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^ Faúndez, Eduardo (19 June 2015). "Patagonian Shield Bug Named After Middle's Earth's Smaug the Dragon" . Entomology Today . Annapolis, Maryland: Entomological Society of America . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . ^ Carvajal, Mariom A.; Faúndez, Eduardo I.; Rider, David A. (2015). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) de la Región de Magallanes, con descripción de una nueva especie" . Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) . Patagonia, Chile. 43 (1): 145–151. doi : 10.4067/s0718-686x2015000100013 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. General references Hammond, Wayne G. ; Scull, Christina (1995), J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator , Boston: Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0-395-74816-X Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), Douglas A. Anderson (ed.), The Annotated Hobbit , Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002), ISBN 0-618-13470-0 External links [ edit ] "Smaug" . Tolkien Gateway . Image of Smaug by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Tolkien Gateway Forbes magazine analysis of Smaug's net worth. v t e J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit (word) Legendarium Middle-earth Editions English-language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom, Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake-town Smaug Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit
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Bilbo's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit (1968) Film The Hobbit (1977) The Hobbit (1985) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey (2012) The Desolation of Smaug (2013) The Battle of the Five Armies (2014) Original characters Music Television Hobitit (1993) Video games The Hobbit (1982) The Hobbit (2003) Guardians of Middle-earth (2012) Lego The Hobbit (2014) Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014) Toys Middle-earth Lego sets Category v t e Dragons In mythology European Ajatar Amphiptere Balaur Bisterne Dragon Blue Ben Bolla Chuvash dragon Cockatrice Cuélebre Gargouille Greek Dragon Cychreides Delphyne Lernaean Hydra Ladon Pyrausta Python Guivre Herensuge Knucker Jaculus La Guita Xica Lambton Worm Worm of Linton Lindworm Marraco Dragon of Mordiford Norse dragon Fafnir Jörmungandr Níðhöggr Oilliphéist Peluda Slavic dragon Sockburn Worm Sugaar Tugarin Wawel Dragon Welsh Dragon White dragon Wyvern Yelbeghen Zilant Zirnitra Asian Apalala Bakunawa Bašmu Chinese dragon Ao Guang Azure Dragon Chi Dilong Feilian Feilong Fucanglong Hong Jiaolong Panlong Pulao Qiulong Shenlong Teng Tianlong Yellow Dragon Yinglong Zhulong Druk Illuyanka Japanese dragon Kiyohime Kuraokami Kuzuryū Mizuchi Ryūjin Toyotama-hime Wani Watatsumi Yamata no Orochi Zennyo Ryūō Korean dragon Kur Labbu Lahamu Leviathan Lotan Pakhangba Phaya Naga Seraphim Tanin'iver Tannin (monster) Tiamat Vietnamese dragon Vishap Vritra Yam Zahhak Other Amaru Feathered Serpent Gaasyendietha Horned Serpent Nyami Nyami Ouroboros Peuchen Piasa Quetzalcoatl Rahab (Egypt) Sea serpent Snallygaster Teju Jagua
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Xiuhcoatl In culture Mythology and folklore Draco (constellation) Dragon dance Dragon boat Dragon (zodiac) Dragonslayers Princess and dragon In fiction Popular culture Film and television Games Dragons in Dungeons & Dragons Literature Dragons in J.R.R.Tolkien Legendarium Glaurung Smaug Dragons in Dragon Prince Dragons in Pern In art Nine Dragons painting Nine-Dragon Wall Dragon jar Cádiz Memorial Dragon and Tiger Pagodas Dragon boundary mark Dragon Bridge (Da Nang) Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana) Merritt Island Dragon Pegasus and Dragon Related Dragon's Eye Here be dragons Dragon curve v t e Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J. R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs
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Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly 2010 Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1325 Cached time: 20191204080709 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.664 seconds Real time usage: 0.854 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3019/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 127017/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1501/2097152 bytes
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Highest expansion depth: 13/40 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72784/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.319/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.63 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 689.345 1 -total 44.79% 308.727 1 Template:Reflist 16.08% 110.843 1 Template:Infobox_character 14.64% 100.907 4 Template:Cite_book 12.56% 86.564 1 Template:Infobox 8.66% 59.697 6 Template:Navbox 7.69% 52.981 8 Template:Cite_web 7.04% 48.524 7 Template:Cite_news 6.51% 44.877 2 Template:Cite_journal 5.45% 37.543 1 Template:Other_uses Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58101-0!canonical and timestamp 20191204080709 and revision id 927601337 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smaug&oldid=927601337 " Categories : CGI characters Characters in The Hobbit Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional mass murderers Middle-earth Dragons Talking animals in fiction Male literary villains Male film villains Fictional dragons Hidden categories: Use British English from March 2014 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles with trivia sections from July 2019 All articles with trivia sections Use dmy dates from July 2019 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page
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In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Novial Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2019, at 15:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Newton's Third Law of Motion Google Tag Manager (noscript) End Google Tag Manager (noscript) header Read Watch Interact Practice Review Test Teacher-Tools Content Banner Read Watch Interact Physics Tutorial 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Its Conservation Work and Energy Circular Motion and Satellite Motion Thermal Physics Static Electricity Electric Circuits Vibrations and Waves Sound Waves and Music Light Waves and Color Reflection and the Ray Model of Light Refraction and the Ray Model of Light Physics Interactives About the Physics Interactives Usage Policy Kinematics Newtons Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular and Satellite Motion Balance and Rotation Static Electricity Electric Circuits Magnetism Waves and Sound Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Concept Builders About the Concept Builders Relationships and Graphs Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular and Satellite Motion Rotation and Balance Static Electricity Electric Circuits Waves and Sound Light and Color Reflection and Refraction Chemistry Video Tutorial Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Shockwave Studios Name That Motion Graph That Motion Graphing Motion Two-Stage Rocket Free Body Diagrams Riverboat Simulator Projectile Simulator Hit the Target Race Track Uniform Circular Motion Gravitation Orbital Motion Time Dilation Length Contraction Standing Wave Patterns Beat Patterns RGB Lighting Painting With CMY Young's Experiment Least Time Principle Refraction of Light Lenses
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Multimedia Studios 1-Dimensional Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular, Satellite, and Rotational Motion Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity Static Electricity Waves, Sound and Light Ray Optics QuickTime Movies Practice Review Test The Review Session 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws of Motion Vectors and Projectiles Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Packet Circular Motion and Gravitation Static Electricity Review Electric Circuits Waves Sound and Music Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Minds On Physics the App About MOPs Features Topics Objectives Record-Keeping MOP the App Part 1 MOP the App Part 2 MOP the App Part 3 MOP the App Part 4 MOP the App Part 5 MOP the App Part 6 Chromebook Apps Purchase MOPs For Teachers MOP for Schools Timeline Privacy Statement Minds On Physics - Legacy Start! Directions Teacher Use Teacher Registration Topics Objectives Record-Keeping Screencasts Troubleshooting About MOP Copyright and Contact The Calculator Pad Problem Sets Habits of an Effective Problem Solver A Note to Students Note to Instructors Physics Help Graphing Practice Recognizing Forces Vector Direction Vector Addition ACT Test Center About the ACT ACT Preparation ACT Tips For Teachers Other Resources Teacher-Tools Curriculum Corner Solutions Guide Solutions Guide Digital Download CD Purchase Usage Policy Motion in One Dimension Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Collisions Work, Energy and Power Circular Motion and Gravitation Static Electricity Electric Ciruits Wave Basics Sound and Music Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses
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Question Bank Contents Purchasing the CD Purchasing the Digital Download NGSS Corner About the NGSS Corner NGSS Search Force and Motion DCIs - High School Energy DCIs - High School Wave Applications DCIs - High School Force and Motion PEs - High School Energy PEs - High School Wave Applications PEs - High School Crosscutting Concepts The Practices Physics Topics NGSS Corner: Activity List NGSS Corner: Infographics Teacher Toolkits About the Toolkits Position-Velocity-Acceleration Position-Time Graphs Velocity-Time Graphs Free Fall Newton's First Law Newton's Second Law Newton's Third Law Terminal Velocity Vectors Projectile Motion Forces in 2 Dimensions Impulse and Momentum Change Momentum Conservation Work-Energy Fundamentals Work-Energy Relationship Circular Motion Roller Coaster Physics Universal Gravitation Satellite Motion Charge and Charging Coulombs Law Electric Fields Circuit Concepts Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Vibrational Motion Describing-Waves Wave Behavior Toolkit Standing Wave Patterns Sound Waves Resonating Air Columns Wave Model of Light Color Plane Mirrors Curved Mirrors Snells Law Total Internal Reflection Lenses Reasoning Center Philosophy CRS Usage Resource CD The Laboratory About Teacher Guide Using Lab Notebooks Share The Photo Gallery 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Its Conservation Work, Energy, and Power Circular Motion and Satellite Motion Thermal Physics Static Electricity Current Electricity Waves Sound Waves and Music Light Waves and Color Reflection and Ray Model of Light Refraction and Ray Model of Light
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Share The News Banner Ads Infographics Interactive Physics Simulations Our Standard Flyer Pinterest Pages Skyscraper Ads Small Classroom Posters Teacher Toolkits Test Reviews What Can Students Do ... What Can Teachers Do ... Left Column Read Watch Interact Physics Tutorial 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Its Conservation Work and Energy Circular Motion and Satellite Motion Thermal Physics Static Electricity Electric Circuits Vibrations and Waves Sound Waves and Music Light Waves and Color Reflection and the Ray Model of Light Refraction and the Ray Model of Light Physics Interactives About the Physics Interactives Usage Policy Kinematics Newtons Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular and Satellite Motion Balance and Rotation Static Electricity Electric Circuits Magnetism Waves and Sound Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Concept Builders About the Concept Builders Relationships and Graphs Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular and Satellite Motion Rotation and Balance Static Electricity Electric Circuits Waves and Sound Light and Color Reflection and Refraction Chemistry Video Tutorial Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Shockwave Studios Name That Motion Graph That Motion Graphing Motion Two-Stage Rocket Free Body Diagrams Riverboat Simulator Projectile Simulator Hit the Target Race Track Uniform Circular Motion Gravitation Orbital Motion Time Dilation
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Length Contraction Standing Wave Patterns Beat Patterns RGB Lighting Painting With CMY Young's Experiment Least Time Principle Refraction of Light Lenses Multimedia Studios 1-Dimensional Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Circular, Satellite, and Rotational Motion Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity Static Electricity Waves, Sound and Light Ray Optics QuickTime Movies Practice Review Test The Review Session 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws of Motion Vectors and Projectiles Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Collisions Work and Energy Packet Circular Motion and Gravitation Static Electricity Review Electric Circuits Waves Sound and Music Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Minds On Physics the App About MOPs Features Topics Objectives Record-Keeping MOP the App Part 1 MOP the App Part 2 MOP the App Part 3 MOP the App Part 4 MOP the App Part 5 MOP the App Part 6 Chromebook Apps Purchase MOPs For Teachers MOP for Schools Timeline Privacy Statement Minds On Physics - Legacy Start! Directions Teacher Use Teacher Registration Topics Objectives Record-Keeping Screencasts Troubleshooting About MOP Copyright and Contact The Calculator Pad Problem Sets Habits of an Effective Problem Solver A Note to Students Note to Instructors Physics Help Graphing Practice Recognizing Forces Vector Direction Vector Addition ACT Test Center About the ACT ACT Preparation ACT Tips For Teachers Other Resources Teacher-Tools
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Curriculum Corner Solutions Guide Solutions Guide Digital Download CD Purchase Usage Policy Motion in One Dimension Newton's Laws Vectors and Projectiles Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Collisions Work, Energy and Power Circular Motion and Gravitation Static Electricity Electric Ciruits Wave Basics Sound and Music Light and Color Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Question Bank Contents Purchasing the CD Purchasing the Digital Download NGSS Corner About the NGSS Corner NGSS Search Force and Motion DCIs - High School Energy DCIs - High School Wave Applications DCIs - High School Force and Motion PEs - High School Energy PEs - High School Wave Applications PEs - High School Crosscutting Concepts The Practices Physics Topics NGSS Corner: Activity List NGSS Corner: Infographics Teacher Toolkits About the Toolkits Position-Velocity-Acceleration Position-Time Graphs Velocity-Time Graphs Free Fall Newton's First Law Newton's Second Law Newton's Third Law Terminal Velocity Vectors Projectile Motion Forces in 2 Dimensions Impulse and Momentum Change Momentum Conservation Work-Energy Fundamentals Work-Energy Relationship Circular Motion Roller Coaster Physics Universal Gravitation Satellite Motion Charge and Charging Coulombs Law Electric Fields Circuit Concepts Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Vibrational Motion Describing-Waves Wave Behavior Toolkit Standing Wave Patterns Sound Waves Resonating Air Columns Wave Model of Light Color Plane Mirrors Curved Mirrors Snells Law Total Internal Reflection Lenses Reasoning Center Philosophy CRS Usage Resource CD The Laboratory
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About Teacher Guide Using Lab Notebooks Share The Photo Gallery 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Its Conservation Work, Energy, and Power Circular Motion and Satellite Motion Thermal Physics Static Electricity Current Electricity Waves Sound Waves and Music Light Waves and Color Reflection and Ray Model of Light Refraction and Ray Model of Light Share The News Banner Ads Infographics Interactive Physics Simulations Our Standard Flyer Pinterest Pages Skyscraper Ads Small Classroom Posters Teacher Toolkits Test Reviews What Can Students Do ... What Can Teachers Do ... Student Extras Teacher's Guides The Physics Classroom » Physics Tutorial » Newton's Laws » Newton's Third Law Newton's Laws - Lesson 4 - Newton's Third Law of Motion Newton's Third Law Newton's Third Law Identifying Interaction Force Pairs A force is a push or a pull that acts upon an object as a results of its interaction with another object. Forces result from interactions! As discussed in Lesson 2 , some forces result from contact interactions (normal, frictional, tensional, and applied forces are examples of contact forces) and other forces are the result of action-at-a-distance interactions (gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces). According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body. There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces and are the subject of Newton's third law of motion. Formally stated, Newton's third law is:
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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs. Responsive Ad 1 Examples of Interaction Force Pairs A variety of action-reaction force pairs are evident in nature. Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. But a push on the water will only serve to accelerate the water. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the water must also be pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for fish to swim. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the air must also be pushing the bird upwards. The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.
