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Death [ edit ] Hughes' gravestone Hughes family grave site at Glenwood Cemetery Hughes is reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 p.m. on board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Jeff Abrams. He was en route from his penthouse at the Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel in Mexico to the Methodist Hospital in Houston. His reclusiveness and possibly his drug use made him practically unrecognizable. His hair, beard, fingernails, and toenails were long—his tall 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 pounds (41 kg), and the FBI had to use fingerprints to conclusively identify the body. [124] Howard Hughes' alias, John T. Conover, was used when his body arrived at a morgue in Houston on the day of his death. [125] A subsequent autopsy recorded kidney failure as the cause of death. [126] Hughes was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. He suffered from malnutrition and was covered in bedsores. While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs, including his brain, which had no visible damage other than illnesses, were deemed perfectly healthy. [39] X-rays revealed five broken-off hypodermic needles in the flesh of his arms. [39] To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes had used glass syringes with metal needles that easily became detached. [39]
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Hughes is buried next to his parents at Glenwood Cemetery in Houston. [127] Estate [ edit ] Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a handwritten will was found on the desk of an official of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Salt Lake City , Utah . The so-called "Mormon Will" gave $1.56 billion to various charitable organizations (including $625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ), nearly $470 million to the upper management in Hughes' companies and to his aides, $156 million to first cousin William Lummis, and $156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters . In this will, Hughes left his entire estate to the Hughes Medical Institute, as he had no connection to family and was seriously ill. This is contrary to the many wills that have surfaced after his death. The original will that included payments to aides never surfaced. It was apparently in a home surrounding the Desert Inn Golf Course belonging to the mother of an assistant. He had no desire to leave any money to family, aides or churches, including William Gay and Frank Morse. Hughes was not Mormon and had no reason to leave his estate to that church. Frank P. Morse is still the attorney of record for Hughes. [ citation needed ]
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A further $156 million was endowed to a gas-station owner, Melvin Dummar , who told reporters that in 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Route 95 , just 150 miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas . The man asked for a ride to Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel , Dummar said the man told him that he was Hughes. Dummar later claimed that days after Hughes' death a "mysterious man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In 1978, a Nevada court ruled the Mormon Will a forgery, and officially declared that Hughes had died intestate (without a valid will). Dummar's story was later adapted into Jonathan Demme 's film Melvin and Howard in 1980. [128] Hughes' $2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis, who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute , which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for $5.2 billion. The court rejected suits by the states of California and Texas that claimed they were owed inheritance tax . In 1984 Hughes' estate paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore , who claimed she and Hughes had secretly married on a yacht in international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Moore never produced proof of a marriage, but her book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a bestseller.
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Awards [ edit ] Harmon Trophy (1936 and 1938) Collier Trophy (1938) Congressional Gold Medal (1939) Octave Chanute Award (1940) National Aviation Hall of Fame (1973) International Air & Space Hall of Fame (1987) [129] Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (2018) [130] Archive [ edit ] The moving image collection of Howard Hughes is held at the Academy Film Archive . The collection consists of over 200 items including 35mm and 16mm elements of feature films, documentaries, and television programs made or accumulated by Hughes. [131] Filmography [ edit ] Two Arabian Knights (1927) The Racket (1928) Hell's Angels (1930) The Front Page (1931) Sky Devils (1932) Scarface (1932) The Outlaw (1943) The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (1947) Vendetta (1950) His Kind of Woman (1951) Macao (1952) Son of Sinbad (1955) The Conqueror (1956) Jet Pilot (1957) In popular culture [ edit ] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Howard Hughes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film [ edit ] The James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever (1971) features a tall, Texan, reclusive billionaire character named Willard Whyte (played by Jimmy Dean ) who operates his business empire from the penthouse of a Las Vegas hotel. Although he appears only late in the film, his habitual seclusion and his control of a major aerospace contracting firm are key elements of the movie's plot. Several sequences were actually filmed on location at The Landmark Hotel and Casino , which was owned by Hughes at the time.
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The Amazing Howard Hughes is a 1977 American made-for-television biographical film which aired as a mini-series on the CBS network, made a year after Hughes' death and based on Noah Dietrich's book Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes . Tommy Lee Jones plays Hughes. Melvin and Howard (1980), directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jason Robards as Howard Hughes and Paul Le Mat as Melvin Dummar . The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay ( Bo Goldman ) and Best Supporting Actress ( Mary Steenburgen ). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's claims of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles over his inclusion in Hughes' will. Critic Pauline Kael called the film "an almost flawless act of sympathetic imagination". [132] In Tucker: The Man and His Dream , (1988), Hughes (played by Dean Stockwell ) figures in the plot by telling Preston Tucker to source steel and engines for Tucker's automobiles from a helicopter manufacturer in New York. Scene occurs in a hangar with the Hercules. In The Rocketeer , a 1991 American period superhero film from Walt Disney Pictures , the title character attracts the attention of Howard Hughes (played by Terry O'Quinn ) and the FBI , who are hunting for a missing jet pack, as well as Nazi operatives. "Howard Hughes Documentary", broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary series, was introduced by Peter Graves , later released by A&E Home Video. [133]
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In " Conspiracy Theory " (1997), the character Jerry Fletcher (played by Mel Gibson ) mentions one of his theories to a street vendor by saying ["Did you know that the whole Vietnam War was fought over a bet that Howard Hughes lost to Aristotle Onassis?"], referring to his (Fletcher's) thoughts on the politics of that conflict. The Aviator , directed by Martin Scorsese , in which Hughes is portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio . It was released in the United States on December 25, 2004. The film focuses on Hughes' personal life from the making of Hell's Angels through his successful flight of the Hercules or Spruce Goose . Critically acclaimed , it was nominated for 11 Academy Awards , winning five for Best Cinematography ; Best Film Editing ; Best Costume Design ; Best Art Direction ; and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Cate Blanchett . Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004, and went on to win the Grand Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival. [134] The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the Biography Channel . It was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full-length film The Outlaw starring Jane Russell . [135] Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as a plot-related prequel to Iron Man 2 (2010), in which Howard Stark (played by Dominic Cooper ), father of Tony Stark ( Iron Man ), showed his inventions of future technology, clearly embodying Hughes' persona and enthusiasm. His subsequent appearances in the TV series Marvel's Agent Carter further this persona, as well as depicting him as sharing the real Hughes' reputation as a womanizer. Stan Lee has noted that Tony, who shared several of these traits himself, was based on Hughes. [136]
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Rules Don't Apply (2016), written and directed by Warren Beatty , features Beatty as Hughes from 1958 through 1964. In the Dark Knight Trilogy , director Christopher Nolan 's characterisation of Bruce Wayne is heavily inspired by Hughes' perceived lifestyle – from a playboy in Batman Begins to a recluse in The Dark Knight Rises . Nolan is reported to have integrated his original material intended for a shelved Hughes biopic into the trilogy. [137] Games [ edit ] The character of Andrew Ryan in the 2008 video game BioShock is loosely based on Hughes. Ryan is a billionaire industrialist in post-World War II America who, seeking to avoid governments, religions, and other 'parasitic' influences, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture . Years later, when Ryan's vision for Rapture falls into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses armies of mutated humans, "Splicers", to defend himself and fight against those trying to take over his city, including the player-character. [138] In L.A. Noire , Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the game opening scene. The H-4 is later a central plot piece of DLC Arson Case, "Nicholson Electroplating". [139] In Fallout: New Vegas , the character of Robert Edwin House, a wealthy business magnate and entrepreneur who owns the New Vegas strip, is based on Howard Hughes and closely resembles him in appearance, personality and background. A portrait of Mr. House can also be found in game which strongly resembles a portrait of Howard Hughes standing in front of a Boeing Army Pursuit Plane. [140]
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Literature [ edit ] Stan Lee repeatedly stated he created the Marvel Comics character Iron Man 's civilian persona, Tony Stark, drawing inspiration from Howard Hughes' colorful lifestyle and personality. Additionally, the first name of Stark's father is Howard. [141] Hughes is a supporting character in all three parts of James Ellroy 's Underworld USA Trilogy , employing several of the protagonists as private investigators , bagmen , and consultants in his attempt to assume control of Las Vegas . Referred to behind his back as " Count Dracula " (due to his reclusiveness and rumored obsession with blood transfusions from Mormon donors), Hughes is portrayed as a spoiled, racist , opioid -addicted megalomaniac whose grandiose plans for Las Vegas are undermined by the manipulations of the Chicago Outfit . Television [ edit ] In The Simpsons Season 5 episode " $pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling) ", Mr. Burns resembles Hughes in his recluse state. Various nods to his life appear in the episode, ranging from casino ownership and penthouse office to the " Spruce Goose " being renamed "Spruce Moose" as well as a lack of hygiene and being a germaphobe. In The Beverly Hillbillies episode, "The Clampett-Hewes Empire", Jed Clampett, while in Hooterville, decides to merge his interests with a man Mr. Drysdale believes is Howard Hughes, the famous reclusive billionaire. Eventually it turns out, to Mr. Drysdale's chagrin, "Howard Hughes" is no billionaire; he is nothing but a plain old farmer named "Howard Hewes" (H-E-W-E-S).
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In the Superjail! episode "The Superjail! Six", The Warden repeatedly watches a film called Ice Station Jailpup which parodies Hughes’ obsession with the film Ice Station Zebra In ‘’ Phineas and Ferb ’’ episode “De plane! De plane!”, Howard Hughes and his Spruce Goose we mentioned and inspire Phineas and Ferb’s knockoff plane the “Paper Pelican” See also [ edit ] List of richest Americans in history List of wealthiest historical figures List of aviation pioneers List of entrepreneurs Texas portal Biography portal Aviation portal Film portal Energy portal Medicine portal References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital Statistics of Texas Department of Health. ^ The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk was an aged person and there is a chance that, supposedly being hard of hearing, they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. This is speculative. Citations [ edit ] ^ Simkin, John. "Howard Hughes". Archived June 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Spartacus Educational . Retrieved: June 9, 2013. ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved January 2, 2019 . ^ Klepper and Gunther 1996, p. xiii. ^ "Howard R. Hughes" . UNLV Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering . Retrieved July 18, 2018 .
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^ "The Racket (1928)" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ "Hell's Angels" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ "51 Heroes of Aviation." Flying Magazine. Retrieved: December 27, 2014. ^ "Howard Hughes, Our Company, History" . Howard Hughes Company Website . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 15. ^ Barlett, Donald L. and Steele, James B. Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness Norton, 2011, page 29. ^ "American National Biography Online: Hughes, Howard" . www.anb.org . Retrieved August 15, 2017 . ^ a b "Howard Hughes." Archived January 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine MSN Encarta online, October 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ http://users.tellurian.com/gjurrens/famous_hams.html Archived May 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Howard Hughes." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ Beeney, Bill (March 8, 1972). "The Mail Goes Through But Flavor Is Gone". The Democrat Chronicle . Rochester, New York: Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com . p. 31. Our facility residence is in the 4000 block on Yoakum Blvd. The building next to it at 3900 is the Modern Language Department, It is the former Howard Hughes home. We paid $82,000 cash for it about 10 years ago. ^ "1952 Purchase of Hughes House" . alumni.stthom.edu . Retrieved April 21, 2018 .
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^ "Howard Hughes." about.com . Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ "Golf's Bizarre Billionaire." Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine golfonline.com . Retrieved: September 4, 2007. ^ Barkow 1986, p. 13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972). Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes . Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. pp. 34, 69. ^ Lasky 1989, p. 229. ^ Onkst, David H. "Howard R. Hughes Jr. – The Record Setter." U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission , 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ "Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History." Archived August 30, 2005, at the Wayback Machine wrightools.com . Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ "Around the World in 91 Hours" . Historical Marker Project website . Retrieved July 27, 2016 . ^ "A Rich Young Texan with a Poet's Face Gets Hero's Welcome on World Flight." Life , July 25, 1938, pp. 9–11, 14. Retrieved: October 14, 2012. ^ Rumerman, Judy. "Hughes Aircraft." centennialofflight.net , 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008. ^ "Aircraft Ha to Hy." Aerofiles . Retrieved: July 31, 2011. ^ Parker 2013, pp. 49–51 ^ "Hughes: Las Vegas." Archived March 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine aviatorhowardhughes.com . Retrieved: July 31, 2011. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996 ^ "Crash of the XF-11." check-six.com . Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
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^ Parker 2013, pp. 50–51. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140. ^ "William Durkin, Howard Hughes crash rescuer, dies." Nation SunJournal , May 1, 2006. Retrieved: July 4, 2013. ^ "Howard Hughes: XF-11." Archived February 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection . Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ "William Durkin; rescued Howard Hughes in crash." Archived July 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Boston.com, May 2, 2006. Retrieved: January 17, 2012. ^ "Hughes Designs Hospital Bed." Associated Press wire article, August 14, 1946. ^ a b Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 143. ^ a b c d e f g h Tennant, Forest (July–August 2007). "Howard Hughes & Pseudoaddiction" (PDF) . Practical Pain Management . Montclair, New Jersey: PPM Communications, Inc. 6 (7): 12–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved January 7, 2011 . ^ Bill Schwartz (director) (2004). Howard Hughes – The Real Aviator (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Shout! Factory . ^ Parker 2013, pp. 49–58. ^ Herman 2012, pp. 277–280. ^ "Largest Plane in the World." Aerospaceweb.org . Retrieved: March 18, 2009. ^ Parker, Dana T. (2013). Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II . Cypress, California. p. 58. ASIN B00HVPF23W . ^ "Spruce Goose." Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum . Retrieved: December 14, 2011.
