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The Jewish population of Malta reached its peak in the Middle Ages under Norman rule. In 1479, Malta and Sicily came under Aragonese rule and the Alhambra Decree of 1492 forced all Jews to leave the country, permitting them to take with them only a few of their belongings. Several dozen Maltese Jews may have converted to Christianity at the time to remain in the country. Today, there is one Jewish congregation. [229] Mariam Al-Batool Mosque in Paola, Malta There is one Muslim mosque, the Mariam Al-Batool Mosque . A Muslim primary school recently opened. Of the estimated 3,000 Muslims in Malta , approximately 2,250 are foreigners, approximately 600 are naturalised citizens, and approximately 150 are native-born Maltese. [230] Zen Buddhism and the Bahá'í Faith claim some 40 members. [229] In a survey held by the Malta Today , the overwhelming majority of the Maltese population adheres to Christianity (95.2%) with Catholicism as the main denomination (93.9%). According to the same report, 4.5% of the population declared themselves as either atheist or agnostic, one of the lowest figures in Europe. [223] The number of Atheists has exponentially grown, by doubling from 2014 to 2018. Non-religious people have a higher risk to suffer from discrimination, such as lack of trust by society and unequal treatment by institutions. In the 2015 edition of the annual Freedom of Thought Report from the International Humanist and Ethical Union , Malta was in the category of "severe discrimination". In 2016, following the abolishment of blasphemy law , Malta was shifted to the category of "systematic discrimination" (which is the same category as most EU countries). [231]
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Migration [ edit ] Inbound migration [ edit ] Foreign population in Malta Year Population % total 2005 12,112 3.0% 2011 20,289 4.9% 2019 98,918 21.0% Main article: Immigration to Malta Most of the foreign community in Malta, predominantly active or retired British nationals and their dependents, is centred on Sliema and surrounding modern suburbs. Other smaller foreign groups include Italians, Libyans and Serbians, many of whom have assimilated into the Maltese nation over the decades. [232] Since the late 20th century, Malta has become a transit country for migration routes from Africa towards Europe. [233] As a member of the European Union and of the Schengen agreement , Malta is bound by the Dublin Regulation to process all claims for asylum by those asylum seekers that enter EU territory for the first time in Malta. [234] Irregular migrants who land in Malta are subject to a compulsory detention policy , being held in several camps organised by the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM), including those near Ħal Far and Ħal Safi . The compulsory detention policy has been denounced by several NGOs, and in July 2010, the European Court of Human Rights found that Malta's detention of migrants was arbitrary, lacking in adequate procedures to challenge detention, and in breach of its obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights . [235] [236]
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In January 2014, Malta started granting citizenship for a €650,000 contribution plus investments, contingent on residence and criminal background requirements. [237] Outbound migration [ edit ] Child Migrants' Memorial at the Valletta Waterfront , commemorating the 310 child migrants who travelled to Australia between 1950 and 1965 Main article: Emigration from Malta In the 19th century, most emigration from Malta was to North Africa and the Middle East, although rates of return migration to Malta were high. [238] Nonetheless, Maltese communities formed in these regions. By 1900, for example, British consular estimates suggest that there were 15,326 Maltese in Tunisia , and in 1903 it was claimed that 15,000 people of Maltese origin were living in Algeria . [239] Malta experienced significant emigration as a result of the collapse of a construction boom in 1907 and after the Second World War, when the birth rate increased significantly, but in the 20th century most emigrants went to destinations in the New World , particularly to Australia, Canada and the United States. After the Second World War, Malta's Emigration Department would assist emigrants with the cost of their travel. Between 1948 and 1967, 30 per cent of the population emigrated. [238] Between 1946 and the late-1970s, over 140,000 people left Malta on the assisted passage scheme, with 57.6% migrating to Australia, 22% to the UK, 13% to Canada and 7% to the United States. [240]
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Emigration dropped dramatically after the mid-1970s and has since ceased to be a social phenomenon of significance. However, since Malta joined the EU in 2004 expatriate communities emerged in a number of European countries particularly in Belgium and Luxembourg . Education [ edit ] Main article: Education in Malta See also: List of schools in Malta University of Malta Library in Valletta Primary schooling has been compulsory since 1946; secondary education up to the age of sixteen was made compulsory in 1971. The state and the Church provide education free of charge, both running a number of schools in Malta and Gozo , including De La Salle College in Cospicua , St. Aloysius' College in Birkirkara , St. Paul's Missionary College in Rabat, Malta , St. Joseph's School in Blata l-Bajda and Saint Monica Girls' School in Mosta . As of 2006 [update] , state schools are organised into networks known as Colleges and incorporate kindergarten schools, primary and secondary schools. A number of private schools are run in Malta, including San Andrea School and San Anton School in the valley of L-Imselliet (l/o Mġarr ), St. Martin's College in Swatar and St. Michael's School in San Ġwann . St. Catherine's High School, Pembroke offers an International Foundation Course for students wishing to learn English before entering mainstream education. As of 2008 [update] , there are two international schools, Verdala International School and QSI Malta. The state pays a portion of the teachers' salary in Church schools. [241]
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Education in Malta is based on the British model . Primary school lasts six years. Pupils sit for SEC O-level examinations at the age of 16, with passes obligatory in certain subjects such as Mathematics, a minimum of one science subject (Physics, Biology or Chemistry), English and Maltese . Upon obtaining these subjects, Pupils may opt to continue studying at a sixth form college such as Gan Frangisk Abela Junior College , St. Aloysius' College , Giovanni Curmi Higher Secondary, De La Salle College , St Edward's College, or else at another post-secondary institution such as MCAST . The sixth form course lasts for two years, at the end of which students sit for the matriculation examination. Subject to their performance, students may then apply for an undergraduate degree or diploma. The adult literacy rate is 99.5 per cent. [242] Maltese and English are both used to teach pupils at primary and secondary school level, and both languages are also compulsory subjects. Public schools tend to use both Maltese and English in a balanced manner. Private schools prefer to use English for teaching, as is also the case with most departments of the University of Malta ; this has a limiting effect on the capacity and development of the Maltese language. [219] Most university courses are in English. [217] [ dead link ]
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Of the total number of pupils studying a first foreign language at secondary level, 51 per cent take Italian whilst 38 per cent take French. Other choices include German, Russian, Spanish, Latin, Chinese and Arabic. [219] [ dead link ] [243] Malta is also a popular destination to study the English language, attracting over 80,000 students in 2012. [244] Healthcare [ edit ] Main article: Healthcare in Malta The Sacra Infermeria was used as a hospital from the 16th to 20th centuries. It is now the Mediterranean Conference Centre . Mater Dei Hospital Medical Student taking blood pressure during an event organised by the local medical student association Malta has a long history of providing publicly funded health care . The first hospital recorded in the country was already functioning by 1372. [245] Today, Malta has both a public healthcare system, known as the government healthcare service, where healthcare is free at the point of delivery, and a private healthcare system. [246] [247] Malta has a strong general practitioner-delivered primary care base and the public hospitals provide secondary and tertiary care. The Maltese Ministry of Health advises foreign residents to take out private medical insurance. [248] Malta also boasts voluntary organisations such as Alpha Medical (Advanced Care), the Emergency Fire & Rescue Unit (E.F.R.U.), St John Ambulance and Red Cross Malta who provide first aid/nursing services during events involving crowds.
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The Mater Dei Hospital , Malta's primary hospital, opened in 2007. It has one of the largest medical buildings in Europe. The University of Malta has a medical school and a Faculty of Health Sciences , the latter offering diploma, degree (BSc) and postgraduate degree courses in a number of health care disciplines. The Medical Association of Malta represents practitioners of the medical profession. The Malta Medical Students' Association (MMSA) is a separate body representing Maltese medical students, and is a member of EMSA and IFMSA . MIME , the Maltese Institute for Medical Education, is an institute set up recently to provide CME to physicians in Malta as well as medical students. The Foundation Program followed in the UK has been introduced in Malta to stem the 'brain drain' of newly graduated physicians to the British Isles. The Malta Association of Dental Students (MADS) is a student association set up to promote the rights of Dental Surgery Students studying within the faculty of Dental Surgery of the University of Malta. It is affiliated with IADS , the International Association of Dental Students. See also Health in Malta Culture [ edit ] Main article: Culture of Malta The culture of Malta reflects the various cultures, from the Phoenicians to the British, that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964. [249]
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Music [ edit ] Main article: Music of Malta Manoel Theatre , Europe's third-oldest working theatre. Now Malta's National Theatre and home to the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra . While Maltese music today is largely Western, traditional Maltese music includes what is known as għana . This consists of background folk guitar music, while a few people, generally men, take it in turns to argue a point in a sing-song voice. The aim of the lyrics, which are improvised, is to create a friendly yet challenging atmosphere, and it takes a number of years of practice to be able to combine the required artistic qualities with the ability to debate effectively. Literature [ edit ] Main article: Maltese literature Documented Maltese literature is over 200 years old. However, a recently unearthed love ballad testifies to literary activity in the local tongue from the Medieval period. Malta followed a Romantic literary tradition, culminating in the works of Dun Karm Psaila , Malta's National Poet. Subsequent writers like Ruzar Briffa and Karmenu Vassallo tried to estrange themselves from the rigidity of formal themes and versification. [ citation needed ] The next generation of writers, including Karl Schembri and Immanuel Mifsud , widened the tracks further, especially in prose and poetry. [250] Architecture [ edit ] Main article: Architecture of Malta Lower Barrakka Gardens Maltese architecture has been influenced by many different Mediterranean cultures and British architecture over its history. The first settlers on the island constructed Ġgantija , one of the oldest manmade freestanding structures in the world. The Neolithic temple builders 3800–2500 BC endowed the numerous temples of Malta and Gozo with intricate bas relief designs, including spirals evocative of the tree of life and animal portraits, designs painted in red ochre, ceramics and a vast collection of human form sculptures, particularly the Venus of Malta. These can be viewed at the temples themselves (most notably, the Hypogeum and Tarxien Temples), and at the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta . Malta's temples such as Imnajdra are full of history and have a story behind them. Malta is currently undergoing several large-scale building projects, including the construction of SmartCity Malta , the M-Towers and Pendergardens , while areas such as the Valletta Waterfront and Tigné Point have been or are being renovated. [ citation needed ]
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The Roman period introduced highly decorative mosaic floors, marble colonnades and classical statuary, remnants of which are beautifully preserved and presented in the Roman Domus, a country villa just outside the walls of Mdina . The early Christian frescoes that decorate the catacombs beneath Malta reveal a propensity for eastern, Byzantine tastes. These tastes continued to inform the endeavours of medieval Maltese artists, but they were increasingly influenced by the Romanesque and Southern Gothic movements. Art [ edit ] Towards the end of the 15th century, Maltese artists, like their counterparts in neighbouring Sicily, came under the influence of the School of Antonello da Messina , which introduced Renaissance ideals and concepts to the decorative arts in Malta. [251] The Siege of Malta – Flight of the Turks , by Matteo Perez d'Aleccio The artistic heritage of Malta blossomed under the Knights of St. John , who brought Italian and Flemish Mannerist painters to decorate their palaces and the churches of these islands, most notably, Matteo Perez d'Aleccio , whose works appear in the Magisterial Palace and in the Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta, and Filippo Paladini, who was active in Malta from 1590 to 1595. For many years, Mannerism continued to inform the tastes and ideals of local Maltese artists. [251] Saint Jerome Writing, by Caravaggio. Held in St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta.
