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^ Tansley, A.G. (1941). "Sigmund Freud. 1856–1939". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society . 3 (9): 246–75. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1941.0002 . JSTOR 768889 . ^ "Freud" Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary . ^ a b Ford & Urban 1965, p. 109 ^ Noel Sheehy; Alexandra Forsythe (2013). "Sigmund Freud". Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-70493-4 . ^ Eric R. Kandel The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present . New York: Random House 2012, pp. 45–46. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 136–37 ^ Jones, Ernest (1949) What is Psychoanalysis ? London: Allen & Unwin. p. 47. ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 49–51, 152–54 ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 146–47 ^ For its efficacy and the influence of psychoanalysis on psychiatry and psychotherapy, see The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy , Chapter 9, Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Robert Michels , 1999 and Tom Burns Our Necessary Shadow: The Nature and Meaning of Psychiatry London: Allen Lane 2013 pp. 96–97. For the influence on psychology, see The Psychologist , December 2000 Archived 31 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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For the influence of psychoanalysis in the humanities, see J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 2–3. For the debate on efficacy, see Fisher, S. and Greenberg, R.P., Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy , New York: John Wiley, 1996, pp. 193–217 For the debate on the scientific status of psychoanalysis see Stevens, Richard (1985). Freud and Psychoanalysis . Milton Keynes: Open University Press. pp. 91–116. ISBN 978-0-335-10180-1 . , Gay (2006) p. 745, and Solms, Mark (2018). "The scientific standing of psychoanalysis" . BJPsych International . 15 (1): 5–8. doi : 10.1192/bji.2017.4 . PMC 6020924 . PMID 29953128 . For the debate on psychoanalysis and feminism, see Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women . London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 455–74 ^ Thurschwell, Pamela (2009). Sigmund Freud . London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 0-415-21520-X . ^ Gresser 1994, p. 225. ^ Emanuel Rice (1990). Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home . SUNY Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7914-0453-9 . ^ Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4 For Jakob's Torah study, see Meissner 1993, p. 233 . For the date of the marriage, see Rice 1990, p. 55 . ^ Deborah P. Margolis, M.A. (1989). "Margolis 1989" . Mod. Psychoanal : 37–56. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 .
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^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37 ^ Hothersall 2004, p. 276. ^ Hothersall 1995 ^ See " past studies of eels " and references therein. ^ Costandi, Mo (10 March 2014). "Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . In this period he published three papers: Freud, Sigmund (1877). Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) [ On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of Ammocoetes ( Petromyzon Planeri ) ] (in German). Freud, Sigmund (1878). Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon [ On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of Petromyzon ] (in German). Freud, Sigmund (April 1884). "A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord" . Brain . 7 (1): 86–88. doi : 10.1093/brain/7.1.86 . For a more in-depth analysis: Gamwell, Lynn; Solms, Mark (2006). From Neurology to Psychoanalysis (PDF) . State University of New York : Binghamton University Art Museum . pp. 29−33, 37−39. ^ Gay 2006 p. 36 ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], p. 22 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 42–47 ^ Peter J. Swales, "Freud, Minna Bernays and the Conquest of Rome: New Light on the Origins of Psychoanalysis", The New American Review , Spring/Summer 1982, pp. 1–23, which also includes speculation over an abortion.
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see Gay 2006, pp. 76, 752–53 for a sceptical rejoinder to Swales. for the discovery of the hotel log see Blumenthal, Ralph (24 December 2006). "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress – Europe – International Herald Tribune" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . see also 'Minna Bernays as "Mrs. Freud": What Sort of Relationship Did Sigmund Freud Have with His Sister-in-Law?' by Franz Maciejewski and Jeremy Gaines, American Imago , Volume 65, Number 1, Spring 2008, pp. 5–21 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 77, 169 ^ Freud and Bonaparte 2009, pp. 238–39 ^ a b Vitz 1988, pp. 53–54 ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 66–67, 116 ^ Daniel Leader, Freud's Footnotes , London, Faber, 2000, pp. 34–45 ^ Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis . 76 (Pt 2): 237–56. PMID 7628894 . ^ Schopenhauer and Freud., Young C. – Brook A. (February 1994). "Schopenhauer and Freud". Int J Psychoanal . A close study of Schopenhauer's central work, 'The World as Will and Representation', reveals that a number of Freud's most characteristic doctrines were first articulated by Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's concept of the will contains the foundations of what in Freud became the concepts of the unconscious and the id. Schopenhauer's writings on madness anticipate Freud's theory of repression and his first theory of the aetiology of neurosis. Schopenhauer's work contains aspects of what become the theory of free association. And most importantly, Schopenhauer articulates major parts of the Freudian theory of sexuality. These correspondences raise some interesting questions about Freud's denial that he even read Schopenhauer until late in life.
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^ Paul Roazen, in Dufresne, Todd (ed). Returns of the French Freud: Freud, Lacan, and Beyond . New York and London: Routledge Press, 1997, pp. 13–15 ^ Gay 2006, p. 45 ^ Holt 1989, p. 242 ^ Bloom 1994, p. 346 ^ Robert, Marthe (1976) From Oedipus to Moses: Freud's Jewish Identity New York: Anchor pp. 3–6 ^ Frosh, Stephen (2006) "Psychoanalysis and Judaism" in Black, David M.(ed) Psychoanalysis and Religion in the 21st Century , Hove: Routledge. pp. 205–06. ^ Freud had a small lithographic version of the painting, created by Eugène Pirodon (1824–1908), framed and hung on the wall of his Vienna rooms from 1886 to 1938. Once Freud reached England, it was immediately placed directly over the analytical couch in his London rooms. ^ Joseph Aguayo (1986). "Joseph Aguayo Charcot and Freud: Some Implications of Late 19th-century French Psychiatry and Politics for the Origins of Psychoanalysis (1986). Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought" . Psychoanal. Contemp. Thought : 223–60. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Gay 2006, pp. 64–71 ^ "jewishvirtuallibrary Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)" . jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . ^ Freud 1896c, pp. 203, 211, 219; Eissler 2005, p. 96 ^ J. Forrester The Seductions of Psychoanalysis Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 75–76
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^ Gay 2006, pp. 88–96 ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015, pp. 55–81 ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015, p. 91 ^ Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane (eds) In Dora's Case: Freud – Hysteria – Feminism , London: Virago 1985 ^ Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff (2012) [ 1984 ]. The Assault on Truth . Untreed Reads. p. 18 . ISBN 978-1-61187-280-4 . ^ Kris, Ernst, Introduction to Sigmund Freud The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes 1887–1902 . Eds. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Kris, E. London: Imago 1954 ^ Reeder, Jurgen (2002). Reflecting Psychoanalysis. Narrative and Resolve in the Psychoanalytic Experience . London: Karnac Books. p. 10 . ISBN 978-1-78049-710-5 . ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015, pp. 40–41 ^ Sulloway 1992 [1979], pp. 142ff. ^ a b Masson, Jeffrey M. (1984) The Assault on Truth. Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory . New York City: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ^ Bonomi, Carlos (2015) The Cut and the Building of Psychoanalysis, Volume I: Sigmund Freud and Emma Eckstein . London: Routledge, p. 80. ^ Gay 2006, pp. 84–87, 154–56 ^ Schur, Max. "Some Additional 'Day Residues' of the Specimen Dream of Psychoanalysis." In Psychoananalysis, A General Psychology , ed. R.M. Loewenstein et al. New York: International Universities Press, 1966, pp. 45–95
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^ Gay 2006, pp. 154–56 ^ John Forrester, Introduction; Sigmund Freud (2006). Interpreting Dreams . Penguin Books Limited. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-14-191553-1 . Affiliated Professor seems to me to be the best translation of professor extraordinarius, which position has the rank of full Professor, but without payment by the University. ^ Clark (1980), p. 424 ^ Phillips, Adam (2014) Becoming Freud Yale University Press. p. 139 ^ a b c Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science . Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8143-2621-3 . ^ a b c Schwartz, Joseph (2003). Cassandra's daughter: a history of psychoanalysis . London: Karnac. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-85575-939-8 . ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 443, 454. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0 . ^ Stekel's review appeared in 1902. In it, he declared that Freud's work heralded "a new era in psychology". Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Psychoanalysis and the Pursuit of Cultural Science . Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8143-2621-3 . ^ Rose, Louis (1998). "Freud and fetishism: previously unpublished minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society" . Psychoanalytic Quartery . 57 (2): 147. doi : 10.1080/21674086.1988.11927209 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
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^ Reitler's family had converted to Catholicism. Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0 . ^ Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 130–31. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0 . ^ Stekel, Wilhelm (2007). 'On the history of the psychoanalytic movmement'. Jap Bos (trans. and annot.). In Japp Boss and Leendert Groenendijk (eds). The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel: Freudian Circles Inside and Out . New York. p. 131 ^ a b c Gay 2006, pp. 174–75 ^ The real name of "Little Hans" was Herbert Graf. See Gay 2006, page. 156, 174. ^ Wehr, Gerhard (1985). Jung – A Biography . Shambhala. pp. 83–85. ISBN 978-0-87773-455-0 . ^ Sulloway, Frank J. (1991). "Reassessing Freud's case histories: the social construction of psychoanalysis". Isis . 82 (2): 266. doi : 10.1086/355727 . ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0 . ^ Gay 2006, p. 219 ^ Gay 2006, p. 503 ^ Martin Miller(1998) Freud and the Bolsheviks , Yale University Press, pp. 24, 45 ^ Jones, E. 1955, pp. 44–45 ^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work. Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 332
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^ Jones, Ernest (1964) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work . Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books pp. 334, 352, 361 ^ Gay 2006, p. 186 ^ a b Gay 2006, p. 212 ^ Three members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society resigned at the same time as Adler to establish the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. Six other members of the Viennese Psychoanalytic Society who attempted to retain links to both the Adlerian and Freudian camps were forced out after Freud insisted that they must choose one side or another. Makari, George (2008). Revolution in Mind: the Creation of Psychoanalysis (Australian ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-522-85480-0 . ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 456, 584–85. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0 . ^ Ellenberger, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: the History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry ([Repr.] ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-465-01673-0 . ^ Gay 2006, pp. 229–30, 241 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 474–81 ^ Gay 2006, p. 460 ^ Danto, Elizabeth Ann (2005). Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis and Social Justice, 1918–1938 . New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 3, 104, 185–86. ^ Miller, Martin (1998) Freud and the Bolsheviks , Yale University Press pp. 24, 59
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^ Miller (1998), p. 94. ^ Maddox, Brenda (2006). Freud's Wizard: The Enigma of Ernest Jones . London: John Murray. pp. 147–79 ^ Danto, Elizabeth Ann (2005). Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis and Social Justice, 1918–1938 . New York: Columbia University Press, p. 151 ^ Gay 2006, p. 406 ^ Gay 2006, p. 394 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 490–500 ^ Gay 2006, p. 571 ^ Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women . London: Penguin Books, 1992, p. 108 ^ Breger, Louis. Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision . Wiley, 2011, p. 262 ^ Lynn, D.J. (2003). "Freud's psychoanalysis of Edith Banfield Jackson, 1930–1936". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry . 31 (4): 609–25. doi : 10.1521/jaap.31.4.609.23009 . PMID 14714630 . ^ Lynn, D.J. (1997). "Freud's analysis of Albert Hirst, 1903–1910". Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 71 (1): 69–93. doi : 10.1353/bhm.1997.0045 . PMID 9086627 . ^ Gay 2006, pp. 419–20 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 592–93. ^ a b Gay 2006, pp. 618–20, 624–25. ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 152–53. ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 157–59. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 160. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 166 ^ Cohen 2009, pp. 178, 205–07. ^ Schur, Max (1972) Freud: Living and Dying , London: Hogarth Press, pp. 498–99. ^ Cohen 2009, p. 213. ^ a b Chaney, Edward (2006). 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines , eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, Chaney'Freudian Egypt', The London Magazine (April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, and Chaney, 'Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud', 'The Canon', THE ( Times Higher Education ), 3–9 June 2010, No. 1, 950, p. 53.