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^ "Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum | McMinnville Oregon over the 65 limit" . www.evergreenmuseum.org . Retrieved December 27, 2017 . ^ a b c Bartlett and Steele 2011, p. 216. ^ a b c Grant, Elaine X. (July 28, 2006). "TWA – Death Of A Legend" . St. Louis Magazine . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . ^ "Howard Hughes and TWA´S Constellations – Airways Magazine" . Airways Magazine . June 6, 2016 . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . ^ Barlett and Steele 2011, pp. 218–219. ^ Barlett and Steele 2011, pp. 219–222. ^ Barlett and Steele 2011, p. 224-228. ^ Brooks, John (December 23, 1973). "The strange case of T.W.A. vs. Howard Hughes vs. T.W.A." The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . ^ "Northeast Airlines" . www.deltamuseum.org . Retrieved January 8, 2018 . ^ a b "index" . www.departedflights.com . ^ Donald L. Barlett; James B. Steele (2004). Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness . W. W. Norton Company. pp. 390, 495, 614. ISBN 0393326020 . ^ David J. Hogan (2013). Film Noir FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Hollywood's Golden Age of Dames, Detectives, and Danger . Applause theater and cinema. ISBN 9781480343054 . ^ "The Conqueror" . IMDb . March 28, 1956 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ Horace Newcomb (2014). Encyclopedia of Television . Routledge. p. 1801. ISBN 1579583946 .
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^ "David Charnay Former Four Star chief" . Variety . October 7, 2002 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Hollywood and the downwinders still grapple with nuclear fallout" . The Guardian . June 6, 2015 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "UNITED STATES v. CHARNAY" . U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit via Leagle . May 7, 1976 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Jury Refuses to Vote Indictment That Omits Hughes" . New York Times . July 30, 1974 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "3 Hughes Associates Deny Guilt In AirWest Case" (PDF) . Hood College's Harold Weisberg Archive, Digital Collection . January 14, 1977 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Indicting Hughes" (PDF) . Hood College's Harold Weisberg Archive, Digital Collection . January 7, 1974 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Hughes Fraud Charges Dropped" (PDF) . The Daily Iowan . January 31, 1974 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . ^ "United States v. David B. Charnay, et. al" . OpenJurist . May 7, 1976 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . ^ Arelo C. Sederberg (2013). Hughesworld: The Strange Life and Death of an American Legend . iUniverse. ISBN 9781475969221 . ^ "Hughes Fraud Indictment Dropped" . Chicago Tribune . January 31, 1974 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . ^ "Hughes 3 Others by Judge In Air West Case" . The New York Times . November 14, 1974 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 .
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^ "Hughes Estate Agrees to Pay Airline's Stockholders $30 Million" . Washington Post . January 20, 1979 . Retrieved January 28, 2017 . ^ "Howard Hughes' Doctor Gives a Chilling Description of His Strange Patient's Final Hours" . People Magazine . July 30, 1979 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "This Day In History Howard Hughes Dies" . People Magazine . April 5, 1976 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ "Houston's last tycoon. ABC13 Coverage of the death of Howard Hughes (archived)" . Houston's ABC13 . July 3, 2017 . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 34. ^ "Dr. Verne Mason. Miami Physician. Howard Hughes aide dies. Also treated Pershing." The New York Times, November 17, 1965. ^ "Financials". Howard Hughes Medical Institute . Retrieved: October 7, 2019. https://www.hhmi.org/about/financials ^ "C05301269" (PDF) . GWU Freedom of Information Act Research . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . ^ Josh Dean (September 5, 2017). The Taking of K-129: How the CIA Used Howard Hughes to Steal a Russian Sub in the Most Daring Covert Operation in History . Penguin Books. p. 50. ISBN 9780525501534 . ^ Burleson 1997, p. 33. ^ Burleson 1997, pp. 157–158. ^ "Using Howard Hughes as cover, the U.S. snatched up a Russian sub" . Kitsap Sun NewsPaper Online . Retrieved November 3, 2017 .
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^ Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97. ^ "Lord Inchcape's Yacht Bought By American." The Straits Times (Singapore Government), December 21, 1933. Retrieved: September 23, 2014. ^ Wisner, Bill. "The Golden Age of Yachts." Motor Boating , December 1975. Retrieved: September 23, 2014. ^ "Howard Hughes' auto kills man in Hollywood." Chicago Tribune , July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. ^ "Sportsman Arrested After Traffic Death." Los Angeles Times , July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. ^ "Howard Hughes facing hearing in auto death." Chicago Tribune , July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. ^ "Millionaire Flyer and Society Girl testify at Inquest." Los Angeles Times , July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009. ^ Thomas 1987, p. 41. ^ "Small town plans Hughes museum" . DeseretNews.com . February 11, 2007. ^ WOO, ELAINE (October 21, 2000). "Jean Peters; Actress in Film, TV Married Howard Hughes" – via LA Times. ^ The Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville, Mississippi), September 29, 1946, p.4. ^ "Interview with Louella Parsons ." Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), October 12, 1947, p. 19. ^ Anderson, Jack with Les Whitten. "Hughes and Jean Peters." The Gadsden Times , April 13, 1976, p. 4. ^ a b Weaver 2004, p. 9. ^ Rosenbaum, Ron (April 27, 2012). "A Challenge to Robert Redford" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Retrieved October 4, 2017 .
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^ "Hughes bribe of Nixon alleged" . Las Vegas Sun . Las Vegas, Nevada: Greenspun Media Group . February 28, 2005 . Retrieved August 13, 2018 . ^ "Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force." archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25, 2012. ^ "Campaign Contributions Task Force #804 – Hughes/Rebozo Investigation." archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25, 2012. ^ "Hughes, Nixon and the C.I.A.". Playboy . Chicago, Illinois: Playboy Enterprises . September 1976. ^ Bellett 1995, pp. 32, 36, 160. ^ Stahl, Lesley. "Watergate: 'Aviator' Connection?, Lesley Stahl Talks To Watergate Investigator About Motive For Break-In." CBS News . Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ Taylor, Alex III (October 13, 1997). "Wacko, junkie—and a great businessman despite all his eccentricities, Howard Hughes left behind a $1 billion empire. A new book details the bitter battle over his estate" . Fortune . New York City: Meredith Corporation . Retrieved May 15, 2016 . ^ David Garonzik (Director), Leonardo DiCaprio, Jeffrey M. Schwartz, Donald L. Barlett (Actors) (May 24, 2005). The Affliction of Howard Hughes: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . Los Angeles, California: Miramax . Retrieved August 13, 2018 – via YouTube . ^ Barber, Nicholas (December 6, 2016). "Was this billionaire recluse truly mad?" . BBC Culture . London, England: BBC . Retrieved March 13, 2018 . ^ "TYCOONS: The Secret Life of Howard Hughes" . Time . New York City: TIME Inc. December 13, 1976 . Retrieved March 13, 2018 .
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^ Kehr, Dave (January 11, 2005). "New DVDs: 'Ice Station Zebra ' " . The New York Times . New York City: New York Times Company . Retrieved November 8, 2013 . ^ Bell, Chris (January 17, 2017). "The movie so toxic it killed John Wayne: the tragedy of The Conqueror" – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ "Guests Discuss the Late Howard Hughes" . CNN. January 20, 2002 . Retrieved May 5, 2017 . ^ Booth, William (December 19, 2004). "Leo and Howard" . The Washington Post . Washington, DC: Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved May 5, 2017 . ^ Chapman, Aaron (December 15, 2004). "Man of mystery" . Vancouver Courier . Vancouver, British Columbia: Glacier Media . Archived from the original on January 24, 2005. ^ a b Levitan, Corey (March 2, 2008). "Top 10 Scandals: Gritty City" . Las Vegas Review-Journal . Las Vegas, Nevada: News + Media Capital Group LLC . Retrieved March 3, 2008 . ^ Evans, K.J. (February 7, 1999). "Howard Hughes" . Las Vegas Review-Journal . las Vegas, Nevada: News + Media Capital Group LLC . Retrieved September 12, 1999 . Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help ) ^ Messerly, Megan; Morris, J.D. (December 28, 2015). "A peek into the mind of Howard Hughes" . Las Vegas Sun . Las Vegas, Nevada: Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved March 13, 2018 .
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^ "The Keepers of the King" . Time . New York City: Time, Inc. December 13, 1976 . Retrieved January 5, 2008 . ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 341. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (June 28, 2009). "Howard Hughes and the atomic bomb in middle of Nevada" . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles, California: Tronc . Retrieved July 25, 2009 . ^ Carlson, Michael (August 20, 2008). "Obituary: Robert Maheu" . The Guardian . London, England: Guardian Media Group . Retrieved July 27, 2016 . ^ Mallin, Jay (1974). The Great Managua Earthquake . Charlotte, New York: SamHar Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007 . Retrieved April 23, 2007 . ^ "Howard Hughes: A Chronology." Channel 4 . Retrieved: January 5, 2008. ^ "Clifford Irving, Howard Hughes Prankster, Dies at 87" . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries . December 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 25, 2018 . ^ Irving 1999 , p. 309. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 16–18. ^ "Howard Hughes Revealed". Archived September 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine hulu.com , via National Geographic Channel, Inside (series), Season 7, episode 2. Retrieved: September 24, 2009. ^ Breo, Dennis (July 30, 1979). "Howard Hughes' Doctor Gives a Chilling Description of His Strange Patient's Final Hours" . People . New York City: Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 18, 2015 .
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^ Turner, Suzanne; Wilson, Joanne Seale (March 22, 2010). "Houston's Silent Garden: Glenwood Cemetery, 1871-2009" . Texas A&M University Press – via Google Books. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (December 12, 2018). "Melvin Dummar, 74, Who Claimed Howard Hughes Left Him Millions, Dies" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame . Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4 . ^ Howard Hughes at the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America ^ "Howard Hughes Collection" . Academy Film Archive . ^ Shannon, Jeff. "Melvin and Howard (1980) – Movie Preview." Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine RopeofSilicon, 2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008. ^ "Howard Hughes Documentary." Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011. ^ "Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator." ISBN 9780738930756 . ^ The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story. Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Vision Films. Retrieved: August 22, 2011. ^ The Invincible Iron Man (Ultimate 2-Disc Edition Iron Man DVD). Paramount Pictures . 2008. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (December 6, 2012). "Editor Lee Smith Says Bruce Wayne In 'The Dark Knight Rises' Inspired By Nolan's Aborted Howard Hughes Movie"]" . Indiewire . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6, 2012 . ^ "Exclusive: Ken Levine on the making of Bioshock" . Rock, Paper, Shotgun . Retrieved March 20, 2013 .
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^ "New L.A. Noire Screens from the "Nichsolson Electroplating" Arson Case." Rockstargames.com, June 9, 2011. Retrieved: January 5, 2012. ^ "Fallout – Howard Hughes And Mr. House" lensebender.org, January 15, 2016. Retrieved: April 6, 2017. ^ "Mask of the Iron Man". Game Informer (177): 81. January 2008. Bibliography [ edit ] Barkow, Al . Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf . Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford Books, 1986. ISBN 1-58080-043-2 . Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat . Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1982. Republished in 1998, Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. ISBN 0-9663175-0-5 . Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. Empire: The Life, Legend and Madness of Howard Hughes . New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-393-07513-3 , republished in 2004 as Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness . Bellett, Gerald. Age of Secrets : The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes . Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1995. ISBN 0-921842-42-2 . Blackman, Tony Tony Blackman Test Pilot Grub Street, 2009, ISBN 978-1-906502-28-7 Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story . New York: Penguin Books, 1996. ISBN 0-525-93785-4 . Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project . College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-89096-764-4 . Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes . New York: Fawcett Publications, 1972. ISBN 978-0-04-490256-0 .
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Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America . Portland, Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7679-1934-3 . Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive Biography of the First American Billionaire . Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2002. ISBN 1-893224-64-3 . Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II . New York: Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4 . Higham, Charles. Howard Hughes: The Secret Life , 1993. Irving, Clifford. The Hoax . New York: E. Reads Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0-7592-3868-8 . Klepper, Michael and Michael Gunther. The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present. Secaucus, New Jersey : Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8065-1800-8 Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-510-4 . Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes . Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976. ISBN 0-87223-447-9 . Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable, 1989. ISBN 0-915677-41-5 . Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by his Closest Adviser . New York: Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 0-06-016505-7 . Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire . New York: Pocket Books, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50080-5 .