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Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels that spin. As the wheels spin, they grip the road and push the road backwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the road must also be pushing the wheels forward. The size of the force on the road equals the size of the force on the wheels (or car); the direction of the force on the road (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the wheels (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for cars to move along a roadway surface. Check Your Understanding 1. While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus? See Answer Trick Question! Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal ... (equal!). The fact that the firefly splatters only means that with its smaller mass, it is less able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the interaction. Besides, fireflies have guts and bug guts have a tendency to be splatterable . Windshields don't have guts. There you have it.
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2. For years, space travel was believed to be impossible because there was nothing that rockets could push off of in space in order to provide the propulsion necessary to accelerate. This inability of a rocket to provide propulsion is because ... a. ... space is void of air so the rockets have nothing to push off of. b. ... gravity is absent in space. c. ... space is void of air and so there is no air resistance in space. d. ... nonsense! Rockets do accelerate in space and have been able to do so for a long time. See Answer Answer: D I t is a common misconception that rockets are unable to accelerate in space. The fact is that rockets do accelerate. There is indeed nothing for rockets to push off of in space - at least nothing which is external to the rocket. But that's no problem for rockets. Rockets are able to accelerate due to the fact that they burn fuel and push the exhaust gases in a direction opposite the direction which they wish to accelerate. 3. Many people are familiar with the fact that a rifle recoils when fired. This recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs. A gunpowder explosion creates hot gases that expand outward allowing the rifle to push forward on the bullet. Consistent with Newton's third law of motion, the bullet pushes backwards upon the rifle. The acceleration of the recoiling rifle is ...
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a. greater than the acceleration of the bullet. b. smaller than the acceleration of the bullet. c. the same size as the acceleration of the bullet. See Answer Answer: B The force on the rifle equals the force on the bullet. Yet, acceleration depends on both force and mass. The bullet has a greater acceleration due to the fact that it has a smaller mass. Remember: acceleration and mass are inversely proportional. 4. In the top picture (below), Kent Budgett is pulling upon a rope that is attached to a wall. In the bottom picture, Kent is pulling upon a rope that is attached to an elephant. In each case, the force scale reads 500 Newton. Kent is pulling ... a. with more force when the rope is attached to the wall. b. with more force when the rope is attached to the elephant. c. the same force in each case. See Answer Answer: C Kent is pulling with 500 N of force in each case. The rope transmits the force from Kent to the wall (or to the elephant) and vice versa. Since the force of Kent pulling on the wall and the wall pulling on Kent are action-reaction force pairs, they must have equal magnitudes. Inanimate objects such as walls can push and pull. Next Section: Identifying Interaction Force Pairs
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Right ad AddThis Follow BEGIN Follow Us AddThis Follow END Physics Tutorial » Newton's Laws » Lesson 4 - Newton's Third Law of Motion » Newton's Third Law Footer home about privacy © 1996-2019 The Physics Classroom, All rights reserved. All these JS are combined in the Combined-JS.js file, combined through the google tool http://closure-compiler.appspot.com/home Just go to that, add each of the full public URLs of the files, and hit compile, and add that text into the Combine-JS file <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/fix-responsive-WP8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/modernizr.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/ava-custom.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/jquery.colorbox-min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/CMSScripts/Custom/Flexo/iframeResizer.js"></script>
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Battle of Mohács - Wikipedia CentralNotice Battle of Mohács From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the 1526 battle. For the battle in 1687, see Battle of Mohács (1687) . Battle of Mohács Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and Ottoman–Hungarian wars Battle of Mohács 1526, Ottoman miniature [1] Date 29 August 1526 Location Mohács , Kingdom of Hungary Result Decisive Ottoman victory; End of Ottoman–Hungarian wars Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars Collapse and partition of Medieval Hungary Belligerents Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Crown of Bohemia Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bavaria Papal States Kingdom of Poland Commanders and leaders Suleiman I Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey Devlet I Giray Gazi Hüsrev Bey Behram Pasha Louis II of Hungary † Pál Tomori † György Zápolya † Stephen VII Báthory Strength 55,000–70,000 men [2] [3] [4] 200 guns 25,000–30,000 men [3] [4] 80 guns (only 50 arrived on time) Casualties and losses ~1,500-2,000 [5] [6] ~ 14,000 to 20,000+ [7] [8] v t e Ottoman–Hungarian wars Nicopolis (1396) Doboj (1415) Radkersburg (1417) Golubac (1428) Lower Danube War Smederevo (1441) Hermannstadt (1442) Iron Gate (1442) Crusade of Varna (1443–1444) Niš (1443) Zlatitsa (1443) Kunovica (1444) Várna (1444) Kosovo (1448) Kruševac (1454) Belgrade (1456) Travnik (1463) Bobovac (1463) Ključ (1463)
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Jajce (1463) Jajce (1464) Vaslui (1475) Breadfield (1479) Jajce (1480) Otranto (1480–81) Krbava Field (1493) Belgrade (1521) Mohács (1526) see also: Ottoman–Habsburg wars v t e Ottoman–Habsburg wars Hungary and the Balkans Mohács (1526) Hungarian Campaign (1527–28) Croatia (1527-1593) Hungary (1529) Vienna (1529) Little War in Hungary (1530–1552) Klis (1536–37) Temesvár (1552) Eger (1552) Szigetvár (1566) Long War (1593–1606) Bocskai insurrection (1604–1606) Austro-Turkish War (1663–64) Great Turkish War (1683–1699) Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Austro-Turkish War (1788–91) Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878) Mediterranean Cephalonia (1500) Balearics (1501) Pantelleria (1515) Algiers (1516) Tlemcen (1517) Algiers (1529) Formentera (1529) Coron (1532-1534) Tunis (1535) Mahón (1535) Preveza (1538) Castelnuovo (1539) Girolata (1540) Alborán (1540) Algiers (1541) Nice (1543) Mahdiye (1550) Gozo (1551) Tripoli (1551) Ponza (1552) Corsica (1553-1559) Bougie (1555) Oran (1556) Balearics (1558) Mostaganem (1558) Djerba (1560) Orán and Mers-el-Kébir (1563) Vélez de la Gomera (1564) Malta (1565) Lepanto (1571) Tunis (1574) Fez (1576) Cape Corvo (1613) Malta (1614) Cape Celidonia (1616) The Battle of Mohács ( Hungarian: [ˈmohaːt͡ʃ] ; Hungarian : Mohácsi csata , Turkish : Mohaç Meydan Muharebesi ) was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history. It was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács , Kingdom of Hungary , between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Louis II , and those of the Ottoman Empire , led by Suleiman the Magnificent . The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy , and the Principality of Transylvania . Further, the death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to the House of Habsburg . The Battle of Mohács marked the end of the Middle Ages in Hungary.
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Contents 1 Background 1.1 Decline of Hungarian royal power (1490–1526) 1.2 European events, and the Franco-Ottoman alliance 2 Preparations 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background [ edit ] Decline of Hungarian royal power (1490–1526) [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Battle of Mohács" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the death of the absolutist King Matthias Corvinus in 1490, the Hungarian magnates , who did not want another heavy-handed king, procured the accession of the notoriously weak-willed King Vladislaus of Bohemia , who reigned as King Vladislaus II of Hungary from 1490 to 1516. He was known as King Dobře (or Dobzse in Hungarian orthography), meaning "all right"), for his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and document laid before him. [9] The freshly-elected King Vladislaus II donated most of the Hungarian royal estates, régales and royalties to the nobility. Thus the king tried to stabilize his new reign and preserve his popularity among the magnates. Given the naive fiscal and land policy of the royal court, the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal lands at royal expense. The noble estate of the parliament succeeded in reducing their tax burden by 70–80%, at the expense of the country's ability to defend itself. [10] Vladislaus became the magnates' helpless "prisoner"; he could make no decision without their consent. [11]
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The standing mercenary army (the Black Army ) of Matthias Corvinus was dissolved by the aristocracy. The magnates also dismantled the national administration systems and bureaucracy throughout the country. The country's defenses sagged as border-guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. [12] Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken; social progress was deadlocked. The arrival of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country. The strongest nobles were so busy oppressing the peasants and quarreling with the gentry class in the parliament that they failed to heed the agonized calls of King Louis II (reigned in Bohemia and Hungary from 1516 to 1526) for support against the Turks. In 1514, the weakened and old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa , which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles , led by John Zápolya . After the Dózsa Rebellion, the brutal suppression of the peasants greatly aided the 1526 Turkish invasion as the Hungarians were no longer a politically united people. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman pre-eminence. King Louis II of Hungary married Mary of Habsburg in 1522. The Ottomans saw this Jagiellonian-Habsburg marital alliance as a threat to their power in the Balkans and worked to break it. After Suleiman I came to power in Istanbul in 1520, the High Porte made the Hungarians at least one and possibly two offers of peace. For unclear reasons, Louis refused. It is possible that Louis was well aware of Hungary's situation (especially after the Ottomans defeated Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) and the Polish-Ottoman peace from 1525) and believed that war was a better option than peace. Even in peacetime, the Ottomans raided Hungarian lands and conquered small territories (with border castles), but a final battle still offered Louis a glimmer of hope. Accordingly, another Ottoman–Hungarian war ensued, and in June 1526 an Ottoman expedition advanced up the Danube .
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European events, and the Franco-Ottoman alliance [ edit ] King Francis I of France was defeated at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 by the troops of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V . After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid . In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis formed a formal Franco-Ottoman alliance with Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent as an ally against Charles V. The French-Ottoman strategic, and sometimes tactical, alliance lasted for about three centuries. [13] To relieve the Habsburg pressure on France, in 1525 Francis asked Suleiman to make war on the Holy Roman Empire, and the road from Turkey to the Holy Roman Empire led across Hungary. The request of the French king coincided well with the ambitions of Suleiman in Europe and gave him an incentive to attack Hungary in 1526, leading to the Battle of Mohács. [13] Kingdom of Hungary before 1526 , and the 3 parts into which it was divided after the Battle of Mohács: Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and the part that was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Preparations [ edit ] Louis II of Hungary , who died at the Battle of Mohács, painted by Titian The Hungarians had long opposed Ottoman expansion in southeastern Europe, but in 1521 the Turks advanced up the Danube River and took Nándorfehérvár (present-day Belgrade , Serbia ) – the strongest Hungarian fortress on the Danube – and Szabács (now Šabac , Serbia). This left most of southern Hungary indefensible.
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The loss of Nandorfehervar caused great alarm in Hungary, but the huge 60,000 strong royal army – led by the king, but recruited too late and too slowly – neglected to take food along. Therefore, the army disbanded spontaneously under pressure from hunger and disease without even trying to recapture Belgrade from the newly installed Turkish garrisons. In 1523, Archbishop Pál Tomori , a valiant priest-soldier, was made Captain of Southern Hungary. The general apathy that had characterized the country forced him to lean on his own bishopric revenues when he started to repair and reinforce the second line of Hungary's border defense system. Pétervárad fell to the Turks on July 15, 1526 due to the chronic lack of castle garrisons. For about 400 km along the Danube between Pétervárad and Buda there was no single Hungarian town, village, or fortification of any sort. Three years later, an Ottoman army set out from Constantinople on 16 April 1526, led by Suleiman the Magnificent personally. The Hungarian nobles, who still did not realize the magnitude of the approaching danger, did not immediately heed their King's call for troops. Eventually, the Hungarians assembled in three main units: the Transylvanian army under John Zápolya , charged with guarding the passes in the Transylvanian Alps , with between 8,000 and 13,000 men; the main army, led by Louis himself (beside numerous Spanish, German, Czech and Serbian mercenaries); and another smaller force, commanded by the Croatian count Christoph Frankopan , numbering around 5,000 men. The Ottomans deployed the largest field artillery of the era, comprising some 300 cannons, while the Hungarians had only 85 cannons, [14] though even this number was greater than other contemporary Western European armies deployed on the battlefields during the major conflicts of Western European powers.