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^ Gay 2006, pp. 650–51 ^ "Index entry" . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Lacoursiere, Roy B. (2008). "Freud's Death: Historical Truth and Biographical Fictions". American Imago . 65 (1): 107–28. doi : 10.1353/aim.0.0003 . ^ a b "Sigmund Freud's Collection: An Archaeology of the Mind" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Welter, Volker M (1 October 2011). Ernst L. Freud, Architect . ISBN 978-0-85745-234-4 . ^ Burke, Janine The Sphinx at the Table: Sigmund Freud's Art Collection and the Development of Psychoanalysis , New York: Walker and Co. 2006, p. 340. ^ Strutzmann, Helmut (2008). "An overview of Freud's life" . In Joseph P. Merlino; Marilyn S. Jacobs; Judy Ann Kaplan; K. Lynne Moritz (eds.). Freud at 150: 21st century Essays on a Man of Genius . Plymouth. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7657-0547-1 . ^ "The History of Psychiatry" (PDF) . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 59 ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . London: Penguin Books, 1995, pp. 185–86 ^ Hirschmuller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York: New York University Press, 1989, pp. 101–16, 276–307. ^ Hirschmuller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer. New York: New York University Press, 1989, p. 115.
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^ Ellenberger, E.H., "The Story of 'Anna O.': A Critical Account with New Data", J. of the Hist. of the Behavioral Sciences, 8 (3), 1972, pp. 693–717. ^ Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel. Remembering Anna O.: A Century of Mystification. London: Routledge, 1996. ^ Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997, pp. 3–24. ^ Miller, Gavin (25 November 2009). "Book Review: Richard A. Skues (2009) Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O.: Reopening a Closed Case". History of Psychiatry . 20 (4): 509–10. doi : 10.1177/0957154X090200040205 . Skues, Richard A. Sigmund Freud and the History of Anna O.: Reopening a Closed Case. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ^ "Faults and Frauds of Sigmund Freud" . Sulloway.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Freud, Standard Edition , vol. 7, 1906, p. 274; S.E. 14 , 1914, p. 18; S.E. 20 , 1925, p. 34; S.E. 22 , 1933, p. 120; Schimek, J.G. (1987), Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , xxxv: 937–65; Esterson, Allen (1998). "Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: a new fable based on old myths" . History of the Human Sciences . 11 (1): 1–21. doi : 10.1177/095269519801100101 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2008.
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^ Masson (ed), 1985, pp. 141, 144. Esterson, Allen (1998), Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: a new fable based on old myths. History of the Human Sciences , 11 (1), pp. 1–21 Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Freud, Standard Edition 3 , (1896a), (1896b), (1896c); Israëls, H. & Schatzman, M. (1993), The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry , iv: 23–59; Esterson, Allen (1998). ^ Freud, Sigmund (1896c). The Aetiology of Hysteria. Standard Edition , Vol. 3, p. 204; Schimek, J.G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, xxxv: 937–65; Toews, J.E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time, Journal of Modern History , vol. 63 (pp. 504–45), p. 510, n. 12; McNally, R.J. Remembering Trauma , Harvard University Press, 1993, pp. 159–69. ^ Freud, Standard Edition 3 , 1896c, pp. 204, 211; Schimek, J.G. (1987); Esterson, Allen (1998); Eissler, 2001, pp. 114–15; McNally, R.J. (2003). ^ Freud, Standard Edition 3 , 1896c, pp. 191–93; Cioffi, Frank. (1998 [1973]). Was Freud a liar? Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. Chicago: Open Court, pp. 199–204; Schimek, J.G. (1987); Esterson, Allen (1998); McNally, (2003), pp, 159–69. ^ Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). "Neurotica: Freud and the seduction theory. October , vol. 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15–43; Hergenhahn, B.R. (1997), An Introduction to the History of Psychology , Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, pp. 484–485; Esterson, Allen (2002). The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896–1905: Jeffrey Masson's assault on truth" . History of Psychology . 5 (2): 115–34. doi : 10.1037/1093-4510.5.2.115 . PMID 12096757 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008.
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^ a b Andrews, B. and Brewin, C. What did Freud get right? , The psychologist, December 2000, page 606 Archived 9 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Freud, S. 1924/1961, p. 204 The aetiology of hysteria . In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 3, pp. 189–224). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1896, addendum originally published 1924) ^ Ahbel-Rappe, K (2006). " " I no longer believe": did Freud abandon the seduction theory?". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . 54 (1): 171–99. doi : 10.1177/00030651060540010101 . PMID 16602351 . ^ Jones, Ernest. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work , vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press, 1953, pp. 94–96. ^ Byck, Robert. Cocaine Papers by Sigmund Freud . Edited with an Introduction by Robert Byck. New York, Stonehill, 1974. ^ Borch-Jacobsen (2001) Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Review of Israëls, Han. Der Fall Freud: Die Geburt der Psychoanalyse aus der Lüge. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1999. ^ Thornton, Elizabeth. Freud and Cocaine: The Freudian Fallacy. London: Blond and Briggs, 1983, pp. 45–46. ^ Jones, E., 1953, pp. 86–108. ^ Masson, Jeffrey M. (ed.) The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904. Harvard University Press, 1985, pp. 49, 106, 126, 127, 132, 201. ^ a b Wollheim, Richard (1971). Freud . London, Fontana Press, pp. 157–76
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^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 137-140 ^ Laplanche, Jean ; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1988) [ 1973 ]. "Id (pp. 197-9)" . The Language of Psycho-analysis (reprint, revised ed.). London: Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-946-43949-2 . ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 41 ^ Mannoni, Octave, Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso 2015 [1971], pp. 55-58 ^ Freud, Sigmund The Interpretation of Dreams (1976 [1900]) Harmondsworth: Pelican Books, p. 650 ^ Mannoni 2015 [1971], pp. 93–97 ^ Gay 2006, pp. 515–18 ^ Cavell, Marcia The Psychoanalytic Mind , Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1996, p. 225 ^ Paul, Robert A. (1991). "Freud's anthropology" . In James Neu (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Freud . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-521-37779-9 . ^ a b Hothersall, D. 2004. "History of Psychology", 4th ed., Mcgraw-Hill: NY p. 290 ^ Freud, S. The Ego and the Id , Standard Edition 19 , pp. 7, 23. ^ Heffner, Christopher. "Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality" . Psychology 101 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jones, Ernest (1957) [ 1953 ]. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. Volume 3 . New York City: Basic Books . p. 273. It is a little odd that Freud himself never, except in conversation, used for the death instinct the term Thanatos , one which has become so popular since. At first he used the terms "death instinct" and "destructive instinct" indiscriminately, alternating between them, but in his discussion with Einstein about war he made the distinction that the former is directed against the self and the latter, derived from it, is directed outward. Stekel had in 1909 used the word Thanatos to signify a death-wish, but it was Federn who introduced it in the present context.
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^ Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1988) [1973]. Thanatos (p. 447) . ^ Rycroft, Charles. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 95. ^ a b Wollheim, Richard. Freud . London, Fontana Press, pp. 184–86. ^ Perelberg, Rosine Jozef (15 September 2008). Freud: A Modern Reader . John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-470-71373-0 . ^ Howarth, Glennys; Leaman, Oliver (16 December 2003). Encyclopedia of Death and Dying . Routledge. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-136-91378-5 . ^ Appignanesi, Lisa & Forrester, John. Freud's Women . London: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. 433–37 ^ Rose, J. Sexuality in the Field of Vision , London: Verso 1986 pp. 91–93 ^ Julie M.L.C.L. Dobbeleir; Koenraad Van Landuyt; Stan J. Monstre (May 2011). "Aesthetic Surgery of the Female Genitalia" . Seminars in Plastic Surgery . 25 (2): 130–41. doi : 10.1055/s-0031-1281482 . PMC 3312147 . PMID 22547970 . ^ Charles Zastrow (2007). Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People . Cengage Learning . p. 228. ISBN 978-0-495-09510-1 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Janice M. Irvine (2005). Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology . Temple University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-59213-151-8 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . ^ Stephen Jay Gould (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory . Harvard University Press . pp. 1262–63. ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 .