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Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes . Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1-881649-88-1 . Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, Cypress, California: Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-98979-060-4 . Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years . New York, Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-41042-4 . Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes . Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. ISBN 1-4134-0875-3 . Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01469-4 . Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait . New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. lSBN 0-883261-52-9. Weaver, Tom. Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers and Directors from the Golden Age. New York: McFarland & Company, 2004. ISBN 0-7864-2070-7 . External links [ edit ] Listen to this article ( info/dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article " Howard Hughes " dated 2010-07-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to: Howard Hughes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Howard Hughes . Howard Hughes on IMDb AZORIAN The Raising of the K-129 / 2009 – 2 Part TV Documentary / Michael White Films Vienna Welcome Home Howard: Collection of photographs kept by UNLV
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A history of the remarkable achievements of Howard Hughes FBI file on Howard Hughes Howard Hughes on Find a Grave Biography in the National Aviation Hall of Fame v t e Howard Hughes Aviation Hughes Aircraft Company Spruce Goose H-1 Racer Hughes Airwest Trans World Airlines Hughes Helicopters Films directed Hell's Angels (1930) The Outlaw (1943) Films produced Two Arabian Knights (1927) The Racket (1928) The Mating Call (1928) The Front Page (1931) Cock of the Air (1932) Sky Devils (1932) Scarface (1932) Behind the Rising Sun (1943) The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (1947) The Tattooed Stranger (1950) Vendetta (1950) His Kind of Woman (1951) The Whip Hand (1951) Two Tickets to Broadway (1951) Macao (1952) The Las Vegas Story (1952) Second Chance (1953) The French Line (1954) Son of Sinbad (1955) The Conqueror (1956) Jet Pilot (1957) Popular culture The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977) Melvin and Howard (1980) The Rocketeer (1991) The Aviator (2004) Rules Don't Apply (2016) Related Jean Peters (wife) Howard R. Hughes Sr. (father) Hughes Tool Company Howard Hughes Medical Institute Desert Inn Melvin Dummar Summa Corporation Howard Hughes Corporation Authority control BNE : XX1306668 BNF : cb119875388 (data) GND : 118707922 ISNI : 0000 0001 2122 9806 LCCN : n79043370 NARA : 10580586 NDL : 00620843 NKC : xx0004016 NLI : 000418932 NTA : 071990372 SNAC : w6805cb7
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SUDOC : 027940454 Trove : 1143804 VIAF : 19686679 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 19686679 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1309 Cached time: 20191124150349 Cache expiry: 86400 Dynamic content: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.804 seconds Real time usage: 2.281 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14947/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 228394/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 22704/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 29/40 Expensive parser function count: 31/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 294351/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 3/400 Lua time usage: 0.848/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14.84 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1959.362 1 -total 30.63% 600.082 2 Template:Reflist 28.00% 548.612 2 Template:Infobox_person 27.23% 533.615 3 Template:Infobox 11.35% 222.404 33 Template:Cite_web 11.23% 219.943 12 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.01% 176.526 1 Template:Birth_date 8.93% 175.001 26 Template:ISBN 7.39% 144.717 22 Template:Cite_news 5.81% 113.797 7 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14059-0!canonical and timestamp 20191124150349 and revision id 927064665 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Hughes&oldid=927064665 " Categories : Howard Hughes 1905 births 1976 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American engineers 20th-century aviation 20th-century Methodists Amateur radio people American aerospace businesspeople American aerospace designers American aerospace engineers American airline chief executives American anti-communists American billionaires American businesspeople in the oil industry American casino industry businesspeople American chairmen of corporations American chief executives of manufacturing companies American communications businesspeople American construction businesspeople American consulting businesspeople American film studio executives American financiers American health care businesspeople American hoteliers American inventors American investors American mass media owners American media executives American mining businesspeople American nonprofit executives American people of English descent American people of French descent American people of Welsh descent American philanthropists American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American restaurateurs American technology chief executives American technology company founders American United Methodists Aviation inventors Aviators from Texas Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas) Businesspeople from Los Angeles Businesspeople from Houston California Republicans Collier Trophy recipients Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths from kidney failure Engineers from California English-language film directors Film directors from Texas Film producers from California History of Clark County, Nevada History of Houston Hypochondriacs People from Ventura County, California People with obsessive-compulsive disorder Rice University alumni Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents Texas Republicans Trans World Airlines people California Institute of Technology alumni Aviation pioneers American aviation record holders Film directors from Los Angeles Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: dates Articles with short description Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Biography with signature All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips
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Virginia in the American Civil War - Wikipedia CentralNotice Virginia in the American Civil War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the C.S. commonwealth of Virginia between 1861 and 1865. For the ship, see CSS Virginia . For other uses, see Virginia (disambiguation) . Commonwealth of Virginia Nickname(s): "Virginny" Flag Seal Map of the contiguous United States with Virginia highlighted. Capital Richmond Largest City Richmond Admitted to the Confederacy May 7, 1861 (8th) Population 1,596,318 total • 1,105,453 free • 490,865 slave Forces supplied 155,000 total • c. 30,000 killed Governor John Letcher William Smith Francis Pierpont Senators William Ballard Preston Allen T. Caperton Robert M. T. Hunter Waitman Willey John Carlile Lemuel Bowden Representatives List Restored to the Union January 26, 1870 History of Virginia By year Pre-statehood American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics: Cities - Politics - Slavery Virginia portal v t e Confederate States in the American Civil War Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Dual governments Kentucky Missouri Virginia West Virginia Territory Arizona Territory Allied tribes in Indian Territory Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Creek Seminole v t e Virginia became a prominent part of the Confederacy when it joined during the American Civil War . As a Southern slave-holding state, Virginia held a state convention to deal with the secession crisis, and voted against secession on April 4, 1861. Opinion shifted after April 15, when U.S. President Abraham Lincoln called for troops from all states still in the Union to put down the rebellion, following the capture of Fort Sumter , and the Virginia convention voted to declare secession from the Union. A Unionist government was established in Wheeling and the new state of West Virginia was created by an act of Congress from 50 counties of western Virginia, making it the only state to lose territory as a consequence of the war.
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In May, it was decided to move the Confederate capital from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond, Virginia , in part because the defense of Virginia's capital was deemed vital to the Confederacy's survival. On May 24, 1861, the U.S. Army moved into northern Virginia and captured Alexandria without a fight. Most of the battles in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War took place in Virginia because the Confederacy had to defend its national capital at Richmond, and public opinion in the North demanded that the Union move "On to Richmond!" The successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond are a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy , located a few blocks north of the State Capitol , became home to the family of Confederate leader, former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis . Contents 1 Origins 2 Secession 2.1 Call for secession convention 2.2 Secession convention 2.3 Secession 3 Strategic significance 3.1 Richmond 3.2 Other locations 4 Major campaigns 4.1 1861 4.2 1862 4.3 1863 4.4 1864 4.5 1865 5 Battles in Virginia 6 Involvement (by location) 6.1 Notable Confederate leaders from Virginia 6.2 Notable Union leaders from Virginia 7 West Virginia enters the Union 8 Demographics 9 Aftermath 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links
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Origins [ edit ] On October 16, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry , Virginia . U.S. troops, led by Robert E. Lee , responded and quelled the raid. Subsequently, Brown was tried and executed by hanging in Charles Town on December 2, 1859. In 1860 the Democratic Party split into northern and southern factions over the issue of slavery in the territories and Stephen Douglas ' support for popular sovereignty : after failing in both Charleston and Baltimore to nominate a single candidate acceptable to the South, Southern Democrats held their convention in Richmond, Virginia , on June 26, 1860, and nominated John C. Breckinridge as their party candidate for U.S. president . [1] When Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected as president, Virginians were concerned about the implications for their state. While a majority of the state would look for compromises to the sectional differences, most people also opposed any restrictions on slaveholders' rights. [2] As the state watched to see what South Carolina would do, many Unionists felt that the greatest danger to the state came not from the North but from "rash secession" by the lower South. [3] Secession [ edit ] See also: Origins of the American Civil War An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia, urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the U.S. Army, which it refers to as the "Abolition foes".
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Call for secession convention [ edit ] On November 15, 1860 Virginia Governor John Letcher called for a special session of the General Assembly to consider, among other issues, the creation of a secession convention. The legislature convened on January 7 and approved the convention on January 14. On January 19 the General Assembly called for a national Peace Conference , led by Virginia native and former U.S. President John Tyler , to be held in Washington, DC on February 4, the same date that elections were scheduled for delegates to the secession convention. [4] The election of convention delegates drew 145,700 voters who elected, by county, 152 representatives. Thirty of these delegates were secessionists, thirty were unionists, and ninety-two were moderates who were not clearly identified with either of the first two groups. Nevertheless, advocates of immediate secession were clearly outnumbered. [5] Simultaneous to the February 4 election delegates from the first six states to secede (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana) met in Montgomery and four days later founded the Confederate States of America . According to one Virginian teacher, William M. Thompson, who would later become a Confederate cavalryman, the declaring of secession by the slave states was necessary to preserve slavery as well as prevent marriages between freedmen and the white "daughters of the South", saying that civil war would be preferable:
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Better, far better! Endure all the horrors of civil war than to see the dusky sons of Ham leading the fair daughters of the South to the altar. — William M. Thompson, letter to Warner A. Thompson, (February 2, 1861). [6] [7] Secession convention [ edit ] The Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 met on February 13 at the Richmond Mechanics Institute located at Ninth and Main Street in Richmond. One of the convention's first actions was to create a 21-member Federal Relations Committee charged with reaching a compromise to the sectional differences as they affected Virginia. [8] The committee was made up of 4 secessionists, 10 moderates and 7 unionists. [9] At first there was no urgency to the convention's deliberations as all sides felt that time only aided their cause. In addition, there were hopes that the Peace Conference on January 19 led by former President John Tyler , might resolve the crisis by guaranteeing the safety of slavery and the right to expand slavery into the southwest territories. [10] With the failure of the Peace Conference at the end of February, [11] moderates in the convention began to waver in their support for unionism. [12] At the Richmond convention in February 1861, Georgian Henry Lewis Benning , who would later go on to join the Confederate army as an officer, delivered a speech in which he gave his reasoning for the urging of secession from the Union, appealing to ethnic prejudices and pro-slavery sentiments to present his case, saying that were the slave states to remain in the Union, their slaves would ultimately end up being freed by the anti-slavery Republican Party. He stated that he would rather be stricken with illness and starvation than to see African-Americans liberated from slavery and be given equality as citizens:
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What was the reason that induced Georgia to take the step of secession? This reason may be summed up in one single proposition. It was a conviction, a deep conviction on the part of Georgia, that a separation from the North-was the only thing that could prevent the abolition of her slavery. ... If things are allowed to go on as they are, it is certain that slavery is to be abolished. By the time the north shall have attained the power, the black race will be in a large majority, and then we will have black governors, black legislatures, black juries, black everything. Is it to be supposed that the white race will stand for that? It is not a supposable case ... war will break out everywhere like hidden fire from the earth, and it is probable that the white race, being superior in every respect, may push the other back. ... we will be overpowered and our men will be compelled to wander like vagabonds all over the earth; and as for our women, the horrors of their state we cannot contemplate in imagination. That is the fate which abolition will bring upon the white race. ... We will be completely exterminated, and the land will be left in the possession of the blacks, and then it will go back to a wilderness and become another Africa ... Suppose they elevated Charles Sumner to the presidency? Suppose they elevated Fred Douglass , your escaped slave, to the presidency? What would be your position in such an event? I say give me pestilence and famine sooner than that. — Henry Lewis Benning , speech to the Virginia Convention, February 18, 1861. [13] [14]
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Unionist support was further eroded for many Virginians by Lincoln's first inaugural address , which they felt was "argumentative, if not defiant." [15] Throughout the state there was evidence that support for secession was growing. [16] The Federal Relations Committee made its report to the convention on March 9. The fourteen proposals defended both slavery and states' rights while calling for a meeting of the eight slave states still in the Union to present a united front for compromise. From March 15 through April 14 the convention debated these proposals one by one. [17] During the debates, the sixth resolution calling for a peaceful solution and maintenance of the Union came up for discussion on April 4. Lewis Edwin Harvie of Amelia County offered a substitute resolution calling for immediate secession. This was voted down by 88 to 45 and the next day the convention continued its debate. [18] Approval of the last proposal came on April 12. [19] The goal of the unionist faction after this approval was to adjourn the convention until October, allowing time for both the convention of the slave states and Virginia's congressional elections in May which, they hoped, would produce a stronger mandate for compromise. [20] One delegate reiterated the state's cause of secession and the purpose of the convention: Sir, the great question which is now uprooting this Government to its foundation – the great question which underlies all our deliberations here, is the question of African slavery. — Thomas F. Goode, speech to the Virginia Secession Convention, (March 28, 1861). [21]
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Mississippian Fulton Anderson told the convention that the Republicans were hostile to the slave states, accusing the Republican Party of having an "unrelenting and eternal hostility to the institution of slavery." [22] Ultimately, the convention declared that slavery should continue, and that it should be extended into U.S. territories: Proposals Adopted by the Virginia Convention of 1861 The first resolution asserted states' rights per se ; the second was for retention of slavery; the third opposed sectional parties; the fourth called for equal recognition of slavery in both territories and non-slave states; the fifth demanded the removal of federal forts and troops from seceded states; the sixth hoped for a peaceable adjustment of grievances and maintaining the Union; the seventh called for Constitutional amendments to remedy federal and state disputes; the eighth recognized the right of secession; the ninth said the federal government had no authority over seceded states since it refused to recognize their withdrawal; the tenth said the federal government was empowered to recognize the Confederate States; the eleventh was an appeal to Virginia's sister states; the twelfth asserted Virginia's willingness to wait a reasonable period of time for an answer to its propositions, providing no one resorted to force against the seceded states; the thirteenth asked United States and Confederate States governments to remain peaceful; and the fourteenth asked the border slave states to meet in conference to consider Virginia's resolutions and to join in Virginia's appeal to the North. [23]