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The geography of the area meant that the Hungarians could not know the Ottomans' ultimate goal until the latter crossed the Balkan Mountains , and when they did, the Transylvanian and Croatian forces were farther from Buda than the Ottomans were. Contemporary historical records, though sparse, indicate that Louis preferred a plan of retreat, in effect ceding the country to Ottoman advances, rather than directly engaging the Ottoman army in open battle. The Hungarian war council – without waiting for reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania only a few days march away – made a serious tactical error by choosing the battlefield near Mohács, an open but uneven plain with some swampy marshes. The Ottomans had advanced toward Mohács almost unopposed. While Louis waited in Buda, they had besieged several towns ( Petervarad , Ujlak , and Eszek ), and crossed the Sava and Drava Rivers. At Mohács the Hungarians numbered some 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers. The only external help was a small contingent of Polish troops (1,500 soldiers and knights) led by the royal captin Lenart Gnoiński (but organized and equipped by the Papal State). [15] The Ottoman army numbered perhaps 50,000, [3] [4] though some contemporary and modern-day historians put the number of the Ottoman troops at 100,000. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Most of the Ottoman Balkan forces registered before this battle were described as Bosnians or Croats. [23]
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The Hungarian army was arrayed to take advantage of the terrain and hoped to engage the Ottoman army piecemeal. They had the advantage that their troops were well-rested, while the Turks had just completed a strenuous march in scorching summer heat. But rather than attacking the fatigued enemy immediately, the Hungarians let them struggle through the marshy terrain. It would have been "unchivalrous" to attack the enemy when they were not yet ready for battle. [24] Battle [ edit ] The battle of Mohács, on an Ottoman miniature General Pál Tomori , the captain of the army, in his golden renaissance armour (1526) Discovery of the Corpse of King Louis II Hungary built up an expensive but obsolete army, structured similarly to that of King Francis I at the Battle of Pavia and mostly reliant on old fashioned heavily armoured knights on armoured horses ( gendarme knights ). The Hungarian battlefront consisted of two lines. The first had a center of mercenary infantry and artillery and the majority of the cavalry on either flank. The second was a mix of levy infantry and cavalry. [25] The Ottoman army was a more modern force built around artillery and the elite, musket-armed Janissaries. The remainder consisted of feudal Timarli cavalry and conscripted levies from Rumelia and the Balkans. [26] The length of the battle is as uncertain as the number of combatants. It started between 1:00 PM and 2:00 PM, but the endpoint is difficult to ascertain. While some historians [ who? ] have placed the length of the battle at two to three hours, this seems unlikely given several important factors. The Ottoman army did not retreat from the field to camp after the battle; instead, they remained on the field all night without food, water, or shelter. Since the Ottoman historians all note that it was raining, it seems likely that had the battle ended early in the afternoon, the sultan would have ordered his army to camp or at least to return to their baggage. The few reliable sources indicate that Louis left the field at twilight and made his escape under cover of darkness. Since the sun would not have set until 6:27 PM on 29 August 1526, [27] this would imply that the battle lasted significantly longer than two to three hours (perhaps as long as four or five). [ citation needed ]
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As the first of Suleiman's troops, the Rumelian army, advanced onto the battlefield, they were attacked and routed by Hungarian troops led by Pál Tomori . This attack by the Hungarian right caused considerable chaos among the irregular Ottoman troops, but even as the Hungarian attack pressed forward, the Ottomans rallied with the arrival of Ottoman regulars deployed from the reserves. While the Hungarian right advanced far enough at one time to place Suleiman in danger from Hungarian bullets that struck his cuirass , the superiority of the Ottoman regulars and the timely charge of the Janissaries , the elite troops of the Ottomans, probably overwhelmed the attackers, particularly on the Hungarian left. The Hungarians took serious casualties from the skillfully handled Turkish artillery and musket volleys. The Hungarians could not hold their positions, and those who did not flee were surrounded and killed or captured. The result was a disaster, with the Hungarians advancing into withering fire and flank attacks, and falling into the same trap that John Hunyadi had so often used successfully against the Ottomans. [28] The king left the battlefield sometime around twilight but was thrown from his horse in a river at Csele and died, weighed down by his heavy armor. Some 1,000 other Hungarian nobles and leaders were also killed. It is generally accepted that more than 14,000 Hungarian soldiers were killed in the initial battle. [7] [8]
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Suleiman could not believe that this small, suicidal army was all that the once powerful country could muster against him, so he waited at Mohacs for a few days before moving cautiously against Buda. [29] [ better source needed ] Sallet of king Louis Janissary uniform Aftermath [ edit ] Main article: Ottoman Hungary Battle Monument in Mohács Markers at the Mohacs Monument show where bodies of nobles, knights, soldiers, and horses were found The victory did not give the Ottomans the security they wanted. Buda was left undefended; only the French and Venetian ambassadors waited for the Sultan to congratulate him on his great victory. [24] Though they entered the unguarded evacuated Buda and pillaged the castle and surroundings, they retreated soon afterwards. It was not until 1541 that the Ottomans finally captured and occupied Buda following the 1541 Siege of Buda . However, for all intents and purposes, the Battle of Mohács meant the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary as a unified entity. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, John Zápolya in 1526 and Ferdinand of Austria in 1527. The Ottoman occupation was contested by the Habsburg Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I, Louis's brother-in-law and successor by treaty with King Vladislaus II . Bohemia fell to the Habsburgs , who also dominated the northern and western parts of Hungary and the remnants of the Kingdom of Croatia , while the Ottomans held central Hungary and suzerainty over semi-independent Transylvania . This provided the Hungarians with sufficient impetus to continue to resist the Ottoman occupation, which they did for another seventy years.
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The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. Despite these territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained economically more important than Austria or the Kingdom of Bohemia even at the end of the 16th century. [30] Of Ferdinand's territories, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was at that time his largest source of revenue. [31] The subsequent near constant warfare required a sustained commitment of Ottoman forces, proving a drain on resources that the largely rural and war-torn kingdom proved unable to repay. Christian armies besieged Buda several times during the 16th century, and Suleiman himself died of natural causes in Hungary during the Battle of Szigetvár in 1566. There were also two unsuccessful Ottoman sieges of Eger , which did not fall until 1596, seventy years after the Ottoman victory at Mohács. The Turks proved unable to conquer the northern and western parts of Hungary, which belonged to the Habsburg monarchs. A book on the Turkish culture was written by Georgius Bartholomaeus with information obtained from Christian troops released by the Ottomans after the battle. [32] [33] [34] Legacy [ edit ] Mohács is seen by many Hungarians as the decisive downward turning point in the country's history, a national trauma that persists in the nation's folk memory . For moments of bad luck, Hungarians still say: "more was lost at Mohács" ( Hungarian : Több is veszett Mohácsnál ). Hungarians view Mohács as marking the end of an independent and powerful European nation. [ citation needed ]
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Whilst Mohács was a decisive loss, it was the aftermath that truly put an end to independent Hungary. The ensuing two hundred years of near constant warfare between the two empires, Habsburg and Ottoman, turned Hungary into a perpetual battlefield. The countryside was regularly ravaged by armies moving back and forth, in turn devastating the population. Only in the 19th century would Hungary regain some degree of autonomy , with full independence coming only after the First World War; however, the Treaty of Trianon awarded much of its former land to other states (such as Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Yugoslavia ), and Hungary has never regained its former political power. In the 464 years from 1525 to 1989, Hungary spent the vast majority of the time under the direct or indirect domination of a foreign power. These foreign powers were, successively, the Ottoman Empire (1525–1686), the Holy Roman Empire (1686–1804), the Austrian Empire (1804–1867), and the Soviet Union (1945–1989); furthermore, between 1867 and 1918 Hungary was widely considered the "junior" partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire : autonomy was granted, but stopped well short of independence. The battlefield, beside the village of Sátorhely , became an official national historical memorial site in 1976 on the 450th anniversary of the battle. The memorial was designed by architect György Vadász . [35] A new reception hall and exhibition building, also designed by Vadász and partially funded by the European Union , was completed in 2011. [36]
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See also [ edit ] War portal The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors Notes [ edit ] ^ Lokman (1588). "Suleiman the Magnificent and the Battle of Mohac (1526)" . Hünernâme . ^ Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Mohács, Battle of". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . New York: Facts on File. pp. 388–389. ^ a b c Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453 , p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars." ^ a b c Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568 , p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive. ^ Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization , Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602. ^ https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Mohacs ^ a b Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War , pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."
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^ a b Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups , p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe." ^ "Hungary" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008-11-21 . ^ Francis Fukuyama: Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution ^ http://www.history.com/topics/hungary/page4 [ permanent dead link ] ^ "A Country Study: Hungary" . Geography.about.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08 . Retrieved 2010-08-29 . ^ a b Merriman, p.132 ^ Jeremy Black (2013). War and Technology . Indiana University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780253009890 . ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2018-12-01 . Retrieved 2018-02-02 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict , page: 166 (published 2010) ^ Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire , page: 583 (published: 2009 ^ Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history , page 117 (published in 2009) ^ William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History , Volume: I page: 419, (published: 2006)
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^ Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, page:179 (published 2004) ^ Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699 , page:46 ^ Battle of Mohács article Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Fine, John V. A. (5 February 2010). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods . University of Michigan Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-472-02560-0 . ^ a b Zoltán Bodolai (1978). "9. Darkness After Noon" . The Timeless Nation – The History, Literature, Music, Art and Folklore of the Hungarian Nation . Hungaria Publishing Company . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ "The Battle of Mohacs: The Fall of the Hungarian Empire", by Richard H. Berg, published in Against the Odds , Volume 3, Number 1, September 2004 ^ Ottoman army wikipedia page [ circular reference ] ^ Cornwall, C., Horiuchi, A., and Lehman, C. Sunrise/Sunset Calculator . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Accessed August 31, 2008, using the Gregorian date of the battle, September 8, 1526. Also entered were the coordinates 45° 56′ 29″ N, 18° 38′ 50″ E and a "time zone" of 1.243 hours before Greenwich, since at the time of the battle, time zones had not been invented. ^ David Nicolle and Angus McBride: Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 PAGE: 14 ^ ZOLTÁN BODOLAI: The timeless nation (Sydney, 1978)
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^ Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012). The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1 van Brill's Companions to European History . BRILL. p. 263. ISBN 9789004206830 . ^ Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English summary at page 92 Link1: [1] Link2: [2] ^ Georgius Bartholomaeus (1567). De Turcarum moribus epitome . apud Ioan. Tornaesium. pp. 26–. ^ Alois Richard Nykl (1948). Gonzalo de Argote y de Molina's Discurso sobre la poesía castellana contenida en este libro (i.e. El libro de Patronio o El conde Lucanor) and Bartholomaeus Gjorgjević . J.H. Furst. p. 13. ^ N. Melek Aksulu (2005). Bartholomäus Georgievićs Türkenschrift"De Turcarum ritu et caeremomiis"(1544) und ihre beiden deutschen Übersetzungen von 1545: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Türkenbildes in Europa . Verlag Hans-Dieter Heinz. p. 142. ISBN 978-3-88099-422-5 . ^ "Historical Memorial at Mohács" . Hungarystartshere.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24 . Retrieved 2010-08-29 . ^ "Visitors' center at Mohács battlefield memorial site inaugurated – Caboodle.hu" . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . References [ edit ] Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453 , C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000. Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568 , Osprey Publishing, 1988. Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 , Osprey Publishing, 2003.
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Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary , Cambridge University Press, 2001. Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups , Greenwood Press, 2000. Palffy, Geza . The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs. History Foundation , Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ISBN 975-7306-91-6 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Mohács (1526) . Battle of Mohács, HD video with realistic period dresses and military units, and English subtitles The Fall of The Medieval Kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526 - Buda 1541 v t e Wars and battles involving Croatia Medieval wars and battles 8th/9th-century battles Siege of Trsat Rebellion of Ljudevit Battle of Kupa Battle of Makarska (887) Croatian–Hungarian wars Battle of Drava River (925) Battle of Gvozd Mountain Croatian–Bulgarian wars Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927 Siege of Zadar (998) Croatian-Venetian wars Battle of Omiš (948) Battle of Lastovo (1000) Siege of Zadar (1345–46) High and Late Middle Ages wars and battles Siege of Zadar Fourth Crusade Fifth Crusade Battle of Mohi Battle of Bliska
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Mashantucket Pequot Tribe - Wikipedia CentralNotice Mashantucket Pequot Tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Coordinates : 41°27′58″N 71°58′28″W / 41.46611°N 71.97444°W / 41.46611; -71.97444 Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Total population Enrolled members: 1,086 Regions with significant populations United States, ( Connecticut ) Languages English, formerly Pequot Religion Christianity Related ethnic groups Mohegan and Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation is a federally recognized American Indian tribe in the state of Connecticut . They are descended from the Pequot people, an Algonquian-language tribe that dominated the southern New England coastal areas, and they own and operate Foxwoods Resort Casino within their reservation in Ledyard, Connecticut . As of 2018, Foxwoods Resort Casino is one of the largest casinos in the world in terms of square footage, casino floor size, and number of slot machines, and it was one of the most economically successful in the United States until 2007, [1] but it became deeply in debt by 2012 due to its expansion and changing conditions. [2] [3] The tribe was federally recognized in 1983 through the Mashantucket Pequot Land Claims Settlement Act. The federal land claims suit was brought by the tribe against the State of Connecticut and the Federal government, charging that the tribe had been illegally deprived of its land through state actions that were not ratified by the Senate. As part of the settlement of this suit, Congress gave federal recognition to the tribe, in addition to approving financial compensation so that the tribe could repurchase lost land. Tribal membership is based on proven lineal descent of 11 Pequot families whose ancestors were listed in the 1900 US Census. [4]
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The Mashantucket Pequot tribe is one of two federally recognized tribes in Connecticut, the other being the Mohegan Indian Tribe . Contents 1 Geography 2 Demographics and membership 3 Government 4 Chairman 5 Economy 6 History 6.1 Pequot War 6.2 Present day 7 Controversies 8 Tribal membership rules 9 Foxwoods 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 12.2 Secondary sources 13 External links Geography [ edit ] The Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation is located in Ledyard, Connecticut in southeastern Connecticut's New London County near the Thames River . It is held in trust for the tribe by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The Tribe also has about 3.47 acres (14,000 m 2 ) of off-reservation land in the town of Preston, Connecticut . Demographics and membership [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Mashantucket Pequot Tribe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mashantucket Pequot population was recorded at 320 in the 1990 census. By 2005, tribal membership had increased to 785. As a federally recognized tribe, the Mashantucket Pequots have the authority to determine their membership criteria. The tribe requires its members to be of proven lineal descent from 11 Mashantucket Pequot ancestors listed in the U.S. census of 1900 and 1910. In 1996, the tribe closed enrollment, with the exception of children born to currently enrolled tribal members.