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^ "Difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasm" . Go Ask Alice!. 28 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . ^ Jones, James W., 'Foreword' in Charles Spezzano and Gerald J. Gargiulo (eds), Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis (Hillsdale, 2003), p. xi. Kepnes, Steven D. (December 1986). "Bridging the gap between understanding and explanation approaches to the study of religion". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 25 (4): 504–12. doi : 10.2307/1385914 . JSTOR 1385914 . ^ Gay 1995, p. 435. ^ Chapman, Christopher N. (2007). Freud, Religion and Anxiety . Morrisville, NC. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-4357-0571-5 . Freud, Sigmund Totem and Taboo (New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1950) pp. x, 142, ISBN 978-0-393-00143-3 ^ Rubin, Jeffrey B., 'Psychoanalysis is self-centred' in Charles Spezzano and Gerald J. Gargiulo (eds), Soul on the Couch: Spirituality, Religion and Morality in Contemporary Psychoanalysis (Hillsdale, 2003), p. 79. Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton 1962), pp. 11–12 ISBN 978-0-393-09623-1 Fuller, Andrew R. (2008). Psychology and religion: classical theorists and contemporary developments (4th ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7425-6022-2 . ^ Costello, Stephen (2010). Hermeneutics and the psychoanalysis of religion . Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 72–77. ISBN 978-3-0343-0124-4 . ^ Assoun, Paul-Laurent; translated by Richard L. Collier (2002). Freud and Nietzsche . London: Continuum. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8264-6316-6 . Friedman, R.Z. (May 1998). "Freud's religion: Oedipus and Moses". Religious Studies . 34 (2): 145. Roustang, Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen; translated by Catherine Porter (1989). The Freudian subject . Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 271 n. 42. ISBN 978-0-333-48986-4 . Freud, Sigmund, Moses and Monotheism (New York: Vintage Books, 1967). Freud, Sigmund, An Autobiographical Study (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1952) pp. 130–31 ISBN 0-393-00146-6
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^ Juergensmeyer 2004, p. 171 ; Juergensmeyer 2009, p. 895 ; Marlan, Leeming and Madden 2008, p. 439 ; Fuller 1994, pp. 42, 67 ; Palmer 1997, pp. 35–36 ^ Perry, Marvin (2010). Western Civilization A Brief History . Boston: Wadsworth Pub Co. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-495-90115-0 . Acquaviva, Gary J. (2000). Values, Violence, and Our Future (2. ed.). Amsterdam [u.a.]: Rodopi. p. 26. ISBN 978-90-420-0559-4 . Lehrer, Ronald (1995). Nietzsche's Presence in Freud's Life and Thought: on the Origins of a Psychology of Dynamic Unconscious Mental Functioning . Albany: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 180–81. ISBN 978-0-7914-2145-1 . Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents (New York: Norton 1962), pp. 92 and editor's footnote ISBN 978-0-393-09623-1 ) Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 536–37. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8 . Anderson, James William; Anderson, James William (2001). "Sigmund Freud's life and work: an unofficial guide to the Freud exhibit" . In Jerome A. Winer (ed.). Sigmund Freud and his impact on the modern world . Hillsdale, NJ; London: Analytical Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-88163-342-9 . But cf., Drassinower, Abraham (2003). Freud's theory of culture: Eros, loss and politics . Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 11–15. ISBN 978-0-7425-2262-6 . ^ Avner Falk (2008). Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred . ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0 .
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^ H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious , 1970, pp. 301, 486, 536, 331–409. ^ Pick, Daniel (2015). Psychoanalysis: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition. pp. 19, 121. ^ Solms, Mark (2018). "The scientific standing of psychoanalysis" . BJPsych International . 15 (1): 5–8. doi : 10.1192/bji.2017.4 . PMC 6020924 . PMID 29953128 . ^ Evidence in Support of Psychodynamic Therapy Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Jessica Yakeley and Peter Hobson (2013) ^ a b c d e Kovel, Joel (1991). A Complete Guide to Therapy . London: Penguin Books. pp. 96, 123–35, 165–98. ISBN 978-0-14-013631-9 . ^ Mitchell, Stephen A. & Black, Margaret J. Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought . New York: Basic Books, 1995, pp. 193–203 ^ Janov, Arthur. The Primal Scream. Primal Therapy: The Cure for Neurosis . London: Sphere Books, 1977, p. 206 ^ Crews, Frederick, et al. The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute . New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995, pp. 206–12 ^ Stevens, Richard (1985). Freud and Psychoanalysis . Milton Keynes: Open University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-335-10180-1 . the number of relevant studies runs into thousands" ^ MacKinnon, Donald W.; Dukes, William F. (1962). Postman, Leo (ed.). Psychology in the Making: Histories of Selected Research Problems . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 663, 703. ISBN 978-0-19-866224-2 .
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^ Fisher, Seymour & Greenberg, Roger P. Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996, pp. 13–15, 284–85 ^ Eysenck, Hans (1986). Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire . Harmondsworth: Pelican. p. 202. ^ Malcolm Macmillan, Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc , MIT Press, 1997, p. xxiii. ^ p. 32, Morris N. Eagle, "The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory", in 'R.S. Cohen and L. Lauden (eds.), Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis , Reidel 1983, pp. 31–55. ^ Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis . Oxford: The Orwell Press. pp. 12, 437. ISBN 978-0-9515922-5-0 . ^ Frederick Crews (1 March 1996). "The Verdict on Freud". Psychological Science . 7 (2): 63–68. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00331.x . ^ Cohen, I.B Revolution in Science Harvard University Press 1985, p. 356 ^ Hobson, Allan (1988). The Dreaming Brain . New York: Penguin Books . p. 42. ISBN 978-0-14-012498-9 . ^ "Domhoff: Beyond Freud and Jung" . Psych.ucsc.edu. 23 September 2000. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ^ Popper, Karl. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33–39 ^ Eysenck, Hans , Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1986, p. 14. ^ Grünbaum, A. The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. University of California Press, 1984, pp. 97–126.
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^ Roger Scruton (1994). Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation . Phoenix Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-85799-100-0 . ^ Levy, Donald Freud Among the Philosophers (1996), pp. 129–32. ^ Nathan G. Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1917–1985 , Oxford University Press, 1995 (pp. 300–21). ^ Alan A. Stone, "Where Will Psychoanalysis Survive?" Keynote address to the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 9 December 1995. Alan A. Stone, M.D. "Original Address" . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . ^ Paul E. Stepansky, Psychoanalysis at the Margins , 2009, New York: Other Press, pp. 11, 14. ^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" . Review of General Psychology . 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913 . doi : 10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. ^ Cooper, Arnold M(ed) Editor's Preface to Contemporary Psychoanalysis in America American Psychiatric Pub. 2008, pp. xiii–xiv ^ Kaplan-Solms, K. & Solms, Mark. Clinical studies in neuro-psychoanalysis: Introduction to a depth neuropsychology. London: Karnac Books, 2000; Solms, Mark & Turbull, O. The brain and the inner world: An introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience. New York: Other Press, 2002.
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^ Blass, R.Z. & Carmeli Z. "The case against neuropsychoanalysis: On fallacies underlying psychoanalysis' latest scientific trend and its negative impact on psychoanalytic discourse.", The International Journal of Psychoanalysis , Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 19–40, February 2007. ^ Lambert, AJ; Good, KS; Kirk, IJ (2009). "Testing the repression hypothesis: Effects of emotional valence on memory suppression in the think – No think task". Conscious Cognition . 19 (1): 281–93. doi : 10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.004 . PMID 19804991 . ^ Depue, BE; Curran, T; Banich, MT (2007). "Prefrontal regions orchestrate suppression of emotional memories via a two-phase process" (PDF) . Science . 317 (5835): 215–19. Bibcode : 2007Sci...317..215D . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.561.1627 . doi : 10.1126/science.1139560 . PMID 17626877 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2017. ^ Eagleman, David Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain Edinburgh: Canongate, 2011, p. 17 ^ Kandel, ER (1999). "Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: a new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited" (PDF) . American Journal of Psychiatry . 156 (4): 505–24. doi : 10.1176/ajp.156.4.505 (inactive 20 August 2019). PMID 10200728 . ^ Robinson, Paul (1990). The Freudian Left . Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 147–49. ISBN 978-0-8014-9716-2 . ^ Jay, Martin. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research . Berekely: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 86–112.
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^ Reich, Wilhelm (1976). People in Trouble . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-374-51035-0 . ^ Robinson, Paul. The Freudian Left: Wilhelm Reich, Geza Roheim, Herbert Marcuse . Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 7 ^ Fromm, Erich. Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx & Freud . London: Sphere Books, 1980, p. 11 ^ Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Félix. Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992, p. 55. ^ Thomas Baldwin (1995). Ted Honderich (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 792 . ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0 . ^ Priest, Stephen. Merleau-Ponty . New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 28 ^ Adorno, Theodor W. Against Epistemology: A Metacritique. Studies in Husserl and the Phenomenological Antinomies . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985, p. 96 ^ Ricoeur, Paul (2008) [ 1st ed: 1970 ]. Freud and Philosophy. An Essay on Interpretation . Denis Savage (transl.). New Haven, Connecticut : Yale University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978-81-208-3305-0 . ^ Felski, Rita (2012). "Critique and the Hermeneutics of Suspicion" . M/C Journal . 15 (1). Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. ^ Robinson, Paul (1993). Freud and His Critics . Oakland, California : University of California Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978-0-520-08029-4 . ^ Cleaver, Harry (2000). Reading Capital Politically . Leeds: Ak Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-902593-29-6 .