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At the same time, unionists were concerned about the continued presence of U.S. forces at Fort Sumter , despite assurances communicated informally to them by U.S. Secretary of State William Seward that it would be abandoned. [24] Lincoln and Seward were also concerned that the Virginia convention was still in session as of the first of April while secession sentiment was growing. At Lincoln's invitation, unionist John B. Baldwin of Augusta County met with the president on April 4. Baldwin explained that the unionists needed the evacuation of Fort Sumter, a national convention to debate the sectional differences, and a commitment by Lincoln to support constitutional protections for southern rights. [25] Over Lincoln's skepticism, Baldwin argued that Virginia would be out of the Union within forty-eight hours if either side fired a shot in the vicinity of the fort. By some accounts, Lincoln offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if the Virginia convention would adjourn. [26] On April 6, amid rumors that the North was preparing for war, the convention voted by a narrow 63-57 to send a three-man delegation to Washington to determine from Lincoln what his intentions were. However, due to bad weather the delegation did not arrive in Washington until April 12. They learned of the attack on Fort Sumter from Lincoln, and the president informed them of his intent to hold the fort and respond to force with force. Reading from a prepared text to prevent any misinterpretations of his intent, Lincoln told them that he had made it clear in his inaugural address that the forts and arsenals in the South were government property and "if ... an unprovoked assault has been made upon Fort Sumter, I shall hold myself at liberty to re-possess, if I can, like places which have been seized before the Government was devolved upon me." [27]
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The pro-Union sentiment in Virginia was further weakened after the April 12 Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter . Richmond reacted with large public demonstrations in support of the Confederacy on April 13 when it first received the news of the attack. [28] [29] A Richmond newspaper described the scene in Richmond on the 13th: Saturday night the offices of the Dispatch, Enquirer and Examiner, the banking house of Enders, Sutton & Co., the Edgemont House, and sundry other public and private places, testified to the general joy by brilliant illuminations. Hardly less than ten thousand persons were on Main street, between 8th and 14th, at one time. Speeches were delivered at the Spottswood House, at the Dispatch corner, in front of the Enquirer office, at the Exchange Hotel, and other places. Bonfires were lighted at nearly every corner of every principal street in the city, and the light of beacon fires could be seen burning on Union and Church Hills. The effect of the illumination was grand and imposing. The triumph of truth and justice over wrong and attempted insult was never more heartily appreciated by a spontaneous uprising of the people. Soon the Southern wind will sweep away with the resistless force of a tornado, all vestige of sympathy or desire of co-operation with a tyrant who, under false pretences, in the name of a once glorious, but now broken and destroyed Union, attempts to rivet on us the chains of a despicable and ignoble vassalage. Virginia is moving. [30]
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The convention reconvened on April 13 to reconsider Virginia's position, given the outbreak of hostilities. [31] With Virginia still in a delicate balance, with no firm determination yet to secede, [ citation needed ] sentiment turned more strongly toward secession on April 15, following President Abraham Lincoln 's call to all states that had not declared a secession, including Virginia, for sending troops to assist in halting the insurrection and recovering the captured forts. [32] War Department, Washington, April 15, 1861. To His Excellency the Governor of Virginia: Sir: Under the act of Congress for calling forth "militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, repel invasions, etc.," approved February 28, 1795, I have the honor to request your Excellency to cause to be immediately detached from the militia of your State the quota designated in the table below, to serve as infantry or rifleman for the period of three months, unless sooner discharged. Your Excellency will please communicate to me the time, at or about, which your quota will be expected at its rendezvous, as it will be met as soon as practicable by an officer to muster it into the service and pay of the United States. — Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. The quota of Virginia's state militia called for, in the table attached to this letter, was three regiments which would have a total of 2,340 men to rendezvous at Staunton, Wheeling and Gordonsville. Governor Letcher and the recently reconvened Virginia Secession Convention considered this request from Lincoln "for troops to invade and coerce" [33] lacking in constitutional authority, and out of scope of the Act of 1795. Governor Letcher's "reply to that call wrought an immediate change in the current of public opinion in Virginia", [33] whereupon he issued the following reply:
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Executive Department, Richmond, Va., April 15, 1861. Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War: Sir: I have received your telegram of the 15th, the genuineness of which I doubted. Since that time I have received your communications mailed the same day, in which I am requested to detach from the militia of the State of Virginia "the quota assigned in a table," which you append, "to serve as infantry or rifleman for the period of three months, unless sooner discharged." In reply to this communication, I have only to say that the militia of Virginia will not be furnished to the powers at Washington for any such use or purpose as they have in view. Your object is to subjugate the Southern States, and a requisition made upon me for such an object - an object, in my judgment, not within the purview of the Constitution or the act of 1795 - will not be complied with. You have chosen to inaugurate civil war, and, having done so, we will meet it in a spirit as determined as the administration has exhibited toward the South. — Respectfully, John Letcher Thereafter, the secession convention voted on April 17, provisionally, to secede, on the condition of ratification by a statewide referendum. That same day, the convention adopted an ordinance of secession , in which it stated the immediate cause of Virginia's declaring of secession, "the oppression of the Southern slave-holding States". [34]
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E.L. Ayers, who felt that "even Fort Sumter might have passed, however, had Lincoln not called for the arming of volunteers", [35] wrote of the convention's final decision: The decision came from what seemed to many white Virginians the unavoidable logic of the situation: Virginia was a slave state; the Republicans had announced their intention of limiting slavery; slavery was protected by the sovereignty of the state; an attack on that sovereignty by military force was an assault on the freedom of property and political representation that sovereignty embodied. When the federal government protected the freedom and future of slavery by recognizing the sovereignty of the states, Virginia's Unionists could tolerate the insult the Republicans represented; when the federal government rejected that sovereignty, the threat could no longer be denied even by those who loved the Union. [36] The Governor of Virginia immediately began mobilizing the Virginia State Militia to strategic points around the state. Former Governor Henry Wise had arranged with militia officers on April 16, before the final vote, to seize the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry and the Gosport Navy Yard in Norfolk. On April 17 in the debate over secession Wise announced to the convention that these events were already in motion. On April 18 the arsenal was captured and most of the machinery was moved to Richmond. At Gosport, the Union Navy , believing that several thousand militia were headed their way, evacuated and abandoned Norfolk, Virginia and the navy yard, burning and torching as many of the ships and facilities as possible. [37]
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Colonel Robert E. Lee resigned his U.S. Army commission, turning down an offer of command of the Union army. He would ultimately join the Confederate army instead. Secession [ edit ] "How Virginia Was Voted Out Of The Union" -appeared in the northern journal Harpers Weekly , June 15, 1861 Virginia's ordinance of secession was ratified in a referendum held on May 23, 1861, by a vote of 132,201 to 37,451. [34] [38] The Confederate Congress proclaimed Richmond to be new capital of the Confederacy and Confederate troops moved into northern Virginia before the referendum was held. The actual number of votes for or against secession are unknown since votes in many counties in northwestern and eastern Virginia (where most of Virginia's unionists lived) were "discarded or lost." Governor Letcher "estimated" the vote for these areas. [39] [40] [41] The reaction to the referendum was swift on both sides. Confederate troops shut down the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , one of Washington City 's two rail links to Ohio and points west. The next day, the U.S. Army moved into northern Virginia. With both armies now in northern Virginia, the stage was set for war. In June, Virginian unionists met at the Wheeling Convention to set up the Restored Government of Virginia . Francis Pierpont was elected governor. The restored government raised troops to defend the Union and appointed two Senators to the United States Senate. It resided in Wheeling until August 1863 when it moved to Alexandria with West Virginia's admittance to the Union . During the summer of 1861, parts of the northern, western and eastern Virginia, including the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, were returned to Union control. Norfolk returned to union control in May 1862. These areas would be administered by the Restored Government of Virginia, with the northwestern counties later becoming the new state of West Virginia. In April 1865, Francis Pierpont and the Restored Government of Virginia moved to Richmond.
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In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby , reflecting back on his role in the war, stated in a letter to friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. I've never heard of any other cause of quarrel than slavery." [42] [43] Strategic significance [ edit ] Virginia's strategic resources played a key role in dictating the objectives of the war there. Its agricultural and industrial capacity, and the means of transporting this production, were major strategic targets for attack by Union forces and defense by Confederate forces throughout the war. Richmond [ edit ] Main article: Richmond in the American Civil War Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, April 1865 The Confederate's need for war materiel played a very significant role in its decision to move its capital from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond in May 1861, despite its dangerous northern location 100 miles south of the United States capital in Washington, DC. It was mainly for this industrial reason that the Confederates fought so hard to defend the city. The capital of the Confederacy could easily be moved again if necessary, but Richmond's industry and factories could not be moved. Richmond was the only large-scale industrial city controlled by the Confederacy during most of the Civil War. The city's warehouses were the supply and logistical center for Confederate forces. The city's Tredegar Iron Works , the 3rd largest foundry in the United States at the start of the war, produced most of the Confederate artillery, including a number of giant rail-mounted siege cannons. The company also manufactured railroad locomotives, boxcars and rails, as well as steam propulsion plants and iron plating for warships. Richmond's factories also produced guns, bullets, tents, uniforms, harnesses, leather goods, swords, bayonets, and other war materiel. A number of textile plants, flour mills, brick factories, newspapers and book publishers were located in Richmond. Richmond had shipyards too, although they were smaller than the shipyards controlled by the Union in Norfolk, Virginia.
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The city's loss to the Union army in April 1865 made a Union victory in the Civil War inevitable. With Virginia firmly under Union control, including the industrial centers of Richmond, Petersburg and Norfolk, the mostly rural and agricultural deep south lacked the industry needed to supply the Confederate war effort. Other locations [ edit ] At the outbreak of the war Petersburg, Virginia was second only to Richmond among Virginia cities in terms of population and industrialization. The juncture of five railroads, it provided the only continuous rail link to the Deep South . Located 20 miles (32 km) south of Richmond, its defense was a top priority; the day that Petersburg fell, Richmond fell with it. In the western portion of the state (as defined today), the Shenandoah Valley was considered the "Breadbasket of the Confederacy". The valley was connected to Richmond via the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River and Kanawha Canal . The Blue Ridge mountains and similar sites had long been mined for iron, and (though as the war progressed, shortages in manpower limited their production). In southwest Virginia, the large salt works at Saltville provided a key source of salt to the Confederacy, essential in preserving food for use by the army. It was the target of two battles. Major campaigns [ edit ]
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Further information: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War The First of May 1865 or Genl. Moving Day in Richmond Va , political cartoon , Kimmel & Forster, New York, 1865. The image depicts Confederate leaders packing up their belongings as they prepare to flee Richmond to avoid U.S. forces, with a slave watching on contemptuously. The first and last significant battles of the war were held in Virginia, the first being the First Battle of Bull Run and the last being the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse . From May 1861 to April 1865, Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy. The White House of the Confederacy , located a few blocks north of the State Capital, was home to the family of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. 1861 [ edit ] Main article: Manassas Campaign The first major battle of the Civil War occurred on July 21, 1861. Union forces attempted to take control of the railroad junction at Manassas for use as a supply line, but the Confederate Army had moved its forces by train to meet the Union. The Confederates won the First Battle of Bull Run (known as "First Battle of Manassas" in southern naming convention) and the year went on without a major fight. 1862 [ edit ] Main articles: Peninsula Campaign , Jackson's Valley Campaign , Northern Virginia Campaign , and Battle of Fredericksburg
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Union general George B. McClellan was forced to retreat from Richmond by Robert E. Lee 's army. Union general Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Manassas. Following the one-sided Confederate victory Battle of Fredericksburg . 1863 [ edit ] Main article: Battle of Chancellorsville When fighting resumed in the spring of 1863, Union general Hooker was defeated at Chancellorsville by Lee's army. 1864 [ edit ] Main articles: Overland Campaign , Bermuda Hundred Campaign , Valley Campaigns of 1864 , Richmond-Petersburg Campaign , and Appomattox Campaign Ulysses Grant 's Overland Campaign was fought in Virginia. The campaign included battles of attrition at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor and ended with the Siege of Petersburg and Confederate defeat. In September 1864, the Southern Punch , a newspaper based in Richmond, reiterated the Confederacy's cause: ... WE ARE FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE THAT OUR GREAT AND NECESSARY DOMESTIC INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY SHALL BE PRESERVED , and for the preservation of other institutions of which slavery is the ground work ... — "The New Heresy", Southern Punch , (September 19, 1864), emphasis added. [44] [45] 1865 [ edit ] In April 1865, the Confederate government fled Richmond as U.S. forces approached the city. As the Confederates fled, they set fire to Richmond's public works to prevent them from being used by U.S. forces. [46] A fire set in Richmond by the retreating Confederate army burned 25 percent of the city before being put out by the Union Army. It was the Union Army that saved the city from widespread conflagration and ruin. [47] As a result, Richmond emerged from the Civil War as an economic powerhouse, with most of its buildings and factories undamaged.
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Battles in Virginia [ edit ] Battle of First Bull Run Battle of Hampton Roads (USS Monitor and CSS Virginia ) Peninsula Campaign Seven Days Battles Battle of Malvern Hill Northern Virginia Campaign Battle of Second Bull Run Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Chancellorsville Bristoe Campaign Mine Run Campaign Overland Campaign Bermuda Hundred Campaign Battle of Cold Harbor Richmond-Petersburg Campaign Valley Campaigns of 1864 Appomattox Campaign Involvement (by location) [ edit ] Alexandria in the Civil War Fort Monroe in the Civil War Fredericksburg in the Civil War Norfolk Naval Shipyard in the Civil War Northern Virginia in the Civil War Petersburg in the Civil War Richmond in the Civil War Williamsburg in the Civil War Winchester in the Civil War Notable Confederate leaders from Virginia [ edit ] Gov. John Letcher Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart Maj. Gen. George Pickett Maj. Gen. James L. Kemper Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead Brig. Gen. (frmr. Gov.) John B. Floyd Col. John S. Mosby Captain, CSN French Forrest Commr. to U.K. & France James Murray Mason C.S. Sen. Robert M. T. Hunter Spy Belle Boyd Notable Union leaders from Virginia [ edit ]
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Gov. Francis Harrison Pierpont Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott Adm. David G. Farragut Rear Adm. Samuel Phillips Lee Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas Maj. Gen. Jesse Lee Reno Maj. Gen. John Newton Brig. Gen. John Davidson Brig. Gen. Philip St. George Cooke Brig. Gen. William R. Terrill Brig. Gen. Alexander Brydie Dyer Brig. Gen. William Hays 1st Black Officer Maj. Martin Delany Army Judge Advocate Major John F. Lee Medal of Honor Sgt. William Harvey Carney U.S. Sen. Waitman T. Willey U.S. Sen. John S. Carlile U.S. Sen. Lemuel J. Bowden U.S. Rep. Joseph Segar U.S. Rep. Lewis McKenzie U.S. Rep. William G. Brown Sr. U.S. Rep. Jacob B. Blair U.S. Rep. Kellian Whaley Abolitionist and Spy Elizabeth Van Lew Spy Mary Bowser Abolitionist Moncure Daniel Conway West Virginia enters the Union [ edit ] See also: Virginia Conventions § Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , Restored government of Virginia , and West Virginia in the American Civil War On April 17, 1861, when the Richmond convention voted in favor of Virginia's secession from the United States, the 49 delegates that represented the 50 counties of the future state of West Virginia voted 32 to 13 against secession, with 4 delegates absent or abstaining. With the beginning of the war in western Virginia on May 26, however, most of the delegates returned to Richmond and signed the ordinance, 29 of the 49 delegates signed. A public vote to confirm the ordinance was held on May 23, 1861. [48] Historian Richard O. Curry estimated the vote for West Virginia was approximately 34,677 against it and 19,121 in favor. [49] He concluded that 24 counties favored secession and 26 opposed it.