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The arrival in Malta of Caravaggio , who painted at least seven works during his 15-month stay on these islands, further revolutionised local art. Two of Caravaggio's most notable works, The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist and Saint Jerome Writing , are on display in the Oratory of the Conventual Church of St. John. His legacy is evident in the works of local artists Giulio Cassarino (1582–1637) and Stefano Erardi (1630–1716). However, the Baroque movement that followed was destined to have the most enduring impact on Maltese art and architecture. The glorious vault paintings of the celebrated Calabrese artist, Mattia Preti transformed the severe, Mannerist interior of the Conventual Church St. John into a Baroque masterpiece. Preti spent the last 40 years of his life in Malta, where he created many of his finest works, now on display in the Museum of Fine Arts in Valletta . During this period, local sculptor Melchior Gafà (1639–1667) emerged as one of the top Baroque sculptors of the Roman School. [ citation needed ] Francesco Noletti's 'Still Life of Pomegranates, Peaches and other Fruits'. During the 17th and 18th century, Neapolitan and Rococo influences emerged in the works of the Italian painters Luca Giordano (1632–1705) and Francesco Solimena (1657–1747), and these developments can be seen in the work of their Maltese contemporaries such as Gio Nicola Buhagiar (1698–1752) and Francesco Zahra (1710–1773). The Rococo movement was greatly enhanced by the relocation to Malta of Antoine de Favray (1706–1798), who assumed the position of court painter to Grand Master Pinto in 1744. [ citation needed ]
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Neo-classicism made some inroads among local Maltese artists in the late-18th century, but this trend was reversed in the early 19th century, as the local Church authorities – perhaps in an effort to strengthen Catholic resolve against the perceived threat of Protestantism during the early days of British rule in Malta – favoured and avidly promoted the religious themes embraced by the Nazarene movement of artists. Romanticism , tempered by the naturalism introduced to Malta by Giuseppe Calì , informed the "salon" artists of the early 20th century, including Edward and Robert Caruana Dingli. [ citation needed ] Parliament established the National School of Art in the 1920s. During the reconstruction period that followed the Second World War, the emergence of the "Modern Art Group", whose members included Josef Kalleya (1898–1998), George Preca (1909–1984), Anton Inglott (1915–1945), Emvin Cremona (1919–1987), Frank Portelli (1922–2004), Antoine Camilleri (1922–2005), Gabriel Caruana (1929-2018) and Esprit Barthet (1919–1999) greatly enhanced the local art scene. This group of forward-looking artists came together forming an influential pressure group known as the Modern Art Group. Together they forced the Maltese public to take seriously modern aesthetics and succeeded in playing a leading role in the renewal of Maltese art. Most of Malta's modern artists have in fact studied in Art institutions in England, or on the continent, leading to the explosive development of a wide spectrum of views and to a diversity of artistic expression that has remained characteristic of contemporary Maltese art. In Valletta, the National Museum of Fine Arts featured work from artists such as H. Craig Hanna . [252] In 2018 the national collection of fine arts was moved and put on display in the new National Museum of Art, MUŻA, located at Auberge d’Italie in Valletta. [253]
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Cuisine [ edit ] Main articles: Maltese cuisine and List of Maltese dishes Pastizzi , a typical Maltese snack Maltese cuisine shows strong Sicilian and English influences as well as influences of Spanish , Maghrebin and Provençal cuisines. A number of regional variations, particularly with regards to Gozo, can be noted as well as seasonal variations associated with the seasonal availability of produce and Christian feasts (such as Lent , Easter and Christmas). Food has been important historically in the development of a national identity in particular the traditional fenkata (i.e., the eating of stewed or fried rabbit). Potatoes are a staple of the Maltese diet as well. [254] Customs [ edit ] Main article: Maltese folklore A 2010 Charities Aid Foundation study found that the Maltese were the most generous people in the world, with 83% contributing to charity. [255] Maltese folktales include various stories about mysterious creatures and supernatural events. These were most comprehensively compiled by the scholar (and pioneer in Maltese archaeology ) Manwel Magri [256] in his core criticism " Ħrejjef Missirijietna " ("Fables from our Forefathers"). This collection of material inspired subsequent researchers and academics to gather traditional tales , fables and legends from all over the Archipelago. [ citation needed ] Magri's work also inspired a series of comic books (released by Klabb Kotba Maltin in 1984): the titles included Bin is-Sultan Jiźźewweġ x-Xebba tat-Tronġiet Mewwija and Ir-Rjieħ . Many of these stories have been popularly re-written as Children's literature by authors writing in Maltese , such as Trevor Żahra . While giants, witches and dragons feature in many of the stories, some contain entirely Maltese creatures like the Kaw kaw , Il-Belliegħa and L-Imħalla among others. The traditional Maltese obsession with maintaining spiritual (or ritual) purity [257] means that many of these creatures have the role of guarding forbidden or restricted areas and attacking individuals who broke the strict codes of conduct that characterised the island's pre-industrial society. [ citation needed ]
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Traditions [ edit ] Traditional Maltese proverbs reveal a cultural importance of childbearing and fertility: " iż-żwieġ mingħajr tarbija ma fihx tgawdija " (a childless marriage cannot be a happy one). This is a belief that Malta shares with many other Mediterranean cultures. In Maltese folktales the local variant of the classic closing formula, "and they all lived happily ever after" is " u għammru u tgħammru, u spiċċat " (and they lived together, and they had children together, and the tale is finished). [258] Rural Malta shares in common with Mediterranean society a number of superstitions regarding fertility, menstruation and pregnancy, including the avoidance of cemeteries during the months leading up to childbirth, and avoiding the preparation of certain foods during menses. Pregnant women are encouraged to satisfy their cravings for specific foods, out of fear that their unborn child will bear a representational birth mark (Maltese: xewqa , literally "desire" or "craving"). Maltese and Sicilian women also share certain traditions that are believed to predict the sex of an unborn child, such as the cycle of the moon on the anticipated date of birth, whether the baby is carried "high" or "low" during pregnancy, and the movement of a wedding ring, dangled on a string above the abdomen (sideways denoting a girl, back and forth denoting a boy). [ citation needed ]
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Traditionally, Maltese newborns were baptised as promptly as possible, should the child die in infancy without receiving this vital Sacrament; and partly because according to Maltese (and Sicilian) folklore an unbaptised child is not yet a Christian, but "still a Turk". Traditional Maltese delicacies served at a baptismal feast include biskuttini tal-magħmudija (almond macaroons covered in white or pink icing), it-torta tal-marmorata (a spicy, heart-shaped tart of chocolate-flavoured almond paste), and a liqueur known as rożolin , made with rose petals, violets and almonds. [ citation needed ] On a child's first birthday, in a tradition that still survives today, Maltese parents would organise a game known as il-quċċija , where a variety of symbolic objects would be randomly placed around the seated child. These may include a hard-boiled egg, a Bible, crucifix or rosary beads , a book, and so on. Whichever object the child shows most interest in is said to reveal the child's path and fortunes in adulthood. [259] Money refers to a rich future while a book expresses intelligence and a possible career as a teacher. Infants who select a pencil or pen will be writers. Choosing Bibles or rosary beads refers to a clerical or monastic life. If the child chooses a hard-boiled egg, it will have a long life and many children. More recent additions include calculators (refers to accounting), thread (fashion) and wooden spoons (cooking and a great appetite). [ citation needed ]
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Re-enactment of a traditional Maltese 18th century wedding Traditional Maltese weddings featured the bridal party walking in procession beneath an ornate canopy, from the home of the bride's family to the parish church, with singers trailing behind serenading the bride and groom. The Maltese word for this custom is il-ġilwa . This custom along with many others has long since disappeared from the islands, in the face of modern practices. [ citation needed ] New wives would wear the għonnella , a traditional item of Maltese clothing. However, it is no longer worn in modern Malta. Today's couples are married in churches or chapels in the village or town of their choice. The nuptials are usually followed by a lavish and joyous wedding reception, often including several hundred guests. Occasionally, couples will try to incorporate elements of the traditional Maltese wedding in their celebration. A resurgent interest in the traditional wedding was evident in May 2007, when thousands of Maltese and tourists attended a traditional Maltese wedding in the style of the 16th century, in the village of Żurrieq . This included il-ġilwa , which led the bride and groom to a wedding ceremony that took place on the parvis of St. Andrew's Chapel. The reception that followed featured folklore music ( għana ) and dancing. [ citation needed ] Festivals [ edit ]
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The statue of St. George at the festa of Victoria, Gozo Local festivals, similar to those in Southern Italy, are commonplace in Malta and Gozo, celebrating weddings, christenings and, most prominently, saints ' days, honouring the patron saint of the local parish. On saints' days, in the morning, the festa reaches its apex with a High Mass featuring a sermon on the life and achievements of the patron saint. In the evening, then, a statue of the religious patron is taken around the local streets in solemn procession, with the faithful following in respectful prayer. The atmosphere of religious devotion is preceded by several days of celebration and revelry: band marches, fireworks , and late-night parties. Carnival (Maltese: il-karnival ta' Malta ) has had an important place on the cultural calendar after Grand Master Piero de Ponte introduced it to the islands in 1535. It is held during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday , and typically includes masked balls, fancy dress and grotesque mask competitions, lavish late-night parties, a colourful, ticker-tape parade of allegorical floats presided over by King Carnival (Maltese: ir-Re tal-Karnival ), marching bands and costumed revellers. [ citation needed ] Holy Week procession in Żebbuġ Holy Week (Maltese: il-Ġimgħa Mqaddsa ) starts on Palm Sunday ( Ħadd il-Palm ) and ends on Easter Sunday ( Ħadd il-Għid ). Numerous religious traditions, most of them inherited from one generation to the next, are part of the paschal celebrations in the Maltese Islands, honouring the death and resurrection of Jesus. [ citation needed ]
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Mnarja, or l-Imnarja (pronounced lim-nar-ya ) is one of the most important dates on the Maltese cultural calendar. Officially, it is a national festival dedicated to the feast of Saints Peter and St. Paul . Its roots can be traced back to the pagan Roman feast of Luminaria (literally, "the illumination"), when torches and bonfires lit up the early summer night of 29 June. [260] A national feast since the rule of the Knights , Mnarja is a traditional Maltese festival of food, religion and music. The festivities still commence today with the reading of the "bandu" , an official governmental announcement, which has been read on this day in Malta since the 16th century. Originally, Mnarja was celebrated outside St. Paul's Grotto, in the north of Malta. However, by 1613 the focus of the festivities had shifted to the Cathedral of St. Paul , in Mdina , and featured torchlight processions, the firing of 100 petards, horseraces, and races for men, boys and slaves. Modern Mnarja festivals take place in and around the woodlands of Buskett , just outside the town of Rabat . [ citation needed ] It is said that under the Knights, this was the one day in the year when the Maltese were allowed to hunt and eat wild rabbit , which was otherwise reserved for the hunting pleasures of the Knights. The close connection between Mnarja and rabbit stew (Maltese: "fenkata" ) remains strong today. [ citation needed ]
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In 1854 British governor William Reid launched an agricultural show at Buskett which is still being held today. The farmers' exhibition is still a seminal part of the Mnarja festivities today. [ citation needed ] Mnarja today is one of the few occasions when participants may hear traditional Maltese " għana ". Traditionally, grooms would promise to take their brides to Mnarja during the first year of marriage. For luck, many of the brides would attend in their wedding gown and veil, although this custom has long since disappeared from the islands. [ citation needed ] Isle of MTV is a one-day music festival produced and broadcast on an annual basis by MTV. The festival has been arranged annually in Malta since 2007, with major pop artists performing each year. 2012 saw the performances of worldwide acclaimed artists Flo Rida , Nelly Furtado and Will.i.am at Fosos Square in Floriana. Over 50,000 people attended, which marked the biggest attendance so far. [261] In 2009 the first New Year's Eve street party was organised in Malta, parallel to what major countries in the world organise. Although the event was not highly advertised, and was controversial due to the closing of an arterial street on the day, it is deemed to have been successful and will most likely be organised every year. The Malta International Fireworks Festival is an annual festival that has been arranged in the Grand Harbour of Valletta since 2003. The festival offers fireworks displays of a number of Maltese as well as foreign fireworks factories. The festival is usually held in the last week of April every year. [262]
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Media [ edit ] Further information: List of newspapers in Malta , List of radio stations in Malta , and Television in Malta The most widely read and financially the strongest newspapers are published by Allied Newspapers Ltd., mainly The Times of Malta (27 per cent) and its Sunday edition The Sunday Times of Malta (51.6 per cent). [ citation needed ] Due to bilingualism half of the newspapers are published in English and the other half in Maltese . The Sunday newspaper It-Torċa ("The Torch") published by the Union Press, a subsidiary of the General Workers' Union , is the widest Maltese language paper. Its sister paper, L-Orizzont ("The Horizon"), is the Maltese daily with biggest circulation. There is a high number of daily or weekly newspapers; there is one paper for every 28,000 people. Advertising, sales and subsidies are the three main methods of financing newspapers and magazines. However, most of the papers and magazines tied to institutions are subsidised by the same institutions, they depend on advertising or subsidies from their owners. [263] There are eight terrestrial television channels in Malta: TVM , TVM2 , Parliament TV , One , NET Television , Smash Television , F Living and Xejk . These channels are transmitted by digital terrestrial, free-to-air signals on UHF channel 66. [264] The state and political parties subsidise most of the funding of these television stations. TVM, TVM2 and Parliament TV are operated by Public Broadcasting Services , the national broadcaster and member of the EBU . Media.link Communications Ltd., the owner of NET Television, and One Productions Ltd ., the owner of One, are affiliated with the Nationalist and Labour parties, respectively. The rest are privately owned. The Malta Broadcasting Authority supervises all local broadcasting stations and ensures their compliance with legal and licence obligations as well as the preservation of due impartiality; in respect of matters of political or industrial controversy or relating to current public policy; while fairly apportioning broadcasting facilities and time between persons belong to different political parties. The Broadcasting Authority ensures that local broadcasting services consist of public, private and community broadcasts that offer varied and comprehensive programming to cater for all interests and tastes. [ citation needed ]
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The Malta Communications Authority reported that there were 147,896 pay TV subscriptions active at the end of 2012, which includes analogue and digital cable, pay digital terrestrial TV and IPTV. [265] For reference the latest census counts 139,583 households in Malta. [266] Satellite reception is available to receive other European television networks such as the BBC from Great Britain and RAI and Mediaset from Italy. [ citation needed ] Holidays [ edit ] Main article: Public holidays in Malta Maltese public holidays Day Holiday 1 January New Year's Day 10 February St. Paul's Shipwreck 19 March St. Joseph 31 March Freedom Day March/April (date changes) Good Friday 1 May Labour Day 7 June Sette Giugno 29 June St. Peter and St. Paul (L-Imnarja) 15 August The Assumption (Santa Marija) 8 September Our Lady of Victories 21 September Independence Day 8 December Immaculate Conception 13 December Republic Day 25 December Christmas Day Sport [ edit ] Main article: Sport in Malta In 2018 Malta hosted its first Esports tournament, 'Supernova CS:GO Malta', [267] a Counter Strike: Global Offensive tournament with a $150,000 prize pool. [268] See also [ edit ] Malta portal Outline of Malta Index of Malta-related articles References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ a b c "Europeans and their Languages" (PDF) . European Commission . Special Eurobarometer . Retrieved 25 October 2018 .