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The 2000 census showed a resident population of 325 persons living on reservation land, 227 of whom identified themselves as American Indian, while others identify themselves as having more than one ethnicity, including non-Pequot spouses. Since that time, the tribe expanded reservation housing, and members continue to relocate to the reservation as housing becomes available. Government [ edit ] As of 2018, the Mashantucket Pequot Elders Council officers are: Chair—Gary Carter, Sr. Vice-Chair— Marjorie Colebut-Jackson Secretary/Treasurer-Anthony Sebastian The seven members of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Council are: Chair—Rodney A. Butler Vice-Chair—Crystal Whipple Secretary—Matthew Pearson Treasurer—Jean Swift Councilor—Daniel Menihan Councilor—Merrill Reels Councilor—Latoya Cluff The current administration's seven-member council has stated that the tribe's priorities are protecting tribal sovereignty, focusing on the educational, emotional, and physical well-being of members, and working to leverage the tribe's financial and economic strengths through partnership initiatives, both locally and abroad. Mashantucket Pequot's most recent efforts include investment in North Stonington, Connecticut . Development of the Lake of Isles golf course has proven to be a positive addition to the town's tax base. [1] Council members are elected by popular vote of the tribal membership to three-year, staggered terms. There are roughly 500 eligible voting members of the tribe, which numbered 1086 in 2018. Tribal Members must be at least 18 years old and in good standing with the tribe to be eligible to vote.
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Chairman [ edit ] Richard Arthur Hayward , 1975 to 1998. Kenneth M. Reels, 1998 to 2003. Michael Thomas, 2003 to 2009. Rodney Butler, 2010 to present. Economy [ edit ] The Mashantucket Pequots have operated one of the largest resort casinos in the world since 1992. The University of Connecticut analyzed the Foxwoods casino's effects on the Connecticut economy, and their report stated that it had a positive economic impact on the neighboring towns of Ledyard, Preston, and North Stonington, as well as the state of Connecticut, which has received more than $4 billion in slot revenue. [5] History [ edit ] The Mashantucket Pequots are descendants of the historic Pequot tribe, an Algonquian -speaking people who dominated the coastal area from the Niantic River of Connecticut east to the Pawcatuck River which forms a border with Rhode Island , and south to Long Island Sound . A second descendant group is the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation , which is not recognized by the Federal government. During the colonial years, colonists recorded inter-tribal warfare, shifts in boundaries, and changes in power among the tribes. Scholars believe that the Pequots migrated from the upper Hudson River Valley into central and eastern Connecticut around 1500. William Hubbard wrote Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England in 1667 to explore the ferocity with which the Pequot tribe had attacked the colonists. He described them as invaders from "the interior of the continent" who "by force seized upon one of the places near the sea, and became a Terror to all their Neighbors." [6] Contemporary scholars suggest that archaeological, linguistic, and documentary evidence show that the Pequots were indigenous for centuries in the Connecticut Valley before the arrival of settlers. [7] [8] [9]
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By the time that Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay colony were being established, the Pequots had established military dominance among Indian tribes in central and eastern Connecticut. They numbered some 16,000 in the most densely inhabited portion of southern New England. [10] The smallpox epidemic of 1616–19 killed roughly 90-percent of the Indians on the eastern coast of New England, but it failed to reach the Pequot, Niantic and Narragansett tribes, and this assisted the Pequots in their rise to dominance. But the Massachusetts smallpox epidemic in 1633 devastated the region's Indian population, and historians estimate that the Pequots suffered the loss of 80-percent of their entire population. By the outbreak of the Pequot War in 1637, their numbers may have been reduced to about 3,000 in total. [11] Pequot War [ edit ] Main article: Pequot War In 1637, Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay colonies overwhelmed the Pequots during the Pequot War . This followed the Indians' attack on Wethersfield, Connecticut that left several settlers dead. The military force of the two colonies was led by John Mason and John Underhill , and they launched an assault on the Pequot stronghold at Mystic, Connecticut , killing a significant portion of the Pequot population. [12] The colonists enslaved some of the surviving Pequots, sending some to the West Indies as labor on sugar cane plantations, putting others to indentured servitude as household servants in New England. Most of the survivors, however, were transferred to the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes. [13] A few Pequots returned to the reservation years later, and they intermarried with the colonists. Many of the Pequot descendants, while multi-racial, retained a sense of culture and continuity. [14]
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Present day [ edit ] The Mashantucket Pequot reservation was created by the Connecticut Colony in 1666, but only 13 people lived on the reservation by the time of the 1910 United States Census . [15] Elizabeth George (1894–1973) was the last Pequot living on the reservation and, when she died in 1973, the federal government started planning to reclaim the land since nobody lived on it. Richard "Skip" Hayward was a grandson of Elizabeth George, and he filed a federal land claims suit against the state of Connecticut which challenged the state's sale of 800 acres of reservation lands—an event which had occurred more than 100 years earlier in 1855. [16] The US Department of Justice entered the suit, as it dealt with Federal issues and the legality of the state action. On October 18, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed the Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement Act which included Federal recognition of the Mashantucket Pequot tribe. They were the eighth American Indian tribe to gain Federal recognition through an act of Congress rather than through the administrative process of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Department of Interior. [17] The Mashantucket Pequots have since added to their land holdings by purchase and placed the additional lands into trust with the BIA on behalf of the tribe. As of the 2000 census , their total land area was 2.17 square miles (5.6 km 2 ). [18]
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Controversies [ edit ] The Bureau of Indian Affairs had established criteria by which tribes seeking recognition had to document cultural and community continuity, a political organization, and related factors. Among the criteria are having to prove continuous existence as a recognized community since 1900, with internal government and tribal rules for membership. In 1993, Donald Trump said that the owners of Foxwoods casino "did not look like real Indians." [19] [20] He became a key investor with the Paucatuck Eastern Pequots who were seeking federal recognition. [21] In his book Without Reservation: The Making of America's Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods the World's Largest Casino (2001), Jeff Benedict argues that the Mashantuckets are not descended from the historical Pequot tribe, but rather from the Narragansett tribe . [16] Spokesmen for the Pequots denounced the book and asserted that Benedict's genealogical research was inherently flawed, as it failed to reflect the correct descendant lineages for the Mashantucket Pequot people identified on the 1900 and 1910 US Censuses. Laurence Hauptman argued with Benedict's assertions on the genealogy of current members, [4] and anthropologist Katherine A. Spilde also criticized it. [22] In 2002, the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation of North Stonington, Connecticut briefly gained federal recognition, as did the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation in 2004. The State of Connecticut challenged these approvals, however, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs revoked recognition of both in 2005. It was the first time since the 1970s that the agency had terminated any federally recognized tribe.
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Tribal membership rules [ edit ] The Mashantucket Pequot tribe receives numerous requests from individuals applying for admission as members. They base tribal membership on an individual proving descent, by recognized genealogical documentation, from one or more members of eleven families included on the 1900 US census of the tribe. [4] Each federally recognized tribe has the authority to set its own membership/citizenship rules. Their descent rules are similar to the Cherokee Nation 's reliance on proven direct descent from those Cherokee listed in the early 20th-century Dawes Rolls . CBS News reported in May 2000 that the tribal council had dropped the requirement that tribal applicants have any Mashantucket Pequot blood. [23] However, the tribe has since begun to require genetic testing of newborn children whose parents are tribal members, to establish maternity and paternity. [24] Foxwoods [ edit ] Mashantucket Pequot Museum Exterior In 1986, Skip Hayward and financial backers built a high-stakes bingo hall on reservation land, and later they added other facilities. In 1992, the Mashantucket Pequots opened Foxwoods casino, which is now one of the largest casinos in the world. Adjacent to Foxwoods is the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center which interprets Pequot history and culture. The museum hosts local and international indigenous artists and musicians, as well as mounting changing exhibits of artifacts throughout the year.
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See also [ edit ] Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement Foxwoods Resort Casino Indian gaming Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Mashantucket Pequot Reservation Archeological District , a U.S. National Historic Landmark Wetu References [ edit ] ^ a b Jessica Durkin, "Mashantucket Election Returns Council Incumbents," Norwich Bulletin , 7 November 2005 ^ Associated Press, "Indian casinos struggle to get out from under debt," FOX News online, 21 January 2012 ^ Michael Sokolove, "Foxwoods is fighting for its life" , New York Times Magazine , 14 March 2012 ^ a b c Laurence M. Hauptman, "A Review" of Jeff Benedict’s Without Reservation: The Making of America’s Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods, the World’s Largest Casino Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine , Indian Gaming , 17 March 2009 ^ EconPapers Online ^ William Hubbard, The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845), vol. 2, pp. 6–7. ^ For archaeological investigations, see Irving Rouse, "Ceramic Traditions and Sequences in Connecticut", Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 21 (1947): 25; Kevin McBride, Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984), pp. 126–28, 199–269; and Means, "Mohegan-Pequot Relationships", 26–33 ^ Alfred A. Cave, "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27–44 ^ Truman D. Michelson, "Notes on Algonquian Language", International Journal of American Linguistics 1 (1917): 56–57.
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^ Dean R. Snow and Kim M. Lamphear, "European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics", Ethnohistory 35 (1988): 16–38. ^ Refer to Sherburne F. Cook, "The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians", Human Biology 45 (1973): 485–508; and Arthur E. Speiro and Bruce D. Spiess, "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication", Man in the Northeast 35 (1987): 71–83. ^ For Mason and Underhill's first-person accounts, refer to John Mason, A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637 (Boston: S. Kneeland & T. Green, 1736); and John Underhill, Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado (London: I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, 1638). ^ Lion Gardiner, "Relation of the Pequot Warres" in History of the Pequot War: The Contemporary Accounts of Mason, Underhill, Vincent, and Gardiner (Cleveland, 1897), p. 138; Ethel Boissevain, "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves", Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114; and Karen O. Kupperman , Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 172.
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^ "Family Behind Foxwoods Loses Hold in Tribe" , The New York Times , June 2, 2007 , retrieved 2015-10-11 ^ "Thirteenth Census of the United States taken in the year 1910", United States Bureau of the Census , (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912–1914). ^ a b Jeff Benedict (2001), Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino , New York: Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-093196-4 , retrieved 2007-02-14 ^ Mashantucket Pequot Indian Claims Settlement Act (1983), S. 366. ^ Connecticut – American Indian Area , Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 , U.S. Census Bureau ^ "Donald Trump's Long History of Clashes with Native Americans" , Washington Post , 25 July 2016 ^ "Connecticut Tribal Leaders Speak Out against Trump's Remarks" , FOX 61, 07 July 2016 ^ "Trump, the Connecticut Years" , Hartford Courant , 13 October 2016 ^ Katherine A. Spilde, "A Review": Jeff Benedict, Without Reservation: The Making of America’s Most Powerful Indian Tribe and Foxwoods, the World’s Largest Casino Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine , Indian Gaming , 17 March 2009 ^ "Are Pequots Really Pequots?" . www.cbsnews.com . CBS News . 23 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 April 2019 . ^ Reprint: Karen Kaplan, "Ancestry in a Drop of Blood" Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine , Los Angeles Times , 30 August 2005, RaceSciWebsite, accessed 17 March 2009
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Further reading [ edit ] Primary sources [ edit ] Hubbard, William. The History of the Indian Wars in New England 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1845). Mason, John. A Brief History of the Pequot War: Especially of the Memorable taking of their Fort at Mistick in Connecticut in 1637/Written by Major John Mason, a principal actor therein, as then chief captain and commander of Connecticut forces; With an introduction and some explanatory notes by the Reverend Mr. Thomas Prince (Boston: Printed & sold by. S. Kneeland & T. Green in Queen Street, 1736). Mather, Increase. A Relation of the Troubles which have Hapned in New-England, by Reason of the Indians There, from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675 (New York: Arno Press, [1676] 1972). Underhill, John. Nevves from America; or, A New and Experimentall Discoverie of New England: Containing, a True Relation of their War-like Proceedings these two yeares last past, with a figure of the Indian fort, or Palizado. Also a discovery of these places, that as yet have very few or no inhabitants which would yeeld special accommodation to such as will plant there . . . By Captaine Iohn Underhill, a commander in the warres there (London: Printed by I. D[awson] for Peter Cole, and are to be sold at the signe of the Glove in Corne-hill neere the Royall Exchange, 1638).
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Mashantucket Pequot Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Connecticut United States Census Bureau Vincent, Philip. A True Relation of the late Battell fought in New England, between the English, and the Salvages: With the present state of things there (London: Printed by M[armaduke] P[arsons] for Nathanael Butter, and Iohn Bellamie, 1637). Secondary sources [ edit ] Benedict, Jeff. Without Reservation: How a Controversial Indian Tribe Rose to Power and Built the World's Largest Casino (New York, NY: Perennial, 2001). Review: Without Reservation , Indian Gaming Boissevain, Ethel. "Whatever Became of the New England Indians Shipped to Bermuda to be Sold as Slaves," Man in the Northwest 11 (Spring 1981), pp. 103–114. Cave, Alfred A. "The Pequot Invasion of Southern New England: A Reassessment of the Evidence", New England Quarterly 62 (1989): 27–44. Cave, Alfred A. The Pequot War (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press , 1996). Eisler, Kim Isaac. Revenge of the Pequots: How a Small Native American Tribe Created the World's Most Profitable Casino (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2001). Fromson, Brett Duval. Hitting the Jackpot: The Inside Story of the Richest Indian Tribe in History (New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003). Hauptman, Laurence M. & James D. Wherry, eds. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993).