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The successive defeats of Confederate forces under the commands of Col. Porterfield , Gen. Robert Garnett and Robert E. Lee enabled the establishment of a Unionist government in Wheeling , one of Virginia's largest cities. Known as the Restored Government of Virginia , it was officially recognized by the Lincoln administration. Francis H. Pierpont was selected as governor of Virginia and a rump legislature was composed of former members of the Virginia Assembly who supported the Union. Many western members of the assembly however assumed their offices in Richmond, which reflected the deep divisions among the western counties. The Pierpont government found support among the counties along the Pennsylvania and Ohio borders and the counties along the B&O railroad line. [50] In most of West Virginia however Pierpont's government was weak. October 24, 1861 county vote for West Virginia statehood Military organizations for both the Union and Confederate governments began in May and June 1861, with Gov. Letcher ordering the muster of county militias and Pierpont doing the same for the Union. Many counties that had voted heavily against the secession ordinance nevertheless gave large numbers of men to the Confederate army. [51] Due to the restricted enlistment for soldiers in Pennsylvania and Ohio many men not accepted in those states chose to join Pierpont's military organizations. The 1st and 2nd West Virginia Infantry and the 1st and 2nd West Virginia Cavalry were primarily composed of men from those states. Confederate enlistments began for the 8th Virginia Cavalry , 31st Virginia Infantry , 25th Virginia Infantry , and several regiments in the Stonewall Brigade . West Virginia provided about 20,000 soldiers each to the Union and the Confederacy. [52]
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An ordinance for separate statehood from Virginia was passed by the Pierpont government for a public vote on October 24, 1861. Turnout was low, with 18,408 voters approving. The 1860 census recorded 79,515 men of voting age in the 50 counties, and turnout was low for all of the Wheeling initiatives. [53] The last necessary vote for statehood was held on March 4, 1863, with a turnout of 28,318, which included the soldier votes, approving the Willey amendment to the new state constitution. The new state was formally admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Demographics [ edit ] See also: List of Virginia Civil War units Virginia's Confederate government fielded about 150,000 troops in the American Civil War. They came from all economic and social levels, including some Unionists and former Unionists. However, at least 30,000 of these men were actually from other states. Most of these non-Virginians were from Maryland, whose government was controlled by Unionists during the war. Another 20,000 of these troops were from what would become the State of West Virginia in August 1863. Important Confederates from Virginia included General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, General Stonewall Jackson (born in what became West Virginia), General J.E.B. Stuart, General A.P. Hill, and General Jubal Early. Roughly 50,000 Virginians served in the Union military, including West Virginians and roughly 6,000 Virginians of African ancestry. [ citation needed ] Some of these men served in Maryland units. Some African Americans, both freedmen and runaway slaves, enlisted in states as far away as Massachusetts. Areas of Virginia that supplied Union soldiers and sent few or no men to fight for the Confederacy had few slaves, a high percentage of poor families, and a history of opposition to secession. These areas were located near northern states and were often under Union control. [54] 40% of Virginia's officers in the United States military when the war started stayed and fought for the Union. [55] These men included Winfield Scott, General-in-Chief of the Union Army, David G. Farragut, First Admiral of the Union Navy, and General George Henry Thomas.
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At least one Virginian actually served in both the Confederate and Union armies. At the beginning of the war, a Confederate soldier from Fairfax County approached the Union soldiers guarding Chain Bridge in his Confederate uniform. Asked what he was doing trying to cross the bridge, he responded that he was travelling to Washington, D.C. to see his uncle. The perplexed Union soldiers asked who his uncle was and the soldier replied his name is Uncle Sam. He was quickly enlisted as a Union scout due to his knowledge of the local terrain. [56] Aftermath [ edit ] Numerous battlefields and sites have been partially or fully preserved in Virginia. Those managed by the Federal government include Manassas National Battlefield Park , Richmond National Battlefield Park , Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park , Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park , Petersburg National Battlefield , Appomattox Court House National Historical Park . See also [ edit ] American Civil War portal Virginia portal Army of Northern Virginia Confederate States of America States (animated map of secession and confederacy) Virginia Units in the Civil War References [ edit ] ^ McPherson pp. 213-216 ^ Link p. 217. Link wrote, "Although a majority probably favored compromise, most opposed any weakening of slaveholders' protections. Even so-called moderates -- mostly Whigs and Douglas Democrats – opposed the sacrifice of these rights and they rejected ant acquiescence or 'submission' to federal coercion. ... To a growing body of Virginians, Lincoln's election meant the onset of an active war against southern institutions. These men shared a common fear of northern Republicans and a common suspicion of a northern conspiracy against the South."
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^ Ayers p. 86 ^ Link p. 224 ^ Robertson p. 3-4. Robertson, clarifying the position of the moderates, wrote, "However, the term 'unionist' had an altogether different meaning in Virginia at the time. Richmond delegates Marmaduke Johnson and William McFarland were both outspoken conservatives. Yet in their respective campaigns, each declared that he was in favor of separation from the Union if the federal government did not guarantee protection of slavery everywhere. Moreover, the threat of the federal government's using coercion became an overriding factor in the debates that followed." ^ Thompson, William M. (February 2, 1861). "Letter to Warner A. Thompson" . Virginia . Retrieved September 6, 2015 . ^ McPherson, James M. (1997). For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 19 . Retrieved March 8, 2016 . ^ Link p. 227 ^ Robertson p. 5 ^ Ayers pp. 120-123 ^ Potter, pp. 545-546. Nevins, pp. 411-412. The conferences recommendations, which differed little from the Crittenden Compromise , were defeated in the Senate by a 28 to 7 vote and were never voted on by the House. ^ Robertson, p. 8. Robert E. Scott of Fauquier County noted that this failure and the North's apparent indifference to southern concerns "extinguished all hope of a settlement by the direct action of those States, and I at once accepted the dissolution of the existing Union ... as a necessity."
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^ Rhea, Gordon (January 25, 2011). "Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought" . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011 . Retrieved March 21, 2011 . ^ Benning, Henry L. (February 18, 1861). "Speech of Henry Benning to the Virginia Convention" . Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861 . pp. 62–75 . Retrieved March 17, 2015 . ^ Robertson, p. 8. Robertson quotes an observer of the speech saying, "Mr. Lincoln raised his voice and distinctly emphasized the declaration that he must take, hold, possess, and occupy the property (e.g. slaves) and places [in the South] belonging to the United States. This was unmistakable, and he paused for a moment after closing the sentence as if to allow it to be fully taken in and comprehended by his audience." ^ Robertson, p. 9. Robertson writes, "Although some leaders such as Governor Letcher still believed that 'patience and prudence' would 'work out the results,' a growing, uncontrollable attitude for war was sweeping through the state. Militia units were organizing from the mountains to the Tidewater. Newspapers in Richmond and elsewhere maintained a steady heat, noisy partisans filled the convention galleries, and at night large crowds surged through the capital streets 'with bands of music and called out their favorite orators at the different hotels.'"
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^ Robertson p. 13. The committee report represented the moderate/unionist position; the vote in committee was 12 in favor, 2 against, with 7 abstaining. ^ Riggs p. 268 ^ Robertson p. 15 ^ Link p. 235 ^ Goode, Thomas F. "Virginia Secession Convention" . Mecklenburg County, Virginia. p. 518 . Retrieved September 8, 2015 . ^ Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion . p. 62 . Retrieved March 27, 2016 . ^ Riggs p. 264. Riggs made his summary based on Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861, Volume 1, pp. 701-716 ^ Potter p. 355 ^ Klein p. 381-382. Ayers (p. 125) notes that Baldwin had said that "there is but one single subject of complaint which Virginia has to make against the government under which we live; a complaint made by the whole South, and that is the subject of African slavery. ^ Klein p. 381-382. Baldwin denied receiving the offer to evacuate Fort Sumter, but the next day Lincoln told another Virginia unionist, John Minor Botts, that the offer had been made. In any event, the offer was never presented to the convention. ^ Robertson p. 14-15. Furgurson p. 29-30. ^ McPherson p. 278. ^ Furgurson p. 32. ^ "Richmond Daily Dispatch: April 15, 1861" . dlxs.richmond.edu . ^ "On This Day: Legislative Moments in Virginia History" . Virginia Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 .
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^ "Lincoln Call for Troops" . (page includes TWO documents) ^ a b Clement A. Evans, Confederate Military History- Volume III - Virginia, pt. 1, p.37 & 38 ^ a b Virginia Secession Convention (April 17, 1861). "Virginia Ordinance of Secession" . Virginia: Virginia Secession Convention . Retrieved March 19, 2015 . ^ Ayers p. 140 ^ Ayers p. 141 ^ McPherson p. 279-280 ^ "Virginia Historical Society" . Archived from the original on February 3, 2008 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ "Ratification of the Ordinance of Secession" . www.wvculture.org . ^ "Education from LVA: Referendum on Secession" . edu.lva.virginia.gov . ^ "Civil War in Virginia, The American" . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . ^ Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem . United States of America: First Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-674-01722-6 . Retrieved July 1, 2015 . ^ Lozada, Carlos (June 19, 2015). "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. ' " . The Washington Post . Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company . Retrieved July 1, 2015 . ^ "The New Heresy" . Southern Punch . Richmond: John Wilford Overall. September 19, 1864 . Retrieved September 8, 2015 .
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^ Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . ^ Porter, David Dixon (1886). Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War . pp. 300–302 . Retrieved March 26, 2016 . ^ Harry Hansen (2002). The Civil War: A History . New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-52849-0 . ^ "How Virginia Convention Delegates Voted on Secession, April 4 and April 17, 1861, and Whether They Signed a Copy of the Ordinance of Secession" (PDF) . Virginia Memory . Retrieved August 11, 2019 . ^ Curry, Richard Orr (1964). A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia . University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8229-7751-3 . ^ Ambler, Charles Henry, (1933). A History of West Virginia . p. 357. OCLC 54439969 . CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link ) ^ MacKenzie, Scott A. (2017). "Voting with Their Arms: Civil War Military Enlistments and the Formation of West Virginia, 1861–1865" . Ohio Valley History . 17 (2): 25–45 – via Project MUSE . CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Snell, Mark A (2011). West Virginia and the Civil War: Mountaineers Are Always Free . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-61423-390-9 . ^ census, 1860, United States Census Office 8th (August 11, 1864). "Census Reports: Population" . U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
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^ Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "Everyman's War: Confederate Enlistment in Civil War Virginia," Civil War History , March 2004, Vol. 50 Issue 1, pp 5-26 ^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (April 19, 2011). "The General in His Study" . Disunion . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19, 2011 . ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on February 12, 2015 . Retrieved June 29, 2016 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) Further reading [ edit ] Ambler, Charles, A History of West Virginia , Prentice-Hall, 1933. Ayers, Edward L. In the Presence of Mine Enemies: The Civil War in the Heart of America 1859–1863. (2003) ISBN 0-393-32601-2 . Blair, William. Virginia's Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (1998) online edition Crofts, Daniel W. Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1989) Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia (1964). Davis, William C. and James I. Robertson Jr., eds. Virginia at War, 1865 (vol 5; University Press of Kentucky; 2011) 237 pages; Virginia at War, 1864 (2009); Virginia at War, 1863 (2008); Virginia at War, 1862 (2007); Virginia at War, 1861 (2005) Furgurson, Ernest B. Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War. (1996) ISBN 0-679-42232-3 Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey R. Freedpeople in the Tobacco South: Virginia, 1860–1900 (1999)
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Klein, Maury. Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. (1997) ISBN 0-679-44747-4 . Lebsock, Suzanne D. "A Share of Honor": Virginia Women, 1600-1945 (1984) Lewis, Virgil A. and Comstock, Jim, History and Government of West Virginia , 1973. Link, William A. Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia. (2003) ISBN 0-8078-2771-1 . McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom . (1988) ISBN 0-345-35942-9 . MacKenzie, Scott A. Voting with Their Arms: Civil War Military Enlistments and the Formation of West Virginia, 1861–1865 , Ohio Valley History, Volume 17, Number 2, Summer 2017 Noe, Kenneth W. Southwest Virginia's Railroad: Modernization and the Sectional Crisis (1994) Potter, David M. Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis. (1942) ISBN 0-8071-2027-8 . Randall, J. G. and David Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction , (1966). Riggs, David F. "Robert Young Conrad and the Ordeal of Secession." The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 86, No. 3 (July 1978), pp. 259–274. Robertson, James I. Jr. "The Virginia State Convention" in Virginia at War 1861. editors Davis, William C. and Robertson, James I. Jr. (2005) ISBN 0-8131-2372-0 . Robertson, James I. Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation , University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, Virginia 1993 ISBN 0-8139-1457-4 ; 197 pages excerpt and text search Shanks, Henry T. The Secession Movement in Virginia, 1847–1861 (1934) online edition
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Sheehan-Dean, Aaron Charles. Why Confederates fought: family and nation in Civil War Virginia? (2007) 291 pages excerpt and text search Simpson, Craig M. A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (1985), wide-ranging political history Turner, Charles W. "The Virginia Central Railroad at War, 1861–1865," Journal of Southern History (1946) 12#4 pp. 510–533 in JSTOR Wills, Brian Steel. The war hits home: the Civil War in southeastern Virginia? (2001) 345 pages; excerpt and text search External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia in the American Civil War . Union or Secession: Virginians Decide at the Library of Virginia National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Virginia: 1861–62 National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Virginia: 1863 National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Virginia: 1864 National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Virginia: 1865 Virginia Convention of 1861 in Encyclopedia Virginia Guerilla Warfare in Virginia During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Free Blacks During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Refugees During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Poverty and Poor Relief During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Speculation During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Weather During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Confederate Impressment During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia
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Religion During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia Twenty-Slave Law in Encyclopedia Virginia Preceded by Florida List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy Admitted on May 7, 1861 (8th) Succeeded by Arkansas Links to related articles v t e American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln-Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Popular sovereignty Secession States' rights President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville
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Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement (by state or territory) Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims
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Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk-Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
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Confederate: List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham, North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Silent Sam United Daughters of the Confederacy Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion 1938 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair
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Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Book Category Portal v t e Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861) Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna, Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Lewinsville Raids Burke's Station Raid Mosby's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars (later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F) 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps (Union Army) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton
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Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens (Alexandria, Virginia) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon (Virginia) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley (plantation) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill (Annandale, Virginia) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall (plantation) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth (plantation) St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia) Taylor's Tavern William Gunnell House (Fairfax, Virginia) Mason's Hill Minor's Hill Munson's Hill Upton's Hill Bailey's Crossroads Wolf Run Shoals v t e Frederick County, Virginia in the American Civil War Battles First Battle of Kernstown First Battle of Winchester Second Battle of Winchester Battle of Snicker's Ferry Battle of Rutherford's Farm Second Battle of Kernstown Battle of Berryville Third Battle of Winchester Battle of Cedar Creek (or Belle Grove) Raids and expeditions Great Train Raid of 1861 Romney Expedition Units 33rd Virginia Infantry People Turner Ashby Frederick W. M. Holliday Stonewall Jackson Mary Greenhow Lee Cornelia Peake McDonald Hunter McGuire Places and tourism Belle Grove Plantation Fort Collier Museum of the Shenandoah Valley Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum Winchester National Cemetery Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park v t e Loudoun County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Ball's Bluff Battle of Dranesville Battle of Harpers Ferry Battle of Aldie Battle of Middleburg Battle of Upperville Skirmishes Fight at Waterford Battle of Mile Hill Affair at Glenmore Farm Battle of Unison