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^ Tony Purvis (2011). Sim, Stuart (ed.). The Lyotard Dictionary . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-7486-4006-5 . ^ Dufresne, Todd. Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 130. ^ Kahn, Charles H. (1987). "Plato's Theory of Desire" (PDF) . The Review of Metaphysics . 41 (1): 77–103. ISSN 0034-6632 . JSTOR 20128559 . ... Plato is perhaps the only major philosopher to anticipate some of the central discoveries of twentieth-century depth psychology, which is, of Freud and his school; ... ^ " for Freud the basic nature of our mind is the appetite-id part, which is the main source for agency, for Plato it is the other way around: we are divine, and reason is the essential nature and the origin of our agencies which together with the emotions temper the extreme and disparate tendencies of our behavior." Calian, Florian. Plato's Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Affectivity, Agency (2012), p. 21. ^ Gellner, Ernest. The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason . London: Fontana Press, 1993, pp. 140–43. ^ Auden 1940 Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ Alexander, Sam "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" (undated) and Thurschwell, P. Sigmund Freud London: Routledge 2009, p. 1
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^ Bolla, Peter de. Harold Bloom: Towards Historical Rhetorics . London: Routledge, 1988, p. 19 ^ Paglia, Camille. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson . London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990, p. 2, 228 ^ a b Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique . W.W. Norton, 1963, pp. 166–94 ^ P. Robinson, Freud and His Critics , 1993, pp. 1–2. ^ a b Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis . London: Penguin Books, 2000, pp. xxix, 303–56 ^ Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics . University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp. 176–203 ^ Weisstein, Naomi (1994). "Kinder, Küche, Kirche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female". In Schneir, Miriam (ed.). Feminism in Our Time . Vintage. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-679-74508-2 . ^ Gallop, Jane. The Daughter's Seduction: Feminism and Psychoanalysis . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1992 ^ Gallop, Jane & Burke, Carolyn, in Eisenstein, Hester & Jardine, Alice (eds.). The Future of Difference . New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1987, pp. 106–08 ^ Whitford, Margaret. Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine . London and New York: Routledge, 1991, pp. 31–32 ^ Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development . Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1982, pp. 6–8, 18 ^ Moi, Toril (2004). "From Femininity to Finitude: Freud, Lacan, and Feminism, again" (PDF) . Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society . 29 (3): 871. doi : 10.1086/380630 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2016.
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^ Cavell, Stanley (1999). The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality and Tragedy . New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111 and 431. ^ Cavell, Stanley (1999). The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 431. ^ "The Psychogenesis of a case of Homosexuality in a Woman: 1920: Sigmund Freud" . Lacanianworks.net. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . References [ edit ] Alexander, Sam. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" , The Modernism Lab, Yale University, retrieved 23 June 2012. Appignanesi, Lisa and Forrester, John. Freud's Women . Penguin Books, 2000. Auden, W.H. "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" , 1940, poets.org, retrieved 23 June 2012. Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon . Riverhead Books, 1994. Blumenthal, Ralph. "Hotel log hints at desire that Freud didn't repress" , International Herald Tribune , 24 December 2006. Clark, Ronald W. (June 1980). Freud: The Man and the Cause (1st ed.). Random House Inc (T). ISBN 978-0-394-40983-2 . Cohen, David. The Escape of Sigmund Freud . JR Books, 2009. Cohen, Patricia. "Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department" , The New York Times , 25 November 2007. Eissler, K.R. Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair . Int. Univ. Press, 2005. Eysenck, Hans. J. Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire . Pelican Books, 1986.
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Ford, Donald H. & Urban, Hugh B. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Comparative Study . John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1965. Freud, Sigmund (1896c). The Aetiology of Hysteria . Standard Edition 3. Freud, Sigmund and Bonaparte, Marie (ed.). The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Letters to Wilhelm Fliess: Drafts and Notes 1887–1902 . Kessinger Publishing, 2009. Fuller, Andrew R. Psychology and Religion: Eight Points of View, Littlefield Adams, 1994. Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time . W. W. Norton & Company, 2006 (first published 1988). Gay, Peter (ed.) The Freud Reader . W.W. Norton & Co., 1995. Gresser, Moshe. Dual Allegiance: Freud As a Modern Jew . SUNY Press, 1994. Holt, Robert. Freud Reappraised: A Fresh Look At Psychoanalytic Theory . The Guilford Press, 1989. Hothersall, D. History of Psychology . 3rd edition, Mcgraw-Hill, 1995. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900, Hogarth Press, 1953. Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 2: The Years of Maturity 1901–1919, Hogarth Press, 1955 Jones, E. Sigmund Freud: Life and Work Vol 3: The Final Years 1919–1939, Hogarth Press, 1957 Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence . University of California Press, 2004. Juergensmeyer, Mark. "Religious Violence" , in Peter B. Clarke (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion . Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Kovel, Joel. A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification . Penguin Books, 1991 (first published 1976). Leeming, D.A.; Madden, Kathryn; and Marlan, Stanton. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion . Springer Verlag u. Co., 2004. Mannoni, Octave. Freud: The Theory of the Unconscious , London: Verso, 2015 [1971]. Margolis, Deborah P. (1989). "Freud and his Mother" . Modern Psychoanalsys . 14 : 37–56. Masson, Jeffrey M. (ed.). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fless, 1887–1904. Harvard University Press, 1985. Meissner, William W. "Freud and the Bible" in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael David Coogan (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press, 1993. Michels, Robert . "Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship" , American Mental Health Foundation, retrieved 23 June 2012. Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis . Penguin Books, 2000. Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion . Routledge, 1997. Pigman, G.W. (1995). "Freud and the history of empathy". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis . 76 (2): 237–56. PMID 7628894 . Rice, Emmanuel. Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home . SUNY Press, 1990. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan . Polity Press, 1997. Sadock, Benjamin J. and Sadock, Virginia A. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry . 10th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007. Sulloway, Frank J. (1992) [ 1979 ]. Freud, Biologist of the Mind. Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-32335-3 .
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Vitz, Paul C. Sigmund Freud's Christian Unconscious . The Guilford Press, 1988. Webster, Richard. Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. HarperCollins, 1995. Further reading [ edit ] Brown, Norman O. . Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History . Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, Second Edition 1985. Cioffi, Frank. Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience . Peru, IL: Open Court, 1999. Cole, J. Preston. The Problematic Self in Kierkegaard and Freud . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971. Crews, Frederick . The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute . New York: The New York Review of Books, 1995. Crews, Frederick. Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend . New York: Penguin Books, 1998. Dufresne, Todd . Killing Freud: Twentieth-Century Culture and the Death of Psychoanalysis . New York: Continuum, 2003. Dufresne, Todd, ed. Against Freud: Critics Talk Back . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. Ellenberger, Henri . Beyond the Unconscious: Essays of Henri F. Ellenberger in the History of Psychiatry . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Ellenberger, Henri. The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry . New York: Basic Books, 1970. Esterson, Allen. Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud . Chicago: Open Court, 1993. Gay, Peter . Freud: A Life for Our Time . London: Papermac, 1988; 2nd revised hardcover edition, Little Books (1 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-1-904435-53-2 ; Reprint hardcover edition, W.W. Norton & Company (1988); trade paperback, W.W. Norton & Company (17 May 2006), 864 pages, ISBN 978-0-393-32861-5
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Gellner, Ernest . The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason . London: Fontana Press, 1993. Grünbaum, Adolf . The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Grünbaum, Adolf. Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis . Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press, 1993. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876–1917 . New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Hale, Nathan G., Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985 . New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hirschmüller, Albrecht. The Life and Work of Josef Breuer . New York University Press, 1989. Jones, Ernest . The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud . 3 vols. New York: Basic Books, 1953–1957 Jung, Carl Gustav. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Volume 4: Freud and Psychoanalysis . Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1961. Macmillan, Malcolm. Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997. Marcuse, Herbert . Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud . Boston: Beacon Press, 1974 Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff . The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory . New York: Pocket Books, 1998 Puner, Helen Walker. Freud: His Life and His Mind . New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1947
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Ricœur, Paul . Freud and Philosophy . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. Rieff, Philip . Freud: The Mind of the Moralist . Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1961 Roazen, Paul . Freud and His Followers . New York: Knopf, 1975, hardcover; trade paperback, Da Capo Press (22 March 1992), 600 pages, ISBN 978-0-306-80472-4 Roazen, Paul. Freud: Political and Social Thought . London: Hogarth Press, 1969. Roth, Michael, ed. Freud: Conflict and Culture . New York: Vintage, 1998. Schur, Max. Freud: Living and Dying . New York: International Universities Press, 1972. Stannard, David E . Shrinking History: On Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Webster, Richard . Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis . Oxford: The Orwell Press, 2005. Wollheim, Richard . Freud . Fontana, 1971. Wollheim, Richard, and James Hopkins, eds. Philosophical essays on Freud . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. External links [ edit ] This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( August 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sigmund Freud at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote
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Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata ‹ The template below ( Wikilivres ) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. › Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article: Sigmund Freud (in the public domain in New Zealand ) Works by Sigmund Freud at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sigmund Freud at Internet Archive Works by Sigmund Freud at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Sigmund Freud at the Encyclopædia Britannica "Sigmund Freud Assists Friend Paul Federn, 1936: Original Letter" . Shapell Manuscript Foundation. "Essays by Freud" . Quotidiana.org. "Freud Archives" . Library of Congress. "Freud Museum, Maresfield Gardens, London" . "Freud, Sigmund and Anna Collection available on Kansas Memory" . "International Network of Freud Critics" . "International Psychoanalytical Association" . (founded by Freud in 1910) Library Catalog of the Pshchoanalytical Association of Paris (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. 1994. ISBN 9782130465768 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. "Sigmund Freud Collection" . Bartleby.com . (15 works in English) "Bibliography of Sigmund Freud's writings" (PDF) . A Young Girl's Diary . T. Seltzer. 1921. probably by Hermine Hug-Hellmuth , prefaced with a letter from Freud dated 27 April 1915 Dr. Henry Abramson (12 March 2015). "Who Was Sigmund Freud?" . "Sigmund Freud Personal Manuscripts" .