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^ Diacono, Tim (18 April 2019). "Over 100,000 Foreigners Now Living In Malta As Island's Population Just Keeps Ballooning" . lovinmalta.com . Retrieved 10 October 2019 . ^ a b Zammit, Andre (1986). "Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands". Ekistics . 53 (316/317): 89–95. JSTOR 43620704 . ^ a b "World Population Day" . nso.gov.mt . Malta National Statistics Office . Retrieved 10 October 2019 . ^ a b c Census 2011 . National Statistics Office, Malta ^ a b c d "Malta" . International Monetary Fund. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey" . ec.europa.eu . Eurostat . Retrieved 24 September 2019 . ^ "2018 Human Development Report" . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . ^ "Maltese sign language to be recognised as an official language of Malta" . The Malta Independent. ^ Lesley, Anne Rose (15 April 2009). Frommer's Malta and Gozo Day by Day . John Wiley & Sons. p. 139. ISBN 978-0470746103 . ^ See entry for 'Malta' in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ^ Chapman, David; Cassar, Godwin (October 2004). "Valletta". Cities . 21 (5): 451–463. doi : 10.1016/j.cities.2004.07.001 . ^ a b c Ashby, Thomas (1915). "Roman Malta" . Journal of Roman Studies . 5 : 23–80. doi : 10.2307/296290 . JSTOR 296290 .
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^ Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Malta and Sicily: Miscellaneous research projects (PDF) . Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali. ISBN 978-8888615837 . ^ Sultana, Ronald G. (1998). "Career guidance in Malta: A Mediterranean microstate in transition" (PDF) . International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling . 20 : 3. doi : 10.1023/A:1005386004103 . ^ "The Microstate Environmental World Cup: Malta vs. San Marino" . Environmentalgraffiti.com. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Boissevain, Jeremy (1984). "Ritual Escalation in Malta" . In Eric R. Wolf (ed.). Religion, Power and Protest in Local Communities: The Northern Shore of the Mediterranean . Religion and Society . Walter de Gruyter. p. 165. ISBN 9783110097771 . ISSN 1437-5370 . ^ Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Malta . Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–11. ISBN 9780810873902 . ^ "GEORGE CROSS AWARD COMMEMORATION" . VisitMalta.com . 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ "Should the George Cross still be on Malta's flag?" . The Times . 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ "Christmas Broadcast 1967" . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Acts 27:39–28:11 . Wikisource ^ a b c d e f "Constitution of Malta" . Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government . Retrieved 10 February 2018 .
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^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Malta" . The World Factbook . ^ "Hal Saflieni Hypogeum" . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ "City of Valletta" . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ "Megalithic Temples of Malta" . UNESCO . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ "Malta Temples and The OTS Foundation" . Otsf.org . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ a b Daniel Cilia, Malta Before History (2004: Miranda Publishers) ISBN 9990985081 ^ μέλι . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313323294 . ^ http://maltaramc.com/imggen/brucellosis.pdf ^ Melita . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project . ^ Pickles, Tim (1998). Malta 1565: Last Battle of the Crusades . Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-603-3 . ^ "Renaming Malta the Republic of Phoenicia" . The Times . Malta: Allied Newspapers Ltd. ^ Smith, William (1872). John Murray (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . II . John Murray, 1872. p. 320. ^ "700 years added to Malta's history" . Times of Malta . 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018.
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^ a b "Gozo" . IslandofGozo.org. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. ^ Bonanno 2005, p.22 ^ Dennis Angelo Castillo (2006). The Maltese Cross A Strategic History of Malta . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-313-32329-4 . ^ Victor Paul Borg (2001). Malta and Gozo . Rough Guides. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-85828-680-8 . ^ So who are the 'real' Maltese . There's a gap between 800 and 1200 where there is no record of civilisation. It doesn't mean the place was completely uninhabited. There may have been a few people living here and there, but not much……..The Arab influence on the Maltese language is not a result of Arab rule in Malta, Prof. Felice said. The influence is probably indirect, since the Arabs raided the island and left no-one behind, except for a few people. There are no records of civilisation of any kind at the time. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people. ^ The origin of the Maltese surnames . Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what actually happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they themselves already spoke Maltese, or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. Henri Bresc has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last Suabian years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island.
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^ Holland, James (2003). Fortress Malta An Island Under Siege 1940–43 . Miramax. ISBN 978-1-4013-5186-1 . ^ Busuttil, Salvino; Briguglio, Lino. "Malta" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica, inc . Retrieved 12 June 2019 . ^ Palaeolithic Man in the Maltese Islands , A. Mifsud, C. Savona-Ventura, S. Mifsud ^ Skeates, Robin (2010). An Archaeology of the Senses: Prehistoric Malta . Oxford University Press. pp. 124–132. ISBN 978-0-19-921660-4 . ^ "Brief History of Malta" . LocalHistories.org. 7 October 2007. ^ Anthon, Charles (1848). A Classical Dictionary: Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names . New York Public Library. ^ "Old Temples Study Foundation" . OTSF . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Sheehan, Sean (2000). Malta . Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-0993-9 . ^ "Archaeology and prehistory" . Aberystwyth, The University of Wales. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ "Visit Malta-Malta, Gozo, Comino-Museums in Malta-Museum of Archaeology" . Visitmalta.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ "Ancient mystery solved by geographers" . Port.ac.uk. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Mottershead, Derek; Pearson, Alastair; Schaefer, Martin (2008). "The cart ruts of Malta: an applied geomorphology approach". Antiquity . 82 (318): 1065–1079. doi : 10.1017/S0003598X00097787 . ^ Daniel Cilia, "Malta Before Common Era", in The Megalithic Temples of Malta . Retrieved 28 January 2007.
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^ Piccolo, Salvatore; Darvill, Timothy (2013). Ancient Stones, The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily . Abingdon/GB: Brazen Head Publishing. ISBN 9780956510624 . ^ "Notable dates in Malta's history" . Department of Information – Maltese Government. 6 February 2008. ^ Owen, Charles (1969). The Maltese Islands . Praeger. ^ "Mdina & The Knights" . Edrichton.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ Cassar 2000 , pp. 53–55 ^ a b Terterov, Marat (2005). Doing Business with Malta . GMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905050-63-5 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Malta" . treccani.it (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ The Art Journal: The Illustrated Catalogue of the Industry of All Nations, Volume 2 . Virtue. 1853. p. vii . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ "Volume 16, Issue 1" . Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ a b Cassar 2000 , pp. 56–57 ^ "218 BC – 395 AD Roman Coinage" . centralbankmalta.org . Bank of Malta. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Caruana, A. A. (1888). "Remains of an Ancient Greek Building Discovered in Malta". The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts . 4 (4): 450–454. doi : 10.2307/496131 . JSTOR 496131 .
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^ a b "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" . The World Factbook . ^ "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" . Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. ^ a b Joseph M. Brincat Maltese – an unusual formula , MED Magazine (February 2005) ^ "Evolution of the Maltese Language" . ^ a b c d Ignasi Badia i Capdevila (2004) A view of the linguistic situation in Malta . NovesSl. Retrieved 24 February 2008 ^ Country profile: Malta . BBC News ^ "Europeans and languages" (PDF) . European Commission. September 2005. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ^ Paggio P, Gatt A (2018). Paggio P, Gatt A (eds.). The languages of Malta (pdf) . Berlin: Language Science Press. doi : 10.5281/zenodo.1181783 . ISBN 978-3-96110-070-5 . ^ a b "MaltaToday Survey | Maltese identity still very much rooted in Catholicism" . MaltaToday.com.mt . Archived from the original on 26 March 2019 . Retrieved 26 March 2019 . ^ "Department of Information" . Doi.gov.mt. 3 March 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . ^ "Malta" . Catholic Encyclopedia . New advent . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . ^ Abela, G.F. (1647) Della Descrittione di Malta (1647) Malta . ^ Luttrell, A. (2002) The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530 , Aldershot, Hants.: Ashgate Varorium. ISBN 0-86078849-0 .
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^ Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses . Watch Tower Society. 2015. p. 182. ^ a b c Vassallo, Harry (8 April 2009) A map of faith in Malta . MaltaToday (8 April 2009). Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2003 – Malta" . Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , United States Department of State . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . ^ Ganado, Philip Leone (9 December 2016). "Malta still discriminating against the non-religious – report" . The Times . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. ^ Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "Genetic origin of contemporary Maltese" . ^ "Malta guards Europe's gates against African immigrants" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ "Maltese Anger Mounts Over Rising Illegal Immigration" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ "Malta: Migrant Detention Violates Rights" . 18 July 2012. ^ "Malta faces problems with children of illegal immigrants" . The Times . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . ^ Clenfield, Jason (11 March 2015). "Passport King Christian Kalin Helps Nations Sell Citizenship – Bloomberg Business" . Bloomberg L.P. ^ a b Jones, Huw R. (1973). "Modern emigration from Malta". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers . 60 (60): 101–119. doi : 10.2307/621508 . JSTOR 621508 . ^ Attard, Lawrence E. (1989). The Great Exodus (1918–1939) . Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group.
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^ King, Russell (1979). "The Maltese migration cycle: An archival survey". Area . 11 (3): 245–249. JSTOR 20001477 . ^ "Education in Malta" . aboutmalta.com . ^ "Malta – Literacy rate" . Indexmundi.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ "Foreign Language Learning; National Statistics Office" . gov.mt . 1 September 2004. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. ^ "Malta on the rebound, language student arrivals up 18.2 per cent over last year" . ICEF.com . ICEF Monitor. 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ "Civil Hospitals in Malta in the Last Two Hundred Years" . Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ "The Health Care System in Malta_1" . Sahha.gov.mt. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ "Government of Malta – Health Services" . Gov.mt. Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ "Healthcare in Malta – Allo' Expat Malta" . Alloexpat.com. 17 October 2006. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "The struggle for independence" . Times of Malta . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . ^ Malta Recent Economic and Political Developments Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments . Int'l Business Publications, Inc. 2013. p. 38. ISBN 9781433063503 .
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^ a b Cutajar, D. "An Overview of the Art of Malta" . Hopeandoptimism.com . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ "Right Outside my Window" , The Malta Independent , 23 April 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014 ^ "Updated: New museum for contemporary artists opened in Valletta - The Malta Independent" . www.independent.com.mt . Retrieved 11 February 2019 . ^ Cassar, Carmel (1994). Fenkata : an emblem of Maltese peasant resistance? (PDF) . Ministry for Youth and the Arts. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 December 2018 . ^ Crary, David (9 September 2010). "Study finds Americans in generous mood" . The Huffington Post via Burlington Free Press . ^ "Patri Manwel Magri u l-Ipoġew", Lil Ħbiebna, November 2003, pp. 195–197. ^ Zarb, T. (1998) Folklore of An Island . PEG Ltd. ISBN 9990900973 ^ Cassar Pullicino, J. (1992) "A New Look at Old Customs", in Studies in Maltese Folklore , Malta University Press (1992). ^ "Maltese Traditions: Il-Quċċija" . www.airmalta.com . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . ^ Malta Recent Economic and Political Developments Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments ISBN 978-1-433-06350-3 p. 41 ^ "Isle of MTV 2012" . gozoandmalta. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ "Top 25 Annual Events in Malta Not to Miss" . MaltaUncovered.com . 25 February 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 .
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^ Borg, Joseph. "Malta – Media Landscape" . European Journalism Centre . Archived from the original on 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Debattista, Martin (20 October 2011). "Analogue TV is dead: Long live digital TV!" . The Times . Malta . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ "MCA Communications Market Review, July to December 2012" (PDF) . Malta Communications Authority . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ "Census of Population and Housing 2011 (Preliminary Report)" . National Statistics Office, Malta. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ "Supernova CS:GO Malta | Malta's first ever pro esports tournament" . ^ "SUPERNOVA CS:GO MALTA" . www.visitmalta.com . Retrieved 9 July 2019 . Sources [ edit ] Cramer, John Anthony (1828). Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Greece . Clarendon Press. pp. 45–46. "Map of Malta and Gozo" . Street Map of Malta and Gozo . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . "Photos of Gozo sister island of Malta" . Photos of Gozo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . "Photos of Malta" . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . "Malta" . The World Factbook . "Gov.mt" . Government of Malta . Retrieved 1 November 2005 . [ permanent dead link ] Omertaa, Journal for Applied Anthropology – Volume 2007/1, Thematic Issue on Malta
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Antonio Lafreri map of Malta, 1565 .. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel Attribution [ edit ] "Malta" . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2005 . Bibliography [ edit ] "1942: Malta gets George Cross for bravery" . BBC "On this day" . 15 April 1942 . Retrieved 22 June 2006 . Bowen-Jones, Howard; et al. (1962). Malta Background for Development . University of Durham. OCLC 204863 . Cassar, Carmel (2000). A Concise History of Malta . Msida : Mireva Publications. ISBN 978-1870579520 . Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Malta" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 507–514. Francesco Balbi di Correggio 1568 translated Ernle Bradford (1965). "chapter II". The Siege of Malta 1565 . Penguin 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-101202-5 . Carolyn Bain (2004). Malta . Lonely Planet Publication. ISBN 978-1-74059-178-2 . Charles Mifsud, The Climatological History of The Maltese Islands, Minerva 1984 Paul Williams (2009). Malta – Island Under Siege . Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84884-012-6 . Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, W. G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Malta . USA: Scarecrow Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780810853171 . United Nations Development Programme (2006). Human Development Report 2005 – International cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522146-6 .