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Fight at Aldie Skirmish at Miskel Farm Blackleys Grove Second Dranesville Action at Mount Zion Church Battle of Loudoun Heights Heaton's Crossroads Harmony Skirmish Raids Burning Raid George's Schoolhouse Raid Units Confederate 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 7th Virginia Cavalry 8th Virginia Infantry Union Loudoun Rangers People John Janney Elijah V. White Robert H. Chilton Samuel C. Means John Mobberly Sites Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Fort Johnston Fort Evans Fort Beauregard v t e Political divisions of the Confederate States (1861–1865) States Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 1 States in exile Kentucky Missouri Territory Arizona Territory 2 1 Admitted to the Union June 20, 1863. 2 Organized January 18, 1862. Coordinates : 37°30′N 79°00′W / 37.5°N 79°W / 37.5; -79 Authority control BNF : cb135590192 (data) LCCN : sh85143770 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1261 Cached time: 20191209174038 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.712 seconds Real time usage: 4.495 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7014/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 391719/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 118751/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/40 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 146731/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400
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Lua time usage: 0.666/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10.7 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3992.224 1 -total 22.55% 900.113 1 Template:Reflist 11.62% 463.735 1 Template:Navboxes 9.92% 396.109 9 Template:Cite_book 8.73% 348.538 18 Template:Cite_web 6.48% 258.522 1 Template:American_Civil_War 6.04% 241.053 9 Template:Quote 5.98% 238.720 1 Template:Coord 5.89% 235.244 1 Template:Commons_category 5.84% 233.286 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:6732922-0!canonical and timestamp 20191209174033 and revision id 929755667 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=929755667 " Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Loudoun County in the American Civil War Virginia in the American Civil War 1860s in Virginia American Civil War by state History of the Confederate States History of Virginia Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint: extra punctuation CS1 maint: uses authors parameter CS1 maint: archived copy as title Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages incorrectly using the quote template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Commons category link from Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation
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In the Court of the Crimson King - Wikipedia CentralNotice In the Court of the Crimson King From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 1969 studio album by King Crimson In the Court of the Crimson King Studio album by King Crimson Released 10 October 1969 Recorded June–August 1969 Studio Wessex Sound Studios , London Genre Progressive rock [1] Length 43 : 56 Label Island Atlantic Producer King Crimson King Crimson chronology In the Court of the Crimson King (1969) In the Wake of Poseidon (1970) Singles from In the Court of the Crimson King " The Court of the Crimson King " Released: 12 October 1969 " Epitaph " / " 21st Century Schizoid Man " Released: 12 October 1969 In the Court of the Crimson King (subtitled An Observation by King Crimson ) is the debut studio album by English rock band King Crimson , released on 10 October 1969 by Island Records . The album is one of the first and most influential of the progressive rock genre, where the band largely combined blues influences that rock music was founded upon with elements of jazz , classical , and symphonic music . The album reached number five on the UK Albums Chart and number 28 on the US Billboard 200 , where it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . It was reissued several times in the 1980s and 1990s using inferior copies of the master tapes. After the original masters were discovered in the Virgin archives in 2003, the album was remastered again by Simon Heyworth and reissued in 2004. A 40th anniversary edition of the album was released in 2009 with new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mixes by Steven Wilson .
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Contents 1 Production 1.1 Recording 1.2 Sleeve design 2 Release 2.1 Reception and legacy 2.2 Reissues 3 Track listing 3.1 2009 40th Anniversary edition 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 References Production [ edit ] Recording [ edit ] King Crimson made their live debut on 9 April 1969, [2] and made a breakthrough by playing the Rolling Stones free concert at Hyde Park, London in July 1969, before an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people. Initial sessions for the album were held in early 1969 with producer Tony Clarke , most famous for his work with the Moody Blues . After these sessions failed to work out, the group were given permission to produce the album themselves. The album was recorded on a 1" 8-channel recorder at Wessex Sound Studios in London, engineered by Robin Thompson and assisted by Tony Page. [3] In order to achieve the characteristic lush, orchestral sounds on the album, Ian McDonald spent many hours overdubbing layers of Mellotron and various woodwind and reed instruments. In some cases, the band went through 5 tape generations to attain deeply layered, segued tracks. [4] Some time after the album had been completed, however, it was discovered that the stereo master recorder used during the mixdown stage of the album had incorrectly-aligned recording heads. This misalignment resulted in a loss of high frequencies and introduced some unwanted distortion. This is evident in certain parts of the album, particularly on " 21st Century Schizoid Man ". Consequently, while preparing the first American release for Atlantic Records, a special copy was made from the original 2-track stereo master in an attempt to correct some of these anomalies. (The analog tape copying process usually results in generation loss .) From 1969 to 2003, this second-generation "corrected" copy was the source used in the dubbing of the various sub-masters used for vinyl, cassette and CD releases over the years. The original, "first-generation" stereo masters, however, had been filed away soon after the original 1969 mixdown sessions. These tapes were considered lost until 2003. [ citation needed ]
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Sleeve design [ edit ] Barry Godber (1946–1970), a computer programmer, painted the design for the album cover. Godber died in February 1970 from a heart attack, shortly after the album's release. It was his only album cover; the original painting is now owned by Robert Fripp . [5] [6] Fripp had said about Godber: Peter brought this painting in and the band loved it. I recently recovered the original from [managing label E.G. Records's] offices because they kept it exposed to bright light, at the risk of ruining it, so I ended up removing it. The face on the outside is the Schizoid Man, and on the inside it's the Crimson King. If you cover the smiling face, the eyes reveal an incredible sadness. What can one add? It reflects the music. [7] The album cover is painted on a wall in the 1987 Troma Entertainment film Surf Nazis Must Die . [8] Release [ edit ] The album reached No. 5 on the UK Albums Chart [9] and No. 28 on the US Billboard 200 , [10] where it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . [11] Reception and legacy [ edit ] Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating All About Jazz [12] AllMusic [13] Mojo [14] The Village Voice D+ [15] Encyclopedia of Popular Music [16]
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In the Court of the Crimson King initially received mixed reactions from critics. Village Voice critic Robert Christgau called the album "ersatz shit", [15] while John Morthland of Rolling Stone said King Crimson had "combined aspects of many musical forms to create a surreal work of force and originality". [17] The album has since attained a classic status, with AllMusic praising it "[a]s if somehow prophetic, King Crimson projected a darker and edgier brand of post-psychedelic rock" in its original review by Lindsay Planer, and calling it "definitive" and "daring" in its current review. [13] In his 1997 book Rocking the Classics , critic and musicologist Edward Macan notes that In the Court of the Crimson King "may be the most influential progressive rock album ever released". [18] The Who 's Pete Townshend was quoted as calling the album "an uncanny masterpiece". [19] In the Q & Mojo Classic Special Edition Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock , the album came fourth in its list of "40 Cosmic Rock Albums". [20] The album was named as one of Classic Rock magazine ' s "50 Albums That Built Prog Rock". [21] In 2014, readers of Rhythm voted it the eighth greatest drumming album in the history of progressive rock. [22] In 2015, Rolling Stone named In the Court of the Crimson King the second greatest progressive rock album of all time, behind Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon . [1] The album is also featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [23] It was voted number 193 in Colin Larkin 's All Time Top 1000 Albums . [24]
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In the Venture Bros. episode "Perchance to Dean," Dean is cautioned against listening to the album before listening to Yes , as it could turn him into an "evil scientist." [25] Reissues [ edit ] In the Court of the Crimson King was reissued several times in the 1980s and 1990s through Polydor and E.G. Records , with pressings made from copies that were several generations removed from the stereo sub-master tape. This resulted in sub-par audio quality and audible tape hiss. In 1982, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab released a half speed mastered version of the album on vinyl, cut by Stan Ricker with the Ortofon Cutting System. [26] In 1989 the album was remastered for its debut on CD by Robert Fripp and Tony Arnold, this version was part of “The Definitive Edition” series, which consisted of other remastered albums by the band. [27] In 1999, in commemoration of its 30th anniversary, the album was remastered again, this time using 24 bit and HDCD technology by Simon Heyworth, Robert Fripp and David Singleton , this edition was part of the “30th Anniversary Edition” series, which consisted of remastered editions of King Crimson back-catalogue for their thirtieth anniversaries. [28] Four years later, in 2003, the original masters were discovered in the Virgin archives, with splicing tape still present between the various songs, and crossfade between I Talk To The Wind and Epitaph yet to be created, therefore, in 2004, a new remaster was done by Simon Heyworth using these first-generation stereo master tapes and it was released the same year with a 12 page booklet, this release was called “Original Master Edition” and used the same HDCD and 24 bit technology as the 1999 remaster. [29]
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In October 2009, Fripp collaborated with musician and producer Steven Wilson to remix the original 8-track master recordings in a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix, released as the album's 40th Anniversary edition. [30] [31] The album was sold as three different packages: a two-CD set with the old and new stereo versions, a CD and DVD set with the new stereo and surround sound mixes, and a six-disc (5 CD/1 DVD) box with all mixes and bonus audio and video tracks. In 2010, the original 1969 stereo mix was remastered and reissued on 200-gram super-heavyweight vinyl. This edition was cut by John Dent at Loud Mastering, it was approved by Robert Fripp and included a download code for a 320 kbps transfer of the original 1969 vinyl. [32] In 2019, the album was remixed in 5.1 and stereo by Steven Wilson once again for a 50th anniversary box set of the album. Wilson commented that he thinks that his 2009 mixes are pretty good but that his 50th anniversary mixes are a significant improvement, more faithful to the original 1969 stereo mix and benefit of his 10 years of experience. [33] The box set includes 3 CDs and a Blu-ray . The Blu-ray features the all-new 2019 stereo and 5.1 mixes encoded at 24/96 resolution, the 2004 "Original Master Edition" with the 1969 mix (also encoded at 24/96), a complete alternate version of the album comprising 2019 Steven Wilson mixes and 2019 instrumental mixes while the three CDs in the box set feature the new 2019 stereo mix, an expanded edition of the alternate album in the blu-ray and the "Original Master Edition" plus additional tracks. [34]
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Track listing [ edit ] Side one No. Title Writer(s) Length 1. " 21st Century Schizoid Man (including "Mirrors")" Robert Fripp , Ian McDonald , Greg Lake , Michael Giles , Pete Sinfield 7:24 2. " I Talk to the Wind " McDonald, Sinfield 6:04 3. " Epitaph (including "March for No Reason" and "Tomorrow and Tomorrow")" Fripp, McDonald, Lake, Giles, Sinfield 8:49 Total length: 22:17 Side two No. Title Writer(s) Length 4. " Moonchild (including "The Dream" and "The Illusion")" Fripp, McDonald, Lake, Giles, Sinfield 12:13 5. " The Court of the Crimson King (including "The Return of the Fire Witch" and "The Dance of the Puppets")" McDonald, Sinfield 9:26 Total length: 21:39 2009 40th Anniversary edition [ edit ] Disc one (CD in both 2xCD & CD/DVD-A editions) No. Title Length 1. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (2009 remix ) 7:24 2. "I Talk to the Wind" (2009 remix) 6:00 3. "Epitaph" (2009 remix) 8:52 4. "Moonchild" (Edited version; 2009 remix) 9:02 5. "The Court of the Crimson King" (2009 remix) 9:20 6. "Moonchild" (Bonus Tracks - Full version) 12:13 7. "I Talk to the Wind" (Bonus Tracks - Duo version) 4:54 8. "I Talk to the Wind" (Bonus Tracks - Alternate mix ) 6:34 9. "Epitaph" (Bonus Tracks - Backing track ) 9:02 10. "Wind Session" 4:28 Total length: 1:17:49
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Disc two (CD - in the 2xCD edition) No. Title Length 1. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (2004 remaster ) 7:23 2. "I Talk to the Wind" (2004 remaster) 6:03 3. "Epitaph" (2004 remaster) 8:48 4. "Moonchild" (2004 remaster) 12:12 5. "The Court of the Crimson King" (2004 remaster) 9:25 6. "21st Century Schizoid Man" ( Instrumental ) 6:46 7. "I Talk to the Wind" ( BBC session) 4:40 8. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (BBC session) 7:11 9. "The Court of the Crimson King (Part 1)" ( Mono single version ) 3:22 10. "The Court of the Crimson King (Part 2)" (Mono single version) 4:30 Total length: 1:10:20 Disc two (DVD-A - in the CD/DVD-A edition) No. Title Length 1. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (2004 remaster ) 7:24 2. "I Talk to the Wind" (2004 remaster) 6:00 3. "Epitaph" (2004 remaster) 8:52 4. "Moonchild" (2004 remaster) 9:02 5. "The Court of the Crimson King" (2004 remaster) 9:20 6. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (2009 Stereo Mix) 7:24 7. "I Talk to the Wind" (2009 Stereo Mix) 6:00 8. "Epitaph" (2009 Stereo Mix) 8:52 9. "Moonchild" (2009 Stereo Mix) 9:02 10. "The Court of the Crimson King" (2009 Stereo Mix) 9:20 11. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (Original Master Edition 2004) 7:24 12. "I Talk to the Wind" (Original Master Edition 2004) 6:05 13. "Epitaph" (Original Master Edition 2004) 8:48 14. "Moonchild" (Original Master Edition 2004) 12:13 15. "The Court of the Crimson King" (Original Master Edition 2004) 9:23 16. "Moonchild" (Additional Audio Content - Full Version) 12:13 17. "I Talk To The Wind" (Additional Audio Content - Duo Version) 4:54 18. "I Talk To The Wind" (Additional Audio Content - Alternate Mix) 6:34 19. "Epitaph" (Additional Audio Content - Backing Track) 9:02 20. "Wind Session" (Additional Audio Content) 4:28 21. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (The Alternate Album - Instrumental) 22. "I Talk to the Wind" (The Alternate Album - Studio Run Through) 23. "Epitaph" (The Alternate Album - Alternate Version) 24. "Moonchild" (The Alternate Album - Take 1) 25. "The Court of the Crimson King (Part 2)" (The Alternate Album - Take 3) 26. "21st Century Schizoid Man" (Video Content - Edit)
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N.B. see the related release In the Court of the Crimson King - box set for additional related tracks from this era. Personnel [ edit ] King Crimson Robert Fripp – electric and acoustic guitars , production Michael Giles – drums , percussion , backing vocals , production Greg Lake – lead vocals , bass guitar , production Ian McDonald – woodwinds ( saxophone , flute , clarinet , bass clarinet ), keyboards ( Mellotron , harpsichord , piano , organ ), vibraphone , backing vocals, production Peter Sinfield – lyrics , illumination, production Production The original album featured the following credit: "Produced By King Crimson for E.G. Productions – 'David & John'." David Enthoven and John Gaydon were the founders of EG Records, both of whom left the company during the 1970s. CD reissues from the 1980s removed "David & John" – the credit was restored in 1999 at Fripp's insistence. Robin Thompson – recording engineer Tony Page – assistant engineer Barry Godber – cover illustrations [35] Charts [ edit ] Chart (1969–1970) Peak position Canada Top Albums/CDs ( RPM ) [36] 27 UK Albums ( OCC ) [9] 5 US Billboard 200 [10] 28 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /sales Canada ( Music Canada ) [37] Platinum 100,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [38] Gold
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100,000 ^ United States ( RIAA ) [11] Gold 500,000 ^ * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone References [ edit ] ^ a b Epstein, Dan (17 June 2015). "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . ^ Epitaph (CD). King Crimson. Discipline Global Mobile. 1997. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ Sleeve notes on original Island Records (ILPS-9111) release. ^ http://blog.musoscribe.com/index.php/2011/01/24/interview-steven-wilson-on-the-king-crimson-40th-anniversary-reissue-project/ ^ "August 1979 interview with Robert Fripp - ETWiki" . Elephant-talk.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . ^ "Barry Godber (English, 1946-1970)" . Batguano.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . ^ "Interview with Robert Fripp in Rock and Folk - ETWiki" . Elephant-talk.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . ^ Martin, Chris. "SURF NAZIS MUST DIE: A STUDY IN GOOD BAD FILMMAKING" . Network Awesome . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . ^ a b "Official Albums Chart Top 100" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ a b "King Crimson Chart History ( Billboard 200)" . Billboard . Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ a b "American album certifications – King Crimson – In the Court of the Crimson King" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH .