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Newspaper clippings about Sigmund Freud in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Awards and achievements Preceded by Patrick Hastings Cover of Time Magazine 27 October 1924 Succeeded by Thomas Lipton Preceded by Leopold Ziegler Goethe Prize 1930 Succeeded by Ricarda Huch v t e Sigmund Freud Books On Aphasia Civilization and Its Discontents The Ego and the Id The Future of an Illusion Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement The Interpretation of Dreams (including On Dreams ) Introduction to Psychoanalysis Moses and Monotheism The Psychopathology of Everyday Life The Question of Lay Analysis Studies on Hysteria Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious Totem and Taboo Essays " The Aetiology of Hysteria " Beyond the Pleasure Principle Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva Dostoevsky and Parricide Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood Medusa's Head Mourning and Melancholia On Narcissism Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work Thoughts for the Times on War and Death Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality Case studies "Dora" (Ida Bauer) Emma Eckstein Herbert Graf ("Little Hans") Irma's injection "Anna O." ( Bertha Pappenheim ) "Rat Man" Sergei Pankejeff ("Wolfman") Daniel Paul Schreber Original concepts Psychoanalysis Id, ego, and super-ego Libido Preconscious Ego ideal censorship Free association Transference Psychosexual development
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Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency stage Genital stage Oedipus complex Father complex Deferred obedience Reality principle Related Bibliography Archives Vienna home and museum London home and museum 1971 statue Freudian slip Humor Inner circle Neo-Freudianism Views on homosexuality Religious views Cultural depictions Freud: The Secret Passion (1962 film) The Visitor (1993 play) Mahler on the Couch (2010 film) A Dangerous Method (2011 film) Family Martha Bernays (wife) Anna Freud (daughter) Ernst L. Freud (son) Clement Freud (grandson) Lucian Freud (grandson) Walter Freud (grandson) Amalia Freud (mother) Jacob Freud (father) Edward Bernays (nephew) Links to related articles v t e Human psychological development Developmental psychology Antenatal Cognitive development of infants Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud (1856–1939) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget (1896–1980) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky (1896–1934) ( Cultural-historical psychology ) Erikson (1902–1994) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby (1907–1990) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg (1927–1987) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons (b. 1939), Fischer (b. 1943), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology v t e Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Haptic Iconic Motor learning Visual Short-term " The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two "
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Working memory Intermediate Long-term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal-event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval-induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Mere-exposure effect Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source-monitoring error Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent-mindedness Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model Context-dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels-of-processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered-memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State-dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman-Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM (patient) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC (patient)
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Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology portal Philosophy portal v t e Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Social Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Moral Neuropsychology Perception Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Coaching Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Medical Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self-report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) William James (1842–1910) Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Edward Thorndike (1874–1949) Carl Jung (1875–1961) John B. Watson (1878–1958) Clark L. Hull (1884–1952) Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) Jean Piaget (1896–1980) Gordon Allport (1897–1967) J. P. Guilford (1897–1987) Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Erik Erikson (1902–1994) B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
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Donald O. Hebb (1904–1985) Ernest Hilgard (1904–2001) Harry Harlow (1905–1981) Raymond Cattell (1905–1998) Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) Neal E. Miller (1909–2002) Jerome Bruner (1915–2016) Donald T. Campbell (1916–1996) Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001) David McClelland (1917–1998) Leon Festinger (1919–1989) George A. Miller (1920–2012) Richard Lazarus (1922–2002) Stanley Schachter (1922–1997) Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) Albert Bandura (b. 1925) Roger Brown (1925–1997) Endel Tulving (b. 1927) Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) Ulric Neisser (1928–2012) Jerome Kagan (b. 1929) Walter Mischel (1930–2018) Elliot Aronson (b. 1932) Daniel Kahneman (b. 1934) Paul Ekman (b. 1934) Michael Posner (b. 1936) Amos Tversky (1937–1996) Bruce McEwen (b. 1938) Larry Squire (b. 1941) Richard E. Nisbett (b. 1941) Martin Seligman (b. 1942) Ed Diener (b. 1946) Shelley E. Taylor (b. 1946) John Anderson (b. 1947) Ronald C. Kessler (b. 1947) Joseph E. LeDoux (b. 1949) Richard Davidson (b. 1951) Susan Fiske (b. 1952) Roy Baumeister (b. 1953) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks v t e Psychiatry Subspecialties Addiction psychiatry Biological psychiatry Child and adolescent psychiatry Cognitive neuropsychiatry Cross-cultural psychiatry Developmental disability Descriptive psychiatry Eating disorder Emergency psychiatry Forensic psychiatry Geriatric psychiatry Immuno-psychiatry Liaison psychiatry Military psychiatry Narcology Neuropsychiatry Palliative medicine Pain medicine Psychotherapy Sleep medicine
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Organizations American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Neuropsychiatric Association American Psychiatric Association Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse Chinese Society of Psychiatry Democratic Psychiatry European Psychiatric Association Global Initiative on Psychiatry Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia Indian Psychiatric Society National Institute of Mental Health Philadelphia Association Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrists Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes World Psychiatric Association Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Related topics Anti-psychiatry Behavioral medicine Clinical neuroscience Imaging genetics Neuroimaging Neurophysiology Philosophy of psychiatry Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatrist Psychiatric epidemiology Psychiatric genetics Psychiatric survivors movement Psychosomatic medicine Psycho-oncology Psychopharmacology Psychosurgery Psychoanalysis Lists Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement Psychiatrists Neurological conditions and disorders Counseling topics Psychotherapies Psychiatric medications by condition treated Portal Outline v t e Criticism of religion By religion Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Protestantism Seventh-day Adventist Unification movement Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Swaminarayan sect Islam Islamism Twelver Shia Islam Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Monotheism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism Religious texts Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious figures Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Saul Religious violence Buddhism Christianity
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Mormonism Judaism Islam Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Persecution Christian thought on persecution and tolerance War In Islam In Judaism Sectarian violence By country India Anti-Christian violence In Odisha Nigeria Pakistan Books Atheist Manifesto Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Christianity Unveiled God in the Age of Science? God Is Not Great God: The Failed Hypothesis Letter to a Christian Nation The Age of Reason The Blind Watchmaker The Caged Virgin The End of Faith The God Delusion The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster The Rage Against God Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Books critical of Christianity Books critical of Islam Movements Agnosticism Antitheism Atheism Criticism of atheism Cārvāka New Atheism Nontheistic religions Parody religion v t e Lucian Freud Paintings Portrait of Kitty (1948-49) Head on a Green Sofa (1960-61) Naked child laughing (1963) Benefits Supervisor Sleeping (1995) Family Lady Caroline Blackwood (second wife) Annie Freud (daughter) Jane McAdam Freud (daughter) Paul Freud (son) Bella Freud (daughter) Esther Freud (daughter) Susie Boyt (daughter) Ernst L. Freud (father) Clement Freud (brother) Sigmund Freud (grandfather) Martha Bernays (grandmother) Related Sue Tilley (model) Portrait of George Dyer and Lucian Freud (1967 painting) Three Studies of Lucian Freud (1969 painting) Authority control BIBSYS : 90051520 BNE : XX882790 BNF : cb119035855 (data) CANTIC : a10443745
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22.23% 1298.756 30 Template:Cite_journal 15.08% 881.069 1 Template:Infobox_scientist 14.82% 866.048 1 Template:Infobox_person 13.88% 811.138 2 Template:Infobox 13.64% 796.880 64 Template:Cite_book 10.31% 602.313 5 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.10% 531.980 1 Template:Birth_date 8.18% 478.178 21 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26743-0!canonical and timestamp 20191114220223 and revision id 926208456 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&oldid=926208456 " Categories : Sigmund Freud 1856 births 1939 deaths People from Příbor People from the Margraviate of Moravia 19th-century Austrian writers 20th-century Austrian writers 19th-century Austrian physicians 20th-century Austrian physicians Academics and writers on narcissism Austrian atheists Austrian emigrants to England Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Austrian psychoanalysts Jewish psychoanalysts Austrian male writers Deaths by euthanasia Foreign Members of the Royal Society History of psychiatry Jewish atheists Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Austrian atheist writers People of Galician-Jewish descent Austrian neurologists Golders Green Crematorium Critics of religions Freud family Members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) Pages with DOIs inactive as of 2019 August Articles with short description Use dmy dates from May 2016 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2019 Wikipedia spam cleanup from August 2019 Articles with Wikilivres links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers AC with 27 elements
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Fourth Amendment | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute jquery /jquery Bootstrap Latest compiled and minified JavaScript /Bootstrap Latest compiled and minified JavaScript Open sans /Open sans custom css /custom css include adcode mobile: vignettes and page-level /mobile: vignettes and page-level adsense /adsense /include adcode include JLD /include JLD Please help us improve our site! × <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn" onclick="snooze_survey()">Maybe later</a> No thank you Skip to main content Cornell Law School Search Cornell Toggle navigation remove when drupal settings for survey complete - jbp Please help us improve our site! liidonatewrap Support Us! /#liisearchwrap Search /#liisearchlinkwrap Filter by: All Collections Conan CFR US Code Constitution Federal Rules FRAP FRBP FRCP FRCMP FRE Supct UCC States World Uniform Wex Supreme Court About LII Who We Are What We Do Who Pays For This Contact Us Get the law Constitution Supreme Court U.S. Code CFR Federal Rules Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Federal Rules of Evidence Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure U.C.C. Law by jurisdiction State law Uniform laws Federal law World law Lawyer directory Legal encyclopedia Business law Constitutional law Criminal law Family law Employment law Money and Finances More... Help out Give Sponsor Advertise Create Promote Join Lawyer Directory Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools
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/liinavbarstuff Corpus specific breadcrumb here <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">LII</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/wex">Wex</a></li> LII Wex Fourth Amendment End Corpus specific breadcrumb here Definitions popover Corpus specific content here /nbcrumband prevnext Fourth Amendment here if we decide to print the summary in the page display Primary tabs Overview I. INTERESTS PROTECTED The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides that "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized ." The ultimate goal of this provision is to protect people’s right to privacy and freedom from unreasonable intrusions by the government. However, the Fourth Amendment does not guarantee protection from all searches and seizures, but only those done by the government and deemed unreasonable under the law. To claim violation of Fourth Amendment as the basis for suppressing a relevant evidence, the court had long required that the claimant must prove that he himself was the victim of an invasion of privacy to have a valid standing to claim protection under the Fourth Amendment . However, the Supreme Court has departed from such requirement, issue of exclusion is to be determined solely upon a resolution of the substantive question whether the claimant's Fourth Amendment rights have been violated, which in turn requires that the claimant demonstrates a justifiable expectation of privacy , which was arbitrarily violated by the government.
