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Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2019, at 01:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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http://web.archive.org/web/20200517102437id_/https://mises.org/library/rise-west_p0
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The Rise of the West | Mises Institute Skip to main content .btn-navbar is used as the toggle for collapsed navbar content Toggle navigation Blog Mises Wire Books Podcast Video Events Store Subscribe Graduate Program Ver en Español /.block Stay Connected /.block GO /.block SUPPORT MISES JOIN OR RENEW TODAY /.block SUPPORT MISES JOIN OR RENEW TODAY /.block Mises Daily Articles GET NEWS AND ARTICLES IN YOUR INBOX Print A A Home | Mises Library | The Rise of the West The Rise of the West 0 Views 한국어 로 읽기 html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd" Tags Free Markets World History 12/29/2017 Robert Higgs Throughout almost the entire span of human history, material privation and chronic insecurity were the norm. Not even those at the peaks of social status and political power could enjoy the creature comforts and consumer delights that "poor" people take for granted in the West today. At times, certain populations fared somewhat better — in ancient Greece and Rome, perhaps, and in China during the Sung Dynasty (960–1279) — but those cases were exceptional. As late as the 14th century, the Chinese probably enjoyed the highest level of living of any large population. Recall the amazement with which Europeans greeted Marco Polo's account of China in the latter part of the 13th century, even though, as Polo declared on his deathbed, he had not described the half of what he had seen. 1 As the Middle Ages waned the Europeans began to make quicker economic progress, while the Chinese lapsed into economic stagnation. Even more remarkable, the economic energy of Europe began to shift away from the great commercial centers of northern Italy and toward the periphery of civilization in northwestern Europe. The barbarians, it seemed, had somehow stumbled onto the secret of economic progress. Henceforth, despite many setbacks, the western Europeans — and later their colonial cousins in North America as well — steadily pulled ahead of the human pack. By the 18th century they had far surpassed the Chinese, not to speak of the world's more backward peoples, and until the late 20th century the gap continued to widen. How did the West succeed in generating sustained economic progress? Historians and social scientists have offered various hypotheses, and so far no single explanation has gained general acceptance. Nevertheless, certain elements of an answer have received wide agreement. The growing individualism of Western culture, rooted in Christian doctrine, seems to have contributed significantly. 2 In addition, the political fragmentation of the European peoples in the high Middle Ages and the early modern period — a political pluralism with hundreds of separate jurisdictions — fostered the institutional and technological experimentation by which entrepreneurs could discover how to make labor and capital more productive. Fundamental to that sustained dynamism was the gradually improving status of private-property rights. So long as people cannot count on a reasonable prospect of reaping the fruits of their efforts and investments, they have little or no incentive to work hard or to accumulate physical, human, and intellectual capital. And without such accumulation, no ongoing economic progress is possible. More reliable private-property rights did not just drop from heaven, however. For the most part, the merchants acquired the protection of such rights by paying off the robber barons and aspiring kings who constituted the fragmented ruling stratum of western Europe. In the extreme, the merchants established political independence in city states where they could exercise complete control over the legal institutions that undergirded their economic activities. "The fact that European civilization has passed through a city-state phase is," according to Sir John Hicks, "the principal key to the divergence between the history of Europe and the history of Asia." 3 In the latter medieval era, Venice, Genoa, Pisa, and Florence led the way. Later, Bruges, Antwerp, Amsterdam, and London took the lead. A town's own militia stood ready to defend it against threats to its politico-economic autonomy. To facilitate their business, the merchants developed their own legal system. Intended to provide quick, cheap, and fair resolution of commercial disputes, this lex mercatoria established institutions and precedents that have survived to the present, and it now finds expression in a vast system of alternative (nonstate) dispute resolution in arbitration proceedings. 4 In some countries, the merchants and manufacturers ultimately used their political influence to embed their customary legal institutions in state-enforced law. Because of Europe's political fragmentation, governments that made life too difficult for the traders tended to lose merchants and their business — and hence a tax base — to competing jurisdictions, and the prospect of such losses motivated rulers to curb their predation and to allow businessmen room to maneuver. 5 In contrast to the merchants of Europe (and later the United States), who could play one government against another in a quest for secure private-property rights, the businessmen of China suffered an inescapable clampdown by their all-embracing imperial government. "By 1500 the Government had made it a capital offense to build a boat with more than two masts, and in 1525 the Government ordered the destruction of all oceangoing ships." Thus, China, whose foreign commerce had been vast and far-reaching for centuries, "set a course for itself that would lead to poverty, defeat and decline." 6 Among many other adverse actions, the Mandarin-dominated government "stopped the development of clocks and water-driven industrial machinery throughout China." 7 In the Islamic world, too, an imperial government quashed economic progress by failing to protect private-property rights and by imposing arbitrary rules and taxes. 8 In the 20th century, the Soviet empire likewise embraced the policy of imposing one big bad idea — central economic planning — that completely suppressed the economic freedom necessary for sustained economic progress. Unfortunately, the Chinese communists, eastern Europeans, and many of the postcolonial governments of the Third World followed the USSR down that road to economic ruin. Nowadays, at long last, it seems that almost everyone has come to understand the nexus of economic freedom and economic growth and to appreciate the vital importance of private-property rights. Yet, everywhere, governments continue to grant privilege seekers countless choke holds on the economy. As history confirms, private-property rights require constant defense, lest the precondition of all economic progress be undermined and destroyed. [This article originally appeared in the Freeman in July 2002. An MP3 audio file of this article, narrated by Colin Hussey, is available for download .]
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1. John Hubbard, "Marco Polo's Asia." 2. Deepak Lal, Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture, and Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 75–97; Michael Novak, "How Christianity Created Capitalism," Wall Street Journal , December 23, 1999. 3. John Hicks, A Theory of Economic History (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 38. 4. See, for example, International Chamber of Commerce, "International Court of Arbitration: International Dispute Resolution Services." 5. Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell, Jr., How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World (New York: Basic Books, 1986), pp. 114–15, 121–23, 136–39. 6. Nicholas D. Kristof, "1492: The Prequel," New York Times Magazine , June 6, 1999, p. 85. 7. Jared Diamond, "The Ideal Form of Organization," Wall Street Journal , December 12, 2000. 8. Lal, pp. 49–67. Author: Robert Higgs Dr. Robert Higgs is retired and lives in Mexico. He was a senior fellow in political economy for the Independent Institute and longtime editor of The Independent Review; he was also a senior fellow of the Mises Institute. He is the 2007 recipient of the Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Cause of Liberty, and the 2015 Murray N. Rothbard Medal of Freedom. Image source: iStock /.block <div class="shield"><div class="icon"></div></div> What Is the Mises Daily The Mises Daily articles are short and relevant and written from the perspective of an unfettered free market and Austrian economics. Written for a broad audience of laymen and students, the Mises Daily features a wide variety of topics including everything from the history of the state, to international trade, to drug prohibition, and business cycles.
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Articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) unless otherwise stated in the article. /.block /#sidebar-second Topics Anti-Politics Big Government Biographies Book Reviews Booms and Busts Bureaucracy and Regulation Capitalism Corporate Welfare Cronyism and Corporatism Decentralization and Secession Economic Freedom Education Fed Watch Financial Markets Free Markets From the Archives Global Economy Health Immigration Inflation Labor and Wages Legal System Media and Culture Monetary Policy Money and Banks Poverty Price Controls Progressivism Protectionism and Free Trade Socialism Strategy Taxes and Spending The Entrepreneur The Environment The Fed The Police State U.S. Economy U.S. History War and Foreign Policy World History /.block Austrian School Austrian Economics Overview Business Cycles Calculation and Knowledge Cantillon Capital and Interest Theory Entrepreneurship Fiscal Theory Gold Standard History of the Austrian School of Economics Interventionism Monetary Theory Money and Banking Money Supply Monopoly and Competition Other Schools of Thought Philosophy and Methodology Political Theory Praxeology Prices Private Property Production Theory Subjectivism Value and Exchange /.block Browse Library Who is Ludwig von Mises? What is the Austrian School of Economics? Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics Journal of Libertarian Studies The Austrian Mises Wire Human Action Podcast Homeschool Resources /.block About the Mises Institute Fellowships & Independent Research What is the Mises Institute? Become a Member Mises Events Mises Bookstore Faculty & Staff Finances and Board Subscribe to Email Lists
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Support Mises Privacy Statement Contact Us /.block Contact Us Mises Institute 518 West Magnolia Avenue Auburn, Alabama 36832-4501 PHONE 334.321.2100 | FAX 334.321.2119 Email Us Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito GET NEWS AND ARTICLES IN YOUR INBOX /.block Stay Connected /.block Website powered by Mises Institute donors Mises Institute is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Contributions are tax-deductible to the full extent the law allows. Tax ID# 52-1263436 /.block [if lte IE 9]> <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__868L4jaQBCbVGfSIq7jaXaqeUGDlHIT3dWAqXtCIxMc__Uu9ZnR1Ma-STVAi-koNmmTZO-KlQY6a4N0G656hsM6U__np6x4mmud-IUhYh3xpa11mR1H2CXV_YtZayu-h4eefw.js#ie9-" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);}; function advagg_mod_1() { // Count how many times this function is called. advagg_mod_1.count = ++advagg_mod_1.count || 1; try { if (advagg_mod_1.count <= 40) { init_drupal_core_settings(); // Set this to 100 so that this function only runs once. advagg_mod_1.count = 100; } } catch(e) { if (advagg_mod_1.count >= 40) { // Throw the exception if this still fails after running 40 times. throw e; } else { // Try again in 1 ms. window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1, 1); } } } function advagg_mod_1_check() { if (window.init_drupal_core_settings && window.jQuery && window.Drupal) { advagg_mod_1(); } else { window.setTimeout(advagg_mod_1_check, 1); } } advagg_mod_1_check();"></script> <![endif] [if gt IE 9]> <script src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__868L4jaQBCbVGfSIq7jaXaqeUGDlHIT3dWAqXtCIxMc__Uu9ZnR1Ma-STVAi-koNmmTZO-KlQY6a4N0G656hsM6U__np6x4mmud-IUhYh3xpa11mR1H2CXV_YtZayu-h4eefw.js#ie10+" defer="defer" onload="if(jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.holdReady)){jQuery.holdReady(true);}; function advagg_mod_1() { // Count how many times this function is called. advagg_mod_1.count = ++advagg_mod_1.count || 1; try { if (advagg_mod_1.count <= 40) { init_drupal_core_settings(); // Set this to 100 so that this function only runs once.
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Scientists Pinpoint Best Age to Learn a Second Language Sat, Jan 18, 2020 Sign In Subscribe Search U.S. World Business Tech & Science Culture Newsgeek Sports Health The Debate Vantage Weather Tech & Science Scientists Pinpoint Best Age to Learn a Second Language By Kashmira Gander On 5/1/18 at 1:49 PM EDT Share Tech & Science Language Updated | Children must start to learn a new language by the age of 10 to achieve the fluency level of a native speaker, a new study has suggested. Evidence indicates it becomes harder to learn a language other than our mother tongue as we progress through adulthood. Now, a new study suggests that children are highly skilled at learning the grammar of a new language up until the age of 17 or 18, much longer than previously thought. But while children will continue to learn quickly past the age of 10, it is unlikely they will become fluent in the new language. Scientists believe this is because they have a smaller time frame before their learning abilities begin to weaken around 17, compared with those trying to pick up the same skills before 10. [if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif] [if IE 9]></video><![endif] Researchers now believe that the period when we can learn a language to a proficient level is longer than previously thought.
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Thought Catalog/Unsplash Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College who authored the study as part of his postdoctoral qualification at MIT, said the team was surprised that a language could largely be mastered until the teen years. He told Newsweek that the findings have wider implications for understanding the mind and the brain. "[In the past] researchers suggested that changes that happen in the brain at around four to five-years-old might be the culprit in our declining ability to learn language. Others focused on changes that happen at puberty. Our finding that the ability to learn language is actually preserved up until early adulthood throws a wrench in that whole discussion," he said. "It means we may need to go back to the drawing board in trying to explain why adults have trouble learning language." To obtain their findings, which were published in the journal Cognition , researchers at MIT and Harvard studied the results of a grammar quiz completed by almost 670,000 participants, the biggest ever data set on language and learning. Past studies have struggled to shed light on the topic as adults and children were tested in lab settings where the former were more likely to be comfortable, thus skewing the results. Instead, researchers documented the grammatical proficiency of people of different ages who started learning English at different points in their lives. The resulting quiz—called Which English?—was designed to challenge non-native speakers. Participants were asked to state whether sentences such as "Yesterday John wanted to won the race" were incorrect. In an attempt to make the test go viral and collect more respondents, the researchers also added questions relating to the grammatical quirks of different English dialects. Participants were asked to include information such as their age when taking the quiz and the age at which they started to learn English. "It's been very difficult until now to get all the data you would need to answer this question of how long the critical period lasts," said Josh Tenenbaum, an MIT professor of brain and cognitive sciences and an author of the paper. "This is one of those rare opportunities in science where we could work on a question that is very old, that many smart people have thought about and written about, and take a new perspective and see something that maybe other people haven't." Further research is now needed to understand why our ability to learn a new language appears to drop past a certain age. "It's possible that there's a biological change. It's also possible that it's something social or cultural," Professor Tenenbaum said. "There's roughly a period of being a minor that goes up to about age 17 or 18 in many societies," he continued. "After that, you leave your home, maybe you work full time, or you become a specialized university student. All of those might impact your learning rate for any language." Professor Hartshorne also emphasized that the study is unique because of its scope. "We tested English-speakers in nearly every country on Earth," he told Newsweek . "And although we didn't focus on it in this paper, we learned a lot about how English varies from place to place and dialect to dialect. It turns out that the grammars of the world Englishes vary in complex and interesting ways." This piece has been updated to include comment from Professor Joshua Hartshorne.