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Atauz, Ayse Devrim (2008). Eight Thousand Years of Maltese Maritime History: Trade, Piracy, and Naval Warfare in the Central Mediterranean . Gainesville : University Press of Florida. ISBN 0813031796 External links [ edit ] Malta at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Government Gov.mt [ permanent dead link ] – Maltese Government official site Laws of Malta – The Official Laws of Malta website. The Maltese Armed Forces official website Malta Environment and Planning Authority's GIS General information "Malta" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Malta from UCB Libraries GovPubs Malta at Curlie Malta profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Malta Geographic data related to Malta at OpenStreetMap Migration Malta – An information source on immigration and Malta (scholarly articles, policy documents, press releases etc.) Media The Times of Malta Travel Official Maltese Tourism website Maltese Relocation and Travel Guide v t e Malta articles History Timeline Megalithic Temples Phoenicians Carthaginian Empire Roman Republic Invasion Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Arab Period Aghlabid invasion Byzantine invasion Kingdom of Sicily Norman invasion Battle of Malta Hafsid invasion Order of Saint John Invasion of Gozo Great Siege Rising of the Priests French occupation Invasion Blockade Independent Gozo
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British Protectorate British Colony Exiles World War II Award of the George Cross State of Malta Geography Caves Climate Geology Fortifications Islands Maps Areas Politics Armed Forces Constitution Elections Foreign relations Heads of state LGBT rights Local councils Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Central Bank Currency Energy Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Trade unions Transport Society Demographics Emigration Immigration Education Healthcare Languages Maltese Religion Culture Architecture Maltese Carnival Coat of arms Maltese cross Cuisine Film Flag Folklore Literature Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols World Heritage Sites Outline Index Category Portal Links to related articles v t e Islands of Malta Malta Gozo (Għawdex) Comino (Kemmuna) Cominotto (Kemmunett) Filfla Saint Paul's Islands (Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl) Manoel Island (Il-Gżira Manoel) Ħalfa Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Ħalfa) Fungus Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral) v t e Local councils and administrative committees of Malta and Gozo Malta Local councils Attard Balzan Birgu Birkirkara Birżebbuġa Cospicua Dingli Fgura Floriana Għargħur Għaxaq Gudja Gżira Ħamrun Iklin Senglea Kalkara Kirkop Lija Luqa Marsa Marsaskala Marsaxlokk Mdina Mellieħa Mġarr Mosta Mqabba Msida Mtarfa Naxxar Paola Pembroke Pietà Qormi Qrendi Rabat Safi St. Julian's San Ġwann St. Paul's Bay Santa Luċija Santa Venera Siġġiewi Sliema Swieqi Tarxien Ta' Xbiex Valletta Xgħajra Żabbar Żebbuġ Żejtun Żurrieq Malta Administrative committees Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq Baħrija Bubaqra Burmarrad & Wardija Fleur-de-Lys Gwardamanġa Ħal Farruġ Kappara Madliena
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Paceville San Pietru Swatar Tal-Virtù Gozo Local councils Fontana Għajnsielem Għarb Għasri Kerċem Munxar Nadur Qala Rabat (Victoria) San Lawrenz Sannat Xagħra Xewkija Żebbuġ Gozo Administrative committees Marsalforn Santa Luċija Xlendi v t e Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia 2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland 1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh 2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 2 South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands 1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links.
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v t e Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea Sovereign states Albania Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Egypt France Greece Israel Italy Lebanon Libya Malta Monaco Montenegro Morocco Slovenia Spain Syria Tunisia Turkey States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Palestine Dependencies and other territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) Gibraltar (UK) v t e Member states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Future enlargement of the European Union v t e Members of the European Economic Area (EEA) EFTA member states Iceland ( EU relations ) Liechtenstein ( EU relations ) Norway ( EU relations ) EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia ( provisional member ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom ( membership ) v t e Council of Europe Institutions Secretary General Committee of Ministers Parliamentary Assembly Congress Court of Human Rights Commissioner for Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia
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Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) v t e Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Members Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Partners for Cooperation Afghanistan Algeria Australia Egypt Israel Japan Jordan Morocco South Korea Thailand Tunisia Bodies and posts Parliamentary Assembly ODIHR Commissioner on National Minorities Representative on Freedom of the Media v t e World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services
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Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) 10th (2015) 11th (2017) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director-General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong 1 Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau 1 Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan 2 Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia
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Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China , participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as " Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu ", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. v t e Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states (Members) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Eswatini (Swaziland) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
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British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source: Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States v t e National personifications Albania Mother Albania Argentina Effigies of Argentina Armenia Mother Armenia Australia Boxing kangaroo Little Boy from Manly Bangladesh Bangamata Belgium Leo Belgicus Brazil Efígie da República Cambodia Preah Thong and Neang Neak Canada Johnny Canuck Chile Roto China Jade Emperor Chinese dragon Czech Republic Čechie Czech Vašek Švejk Denmark Holger Danske Europe Europa Europa regina Finland Finnish Maiden France Marianne Jean Crapaud Georgia Kartvlis Deda Germany Deutscher Michel Germania Greece Hellas Haiti Ezili Dantor Catherine Flon Hungary Lady of Hungaria Iceland Lady of the Mountain India Bharat Mata Indonesia Ibu Pertiwi Ireland Ériu Hibernia Kathleen Ni Houlihan Israel Srulik Italy Italia turrita Roma Japan Amaterasu Kenya Wanjiku Korea Dangun Ungnyeo Lebanon Abu Abed Malaysia Hang Tuah Malta Melita Netherlands Dutch Maiden New Zealand Southern man Zealandia Norway Ola Nordmann Palestine Handala Philippines Juan dela Cruz Maria Clara Poland Polonia Polandball Online political cartoons Portugal Efígie da República Zé Povinho Russia Mother Russia Russian Bear Serbia Kosovo Maiden Mother Serbia Singapore Merlion Spain Hispania Sweden Mother Svea Switzerland Helvetia Ukraine Cossack Mamay United Kingdom Britannia John Bull
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13.42% 779.015 3 Template:Infobox 13.10% 760.808 122 Template:Cite_web 9.09% 527.726 20 Template:Navbox 7.22% 419.030 1 Template:Navboxes 6.27% 363.845 53 Template:Cite_book 4.31% 250.030 32 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19137-0!canonical and timestamp 20191201005038 and revision id 928650013 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malta&oldid=928650013 " Categories : Malta Collective recipients of the George Cross Commonwealth republics English-speaking countries and territories Island countries Italian-speaking countries and territories Mediterranean islands Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the European Union Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union Pauline churches Phoenician colonies Southern European countries States and territories established in 1974 Countries in Europe Christian states Hidden categories: Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Maltese-language sources (mt) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages EngvarB from December 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2019 Articles containing Maltese-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Pages including recorded pronunciations (English) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2019 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from November 2019 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers
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Marx Brothers - Wikipedia CentralNotice Marx Brothers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Marx brothers ) Jump to navigation Jump to search For the fencing organization, see Brotherhood of St. Mark . American comedy troupe The Marx Brothers Four of the five Marx Brothers in 1931 (top to bottom: Chico , Harpo , Groucho and Zeppo ) Medium Film, Broadway , vaudeville Nationality American Years active 1905–1949 Genres Word play , slapstick , musical comedy , deadpan Former members Chico Marx Gummo Marx Harpo Marx Groucho Marx Zeppo Marx The Marx Brothers were an American family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville , on Broadway , and in motion pictures from 1905 to 1949. Five of the Marx Brothers' thirteen feature films were selected by the American Film Institute (AFI) as among the top 100 comedy films , with two of them, Duck Soup (1933) and A Night at the Opera (1935), in the top fifteen. They are widely considered by critics, scholars, and fans to be among the greatest and most influential comedians of the 20th century. The brothers were included in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars list of the 25 greatest male stars of Classical Hollywood cinema, the only performers to be inducted collectively. The group is almost universally known today by their stage names : Chico , Harpo , Groucho , Gummo , and Zeppo . There was a sixth brother, the first born, named Manfred (Mannie), who died aged seven months; Zeppo was given the middle name Manfred in his memory.
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The core of the act was the three elder brothers: Chico, Harpo, and Groucho, each of whom developed a highly distinctive stage persona. After the group essentially disbanded in 1950, Groucho went on to begin a successful second career in television , while Harpo and Chico appeared less prominently. The two younger brothers, Gummo and Zeppo, never developed their stage characters to the same extent as the elder three. They each left the act to pursue business careers at which they were successful, and for a time ran a large theatrical agency through which they represented their brothers and others. Gummo was not in any of the movies; Zeppo appeared in the first five films in relatively straight (non-comedic) roles. The early performing lives of the brothers owed much to their mother Minnie Marx (the sister of vaudeville comic Al Shean ), who acted as their manager until her death in 1929. Contents 1 Brothers' names, family background, and lifetimes 2 Stage beginnings 2.1 Comedy 3 Origin of the stage names 4 Motion pictures 4.1 Paramount 4.2 MGM, RKO, and United Artists 4.3 Later years 5 Impact on modern entertainment 5.1 Art 5.2 Film 5.3 Animation 5.4 Live-action television 5.5 Theatre 5.6 Music 5.7 Comics 5.8 Literature 5.9 Advertising 6 Filmography 6.1 Characters 7 Legacy 7.1 Awards and honors 8 See also
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9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Brothers' names, family background, and lifetimes [ edit ] The only known photo of the entire surviving Marx family, c. 1915. From left: Groucho , Gummo , Minnie (mother) , Zeppo , Sam (father) , Chico , and Harpo . Julius Henry Marx (Groucho) on the left and Adolph Marx (Harpo) on the right holding a rat terrier dog, c. 1906 The Marx Brothers were born in New York City , the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany and France . Their mother Miene "Minnie" Schoenberg (professionally known as Minnie Palmer, later the brothers' manager) was from Dornum in East Frisia , and their father Samuel ("Sam"; born Simon) Marx was a native of Mertzwiller a small Alsacian village Alsace and worked as a tailor. [1] [2] (His name was changed to Samuel Marx, and he was nicknamed "Frenchy". [3] ) The family lived in the poor Yorkville section of New York City's Upper East Side , centered in the Irish, German and Italian quarters. The brothers are best known by their stage names: Stage name Birth name Born Died Age Death Chico Leonard Joseph March 22, 1887 October 11, 1961 74 Arteriosclerosis Harpo Adolph (after 1911: Arthur) November 23, 1888 September 28, 1964 [5] 75 Heart failure Groucho Julius Henry October 2, 1890
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August 19, 1977 [6] 86 Pneumonia Gummo Milton October 23, 1892 [7] April 21, 1977 [8] 83 Cerebral hemorrhage Zeppo Herbert Manfred February 25, 1901 November 30, 1979 [9] 78 Lung cancer Another brother, Manfred ("Mannie"), the first-born son of Sam and Minnie, was born in 1886 and died in infancy: [10] [11] [12] Family lore told privately of the firstborn son, Manny, born in 1886 but surviving for only three months, and carried off by tuberculosis. Even some members of the Marx family wondered if he was pure myth. But Manfred can be verified. A death certificate of the Borough of Manhattan reveals that he died, aged seven months, on 17 July 1886, of enterocolitis , with " asthenia " contributing, i.e., probably a victim of influenza. He is buried at New York's Washington Cemetery, beside his grandmother, Fanny Sophie Schönberg (née Salomons), who died on 10 April 1901. [10] The Marx Brothers also had an older sister, actually a cousin, born in January 1885 who had been adopted by Minnie and Frenchie. Her name was Pauline, or "Polly". [13] Groucho talked about her in his 1972 Carnegie Hall concert. Minnie Marx came from a family of performers. Her mother was a yodeling harpist and her father a ventriloquist ; both were funfair entertainers. Around 1880, the family emigrated to New York City , where Minnie married Sam in 1884. During the early 20th century, Minnie helped her younger brother Abraham Elieser Adolf Schönberg ( stage name Al Shean ) to enter show business; he became highly successful on vaudeville and Broadway as half of the musical comedy double act Gallagher and Shean , and this gave the brothers an entree to musical comedy, vaudeville and Broadway at Minnie's instigation. [14] Minnie also acted as the brothers' manager, using the name Minnie Palmer so that agents did not realize that she was also their mother. All the brothers confirmed that Minnie Marx had been the head of the family and the driving force in getting the troupe launched, the only person who could keep them in order; she was said to be a hard bargainer with theatre management. [15] [16]
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Gummo and Zeppo both became successful businessmen: Gummo gained success through his agency activities and a raincoat business, [17] and Zeppo became a multi-millionaire through his engineering business. [18] [19] Stage beginnings [ edit ] Al Shean, Sam J. Curtis, Arthur F. Williams, Ed C. Mack – The Original Manhattan Comedy Four in "It's Nudding" 1898–99 1911 newspaper advertisement for a Marx Brothers appearance (l–r: Harpo, Groucho, Gummo) The brothers were from a family of artists, and their musical talent was encouraged from an early age. Harpo was particularly talented, learning to play an estimated six different instruments throughout his career. He became a dedicated harpist, which gave him his nickname. [20] Chico was an excellent pianist, Groucho a guitarist and singer, and Zeppo a vocalist. They got their start in vaudeville , where their uncle Albert Schönberg performed as Al Shean of Gallagher and Shean . Groucho's debut was in 1905, mainly as a singer. By 1907, he and Gummo were singing together as "The Three Nightingales" with Mabel O'Donnell . [21] The next year, Harpo became the fourth Nightingale and by 1910, the group briefly expanded to include their mother Minnie and their Aunt Hannah. The troupe was renamed "The Six Mascots". Comedy [ edit ] One evening in 1912, a performance at the Opera House in Nacogdoches, Texas , was interrupted by shouts from outside about a runaway mule. The audience hurried out to see what was happening. Groucho was angered by the interruption and, when the audience returned, he made snide comments at their expense, including "Nacogdoches is full of roaches" and "the jackass is the flower of Tex-ass". Instead of becoming angry, the audience laughed. The family then realized that it had potential as a comic troupe. [22] (However, in his autobiography Harpo Speaks , Harpo Marx stated that the runaway mule incident occurred in Ada, Oklahoma . [23] A 1930 article in the San Antonio Express newspaper stated that the incident took place in Marshall, Texas. [24] )
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The act slowly evolved from singing with comedy to comedy with music. The brothers' sketch "Fun in Hi Skule" featured Groucho as a German-accented teacher presiding over a classroom that included students Harpo, Gummo, and Chico. The last version of the school act was titled Home Again and was written by their uncle Al Shean . The Home Again tour reached Flint, Michigan in 1915, where 14-year-old Zeppo joined his four brothers for what is believed to be the only time that all five Marx Brothers appeared together on stage. [25] Gummo then left to serve in World War I , reasoning that "anything is better than being an actor!" [26] Zeppo replaced him in their final vaudeville years and in the jump to Broadway , and then to Paramount films. Sheet music (1917) for one of the songs from Home Again ; from left: Harpo, Groucho, Chico, Gummo During World War I, anti-German sentiments were common, and the family tried to conceal its German origin. Mother Minnie learned that farmers were excluded from the draft rolls, so she purchased a 27-acre (110,000 m 2 ) poultry farm near Countryside, Illinois — but the brothers soon found that chicken ranching was not in their blood. [27] During this time, Groucho discontinued his "German" stage personality. By this time, "The Four Marx Brothers" had begun to incorporate their unique style of comedy into their act and to develop their characters. Both Groucho's and Harpo's memoirs say that their now-famous on-stage personae were created by Al Shean . Groucho began to wear his trademark greasepaint mustache and to use a stooped walk. Harpo stopped speaking onstage and began to wear a red fright wig and carry a taxi-cab horn. Chico spoke with a fake Italian accent, developed off-stage to deal with neighborhood toughs, while Zeppo adopted the role of the romantic (and "peerlessly cheesy", according to James Agee ) [28] straight man .