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In general, most warrantless searches of private premises are prohibited under the Fourth Amendment, unless specific exception applies. For instance, a warrantless search may be lawful, if an officer has asked and is given consent to search; if the search is incident to a lawful arrest; if there is probable cause to search and there is exigent circumstance calling for the warrantless search. Exigent circumstances exist in situations where a situation where people are in imminent danger, where evidence faces imminent destruction, or prior to a suspect 's imminent escape. On the other hand, warrantless search and seizure of properties are not illegal, if the objects being searched are in plain view. Further, warrantless seizure of abandoned property, or of properties on an open field do not violate Fourth Amendment, because it is considered that having expectation of privacy right to an abandoned property or to properties on an open field is not reasonable. However, in some states, there are some exception to this limitation, where some state authorities have granted protection to open fields. States can always establish higher standards for searches and seizures protection than what is required by the Fourth Amendment , but states cannot allow conducts that violate the Fourth Amendment . Where there was a violation of one’s fourth amendment rights by federal officials, A bivens action can be filed against federal law enforcement officials for damages, resulting from an unlawful search and seizure . Under the Bivens action, the claimant needs to prove that there has been a constitutional violation of the fourth amendment rights by federal officials acting under the color of law.
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However, the protection under the Fourth Amendment can be waived if one voluntarily consents to or does not object to evidence collected during a warrantless search or seizure . II. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES UNDER FOURTH AMENDMENT The courts must determine what constitutes a search or seizure under the Fourth Amendment . If the conduct challenged does not fall within the Fourth Amendment , the individual will not enjoy protection under Fourth Amendment . A. Search A search under Fourth Amendment occurs when a governmental employee or agent of the government violates an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy . Strip searches and visual body cavity searches , including anal or genital inspections, constitute reasonable searches under the Fourth Amendment when supported by probable cause and conducted in a reasonable manner. A dog-sniff inspection is invalid under the Fourth Amendment if the the inspection violates a reasonable expectation of privacy . Electronic surveillance is also considered a search under the Fourth Amendment . B. Seizure of a Person A seizure of a person, within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment , occurs when the police's conduct would communicate to a reasonable person , taking into account the circumstances surrounding the encounter, that the person is not free to ignore the police presence and leave at his will. Two elements must be present to constitute a seizure of a person. First, there must be a show of authority by the police officer. Presence of handcuffs or weapons, the use of forceful language, and physical contact are each strong indicators of authority. Second, the person being seized must submit to the authority. An individual who ignores the officer’s request and walks away has not been seized for Fourth Amendment purposes.
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An arrest warrant is preferred but not required to make a lawful arrest under the Fourth Amendment . A warrantless arrest may be justified where probable cause and urgent need are present prior to the arrest . Probable cause is present when the police officer has a reasonable belief in the guilt of the suspect based on the facts and information prior to the arrest . For instance, a warrantless arrest may be legitimate in situations where a police officer has a probable belief that a suspect has either committed a crime or is a threat to the public security. Also, a police officer might arrest a suspect to prevent the suspect’s escape or to preserve evidence. A warrantless arrest may be invalidated if the police officer fails to demonstrate exigent circumstances . The ability to make warrantless arrests are commonly limited by statutes subject to the due process guaranty of the U.S. Constitution . A suspect arrested without a warrant is entitled to prompt judicial determination , usually within 48 hours. There are investigatory stops that fall short of arrests , but nonetheless, they fall within Fourth Amendment protection. For instance, police officers can perform a terry stop or a traffic stop . Usually, these stops provide officers with less dominion and controlling power and impose less of an infringement of personal liberty for individual stopped. Investigatory stops must be temporary questioning for limited purposes and conducted in a manner necessary to fulfill the purpose.
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An officer’s reasonable suspicion is sufficient to justify brief stops and detentions. To determine if the officer has met the standard to justify the seizure , the court takes into account the totality of the circumstances and examines whether the officer has a particularized and reasonable belief for suspecting the wrongdoing. Probable cause gained during stops or detentions might effectuate a subsequent warrantless arrest . C. Seizure of Property A seizure of property , within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment , occurs when there is some meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests in the property. In some circumstances, warrantless seizures of objects in plain view do not constitute seizures within the meaning of Fourth Amendment . When executing a search warrant , an officer might be able to seize an item observed in plain view even if it is not specified in the warrant . III. WARRANT REQUIREMENT A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and illegal without a warrant , subject to only a few exceptions. To obtain a search warrant or arrest warrant , the law enforcement officer must demonstrate probable cause that a search or seizure is justified. A court-authority, usually a magistrate , will consider the totality of circumstances to determine whether to issue the warrant . The warrant requirement may be excused in exigent circumstances if an officer has probable cause and obtaining a warrant is impractical in the particular situation. For instance, in State v. Helmbright, 990 N.E.2d 154, Ohio court held that a warrantless search of probationer's person or his place of residence is not violation of the Fourth Amendment , if the officer who conducts the search possesses “ reasonable grounds” to believe that the probationer has failed to comply with the terms of his probation .
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Other well-established exceptions to the warrant requirement include consensual searches , certain brief investigatory stops , searches incident to a valid arrest , and seizures of items in plain view . There is no general exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement in national security cases. Warrantless searches are generally not permitted in exclusively domestic security cases. In foreign security cases, court opinions might differ on whether to accept the foreign security exception to the warrant requirement generally and, if accepted, whether the exception should extend to both physical searches and to electronic surveillances. IV. REASONABLENESS REQUIREMENT All searches and seizures under Fourth Amendment must be reasonable . No excessive force shall be used. Reasonableness is the ultimate measure of the constitutionality of a search or seizure . Searches and seizures with the warrant must also satisfy the reasonableness requirement. On the other hand, warrantless searches and seizures are presumed to be unreasonable , unless they fall within the few exceptions. In cases of warrantless searches and seizures , the court will try to balance the degree of intrusion on the individual’s right to privacy and the need to promote government interests and special needs in exigent circumstances. The court will examine the totality of the circumstances to determine if the search or seizure was justified. When analyzing the reasonableness standard, the court uses an objective assessment and considers factors including the degree of intrusion by the search or seizure and the manner in which the search or seizure is conducted.
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V. EXCLUSIONARY RULE Under the exclusionary rule , any evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment will be excluded from criminal proceedings. There are a few exceptions to this rule. VI. ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE In recent years, the Fourth Amendment 's applicability in electronic searches and seizures has received much attention from the courts. With the advent of the internet and increased popularity of computers, there has been an increasing amount of crime occurring electronically. Consequently, evidence of such crime can often be found on computers, hard drives, or other electronic devices. The Fourth Amendment applies to the search and seizure of electronic devices. Many electronic search cases involve whether law enforcement can search a company-owned computer that an employee uses to conduct business. Although the case law is split, the majority holds that employees do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy with regard to information stored on a company-owned computer. In the 2010 case of City of Ontario v. Quon (08-1332), the Supreme Court extended this lack of an expectation of privacy to text messages sent and received on an employer-owned pager. Lately, electronic surveillance and wiretapping has also caused a significant amount of Fourth Amendment litigation. VII. THE USA PATRIOT ACT Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Congress and the President enacted legislation to strengthen the intelligence gathering community’s ability to combat domestic terrorism. Entitled the USA Patriot Act , the legislation’s provisions aimed to increase the ability of law enforcement to search email and telephonic communications in addition to medical, financial, and library records.
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One provision permits law enforcement to obtain access to stored voicemails by obtaining a basic search warrant rather than a surveillance warrant . Obtaining a basic search warrant requires a much lower evidentiary showing. A highly controversial provision of the Act includes permission for law enforcement to use sneak-and-peak warrants . A sneak-and-peak warrant is a warrant in which law enforcement can delay notifying the property owner about the warrant ’s issuance. In an Oregon federal district court case that drew national attention, Judge Ann Aiken struck down the use of sneak-and-peak warrants as unconstitutional and in violation of the Fourth Amendment . See 504 F.Supp.2d 1023 (D. Or. 2007). The Patriot Act also expanded the practice of using National Security Letters (NSL) . An NSL is an administrative subpoena that requires certain persons, groups, organizations, or companies to provide documents about certain persons. These documents typically involve telephone, email, and financial records. NSLs also carry a gag order , meaning the person or persons responsible for complying cannot mention the existence of the NSL . Under the Patriot Act provisions, law enforcement can use NSLs when investigating U.S. citizens, even when law enforcement does not think the individual under investigation has committed a crime. The Department of Homeland Security has used NSLs frequently since its inception. By using an NSL , an agency has no responsibility to first obtain a warrant or court order before conducting its search of records.