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Request Reprint & Licensing , Submit Correction or view Editorial Guidelines Scientists Pinpoint Best Age to Learn a Second Language | Tech & Science Related Stories Children's Muscles 'Recover Faster that Athletes' New Study Links PMS to Drinking Alcohol Too Much Sugar During Pregnancy May Affect Children Related Stories [if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif] [if IE 9]></video><![endif] Children's Muscles 'Recover Faster that Athletes' [if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif] [if IE 9]></video><![endif] New Study Links PMS to Drinking Alcohol [if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif] [if IE 9]></video><![endif] Too Much Sugar During Pregnancy May Affect Children Choose a Membership That's Perfect for You! Print & Digital Weekly magazine, delivered Daily Newsletter Website access Subscribe Print Only Weekly magazine, delivered Daily Newsletter Website access Subscribe Digital Only Free access to 40+ digital editions Website access Daily Newsletter Subscribe © 2020 Newsweek Editions: U.S. Edition 日本 Pakistan Polska România About Us Corrections Contact Us Editorial Guidelines Advertise Copyright Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms of Sale Archive Announcements Consent preferences
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http://web.archive.org/web/20191113011809id_/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/religion/religions/christianity/saints/stephen.shtml_p0
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BBC - Religions - Christianity: Saint Stephen Pre mast British Broadcasting Corporation Home Accessibility links Skip to content Skip to local navigation Skip to bbc.co.uk navigation Skip to bbc.co.uk search Accessibility Help This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Find out more about page archiving. START PROGRAMMES CONTENT CONTAINER SHELL Religions START MAIN CONTENT AREA Saint Stephen Last updated 2011-09-13 The history of Saint Stephen, an early Christian convert who became the first Christian martyr. LEFT HAND NAV On this page Early life Trial and death Find out more Page options Print this page Early life and conversion Saint Stephen shown with rocks on his head and shoulders © Saint Stephen was one of the first deacons of the Christian Church. He was the first Christian martyr. Stephen is believed to have been a Greek Jew who converted to Christianity. When the number of disciples increased, there was much confusion over the distribution of alms and the serving of the poor. Stephen's trustworthy character marked him out, and he was chosen as one of the seven deacons who would perform this task. An excellent and well trusted orator, his preaching style was so effective that many Jews became worried about his success. They accused him of blasphemy and he was made to stand trial. Top Trial and death by stoning
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At the supreme Jewish law court, the Sanhedrin, Stephen recounted the many mercies that God had given the children of Israel, and the ungrateful way in which they had repaid Him. He accused them of murdering Jesus , whose coming, he said, had been foretold by Moses . This angered the crowd and he was dragged out onto the streets. He was then stoned to death according to the law at that time, an event witnessed by St Paul . It is believed he died around the year 34CE. He is believed to have been initially buried in a grave to the north of Jerusalem, but this body was exhumed and moved to a new grave outside the Damascus Gate. This is where the stoning is believed to have taken place. Stephen is the patron saint of deacons, headaches, horses, coffin makers, and masons. He is often represented carrying a pile of rocks or with rocks on his head. St Stephen's Day is 26th December and it is name checked in the Christmas carol Good King Wenceslas . Top Find out more Early Christian history Top closes Row - single column End: main content area START RHN CONTAINER RELIGION HOMEPAGE BUTTON MORE RELIGIONS BUTTON ATHEISM BAHAI BUDDHISM CANDOMBLE CHRISTIANITY « More Christianity HINDUISM ISLAM JAINISM RASTAFARI SANTERIA SHINTO SIKHISM SPRITUALISM TAOISM
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UNITARIANISM WITNESSES ZOROASTRIAN JUDAISM MORMON PAGANISM New row: new promo module See also Religion and Ethics home Interfaith calendar Ethics guides Around the BBC BBC Guernsey - A saint remembered on Boxing Day Elsewhere on the web Catholic Encyclopedia - St Stephen END RHN CONTAINER BBC iD BBC iD Settings Sign out Search term: BBC navigation News Sport Weather iPlayer TV Radio More… CBBC CBeebies Comedy Food History Learning Music Science Nature Local Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Full A-Z of BBC sites [if IE 6]> <div id="blq-ie6-upgrade"> <p> <span>You're using the Internet Explorer 6 browser to view the BBC website. Our site will work much better if you change to a more modern browser. It's free, quick and easy.</span> <a href="http://www.browserchoice.eu/">Find out more <span>about upgrading your browser</span> here…</a> </p> </div> <![endif] BBC links Mobile site Terms of Use About the BBC Privacy Accessibility Help Cookies Contact the BBC Parental Guidance BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. progs scripts
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Strother Martin - Wikipedia CentralNotice Strother Martin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Strother Martin Martin in McLintock! (1963) Born Strother Douglas Martin Jr. ( 1919-03-26 ) March 26, 1919 Kokomo, Indiana , U.S. Died August 1, 1980 (1980-08-01) (aged 61) Thousand Oaks, California , U.S. Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills Alma mater University of Michigan Occupation Actor Years active 1950–1980 Spouse(s) Helen Meisels ( m. 1967; his death 1980) Military career Allegiance United States Service/ branch United States Navy Years of service 1942-1946 Rank Petty officer third class Strother Douglas Martin Jr. (March 26, 1919 – August 1, 1980) was an American character actor who often appeared in support of John Wayne and Paul Newman and in western films directed by John Ford and Sam Peckinpah . Martin perhaps is best known as the prison "captain" in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke , in which he uttered the line, "What we've got here is failure to communicate." [1] The line is number 11 on the American Film Institute list of AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes . Contents 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Death 4 Filmography 5 Television 6 References 6.1 Further reading 7 External links Early life [ edit ] Martin was born in Kokomo in Howard County in north central Indiana to Ethel (née Dunlap) and Strother Douglas Martin. [2] For a short time, the Martins moved to San Antonio, Texas , but soon returned to Indiana. As a child, he excelled at swimming and diving ; he was nicknamed "T-Bone Martin" because of his diving expertise. At 17, he won the National Junior Springboard Diving Championship. He served as a swimming instructor in the United States Navy during World War II and was a member of the diving team at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan . He entered the adult National Springboard Diving competition in hopes of gaining a berth on the U.S. Olympic team but finished third in the competition. [3]
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Acting career [ edit ] After the war, Martin moved to Los Angeles, California and worked as a swimming instructor and as a swimming extra in water scenes in films. [3] He earned bit roles in a number of pictures and soon gained frequent character roles in films and television through the 1950s, having appeared in such programs as the western anthology series , Frontier on NBC and the syndicated American Civil War drama Gray Ghost . He was cast in 1955 as Landry Kersh in the episode "Shadow of God" on the ABC religion anthology series, Crossroads . He gave a memorable performance as a man with learning difficulties in the "Cooter" episode written by Sam Peckinpah in the first season of Gunsmoke (1955). Martin appeared in the first Brian Keith series, Crusader , a Cold War drama on CBS . He guest starred, as a circus tightrope walker Dooley Delaware, in the 1957 episode "High Wire" in CBS' Have Gun - Will Travel . He portrayed a henpecked soldier in a 1958 episode of the syndicated western series, Boots and Saddles and starred in a Trackdown episode "A Stone for Benny French". That same year, he played the lead in the episode "Pete Henke" of NBC 's western Jefferson Drum . In 1959, Martin played Polk, with Denver Pyle as Houston, in the episode "No Place to Stop" of the CBS western series, The Texan , starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley. [4] In another 1959 western series, Martin was cast as Deputy Jess in the episode "Johnny Yuma" of ABC's The Rebel , starring Nick Adams . In 1960, Martin guest starred in James Whitmore 's ABC crime drama , The Law and Mr. Jones . In 1962, Martin was cast as Harold Horton in "The Chocolate Cake Caper" of the CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys , starring Harry Morgan and Cara Williams . He guest starred in Jack Lord 's ABC adventure/drama series, Stoney Burke . In 1963, he was cast as Private Anton Copang in the episode "Walk Through the Badlands" of the ABC/ Warner Brothers western series, The Dakotas . In 1966, Martin appeared twice as "Cousin Fletch" in the short-lived ABC comedy western The Rounders , with Ron Hayes , Patrick Wayne , and Chill Wills .
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In 1967, Martin played Arizona miner Ed Schieffelin in the episode "Silver Tombstone" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days . [5] Martin's distinctive, reedy voice and menacing demeanor made him ideal for villainous roles in many of the best-known westerns of the 1950s and 1960s, including The Horse Soldiers and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance . His lunatic turn in the latter film as Lee Marvin 's character's insanely sadistic henchman, gleefully giggling in anticipation of each horrendous atrocity, remains a particularly memorable performance. Martin also excelled in comedy, playing an incompetent "Indian agent" in the John Wayne film, McLintock! (1963) and as a hapless horse trader in the 1969 film, True Grit (1969). By the late 1960s, Martin was almost as well-known a figure as many top-billed stars. In 1967, the same year as his role in Cool Hand Luke , he appeared in the episode "A Mighty Hunter Before the Lord" of NBC's The Road West series starring Barry Sullivan . In 1972, he appeared as James Garner 's uncle in the "Zacharia" episode of NBC's Nichols . He also had a pronounced physical and vocal resemblance to playwright Tennessee Williams and occasionally parodied him, notably in the "Baby Fat" episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show . The play The Time of Your Life was revived in March 17, 1972 at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles with Martin, Henry Fonda , Richard Dreyfuss , Gloria Grahame , Lewis J. Stadlen , Ron Thompson , [6] Jane Alexander , Richard X. Slattery and Pepper Martin among the cast with Edwin Sherin directing. [7] [8]
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Martin appeared in all three of the classic Westerns released in 1969: Sam Peckinpah 's The Wild Bunch (as Coffer, a bloodthirsty bounty hunter), George Roy Hill 's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (as Percy Garris, the "colorful" Bolivian mine boss who hires the two title characters) and Henry Hathaway 's True Grit (as Colonel Stonehill, a horse dealer). He frequently acted alongside L.Q. Jones , who in real life was one of his closest friends. Though he usually appeared in supporting roles, he had major parts in Hannie Caulder , The Brotherhood of Satan (both 1971), Pocket Money (1972) with Paul Newman and Lee Marvin and SSSSSSS (1973). Martin later appeared in another George Roy Hill film, Slap Shot (1977), again with Paul Newman, as the cheap general manager of the Charlestown Chiefs hockey club. He appeared six times each with John Wayne and Paul Newman. Strother Martin can also be seen in Cheech and Chong 's Up in Smoke (1978) as Arnold Stoner, the father of Tommy Chong 's character Anthony. Martin made many guest appearances on Gunsmoke , including the two-part episode "Island in the Desert," in which he portrayed a crazy desert hermit named Ben Snow. He also made many guest appearances on Perry Mason throughout the nine-year run from 1957–1966, including a horseman in the 1962 episode "The Case of the Fickle Filly", a college employee in "The Case of the Brazen Bequest" and the murderer in "The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito". In 1963, he appeared in Glynis Johns ' short-lived comedy series Glynis in the episode "Ten Cents a Dance." In 1965, Martin appeared in the episode "Most Precious Gold" of the NBC comedy/drama series Kentucky Jones , starring Dennis Weaver . In 1965, he guest-starred as Meeker in the episode "Return to Lawrence" on the ABC western The Legend of Jesse James . In 1966, he guest-starred in the Lost In Space episode "Blast Off Into Space" as a gritty mining engineer. On a Gilligan's Island episode, Martin played a man living supposedly alone on the island for a radio show contest. He also starred in a two- part The Rockford Files 1977 episode as T.T. Flowers The Trees, the Bees and T. T. Flowers , an episode that took on urban invasion and the environment.
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One of his last acting jobs was as host of Saturday Night Live on April 19, 1980. In one of the skits, Martin played the strict owner of a French language camp for children, based on his role as the prison captain from the film, Cool Hand Luke . He even paraphrased his most famous line from the film, "What we have here is failure to communicate BI-LINGUALLY!" In another, he played a terminally ill man who videotaped his last will and testament. During his monologue, he again did his Tennessee Williams impression. This episode was supposed to be rerun during the summer of 1980 but was pulled and replaced with another episode due to his death. Death [ edit ] Martin was married to Helen Meisels-Martin from 1967 until his death. In the last year of his life Martin had been under doctor's care for cardiac problems and he died of a heart attack on August 1, 1980, at Los Robles Regional Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California ; he was 61. [9] His widow, who was ten years his senior, died in 1997. Her ashes are interred with Martin's in Court of Remembrance, Columbarium of Radiant Dawn, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills . Filmography [ edit ] The Damned Don't Cry (1950) as Springboard Diver (uncredited)
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The Asphalt Jungle (1950) as William Doldy (uncredited) Rhubarb (1951) as Michael 'Shorty' McGirk (uncredited) The Red Badge of Courage (1951) as Corporal (voice, uncredited) Scandal Sheet (1952) as Man on Crutches (uncredited) Storm Over Tibet (1952) as Co-Pilot Androcles and the Lion (1952) as Soldier (uncredited) The Magnetic Monster (1953) as Co-Pilot South Sea Woman (1953) as Marine in Audience at Court Martial (uncredited) World for Ransom (1954) as Corporal (uncredited) Prisoner of War (1954) as Man on Crutches (uncredited) A Star is Born (1954) as Delivery Boy (uncredited) Drum Beat (1954) as Scotty The Silver Chalice (1954) as Father (uncredited) Strategic Air Command (1955) as Airman (uncredited) Kiss Me Deadly (1955) as Harvey Wallace The Big Knife (1955) as Stillman (uncredited) Target Zero (1955) as Pvt. Dan O'Hirons (uncredited) World Without End (1956) as Nihka (uncredited) Johnny Concho (1956) as Townsman (uncredited) Attack! (1956) as Sgt. Ingersol The Black Whip (1956) as Thorney Copper Sky (1957) as Pokey Black Patch (1957) as Deputy Petey Walker Cowboy (1958) as Cowboy Bitten by Snake (uncredited) The Shaggy Dog (1959) as Thurm The Wild and the Innocent (1959) as Ben Stocker The Horse Soldiers (1959) as Virgil Sanctuary (1961) as Dog Boy The Deadly Companions (1961) as Parson The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) as Floyd Showdown (1963) as Charlie Reeder
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McLintock! (1963) as Agard (Indian Agent) Invitation to a Gunfighter (1964) as Fiddler Brainstorm (1965) as Mr. Clyde Shenandoah (1965) as Train Engineer The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) as Jeb Ross Harper (1966) as Claude Nevada Smith (1966) as Barney (uncredited) An Eye for an Eye (1966) as Trumbull The Flim-Flam Man (1967) as Lovick Cool Hand Luke (1967) as The Captain True Grit (1969) as Colonel G. Stonehill The Wild Bunch (1969) as Coffer Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) as Percy Garris The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) as Bowen Red Sky at Morning (1971) as John Cloyd The Brotherhood of Satan (1971) as Doc Duncan Fools' Parade (1971) as Lee Cotrill Hannie Caulder (1971) as Rufus Clemens Pocket Money (1972) as Bill Garrett SSSSSSS (1973) as Dr. Carl Stoner Hard Times (1975) as Poe Rooster Cogburn (1975) as Shanghai McCoy The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday (1976) as Billy Slap Shot (1977) as McGrath The End (1978) as Dr. Waldo Kling Up in Smoke (1978) as Arnold Stoner Love and Bullets (1979) as Louis Monk The Champ (1979) as Riley Nightwing (1979) as Selwyn The Villain (1979) as Parody Jones The Secret of Nikola Tesla (1980) as George Westinghouse Hotwire (1980) as The Weasel [10] (final film role) Biography portal Indiana portal California portal Film portal
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Television portal World War II portal United States Navy portal Television [ edit ] Gunsmoke - episode - Cooter- Cooter (1956) I Love Lucy – episode – Off To Florida – Coffee Shop Clerk (1956) Zane Grey Theater – episode – The Necessary Breed – Telegraph Clerk, Joby (1957) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode - A Matter of Ethics - Fred Coombs (1957) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode - High Wire - Dooley Delaware (1957) The Grey Ghost – episode – Reconnaissance Mission – Michael (1957) The Walter Winchell File - Little Jules - "Exclusive Story" (1958) Gunsmoke – episode – Dooley Surrenders – Hide skinner Emmett Dooley (1958) Trackdown – episode – A Stone for Benny French – Benny French (1958) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode - One Came Back - Carew (1959) The Twilight Zone – episode – The Grave – Mothershed (1961) Gunsmoke – episode – Tall Trapper – Marv Rowley (1961) Gunsmoke – episode – The Trappers – Beaver skin trapper Billy (1962) Have Gun - Will Travel - episode "Lazarus" - Boise Peabody (1962) Perry Mason – episode – The case of the Fickle Filly – Joe Mead (1962) Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Brazen Bequest – Pete Gibson (1962) Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito – Gerald Sommers (1963)
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Perry Mason - episode - The Case of the Hasty Honeymooner - Roy Hutchison (1965) The Fugitive – episode – Devil's Carnival – Deputy Shirky Saulter (1964) Bonanza – episode – The Saga of Muley Jones – Yuri (1964) Gunsmoke – episode - No Hands – Will Timble - S.9 E.19 (1964) Rawhide - episode - The Gray Rock Hotel - Bates (1965) Perry Mason - episode - The Case of the Hasty Honeymooner - Roy Hutchinson (1965) The Dick Van Dyke Show – episode – Baby Fat – Harper Worthington Yates (1965) Bonanza – episode – The Meredith Smith – Little Meredith Smith (1965) Kentucky Jones – episode – Most Precious Gold – Boney Benton (1965) The Virginian – episode – The Claim – Finley (1965) Death Valley Days – episode The Four Dollar Law Suit – Alfred Hall (1966) Lost in Space – episode – Blast Off Into Space – Nerim (1966) Death Valley Days - episode - Silver Tombstone - Ed Schieffelin (1967) The Guns of Will Sonnet – episode – Message at Noon – Harvey Bains (1967) Gilligan's Island – episode – Take A Dare – George Barkley (1967) The Invaders – episode – Moonshot – Charlie Coogan (1967) Gentle Ben – episode – The Opportunist – Reed Olmstock (1967) The Guns of Will Sonnet – episode – Joby – Joby (1968)
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It Takes a Thief – episode – Birds of a Feather – Paul Rooney (1968) Daniel Boone – episode – The Terrible Tarbots – Tarbot (1969) Bonanza – episode – The Silence at Stillwater – Lonnie Stern (1969) The Virginian – episode – You Can Lead A Horse To Water – Luther Watson (1970) Bonanza – episode – The Imposters – Joad Bruder (1970) Bonanza – episode – The Younger Brothers' Younger Brother – Cole Younger (1972) Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color – episodes – The Boy and the Bronc Busters: Parts 1 and 2 (1973) Gunsmoke – episode – Island in the Desert: Part 1 and Part 2 – Hermit Ben Snow (1974) Movin' On – episode – Long Way to Nowhere – Cabe Miller (1975) The Rockford Files – episodes – The Trees, the Bees and T.T. Flowers – Thomas Tyler "T.T" Flowers (1977) Vega$ - episode - Yes, My Darling Daughter - Hank Jenner - 1978 References [ edit ] ^ "Strother Martin" . The New York Times . ^ "Birth-Martin" . The Kokomo Tribune . 1919-03-29 . Retrieved 2018-04-18 . ^ a b Strother Martin . Films in Review, November 1982 ^ " The Texan " . Classic Television Archive . Retrieved February 1, 2013 . ^ " " Silver Tombstone" on Death Valley Days " . Internet Movie Database . February 26, 1967 . Retrieved June 3, 2015 .