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McBride, Kevin. "The Historical Archaeology of the Mashantucket Pequots, 1637–1900", in Laurence M. Hauptman and James Wherry, eds. Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), pp. 96–116. McBride, Kevin. "Prehistory of the Lower Connecticut Valley" (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1984). https://books.google.com/books/about/Facing_East_from_Indian_Country.html?id=NXCxAl75LfIC [ Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America ], (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). Simmons, William S. Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore, 1620–1984 (Dartmouth, NH: University Press of New England, 1986). Spiero, Arthur E., and Bruce E. Speiss. "New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication," Man in the Northeast , 35 (1987): 71–83. Vaughan, Alden T. "Pequots and Puritans: The Causes of the War of 1637", William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 256–269; also republished in Roots of American Racism: Essays on the Colonial Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). External links [ edit ] Map of the Mashantucket Pequot Reservation, 2009 , US Census Bureau "The Pequot" , Foxwoods Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement , Pub. L. No. 98-134, 97 Stat. 851 (codified at 25 U.S.C. §§ 1751–60), 1983 Pequot History , Dick Shovel National Indian Gaming Association (NIGA) v t e Municipalities and communities of New London County, Connecticut , United States County seat : New London Cities
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Groton New London Norwich Towns Bozrah Colchester East Lyme Franklin Griswold Groton Lebanon Ledyard Lisbon Lyme Montville North Stonington Old Lyme Preston Salem Sprague Stonington Voluntown Waterford Boroughs Jewett City Stonington CDPs Baltic Conning Towers Nautilus Park Gales Ferry Long Hill Mystic Niantic Noank Old Mystic Oxoboxo River Pawcatuck Poquonock Bridge Other communities Burnett's Corner Graniteville Greeneville Groton Long Point Hanover Jordan Lords Point Norwichtown Oswegatchie Poquetanuck Preston City Quaker Hill Taftville Uncasville Indian reservations Golden Hill Paugussett reservation ‡ Mashantucket Pequot reservation Mohegan reservation Paucatuk Eastern Pequot reservation Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Connecticut portal United States portal NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1329 Cached time: 20191206162351 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.476 seconds Real time usage: 0.681 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1834/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 50438/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4150/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/40 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21740/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.200/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5.15 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 574.542 1 -total 24.01% 137.921 1 Template:Reflist 15.94% 91.587 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group 15.94% 91.565 2 Template:Citation 14.57% 83.695 1 Template:More_citations_needed 13.97% 80.244 1 Template:New_London_County,_Connecticut 13.53% 77.727 1 Template:Coord
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Violeta Parra - Wikipedia CentralNotice Violeta Parra From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Violeta Parra Violeta Parra in the 1960s Background information Birth name Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval Born ( 1917-10-04 ) 4 October 1917 San Carlos , Chile Origin San Carlos, Chile Died 5 February 1967 (1967-02-05) (aged 49) Santiago , Chile Genres Folk , experimental , nueva canción , cueca Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter , Visual arts [1] Instruments Vocals , Guitar , Charango , Cuatro , Percussion Years active 1939–1967 Labels EMI-Odeon Alerce Warner Music Group (all posthumous) Associated acts Víctor Jara , Quilapayún , Inti-Illimani , Patricio Manns , Illapu , Ángel Parra , Isabel Parra , Roberto Parra , Sergio Ortega , Margot Loyola , Pablo Neruda , Nicanor Parra , Soledad Bravo , Daniel Viglietti , Mercedes Sosa , Joan Baez , Holly Near , Elis Regina , Dean Reed , Silvio Rodríguez Website Official Website Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval ( Spanish pronunciation: [bjoˈleta ˈpara] ; 4 October 1917 – 5 February 1967) was a Chilean composer, singer-songwriter, folklorist , ethnomusicologist and visual artist . [2] She pioneered the Nueva Canción Chilena (The Chilean New Song), a renewal and a reinvention of Chilean folk music that would extend its sphere of influence outside Chile. Parra is acknowledged as "the Mother of Latin American folk".
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Her birthdate (4 October) was chosen "Chilean Musicians' Day". In 2011, Andrés Wood directed a biopic about her, titled Violeta Went to Heaven (Spanish: Violeta se fue a los cielos ). Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 First appearances 1.3 The folklorist 1.4 First trip to Europe 1.5 Second trip to Europe 1.6 Return to South America 1.7 "Gracias a la Vida" 1.8 "Volver a los Diecisiete" 1.9 Death and legacy 2 Film 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Posthumous discography 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Biography [ edit ] Early years [ edit ] There is some uncertainty as to exactly where Violeta Parra was born. The stamp on her birth certificate says she was born in San Carlos, Ñuble Province , a small town in southern Chile on 4 October 1917, as Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval. [3] However, both the Violeta Parra Foundation (Fundación Violeta Parra) and the Violeta Parra Museum (Museo Violeta Parra) claim on their websites that she was born in San Fabián de Alico, near San Carlos. [4] [5] She was one of nine children in the prolific Parra family . Her father, Nicanor Parra Alarcón, was a music teacher. Her mother, Clarisa Sandoval Navarrete had grown up in the countryside and was a seamstress. She sang and played the guitar, and taught Violeta and her siblings traditional folk songs. [6] Among her brothers were the notable modern poet, better known as the "anti-poet", Nicanor Parra (1914-2018), and fellow folklorist Roberto Parra (1921-1995). Her son, Ángel Parra , and her daughter, Isabel Parra , are also important figures in the development of the Nueva Canción Chilena . Their children have also mostly maintained the family's artistic traditions.
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Violeta Parra's family lived in poverty and was constantly moving throughout her childhood in search of work. Unemployment led her father to alcoholism. [ citation needed ] Two years after Violeta's birth, the family moved to Santiago, then, two years later, to Lautaro and, finally, in 1927, to Chillán. It was in Chillán that Violeta started singing and playing the guitar, together with her siblings Hilda, Eduardo and Roberto; and soon began composing traditional Chilean music. After Parra's father died in 1929, the life circumstances of her family greatly deteriorated. Violeta and her siblings had to work to help feed the family. [7] In 1932, at the insistence of her brother Nicanor, Parra moved to Santiago to attend the Normal School , staying with relatives. Later, she moved back with her mother and siblings to Edison street, in the Quinta Normal district. First appearances [ edit ] The Parras performed in nightclubs, such as El Tordo Azul and El Popular, in the Mapocho district, interpreting boleros , rancheras , Mexican corridos and other styles. In 1934, she met Luis Cereceda, a railway driver, whom she married four years later, and with whom she had two children, Isabel (born 1939) and Ángel (born 1943). Her husband was a militant communist. At his side, Parra became involved in the progressive movement and the Communist Party of Chile , [8] taking part in the presidential campaign of Gabriel González Videla in 1944.
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Parra began singing songs of Spanish origin, from the repertoire of the famous Argentinian singers Lolita Torres and Imperio Argentina . She sang in restaurants and, also, in theatres, calling herself Violeta de Mayo. In 1945, she appeared with her children Isabel and Angel in a Spanish show in the Casanova confectionery. In 1948, after ten years of marriage, Parra and Luis Cereceda separated. Parra and her sister Hilda began singing together as "The Parra Sisters", and they recorded some of their work on RCA VICTOR. In 1949, Violeta met and married Luis Arce. Their daughter Carmen Luisa was born in the same year. Parra continued performing: she appeared in circuses and toured, with Hilda and with her children, throughout Argentina. The folklorist [ edit ] In 1952, Parra's third daughter, Rosita Clara, was born. In that same year, encouraged by her brother Nicanor, Violeta began to collect and collate authentic Chilean folk music from all over the country. [9] She abandoned her old folk-song repertoire, and began composing her own songs based on traditional folk forms. She gave recitals at universities, presented by the well-known literary figure Enrique Bello Cruz, founder of several cultural magazines. Soon, Parra was invited to the "Summer School" at the University of Concepción. She was also invited to teach courses in folklore at the University of Iquique. In Valparaiso, she was presented at the Chilean-French Institute.
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Parra's two singles for EMI Odeon label: "Que Pena Siente el Alma" and "Verso por el Fin del Mundo", and "Casamiento de Negros" and "Verso por Padecimiento" brought her a good measure of popularity. Don Isaiah Angulo, a tenant farmer, taught her to play the guitarrón , a traditional Chilean guitar-like instrument with 25 strings. Along the way, Parra met Pablo Neruda , who introduced her to his friends. In 1970, he would dedicate the poem "Elegia para Cantar" to her. Between January and September 1954, Parra hosted the immensely successful radio program Sing Violeta Parra for Radio Chilena. The program was most often recorded in places where folk music was performed, such as her mother's restaurant in Barrancas. At the end of 1954, Parra participated in another folkloric program, for Radio Agriculture. First trip to Europe [ edit ] Violeta was invited to the World Festival of Youth and Students , in Warsaw , Poland , in July 1955. She then moved to Paris, France, where she performed at the nightclub "L'Escale" in the Quartier Latin. Meanwhile, back in Santiago her daughter Rosita Clara died (aged 3). Violeta made contacts with European artists and intellectuals. Through the intervention of the anthropologist Paul Rivet, she recorded at the National Sound Archive of the "Musée de l'Homme" La Sorbonne in Paris, where she left a guitarrón and tapes of her collections of Chilean folklore. She travelled to London to make recordings for EMI-Odeon and radio broadcasts from the BBC. Back in Paris, in March 1956, she recorded 16 songs for the French label " Chant du Monde " which launches its first two records with 8 songs each.
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In November of 1957, Violeta returned to Chile and recorded the first LP of the series The Folklore of Chile for the EMI Odeon label, Violeta Parra and her Guitar ( Canto y Guitarra ), which included three of her own compositions. She followed with the second volume of The Folklore of Chile in 1958, Acompañada de Guitarra . In 1959, she released La cueca and La tonada . The following year, she founded the National Museum of Folkloric Art (Museo Nacional de Arte Folklórico) in Concepción, under the University of Concepción (Universidad de Concepción). [10] During this time, she composed many décimas, a Latin American poetry form for which she is well known. [11] In the following years, she built her house “Casa de Palos” on Segovia Street, in the municipality of La Reina. She continued giving recitals in major cultural centers in Santiago, travelling all over the country to research, organize concerts, and give lectures and workshops about folklore. She travelled north to investigate and record the religious festival "La Tirana". Violeta Parra exerted a significant influence on Héctor Pavez and Gabriela Pizarro , who would become great performers and researchers in their own right. The product of this collaboration is evident in the play "La Celebración de la Minga" staged at the Teatro Municipal de Santiago. She composed the music for the documentaries Wicker and Trilla , and contributed to the film Casamiento de negros , performed by Sergio Bravo .
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She wrote the book Cantos Folklóricos Chilenos , which gathered all the research conducted so far, with photographs by Sergio Larraín and musical scores performed by Gastón Soublette (Santiago, Nascimento, 1979). She also wrote the Décimas autobiográficas , work in verse recounting her from her childhood to her trip to Europe. She developed a serious interest in ceramics, painting and arpillera embroidery. As a result of severe hepatitis in 1959 that forced her to stay in bed, her work as a painter and arpillerista was developed greatly, so much so that that same year, she exhibited her oil paintings and arpilleras at both the First and Second Outdoor Exhibition of Fine Arts in Santiago's Parque Forestal. On 4 October 1960, the day of her birthday, she met Swiss clarinetist Gilbert Favre with whom she became romantically involved. In 1961, she traveled to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she exhibited her paintings, appeared on TV, gave recitals at the Teatro IFT, and recorded an album of original songs for EMI Odeon – which was banned. Second trip to Europe [ edit ] In June 1962 she returned to Santiago. With her children Isabel and Angel, and her granddaughter Tita, she embarked, with the Chilean delegation, for Finland to participate in the 8th "World Festival of Youth and Students" held in Helsinki. After touring the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy and France, Violeta Parra moved to Paris, where she performed at La Candelaria and L'Escale, in the Latin Quarter, gave recitals at the "Théâtre Des Nations" of UNESCO and performed on radio and television with her children.
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She then started living with Gilbert Favre in Geneva, dividing her time between France and Switzerland, where she also gave concerts, appeared in TV and exhibited her art. In 1963 she recorded in Paris, revolutionary and peasant songs, which would be published in 1971 under the title Songs rediscovered in Paris She wrote the book Popular Poetry of the Andes . The Parras took part in the concert of " L'Humanité " (official newspaper of the French Communist Party). An Argentine musician friend recorded at her home a version of "El Gavilán" ("The Hawk"), interpreted by Violeta Parra accompanied by her granddaughter on percussion. Violeta accompanied her children in the LP Los Parra de Chillán for the Barclay label. She began playing the cuatro , an instrument of Venezuelan origin, and the charango , an instrument of the high plateaus. In April 1964 she did an exhibition of her arpilleras, oil paintings and wire sculptures in the Museum of Decorative Arts of the Louvre – the first solo exhibition of a Latin American artist at the museum. In 1965, the publisher François Maspero, Paris, published her book Poésie Populaire des Andes . In Geneva, Swiss television made a documentary about the artist and her work, Violeta Parra, Chilean Embroiderer . Return to South America [ edit ] Favre and Parra returned to South America, in June 1965.
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Violeta recorded two 45s, one with her daughter Isabel and another to instrumental music for cuatro and quena with Gilbert Favre, whom she christened "El Tocador Afuerino" (The outsider musician). Her music now incorporated the Venezuelan cuatro and the charango from the plateaus of northern Chile. EMI Odeon circulated the LP Remembering Chile (a Chilean in Paris) , whose cover was illustrated with her own arpilleras. Soon after, however, Favre and Parra broke up, provoked by his desire to live in Bolivia where he was part of a successful Bolivian music act, Los Jairas. Parra's energy was invested in reviving a unique version of the Peña (now known as “ La Peña de Los Parra ”), a community center for the arts and for political activism. Some have stated she established the first 'peña', but as said by the RAE , places such as these had been called that at least since 1936. Parra's Peña was a tent (somewhat similar looking to a circus tent) that she set up on a 30 x 30 meter piece of land in the Parque La Quintrala, at number 340 Carmen Street, in today's La Reina municipality of Santiago, in the area once known as la Cañada. Her tent hosted musical spectacles where she often sang with her children, and she and her children also lived on the same land. In La Reina, at La Cañada 7200, she also established a cultural center called "La Carpa de la Reina" inaugurated on 17 December 1965. She also installed a folk peña in the International Fair of Santiago (FISA), where she was invited. On the same year, she participated in numerous national television programs and signed a contract with Radio Minería which would be the last radio station to be used as a platform for her work.