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The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico, and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. He was the youngest and had grown up watching his brothers, so he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. "He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in Animal Crackers ] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience," Groucho recalled. (Zeppo stood in for Groucho in the film version of Animal Crackers . Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure, which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.) [29] In December 1917 the Marx brothers were noted in an advertisement playing in a musical comedy act "Home Again". [30] By the 1920s, the Marx Brothers had become one of America's favorite theatrical acts, with their sharp and bizarre sense of humor. They satirized high society and human hypocrisy, and they became famous for their improvisational comedy in free-form scenarios. A famous early instance was when Harpo arranged to chase a fleeing chorus girl across the stage during the middle of a Groucho monologue to see if Groucho would be thrown off. However, to the audience's delight, Groucho merely reacted by commenting, "First time I ever saw a taxi hail a passenger". When Harpo chased the girl back in the other direction, Groucho calmly checked his watch and ad-libbed, "The 9:20's right on time. You can set your watch by the Lehigh Valley ."
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The brothers' vaudeville act had made them stars on Broadway under Chico's management and with Groucho's creative direction—first with the musical revue I'll Say She Is (1924–1925) and then with two musical comedies: The Cocoanuts (1925–1926) and Animal Crackers (1928–1929). Playwright George S. Kaufman worked on the last two and helped sharpen the brothers' characterizations. Out of their distinctive costumes, the brothers looked alike, even down to their receding hairlines. Zeppo could pass for a younger Groucho, and played the role of his son in Horse Feathers . A scene in Duck Soup finds Groucho, Harpo, and Chico all appearing in the famous greasepaint eyebrows, mustache, and round glasses while wearing nightcaps. The three are indistinguishable, enabling them to carry off the "mirror scene" perfectly. Origin of the stage names [ edit ] The stage names of the brothers (except Zeppo) were coined by monologist Art Fisher [28] during a poker game in Galesburg, Illinois , based both on the brothers' personalities and Gus Mager 's Sherlocko the Monk , a popular comic strip of the day that included a supporting character named " Groucho ". [31] As Fisher dealt each brother a card, he addressed them, for the very first time, by the names they kept for the rest of their lives. The reasons behind Chico's and Harpo's stage names are undisputed, and Gummo's is fairly well established. Groucho's and Zeppo's are far less clear. Arthur was named Harpo because he played the harp , and Leonard became Chico (pronounced "Chick-o") because he was, in the slang of the period, a "chicken chaser". ("Chickens"—later "chicks"—was period slang for women. "In England now," said Groucho, "they were called 'birds'.") [32]
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In his autobiography, Harpo explained that Milton became Gummo because he crept about the theater like a gumshoe detective. [33] Other sources reported that Gummo was the family's hypochondriac, having been the sickliest of the brothers in childhood, and therefore wore rubber overshoes , called gumshoes, in all kinds of weather. Still others reported that Milton was the troupe's best dancer, and dance shoes tended to have rubber soles. [34] Groucho stated that the source of the name was Gummo wearing galoshes. Whatever the details, the name relates to rubber-soled shoes. The reason that Julius was named Groucho is perhaps the most disputed. There are three explanations: Julius's temperament: Maxine, Chico's daughter and Groucho's niece, said in the documentary The Unknown Marx Brothers that Julius was named "Groucho" simply because he was grouchy most or all of the time. Robert B. Weide , a director known for his knowledge of Marx Brothers history, said in Remarks On Marx (a documentary short included with the DVD of A Night at the Opera ) that, among the competing explanations, he found this one to be the most believable. Steve Allen said in Funny People that the name made no sense; Groucho might have been impudent and impertinent, but not grouchy—at least not around Allen. However, at the very end of his life, Groucho finally admitted that Fisher had named him Groucho because he was the "moody one". [35]
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The grouch bag: This explanation appears in Harpo's biography; it was voiced by Chico in a TV appearance included on The Unknown Marx Brothers ; and it was offered by George Fenneman , Groucho's sidekick on his TV game show You Bet Your Life . A grouch bag was a small drawstring bag worn around the neck in which a traveler could keep money and other valuables so that it would be very difficult for anyone to steal them. Most of Groucho's friends and associates stated that Groucho was extremely stingy, especially after losing all his money in the 1929 stock market crash , so naming him for the grouch bag may have been a comment on this trait. Groucho insisted that this was not the case in chapter six of his first autobiography: I kept my money in a 'grouch bag'. This was a small chamois bag that actors used to wear around their neck to keep other hungry actors from pinching their dough. Naturally, you're going to think that's where I got my name from. But that's not so. Grouch bags were worn on manly chests long before there was a Groucho. [36] Groucho's explanation: Groucho himself insisted that he was named for a character in the comic strip Knocko the Monk , which inspired the craze for nicknames ending in "o"; in fact, there was a character in that strip named "Groucho". However, he is the only Marx or Marx associate who defended this theory, and as he is not an unbiased witness, few biographers take the claim seriously.
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Groucho himself was no help on this point; he was discussing the Brothers' names during his Carnegie Hall concert, and he said of his own, "My name, of course, I never did understand." He goes on to mention the possibility that he was named after his unemployed uncle Julius, who lived with his family. The family believed that he was a rich uncle hiding a fortune, and Groucho claimed that he may have been named after him by the family trying to get into the will. "And he finally died, and he left us his will, and in that will he left three razor blades, an 8-ball, a celluloid dicky, and he owed my father $85 beside." [32] Herbert was not nicknamed by Art Fisher, since he did not join the act until Gummo had departed. As with Groucho, three explanations exist for Herbert's name "Zeppo": Harpo's explanation: Harpo said in Harpo Speaks! that the brothers had named Herbert for Mr. Zippo, a chimpanzee that was part of another performer's act. Herbert found the nickname very unflattering, and when it came time for him to join the act, he put his foot down and refused to be called "Zippo". The brothers compromised on "Zeppo". Chico's explanation: Chico never wrote an autobiography and gave fewer interviews than his brothers, but his daughter Maxine said in The Unknown Marx Brothers that, when the brothers lived in Chicago, a popular style of humor was the "Zeke and Zeb" joke, which made fun of slow-witted Midwesterners in much the same way that Boudreaux and Thibodeaux jokes mock Cajuns and Ole and Lena jokes mock Minnesotans . One day, Chico returned home to find Herbert sitting on the fence. Herbert greeted him by saying "Hi, Zeke!" Chico responded with "Hi, Zeb!" and the name stuck. The brothers thereafter called him "Zeb" and, when he joined the act, they floated the idea of "Zebbo", eventually preferring "Zeppo".
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Groucho's explanation: In a tape-recorded interview excerpted on The Unknown Marx Brothers , Groucho said that Zeppo was so named because he was born when the first zeppelins started crossing the ocean. He stated this in his Carnegie Hall concert, around 1972. The first zeppelin flew in July 1900, and Herbert was born seven months later in February 1901. However, the first transatlantic zeppelin flight was not until 1924, long after Herbert's birth. Maxine Marx reported in The Unknown Marx Brothers that the brothers listed their real names (Julius, Leonard, Adolph, Milton, and Herbert) on playbills and in programs, and only used the nicknames behind the scenes, until Alexander Woollcott overheard them calling one another by the nicknames. He asked them why they used their real names publicly when they had such wonderful nicknames, and they replied, "That wouldn't be dignified." Woollcott answered with a belly laugh. Woollcott did not meet the Marx Brothers until the premiere of I'll Say She Is , which was their first Broadway show, so this would mean that they used their real names throughout their vaudeville days, and that the name "Gummo" never appeared in print during his time in the act. Other sources reported that the Marx Brothers went by their nicknames during their vaudeville era, but briefly listed themselves by their given names when I'll Say She Is opened because they were worried that a Broadway audience would reject a vaudeville act if they were perceived as low class. [37]
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Motion pictures [ edit ] Paramount [ edit ] Humor Risk (1921), now long-lost, was the first Marx Brothers film. Pictured in a photograph the same year, from (left to right), are Zeppo , Groucho , Harpo , and Chico . The Marx Brothers' stage shows became popular just as motion pictures were evolving to " talkies ". They signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and embarked on their film career at Paramount's studios in New York City 's Astoria section. Their first two released films (after an unreleased short silent film titled Humor Risk ) were adaptations of the Broadway shows The Cocoanuts (1929) and Animal Crackers (1930). Both were written by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind . Production then shifted to Hollywood, beginning with a short film that was included in Paramount's twentieth anniversary documentary, The House That Shadows Built (1931), in which they adapted a scene from I'll Say She Is . Their third feature-length film, Monkey Business (1931), was their first movie not based on a stage production. The Marx Brothers on the cover of Time Magazine Volume 20 Issue 7, August 15, 1932 Horse Feathers (1932), in which the brothers satirized the American college system and Prohibition , was their most popular film yet, and won them the cover of Time magazine. [38] It included a running gag from their stage work, in which Harpo produces a ludicrous array of props from inside his coat, including a wooden mallet, a fish, a coiled rope, a tie, a poster of a woman in her underwear, a cup of hot coffee, a sword; and, just after Groucho warns him that he "can't burn the candle at both ends," a candle burning at both ends.