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^ Maçek III, J.C. (2012-08-02). " ' American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung" . PopMatters . ^ "WorldCat" . Worldcat.org . Retrieved 2012-01-22 . ^ "Hollywood Beat" . The Afro American. 1972-04-08 . Retrieved 2012-01-22 . ^ "Local native, Strother Martin, dies" . The Kokomo Tribune . 1980-08-02 . Retrieved 2018-04-18 . ^ Movietone.com Further reading [ edit ] Beaver, Jim . Strother Martin . Films in Review, November 1982. External links [ edit ] Strother Martin on IMDb Strother Martin at AllMovie Strother Martin at the TCM Movie Database Strother Martin at Find a Grave Authority control BNE : XX1555319 BNF : cb13897156d (data) GND : 142241121 ISNI : 0000 0000 8388 944X LCCN : n88100587 MusicBrainz : 3c81b746-e0bf-438a-a266-eb2d3dcb1e95 VIAF : 64192574 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 64192574 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1267 Cached time: 20190628155143 Cache expiry: 86400 Dynamic content: true Complications: [vary‐revision] CPU time usage: 0.584 seconds Real time usage: 0.831 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2710/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 36627/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2661/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/40 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23722/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.288/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.16 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 710.472 1 -total
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48.01% 341.106 2 Template:Infobox 46.08% 327.394 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.85% 162.370 1 Template:Reflist 20.29% 144.140 8 Template:Br_separated_entries 17.14% 121.770 6 Template:Cite_web 14.61% 103.772 1 Template:Birth_date 8.97% 63.764 1 Template:Infobox_military_person 8.44% 59.941 1 Template:Portal 6.26% 44.453 1 Template:Authority_control Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:383263-0!canonical and timestamp 20190628155142 and revision id 903252580 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strother_Martin&oldid=903252580 " Categories : 1919 births 1980 deaths 20th-century American male actors Male actors from Indiana American male film actors American male television actors Male Western (genre) film actors People from Kokomo, Indiana Male actors from Michigan University of Michigan alumni United States Navy personnel American military personnel of World War II Disease-related deaths in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Western (genre) television actors Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page
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Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2019, at 15:17 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
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Injury threatens Warne's career - Telegraph Begin comScore Tag End comScore Tag invitationUrl contains the baseUrl for the invitation(paywall). The whole url is completed by the esi tags [if lte IE 6]> <div id="ieLteSix"> <div class="ieLteSixBanner"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="ieLteSixLeft"> <p class="ieFirstP">We no longer check to see whether Telegraph.co.uk displays properly in Internet Explorer version 6 or earlier.</p> <p class="ieSecondtP">To see our content at its best we recommend <a href="/browser-support/">upgrading if you wish to continue using IE or using another browser such as Firefox, Safari or Google Chrome.</a></p> </td> <td valign="top" class="ieLteSixRight"> <a href="#" id="ieX"><img width="20" height="20" border="0" alt="Hide this banner" src="/template/ver1-0/i/ieX.gif"></a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <script language="Javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/template/ver1-0/js/ieSix.js"></script> <![endif] googleoff: all Accessibility links Skip to article Skip to navigation Telegraph.co.uk Search - enhanced by OpenText Monday 29 February 2016 googleon: all googleoff: all Home Video News World Sport Business Money Comment Culture Travel Life Women Fashion Luxury Tech Film Football Cricket Six Nations F1 Golf Rugby Union Tennis Racing Boxing Fantasy Football 2016 calendar More... The Ashes England Australia Cricket Galleries Fixtures Results Counties Fantasy Cricket Umpire Challenge Advertisement Home » Sport » Cricket googleon: all Injury threatens Warne's career Opta Widget start Opta Widget end Injury time: Shane Warne's career is in doubt after this setback By Derek Pringle in Melbourne 12:01AM GMT 16 Dec 2002
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Yoda - Wikipedia CentralNotice Yoda From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the Star Wars character. For other uses, see Yoda (disambiguation) . Yoda Star Wars character Yoda in The Empire Strikes Back First appearance The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Created by George Lucas Voiced by Frank Oz ( Episodes I–III , V–IX , Star Tours , Rebels ) Tom Kane ( The Clone Wars film and TV series , Star Wars Forces of Destiny and various games) Other: John Lithgow ( The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi radio dramas) Peter McConnell ( Super Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back ) Corey Burton (Read-along storybook CDs) Performed by Frank Oz (lead puppeteer, Episodes I , V–VI , VIII–IX ) Other: Deep Roy (costume, uncredited, Episode V ) [1] [2] [3] [4] Warwick Davis (costume, uncredited, Episode I ) Additional performers: Kathryn Mullen , David Barclay , Mike Quinn , Wendy Froud , Don Austen , David Greenaway, Katherine Smee Information Full name Yoda Species Unknown Gender Male Title Jedi Master (Episodes I-VI) Member of the High Jedi Council (Episodes I-III) General in the Grand Army of the Republic (Episodes II-III) Occupation Jedi Master Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Yoda is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, first appearing in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back . The character is a small, green humanoid alien . In his first appearance in the original trilogy , the Force Ghost of Jedi master Obi-wan Kenobi describes Yoda as a Jedi master who trained him. While asking Luke Skywalker to seek Jedi training from Yoda, which Luke does, and later uses it to fight against the Galactic Empire . The characters reappears in Return of the Jedi where he reveals his age to be 900, Yoda was the oldest living character in the Star Wars franchise.
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In the prequel trilogy set a generation before the original trilogy, Yoda is among the most powerful members of the Jedi Order which he leads along other Jedi members, including humans Mace Windu , and later Obi-wan Kenobi , all also become generals of clone troopers during the Clone Wars . Yoda also trained all the Jedi children, before they were assigned a Jedi master, the only other padawan known to be trained by Yoda into adulthood is Count Dooku , who betrayed Yoda and the Jedi after falling to the darkside to become Darth Tyranus (a Sith trained by Darth Sidious ). Two other members of Yoda's unnamed alien species are known, although neither is known to be part of Yoda's family. Yaddle (who appears as a background female character in prequel trilogy film The Phantom Menace as a Jedi Master) and the character in The Mandalorian known currently as "the child" (and whom was initially called Baby Yoda by fans due to the unknown name of Yoda's species). Neither has dialogue, only Yoda, who speaks in backwards sentences. Very little is known about Yoda's alien species, though all three are powerful in The Force . [5] [6] Contents 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Character overview 2 Appearances 2.1 Skywalker saga 2.1.1 Original trilogy 2.1.1.1 The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
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2.1.1.2 Return of the Jedi (1983) 2.1.2 Prequel trilogy 2.1.2.1 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) 2.1.2.2 Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) 2.1.2.3 Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) 2.1.3 Sequel trilogy 2.1.3.1 Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) 2.1.3.2 Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) 2.1.3.3 Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) 2.2 Animated series 2.2.1 Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) 2.2.2 Star Wars Rebels (2014) 2.3 Canon media 2.4 Legends 2.4.1 Clone Wars (2003) 2.4.2 Legends comics 2.4.3 Legends novel Yoda: Dark Rendezvous 3 In popular culture 3.1 Merchandising 3.1.1 Lego 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation Frank Oz provided Yoda's voice in each film and used his skills as a puppeteer in the original trilogy and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace . For some walking scenes in Episodes V and I, dwarf actors Deep Roy and Warwick Davis appeared in costume as Yoda (though neither was credited). While Frank Oz served as the primary performer, he was assisted by a multitude of other puppeteers, including: [7] Kathryn Mullen ( Ep. V ), Wendy Froud ( Ep. V ), David Barclay ( Ep. V - VI ), Mike Quinn ( Ep. VI ), David Greenaway ( Ep. I & VI ), Don Austen ( Ep. I ), and Kathy Smee ( Ep. I ). For the radio dramatizations of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Yoda was voiced by John Lithgow , while Tom Kane voiced him in the Clone Wars animated series , several video games , and the series Star Wars: The Clone Wars . George Lucas had originally conceived of Yoda's full name as being " Minch Yoda " before shortening it. [8]
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The make-up artist Stuart Freeborn based Yoda's face partly on his own and partly on Albert Einstein 's. [9] [10] [11] [12] In The Phantom Menace , he was redesigned to look younger. He was computer-generated for two distant shots, but remained mostly a puppet. [13] The puppet was re-designed by Nick Dudman from Stuart Freeborn's original design. Rendered with computer animation in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith , Yoda appeared in ways not previously possible, including his participation in elaborate fight scenes. In Revenge of the Sith , his face appears in several big close-ups, demanding highly detailed CGI work. His performance was deliberately designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version, with some "mistakes" made such as the occasional ear-jiggling. [ citation needed ] Rob Coleman was responsible for the character's new incarnation to the series. Yoda was recreated in CGI for the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace. [14] A clip of the new CG Yoda from The Phantom Menace was first seen in the featurette The Chosen One , included in the 2005 DVD release of Revenge of the Sith . [15] The 2012 theatrical 3D release of The Phantom Menace also features the CG version of Yoda. Character overview
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Jedi Master Yoda is amongst the oldest, most stoic and most powerful known Jedi Masters in the Star Wars universe. Series creator George Lucas opted to have many details of the character's life history remain unknown. Yoda's race and home world have not been named in any official media, canonical or otherwise, and he is merely said to be of a "species unknown" by the Star Wars Databank . Yoda's characteristic speech patterns have been analyzed and discussed by academic syntacticians , who found it somewhat inconsistent, but could extrapolate that it has object–subject–verb word order [16] making it anastrophe . The films and Expanded Universe reveal that he had a hand in training almost every Jedi Master in the galaxy, including Count Dooku , who is identified in Attack of the Clones as Yoda's old Padawan learner; Mace Windu ; Obi-Wan Kenobi (partially, before Qui-Gon Jinn takes over as Obi-Wan's master); [ citation needed ] Ki-Adi-Mundi , Kit Fisto and eventually Luke Skywalker . During the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars , set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , he mentions that he trained another one of the leaders on the Jedi Council , Master Oppo Rancisis. In the Star Wars prequel films , he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master. This was displayed in a scene in Attack of the Clones . In The Empire Strikes Back he mentions that he had been training Jedi "for 800 years", which means he must have been a Master Jedi for quite some time before that.
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Appearances Skywalker saga Main article: Skywalker saga Original trilogy The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back . Luke Skywalker ( Mark Hamill ) arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance, having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi ( Alec Guinness ). Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, deliberately provoking both Luke and R2-D2 ( Kenny Baker ). Luke is shocked when he finally discovers that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father's downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wan's behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin . Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return. When Obi-Wan laments that Luke is their "last hope," Yoda reminds him that "there is another". Return of the Jedi (1983) Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi , set a year after The Empire Strikes Back . Yoda, now sick and frail, informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader; he also confirms that Vader is Luke's father, something Vader had told Luke in the previous film. Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900, his body disappearing as he becomes "one with the Force". He leaves Luke with the knowledge that "there is another Skywalker" (his last words). Moments later, Obi-Wan's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the "other" of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia ( Carrie Fisher ), who is his twin sister.
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In the film's final scene, after the Empire has been defeated, Luke sees Yoda's spirit looking upon him with pride, alongside Obi-Wan and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self). [17] Prequel trilogy Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace . The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet, until the release of The Last Jedi (2017). [18] However, in the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace , the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character. In the film, which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back , Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) brings the young Anakin Skywalker ( Jake Lloyd ) to the Jedi Council . Qui-Gon is convinced that Anakin is the "Chosen One" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force , and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi. Yoda senses great fear in Anakin, especially in regards to his attachment to his mother , and foresees "grave danger" in his training. The Council, led at the time by Yoda's former padawan Mace Windu ( Samuel L. Jackson ), rejects Qui-Gon's request. When Qui-Gon is mortally wounded in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul (played by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ), his dying request to his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi ( Ewan McGregor ) is that Anakin be trained as a Jedi. Obi-Wan, determined to fulfill his promise to his master, tells Yoda that he will train the boy, even without the Council's approval. Yoda makes Obi-Wan a Jedi Knight, and reluctantly gives his blessing to Anakin's training. [19]
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Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) Yoda's CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones Yoda makes his first CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones . Set a decade after The Phantom Menace , Yoda, now in direct control of the Order's policy as Master of the High Council in addition to his traditional position as Grandmaster, is one of the many Jedi who are concerned about the emergence of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, a secessionist movement wanting independence from the Galactic Republic . After the first attempted assassination of Senator Padmé Amidala ( Natalie Portman ), Chancellor Palpatine ( Ian McDiarmid ) "suggests" that she be put under the protection of Obi-Wan, who is training Anakin (now played by Hayden Christensen ). At the climax of the film, Yoda arrives in time to save Obi-Wan and Anakin from the Separatists and defeats his former apprentice, Count Dooku ( Christopher Lee ), in a lightsaber duel. Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) In Revenge of the Sith , Yoda leads the Jedi Council in pursuing the mysterious Sith Lord Darth Sidious . Palpatine has by now amassed near- dictatorial emergency powers , and begins interfering in Jedi affairs by appointing Anakin as his personal representative on the Council. The Council grants Anakin a Council seat, but denies him the rank of Master, feeling that doing so would amount to giving Palpatine a vote in the Council. Additionally, they order him to spy on Palpatine, whom Anakin considers a friend and mentor. Confused and angered by the perceived snub and the instructions to commit what he believes to be treason, Anakin continues to lose faith in the Jedi Order.