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Under the EMI Odeón label, she released the LP La Carpa de La Reina in 1966, featuring three songs performed by Violeta Parra and nine by guest artists announced at the carpa by Violeta herself. She travelled to La Paz to meet with Gilbert Favre, where she regularly appeared in the Peña Naira. She came back to Chile with Altiplano groups, presenting them in her carpa, on television, and in her children's Peña. She also performed in concert at the Chilean southern cities of Osorno and Punta Arenas , invited by René Largo Farias, under the "Chile Ríe y Canta" ("Chile Laughs and Sings") program. Accompanied by her children and Uruguayan Alberto Zapicán, she recorded for RCA Victor the LP The Last Compositions of Violeta Parra . In that year, Favre returned briefly to Chile with his group, but declined to stay, because in the meantime he had married in Bolivia. "Gracias a la Vida" [ edit ] Parra composed her most renowned song, “ Gracias a la Vida ”, in La Paz in 1966. In 1971 the song was popularized throughout Latin America by Mercedes Sosa , and later in Brazil by Elis Regina and in the US by Joan Baez . It remains one of the most covered Latin American songs in history. Other notable covers of this tragic, but widely beloved, folk anthem include the Italian guitar-vocal solo of Adriana Mezzadri and La Oreja de Van Gogh at the 2005 Viña del Mar International Song Festival . [12]
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It has been treated by classically trained musicians such as in the fully orchestrated rendition by conservatory-trained Alberto Cortez . [13] The song has been re-recorded by several Latin artists and Canadian Michael Bublé to gather funds for the Chilean people affected by the earthquake in Chile, February 2010. [14] It opens with a very common shift between A minor and E major chords, then it goes to G7-C/C7 before returning to the Am/E motif. [15] [16] "Gracias a la vida" was written and recorded in 1964–65 [17] following Parra's separation with her long-time partner. It was released in Las Últimas Composiciones (1966), the last album Parra published before taking her life in 1967. [18] Parra's lyrics are ambiguous at first: the song may be read as a romantic celebration of life and individual experience, [19] however the circumstances surrounding the song suggest that Parra also intended the song as a sort of suicide note, thanking life for all it has given her. It may even be read as ironic, pointing out that a life full of good health, opportunity and worldly experience may not offer any consolation to grief and the contradictory nature of the human condition. [20] Gracias a la vida que me ha dado tanto Me dio dos luceros que cuando los abro Perfecto distingo lo negro del blanco
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Y en el alto cielo su fondo estrellado Y en las multitudes el hombre que yo amo Translated into English: Thanks to life, which has given me so much It gave me two bright stars that when I open them, I perfectly distinguish the black from white And in the sky above, her starry backdrop And within the multitudes the man I love "Volver a los Diecisiete" [ edit ] Another highly regarded song – the last she wrote – is "Volver a los Diecisiete" ("Being Seventeen Again"). It celebrates the themes of youthful life, in tragic contrast to her biography. [21] Unlike much popular music, it moves through minor key progression creating an introspective if not melancholy mood and thus has lent itself to classical treatment [22] as well as popular music. Despite its originality, Parra's music was deeply rooted in folk song traditions, as is the case with Nueva Canción in general. [22] Death and legacy [ edit ] In 1967 Parra committed suicide [23] [24] via gunshot. [25] Several memorials were held after her death, both in Chile and abroad. She was an inspiration for several Latin-American artists, such as Victor Jara and the musical movement of the "Nueva Cancion Chilena", which renewed interest in Chilean folklore. In 1992, the Violeta Parra Foundation was founded at the initiative of her children, with the aim to group, organize and disseminate her still-unpublished work.
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Rodolfo Braceli's book Y Ahora, la Resucitada de la Violenta Violeta was adapted into a play called Violeta Viene a Nacer , starring Argentinian actress Virginia Lago in 1993 and 1994. [26] In 1997, with the participation of Violeta Parra Foundation and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, her visual work was exhibited in the Museum of Decorative Arts of the Louvre Museum, Paris. In 2007, the 90th anniversary of her birth was commemorated with an exhibition of her visual work at the Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda and the release of a collection of her art work titled, "Visual Work of Violeta Parra". [27] October 4, 2015, marked the inauguration of the Violeta Parra Museum (Museo Violeta Parra) in Santiago, Chile. [28] On October 4, 2017, Google celebrated her 100th birthday with a Google Doodle . [29] Film [ edit ] Violeta Went to Heaven [30] (Spanish: Violeta se fue a los cielos ) is a 2011 Chilean biopic about singer and folklorist Violeta Parra, directed by Andrés Wood. The film is based on an eponymous book, a biography, written by Ángel Parra, Violeta's son with Luis Cereceda Arenas. Parra collaborated on the film. The film was selected as the Chilean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist.
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The film won Sundance ’s 2012 World Cinema Dramatic Jury Prize. [31] Discography [ edit ] Studio albums [ edit ] Chants et danses du chili Vol. 1 (1956) Chants et danses du chili. Vol. 2 (1956) Violeta Parra, Canto y guitarra. El Folklore de Chile, Vol. I (1956) Violeta Parra, acompañada de guitarra. El Folklore de Chile, Vol. II (1958) La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. III. (1958) La tonada presentada por Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. IV. (1958) Toda Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. VIII (1960) Violeta Parra, guitare et chant: Chants et danses du Chili. (1963) Recordandeo a Chile (Una Chilena en París). (1965) Carpa de la Reina (1966) Las últimas composiciones de Violeta Parra (1967) Posthumous discography [ edit ] Violeta Parra y sus canciones reencontradas en París (1971) Canciones de Violeta Parra (1971) Le Chili de Violeta Parra (1974) Un río de sangre (1975) Presente / Ausente (1975) Décimas (1976) Chants & rythmes du Chili (1991) El hombre con su razón (1992) Décimas y Centésimas (1993) El folklore y la pasión (1994) Haciendo Historia: La jardinera y su canto (1997) Violeta Parra: Antología (1998) Canciones reencontradas en París (1999) Composiciones para guitarra (1999) Violeta Parra – En Ginebra, En Vivo, 1965 (1999) Violeta Parra: Cantos Campesinos (1999)
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Further reading [ edit ] Alcalde, Alfonso: Toda Violeta Parra (biography plus anthology of songs and poems) Ediciones de la Flor. Buenos Aires 1974 Dillon, Lorna. Violeta Parra: Life and Work . Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2017. https://www.academia.edu/31446206/Violeta_Parra_Life_and_Work Dillon, Lorna. "Religion and the Angel's Wake Tradition in Violeta Parra's Art and Lyrics" Taller de letras 59 (2016):91–109. URL: < https://www.academia.edu/31446404/_Religion_and_the_Angels_Wake_Tradition_in_Violeta_Parras_Art_and_Lyrics_Santiago_Taller_de_letras._91-109 > Dillon, Lorna. "Defiant Art: The Feminist Dialectic of Violeta Parra’s Arpilleras." In Identity, Nation, Discourse: Latin American Women Writers and Artists , edited by Claire Taylor, 53–66. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Escobar-Mundaca, A. ' I Don’t Play the Guitar for Applause : Turning the World Upside Down', in Vilches, P., Mapping Violeta Parra’s Cultural Landscapes, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://books.google.pt/books?hl=es&lr=&id=s7E_DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA57&ots=eSpw8j04cb&sig=hda4x5B8hMGVj2k7CWOtgosvKbs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Escobar-Mundaca, A. Translating Poetics: Analysing the Connections Between Violeta Parra's Music, Poetry and Art. PhD thesis, The University of Sussex. 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/84983/ Escobar-Mundaca, A. Violeta Parra, una aproximación a la creación interdisciplinaria . Master Thesis. Universitat de Barcelona: Spain, 2012. URL: < http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/33027 > (accessed: 11 August 2014) Kerschen, Karen. Violeta Parra: By the Whim of the Wind . Albuquerque, NM: ABQ Press, 2010. MANNS, Patricio. Violeta Parra . Madrid: Júcar, 1978; 2ª ed. 1984 PARRA, Ángel. Violeta se fue a los cielos . Santiago de Chile: Catalonia, 2006 PARRA, Eduardo. Mi hermana Violeta Parra . Su vida y su obra en décimas. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones , 1998.
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PARRA, Isabel. El libro mayor de Violeta Parra . Madrid: Michay, 1985. PARRA, Violeta. Violeta Parra, Composiciones para guitarra . Eds. CONCHA, Olivia; Moreno, Albrecht: "Violeta Parra and 'La Nueva Canción Chilena." Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 5 (1986): 108–26. SUBERCASEAUX, Bernardo y LONDOÑO, Jaime. Gracias A La Vida. Violeta Parra, testimonio . Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1976 References [ edit ] ^ Alejandro, Escobar Mundaca, (1 June 2012). "Violeta Parra, una aproximación a la creación interdisciplinaria" . Diposit.ub.edu . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link ) ^ Fernandez Santos, Elsa (4 February 2012). "El País" . El Pais . Retrieved 23 February 2019 . ^ http://munisancarlos.cl/web/index.php/antecedentes/biografia-de-violeta-parra ^ http://www.fundacionvioletaparra.org/trayectoria ^ https://museovioletaparra.cl/historia/ ^ "Fundación Violeta Parra" . Retrieved 23 March 2019 . ^ "Biography Violeta Parra : Interbrigadas" . Web.archive.org . 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2019 . ^ Mundaca, Alejandro Escobar. "La Política en la música de Violeta Parra" . Academia.edu . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ "Violeta Parra 100 años" . Retrieved 23 March 2019 . ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111112162810/http://www.violetaparra.cl/sitio/cronologia ^ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra#cite_note-mcl-6 ^ "La Oreja de Van Gogh – La playa & Gracias a la vida" . YouTube . 17 July 2006 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ "Alberto Cortéz" . YouTube . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ "Gracias a la vida" . Vocesunidasporchile.com . 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 .
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^ "GRACIAS A LA VIDA Chords – Violeta Parra – E-Chords" . E-chords.com . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ "Joan Baez – Gracias A La Vida Lyrics" . Metrolyrics.com . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ "Cancionero de Violeta Parra" . Fundación Violeta Parra. 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . ^ "Gracias a la vida — Violeta Parra – Last.fm" . Last.fm . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ "Violeta Parra, "Gracias a la vida" (Great Moments in Pop Music History) – Britannica Blog" . Web.archive.org . 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2019 . ^ Ortiz, Randy (21 April 2013). "Such a Lovely… Suicide Note?!" . Medium.com . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ "LETRA VOLVER A LOS 17 – Violeta Parra" . musica.com . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ a b "Violeta Parra – Volver A Los 17 – Video, Musik hören & Statistiken bei Last.fm" . Lastfm.de . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ^ Mena, Rosario. "Eduardo Parra: My Sister Violetta Parra" . Nuestro.cl . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . [ dead link ] ^ Arcos, Betto (July 13, 2013). "In 'Violeta Went To Heaven,' A Folk Icon's Tempestuous Life" . NPR . July 13, 2013. ^ Atkinson, Michael (March 26, 2013). "Violeta Went to Heaven: movie review" . Time Out . Retrieved September 27, 2019.
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^ https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra#Fundaci%C3%B3n_Violeta_Parra ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111112162810/http://www.violetaparra.cl/sitio/cronologia ^ https://museovioletaparra.cl/historia/ ^ "Violeta Parra's 100th Birthday" . Google . 4 October 2017. ^ Mundaca, Alejandro Escobar. "Violeta se Fue a los cielos – Alejandro Escobar Mundaca" . Academia.edu . Retrieved 7 September 2018 . ^ Savage, Sophia (16 August 2012). "Sundance Winner 'Violeta Went to Heaven' Goes to Kino Lorber [Trailer]" . Indie Wire . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links [ edit ] Songs, poems, and videos Discography and lyrics Issac 2001 Triptych version of Gracias A la Vida Violeta Parra at Find a Grave Violeta Parra Museum "Violeta Parra" . Discogs.com . Authority control BIBSYS : 90816748 BNE : XX1061145 BNF : cb134789395 (data) GND : 118789732 ISNI : 0000 0000 8169 2678 LCCN : n79077233 MusicBrainz : bb92cd9f-0446-42bb-adc7-b6f7c5bea2e3 NDL : 00472764 NKC : xx0080180 NLA : 35410123 NLA-person : 942679 NLI : 005102691 NTA : 075190281 RKD : 316132 SELIBR : 295502 SNAC : w66x73j2 SUDOC : 028866266 VIAF : 98832002 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 98832002 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1275 Cached time: 20191004143703 Cache expiry: 86400 Dynamic content: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.544 seconds Real time usage: 0.794 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2223/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 54289/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2924/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/40 Expensive parser function count: 22/500
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Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 66659/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.289/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.94 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 718.734 1 -total 33.70% 242.180 1 Template:Reflist 33.66% 241.908 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 31.02% 222.944 1 Template:Infobox 24.99% 179.616 2 Template:Br_separated_entries 20.98% 150.767 1 Template:Birth_date 12.93% 92.938 3 Template:Cite_journal 12.67% 91.044 17 Template:Cite_web 9.55% 68.618 1 Template:Authority_control 8.20% 58.907 1 Template:Cn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:319049-0!canonical and timestamp 20191004143702 and revision id 919586924 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&oldid=919586924 " Categories : Parra family 1917 births 1967 deaths Chilean socialists Chilean folk singers Chilean female singers Chilean singer-songwriters Singers who committed suicide Nueva canción musicians Suicides by firearm in Chile 20th-century singers Female suicides Chilean folklorists Latin music songwriters Chilean autobiographers 20th-century women singers Women autobiographers Women folklorists Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra punctuation All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2019 Use dmy dates from June 2019 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA-person identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers
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The Untouchables (1959 TV series) - Wikipedia CentralNotice The Untouchables (1959 TV series) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Untouchables Genre Crime drama Starring Robert Stack Abel Fernandez Nicholas Georgiade Paul Picerni Steve London Bruce Gordon Neville Brand Narrated by Walter Winchell Theme music composer Nelson Riddle Composer(s) Bill Loose Jack Cookerly Nelson Riddle Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 4 No. of episodes 118 and two-part pilot ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Alan A. Armer Desi Arnaz Leonard Freeman Quinn Martin Jerry Thorpe Producer(s) Alan A. Armer Alvin Cooperman Walter Grauman Bert Granet Paul Harrison Herman Hoffman Sidney Marshall Vincent McEveety Del Reisman Norman Retchin Lloyd Richards Stuart Rosenberg Charles Russell Josef Shaftel Cinematography Robert B. Hauser Glen MacWilliams Charles Straumer Camera setup Single-camera Running time 50 minutes Production company(s) Desilu Productions Langford Productions (1962-1963) (season 4) Distributor Desilu Sales Release Original network ABC Picture format Black and white Audio format Monaural Original release October 15, 1959 ( 1959-10-15 ) – May 21, 1963 ( 1963-05-21 ) The Untouchables is an American crime drama produced by Desilu Productions that ran from 1959 to 1963 on the ABC Television Network. Based on the memoir of the same name by Eliot Ness and Oscar Fraley , it fictionalized Ness's experiences as a Prohibition agent , fighting crime in Chicago in the 1930s with the help of a special team of agents handpicked for their courage, moral character, and incorruptibility, nicknamed the Untouchables . The book was later made into a film in 1987 by Brian De Palma , with a script by David Mamet , and a second, less-successful TV series in 1993.