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^ Kelman, John (14 November 2009). "King Crimson: In The Court Of The Crimson King (40th Anniversary Series)" . Allaboutjazz.com . All About Jazz . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ a b Eder, Bruce. " In the Court of the Crimson King " . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Mike Barnes (November 2009). "Royal Flush". Mojo . London: Bauer Media Group (192): 106. ISSN 1351-0193 . ^ a b Christgau, Robert (11 December 1969). "Consumer Guide (5): King Crimson: In the Court of the Crimson King " . The Village Voice . Retrieved 5 December 2011 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press . ISBN 978-0857125958 . ^ Morthland, John (27 December 1969). "King Crimson In the Court of the Crimson King > Album Review" . Rolling Stone (49). Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . ^ Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture , Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509888-9 , p. 23. ^ "King Crimson biography" . Discipline Global Mobile (dgmlive.com). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . ^ Q Classic: Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock , 2005.
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^ Classic Rock magazine , July 2010, Issue 146. ^ "Peart named most influential prog drummer" . TeamRock. 3 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (7 February 2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition . Universe. ISBN 0-7893-1371-5 . ^ Colin Larkin , ed. (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books . p. 99. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6 . ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1541106/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ^ Crimson, King (1982). In The Court Of The Crimson King (An Observation By King Crimson) (Liner Notes and Runout) (Vinyl). King Crimson. United States: Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab. ^ In The Court Of The Crimson King (Booklet). King Crimson. E.G. Records Ltd. (EGCD 1). 1989. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ In The Court Of The Crimson King (An Observation By King Crimson) (Booklet). King Crimson. Virgin Records (7243 8 44065 2 3). 1999. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ In The Court Of The Crimson King - An Observation By King Crimson (Booklet). King Crimson. Discipline Global Mobile (DGM0501). 2004. CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ "Steven Wilson Headquarters" . Swhq.co.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . ^ "DGM Live" . DGM Live . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . ^ In The Court Of The Crimson King (Media Notes). King Crimson. Discipline Global Mobile/Panegyric/ Inner Knot (KCLP1). 2010. CS1 maint: others ( link )
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^ "Steven Wilson on Instagram: "Mr Fripp gives the thumbs up at my studio today to the 50th anniversary stereo and 5.1 surround remix of what is without doubt one of THE… " " . Instagram . Retrieved 3 November 2019 . ^ "King Crimson / In The Court of the Crimson King 3CD+blu-ray | superdeluxeedition" . Retrieved 3 November 2019 . ^ "The Song Soup on Sea Gallery ~ Barry !" . Songsouponsea.com . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 3764" . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ "Canadian album certifications – King Crimson – In the Court of the Crimson King" . Music Canada . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ "British album certifications – King Crimson – In the Court of the Crimson King" . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type In the Court of the Crimson King in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. v t e King Crimson Robert Fripp Mel Collins Adrian Belew Tony Levin Pat Mastelotto Gavin Harrison Jakko Jakszyk Bill Rieflin Jeremy Stacey Peter Sinfield Bill Bruford John Wetton David Cross Trey Gunn Michael Giles Ian McDonald Gordon Haskell Greg Lake Andy McCulloch Ian Wallace
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Boz Burrell Jamie Muir ProjeKcts : ProjeKct One ProjeKct Two ProjeKct Three ProjeKct Four ProjeKct X ProjeKct Six Jakszyk, Fripp and Collins Studio albums In the Court of the Crimson King In the Wake of Poseidon Lizard Islands Larks' Tongues in Aspic Starless and Bible Black Red Discipline Beat Three of a Perfect Pair THRAK The Construkction of Light The Power to Believe ProjeKcts albums Space Groove Heaven and Earth A Scarcity of Miracles Extended plays Vrooom Level Five Happy with What You Have to Be Happy With Live albums General live albums Earthbound USA The Great Deceiver B'Boom: Live in Argentina Thrakattak Epitaph The Night Watch Absent Lovers: Live in Montreal Live in Mexico City The ProjeKcts ( Live at the Jazz Café , Masque ) Heavy ConstruKction VROOOM VROOOM Ladies of the Road EleKtrik: Live in Japan Live at the Orpheum Live in Toronto Radical Action to Unseat the Hold of Monkey Mind Live in Chicago Live in Vienna Meltdown: Live in Mexico City Collector's Club Live at the Marquee Live at Jacksonville The Beat Club, Bremen Live at Cap D'Agde On Broadway Live in San Francisco The Vrooom Sessions Live at Summit Studios Live in Central Park, NYC Live in Hyde Park Nashville Rehearsals Live at Plymouth Guildhall Live in Mainz Live in Berkeley, CA Live in Northampton, MA
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Live in Detroit, MI Live in Nashville Live at the Zoom Club The Champaign–Urbana Sessions Jazz Café Suite Live in Austin, TX Rehearsals & Blows Compilations A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson The Compact King Crimson Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson Cirkus: The Young Persons' Guide to King Crimson Live The Deception of the Thrush: A Beginners' Guide to ProjeKcts The Beginners' Guide to the King Crimson Collectors' Club The Power to Believe Tour Box The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson – Volume One – 1969–1974 The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson – Volume Two – 1981–2003 The Condensed 21st Century Guide to King Crimson: 1969–2003 The Elements of King Crimson Major Box Sets In the Court of the Crimson King Larks' Tongues in Aspic The Road to Red Starless THRAK (King Crimson Live And Studio Recordings 1994-1997) On (and off) The Road (1981 - 1984) Sailors’ Tales (1970 – 1972) Heaven & Earth (box set) Singles " The Court of the Crimson King " " Cat Food" / "Groon " " Epitaph " / " 21st Century Schizoid Man " " Matte Kudasai " / " Elephant Talk " " Thela Hun Ginjeet " " Heartbeat " " Three of a Perfect Pair" / "Man with an Open Heart "
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" Sleepless" / "Nuages (That Which Passes, Passes Like Clouds) " " People " " Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream " Videos Déjà Vrooom Neal and Jack and Me Eyes Wide Open Related bands Giles, Giles and Fripp Fripp & Eno McDonald and Giles U.K. Bruford Levin Upper Extremities Tuner HoBoLeMa Stick Men TU KTU UKZ 21st Century Schizoid Band Crimson Jazz Trio Crimson ProjeKct The Vicar Related articles Discography Discipline Global Mobile Larks' Tongues in Aspic (instrumental) Members Book Category Authority control GND : 7843397-6 MusicBrainz release group: a50636b5-5233-3329-a7f3-dba3d0e00ef7 SUDOC : 178943975 VIAF : 239279777 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 239279777 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1330 Cached time: 20191123173150 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.516 seconds Real time usage: 3.746 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8433/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 192571/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17832/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/40 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 92330/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Lua time usage: 0.682/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7.95 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 3468.909 1 -total 25.19% 873.783 1 Template:Reflist 22.68% 786.644 1 Template:Authority_control 19.32% 670.070 1 Template:Infobox_album 9.85% 341.577 3 Template:Certification_Table_Entry 9.64% 334.288 17 Template:Cite_web 9.57% 331.950 2 Template:Infobox 7.73% 268.201 1 Template:King_Crimson 7.53% 261.182 3 Template:Certification_Cite_Ref
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7.21% 250.115 3 Template:Cite_certification Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:822255-0!canonical and timestamp 20191123173146 and revision id 926027434 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Court_of_the_Crimson_King&oldid=926027434 " Categories : 1969 debut albums Island Records albums Atlantic Records albums Polydor Records albums E.G. Records albums Vertigo Records albums Virgin Records albums King Crimson albums Albums produced by Robert Fripp Albums produced by Ian McDonald (musician) Albums produced by Greg Lake Albums produced by Michael Giles Albums produced by Peter Sinfield Hidden categories: CS1 maint: others Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use British English from August 2010 Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with empty listen template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz release group identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page
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Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2019, at 20:29 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Nicky Nichols - Wikipedia CentralNotice Nicky Nichols From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Nicole "Nicky" Nichols Orange Is the New Black character Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols First appearance " I Wasn't Ready " (2013) Portrayed by Natasha Lyonne Carla Oudin (flashback scenes) Presley Ryan (age 13) Information Full name Nicole Nichols Family Marka Nichols (mother) Les Nichols (father) Red (prison mother) Tricia Miller (former prison sister; deceased) Significant other Lorna Morello (complicated) Nationality American Nicole Nichols is a fictional character played by Natasha Lyonne on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black . She is a recurring character in season one and a main character from season two onwards. Lyonne received an Emmy nomination in 2014 for the role. Contents 1 Casting and background 2 Storylines 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Critical commentary 4 See also 5 References Casting and background [ edit ] Natasha Lyonne had intended to audition for the part of Lorna Morello but, according to Lyonne, "they wouldn’t let me [audition for Morello], because they already liked me for Nicky." [1] Yael Stone , who had auditioned for the role of Nichols, was cast as Morello. Lyonne feels that she can relate closely to Nichols's storyline as she has had experience of drug addiction. She says, "believe me, there's no shortage of things for me to draw on when it comes to Nicky's backstory". [2] The scar that is visible on Nichols's chest during the series is a real scar from Lyonne's heart surgery in 2012. [3] Orange Is the New Black is Lyonne's first time as a series regular. [4]
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Storylines [ edit ] Season 1 [ edit ] Nichols is first seen in the premier episode. [5] Early on, she becomes friends with the series' protagonist Piper Chapman (played by Taylor Schilling ). Nichols has a sexual relationship with Lorna Morello which ends in the fifth episode because Morello says that she wants to remain loyal to her fiancé and complains that Nichols is "making her feel like a cave". [6] Galina "Red" Reznikov (played by Kate Mulgrew ) is a close friend and 'mother figure' to Nichols, however, the two have a disagreement when Red cuts off fellow inmate Tricia Miller (played by Madeline Brewer ) and allows her to be sent to solitary confinement . [7] Nichols retaliates against Red by reporting to a correctional officer exactly how Red manages to smuggle contraband into the prison. [8] In the final episode of the season, Nichols is seen to be seducing Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon ), who is a love interest of Chapman. [9] Season 2 [ edit ] Nichols engages in a competition with Carrie "Big Boo" Black (played by Lea DeLaria ) to see who can have sex with the most women in the prison. [10] Nichols spends a long time trying to seduce one of the correctional officers. She is not successful. [11] Eventually, they both call it a draw at 36 points and engage in a 'cookie-eating contest' instead. [12] The other major storyline for Nichols in this season involves heroin that she accepts from another inmate. [13]
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Season 3 [ edit ] Nichols and Big Boo, attempt to sell their stash of heroin and they cooperate with correctional officer Joel Luschek, who finds a buyer. [14] Nichols then says that it has been stolen but, in reality, she has hidden it for her own use. Other inmates Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles ) and Angie Rice (played by Julie Lake ) find the heroin and start taking it. Luschek discovers this and confiscates the drug. [15] When assistant warden Joe Caputo (played by Nick Sandow ) discovers the heroin, Luschek blames Nichols and Nichols is sent to a maximum security prison. [16] This is Nichols's last appearance in the third season. [17] Season 4 [ edit ] In the midst of season four, Nichols can be seen in an episode as a maximum security inmate, along with Sophia Burset (played by Laverne Cox ) and Stella Carlin (played by Ruby Rose ). Luschek repents of his actions against Nichols, and asks new inmate Judy King to use her connections to get Nichols out of maximum security. She returns to minimum security where she is welcomed with a big party. Her drug problem persists, however. Season 5 [ edit ] During a prison riot, Nichols decides to take over the pharmacy with Lorna Morello. Later, while Soso is depressed and asking Nichols for drugs, Nichols confess that she has hopelessly fallen in love with "an incredible, insane, beautiful woman" who would never love her back. Morello overhears everything but does not comment. In a later episode, Nichols and Morello restart their sexual relationship, but Morello ends it a few hours after, saying that during their intercourse she realized she was pregnant. Nichols does not believe her and is heartbroken. Vause finds her crying in the shower. While Red is becoming paranoid because of the correctional officer (CO) Piscatella, Nichols decides to take care of her but is eventually abducted by the CO. She is kept in a room tied up with the rest of her prison "family". After they are able to escape, Nichols goes back to the pharmacy to see Morello and realizes that she is actually pregnant. She then calls Morello's husband to convince him to stay with her because "some people would give anything to be loved like that". While the police begins to raid the prison, she asks Morello to surrender and tell them that she is pregnant. Nichols then returns to Frieda's bunker and they all wait for the police to enter.