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During this period Chico and Groucho starred in a radio comedy series, Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel . Though the series was short lived, much of the material developed for it was used in subsequent films. The show's scripts and recordings were believed lost until copies of the scripts were found in the Library of Congress in the 1980s. After publication in a book they were performed with Marx Brothers impersonators for BBC Radio . [39] Their last Paramount film, Duck Soup (1933), directed by the highly regarded Leo McCarey , is the highest rated of the five Marx Brothers films on the American Film Institute 's "100 years ... 100 Movies" list. It did not do as well financially as Horse Feathers , but was the sixth-highest grosser of 1933. The film sparked a dispute between the Marxes and the village of Fredonia, New York . "Freedonia" was the name of a fictional country in the script, and the city fathers wrote to Paramount and asked the studio to remove all references to Freedonia because "it is hurting our town's image". Groucho fired back a sarcastic retort asking them to change the name of their town, because "it's hurting our picture." [40] MGM, RKO, and United Artists [ edit ] in A Night in Casablanca (1946) After expiration of the Paramount contract Zeppo left the act to become an agent. He and brother Gummo went on to build one of the biggest talent agencies in Hollywood, helping the likes of Jack Benny and Lana Turner get their starts. Groucho and Chico did radio, and there was talk of returning to Broadway. At a bridge game with Chico, Irving Thalberg began discussing the possibility of the Marxes joining Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . They signed, now billed as "Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Marx Bros." [41]
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Unlike the free-for-all scripts at Paramount, Thalberg insisted on a strong story structure that made the brothers more sympathetic characters, interweaving their comedy with romantic plots and non-comic musical numbers, and targeting their mischief-making at obvious villains. Thalberg was adamant that scripts include a "low point", where all seems lost for both the Marxes and the romantic leads. He instituted the innovation of testing the film's script before live audiences before filming began, to perfect the comic timing, and to retain jokes that earned laughs and replace those that did not. Thalberg restored Harpo's harp solos and Chico's piano solos, which had been omitted from Duck Soup . The Three Marx Brothers by Yousuf Karsh , 1948 The first Marx Brothers/Thalberg film was A Night at the Opera (1935), a satire on the world of opera , where the brothers help two young singers in love by throwing a production of Il Trovatore into chaos. The film—including its famous scene where an absurd number of people crowd into a tiny stateroom on a ship—was a great success, and was followed two years later by an even bigger hit, A Day at the Races (1937), in which the brothers cause mayhem in a sanitarium and at a horse race. The film features Groucho and Chico's famous "Tootsie Frootsie Ice Cream" sketch. In a 1969 interview with Dick Cavett , Groucho said that the two movies made with Thalberg were the best that they ever produced. Despite the Thalberg films' success, the brothers left MGM in 1937; Thalberg had died suddenly on September 14, 1936, two weeks after filming began on A Day at the Races , leaving the Marxes without an advocate at the studio.
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After a short experience at RKO ( Room Service , 1938), the Marx Brothers returned to MGM and made three more films: At the Circus (1939), Go West (1940) and The Big Store (1941). Prior to the release of The Big Store the team announced they were retiring from the screen. Four years later, however, Chico persuaded his brothers to make two additional films, A Night in Casablanca (1946) and Love Happy (1949), to alleviate his severe gambling debts. Both pictures were released by United Artists . Later years [ edit ] From the 1940s onward Chico and Harpo appeared separately and together in nightclubs and casinos. Chico fronted a big band , the Chico Marx Orchestra (with 17-year-old Mel Tormé as a vocalist). Groucho made several radio appearances during the 1940s and starred in You Bet Your Life , which ran from 1947 to 1961 on NBC radio and television. He authored several books, including Groucho and Me (1959), Memoirs of a Mangy Lover (1964) and The Groucho Letters (1967). Groucho and Chico briefly appeared in a 1957 color short film promoting The Saturday Evening Post entitled "Showdown at Ulcer Gulch," directed by animator Shamus Culhane , Chico's son-in-law. Groucho, Chico, and Harpo worked together (in separate scenes) in The Story of Mankind (1957). In 1959, the three began production of Deputy Seraph , a TV series starring Harpo and Chico as blundering angels, and Groucho (in every third episode) as their boss, the " Deputy Seraph ." The project was abandoned when Chico was found to be uninsurable (and incapable of memorizing his lines) due to severe arteriosclerosis . On March 8 of that year, Chico and Harpo starred as bumbling thieves in The Incredible Jewel Robbery , a half-hour pantomimed episode of the General Electric Theater on CBS. Groucho made a cameo appearance—uncredited, because of constraints in his NBC contract—in the last scene, and delivered the only line of dialogue ("We won't talk until we see our lawyer!").
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The five brothers, just prior to their only television appearance together, on the Tonight! America After Dark , hosted by Jack Lescoulie, February 18, 1957; from left: Harpo, Zeppo, Chico, Groucho and Gummo According to a September 1947 article in Newsweek , Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Zeppo all signed to appear as themselves in a biopic entitled The Life and Times of the Marx Brothers . In addition to being a non-fiction biography of the Marxes, the film would have featured the brothers reenacting much of their previously unfilmed material from both their vaudeville and Broadway eras. The film, had it been made, would have been the first performance by the Brothers as a quartet since 1933. The five brothers made only one television appearance together, in 1957, on an early incarnation of The Tonight Show called Tonight! America After Dark , hosted by Jack Lescoulie . Five years later (October 1, 1962) after Jack Paar's tenure, Groucho made a guest appearance to introduce the Tonight Show's new host, Johnny Carson . [42] Around 1960, the acclaimed director Billy Wilder considered writing and directing a new Marx Brothers film. Tentatively titled A Day at the U.N. , it was to be a comedy of international intrigue set around the United Nations building in New York. Wilder had discussions with Groucho and Gummo, but the project was put on hold because of Harpo's ill-health and abandoned when Chico died in 1961. [43] He was 74. Three years later, on September 28, 1964, Harpo died at the age of 75 of a heart attack one day after heart surgery.
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In 1966 Filmation produced a pilot for a Marx Brothers cartoon. Groucho's voice was supplied by Pat Harrington Jr. and other voices were done by Ted Knight and Joe Besser . [44] [45] In 1969, audio excerpts of dialogue from all five of the Marx Brothers' Paramount films were collected and released on an LP album, The Original Voice Tracks from Their Greatest Movies , by Decca Records . The excerpts were interspersed with voice-over introductions by disc jockey and voice actor Gary Owens . [46] The album was praised by Billboard as "a program of zany antics"; the magazine highlighted the excerpts of Groucho, who was "way ahead of his time in spoofing the 'establishment,' [and] at his hilarious biting best with his film soundtrack one-line zingers on his love life, his son, politics, big business, society, etc." [47] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic, however, grading the LP a C-plus and recommending it only to fanatics of the comedy group. "This is the sort of record you buy out of duty and then never play, not because it's a comedy record but because it isn't funny out of context", Christgau wrote, while also expressing displeasure with the interspersing of small portions of "annoying music" and Owens's commentary throughout. [48] In 1970, the four Marx Brothers had a brief reunion of sorts in the animated ABC television special The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians , produced by Rankin-Bass animation (of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer fame). The special featured animated reworkings of various famous comedians' acts, including W. C. Fields , Jack Benny , George Burns , Henny Youngman , the Smothers Brothers , Flip Wilson , Phyllis Diller , Jack E. Leonard , George Jessel and the Marx Brothers. Most of the comedians provided their own voices for their animated counterparts, except for Fields and Chico Marx (both had died), and Zeppo Marx (who had left show business in 1933). Voice actor Paul Frees filled in for all three (no voice was needed for Harpo). The Marx Brothers' segment was a reworking of a scene from their Broadway play I'll Say She Is , a parody of Napoleon that Groucho considered among the brothers' funniest routines. The sketch featured animated representations, if not the voices, of all four brothers. Romeo Muller is credited as having written special material for the show, but the script for the classic "Napoleon Scene" was probably supplied by Groucho.
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Impact on modern entertainment [ edit ] On January 16, 1977, the Marx Brothers were inducted into the Motion Picture Hall of Fame. With the deaths of Gummo in April 1977, Groucho in August 1977, and Zeppo in November 1979, the brothers were gone. But their impact on the entertainment community continues well into the 21st century. Among famous comedians who have cited them as influences on their style have been Woody Allen , [49] [50] [51] Alan Alda , [52] Judd Apatow , [49] [50] Mel Brooks , [53] John Cleese , [49] Elliott Gould , [54] Spike Milligan , [55] Monty Python , [49] Carl Reiner , [56] [57] as well as David Zucker , Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams . [58] Comedian Frank Ferrante made impersonations of Groucho a career. [54] Other celebrity fans of the comedy ensemble have been Antonin Artaud , [59] The Beatles , [49] Anthony Burgess , [60] Alice Cooper , [50] Robert Crumb , [61] Salvador Dalí , [62] Eugene Ionesco , [59] [51] George Gershwin , [63] (who dressed up as Groucho once [64] ) René Goscinny , [65] Cédric Klapisch , [66] J. D. Salinger [67] and Kurt Vonnegut . [68] Art [ edit ] Salvador Dali once made a drawing depicting Harpo. [69] Film [ edit ] Peter Sellers imitates Groucho in Let's Go Crazy (1951). [70]
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In The Way We Were (1972) the main characters attend a party, dressed as the Marx Brothers. [71] The real Groucho Marx also visited the set, of which a photograph was taken by David F. Smith . [72] In Woody Allen 's Take the Money and Run (1969) Virgil's parents give an interview while wearing Groucho masks. [73] Annie Hall (1977) starts off with a Groucho Marx joke, which is referred to again later. [73] In Manhattan (1979), he names the Marx Brothers as the first thing that makes life worth living. [73] In Stardust Memories there is a huge Groucho poster in the main character's flat. [73] In Allen's film Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Woody's character, after a suicide attempt, is inspired to go on living after seeing a revival showing of Duck Soup . In Everyone Says I Love You (1996) (the title itself a reference to Groucho's famous song), Woody Allen and Goldie Hawn dress as Groucho for a Marx Brothers celebration in France, and the song " Hooray for Captain Spaulding ", from Animal Crackers , is performed, with various actors dressed as the brothers, striking poses famous to Marx fans. (The film itself is named after a song from Horse Feathers , a version of which plays over the opening credits.) [73] In Mighty Aphrodite Woody suggests Harpo and Groucho as names for his song. [73]
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In Terry Gilliam 's Brazil (1985) a woman in a bathtub is watching The Cocoanuts when troops break into her house. [73] In Twelve Monkeys (1996) the inmates of an insane asylum watch Monkey Business on TV. [73] In the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Professor Henry Jones ( Sean Connery ) mails his diary to his son Indiana Jones ( Harrison Ford ) to keep it out of Nazi hands. When Indy misconstrues the purpose of being sent it and returns it to his father instead, his father berates him by saying "I should have mailed it to the Marx Brothers!". [73] In Rob Zombie 's 2003 film House of 1000 Corpses , the clown Captain Spaulding is named after the Marx brothers character, and this is mentioned in the movie. [73] Animation [ edit ] In the Fleischer Brothers ' Betty Boop cartoon Betty in Blunderland (1934) Betty sings Everyone Says I Love You , a song owned by Paramount Pictures , which also owned Betty's cartoons as well as the Marx Brothers film it was taken from: Horse Feathers . [73] [74] The Marx Brothers have cameos in the Disney cartoons The Bird Store (1932), [74] Mickey's Gala Premier (1932), Mickey's Polo Team (1936), Mother Goose Goes Hollywood (1938) and The Autograph Hound (1939). Dopey in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was inspired by Harpo's mute performances. [74]
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Tex Avery 's cartoon Hollywood Steps Out (1941) features appearances by Harpo and Groucho. [75] Bugs Bunny impersonated Groucho Marx in the 1947 cartoon Slick Hare (with Elmer Fudd dressing up as Harpo and chasing him with a cleaver), [73] and in Wideo Wabbit (1956) he again impersonated Groucho hosting a TV show called "You Beat Your Wife", asking Elmer Fudd if he had stopped beating his wife. [76] Many television shows and movies have used Marx Brothers references. Animaniacs and Tiny Toons , for example, have featured Marx Brothers jokes and skits. [77] [49] [78] The Genie imitates the Marx Brothers in Aladdin and the King of Thieves . [74] Live-action television [ edit ] Harpo Marx appeared as himself in a sketch on I Love Lucy in which he and Lucille Ball reprised the mirror routine from Duck Soup , with Lucy dressed up as Harpo. [79] Lucy had worked with the Marxes when she appeared in a supporting role in an earlier Marx Brothers film, Room Service . Chico once appeared on I've Got a Secret dressed up as Harpo; his secret was shown in a caption reading, "I'm pretending to be Harpo Marx (I'm Chico)". Hawkeye Pierce ( Alan Alda ) on M*A*S*H occasionally put on a fake nose and glasses, and, holding a cigar, did a Groucho impersonation to amuse patients recovering from surgery. Early episodes also featured a singing and off-scene character named Captain Spaulding as a tribute.