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A dynamic, hard-hitting action drama, and a landmark television crime series, The Untouchables won series star Robert Stack an Emmy Award for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series in 1960. [1] Contents 1 Series overview 1.1 Controversy 1.2 Episodes and cast 2 Guest stars 3 Broadcast history 4 Legacy 5 Episodes 6 Home media 6.1 Region 1 6.2 Region 2 7 Merchandising 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Series overview [ edit ] Photo of the cast for The Untouchables as seen on Desilu Playhouse: Only Robert Stack (third from left) and Abel Fernandez (second from right) were used in the actual television series. Keenan Wynn is seen here at the right of Robert Stack, Peter Leeds (who played LaMarr Kane, replaced in the series by Chuck Hicks ) is to the right of Wynn, and TV's Kit Carson , Bill Williams as Marty Flaherty (replaced by Jerry Paris in the series), is on the far right. Actor Paul Dubov , who played Jack Rossman (replaced in the series by Steve London ), is missing from this photo. [2] The series originally focused on the efforts of a real-life squad of Prohibition agents employed by the United States Department of the Treasury and led by Eliot Ness (Stack), that helped bring down the bootleg empire of "Scarface" Al Capone, as described in Ness's bestselling 1957 memoir. This squad was nicknamed "The Untouchables", because of their courage and honesty; they could not be bribed or intimidated by the Mob. [3] [4] Eliot Ness himself had died suddenly in May 1957, shortly before his memoir and the subsequent TV adaptation were to bring him fame beyond any he experienced in his lifetime.
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The pilot for the series was a two-part episode entitled "The Untouchables" originally aired on CBS 's Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse on April 20 and 27, 1959. Later retitled "The Scarface Mob", these episodes, which featured Neville Brand as Al Capone, were the only episodes in the series to be more-or-less directly based on Ness's memoir, and ended with the conviction and imprisonment of Capone. CBS, which had broadcast most of Desilu's television output since 1951 beginning with I Love Lucy , was offered the new series following the success of the pilot film. Chairman William S. Paley rejected it on the advice of network vice president Hubbell Robinson. ABC agreed to air the series, and The Untouchables premiered on October 15, 1959. [5] In the pilot movie, the mobsters generally spoke with unrealistic pseudo-Italian accents, but this idiosyncratic pronunciation was dropped when the series debuted. The weekly series first followed the premise of a power struggle to establish a new boss in Capone's absence (for the purpose of the TV series, the new boss was Frank Nitti , although this was contrary to fact). As the series continued, there developed a highly fictionalized portrayal of Ness and his crew as all-purpose crime fighters who went up against an array of gangsters and villains of the 1930s, including Ma Barker , Dutch Schultz , Bugs Moran , Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll , Legs Diamond , Lucky Luciano , and in one episode, Nazi agents.
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The terse narration by gossip columnist Walter Winchell , in his distinctive New York accent, was a stylistic hallmark of the series, along with its melancholy theme music by Nelson Riddle and its shadowy black-and-white photography, influenced by film noir . Controversy [ edit ] Stack as Eliot Ness with Gloria Talbott , 1962 The show drew harsh criticism from some Italian-Americans, including Frank Sinatra , [6] who felt it promoted negative stereotypes of them as mobsters and gangsters. The Capone family unsuccessfully sued CBS, Desilu Productions, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation for their depiction of the Capone family. In the first episode of the first season, the character of "Agent (Rico) Rossi", a person of Italian extraction who had witnessed a gangland murder, was added to Ness's team. On March 9, 1961, Anthony Anastasio , chief of the Brooklyn waterfront and its International Longshoremen's Association , marched in line with a picket group who identified themselves as "The Federation of Italian-American Democratic Organizations". In protest formation outside the ABC New York headquarters, they had come together to urge the public boycott of Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company (L&M) products, including Chesterfield cigarettes, the lead sponsor of The Untouchables . They expressed displeasure with the program, which to them vilified Italian-Americans, stereotyping them as the singular criminal element. The boycott and the attendant firestorm of publicity had the effect Anastasio and his confederates wanted. Four days after the picket of ABC, L&M, denying it had bowed to intimidation, announced it would drop its sponsorship of The Untouchables , maintaining the decision was based on network-scheduling conflicts. The following week, the head of Desilu , Desi Arnaz (who had attended high school with Capone's son Albert ), in concert with ABC and the " Italian-American League to Combat Defamation ", issued a formal three-point manifesto:
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There will be no more fictional hoodlums with Italian names in future productions. There will be more stress on the law-enforcement role of "Rico Rossi", Ness's right-hand man on the show. There will be an emphasis on the "formidable influence" of Italian-American officials in reducing crime and an emphasis on the "great contributions" made to American culture by Americans of Italian descent. [7] The series also incurred the displeasure of the powerful director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , J. Edgar Hoover , when the fictionalized scripts depicted Ness and his Treasury agents involved in operations that were actually the province of the FBI. The second episode of the series, for example, depicted Ness and his crew involved in the capture of the Ma Barker gang, an incident in which the real-life Ness played no part. The producers agreed to insert a spoken disclaimer on future broadcasts of the episode stating that the FBI had primary responsibility for the Barker case. The Untouchables was an unusually violent program for its time and its excessive violence and surprisingly frank depictions of drug abuse and prostitution were described by the National Association for Better Radio and Television as "not fit for the television screen". [8] In an article titled "The New Enemies of 'The Untouchables'" [9] Ayn Rand argued that the persistent, superficial attacks received by The Untouchables were due to its appeal and its virtues: its moral conflict and moral purpose.
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Episodes and cast [ edit ] The cast from left: Abel Fernandez, Nicholas Georgiade, Paul Picerni, (seated) Robert Stack (not shown: Steve London) Neville Brand as Al Capone The series had 118 episodes which ran 50 minutes each. Though the book chronicled the experiences of Ness and his cohorts against Capone, and in reality the Untouchables disbanded soon after Capone's conviction, the series continued after the pilot and book ended, depicting the fictitious further exploits of the Untouchables against many, often real life, criminals over a span of time ranging from 1929 to 1935. The television episodes were broadcast in no chronological timeline, but were set mostly in the early 1930s (for example, one episode, "You Can't Pick the Number", begins with Winchell's words, "October 1932: the depth of the Depression "), and another episode "Canada Run" begins at Chicago Stadium at the NFL Playoff Game on December 18th 1932. A few episodes were set primarily in a locale other than Chicago (such as the one dealing with the shootout involving Ma Barker and her gang.) Characters and "facts" in the majority of the episodes were more often than not entirely fictitious or loosely based composites of true-life criminals of that era. The gripping theme music was by Nelson Riddle. Quinn Martin produced the show's first season, which contained elements that could be found in future TV series produced by Martin. [10]
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The most prominent Untouchables were portrayed by: Robert Stack as Agent Eliot Ness Abel Fernandez as Agent William Youngfellow Nicholas Georgiade as Agent Enrico "Rico" Rossi Paul Picerni as Agent Lee Hobson, (second season on) Steve London as Agent Jack Rossman (portrayed in the pilot by Paul Dubov ) Other Untouchables members who were prominent at first, but didn't last past the pilot or the first season, were portrayed by : Jerry Paris as Agent Martin Flaherty, (first season only-portrayed in the pilot by Bill Williams ) Chuck Hicks as Agent LaMarr Kane (first season only-portrayed in the pilot by Peter Leeds ) Anthony George as Agent Cam Allison, (first season only) Keenan Wynn as Agent Joe Fuselli (pilot episode only) Eddie Firestone as Agent Eric Hansen (pilot episode only) Robert Osterloh as Agent Tom Kopka (pilot episode only) In addition to the Untouchables themselves, there were several recurring allies in more than one episode: Frank Wilcox as Federal District Attorney Beecher Asbury Robert Bice as Police Capt. Johnson Jason Wingreen as Police Capt. Dorset Raymond Bailey as US Attorney for New York John Carvell Barbara Nichols as Brandy La France, showgirl and wife/widow of an informant, appearing in both the pilot and premiere Dane Clark as Dr. Victor Garr John Gabriel as Dr. Daniel Gilford Barbara Stanwyck as Lt. Agatha Stewart, head of the Missing Persons Bureau
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Ed Asner as Frank, one of Agatha Stewart's assistants Virginia Capers as June, one of Agatha Stewart's assistants The show also had several recurrent gangsters, many of them loosely based on real life gangsters of the time period: Frank Nitti , Capone's enforcer who takes over the Chicago mob after Capone is imprisoned, portrayed by Bruce Gordon , and appearing in far more episodes than any other gangster Joe Kulak, portrayed by Oscar Beregi, Jr. Dutch Schultz , portrayed in different episodes by Lawrence Dobkin , Robert J. Wilke , and Warren J. Kemmerling Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik , portrayed in the pilot by Bern Hoffman , and in the series by Nehemiah Persoff George "Bugs" Moran , portrayed in different episodes by Lloyd Nolan , Robert J. Wilke, and Harry Morgan Louis Lepke Buchalter , portrayed in different episodes by Gene Roth , Robert Carricart , and Joseph Ruskin Lucky Luciano , portrayed by Robert Carricart Pete Konitz, portrayed by Carl Milletaire Frankie Resko, portrayed by Grant Richards Al Capone , portrayed by Neville Brand , and appearing only in the 2 hour pilot and a 2 part episode Louis Campagna , portrayed by Frank de Kova Augie Viale, portrayed by John Beradino Little Charlie Sebastino, portrayed by Henry Silva Louis Latito, portrayed by Joe De Santis Archie Devlin, Capone's attorney, portrayed by George N. Neise
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Lucky Quinn, portrayed by John Kellogg Joe Aiello portrayed in different episodes by H. M. Wynant and Grant Richards Phil D'Andrea, portrayed by Wally Cassell , and appearing only in the pilot and premiere "Fur" Sammons, portrayed by Richard Benedict , and appearing only in the pilot and premiere Tony "Mops" Volpe, portrayed by Herman Rudin , and appearing only in the pilot and premiere Finally, heard in every episode, but never shown onscreen: Announcer: Les Lampson Narrator: Walter Winchell Paul Picerni and Nicholas Georgiade were cast as gangsters in Capone and Nitti's mob in the 1959 pilot before being cast in the series. * Steve London's character of Untouchable Jack Rossman (played in the "Scarface Mob" pilot by Paul Dubov ), [11] [12] was in the series since the original season-one series episode, "The Empty Chair", not from season two on as is commonly reported. ** The character of Untouchable William Youngfellow, portrayed by Abel Fernandez, has been mistakenly referred to by Saturday Night Live actor Dan Aykroyd as "Youngblood". This name is incorrect. [13] Guest stars [ edit ] The Untouchables was notable for the large number of past and future motion picture and television stars who appeared as guest stars on the show during its four-year run. These include: (S#=Season number, E#=Episode number) Luther Adler in S2E3 "Nicky", S2E22 "Murder Under Glass", S3E17 "Takeover"
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Richard Anderson in S1E28 "The Frank Nitti Story" Michael Ansara in S2E3 "Nicky" and S2E16 "The Jamaica Ginger Story" Edward Asner as Frank in two episodes, S4E8 "Elegy", S4E13 "Search for a Dead Man", also S3E16 "The Death Tree", S4E1 "The Night They Shot Santa Claus" Jim Backus in S1E15 "Star Witness" Martin Balsam in S3E3 "Tunnel of Horrors", S3E21 "Man in the Middle" William Bendix in S1E9 "The Tri State Gang" Whit Bissell in S1E11 "You Can't Pick the Number" Joan Blondell in S2E18 "The Underground Court" Charles Bronson in S3E16 "The Death Tree" Victor Buono as Melanthos Moon in S2E25 "Mr. Moon" and as Parnise Surigao in S3E13 "The Gang War" James Caan in S4E10 "A Fist of Five" Anthony Caruso in S1E13 "Syndicate Sanctuary" Phyllis Coates in S1E5 "Ain't We Got Fun", S1E28 "The Frank Nitti Story", and S4E10 "A Fist of Five" James Coburn in S2E16 "The Jamaica Ginger Story" Mike Connors in S4E7 "The Eddie O'Gara Story" Richard Conte in S2E15 "The Organization", S4E3 "The Chess Game" Robert Duvall in S4E17 "Blues for a Gone Goose" Peter Falk in S1E26 "The Underworld Bank", as Nate Selko in S3E1 "The Troubleshooter" Betty Field in S1E22 The White Slavers Louise Fletcher in S1E2 "Ma Barker and Her Boys" as a girlfriend to one of Ma's boys Anne Francis in S1E24 "The Doreen Maney Story"