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Anakin seeks Yoda's counsel about his prophetic visions that someone close to him will die. Yoda, unaware that the person Anakin speaks of is Padmé, or that she is Anakin's wife and pregnant with his child, tells him to "train himself to let go of everything that he fears to lose". Unsatisfied, Anakin turns to Palpatine, who then reveals himself as Darth Sidious. Palpatine manipulates the young Jedi into becoming his Sith apprentice, Darth Vader , with the promise that the dark side holds the power to save Padmé from dying in childbirth . Palpatine later transforms the Republic into the tyrannical Galactic Empire , proclaiming himself emperor for life, and orders the clone troopers to kill their Jedi generals . At this time, Yoda is on Kashyyyk , overseeing the battle between the Separatist forces and a combined command of clone troopers and Wookiees . Through the Force, Yoda feels the deaths of each of the Jedi as they are assassinated by their own troops. After swiftly killing the clone troopers instructed to kill him, he escapes with Wookiee leaders Tarfful and Chewbacca ( Peter Mayhew ), and returns to Coruscant , where he and Obi-Wan fight their way into the Jedi Temple to stop a trap for all surviving Jedi. Inside, they discover that all the Jedi inside, younglings included, have been slaughtered. They then discover a holographic recording, revealing Vader as the assassin. Yoda decides to face Palpatine, sending Obi-Wan to kill Vader. When Obi-Wan protests, Yoda tells him that the Anakin he knew no longer exists, having been "consumed by Darth Vader".
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Subsequently, Yoda battles Palpatine in a lightsaber duel that wrecks the Senate Rotunda. In the end, neither is able to overcome the other and Yoda is forced to retreat. He goes into exile on Dagobah so that he may hide from the Empire and wait for another opportunity to destroy the Sith. At the end of the film, it was revealed that Yoda has been in contact with Qui-Gon's spirit, learning the secret of immortality from him and passing it on to Obi-Wan. Yoda is also instrumental in deciding the fate of the Skywalker children after Padmé dies in childbirth , recommending that Luke and Leia be hidden from Vader and Palpatine in remote locations. Other than the ancient Jedi Master, only the Organas , the Lars family , R2-D2 and Obi-Wan know of their true identities. [20] Sequel trilogy Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) In The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Yoda died in Return of the Jedi , Yoda's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey ( Daisy Ridley ) after she discovers Luke Skywalker's lightsaber in the bar of supporting character Maz Kanata (who is revealed to be older than Yoda). [21] Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) In Star Wars: The Last Jedi , Yoda appears to Luke as a Force spirit as Luke debates whether to burn down the tree storing the only remaining copies of the Sacred Texts of the Jedi. [22] As Luke makes his way to the tree, Yoda appears behind him and talks to Luke about the inner conflicts going on inside him and reminds him that a Jedi must always be sure of his path. When Luke decides against burning down the tree and destroying the texts, Yoda summons a lightning bolt down upon the tree, setting it ablaze while Luke steps back in horror at the sight of the texts seemingly being lost forever (unaware that Rey had taken them earlier as she left the island.) When confronting Yoda as to why he did it, Yoda tells Luke that the true Jedi knowledge is within Jedi themselves and it is their responsibility, not books, to pass that knowledge on and continue the way of the Jedi. As Luke takes in the message, he sits with Yoda and shares a quiet moment with his former master.
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Unlike in the prequels, where fight scenes necessitated the character be rendered in with computer-generated imagery , Yoda is once more portrayed using puppetry. [23] Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Yoda will appear in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker . [24] Animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Yoda appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars , voiced by Tom Kane. In the prequel film Star Wars: The Clone Wars , Yoda assigns Anakin Skywalker his own Padawan, Ahsoka Tano , as he believes that she will help Anakin grow as a Jedi and as a person. Throughout most of the series, Yoda spends his time on Coruscant with the Jedi Council, but he occasionally leaves for certain tasks, such as negotiations with King Katuunko on Rugosa, and a confrontation with Asajj Ventress ' droid army. Yoda also watches over Anakin and Ahsoka throughout the series, pleased that they are both maturing due to each other's influence. However, in the final arc of season five, Ahsoka is framed for a crime she didn't commit, and Yoda and the Jedi Council expel her, at the demand of Admiral Tarkin , and turn her over to the Republic military. Along with other members of the Council, Yoda observes Ahsoka's trial, but Anakin bursts in with the true culprit, Barriss Offee, before the verdict can be read. Afterwards Yoda, Anakin and the Council personally invite Ahsoka to rejoin the Order, but to their shock, she refuses and leaves. According to Dave Filoni, Yoda blames himself for Ahsoka's departure, as he had made her Anakin's padawan in the first place.
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In the final arc of the final season, Yoda hears Qui-Gon Jinn speaking to him from beyond the grave. Yoda flees the Jedi Temple with R2-D2 to travel to Dagobah, the planet he would make his home when he enters exile after events of Revenge of the Sith , to find answers. Shown cryptic visions of the fall of the Jedi, Yoda learns he has been "chosen" to learn how to manifest his consciousness after death as a Force ghost. Yoda is tested by a group of spirit priestesses in order to overcome trials and temptations on his pilgrimage; one of these tests is to face an illusion of ancient Sith lord Darth Bane . Yoda's final test is to resist an attempt by Darth Sidious and Dooku to lure him to the dark side with a false vision of deceased Jedi Master Sifo Dyas . Yoda engages in a metaphysical battle with Sidious, and appears to sacrifice his life in order to save Anakin's - only to awaken and discover that the battle was merely a vision, and that he has passed the test. The priestesses inform Yoda that his training will resume in time. Star Wars Rebels (2014) Yoda was heard in the Star Wars Rebels episode "Path of the Jedi" with Frank Oz reprising the role for the first time since Revenge of the Sith . [25] He communicates with Padawan Ezra Bridger and his master Kanan Jarrus during their experience in an ancient temple on Lothal, and helps the pair do some soul-searching to analyze their true motivations. He appears physically for the first time, in the season 2 episode "Shroud of Darkness", in which he tells Ezra he should find Malachor and reunites with Ahsoka after nearly 20 years.
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Canon media Yoda appears in canon books and other media, including Dooku: Jedi Lost and Master & Apprentice , which take place before The Phantom Menace . In some of these works, he is referred to as the "Grand Master of the Jedi Order". Legends With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014. [26] [27] [28] Clone Wars (2003) Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars: Clone Wars , voiced by Tom Kane . In the show, Yoda is made a general, like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters. Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet, but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum. Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum, Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum. In the animated series' final episode, Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant , which is under attack from the Separatists . The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine. The Jedi Master's effort to stop Grievous fails, and Palpatine is taken hostage, thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith .
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Legends comics Yoda acts as a supporting character in Dark Horse Comics ' Clone Wars tie-in comic books. Legends novel Yoda: Dark Rendezvous Main article: Yoda: Dark Rendezvous It has been suggested that Yoda: Dark Rendezvous be merged into this article. ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2019. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources: "Yoda" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources: "Yoda" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
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Yoda: Dark Rendezvous Author Sean Stewart Country United States Language English Subject Star Wars Genre Science fiction Publisher Del Rey Publication date November 23, 2004 Media type Paperback Pages 432 ISBN 0-345-46309-9 Preceded by Jedi Trial Followed by Republic Commando: Hard Contact Yoda is the main character of the non-canon Legends novel Yoda: Dark Rendezvous , a 2004 Star Wars novel written by Sean Stewart and published by Del Rey . It is set in the Star Wars expanded universe during the Clone Wars conflict between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . The Clone Wars have raged across the galaxy for almost two years, when the Grand Master of the Jedi Order , Yoda , receives a message from Separatist leader Count Dooku . In the message, Dooku concedes to Yoda that things have gotten far out of hand; What began as a political play to keep the Senate honest had turned into a bloodbath, and the time for a truce has come. Dooku invites Yoda to meet him on the planet Vjun , where they would organize the cease-fire. After conferring with his fellow Jedi Masters from the Council, principally Mace Windu , Yoda judges that even if the meeting at Vjun were a feint, the chance to end the war far outweighs the perils of a trap. Yoda decides to send a decoy impersonating himself to a different planet, while he secretly slips off to Vjun. He contracts a famous actor and Yoda impersonator, Palleus Chuff, to pull off the bluff. Disguised as Yoda, Chuff leaves on a very public mission to Ithor . When Chuff's fighter is captured by Dooku's minion Asajj Ventress , who is unaware of the switch, the apparent loss of Yoda comes as a sad blow to the morale of the Republic .
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Jedi Masters Jai Maruk and Maks Leem journey towards Vjun, accompanied by their Padawans , the under-achieving Tallisibeth Enwandung-Esterhazy (or "Scout") and Whie. They make their way slowly, travelling under the false identities of a refugee family, with Yoda disguised as their faithful R2 unit. During one Spaceport layover, Ventress (accompanied by the bumbling but brave Chuff) catches the quintet, and unleashes a dangerous new type of battle droid. While the other Jedi fight the droids and Ventress, Yoda seeks to rescue Chuff. Unfortunately, both Jai Maruk and Maks Leem fall to the terrible droids and Ventress' lightsaber . Yoda, however, diverts Ventress' attention before she gets a chance to kill the young Padawans, and the three Jedi (with Chuff in tow) escape. Meanwhile, on Vjun, Count Dooku awaits Yoda in the Château Malreaux, the manor of the long since waned aristocratic clan Malreaux. As the group of Jedi land on Vjun they are forced to separate: Yoda goes to meet with Dooku, and the Padawans follow mysterious disruptions in the Force felt by Whie. Soon, Ventress captures the Padawans. She reveals to Whie that the Château is in fact his house, and the insane house-woman was his mother, Lady "Whirry" Malreaux. Meanwhile, Yoda meets with Dooku, and discovers that Dooku's summons is indeed a feint. The two masters engage in a tense debate about the ways of the Force , and reminiscence about Dooku's childhood in the Jedi Temple on Coruscant . In the end, Yoda encourages his former apprentice to leave the dark side and Darth Sidious forever. Dooku, hands shaking, is on the verge of answering when an assistant informs him of Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi 's arrival in the mansion, dispatched there by the Jedi Council , on behalf of Palpatine .
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Convinced that the legendary duo are replacements for him, Dooku is overcome by jealousy and throws his assistant out the window. Yoda is forced to save Whirry from falling to her death, and then parry Dooku's follow-up lightsaber attack. Even though Dooku wounds him, Yoda, unfazed, does not yield to the dark side. Yoda recovers, and a short lightsaber battle ensues. Before leaping from the window to escape, Dooku tells Yoda of a missile approaching from space, aimed at the house, and everyone in it. Yoda stops the missile, inevitably allowing Dooku and Ventress time to escape. In popular culture In 2007, Yoda was selected by Empire magazine as the "25th greatest movie character of all time". [29] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Yoda at number 60. [30] Yoda also appears in Disney 's Star Tours: The Adventures Continue attraction, where he is voiced by his original voice actor, Frank Oz . [31] A life-size statue of Yoda greets visitors to Lucasfilm's Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco's Presidio , the headquarters of Industrial Light and Magic . American musician and parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic used the character as inspiration for a parody of The Kinks ' " Lola ", in a song entitled " Yoda ." Hawaiian the language is which Yoda's language the most resembles, claims linguistics professor David Ager from Queen Mary University of London. [32]
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In 2019, discount store Poundland used the voice of Yoda at its self-service checkouts in stores across the United Kingdom . [33] Merchandising This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) TomTom has included a "Yoda" voice as one of the Celebrity GPS voicings in their "Star Wars" voice series. [34] Lego Lego 's Yoda minifigure was the first of their figures to be shorter than the other toys in the Lego Star Wars line; it has shorter legs than the other action figures . [35] Yoda appears in a television series based on the Lego Star Wars toys, created by the Lego company, among them Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles , Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace , Star Wars: The New Yoda Chronicles , and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales . See also Yoda conditions - a style of writing conditionals in computer programming languages References ^ "The Making of Yoda" . ^ "Cut Scenes: Dogabah" . ^ "Dogabah Second Unit Still" . ^ "Deep Roy as Yoda" . Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. ^ https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/11/26/the-mandalorian-yoda-and-yaddles-species-explained ^ https://collider.com/the-mandalorian-baby-yoda-species/ ^ "Those Yoda Guys" . ^ "Yoda's Full Name" . January 17, 2011. ^ "Star Wars make-up artist Stuart Freeborn dies aged 98" . BBC News . March 4, 2012 . Retrieved February 6, 2013 .
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^ "Stuart Freeborn, Yoda's maker, dies" . The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2013. ^ "British make-up artist Stuart Freeborn, who created Yoda, dies aged 98" . The Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013 ^ Hauptfuhrer, Fred (June 9, 1980). "Yoda Mania: America Falls in Love with the 26–Inch, Green, Pointy-Eared Sage and his Master Puppeteer, Frank Oz" . People . Retrieved December 17, 2012 . ^ Desowitz, Bill (June 14, 2002). "Yoda as We've Never Seen Him Before" . Animation World Magazine. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012 . Retrieved November 13, 2008 . ^ "Yoda Goes CGI in 'Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace' on Blu-ray" . Hi-Def Digest. August 25, 2011 . Retrieved August 26, 2011 . ^ Gould, Chris. "Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith" . dvdactive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008 . Retrieved March 4, 2009 . 'The Chosen One' is another short documentary [...] [It] also feature[s] a scene from The Phantom Menace in which Yoda is presented as an entirely computer generated 'actor', perhaps warming up for a re-release somewhere down the line. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (May 18, 2005). "Language Log: Yoda's syntax the Tribune analyzes; supply more details I will!" . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved February 8, 2013 . ^ Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
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^ Breznican, Anthony (December 16, 2017). "The Last Jedi spoiler talk: How an old-school Star Wars character made a surprising return" . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. : 2 . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace ^ Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith ^ Bryant, Jacob (December 21, 2015). "Obi-Wan, Yoda Secretly in 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens ' " . Variety . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . ^ McCluskey, Megan (December 15, 2017). "An All-Time Favorite Star Wars Character Makes an Epic Cameo in The Last Jedi" . Time . Time Inc. Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ Evans, Nick (January 2018). "Why Star Wars: The Last Jedi Used A Puppet For Yoda" . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 12, 2018 . ^ " ' Star Wars' fans rejoice: Beloved character Yoda will return" . New York Daily News . April 14, 2018 . Retrieved April 16, 2018 . ^ "Exclusive: Yoda Returns for Star Wars Rebels" . tvguide.com . December 15, 2014 . Retrieved January 4, 2017 . ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line" . StarWars.com. April 25, 2014 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26, 2016 .