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In the second episode of The Muppet Show Kermit the Frog sings " Lydia the Tattooed Lady ". [73] In the Airwolf episode "Condemned", four anti-virus formulae for a deadly plague were named after the four Marx Brothers. In All in the Family , Rob Reiner often did imitations of Groucho, and Sally Struthers dressed as Harpo in one episode in which she (as Gloria Stivic) and Rob (as Mike Stivic) were going to a Marx Brothers film festival, with Reiner dressing as Groucho. Gabe Kaplan did many Groucho imitations on his sit-com Welcome Back, Kotter and Robert Hegyes sometimes imitated both Chico and Harpo on the show. In an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show Murray calls the new station owner at home late at night to complain when the song "Hooray for Captain Spaulding" is cut from a showing of Animal Crackers because of the new owners' policy to cut more and more from shows to sell more ad time, putting his job on the line. In 1990 three puppets were made of Groucho, Harpo and Chico for the satirical TV show Spitting Image . They were later used to portray the hunters in a 1994 TV production of Peter and the Wolf , with Sting as narrator and puppets from the series as characters. [73] Theatre [ edit ]
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The Marx Brothers were spoofed in the second act of the Broadway Review A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine . [80] In the 1996 musical By Jeeves , based on the Jeeves stories by P.G. Wodehouse , during The Hallo Song , Gussie Fink-Nottle suggests "You're either Pablo Picasso ", to which Cyrus Budge III replies "or maybe Harpo Marx!" Music [ edit ] Jacques Brel 's song "Le Gaz" was inspired by the cabin scene in A Night at the Opera . [81] Rock band Queen named two of their albums after Marx Brothers films A Night at the Opera (1975) and A Day at the Races (1976) and in Freddie Mercurys solo album Mister Bad Guy in the song titled Living On my Own he sings; "I ain't got no time for no Monkey Business." [73] Later the band Blind Guardian would also name an album A Night at the Opera . Groucho Marx can be seen on the cover of Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits by Alice Cooper . [73] The punk band The Damned named their single " There Ain't No Sanity Clause " (1980), in reference to a famous quote from A Night at the Opera . On the 1988 album Modern Lovers '88 by Modern Lovers there is a track called "When Harpo Played His Harp". [73]
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The band Karl and the Marx Brothers takes their name from them. Comics [ edit ] A Groucho Marx mask can be seen during a parade in Tintin and the Picaros . [82] Literature [ edit ] Jack Kerouac wrote a poem To Harpo Marx . [73] Advertising [ edit ] In the Vlasic Pickles commercials, the stork associated with the product holds a pickle the way Groucho held a cigar and, in a Groucho voice, says, "Now that's the best tastin' pickle I ever heard!" and bites into the pickle. [74] Filmography [ edit ] Films with the four Marx Brothers: Humor Risk (1921), previewed once and never released; thought to be lost [83] The Cocoanuts (1929), released by Paramount Pictures ; based on a 1925 Marx Brothers Broadway musical Animal Crackers (1930), released by Paramount; based on a 1928 Marx Brothers Broadway musical The House That Shadows Built (1931), released by Paramount (sequence featuring the Marx Brothers) Monkey Business (1931), released by Paramount Horse Feathers (1932), released by Paramount Duck Soup (1933), released by Paramount Films with the three Marx Brothers (post-Zeppo): A Night at the Opera (1935), released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer A Day at the Races (1937), released by MGM Room Service (1938), released by RKO Radio Pictures ; based on a 1937 Broadway play that did not star the Marx Brothers
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At the Circus (1939), released by MGM Go West (1940), released by MGM The Big Store (1941), released by MGM (intended to be their last film) A Night in Casablanca (1946), released by United Artists Love Happy (1949), released by United Artists The Story of Mankind (1957), released by Warner Bros. (not a Marx Brothers film, but the three brothers perform separate cameos) The Incredible Jewel Robbery (1959), an episode of the TV series General Electric Theater starring Harpo and Chico with an uncredited Groucho in a cameo role Solo endeavors: Groucho: Copacabana (1947), released by United Artists Mr. Music (1951), released by Paramount Double Dynamite (1951), released by RKO A Girl in Every Port (1952), released by RKO Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1957), released by 20th Century Fox (uncredited) You Bet Your Life (ABC Radio, CBS Radio, NBC-TV 1947–1961) The Mikado (1960), made for television Tell It To Groucho (CBS-TV 1962) Time For Elizabeth (NBC-TV Bob Hope Chrysler Theater special 1964) Groucho (ITV London 1965) Skidoo (1968), released by Paramount. Harpo: Too Many Kisses (1925), released by Paramount La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935) released by MGM Stage Door Canteen (1943), released by United Artists (cameo) Chico: Papa Romani (1950), television pilot The College Bowl (ABC-TV 1950–1951) Zeppo: A Kiss in the Dark (1925), released by Paramount (cameo) Characters [ edit ]
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Film Director Year Groucho Chico Harpo Zeppo Humor Risk Dick Smith 1921 The Villain The Italian Watson, Detective The Love Interest Too Many Kisses Paul Sloane 1925 The Village Peter Pan The Cocoanuts Robert Florey , Joseph Santley 1929 Mr. Hammer Chico Harpo Jamison Animal Crackers Victor Heerman 1930 Captain Geoffrey T. Spaulding Signor Emmanuel Ravelli The Professor Horatio Jamison The House That Shadows Built Adolph Zukor , Jesse L. Lasky 1931 Caesar's Ghost Tomalio The Merchant of Weiners Sammy Brown Monkey Business Norman Z. McLeod 1931 Groucho Chico Harpo Zeppo Horse Feathers Norman Z. McLeod 1932 Professor Quincy Adams Wagstaff Baravelli Pinky Frank Wagstaff Duck Soup Leo McCarey 1933 Rufus T. Firefly Chicolini Pinky Lt. Bob Roland A Night at the Opera Sam Wood 1935 Otis B. Driftwood Fiorello Tomasso A Day at the Races Sam Wood 1937 Dr. Hugo Z. Hackenbush Tony Stuffy Room Service William A. Seiter 1938 Gordon Miller Harry Binelli Faker Englund At the Circus Edward Buzzell 1939 J. Cheever Loophole Antonio Pirelli Punchy Go West Edward Buzzell 1940 S. Quentin Quale Joe Panello Rusty Panello The Big Store Charles Reisner 1941 Wolf J. Flywheel Ravelli Wacky Stage Door Canteen Frank Borzage 1943 Harpo A Night in Casablanca Archie Mayo 1946 Ronald Kornblow Corbaccio Rusty Copacabana Alfred E. Green 1947 Lionel Q. Devereaux Love Happy David Miller
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1949 Sam Grunion Faustino the Great Harpo Mr. Music Richard Haydn 1951 Himself Double Dynamite Irving Cummings 1951 Emile J. Keck A Girl in Every Port Chester Erskine 1952 Benjamin Franklin 'Benny' Linn Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? Frank Tashlin 1957 George Schmidlap The Story of Mankind Irwin Allen 1957 Peter Minuit Monk Sir Isaac Newton " The Incredible Jewel Robbery " (episode of General Electric Theater ) Mitchell Leisen 1959 Suspect in a police lineup Nick Harry "The Mikado" (episode of The Bell Telephone Hour ) Norman Campbell , Martyn Green 1960 Ko-Ko Skidoo Otto Preminger 1968 God Legacy [ edit ] Awards and honors [ edit ] In the 1974 Academy Awards telecast , Jack Lemmon presented Groucho with an honorary Academy Award to a standing ovation. The award was also on behalf of Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo, whom Lemmon mentioned by name. It was one of Groucho's final major public appearances. "I wish that Harpo and Chico could be here to share with me this great honor", he said, naming the two deceased brothers (Zeppo was still alive at the time). Groucho also praised the late Margaret Dumont as a great straight woman who never understood any of his jokes. [84] The Marx Brothers were collectively named #20 on AFI's list of the Top 25 American male screen legends of Classic Hollywood. They are the only group to be so honored.
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The "Sweathogs" of the ABC-TV series Welcome Back Kotter ( John Travolta , Robert Hegyes , Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs , and Ron Palillo ) patterned much of their on-camera banter in that series after the Marx Brothers. [85] [86] [87] Series star Gabe Kaplan was reputedly a big Marx Brothers fan. See also [ edit ] Book: Marx Brothers Margaret Dumont , an actress frequently double-acting with the Marx Brothers, especially Groucho Thelma Todd , another actress frequently appearing alongside the Marx Brothers References [ edit ] ^ "La famille paternelle des Marx Brothers" . Judaisme.sdv.fr . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Mrs. Minnie Marx. Mother of Four Marx Brothers, Musical Comedy Stars, Dies" . The New York Times . September 16, 1929. p. 27 . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . ^ "Samuel Marx, Father of Four Marx Brothers of Stage and Screen Fame" . The New York Times . May 12, 1933. p. 17 . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . ^ "Chico Marx, Stage and Film Comedian, Dies at 70 – Oldest of 5 Brothers Took Role of Italian Piano Player – Team Business Manager" . The New York Times . October 12, 1961. p. 29 . Retrieved August 12, 2016 . ^ "Harpo Marx, the Silent Comedian, Is Dead at 70" . The New York Times . September 29, 1964. p. 1 . Retrieved August 12, 2016 .
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^ "Groucho Marx, Comedian, Dead. Movie Star and TV Host Was 86. Master of the Insult Groucho Marx, Film Comedian and Host of 'You Bet Your Life,' Dies" . The New York Times . August 20, 2007. p. 1. ^ 1900 Census shows birth year as Oct 1892 and his WWI draft registration says 21 Oct 1892 Roll #1613143, on his death certificate and his grave the year 1893 is given. ^ "Gummo Marx, Managed Comedians". The New York Times . Palm Springs, California , April 21, 1977 ( Reuters ) Gummo Marx, an original member of the Marx brothers' comedy team, died here today. He was 83 years old. ^ "Zeppo Marx Dies on Coast at 78; Last Survivor of Comedy Team; 'Tired of Being a Stooge ' ". The New York Times . December 1, 1979. Zeppo Marx, the surviving member of the Marx Brothers comedy team who left the quartet in 1934 for other businesses, died yesterday at Eisenhower Medical Center in Palm Springs, Calif. The youngest of the brothers, he was 78 years old and had lived in Pal ... ^ a b "Family and Friends – The Marx Brothers" . Marx-brothers.org . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Adamson, Joe (1973). Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Sometimes Zeppo: A Celebration of the Marx Brothers . New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-340-18807-1 .
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^ Louvish, Simon (June 2000). Monkey Business . New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-312-25292-2 . ^ Simon Louvish. " Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers: Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Zeppo with Added Gummo ", The New York Times . ^ "Family – The Marx Brothers" . Marx-brothers.org . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Anstey, Robert Graham (2002). The Marx Brothers : Their World, Their Movies, Their Lives, Their Humour and Their Legacy by Robert G. Anstey . ISBN 9781896779850 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Louvish, Simon . Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers . Thomas Dunne Books; 1st U.S. edition (2000). Also e-text at Google Books ^ Current Biography , The H. W. Wilson Company , archived from the original on April 26, 2012 , retrieved November 29, 2011 ^ "Motor Bikes of 1930s to 1960s" . July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Marx Brothers on IMDb ^ Marx and Barber. ^ "The Three Nightingales (1907) – The Marx Brothers" . www.marx-brothers.org . Retrieved March 5, 2019 . ^ Kanfer, pp. 35–36. ^ Marx, Harpo (1961). Harpo Speaks . New York: Limelight Editions. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-87910-036-0 . ^ "Runaway Mules Gave Marx Bros. Cue to Comedy". San Antonio Express . July 20, 1930.
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^ Simon Louvish (June 8, 2000). Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of The Marx Brothers . St. Martin's Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-312-25292-2 . ^ Chandler, p. ???. ^ "mental_floss Blog » Groucho's Threat Against Nixon & 9 More Marx Brothers Stories" . December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ a b Joe Adamson. Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Sometimes Zeppo: A Celebration of the Marx Brothers . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. ^ Kanfer, pp. 139–140. ^ "The labor world. (Duluth, Minn.) 1896–current, December 15, 1917, Image 2" . Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . December 15, 1917 . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ Marx, Groucho (1976). The Groucho Phile , p. 31. ^ a b Groucho Live At Carnegie Hall ^ Marx and Barber, p. ??. ^ Louvish, S. (1999). 'Monkey business: The lives and legends of the Marx Brothers: Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Zeppo with added Gummo.' London: Faber & Faber. ^ Marx, G. (1976). The Groucho Phile . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, p. 30. ^ Marx, Groucho and Me . ^ Kanfer. ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: Groucho, Harpo, Chico & Zeppo Marx – Aug. 15, 1932" . Time.com . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra – Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel" . Bbc.co.uk . May 31, 2014 . Retrieved August 10, 2014 .
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^ 1890–1977., Marx, Groucho, (2007). The Groucho letters : letters from and to Groucho Marx (1st Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster Papberbacks. ISBN 9781416536031 . OCLC 148843246 . CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link ) ^ Harpo was a very skillful bridge player, and a consistent winner in the highest circles. [ citation needed ] ^ Johnny Carson. Museum of Broadcast Communications Retrieved 2010-08-20. ^ Gore, Chris (1999). The Fifty Greatest Movies Never Made , New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ^ Scheimer, Lou; Mangels, Andy (2012). Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation . Raleigh, NC: Two Morrows Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-60549-044-1 . ^ Beck, Jerry (July 22, 2009). "Filmation's Marx Brothers?" . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved May 10, 2014 . ^ Mitchell, Glenn (2006). The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia . Reynolds & Hearn. p. 240. ISBN 1905287119 . ^ Anon. (August 23, 1969). "Album Reviews". Billboard . p. 66. ^ Christgau, Robert (December 11, 1969). "Consumer Guide (5)" . The Village Voice . Retrieved May 6, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f ScreenPrism. "How have The Marx Brothers, particularly with "A Night at the Opera," influenced future comedians - ScreenPrism" . screenprism.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b c McKie, John (January 13, 2015). "Marx Brothers' enduring appeal" . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via www.bbc.com.