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Harry Guardino in S1E17 "One-Armed Bandits", S2E19 "The Nick Moses Story", S3E25 "The Contract" Connie Hines in S1E24 "The Doreen Maney Story" Brian Keith in S2E16 "The Jamaica Ginger Story" George Kennedy as 'Birdie' the mute in S2E30 "The King of Champagne" Jack Klugman in S3E6 "Loophole", S4E19 "An Eye for an Eye" Gail Kobe in S1E13 "Syndicate Sanctuary", S4E28 "The Torpedo" Martin Landau in S1E7 "Mexican Stake-Out", S3E6 "Loophole" Cloris Leachman in S3E7 "Jigsaw", S3E21 "Man in the Middle" Sam Levene in S2E9 "The Larry Fay Story" Jack Lord in S1E3 "The Jake Lingle Killing" Joe Mantell as George Ricci (Brandy LaFrance's husband) in the 2 hour pilot, and as Giuseppe Zangara in S1E20 "The Unhired Assassin" part 1, & S1E21 "The Unhired Assassin" part 2 Lee Marvin in S2E31 "The Nick Acropolis Story", S3E19 "Element of Danger", S4E10 "A Fist of Five" Robert Middleton as Mayor Anton Cermak in S1E20 "The Unhired Assassin" part 1, & S1E21 "The Unhired Assassin" part 2, also S2E14 "The Mouthpiece" and S2E30 "The King of Champagne" Elizabeth Montgomery as Rusty Heller (received a nomination for the 13th Primetime Emmy Award for an "Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor or Actress in a Single Program") S2E1 "The Rusty Heller Story" (1960) Harry Morgan as Bugs Moran in S4E12 "Doublecross" Vic Morrow in S2E11 "The Tommy Karpeles Story", S3E20 "The Maggie Storm Story"
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J. Carrol Naish in S1E14 "The Noise of Death" Patricia Neal in S3E20 "The Maggie Storm Story" Leslie Nielsen in S1E23 "Three Thousand Suspects" Leonard Nimoy in S3E17 "Takeover" Warren Oates in S3E26 "Pressure" Carroll O'Connor in S3E2 "Power Play", S4E6 "Bird in the Hand" Susan Oliver in S2E15 "The Organization" Nehemiah Persoff as Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik in three episodes, S1E1 "The Empty Chair", S2E29 "The Seventh Vote", S4E12 "Doublecross", also S1E27 "Head of Fire- Feet of Clay", S2E4 "The Waxey Gordon Story", S3E18 "The Stryker Brothers" Robert Redford in S4E15 "Snowball" Madlyn Rhue in S1E27 "Head of Fire- Feet of Clay", S2E11 "The Tommy Karpeles Story" Cliff Robertson in S1E12 "The Underground Railway" Telly Savalas in S2E20 "The Antidote", S3E5 "The Matt Bass Scheme", S4E14 "The Speculator" Henry Silva as Little Charlie Sebastino in two episodes, S1E14 "The Noise of Death", S2E5 "The Mark of Cain", also S3E15 "The Whitey Steele Story" Barbara Stanwyck as Lt. Agatha Stewart in S4E8 "Elegy", S4E13 "Search for a Dead Man" Rip Torn as aka "Pittsburgh Phil" in S2E14 "The Masterpiece", S4E23 "The Spoiler" Claire Trevor as Ma Barker in S1E2 "Ma Barker and her Boys" Lee Van Cleef in S1E20 & E21 "The Unhired Assassin" part 1 & 2 Jack Warden in S1E3 "The George 'Bugs' Moran Story", S1E27 "Head of Fire-Feet of Clay", S2E10 "The Otto Frick Story"
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David White in S1E10 "The Dutch Schultz Story", and S2E1 "The Rusty Heller Story"; in the latter, appearing with his later Bewitched colleague Elizabeth Montgomery Broadcast history [ edit ] The Untouchables originally aired as a segment of the anthology series Desilu Playhouse in 1959. It was picked up as a regular series by ABC for the 1959 season and was aired on Thursdays from 9:30 to 10:30pm from 1959 to 1962, switching to Tuesday evenings from 9:30 to 10:30pm for its final season (1962-63). Desilu Productions president Desi Arnaz had originally offered the role of Ness to Van Johnson . Johnson's wife and manager rejected the deal, and demanded double the salary offer. Arnaz refused and signed Stack instead. Arnaz had had a long business relationship with CBS, which had aired many Desilu programs, including I Love Lucy and The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour . When CBS refused to buy the program, Arnaz sold it to ABC. [14] Neville Brand reprised his role as Al Capone in the 1961 film The George Raft Story . Some segments were released to theaters as movies: The Scarface Mob (from the two-part pilot), The Alcatraz Express (from "The Big Train"), and The Gun of Zangara (from "Unhired Assassin"). On November 10, 1991, NBC ran the two-hour film The Return of Eliot Ness , with Robert Stack as Ness. It was set in 1947, after Capone's death, and depicted Ness investigating the death of an Untouchables agent named Labine.
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Legacy [ edit ] The Untouchables was a landmark television series that has spawned numerous imitators over the decades, such as S.W.A.T. , The F.B.I. , Crime Story , [15] the original Hawaii Five-O (Five-O's creator and executive producer, Leonard Freeman , served as executive producer on The Untouchables ' final season), Robert Stack's two later series, Strike Force and Most Wanted , The Hat Squad , and the 1993 The Untouchables syndicated TV series . It also inspired films such as Al Capone starring Rod Steiger , The Untouchables (with Kevin Costner ), Gangster Squad , Mulholland Falls , and others. [ citation needed ] The Untouchables is one of two series from 1959, the other being The Detectives , together credited with the concept of depicting a group of crime fighters. [ citation needed ] Previously, most TV crime dramas had followed one of two formats: either a duo composed of a stalwart police officer or detective and his trusty sidekick/partner ( Dragnet , The Lineup ), or a lone-wolf private eye or police detective ( Peter Gunn , Richard Diamond , M-Squad ). Warner Bros. Television created the The Roaring 20's (1960-62) TV series based on the film of the same name . Warners spoofed the series in the 1963 Merrie Melodies cartoon short The Unmentionables , with Bugs Bunny playing the role of Elegant Mess, a crime fighter assigned to infiltrate a black market ring operated by Rocky and Mugsy . The series was also spoofed on an episode of the 1961-62 ABC-TV / Hanna Barbara cartoon series Top Cat entitled "The Unscratchables". NBC's Saturday Night Live spoofed The Untouchables several times during the 1970s, with Dan Aykroyd playing Eliot Ness. [16]
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In their 1988 book, The Critics' Choice—The Best of Crime and Detective TV , authors Max Allan Collins and John Javna chose The Untouchables as one of the "Top 10 Best Police TV Series (Police Procedurals) of All Time". [17] [18] The Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News said of The Untouchables : "Between the hard-nosed approach, sharp dialogue, and a commendably crisp pace (something rare in dramatic TV at the time), this series is one of the few that remains fresh and vibrant. Only the monochrome presentation betrays its age. The Untouchables is one of the few Golden Age TV shows that deserves being called a classic." [19] Episodes [ edit ] Main article: List of The Untouchables (1959 TV series) episodes In 1997, the episode "The Rusty Heller Story" was ranked number 99 on TV Guide ' s 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . [20] Home media [ edit ] Region 1 [ edit ] CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment ) have released all four seasons of The Untouchables on DVD in region 1, all digitally remastered from the original negatives and presented uncut, unedited and in its original broadcast order. The first two seasons have also been released in region 4. On May 10, 2016, CBS DVD released The Untouchables- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. [21]
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DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 4 Season 1- Volume 1 14 + pilot April 10, 2007 [22] September 30, 2009 [23] Season 1- Volume 2 14 September 25, 2007 [24] September 30, 2009 [25] Season 2- Volume 1 16 March 18, 2008 [26] September 30, 2009 [27] Season 2- Volume 2 16 August 26, 2008 [28] September 30, 2009 [29] Season 3- Volume 1 16 August 25, 2009 [30] N/A Season 3- Volume 2 12 November 10, 2009 [31] N/A Season 4- Volume 1 15 July 24, 2012 N/A Season 4- Volume 2 15 July 24, 2012 N/A The Complete Series 118 May 10, 2016 N/A Region 2 [ edit ] Paramount Home Entertainment released the first three seasons of The Untouchables on DVD in the UK. These releases are full-season sets as opposed to Region 1 and 4, where each season has been split into two volumes. The complete series (all 4 seasons) was released on DVD in the UK on May 29, 2017 by Medium Rare Entertainment. DVD Name Ep # Release Date Season 1 28 August 18, 2008 [32] Season 2 32 September 14, 2009 [33] Season 3 28 September 20, 2010 [34] Season 4 30 N/A Merchandising [ edit ] The TV show was also adapted into a comic book by Dan Spiegle , distributed by Dell Comics . [35]
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References [ edit ] ^ "Robert Stack" . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20, 2011. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-12 . ^ "YouTube" . YouTube . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ James Mannion. "The Everything Mafia Book: True Life Accounts of Legendary Figures, Infamous ..." Books.google.com. p. 47 . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ "About.com" . Netplaces.com. July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ [1] Archived September 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Talese, Gay : " Frank Sinatra Has a Cold ", page 27. Esquire , April 1966 ^ Harris, Jay S., in association with the editors of TV Guide , " TV Guide: The First 25 Years, " Simon & Schuster, 1978, p. 52-53, ISBN 0-671-23065-4 ^ [2] ^ Ayn Rand. "The Ayn Rand Column" . AynRand.org . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ Etter, Jonathan. Quinn Martin, Producer . Jefferson: McFarland, 2003. ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0239532/ ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056449/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm ^ "SNL Transcripts: Desi Arnaz: 02/21/76: The Untouchables" . Snltranscripts.jt.org. February 21, 1936 . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ Warren G. Harris 'Lucy & Desi' ^ "Crime Story" . Culttvstore.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_912eS5WV7w ^ Max Allan Collins; John Javna. The Best of Crime & Detective Tv the Critics' Choice . Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-57055-6 .
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^ Max Allan Collins; John Javna. The Best of Crime & Detective TV (The Critics' Choice) . Amazon.com. ISBN 9780517570555 . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ Long, Harry H. "From Reel to Disc: 'Gunsmoke' simplistic tale of good versus evil – Lebanon Daily News" . Ldnews.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-12 . ^ "Special Collectors' Issue". TV Guide (June 28 – July 4). 1997. ^ 'The Complete Series' of the 1959 Show Starring Robert Stack Archived February 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Untouchables – Season 1, Vol. 1: Robert Stack, Walter Winchell, Nicholas Georgiade, Paul Picerni, Abel Fernandez, Steve London, Bruce Gordon, Frank Wilcox, Gene Coogan, Michael Jeffers, Robert Bice, Kenner G. Kemp, Bert Granet" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ [3] Archived October 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Untouchables – Season 1, Vol. 2" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ [4] Archived October 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Untouchables: Season 2, Vol. 1: Robert Stack, Bruce Gordon, Neville Brand, Paul Picerni, Robert F. Simon, Abel Fernandez, Nicholas Georgiade, Steve London, Richard Carlyle, Lalo Rios, Lewis Charles, Gavin MacLeod, Don Medford, Herman Hoffman, John Peyser, Paul Wendkos, Stuart Rosenberg, Walter Grauman, Adrian Spies, Charles O'Neal" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 .
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^ [5] Archived September 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Untouchables: Season 2 Volume 2: Robert Stack, Paul Picerni, Nicholas Georgiade, Abel Fernandez, Steve London" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ [6] Archived September 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Untouchables: Season 3 Volume 1: Robert Stack, Walter Winchell, Nicholas Georgiade, Paul Picerni, Abel Fernandez" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ "The Untouchables: Season 3 Volume 2: Robert Stack, Walter Winchell, Nicholas Georgiade, Paul Picerni, Abel Fernandez" . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ "The Untouchables – Season 1: Volumes 1 and 2 DVD 1959: Amazon.co.uk: Robert Stack" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ "The Untouchables: Season 2 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Robert Stack, Nicholas Georgiade, Abel Fernandez, Steve London, Bruce Gordon, Jerry Paris, Frank Wilcox, Barry Russo" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ "Untouchables: Complete Season 3 DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Robert Stack, Walter Winchell, Nicholas Georgiade, Paul Picerni, Abel Fernandez" . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 12, 2015 . ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegle_d.htm Further reading [ edit ] Tucker, Kenneth. Eliot Ness and the Untouchables: The Historical Reality and the Film and Television Depictions . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0772-7 Vahimagi, Tise. "The Untouchables" London, England: BFI Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-85170-563-4 (Detailed study of the series and episode guide)
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External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Untouchables (1959 TV series) . The Untouchables on IMDb The Untouchables at TV.com Encyclopedia of Television Episode Broadcast Dates Unedited open to The Untouchables The Untouchables on YouTube The Untouchables 2 on YouTube internet movie cars database v t e Television series produced or created by Quinn Martin The Untouchables The New Breed Twelve O'Clock High The Fugitive The Invaders Dan August Cannon Banyon Barnaby Jones The F.B.I. The Manhunter The Streets of San Francisco Caribe Bert D'Angelo/Superstar Most Wanted Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected The Runaways A Man Called Sloane v t e The Untouchables Members Eliot Ness Joseph D. Leeson Lyle B. Chapman Samuel Maurice Seager Warren E. Stutzman Paul W. Robsky Martin J. Lahart Bernard V. "Barney" Cloonan Robert D. Sterling Marion A. R. King Others: William Gardner Ulric H. Berard E. A. Moore Thomas J. Friel Unofficial/Disputed: Frank Basile Albert H. Wolff Context Prohibition Volstead Act Investigation Targets Chicago Outfit Al Capone Frank Nitti Law enforcement Bureau of Prohibition Bureau of Internal Revenue Frank J. Wilson Elmer Lincoln Irey Book The Untouchables (1957) Eliot Ness , Oscar Fraley (authors) Media The Untouchables (1959 TV series, episodes ) The Untouchables (1987 film) The Untouchables (1989 video game) The Untouchables (1993 series, episodes ) Related The Untouchables of Elliot Mouse
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