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^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page" . StarWars.com . April 25, 2014 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ " Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" . Empire Magazine . Retrieved May 21, 2010 . ^ "The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters" . Fandomania.com. October 2009 . Retrieved May 21, 2010 . ^ Cole, Carolyn (July 23, 2012). "Frank Oz to 'Star Wars' fans: Do the Yoda impression I won't" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19, 2014 . ^ "Yoda is Hawaiian, says linguistics professor with time on his hands" . December 21, 2017. ^ "Jedi Master Yoda is set to help out at the tills at Ballymena's Poundland – he must!" . The Ballymena Daily . July 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . ^ "Star Wars™ voices now available for TomTom devices" . Starwars.tomtom.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010 . Retrieved February 8, 2013 . ^ Martell, Nevin (2009). Standing Small: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Lego Minifigure . DK. p. 69 . Works cited The Jedi Apprentice series by Dave Wolverton and Jude Watson Episode I: The Phantom Menace , 1st edition paperback, 1999. Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0-345-43411-0 Episode III: Revenge of the Sith - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover, 2005. Matthew Woodring Stover, George Lucas, ISBN 0-7126-8427-1
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The Annotated Screenplays , softcover, 1997. George Lucas , Leigh Brackett, Lawrence Kasdan, Laurent Bouzereau, ISBN 0-345-40981-7 The Courtship of Princess Leia , 1995. Dave Wolverton, ISBN 0-553-56937-6 Mission from Mount Yoda , 1993. Paul Davids, Hollace Davids, ISBN 0-553-15890-2 A Guide to the Star Wars Universe , 2nd edition, 1994. Bill Slavicsek, ISBN 0-345-38625-6 The Essential guide to Characters (Star Wars) , 1st edition, 1995. Andy Mangels, ISBN 0-345-39535-2 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition, 2002. Daniel Wallace, Michael Sutfin, ISBN 0-345-44900-2 Star Wars: The Visual Dictionary , hardcover, 1998. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-3481-4 Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary , hardcover, 2005. James Luceno, ISBN 0-7566-1128-8 Star Wars Roleplaying Game: Revised Core Rulebook , hardcover, 2002. Bill Slavicsek, Andy Collins, J.D. Wiker, ISBN 0-7869-2876-X Star Wars Roleplaying Game: Power of the Jedi Sourcebook , hardcover, 2002. Michael Mikaelian, Jeff Grubb, Owen K.C. Stephens, James Maliszewski, ISBN 0-7869-2781-X External links Look up Yoda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Yoda in the StarWars.com Databank Yoda on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Yoda on IMDb Yoda title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Yoda: Dark Rendezvous on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki v t e Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor
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Starfighters A-wing B-wing TIE fighter U-wing X-wing Y-wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Book Category v t e The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes " Hostage Crisis " " R2 Come Home/Lethal Trackdown " " The Gathering " Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir (2014, comic) Dark Disciple (2016, novel) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Other characters Padmé Amidala Jar Jar Binks C-3PO Commander Cody Count Dooku Battle Droids General Grievous Obi-Wan Kenobi Bail Organa Chancellor Palpatine/Darth Sidious R2-D2 Anakin Skywalker Clone Troopers Asajj Ventress Mace Windu Yoda v t e Star Wars Rebels Media Episodes A New Dawn (2014, novel) Servants of the Empire (2014–2015, novel series) Thrawn (2017, novel) Characters Kanan Jarrus Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Saw Gerrera Grand Admiral Thrawn Wedge Antilles Bail Organa Princess Leia Lando Calrissian C-3PO R2-D2 Darth Maul Yoda Grand Moff Tarkin Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader v t e Soulcalibur Games Main series Soul Edge Soulcalibur II III IV V VI Other games Legends Broken Destiny Lost Swords Characters Original Astaroth Cassandra Cervantes Hilde Ivy Li Long Mitsurugi Necrid Siegfried and Nightmare Sophitia Taki Talim Tira Voldo Xianghua Yoshimitsu Guest Link Heihachi Spawn KOS-MOS The Apprentice Darth Vader Yoda Kratos Ezio Geralt of Rivia
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2B Haohmaru Related articles Music Tekken Dance, Voldo, Dance Namco × Capcom Project X Zone 2 Warriors Orochi 3 Sgt. Frog v t e MTV Movie Award for Best Fight 1996: Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore 1997: Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft 1998: Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black 1999: Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary 2000: Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix 2001: Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 2002: Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 2003: Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 2004: Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 2005: Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 2006: Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith 2007: Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 2008: Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down 2009: Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight 2010: Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed 2011: Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse 2012: Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games 2013: Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers
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2014: Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug 2015: Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner 2016: Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein – Deadpool 2018: Gal Gadot vs. German soldiers – Wonder Woman 2019: Brie Larson vs. Gemma Chan – Captain Marvel NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1334 Cached time: 20191130201430 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.888 seconds Real time usage: 1.226 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7034/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 221648/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 32287/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/40 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 109884/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.375/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10.14 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1000.395 1 -total 24.36% 243.722 1 Template:Reflist 18.87% 188.823 2 Template:Infobox 13.44% 134.453 1 Template:Infobox_book 13.02% 130.225 18 Template:Cite_web 9.83% 98.378 4 Template:Ambox 8.90% 89.027 1 Template:Infobox_character 6.85% 68.563 1 Template:ISBNT 6.79% 67.932 12 Template:ISBN 6.32% 63.265 13 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63171-0!canonical and timestamp 20191130201430 and revision id 928657181 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoda&oldid=928657181 " Categories : Fantasy television characters Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional diplomats Fictional empaths Fictional generals Fictional ghosts Fictional hermits Fictional humanoids Fictional knights Fictional martial arts trainers Fictional sole survivors Fictional spiritual mediums Fictional telekinetics Jedi Male characters in film Male characters in television Puppets Soulcalibur series guest characters Star Wars CGI characters Hidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from August 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2019 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles to be merged from November 2019 All articles to be merged Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Book articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking sources from July 2014 All articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from December 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes
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Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2019, at 20:14 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Tuamotus - Wikipedia CentralNotice Tuamotus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Tuamotus Islands Native name: Îles Tuamotu ( French ) / Tuamotus ( Tuamotuan ) / Paumotus ( Tahitian ) Flag of the Tuamotu Islands Geography Location Pacific Ocean Coordinates 18°47′S 141°35′W / 18.783°S 141.583°W / -18.783; -141.583 Coordinates : 18°47′S 141°35′W / 18.783°S 141.583°W / -18.783; -141.583 Archipelago Polynesia Total islands 78 Major islands Rangiroa , Anaa , Fakarava , Hao , Makemo Area 850 km 2 (330 sq mi) Administration French Republic Collectivity French Polynesia Largest settlement Rangiroa (pop. 2,709 (2017 [1] )) Demographics Population 15,346 (2017 [1] ) Pop. density 18 /km 2 (47 /sq mi) Languages French , Tuamotuan Additional information Time zone UTC-10 The Tuamotus , also referred to in English as the Tuamotu Archipelago or the Tuamotu Islands ( French : Îles Tuamotu , officially Archipel des Tuamotu ), are a French Polynesian chain of almost 80 islands and atolls forming the largest chain of atolls in the world. This archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean stretches from the northwest to the southeast over an area roughly the size of Western Europe . The total area of land within this chain is 850 square kilometres (328 square miles), with its major islands being Anaa , Fakarava , Hao and Makemo .
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The Tuamotus have approximately 16,000 inhabitants. The islands were initially settled by Polynesians , and from them, modern Tuamotuans share a common culture and the Tuamotuan language . The Tuamotus are a French overseas collectivity . The people of Tahiti originally referred to the islands with the exonym of the Paumotus , which means the "Subservient Islands", until a delegation from the island [ which? ] convinced the French authorities to change it to Tuamotus , which means the "Distant Islands". [ citation needed ] Contents 1 Administrative divisions 1.1 Electoral divisions 2 Demography 3 Economy 4 Geography 5 Flora and fauna 6 Geology 7 History 8 Island groups 8.1 Disappointment Islands 8.2 Duke of Gloucester Islands 8.3 Far East Tuamotu Group 8.4 Hao Group 8.5 Hikueru Group 8.6 King George Islands 8.7 Palliser Islands 8.8 Raeffsky Islands 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Administrative divisions [ edit ] Map of Tuamotus Satellite image of Tuamotus French Polynesia is a semi-autonomous island group designated as an overseas country of France . The Tuamotus combine with the Gambier Islands to form the Îles Tuamotu-Gambier which is one of the five administrative divisions of French Polynesia . The Tuamotus are grouped into sixteen communes : Anaa ; Arutua ; Fakarava ; Fangatau ; Hao ; Hikueru ; Makemo ; Manihi ; Napuka ; Nukutavake ; Puka Puka ; Rangiroa ; Reao ; Takaroa ; Tatakoto ; and Tureia .
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Electoral divisions [ edit ] Pearl farm in the Tuamotus The communes on Tuamotu are part of two different electoral districts ( circonscriptions électorales ) represented in the Assembly of French Polynesia . The Îles Gambier et Tuamotu Est electoral district comprises the commune of Gambier and eleven communes in eastern Tuamotu: Anaa; Fangatau; Hao; Hikueru; Makemo; Napuka; Nukutavake; Pukapuka; Reao; Tatakoto; and Tureia. The other five communes in western Tuamotu – Arutua; Fakarava; Manihi; Rangiroa; and Takaroa – form the Îles Tuamotu Ouest electoral district. Demography [ edit ] Typical waterside view in the Tuamotus At the 2007 census, the Tuamotus (including the Gambier Islands) had a population of 18,317 inhabitants (15,862 in 2002, 8,100 in 1983). Of these, 769 inhabitants live in a 215- nautical-mile (400 km; 250 mi) radius around Mururoa and Fangataufa , the sites of former French nuclear tests. The common language spoken in the Tuamotus is Tuamotuan , except in Puka-Puka which uses the Marquesan language . The Gambier Islands use Mangarevan . Economy [ edit ] The islands' economy is predominantly composed of subsistence agriculture . The most important sources of additional income are the cultivation of black pearls and the preparation of copra . Tourism -related income remains meager, especially by comparison to the tourism industry of the neighboring Society Islands . Modest tourism infrastructure is found on the atolls of Rangiroa and Manihi which have recreational scuba diving and snorkeling destinations.
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Geography [ edit ] Despite the vast spread of the archipelago, it covers a total land area of only about 885 km 2 ( 345 sq mi ). The climate is warm tropical , without pronounced seasons. The annual average temperature is a relatively continuous 26 °C (79 °F). Water sources such as lakes or rivers are absent, leaving catchments of rain as the only source of fresh water. The annual average rainfall is 1400 mm (about 55 in). Rainfall is not markedly different throughout the year, although it is lowest during the months of September and November. Geological stability of the archipelago is high, as it was created by the weakly active Easter Fracture Zone . No volcanic eruptions have been recorded historically. Flora and fauna [ edit ] Coconut palms, Takapoto The sparse soil of the coral islands does not permit diverse vegetation. The coconut palm, which forms the basis for copra production, is of special economic importance. On a few islands, vanilla is also cultivated. Agriculture is generally otherwise limited to simple subsistence. Fruit and vegetable staples include yams , taro , and breadfruit , as well as a wide range of other tropical fruits. Pandanus leaves are traditionally woven together as a roof thatch (although nowadays there are a great number of corrugated sheet-metal roofs instead), as well as for other items, such as mats and hats.
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The species-rich reefs are home to a diverse range of underwater fauna. Surface creatures are primarily seabirds , insects , and lizards . The Tuamotus have only 57 species of birds , but ten of these are endemic , including the Tuamotu kingfisher , the Tuamotu reed warbler , and the Tuamotu sandpiper . Thirteen species are globally threatened and one is extinct. [2] Geology [ edit ] All of the islands of the Tuamotus are coral "low islands": essentially high sand bars built upon coral reefs . Makatea , southwest of the Palliser Islands, is one of three great phosphate rocks in the Pacific Ocean . The others are Banaba in Kiribati , and the island nation of Nauru . Although geographically part of the Tuamotus, the Gambier Islands, at the southeastern extreme of the archipelago , are geologically and culturally distinct. In the northwest of the archipelago, the ring-shaped atoll Taiaro provides a rare example of a coral reef with a fully enclosed lagoon. The atoll was officially designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1977. [3] History [ edit ] The early history of the Tuamotu islands is generally shrouded in mystery. Archaeological findings lead to the conclusion that the western Tuamotus were settled from the Society Islands by c. 700. On the islands of Rangiroa , Manihi and Mataiva , there are flat ceremonial platforms (called marae ) made of coral blocks, although their exact age is unknown.
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European encounters with the Tuamotus began with that of Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan , during his circumglobal voyage in 1521 sailing in the service of the Spanish Crown. His visit was followed by: Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós in 1606, sailing in the service of the Spanish Crown; Dutch mariners Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616; Jacob Roggeveen (who also first sighted Easter Island ) in 1722; [4] John Byron in 1765; [4] : 37 Louis Antoine de Bougainville in 1768; James Cook during his first voyage in 1769; Spanish navigator Domingo de Bonechea in 1774 and Russian expedition of Otto von Kotzebue in 1815. None of these visits were of political consequence, as the islands were in the sphere of influence of the Pōmare Dynasty of Tahiti . It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that the first Christian missionaries arrived. Traders took the islands' pearls to the European markets by the late 19th century, making them coveted possessions. France forced the abdication of King Pōmare V of Tahiti and claimed the islands without ever having formally annexed them. Robert Louis Stevenson and Fanny Stevenson travelled among the Paumotus on the Yacht Casco in 1888; an account of their journey was published as In the South Seas . [5] Jack London wrote a story, " The Seed of McCoy ", based on an incident in 1900 when a burning ship, the Pyrenees , was safely beached on Mangareva . In the story, London has the ship sail past Mangareva and all through the Tuamotus before beaching on Fakarava . [6]
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The Tuamotus made headlines around the world in 1947, when Norwegian ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl , sailing from South America with a crew of five others, reached Raroia on his raft Kon-Tiki . More recently the islands have been the subject of headlines as the site of French nuclear weapons testing on the atolls of Moruroa and Fangataufa . Island groups [ edit ] The Tuamotu archipelago consists of eight groups of small islands and atolls: Disappointment Islands [ edit ] Napuka Puka-Puka Tepoto (North) ( Tepoto Nord ) Duke of Gloucester Islands [ edit ] Anuanuraro Anuanurunga Hereheretue Nukutepipi Far East Tuamotu Group [ edit ] Akiaki Fakahina Fangatau Fangataufa Moruroa Nukutavake Pinaki Pukarua Reao Tatakoto Tematangi Tureia Vahitahi Vairaatea Vanavana Hao Group [ edit ] Ahunui Amanu Hao Manuhangi Nengonengo Paraoa Rekareka ( Tehuata ) Tauere Hikueru Group [ edit ] Hikueru Marokau Ravahere Reitoru Tekokota King George Islands [ edit ] Ahe Manihi Takaroa Takapoto Tikei Palliser Islands [ edit ] Arutua Apataki Avatika Fakarava Kaukura Makatea Mataiva Niau Rangiroa Toau Tikehau Raeffsky Islands [ edit ] Anaa Aratika Faaite Haraiki Hiti Katiu Kauehi Makemo Marutea Nord Motutunga Nihiru Raraka Raroia Taenga Tahanea Taiaro Takume Tepoto (South) ( Tepoto Sud ) Tuanake Related island groups include: The Gambier Group : Akamaru ; Angakauitai ; Aukena ; Kamaka ; Kouaku ; Makapu ; Makaroa ; Mangareva ; Manui ; Mekiro ; Papuri ; Puaumu ; Taravai ; Tokorua ; and Totengengie .