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^ a b "Pulling Focus: Animal Crackers (1930)" . Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Alan Alda story about Groucho on Craig Ferguson Show a few weeks back" . alt.comedy.marx-bros.narkive.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Mel Brooks still bubbles with comedy at 83" . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b August 16, Caitlin Johnson CBS; 2007; Pm, 4:38. "Remembering Groucho Marx" . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?destination=%2farchive%2flocal%2f2002%2f02%2f28%2fgoon-show-comedian-spike-milligan-dies%2f4a7e0e03-0bbf-4e7f-b413-cd0aa555842c%2f%3f ^ "NY Daily News - We are currently unavailable in your region" . www.tribpub.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "NPR Choice page" . choice.npr.org . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Film Theory: The Art Of The Marx Brothers" . www.litro.co.uk . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b Merchant, Stephen (June 4, 2004). "Sibling ribaldry" . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via www.theguardian.com. ^ "Object of the Week: The Marx Brothers" . anthonyburgess.org . June 19, 2017 . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "www.rcrumb.com" . www.crumbproducts.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "NPR Choice page" . choice.npr.org . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ Chandler, Charlotte (December 11, 2012). "Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends" . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via Google Books.
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^ Morris, Michael G. (June 18, 2017). "Guardian Angels" . wordpress.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "René Goscinny" . lambiek.net . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ http://marx.brothers.free.fr/references/cedric%20klapisch/reference_ck.html ^ "100 years of JD Salinger: The world's most famous literary hermit" . The Independent . January 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ EDT, Chris Kaye On 4/21/15 at 12:53 PM (April 21, 2015). "The Making of a New Kurt Vonnegut Documentary Took Twice as Long as 'Boyhood ' " . Newsweek . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Harpo Marx (Adolph/Arthur) - The Marx Brothers" . www.marx-brothers.org . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ Guide, British Comedy. "Let's Go Crazy - Film" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ " ' The Way We Were': THR's 1973 Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Groucho Marx with Barbra Streisand Sydney Pollack Director" . flashbak.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "References - The Marx Brothers" . www.marx-brothers.org . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ a b c d e Hahn, Matthew (November 15, 2017). "The Animated Marx Brothers" . BearManor Media . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via Google Books.
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^ Hahn, Matthew (November 15, 2017). "The Animated Marx Brothers" . BearManor Media . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via Google Books. ^ Hahn, Matthew (November 15, 2017). "The Animated Marx Brothers" . BearManor Media . Retrieved April 14, 2019 – via Google Books. ^ https://www.metro.us/entertainment/movies/animaniacs-best-movie-parodies ^ "Document sans nom" . marx.brothers.free.fr . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "10 of the best "I love Lucy" episodes" . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine Broadway @ John Golden Theatre - Tickets and Discounts" . Playbill . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Document sans nom" . marx.brothers.free.fr . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Document sans nom" . marx.brothers.free.fr . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ Coniam, Matthew (September 7, 2015). "The Marx Brothers' Lost Film: Getting to the Bottom of a Mystery" . brentonfilm.com . Retrieved April 14, 2019 . ^ "Groucho Marx receiving an Honorary Oscar®" . Oscars.org . November 24, 2009 . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ " ' Welcome Back, Kotter': 25 Things You Never Knew About the Sweathogs" . Tv.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Welcome Back, Kotter" . Tvtropes.org . Retrieved September 21, 2018 . ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on January 22, 2015 . Retrieved January 22, 2015 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
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Further reading [ edit ] Marx, Groucho, Beds (1930) Farrar & Rinehart, (1976) Bobbs-Merrill Marx, Groucho, Many Happy Returns (1942) Simon & Schuster Crichton, Kyle, The Marx Brothers (1950) Doubleday & Co. Marx, Arthur, Life with Groucho (1954) Simon & Schuster, (revised as My Life with Groucho: A Son's Eye View , 1988) ISBN 0-330-31132-8 Marx, Groucho, Groucho and Me (1959) Random House, (1989) Fireside Books ISBN 0-306-80666-5 Marx, Harpo (with Barber, Rowland), Harpo Speaks! (1961) Bernard Geis Associates, (1985) Limelight Editions ISBN 0-87910-036-2 Marx, Groucho, Memoirs of a Mangy Lover (1963) Bernard Geis Associates, (2002) Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-81104-9 Marx, Groucho, The Groucho Letters: Letters from and to Groucho Marx (1967, 2007) Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-306-80607-X Zimmerman, Paul D., The Marx Brothers at the Movies (1968) G.P. Putnam's Sons Eyles, Allen, The Marx Brothers: Their World of Comedy (1969) A.S. Barnes Robinson, David, The Great Funnies: A History of Film Comedy (1969) E.P. Dutton Durgnat, Raymond, "Four Against Alienation" from The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image (1970) Dell Maltin, Leonard, Movie Comedy Teams (1970, revised 1985) New American Library Anobile, Richard J. (ed.), Why a Duck?: Visual and Verbal Gems from the Marx Brothers Movies (1971) Avon Books Bergman, Andrew, "Some Anarcho-Nihilist Laff Riots" from We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films (1971) New York University Press
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Marx, Arthur, Son of Groucho (1972) David McKay Co. ISBN 0-679-50355-2 Adamson, Joe, Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Sometimes Zeppo (1973, 1983) Simon & Schuster Kalmar, Bert, and Perelman, S. J., The Four Marx Brothers in Monkey Business and Duck Soup (Classic Film Scripts) (1973) Simon & Schuster Mast, Gerald, The Comic Mind: Comedy and the Movies (1973, 2nd ed. 1979) University of Chicago Press McCaffrey, Donald W., "Zanies in a Stage-Movieland" from The Golden Age of Sound Comedy (1973) A. S. Barnes Anobile, Richard J. (ed.), Hooray for Captain Spaulding!: Verbal and Visual Gems from Animal Crackers (1974) Avon Books Anobile, Richard J., The Marx Bros. Scrapbook (1974) Grosset & Dunlap, (1975) Warner Books Wolf, William, The Marx Brothers (1975) Pyramid Library Marx, Groucho, The Groucho Phile (1976) Bobbs-Merrill Co. Marx, Groucho (with Arce, Hector), The Secret Word Is GROUCHO (1976) G.P. Putnam's Sons Byron, Stuart and Weis, Elizabeth (eds.), The National Society of Film Critics on Movie Comedy (1977) Grossman/Viking Maltin, Leonard, The Great Movie Comedians (1978) Crown Publishers Arce, Hector, Groucho (1979) G. P. Putnam's Sons Chandler, Charlotte, Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho & His Friends (1978) Doubleday & Co., (2007) Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-14-005222-4 Marx, Maxine, Growing Up with Chico (1980) Prentice-Hall, (1984) Simon & Schuster Weales, Gerald, Canned Goods as Caviar: American Film Comedy of the 1930s (1985) University of Chicago Press
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Gehring, Wes D., The Marx Brothers: A Bio-Bibliography (1987) Greenwood Press Barson, Michael (ed.), Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel: The Marx Brothers Lost Radio Show (1988) Pantheon Books Allen, Miriam Marx, Love, Groucho: Letters from Groucho Marx to His Daughter Miriam (1992) Faber & Faber ISBN 0-571-12915-3 Eyles, Allen, The Complete Films of the Marx Brothers (1992) Carol Publishing Group Gehring, Wes D., Groucho and W.C. Fields: Huckster Comedians (1994) University Press of Mississippi Mitchell, Glenn, The Marx Brothers Encyclopedia (1996) B.T. Batsford Ltd., (revised 2003) Reynolds & Hearn ( ISBN 0-7134-7838-1 ) Stoliar, Steve, Raised Eyebrows: My Years Inside Groucho's House (1996) General Publishing Group ISBN 1-881649-73-3 Dwan, Robert, As Long As They're Laughing!: Groucho Marx and You Bet Your Life (2000) Midnight Marquee Press, Inc. Kanfer, Stefan, Groucho: The Life and Times of Julius Henry Marx (2000) Alfred A. Knopf ISBN 0-375-70207-5 Bego, Mark, The Marx Brothers (2001) Pocket Essentials Louvish, Simon, Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers (2001) Thomas Dunne Books ISBN 0-312-25292-7 Gehring, Wes D., Film Clowns of the Depression (2007) McFarland & Co. Keesey, Douglas, with Duncan, Paul (ed.), Marx Bros. (2007) Movie Icons series, Taschen External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marx Brothers . Marxology List of Marx Brothers radio appearances Marx Brothers Night at the Opera Treasury
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The Marx Brothers Museum The Marx Brothers Council Podcast v t e The Marx Brothers Chico Harpo Groucho Gummo Zeppo Films Humor Risk (1921) The Cocoanuts (1929) Animal Crackers (1930) The House That Shadows Built (1931) Monkey Business (1931) Horse Feathers (1932) Duck Soup (1933) A Night at the Opera (1935) A Day at the Races (1937) Room Service (1938) At the Circus (1939) Go West (1940) The Big Store (1941) A Night in Casablanca (1946) Love Happy (1949) The Story of Mankind (1957) Musicals I'll Say She Is (1924) The Cocoanuts (1925) Animal Crackers (1928) Songs " Hello, I Must Be Going " " Hooray for Captain Spaulding " " Lydia the Tattooed Lady " Other appearances Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel (radio, 1932 – episodes ) Blue Ribbon Town (radio, 1943–44) " The Incredible Jewel Robbery " (TV, 1959) Deputy Seraph (TV, 1959) Family members Minnie Marx Sam Marx Al Shean Barbara Marx Susan Fleming Eden Hartford Arthur Marx Melinda Marx Miriam Marx Gregg Marx Related articles An Evening with Groucho Captain Spaulding Giraffes on Horseback Salad Groucho Club Groucho glasses Hello, I Must Be Going! Marx & Lennon Minnie's Boys Groucho: A Life in Revue (1986 play) " Why a Duck? " Book Category Authority control BNE : XX131074 BNF : cb119149297 (data) CANTIC : a10194563 GND : 801344-5
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ISNI : 0000 0000 8190 0174 LCCN : n82033052 MusicBrainz : 36f93472-e1c2-45bc-b141-801e79b7de14 NKC : xx0162835 NLA : 36140206 SELIBR : 225822 SUDOC : 027014525 Trove : 1219036 VIAF : 121542107 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 121542107 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1325 Cached time: 20191127160026 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.364 seconds Real time usage: 1.786 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6995/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 156228/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7875/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/40 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 228958/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Lua time usage: 0.703/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10.3 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1525.707 1 -total 53.27% 812.758 1 Template:Reflist 25.03% 381.897 46 Template:Cite_web 9.75% 148.764 8 Template:Cite_book 9.01% 137.503 12 Template:ISBN 5.53% 84.343 1 Template:Infobox_comedian 5.23% 79.809 1 Template:Authority_control 5.03% 76.759 1 Template:Infobox 4.45% 67.941 9 Template:Cite_news 3.98% 60.761 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19669-0!canonical and timestamp 20191127160025 and revision id 927987258 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marx_Brothers&oldid=927987258 " Categories : Marx Brothers Marx Brothers (film series) American comedy troupes American male comedy actors American people of German-Jewish descent American surrealist artists Jewish American comedians Jewish comedy and humor Jewish-American families Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Paramount Pictures contract players People from Yorkville, Manhattan Sibling performing groups Sibling trios Sibling quartets Surreal comedy Vaudeville performers Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint: extra punctuation All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles with short description Use American English from April 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2019 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers
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The Horse Whisperer (film) - Wikipedia CentralNotice The Horse Whisperer (film) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Horse Whisperer Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Redford Produced by Robert Redford Patrick Markey Screenplay by Eric Roth Richard LaGravenese Based on The Horse Whisperer by Nicholas Evans Starring Robert Redford Kristin Scott Thomas Sam Neill Dianne Wiest Scarlett Johansson Chris Cooper Music by Thomas Newman Gwil Owen Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Hank Corwin Freeman Davies Tom Rolf Production company Touchstone Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date May 15, 1998 ( 1998-05-15 ) Running time 170 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $187 million The Horse Whisperer is a 1998 American drama film directed by and starring Robert Redford , based on the 1995 novel The Horse Whisperer by Nicholas Evans . Redford plays the title role, a talented trainer with a remarkable gift for understanding horses, who is hired to help an injured teenager (played by Scarlett Johansson ) and her horse back to health following a tragic accident. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Horse training methods and controversies 5 Reception 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot [ edit ] Teenager Grace MacLean ( Scarlett Johansson ) and her best friend Judith ( Kate Bosworth ) go out early one winter's morning to ride their horses, Pilgrim and Gulliver. As they ride up an icy slope, Gulliver slips and hits Pilgrim. Both horses fall, dragging the girls onto a road and being hit by a tractor-trailer truck. Judith and Gulliver are killed, while Grace and Pilgrim are both severely injured.
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