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Critical commentary [ edit ] Sarah Karlan of BuzzFeed praised the character's "impossibly quick wit" and "perfectly deadpan delivery". [18] Rebekah Allen of SheWired said Lyonne is "wonderful" in the role, and called Nichols one of the best characters on the series. [17] MTV 's Crystal Bell called Nichols a "fan-favorite" and "our beloved smart mouth" and expressed disappointment at the character's departure in the third season. [19] Lyonne received an Emmy nomination for her role as Nichols. She lost out to fellow Orange Is the New Black actress Uzo Aduba . [20] See also [ edit ] List of Orange Is the New Black characters References [ edit ] ^ Busis, Hillary (June 23, 2014). "27 things we learned at the Orange Is the New Black press day" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Rayford Rubenstein, Janine (July 31, 2014). " OITNB ′s Natasha Lyonne Talks Emmys Jitters and Season 3 Spoilers: 'So Much Bloodshed ' " . People . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Yapalater, Lauren (July 30, 2013). "23 Surprising Facts About Orange Is The New Black " . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Brown, Emma. "Natasha Lyonne, Locked Up" . Interview . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Henderson, Danielle (July 19, 2013). " Orange Is the New Black Episode One Recap: A Nice White Lady" . Vulture . Retrieved August 31, 2015 .
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^ Henderson, Danielle (August 2, 2013). " Orange Is the New Black Episode Five Recap: Definitely a Chicken" . Vulture . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Davis, Ali (July 18, 2013). " Orange Is the New Black recap (1.8): Moscow Mule" . After Ellen . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 13, 2013). " Orange Is the New Black Episode Eight Recap: Your Fault, Your Mess" . Vulture . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Davis, Ali (July 25, 2013). " Orange Is the New Black recap (1.13): Can't Fix Crazy" . After Ellen . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Barns, Sarah. " ' Playing Big Boo is my dream come true,' says Orange Is The New Black ′s Lea DeLaria" . Daily Express . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Yahr, Emily (June 6, 2014). " Orange Is the New Black Season 2 recap: Halfway through already? Let's discuss" . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Piccoli, Dana (June 23, 2014). " Orange Is the New Black recap (2.6): You Also Have a Pizza" . After Ellen . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ McNutt, Myles (July 1, 2014). " Orange Is The New Black : "40 OZ Of Furlough"/"Little Mustachioed Shit " " . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 31, 2015 .
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^ Amatangelo, Amy (June 14, 2015). " Orange Is the New Black Review: "Mother's Day"/"Bed Bugs and Beyond " " . Paste . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (June 11, 2015). "Empathy Is a Boner Killer" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ Amatangelo, Amy (June 15, 2015). " Orange Is the New Black Review: "Empathy is a Boner Killer"/"Finger in the Dyke " " . Paste . Retrieved August 31, 2015 . ^ a b Allen, Rebekah (July 29, 2015). "Natasha Lyonne Opens Up About that Dreadful Nicky Nichols Development in OITNB Season 3" . SheWired . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Karlan, Sarah (June 12, 2014). "For Anyone Slowly Falling For Nicky Nichols On Orange Is The New Black " . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ Bell, Crystal (June 15, 2015). "Did Orange Is The New Black Really Say Goodbye To This Fan-Favorite Character For Good?" . MTV . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . ^ "Primetime Emmy Awards 2014: The winners list" . CNN . August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 30, 2015 . v t e Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Pennsatucky Lorna Morello Poussey Washington Miss Rosa Recurring characters Seasons 1 " Lesbian Request Denied " 2 3
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4 5 6 7 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison " You've Got Time " NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1312 Cached time: 20200221041055 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.348 seconds Real time usage: 0.414 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1659/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47365/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1098/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/40 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 63844/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.196/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4.69 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 368.254 1 -total 56.53% 208.190 1 Template:Reflist 48.47% 178.492 20 Template:Cite_news 35.64% 131.248 1 Template:Infobox_character 29.18% 107.467 1 Template:Infobox 9.85% 36.267 15 Template:If_empty 3.95% 14.551 2 Template:Greater_color_contrast_ratio 3.59% 13.204 3 Template:Main_other 3.24% 11.946 1 Template:Orange_Is_the_New_Black 2.50% 9.197 1 Template:Ensure_AAA_contrast_ratio Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:47674289-0!canonical and timestamp 20200221041055 and revision id 941868348 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky_Nichols&oldid=941868348 " Categories : Female characters in television Fictional American Jews Fictional characters from New York City Television characters introduced in 2013 Fictional criminals Fictional drug addicts Fictional lesbians Fictional LGBT characters in television Orange Is the New Black characters Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history
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More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2020, at 04:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Lionel Messi - Wikipedia CentralNotice Lionel Messi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Argentine footballer "Messi" redirects here. For other uses, see Messi (disambiguation) . This article uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Messi and the second or maternal family name is Cuccittini . Lionel Messi Messi with Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Personal information Full name Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini [1] Date of birth ( 1987-06-24 ) 24 June 1987 (age 32) [2] Place of birth Rosario , Argentina Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) [3] Playing position Forward Club information Current team Barcelona Number 10 Youth career 1994–2000 Newell's Old Boys 2001–2004 Barcelona Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2003–2004 Barcelona C 10 (5) 2004–2005 Barcelona B 22 (6) 2004– Barcelona 462 (431) National team ‡ 2004–2005 Argentina U20 18 (14) 2008 Argentina U23 5 [α] (2) 2005– Argentina 138 (70) Honours Men's football Representing Argentina Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team FIFA World Cup 2014 Brazil Copa América 2007 Venezuela 2015 Chile 2016 United States 2019 Brazil FIFA U-20 World Cup 2005 Netherlands South American U-20 Championship 2005 Colombia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 7 December 2019 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 18 November 2019
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This article is part of a series about Lionel Messi Argentine professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo Eponym Messi (cougar) Films Messi (2014) Messi (2017) v t e Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini [note 1] ( Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi] ( listen ) ; [A] born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record six Ballon d'Or awards, [note 2] and a record six European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won a club-record 34 trophies, including ten La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and six Copas del Rey . A prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (431), a La Liga and European league season (50), most hat-tricks in La Liga (35) and the UEFA Champions League (8), and most assists in La Liga (173) and the Copa América (13). He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country. Born and raised in central Argentina, Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency as a child. At age 13, he relocated to Spain to join Barcelona, who agreed to pay for his medical treatment. After a fast progression through Barcelona's youth academy, Messi made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004. Despite being injury-prone during his early career, he established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years, finishing 2007 as a finalist for both the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year award, a feat he repeated the following year. His first uninterrupted season was 2008–09, during which he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football. At 22 years old, Messi won the 2009 Ballon d'Or and the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year award by record voting margins. Three successful seasons followed, with Messi winning three consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or, including an unprecedented fourth. During the 2011–12 season , he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season, while establishing himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer in official competitions in March 2012. The following two seasons, Messi finished twice second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo , his perceived career rival . Messi regained his best form during the 2014–15 campaign, breaking the all-time goalscoring records in both La Liga and the Champions League in November 2014, [note 3] and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble.
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An Argentine international, Messi is his country's all-time leading goalscorer . At youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe , and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics . His style of play as a diminutive, left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with his compatriot Diego Maradona , who described Messi as his successor . After his senior debut in August 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup during the 2006 edition , and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América , where he was named young player of the tournament. As the squad's captain from August 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals: the 2014 FIFA World Cup , for which he won the Golden Ball , and the 2015 and 2016 Copas América . After announcing his international retirement in 2016, he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and a third-place finish at the 2019 Copa América . One of the most famous athletes in the world, Messi has been sponsored by sportswear company Adidas since 2006 and has established himself as their leading brand endorser. According to France Football , Messi was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2019. He was among Time 's 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 and 2012.
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Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Barcelona 2.1.1 2003–05: Rise to the first team 2.1.2 2005–08: Becoming a starting eleven player 2.1.3 2009–11: Sustained success 2.1.4 2012: A record-breaking year 2.1.5 2013–14: Messidependencia 2.1.6 2014–15: A historic treble 2.1.7 2015–16: Domestic success 2.1.8 2016–17: Fourth Golden Boot 2.1.9 2017–18: Domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot 2.1.10 2018–19: Barcelona captain, tenth La Liga title, and a record sixth Golden Boot 2.1.11 2019–20: A record sixth Ballon d'Or 3 International career 3.1 2004–05: Success at youth level 3.2 2005–06: Senior and World Cup debuts 3.3 2007–08: Copa América final and Olympic gold 3.4 2008–11: Collective decline 3.5 2011–13: Assuming the captaincy 3.6 2014–15: World Cup and Copa América finals 3.7 2016: Copa América Centenario, retirement, and return 3.7.1 "Don't go, Leo" 3.7.2 Return 3.8 2018: World Cup 3.9 2019: Copa América 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Cristiano Ronaldo 5 In popular culture 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Tax fraud 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.1.1 Barcelona 8.2 International 8.2.1 Argentina U20 8.2.2 Argentina U23 8.3 Individual 8.3.1 Awards 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life Lionel Andrés Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , the third of the four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager, and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the northcentral Adriatic Marche region of Italy and Catalonia , and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry. [5] Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, "Leo" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Matías, and his cousins, Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi , both of whom became professional footballers. [9] At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli, where he was coached by his father, though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother, Celia, who accompanied him to training and matches. [10] He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday; since then, as a devout Catholic, he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute of his grandmother. [11] [12]
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"When you saw him you would think: this kid can't play ball. He's a dwarf, he's too fragile, too small. But immediately you'd realise that he was born different, that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive." — Newell's Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12-year-old Messi. [13] A lifelong supporter of Newell's Old Boys , Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old. During the six years he played for Newell's, he scored almost 500 goals as a member of "The Machine of '87", the near-unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth, and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time of the first team's home games. [14] [15] However, his future as a professional player was threatened when, at age 10, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency . As his father's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment , which cost at least $ 1,000 per month, Newell's agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise. [16] He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate , whose playmaker , Pablo Aimar , he idolised, but they were also unable to pay for his treatment due to the country's economic collapse . [17] [18] His goalscoring idol growing up was Ronaldo , with Messi calling him "the best forward I've ever seen". [19]
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Messi enrolled at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia , at age 13 As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000. First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand, offered a contract on a paper napkin. [17] [20] In February 2001, the family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club's stadium, Camp Nou . During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell's; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team; already reserved by nature, he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister, María Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father. [14] [20] [21] After a year at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia , Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) in February 2002. Now playing in all competitions, he befriended his teammates, among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué . [22] After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14, [23] Messi became an integral part of the "Baby Dream Team", Barcelona's greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002–03), he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A, who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups. [22] [24] The Copa Catalunya final, a 4–1 victory over Espanyol , became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara , the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector; soon hindered by the mask, he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution. [25] At the close of the season, he received an offer to join Arsenal , his first from a foreign club, but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England, he chose to remain in Barcelona. [20] [26] [27]
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Club career Barcelona 2003–05: Rise to the first team "It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life." —Barcelona's then assistant coach Henk Ten Cate on Messi's first-team debut. [28] During the 2003–04 season , his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club's ranks, debuting for a record five teams in a single campaign. After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juveniles B, he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juveniles A , where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games. [29] [30] Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break. French winger Ludovic Giuly explained how a teenage Leo caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard 's first team: "He destroyed us all... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid, he just got up and kept on playing. He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team's starting centre-backs were nervous. He was an alien." [31] At 16 years, four months, and 23 days old, Messi made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho 's Porto on 16 November 2003. [20] [32] His performance, creating two chances and a shot on goal, impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club's reserve side, Barcelona B , as well as weekly with the first team. [33] After his first training session with the senior squad, Barça's new star player, Ronaldinho , told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself. [34] Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi, whom he called "little brother", which greatly eased his transition into the first team. [35] [36]
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