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The Outer Gambier Group : Marutea Sud ; Maria Est ; Morane ; and Temoe . The Acteon Group : Matureivavao ; Tenararo ; Tenarunga ; and Vahanga . See also [ edit ] French overseas departments and territories Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans References [ edit ] ^ a b "Population" . Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française (in French) . Retrieved 7 June 2019 . ^ Blanvillain, C; Florent, C & V. Thenot (2002) "Land birds of Tuamotu Archipelago, Polynesia: relative abundance and changes during the 20th century with particular reference to the critically endangered Polynesian ground-dove ( Gallicolumba erythroptera )". Biological Conservation 103 (2): 139-149 doi : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00112-4 ^ "Biosphere Reserve Information" . Unesco.com. 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ a b Salmond, Anne (2010). Aphrodite's Island . Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780520261143 . ^ In the South Seas (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987) ^ London, Jack (2006). Gary Riedl and Thomas R. Tietze (eds.). Jack London's tales of cannibals and headhunters: nine South Seas stories by America's master of adventure . UNM Press. pp. 33–37. ISBN 0-8263-3791-0 . Retrieved 2011-09-28 . CS1 maint: uses editors parameter ( link ) External links [ edit ] Tuamotus at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary
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Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Stevenson, Robert L. (1896), In the South Seas Official site (Tahiti Tourism board) Official site (Geography) Official site (Administration) Archipel des Tuamotu v t e French Polynesia articles Archipelagos : Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Leeward Islands Windward Islands Tuamotus Islands History Bombardment of Papeete Kingdom of Tahiti Polynesian people Pōmare Dynasty Geography Administrative divisions Climate Cities and towns Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Elections High Commissioner Assembly Political parties President Economy CFP franc (currency) Telecommunications Transport Culture Anthem Category Coat of arms Dance Demographics Education Flag Languages Music Order of Tahiti Nui Mythology Polynesians Religion Sports Outline Index Category v t e Tuamotu Archipelago and Gambier Islands of French Polynesia Tuamotus Gambiers Islands/Atolls Ahe Ahunui Akamaru Akiaki Amanu Anaa * Angakauitai Anuanuraro Anuanurunga Apataki Aratika Arutua * Aukena Faaite Fakahina Fakarava * Fangatau * Fangataufa Hao * Haraiki Hereheretue Hikueru * Hiti Kamaka Katiu Kauehi Kaukura Kouaku Makapu Makaroa Makatea Makemo * Mangareva Manihi * Manuhangi Manui Maria Est Marokau Marutea Nord Marutea Sud Mataiva Matureivavao Morane Moruroa Motutunga Napuka * Nengonengo Niau Nihiru Nukutavake * Nukutepipi Papuri Paraoa Puaumu Pinaki Puka Puka * Pukarua Rangiroa * Raraka Raroia Ravahere Reao * Reitoru Rekareka Taenga Tahanea
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Taiaro Takapoto Takaroa * Takume Taravai Tatakoto * Tauere Tekokota Tematagi Temoe Tenararo Tenarunga Tepoto (North) Tepoto (South) Tikehau Tikei Toau Tokorua Totegegie Tuanake Tureia * Vahanga Vahitahi Vairaatea Vanavana * commune administration centre Island groups Acteon Disappointment Duke of Gloucester King George Two Groups Palliser Raeffsky Archipelagos of French Polynesia: Australs Gambiers Marquesas Societies Tuamotus v t e Polynesia Polynesian triangle Cook Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotus Hawaiian Islands New Zealand Niue Pitcairn Islands Rotuma Sala y Gómez Samoan Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Wallis and Futuna Islands Polynesian outliers Aniwa Anuta Emae Futuna Kapingamarangi Loyalty Islands Mele Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Ouvéa Pileni Rennell Sikaiana Takuu Tikopia Polynesian-influenced Lau Islands NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1274 Cached time: 20191106214856 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.744 seconds Real time usage: 1.043 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4270/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 107206/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 12319/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/40 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13876/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.332/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 14.46 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 821.465 1 -total 34.72% 285.198 1 Template:Infobox_islands 30.61% 251.439 1 Template:Infobox 18.43% 151.410 1 Template:Lang-fr
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16.15% 132.659 8 Template:Navbox 15.10% 124.006 1 Template:Reflist 14.91% 122.475 1 Template:French_Polynesia_topics 14.40% 118.261 1 Template:Territory_topics 10.08% 82.764 2 Template:Cite_web 7.09% 58.269 1 Template:Coord Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:761753-0!canonical and timestamp 20191106214855 and revision id 914589647 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuamotus&oldid=914589647 " Categories : Tuamotus Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 maint: uses editors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча/tatarça ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文
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Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2019, at 07:17 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
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Top of the Pops - Wikipedia CentralNotice Top of the Pops From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the BBC television programme. For other uses, see Top of the Pops (disambiguation) . "TOTP" redirects here. For the algorithm, see Time-based One-time Password Algorithm . Top of the Pops 2013–present logo, as seen on the Christmas 2013 special Created by Johnnie Stewart Presented by Fearne Cotton Clara Amfo (see full list) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 2,263 (508 missing) [1] Production Executive producer(s) Johnnie Stewart (1964–1973) Robin Nash (1973–1980) Michael Hurll (1980–88) Paul Ciani (1988–1991) Stanley Appel (1991–94) Ric Blaxill (1994–97) Chris Cowey (1997–2003) Andi Peters (2003–05) Mark Cooper (2005–) Producer(s) Neville Wortman Stanley Dorfman Colin Charman Mel Cornish Brian Whitehouse Phil Bishop Mark Wells Jeff Simpson Barrie Kelly Dominic Smith Sally Wood Stephanie McWhinnie Running time 25–60 minutes Release Original network BBC One (1964–2005, 2006–present) BBC Two (2005–06) Picture format 4:3 (1964–2001) 16:9 (2001–present) Original release Weekly run: 1 January 1964 ( 1964-01-01 ) – 30 July 2006 ( 2006-07-30 ) Christmas specials: 25 December 2006 ( 2006-12-25 ) – present Chronology Related shows Top of the Pops 2 Top Gear of the Pops Top of the Pops Reloaded TOTP@Play External links Website Top of the Pops , also known as TOTP , is a British music chart television programme, made by the BBC and originally broadcast weekly between 1 January 1964 and 30 July 2006. The world's longest running weekly music show, TOTP was shown every Thursday evening on BBC One , except for a short period on Fridays in mid-1973, and again in autumn 1974, before once again being moved to Fridays at 7:30 pm in 1996 and then to Sundays on BBC Two in 2005. Each weekly show consisted of performances from some of that week's best-selling popular music records, usually excluding any tracks moving down the chart, including a rundown of that week's singles chart. This was originally the Top 20, changing to the Top 30 during the 1970s and the Top 40 in the 80s. The distinctive TOTP theme tune – a riff of Led Zeppelin 's " Whole Lotta Love " – first appeared in 1973 as the background music to the chart countdown. [2]
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The Official Charts Company states "performing on the show was considered an honour, and it pulled in just about every major player." [3] The Rolling Stones were the first band to perform on TOTP with " I Wanna Be Your Man ". [4] Snow Patrol had the distinction of being the last act to play live on the weekly show when they performed their hit single " Chasing Cars ". [5] In addition to the weekly show there was a special edition of TOTP on Christmas Day (and usually, until 1984, a second edition a few days after Christmas), featuring some of the best-selling singles of the year, and, the coveted Christmas Number 1 . Although the weekly show was cancelled in 2006, [6] the Christmas special has continued. In recent years, end-of-year round-up editions have also been broadcast on BBC1 on or around New Year's Eve, albeit largely featuring the same acts and tracks as the Christmas Day shows. [7] [8] [9] It also survives as Top of the Pops 2 , which began in 1994 and features vintage performances from the Top of the Pops archives. Most performers on TOTP mimed until 1991 when the producers of the show allowed artists the option of singing live over a backing track. [10] Miming has resulted in a number of notable moments. [10] In 1991 Nirvana refused to mime to the pre-recorded backing track of " Smells Like Teen Spirit " with Kurt Cobain singing in a deliberately low voice and altering lyrics in the song. [11] In 1995, the Gallagher brothers of Oasis switched places while performing " Roll with It ". [10] When an artist could not appear on the show the song would be played while a TOTP dance act (most notably Pan's People ) would dance on stage. Later, music videos of artists unable to attend would be used. According to Queen guitarist Brian May , the groundbreaking 1975 music video for " Bohemian Rhapsody " was produced so that the band could avoid miming on TOTP since they would have looked off miming to such a complex song. [12]
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The show has seen seminal performances over its history. The March 1971 TOTP appearance of T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan wearing glitter and satins as he performed " Hot Love " is often seen as the inception of glam rock . [13] In the 1990s, the show's format was sold to several foreign broadcasters in the form of a franchise package, and at one point various versions of the show were shown in more than 120 countries. [4] Editions of the programme from the 1970s (and now 1980s) are being repeated on most Thursday and Friday evenings on BBC Four , although episodes featuring disgraced presenters and artists such as Jimmy Savile (who opened the show with its familiar slogan, 'It's Number One, it's Top of the Pops') and Gary Glitter are not repeated. [14] Contents 1 History 1.1 The first show 1.2 1960s and 1970s 1.3 Christmas Top of the Pops 1.4 1980s 1.5 1991: 'Year Zero' revamp 1.6 1994–1997 1.7 1997–2003 1.8 2003: All New Top of the Pops 1.9 2006: Cancellation 1.10 2006–present: After the end 1.10.1 Calls for its return 1.10.2 BBC Four reruns 1.10.3 "Story of" Specials 1.10.4 "Big Hits" compilation 1.10.5 Christmas and New Year specials 1.10.6 Comic Relief specials 2 Performers, performances and presenters 2.1 Miming 3 Dance troupes 3.1 January to October 1964 – no dance troupes
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3.2 November 1964 to April 1968 – The Go-Jos 3.3 May to June 1968 – Go-Jos/Pan's People transition 3.4 July 1968 to April 1976 – Pan's People 3.5 May to October 1976 – Ruby Flipper 3.6 November 1976 to October 1981 – Legs and Co 3.7 December 1981 to September 1983 – Zoo 3.8 October 1983 to 2006 – After Zoo 3.9 Dance Troupe chronology 4 Theme music 5 Lost episodes 6 Spin-offs 7 Send-ups 8 International versions 8.1 Europe 8.2 United States and Canada 8.3 New Zealand 8.4 Africa, Asia and the Middle East 8.5 Latin America 9 Compilation albums 9.1 Number One in the Compilation Charts 10 Top of the Pops magazine 11 In popular culture 12 Licensing 13 DVDs 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Top of the Pops" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Johnnie Stewart devised the rules which governed how the show would operate: the programme would always end with the number one record, which was the only record that could appear in consecutive weeks. The show would include the highest new entry and (if not featured in the previous week) the highest climber on the charts, and omit any song going down in the chart. [15] Tracks could be featured in consecutive weeks in different formats. For example, if a song was played over the chart countdown or the closing credits, then it was acceptable for the act to appear in the studio the following week.
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These rules were sometimes interpreted flexibly and were more formally relaxed from 1997 when records descending the charts were featured more regularly, possibly as a response to the changing nature of the Top 40 (in the late 1990s and early 2000s climbers in the charts were a rarity, with almost all singles peaking at their debut position). When the programme's format changed in November 2003, it concentrated increasingly on the top 10. Later, during the BBC Two era, the top 20 was regarded as the main cut-off point, with the exception made for up and coming bands below the top 20. Singles from below the top 40 (within the top 75) were shown if the band were up and coming or had a strong selling album. If a single being performed was below the top 40, just the words "New Entry" were shown and not the chart position. The show was originally intended to run for only a few programmes but lasted over 42 years, reaching landmark episodes of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 in the years 1973, [16] 1983, [17] 1992 and 2002 [18] respectively. The first show [ edit ] Top of the Pops was first broadcast on Wednesday, 1 January 1964 at 6:35 pm. It was produced in Studio A on Dickenson Road in Rusholme , Manchester. DJ Jimmy Savile presented the first show live from the Manchester studio (with a brief link to Alan Freeman in London to preview the following week's programme), which featured (in order) Dusty Springfield with " I Only Want to Be with You ", the Rolling Stones with " I Wanna Be Your Man ", the Dave Clark Five with " Glad All Over ", the Hollies with " Stay ", the Swinging Blue Jeans with " Hippy Hippy Shake " and the Beatles with " I Want to Hold Your Hand ", [19] that week's number one – throughout its history, the programme proper always (with very few exceptions) finished with the best-selling single of the week, although there often was a separate play-out track.
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1960s and 1970s [ edit ] Later in 1964, the broadcast time was moved to one hour later, at 7:35 pm, and the show moved from Wednesdays to what became its regular Thursday slot. Additionally its length was extended by 5 minutes to 30 minutes. For the first three years Alan Freeman, David Jacobs , Pete Murray and Jimmy Savile rotated presenting duties, with the following week's presenter also appearing at the end of each show, although this practice ceased from October 1964 onwards. Neville Wortman filled in as director/producer on Johnnie Stewart's holiday break. In the first few editions, Denise Sampey was the "disc girl", who would be seen to put the record on a turntable before the next act played their track. [20] However, a Mancunian model, Samantha Juste , became the regular disc girl after a few episodes, a role she performed until 1967. [21] With the birth of BBC Radio 1 in 1967, new Radio 1 DJs were added to the roster – Stuart Henry , Emperor Rosko , Simon Dee and Kenny Everett . [22] Local photographer Harry Goodwin was hired to provide shots of non-appearing artists, and also to provide backdrops for the chart run-down. He would continue in the role until 1973. [23] After two years at the Manchester Dickenson Road Studios, the show moved to London (considered to be better located for bands to appear), initially for six months at BBC TV Centre Studio 2 and then to the larger Studio G at BBC Lime Grove Studios in mid-1966 [24] to provide space for the Top of the Pops Orchestra, which was introduced at this time to provide live instrumentation on some performances (previously, acts had generally mimed to the records). In November 1969, with the introduction of colour, the show returned to BBC TV Centre , where it stayed until 1991, when it moved to Elstree Studios Studio C. [25]
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For a while in the early 1970s, non-chart songs were played on a more regular basis, to reflect the perceived growing importance of album sales; there was an album slot featuring three songs from a new LP, as well as a New Release spot and a feature of a new act, dubbed Tip for the Top . These features were dropped after a while, although the programme continued to feature new releases on a regular basis for the rest of the decade. During its heyday, it attracted 15 million viewers each week. The peak TV audience of 19 million was recorded in 1979, during the ITV strike, with only BBC1 and BBC2 on air. [26] Christmas Top of the Pops [ edit ] A year-end Christmas show featuring a review of the year's biggest hits was inaugurated on 24 December 1964, and has continued every year since. [27] From 1965 onward, the special edition was broadcast on Christmas Day [28] (although not in 1966) [29] and from the same year, a second edition was broadcast in the days after Christmas, varying depending on the schedule, but initially regularly on 26 December. The first was shown on 26 December 1965. [30] In 1973, there was just one show, airing on Christmas Day. In place of the traditional second show, Jimmy Savile hosted a look back at the first 10 years of TOTP, broadcast on 27 December. [31] In 1975, the first of the two shows was broadcast prior to Christmas Day, airing on 23 December, followed by the traditional Christmas Day show two days later. [32]
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The 1978 Christmas Day show was disrupted due to industrial action at the BBC, requiring a change in format to the broadcast. The first show, due to be screened on 21 December, was not shown at all because BBC1 was off the air. [33] For Christmas Day, Noel Edmonds (presenting his last ever edition of TOTP) hosted the show from the 'TOTP Production Office' with clips taken from various editions of the show broadcast during the year and new studio footage performed without an audience. The format was slightly tweaked for the Christmas Day edition in 1981, with the Radio 1 DJs choosing their favourite tracks of the year [34] and the following edition on 31 December featuring the year's number 1 hits. [35] The second programme was discontinued after 1984. 1980s [ edit ] In 1980, Nash was replaced by Michael Hurll , who introduced more of a "party" atmosphere to the show, with performances often accompanied by balloons and cheerleaders, and more audible audience noise and cheering. Guest co-presenters and a music news feature were introduced for a short while, but had ceased by the end of 1980. The chart rundown was split into three sections in the middle of the programme, with the final Top 10 section initially featuring clips of the songs' videos, although this became rarer over the next few years. An occasional feature showing the American music scene with Jonathan King was introduced in November 1981, and ran every few weeks until February 1985. In January 1985, a Breakers section, featuring short video clips of new tracks in the lower end of the Top 40, was introduced, and this continued for most weeks until March 1994.