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Another aspect of the Patriot Act, which has been highly confidential was the Telephone Metadata program, which under § 215 of the Patriot Act, had allowed the NSA to collect data about Americans’ telephone calls in bulk, was reviewed by the Second Circuit in ACLU v. Clapper , in which the court held the Telephone Metadata program illegal under the Congress’ original intent under the §215. The Patriot Act has expired in mid-2015, and since June 2nd, 2015 has been repackaged under the USA Freedom Act. Although it remains to be seen how the Freedom Act will be interpreted, with respect to the Fourth Amendment protections, the new Act selectively re-authorized the Patriot Act, while banning the bulk collection of data of American’s telephone records and internet metadata and limited the government’s data collection to the “greatest extent reasonably practical” meaning the government now cannot collect all data pertaining to a particular service provider or broad geographic region. VIII. FORTH AMENDMENT AND SUPERVISED RELEASE/PAROLE Probationers—convicted criminal offender who is released into the community under supervision of a probation officer in lieu of incarceration; or parolees—convicts who have served a portion of his judicially imposed sentence in penal institutions, and is released for the remainder of the sentence under supervision of a parole officer for good behavior—can also assert fourth amendment rights, creating a potential confrontation between fundamental constitutional guarantee and the society’s legitimate interest in correctional programs to prevent the convicts from lapsing back into a crime.
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Traditionally, courts have struggled with various theories of parole and probation to justify the complete denial of fourth amendment rights to the convicts on supervised release or probation. The most prevalent of the theories was the “Custody Theory,” under which an offender was said to be entitled to no more liberty than he would have enjoyed had he been incarcerated. Recently, however, this rationale was rejected by Morrissey v. Brewer , which emphasized that the parolee’s status more closely resembles that of an ordinary citizen than a prisoner. While the Court noted that since parole revocation only changed the type of penalty imposed on an already-convicted criminal, the Court need not afford the parolees “the full panoply of rights” available under the fourteenth amendment to a free man facing criminal prosecution, the Court held that certain procedural protections must be guaranteed to the parolees facing revocation of the parole. In general, the released offenders now have been afforded full Fourth Amendment protection with respect to searches performed by the law enforcement officials, and warrantless searches conducted by correctional officers at the request of the police have also been declared unlawful. However, in reviewing the searches undertaken by the correctional officers on their own initiative, some courts have modified the traditional Fourth Amendment protections to accommodate the correctional officers’ informational needs, developing a modified “Reasonable Belief” standard, under which the correctional officer is permitted to make a showing of less than probable cause in order to justify the intrusion of privacy into the released offender.
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Kurt Gödel - Wikipedia CentralNotice Kurt Gödel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Gödel" redirects here. For the programming language, see Gödel (programming language) . For other uses, see Godel (disambiguation) . logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel Born Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( 1906-04-28 ) April 28, 1906 Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno , Czech Republic ) Died January 14, 1978 (1978-01-14) (aged 71) Princeton , New Jersey, U.S. Citizenship Czechoslovak, Austrian, United States Alma mater University of Vienna Known for Gödel's incompleteness theorems Gödel's completeness theorem Gödel's constructible universe Gödel metric Gödel logic Gödel–Dummett logic Gödel's β function Gödel numbering Gödel operation Gödel's speed-up theorem Gödel's ontological proof Gödel–Gentzen translation Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory ω-consistent theory the consistency of the continuum hypothesis with ZFC Axiom of constructibility Condensation lemma Dialectica interpretation Slingshot argument Spouse(s) Adele Nimbursky (married 1938) Awards Albert Einstein Award (1951) National Medal of Science (1974) ForMemRS (1968) [1] Scientific career Fields Mathematics , mathematical logic , analytic philosophy , physics Institutions Institute for Advanced Study Thesis Über die Vollständigkeit des Logikkalküls (On the Completeness of the Calculus of Logic) (1929) Doctoral advisor Hans Hahn Signature Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( / ˈ ɡ ɜːr d əl / ; [2] German: [ˈkʊɐ̯t ˈɡøːdl̩] ( listen ) ; April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Austrian, and later American, logician , mathematician , and analytic philosopher . Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel had an immense effect upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when others such as Bertrand Russell , [3] Alfred North Whitehead , [3] and David Hilbert were analyzing the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics pioneered by Georg Cantor .
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Gödel published his two incompleteness theorems in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna . The first incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (for example Peano arithmetic ), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the axioms . To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering , which codes formal expressions as natural numbers. He also showed that neither the axiom of choice nor the continuum hypothesis can be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory , assuming these axioms are consistent. The former result opened the door for mathematicians to assume the axiom of choice in their proofs. He also made important contributions to proof theory by clarifying the connections between classical logic , intuitionistic logic , and modal logic . Contents 1 Early life and education 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Studying in Vienna 2 Career 2.1 Incompleteness theorem 2.2 Mid-1930s: further work and U.S. visits 2.3 Princeton, Einstein, U.S. citizenship 3 Awards and honours 4 Later life and death 5 Personal life 5.1 Religious views 6 Legacy 7 Bibliography 7.1 Important publications 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links
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Early life and education [ edit ] Childhood [ edit ] Gödel was born April 28, 1906, in Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno , Czech Republic ) into the German family of Rudolf Gödel (1874–1929), the manager of a textile factory, and Marianne Gödel ( née Handschuh, 1879–1966). [4] Throughout his life, Gödel would remain close to his mother; their correspondence was frequent and wide-ranging. [5] At the time of his birth the city had a German-speaking majority which included his parents. [6] His father was Catholic and his mother was Protestant and the children were raised Protestant. The ancestors of Kurt Gödel were often active in Brünn's cultural life. For example, his grandfather Joseph Gödel was a famous singer of that time and for some years a member of the Brünner Männergesangverein (Men's Choral Union of Brünn). [7] Gödel automatically became a Czechoslovak citizen at age 12 when the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up at the end of World War I . (According to his classmate Klepetař , like many residents of the predominantly German Sudetenländer , "Gödel considered himself always Austrian and an exile in Czechoslovakia". [8] In February 1929 he was granted release from his Czechoslovakian citizenship and then, in April, granted Austrian citizenship. [9] When Germany annexed Austria in 1938, Gödel automatically became a German citizen at age 32. After World War II (1948), at the age of 42, he became an American citizen. [10]
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In his family, young Kurt was known as Herr Warum ("Mr. Why") because of his insatiable curiosity. According to his brother Rudolf, at the age of six or seven Kurt suffered from rheumatic fever ; he completely recovered, but for the rest of his life he remained convinced that his heart had suffered permanent damage. Beginning at age four, Gödel suffered from "frequent episodes of poor health", which would continue for his entire life. [11] Gödel attended the Evangelische Volksschule , a Lutheran school in Brünn from 1912 to 1916, and was enrolled in the Deutsches Staats-Realgymnasium from 1916 to 1924, excelling with honors in all his subjects, particularly in mathematics, languages and religion. Although Kurt had first excelled in languages, he later became more interested in history and mathematics. His interest in mathematics increased when in 1920 his older brother Rudolf (born 1902) left for Vienna to go to medical school at the University of Vienna . During his teens, Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand , Goethe 's Theory of Colours and criticisms of Isaac Newton , and the writings of Immanuel Kant . Studying in Vienna [ edit ] At the age of 18, Gödel joined his brother in Vienna and entered the University of Vienna. By that time, he had already mastered university-level mathematics. [12] Although initially intending to study theoretical physics , he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy. During this time, he adopted ideas of mathematical realism . He read Kant 's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft , and participated in the Vienna Circle with Moritz Schlick , Hans Hahn , and Rudolf Carnap . Gödel then studied number theory , but when he took part in a seminar run by Moritz Schlick which studied Bertrand Russell 's book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy , he became interested in mathematical logic . According to Gödel, mathematical logic was "a science prior to all others, which contains the ideas and principles underlying all sciences." [13]
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Attending a lecture by David Hilbert in Bologna on completeness and consistency of mathematical systems may have set Gödel's life course. In 1928, Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann published Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik ( Principles of Mathematical Logic ), an introduction to first-order logic in which the problem of completeness was posed: Are the axioms of a formal system sufficient to derive every statement that is true in all models of the system? This problem became the topic that Gödel chose for his doctoral work. In 1929, at the age of 23, he completed his doctoral dissertation under Hans Hahn's supervision. In it, he established his eponymous completeness theorem regarding the first-order predicate calculus . He was awarded his doctorate in 1930, and his thesis (accompanied by some additional work) was published by the Vienna Academy of Science . Career [ edit ] Incompleteness theorem [ edit ] Kurt Gödel's achievement in modern logic is singular and monumental—indeed it is more than a monument, it is a landmark which will remain visible far in space and time. ... The subject of logic has certainly completely changed its nature and possibilities with Gödel's achievement. — John von Neumann [14] In 1930 Gödel attended the Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences , held in Königsberg , 5–7 September. Here he delivered his incompleteness theorems . [15]
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Gödel published his incompleteness theorems in Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme (called in English " On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems "). In that article, he proved for any computable axiomatic system that is powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (e.g., the Peano axioms or Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice ), that: If a (logical or axiomatic formal) system is consistent , it cannot be complete . The consistency of axioms cannot be proved within their own system . These theorems ended a half-century of attempts, beginning with the work of Frege and culminating in Principia Mathematica and Hilbert's formalism , to find a set of axioms sufficient for all mathematics. In hindsight, the basic idea at the heart of the incompleteness theorem is rather simple. Gödel essentially constructed a formula that claims that it is unprovable in a given formal system. If it were provable, it would be false. Thus there will always be at least one true but unprovable statement. That is, for any computably enumerable set of axioms for arithmetic (that is, a set that can in principle be printed out by an idealized computer with unlimited resources), there is a formula that is true of arithmetic, but which is not provable in that system.