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Although the programme had been broadcast live in its early editions, it had been recorded on the day before transmission for many years. However, from May 1981, the show was sometimes broadcast live for a few editions each year, and this practice continued on an occasional basis (often in the week of a bank holiday, when the release of the new chart was delayed, and for some special editions) for the rest of the decade. The programme moved in September 1985 to a new regular half-hour timeslot of 7 pm on Thursdays, where it would remain until June 1996. The end of 1988 was marked by a special 70-minute edition of the show broadcast on 31 December 1988, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the first show. The pre-recorded programme featured the return of the original four presenters (Savile, Freeman, Murray and Jacobs) as well as numerous presenters from the show's history, anchored by Paul Gambaccini and Mike Read . Numerous clips from the history of the show were included in between acts performing in the studio, which included Cliff Richard , Engelbert Humperdinck , Lulu , the Four Tops , David Essex , Mud , Status Quo , Shakin' Stevens , the Tremeloes and from the very first edition, the Swinging Blue Jeans . Sandie Shaw , the Pet Shop Boys and Wet Wet Wet were billed in the Radio Times to appear, but none featured in the show other than Shaw in compilation clips. [36]
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Paul Ciani took over as producer in 1988. The following year, in an attempt to fit more songs in the allocated half-hour, he restricted the duration of studio performances to three minutes, and videos to two minutes, a practice which was largely continued until May 1997. In July 1990, he introduced a rundown of the Top 5 albums, which continued on a monthly basis until May 1991. Ciani had to step down due to illness in 1991, when Hurll returned as producer to cover for two months (and again for a brief time as holiday cover in 1992). 1991: 'Year Zero' revamp [ edit ] From 1967, the show had become closely associated with the BBC radio station Radio 1 , usually being presented by DJs from the station, and between 1988 and 1991 the programme was simulcast on the radio station in FM stereo. However, during the last few years of the 1980s the association became less close, and was severed completely (although not permanently) in a radical shake-up known as the 'Year Zero' revamp. Following a fall in viewing figures and a general perception that the show had become 'uncool' (acts like the Clash had refused to appear in the show in previous years), a radical new format was introduced by incoming executive producer Stanley Appel (who had worked on the programme since 1966 as cameraman, production assistant, director and stand-in producer [37] ) in October 1991, in which the Radio 1 DJs were replaced by a team of relative unknowns, such as Claudia Simon and Tony Dortie who had previously worked for Children's BBC , 17-year-old local radio DJ Mark Franklin, Steve Anderson, Adrian Rose and Elayne Smith, who was replaced by Femi Oke in 1992. A brand new theme tune ('Now Get Out of That'), title sequence and logo were introduced, and the entire programme moved from BBC Television Centre in London to BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood .
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The new presenting team would take turns hosting (initially usually in pairs but sometimes solo), and would often introduce acts in an out-of-vision voiceover over the song's instrumental introduction. They would sometimes even conduct short informal interviews with the performers, and initially the Top 10 countdown was run without any voiceover. Rules relating to performance were also altered meaning acts had to sing live as opposed to the backing tracks for instruments and mimed vocals for which the show was known. To incorporate the shift of dominance towards American artists, more use was made of out-of-studio performances, with acts in America able to transmit their song to the Top of the Pops audience "via satellite". These changes were widely unpopular and much of the presenting team were axed within a year, leaving the show hosted solely by Dortie and Franklin (apart from the Christmas Day editions, when both presenters appeared) from October 1992, on a week-by-week rotation. 1994–1997 [ edit ] By 1994, much of the 'Year Zero' revamp was quickly undone and the arrival of Ric Blaxill as producer in February 1994 signalled a return to presentation from established Radio 1 DJs Simon Mayo , Mark Goodier , Nicky Campbell and Bruno Brookes . Blaxill expanded the use of "via satellite" performances, taking the acts out of studios and concert halls and setting them against landmark backdrops. As a consequence, Bon Jovi performed Always from Niagara Falls and Celine Dion beamed in Think Twice from Miami Beach.
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The last remnants of the Year Zero revamp were replaced in 1995, when a new title sequence, logo and theme tune were introduced (the logo having first been introduced on the new programme Top of the Pops 2 some months previous), coinciding with the introduction of a new set. Blaxill also increasingly experimented with handing presenting duties to celebrities, commonly contemporary comedians and pop stars who were not in the charts at that time. In an attempt to keep the links between acts as fresh as the performances themselves, the so-called "golden mic" was used by, amongst others, Kylie Minogue , Meat Loaf , Des Lynam , Chris Eubank , Damon Albarn , Harry Hill , Jack Dee , Lulu , Jarvis Cocker , Stewart Lee and Richard Herring . Radio 1 DJs still presented occasionally, notably Lisa I'Anson , Steve Lamacq , Jo Whiley and Chris Evans . TOTP was traditionally shown on a Thursday night, but was moved to a Friday starting on 14 June 1996, [38] originally at 7 pm, but then shifted to 7.30 pm, a change which placed the programme up against the soap opera Coronation Street on ITV . This began a major decline in audience figures as fans were forced to choose between Top of the Pops and an episode of the soap. [39]
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1997–2003 [ edit ] Top of the Pops logo used from 1998 to 2003. In 1997, incoming producer Chris Cowey phased out the use of celebrities and established a rotating team (similar to the 1991 revamp, although much more warmly received) of former presenters of youth music magazine The O-Zone Jayne Middlemiss and Jamie Theakston as well as Radio 1 DJs Jo Whiley and Zoë Ball . The team was later augmented by Kate Thornton and Gail Porter . Chris Cowey in particular instigated a set of 'back to basics' changes when he took over the show. In 1998, a remixed version of the classic 'Whole Lotta Love' theme tune previously used in the 1970s was introduced, accompanied by a new 1960s-inspired logo and title sequence. Cowey also began to export the brand overseas with localised versions of the show on air in Germany, France, the Netherlands , Belgium and Italy by 2003. [40] Finally, the programme returned to its previous home of BBC Television Centre in 2001, where it remained until its cancellation in 2006. 2003: All New Top of the Pops [ edit ] On 28 November 2003 (three months after the appointment of Andi Peters as executive producer), the show saw one of its most radical overhauls since the ill-fated 1991 'Year Zero' revamp in what was widely reported as a make-or-break attempt to revitalise the long-running series. In a break with the previous format, the show played more up-and-coming tracks ahead of any chart success, and also featured interviews with artists and a music news feature called "24/7". Most editions of the show were now broadcast live, for the first time since 1991 (apart from a couple of editions in 1994). The launch show, which was an hour long, was notable for a performance of " Flip Reverse " by Blazin' Squad , featuring hordes of hooded teenagers choreographed to dance around the outside of BBC Television Centre .
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Although the first edition premièred to improved ratings, the All New format, hosted by MTV presenter Tim Kash , quickly returned to low ratings and brought about scathing reviews. [41] [42] Kash continued to host the show, but Radio 1 DJs Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton (who had each presented a few shows in 2003, before the revamp) were brought back to co-host alongside him, before Kash was completely dropped by the BBC, later taking up a new contract at MTV. The show continued to be hosted by Reggie Yates and Fearne Cotton (usually together, but occasionally solo) on Friday evenings until 8 July 2005. On 30 July 2004, the show took place outside a studio environment for the first time by broadcasting outside in Gateshead . Girls Aloud , Busted , Will Young and Jamelia were among the performers that night. [43] Figures had plummeted to below three million, prompting an announcement by the BBC that the show was going to move, again, to Sunday evenings on BBC Two , thus losing the prime-time slot on BBC One that it had maintained for more than forty years. [44] This move was widely reported as a final "sidelining" of the show, and perhaps signalled its likely cancellation. At the time, it was insisted that this was so the show would air immediately after the official announcement of the new top 40 chart on Radio 1 , as it was thought that by the following Friday, the chart seemed out of date. The final Top of the Pops to be shown on BBC One (barring Christmas and New Year specials) was broadcast on Monday 11 July 2005, which was edition number 2,166.
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The first edition on BBC Two was broadcast on 17 July 2005 at 7.00 pm with presenter Fearne Cotton . After the move to Sundays, Cotton continued to host with a different guest presenter each week, such as Rufus Hound or Richard Bacon . On a number of occasions, however, Reggie Yates would step in, joined by female guest presenters such as Lulu and Anastacia . Viewing figures during this period averaged around 1½ million. Shortly after the move to BBC Two , Peters resigned as executive producer. [45] He was replaced by the BBC's Creative Head of Music Entertainment Mark Cooper, while producer Sally Wood remained to oversee the show on a weekly basis. 2006: Cancellation [ edit ] On 20 June 2006, the show was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on 30 July 2006. Edith Bowman co-presented its hour-long swansong, along with Jimmy Savile (who was the main presenter on the first show), Reggie Yates , Mike Read , Pat Sharp , Sarah Cawood , Dave Lee Travis , Rufus Hound , Tony Blackburn and Janice Long . The final day of recording was 26 July 2006 [46] and featured archive footage and tributes, including the Rolling Stones – the very first band to appear on Top of the Pops – opening with "The Last Time", the Spice Girls , David Bowie , Wham! , Madonna , Beyoncé , Gnarls Barkley , the Jackson 5 , Sonny and Cher and Robbie Williams . The show closed with a final countdown, topped by Shakira , as her track " Hips Don't Lie " (featuring Wyclef Jean ) had climbed back up to number one on the UK Singles Chart earlier in the day. The show ended with Savile ultimately turning the lights off in the empty studio.
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Fearne Cotton , who was the current presenter, was unavailable to co-host for the final edition due to her filming of ITV 's Love Island in Fiji but opened the show with a quick introduction recorded on location, saying "It's still number one, it's Top of the Pops ". BARB reported the final show's viewing figures as 3.98 million. [47] Since the last episode featured no live acts in the studio, the honour of being the last act to actually perform on a weekly episode of TOTP goes to Snow Patrol with " Chasing Cars " in the penultimate edition; the last act ever featured visually on a weekly Top of the Pops was Girls Aloud , as part of the closing sequence of bands performing on the show throughout the years. They were shown performing " Love Machine ". 2006–present: After the end [ edit ] The magazine and TOTP2 have both survived despite the show's axing, and the Christmas editions also continue after returning to BBC One. However, the TOTP website, which the BBC had originally promised would continue, is now no longer updated, although many of the old features of the site – interviews, music news, reviews – have remained, now in the form of the Radio 1-affiliated TOTP ChartBlog accessible via the remains of the old website.
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Calls for its return [ edit ] In October 2008, British Culture Secretary Andy Burnham and Manchester indie band the Ting Tings called for the show to return. [48] On 29 October 2008, Simon Cowell stated in an interview that he would be willing to buy the rights to Top of the Pops from the BBC. The corporation responded that they had not been formally approached by Cowell, [49] and that in any case the format was not "up for sale". [9] In November 2008, it was reported by The Times and other newspapers that the weekly programme was to be revived in 2009, but the BBC said there were no such plans. [50] In July 2009, Pet Shop Boys singer Neil Tennant criticised the BBC for ending the programme, stating that new acts were missing out on "that great moment of being crowned that week's Kings of Pop". [51] In early 2015 there was increased speculation of a return of the show including rumours that Dermot O'Leary might present alongside Fearne Cotton . According to a report in the Daily Mirror , a BBC insider stated that "some at the highest level are massive supporters of the plan [of a return] and have given the go-ahead." [52] The move of the UK charts to a Friday due to take place in summer 2015 [53] was also said to favour the possibility of a return, making it "the perfect tie-in" [52] and a "perfect start to the weekend", [52] but no weekly return has occurred.
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BBC Four reruns [ edit ] In April 2011, the BBC began to reshow Top of the Pops on Thursday nights on BBC Four beginning with the equivalent show from 35 years earlier in a 7:30 pm–8:00 pm slot approximating to the time the programme was traditionally shown. The first programme shown, 1 April 1976, was chosen because it was from approximately this episode onwards that most editions remain in the BBC archive. The repeat programmes come in two versions; the first is edited down to fit in the 30-minute 7:30 slot, the second is shown normally twice overnight in the following weekend, and is usually complete. However both the short and longer editions can be edited for a number of reasons. Potentially offensive content to modern audiences is cut (for example the Barron Knights' in-studio performance of "Food For Thought" on the edition of 13 December 1979 including a segment parodying Chinese takeaways using mannerisms that may now be viewed as offensive), and cinematic film footage can be truncated, replaced or removed entirely due to the costs to the BBC of reshowing such footage. The BBC also makes the repeats available on BBC iPlayer . The repeats are continuing as of October 2019 with episodes from 1988q. [54] Following the Jimmy Savile allegations , from October 2012, episodes featuring Jimmy Savile ceased to be broadcast. [55] Following the arrest of Dave Lee Travis by Operation Yewtree officers, and the subsequent prosecution, acquittal, retrial, further acquittal on all but one minor charge and failed appeal, episodes featuring Travis were also omitted. [56] Episodes featuring Mike Smith are also not included in the run due to the presenter declining to sign licence extensions to permit rebroadcast. Smith died in August 2014 and the BBC continues to honour his wishes. [57] Due to these broadcasting restrictions and the occasional missed weeks in the original run due to strikes and other reasons (an episode was not made for 1 June 1978 due to the BBC showing the 1978 FIFA World Cup [58] ), other programmes are shown on some Thursday nights to make up the shortfall in the number of programmes in a given year, in particular The Sky at Night and The BBC Proms .
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"Story of" Specials [ edit ] Prior to the 1976 BBC reruns shown in 2011, the BBC produced a special programme, "The Story of 1976". [59] This comprised excerpts from the 1976 programmes, interspersed with new interviews with people discussing the time period. They have produced similar programmes prior to subsequent annual reruns for 1977 in 2012, [60] 1978 in 2013, [61] 1979 in 2014, [26] 1980 in 2015, [62] 1981 on 8 January and 1982 in 17 June 2016 and 1983 and 1984 on 6 January 2017 and 4 June 2017 etc. Also 1985 & 1986 in 2018 and 1987 & 1988 in 2019. [63] "Big Hits" compilation [ edit ] A series of hit compilations with captions on the screen about artist, people and songs: 1964 to 1975 in April 2011 1976 in April 2011 1977 in January 2012 1978 in January 2013 1979 in January 2014 1980 in January 2015 1981 on January 2016 1982 on June 2016 1983 in January 2017 1984 in June 2017 1985 in January 2018 1986 in June 2018 1987 in January 2019 1988 in June 2019 In December 2016, a festive special using the format of the "Big Hits" programmes, Top of the Pops: Christmas Hits was broadcast on BBC Four, featuring a mix of Christmas music and non-festive songs which had been hits at Christmas time. This effectively replaced the annual Christmas edition of Top of the Pops 2 , which did not run that year.
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Christmas and New Year specials [ edit ] Although the weekly Top of the Pops has been cancelled, the Christmas Specials have continued, hosted by Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates . The Christmas specials are broadcast on Christmas Day afternoon on BBC One. Since 2008 [64] (apart from 2010, 2011 and 2018), a New Year special has also been broadcast. The most recent festive edition of Top of the Pops was at the end of 2018, on Christmas Day. A new logo and title sequence were introduced from 2013, although earlier versions of the logo still appear on the studio set. The BBC's Head of Music Television, Mark Cooper, continues to oversee the programme as executive producer, while Stephanie McWhinnie replaced Wood as producer with effect from Christmas 2011. On 4 December 2017, Yates stepped down from hosting Top of the Pops due to comments he made regarding Jewish people and rappers. [65] The BBC later announced Clara Amfo as Yates' replacement. [66] Comic Relief specials [ edit ] The show was given a one-off revival (of sorts) for Comic Relief 2007 in the form of Top Gear of the Pops , presented by Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May . It was filmed at the Top Gear aerodrome studio in Surrey on Sunday, 11 March 2007, although it bore little resemblance to the usual Top of the Pops format.
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On 13 March 2009, Top of The Pops was once again revived, this time in its usual format, for a special live Comic Relief edition, airing on BBC Two while the main telethon took a break for the BBC News at Ten on BBC One. As with the Christmas specials the show was presented by Radio 1 duo Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates with special guest presenter Noel Fielding and appearances from Dawn French , Jennifer Saunders , Claudia Winkleman , Jonathan Ross , Davina McCall (dancing in the audience and later as a Flo Rida dancer with Claudia Winkleman and French and Saunders) and David Tennant . Live performances – interspersed with Comic Relief appeal films – included acts such as Franz Ferdinand , Oasis , Take That , U2 , James Morrison and Flo Rida (that week's Number 1). Kicking off the show was a performance from Rob Brydon and Ruth Jones in their Gavin & Stacey guises, feat. Tom Jones and Robin Gibb with "(Barry) Islands in the Stream ", the Comic Relief single. Performers, performances and presenters [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Top of the Pops" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
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Main articles: List of performers on Top of the Pops , List of performances on Top of the Pops , and List of Top of the Pops presenters In its extensive history, Top of the Pops has featured many artists, many of whom have appeared more than once on the show to promote many of their records. Green Day hold the record for the longest Top of the Pops performance: " Jesus of Suburbia " broadcast on 6 November 2005, lasted 9 minutes and 10 seconds. There is uncertainty about what was the shortest performance. In 2005, presenter Reggie Yates announced on the show that it was Super Furry Animals with " Do or Die ", broadcast on 28 January 2000, clocking in at 95 seconds. However, "It's My Turn" by Angelic was 91 seconds on 16 June 2000 and, according to an August 2012 edition of TOTP2 , " Here Comes the Summer " by the Undertones was just 84 seconds on 26 July 1979. Cliff Richard appeared the most times on the show, with almost 160 performances. Status Quo were the most frequent group with 106 performances. [67] Miming [ edit ] Main articles: Lip-syncing and Miming in instrumental performance Initially acts performing on the show mimed to the commercially released record, but in 1966 after discussions with the Musicians' Union , miming was banned. [68] After a few weeks during which some bands' attempts to play as well as on their records were somewhat lacking, a compromise was reached whereby a specially recorded backing track was permitted – as long as all the musicians on the track were present in the studio. [69] [70] The TOTP Orchestra, led by Johnny Pearson , augmented the tracks when necessary. This set-up continued until 1980, when a protracted Musicians' Union strike resulted in the dropping of the live orchestra altogether and the use of pre-recorded tracks only. [71] This accounts for a number of acts who never appeared on the show due to their reluctance to perform in this way. Highlights have included Jimi Hendrix who, on hearing someone else's track being played by mistake (in the days of live broadcast), mumbled "I don't know the words to that one, man", Shane MacGowan of the Pogues ' drunken performance of " Fairytale of New York ", a performance of " Roll with It " by Oasis in which Noel and Liam Gallagher exchanged roles with Noel miming to Liam's singing track and Liam pretending to play guitar, and John Peel 's appearance as the mandolin soloist for Rod Stewart on " Maggie May ". During their performance of "Don't leave me this way" the Communards singers Jimmy Somerville and Sarah Jane Morris swapped lyrics for part of the song towards the end.
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The miming policy also led to the occasional technical hitch. A famous example of this is the performance of " Martha's Harbour " in 1988 by All About Eve where the television audience at home could hear the song but the band and studio audience and personnel could not. As the opening verse of the song beamed out of the nation's television sets, the unknowing lead singer Julianne Regan remained silent on a stool on stage while Tim Bricheno (the only other band member present) did not play his guitar. An unseen stagehand apparently prompted them that something was wrong in time to mime along to the second verse. The band were invited back the following week, and chose to sing live. [ citation needed ] Occasionally bands played live, examples in the 1970s being the Four Seasons , the Who , John Otway , Sham 69 , Eddie and the Hot Rods , Jimmy James and the Vagabonds , Heavy Metal Kids , Elton John , Typically Tropical , New Order , and David Bowie . In 1980, heavy metal band Iron Maiden played live on the show when they refused to mime to their single "Running Free". Solo artists and vocal groups were supposed to sing live to the Top of the Pops Orchestra. Billy Ocean , Brotherhood of Man , Hylda Baker and the Nolans all performed in this way.
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For a few years from 1991, the show adopted a live vocal to pre-recorded backing track policy. Performing " Smells Like Teen Spirit ", Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain dropped his voice an octave and changed the opening line to "Load up on drugs, kill your friends"; the band also made it very clear that they were not playing their instruments. (Cobain later said during an interview that he wanted to sound more like Morrissey during the performance.) It also exposed a number of poor live singers, and was dropped as a general rule. [72] It was not helped by the fact that it coincided with a sudden upsurge of chart success for dance tracks which were heavily sample-based and whose sound could not easily be reproduced in a TV studio – sampled vocals from other tracks had to be sung live. [ citation needed ] In its final few years miming had become less and less common, especially for bands, as studio technology became more reliable and artists were given the freedom to choose their performance style. Former Executive Producer Andi Peters said there was no policy on miming and that it was entirely up to the performer whether they wanted to sing live or mime. [73] Dance troupes [ edit ] January to October 1964 – no dance troupes [ edit ]
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In the era before promotional videos were routinely produced for every charting single, the BBC would frequently have neither the band themselves nor alternative footage available for a song selected for the programme. In the first few months of the show in 1964, the director would just scan across the audience dancing in the absence of any other footage, but by October 1964 a decision was made to at least occasionally bring in a dance troupe with a choreographed routine to some of the tracks. [74] November 1964 to April 1968 – The Go-Jos [ edit ] Main article: Go-Jos An initial candidate troupe was the existing BBC TV Beat Girls , but an ex-dancer from the Beat Girls, Jo Cook , was eventually engaged to create a troupe, the all-female Go-Jos ., [75] [76] with Cook as choreographer. The Go-Jos also worked outside of Top of the Pops , notably for two years on the Val Doonican show [77] – Doonican said in 1968 "I thought the Gojos were fabulous, something really new. When I got my own television series I just had to have them with me." [78] They were initially a three-piece (Pat Hughes for the first edition only, Linda Hotchkin and Jane Bartlett ), but their number eventually grew to six ( Hotchkin , Bartlett, Lesley Larbey , Wendy Hilhouse , Barbara van der Heyde and Thelma Bignell ) with Cook as full-time choreographer. Lulu remembered of their costumes "They mostly wore white boots to the knee and short skirts and the camera would go up the skirt and it was all very risqué." [79]
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Cook herself said of working on the Doonican show (of which she was dance director) comparing to Top of the Pops, "Pop steps are limited ... With Val we have more scope, and we can work to get more of the feel of ballet into our numbers." [78] May to June 1968 – Go-Jos/Pan's People transition [ edit ] In April 1968, a Top of the Pops choreographer, Virginia Mason, [80] auditioned for dancers for a routine on Top of The Pops ( Simon Says by the 1910 Fruitgum Company ); two of whom that were successful ( Ruth Pearson and Patricia "Dee Dee" Wilde ) were part of the existing six-female dance troupe, Pan's People. [81] Like the Go-Jos, this group was also partly drawn from ex-members of the Beat Girls. [82] Although this routine did not make it onto the programme itself, in subsequent weeks, members of Pan's People ( Louise Clarke , Felicity "Flick" Colby , Barbara "Babs" Lord , Pearson, Andrea "Andi" Rutherford and Wilde) started to appear on the programme separately to the Go-Jos. Pan's People were then selected by the BBC over the Go-Jos when they chose a group to be the resident troupe. [83] The Go-Jos' final Top of the Pops performance was in June 1968 dancing to " Jumping Jack Flash " by the Rolling Stones .
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July 1968 to April 1976 – Pan's People [ edit ] Main article: Pan's People As with the Go-Jos, in the first eighteen months of the Pan's People era the dancers were not a weekly fixture on the programme. [84] However, due to group fan mail and good viewing figures, by 1970 the group was on nearly every week. [85] Pay was not high, they were paid the minimum equity rate of £56 per week. [86] One of the original Pan's People dancers, Colby, became the full-time choreographer in 1971. [87] Colby spoke of the dancing – "They weren't Broadway-standard routines ... we were definitely doing watercolours, not oil paintings." [88] May to October 1976 – Ruby Flipper [ edit ] Main article: Ruby Flipper In early 1976, the last remaining of the early members of Pan's People, Ruth Pearson announced her retirement, leaving just four members all of whom who had joined within the last four years; Cherry Gillespie , Mary Corpe , Lee Ward and Sue Menhenick . Rather than continue with this line up or add additional members, it was decided by Colby and BBC production staff to replace this group [89] with a male and female group created for the programme, Ruby Flipper , choreographed by Colby and managed by Colby with Pearson. Lee Ward left shortly after this decision was made, reportedly saying regarding the change "It's a big mistake. Men rush home to watch sexy ladies. They do not want to see other men.". [90]
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Rehearsals for this new group started in March 1976, and the group began appearing on Top of the Pops in May 1976. Whilst producers were aware of the switch to the new group, Bill Cotton , the then head of the light entertainment unit of which Top of the Pops was part, was not. This group started as a seven-piece with three men ( Gavin Trace , Floyd Pearce and Phil Steggles ) and four women (Menhenick, Gillespie, Patti Hammond and Lulu Cartwright ). Corpe was not invited to join the new troupe. Trace, Pearce, Steggles and Cartwright joined following open auditions, Hammond, an established dancer, was invited to join to complete the "look" following a later individual audition. [91] Colby viewed this gender-mixed group as an opportunity to develop more physical routines including lifts., [92] more duets and generally not have the whole group at each performance. However, by August the BBC had decided to terminate the group due to perceived unpopularity and being "... out of step with viewers". [93] Their final appearance was in October 1976. November 1976 to October 1981 – Legs and Co [ edit ] Main article: Legs & Co The group created to replace Ruby Flipper was Legs & Co , reverting to an all-female line-up, and once more choreographed by Colby. Three of the six in the initial line-up (Menhenick, Cartwight and Hammond) were taken from Ruby Flipper. [94] with Rosie Hetherington , Gill Clarke and Pauline Peters making up the six. Despite being an all-female group, on occasion one or more male dancers were brought in, notably Pearce several times.
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During their run, the group covered the transition from Disco to Punk, Electronic and Modern Romantic music. Notably, they danced to two Sex Pistols tracks. [95] December 1981 to September 1983 – Zoo [ edit ] Main article: Zoo (dance troupe) By late 1981, Legs & Co (by this time Anita Chellamah had replaced Peters) had become more integrated into the studio audience, rather than performing set-piece routines, as a result of the 'party atmosphere' brought in by Michael Hurll . Also by this time Colby was particularly keen to work once more with male dancers; feeling it time for a change, Legs & Co's stint was ended, and a twenty-member dance troupe (ten male, ten female), named Zoo was created, with a set of performers drawn from the pool of twenty each week. [96] Colby was now credited as "Dance Director". [92] Three members of previous troupes, Menhenick, Corpe and Chellamah, made at least one appearance each during the Zoo period. The dancers now chose their own clothes, moving away from the synchronised appearance of previous troupes. [97] October 1983 to 2006 – After Zoo [ edit ] By the early 1980s, record companies were offering the BBC free promotional videos, meaning dance troupes no longer fulfilled their original purpose. [98] Zoo's run ended in 1983, and with it the use of dance troupes on Top of the Pops .
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After the demise of Zoo, the audience took a more active role, often dancing in more prominent areas such as behind performing acts on the back of the stage, and on podiums. However, the show also employed cheerleaders to lead the dancing. Dance Troupe chronology [ edit ] Go-Jos' first performance: 19 November 1964 – Dancing to " Baby Love " by the Supremes [99] Pan's People first performance (three of the dancers, independently contracted): April 1968 – Dancing to " Young Girl " by Gary Puckett & the Union Gap [100] or " Respect " by Aretha Franklin [101] Pan's People's first performance (as the six-piece group of early 1968): 30 May 1968 – Dancing to " U.S. Male " by Elvis Presley [101] Go-Jos' final performance: 27 June 1968 – Dancing to " Jumping Jack Flash " by the Rolling Stones [102] Pan's People's final performance: 29 April 1976 – Dancing to " Silver Star " by the Four Seasons [103] Ruby Flipper's first performance: 6 May 1976 – Dancing to " Can't Help Falling In Love " by the Stylistics [104] Ruby Flipper's final performance: 14 October 1976 – Dancing to " Play That Funky Music " by Wild Cherry Legs & Co's first performance (credited as Ruby Flipper & Legs & Co): 21 October 1976 – Dancing to " Queen of My Soul " by Average White Band [96]
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Legs & Co's first performance (credited as Legs & Co): 11 November 1976 – Dancing to " Spinning Rock Boogie " by Hank C. Burnette Legs & Co's final performance: 29 October 1981 – Dancing to " Favourite Shirts (Boy Meets Girl) " by Haircut 100 Zoo's first performance: 5 November 1981 – Dancing to " Twilight " by E.L.O. Zoo's final performance: 29 September 1983 – Dancing to "What I Got Is What You Need" by Unique Theme music [ edit ] For much of the 1960s, the show's theme music was an organ-based instrumental track, also called "Top of the Pops", by the Dave Davani Four. 1 January 1964 to ?: Instrumental percussion piece written by Johnnie Stewart and Harry Rabinowitz and performed by drummer Bobby Midgly. 1965 to 1966: Dave Davani Four's "Top of the Pops" with the Ladybirds on backing vocal harmonies. Originally the opening theme, this was later played as a closing theme from 1966 up until 1970. 20 January 1966 to 13 November 1969: Unknown instrumental guitar track. 27 November 1969 to 29 October 1970: Unknown brass track played over colour titles with a voiceover proclaiming, "Yes! It's number one! It's Top of the Pops!" There was no TOTP on 20 November 1969 due to the Apollo 12 Moon landing. 5 November 1970 to 14 July 1977: Led Zeppelin 's " Whole Lotta Love " based on the CCS release, but specially re-recorded by CCS with the same personnel from their first album, playing a 40-second version.
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