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To make this precise, however, Gödel needed to produce a method to encode (as natural numbers) statements, proofs, and the concept of provability; he did this using a process known as Gödel numbering . In his two-page paper Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül (1932) Gödel refuted the finite-valuedness of intuitionistic logic . In the proof, he implicitly used what has later become known as Gödel–Dummett intermediate logic (or Gödel fuzzy logic ). Mid-1930s: further work and U.S. visits [ edit ] Gödel earned his habilitation at Vienna in 1932, and in 1933 he became a Privatdozent (unpaid lecturer) there. In 1933 Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and over the following years the Nazis rose in influence in Austria, and among Vienna's mathematicians. In June 1936, Moritz Schlick , whose seminar had aroused Gödel's interest in logic, was assassinated by one of his former students, Johann Nelböck . This triggered "a severe nervous crisis" in Gödel. [16] He developed paranoid symptoms, including a fear of being poisoned, and spent several months in a sanitarium for nervous diseases. [17] In 1933, Gödel first traveled to the U.S., where he met Albert Einstein , who became a good friend. [18] He delivered an address to the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society . During this year, Gödel also developed the ideas of computability and recursive functions to the point where he was able to present a lecture on general recursive functions and the concept of truth. This work was developed in number theory, using Gödel numbering .
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In 1934 Gödel gave a series of lectures at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton , New Jersey, entitled On undecidable propositions of formal mathematical systems . Stephen Kleene , who had just completed his PhD at Princeton, took notes of these lectures that have been subsequently published. Gödel visited the IAS again in the autumn of 1935. The traveling and the hard work had exhausted him, and the next year he took a break to recover from a depressive episode. He returned to teaching in 1937. During this time, he worked on the proof of consistency of the axiom of choice and of the continuum hypothesis ; he went on to show that these hypotheses cannot be disproved from the common system of axioms of set theory. He married Adele Nimbursky (née Porkert, 1899–1981), whom he had known for over 10 years, on September 20, 1938. Their relationship had been opposed by his parents on the grounds that she was a divorced dancer, six years older than he was. Subsequently, he left for another visit to the United States, spending the autumn of 1938 at the IAS and publishing Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum-hypothesis with the axioms of set theory, [19] a classic of modern mathematics. In that work he introduced the constructible universe , a model of set theory in which the only sets that exist are those that can be constructed from simpler sets. Gödel showed that both the axiom of choice (AC) and the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH) are true in the constructible universe, and therefore must be consistent with the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms for set theory (ZF). This result has had considerable consequences for working mathematicians, as it means they can assume the axiom of choice when proving the Hahn–Banach theorem . Paul Cohen later constructed a model of ZF in which AC and GCH are false; together these proofs mean that AC and GCH are independent of the ZF axioms for set theory.
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Godel spent the spring of 1939 at the University of Notre Dame . [20] Princeton, Einstein, U.S. citizenship [ edit ] After the Anschluss on 12 March 1938, Austria had become a part of Nazi Germany . Germany abolished the title Privatdozent , so Gödel had to apply for a different position under the new order. His former association with Jewish members of the Vienna Circle, especially with Hahn, weighed against him. The University of Vienna turned his application down. His predicament intensified when the German army found him fit for conscription. World War II started in September 1939. Before the year was up, Gödel and his wife left Vienna for Princeton . To avoid the difficulty of an Atlantic crossing, the Gödels took the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Pacific, sailed from Japan to San Francisco (which they reached on March 4, 1940), then crossed the US by train to Princeton. There Gödel accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), which he had previously visited during 1933–34. [21] Albert Einstein was also living at Princeton during this time. Gödel and Einstein developed a strong friendship, and were known to take long walks together to and from the Institute for Advanced Study. The nature of their conversations was a mystery to the other Institute members. Economist Oskar Morgenstern recounts that toward the end of his life Einstein confided that his "own work no longer meant much, that he came to the Institute merely ... to have the privilege of walking home with Gödel". [22]
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Gödel and his wife, Adele, spent the summer of 1942 in Blue Hill, Maine , at the Blue Hill Inn at the top of the bay. Gödel was not merely vacationing but had a very productive summer of work. Using Heft 15 [volume 15] of Gödel's still-unpublished Arbeitshefte [working notebooks], John W. Dawson Jr. conjectures that Gödel discovered a proof for the independence of the axiom of choice from finite type theory, a weakened form of set theory, while in Blue Hill in 1942. Gödel's close friend Hao Wang supports this conjecture, noting that Gödel's Blue Hill notebooks contain his most extensive treatment of the problem. On December 5, 1947, Einstein and Morgenstern accompanied Gödel to his U.S. citizenship exam, where they acted as witnesses. Gödel had confided in them that he had discovered an inconsistency in the U.S. Constitution that could allow the U.S. to become a dictatorship. Einstein and Morgenstern were concerned that their friend's unpredictable behavior might jeopardize his application. The judge turned out to be Phillip Forman , who knew Einstein and had administered the oath at Einstein's own citizenship hearing. Everything went smoothly until Forman happened to ask Gödel if he thought a dictatorship like the Nazi regime could happen in the U.S. Gödel then started to explain his discovery to Forman. Forman understood what was going on, cut Gödel off, and moved the hearing on to other questions and a routine conclusion. [23] [24]
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Gödel became a permanent member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 1946. Around this time he stopped publishing, though he continued to work. He became a full professor at the Institute in 1953 and an emeritus professor in 1976. [25] During his many years at the Institute, Gödel's interests turned to philosophy and physics. In 1949, he demonstrated the existence of solutions involving closed timelike curves , to Einstein's field equations in general relativity . [26] He is said to have given this elaboration to Einstein as a present for his 70th birthday. [27] His "rotating universes" would allow time travel to the past and caused Einstein to have doubts about his own theory. His solutions are known as the Gödel metric (an exact solution of the Einstein field equation ). He studied and admired the works of Gottfried Leibniz , but came to believe that a hostile conspiracy had caused some of Leibniz's works to be suppressed. [28] To a lesser extent he studied Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl . In the early 1970s, Gödel circulated among his friends an elaboration of Leibniz's version of Anselm of Canterbury 's ontological proof of God's existence. This is now known as Gödel's ontological proof . Awards and honours [ edit ] Gödel was awarded (with Julian Schwinger ) the first Albert Einstein Award in 1951, and was also awarded the National Medal of Science , in 1974. [29] Gödel was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1968 . [1] He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [30] The Gödel Prize , an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, is named after him.
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Gravestone of Kurt and Adele Gödel in the Princeton, N.J., cemetery Later life and death [ edit ] Later in his life, Gödel suffered periods of mental instability and illness. He had an obsessive fear of being poisoned ; he would eat only food that his wife, Adele, prepared for him. Late in 1977, she was hospitalized for six months and could subsequently no longer prepare her husband's food. In her absence, he refused to eat, eventually starving to death. [31] He weighed 29 kilograms (65 lb) when he died. His death certificate reported that he died of "malnutrition and inanition caused by personality disturbance" in Princeton Hospital on January 14, 1978. [32] He was buried in Princeton Cemetery . Adele's death followed in 1981. Personal life [ edit ] Religious views [ edit ] Gödel was a convinced theist , in the Christian tradition. [33] He held the notion that God was personal. He believed firmly in an afterlife, stating: "Of course this supposes that there are many relationships which today's science and received wisdom haven't any inkling of. But I am convinced of this [the afterlife], independently of any theology." It is "possible today to perceive, by pure reasoning" that it "is entirely consistent with known facts." "If the world is rationally constructed and has meaning, then there must be such a thing [as an afterlife]." [34]
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In an unmailed answer to a questionnaire, Gödel described his religion as "baptized Lutheran (but not member of any religious congregation). My belief is theistic , not pantheistic , following Leibniz rather than Spinoza ." [35] Describing religion(s) in general, Gödel said: "Religions are, for the most part, bad—but religion is not". [36] According to his wife Adele, "Gödel, although he did not go to church, was religious and read the Bible in bed every Sunday morning", [37] while of Islam, he said, "I like Islam: it is a consistent [or consequential] idea of religion and open-minded." [38] Legacy [ edit ] The Kurt Gödel Society , founded in 1987, was named in his honor. It is an international organization for the promotion of research in the areas of logic, philosophy, and the history of mathematics . The University of Vienna hosts the Kurt Gödel Research Center for Mathematical Logic. The Association for Symbolic Logic has invited an annual Kurt Gödel lecturer each year since 1990. Gödel's Philosophical Notebooks are edited at the Kurt Gödel Research Centre which is situated at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Germany. Five volumes of Gödel's collected works have been published. The first two include Gödel's publications; the third includes unpublished manuscripts from Gödel's Nachlass , and the final two include correspondence. A biography of Gödel was published by John Dawson in 2005: Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel ( A. K. Peters , Wellesley, MA, ISBN 1-56881-256-6 ). Gödel was also one of four mathematicians examined in the 2008 BBC documentary entitled Dangerous Knowledge by David Malone . [39]
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Douglas Hofstadter wrote a popular book in 1979 called Gödel, Escher, Bach to celebrate the work and ideas of Gödel, along with those of artist M. C. Escher and composer Johann Sebastian Bach . The book partly explores the ramifications of the fact that Gödel's incompleteness theorem can be applied to any Turing-complete computational system, which may include the human brain . Bibliography [ edit ] Important publications [ edit ] In German: 1930, "Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls." Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 37 : 349–60. 1931, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, I." Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 : 173–98. 1932, "Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül", Anzeiger Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 69 : 65–66. In English: 1940. The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory. Princeton University Press. 1947. "What is Cantor's continuum problem?" The American Mathematical Monthly 54 : 515–25. Revised version in Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam , eds., 1984 (1964). Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings . Cambridge Univ. Press: 470–85. 1950, "Rotating Universes in General Relativity Theory." Proceedings of the international Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, 1 : 175–81 In English translation: Kurt Godel, 1992. On Formally Undecidable Propositions Of Principia Mathematica And Related Systems , tr. B. Meltzer, with a comprehensive introduction by Richard Braithwaite . Dover reprint of the 1962 Basic Books edition.
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Kurt Godel, 2000. [40] On Formally Undecidable Propositions Of Principia Mathematica And Related Systems , tr. Martin Hirzel Jean van Heijenoort , 1967. A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931 . Harvard Univ. Press. 1930. "The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic," 582–91. 1930. "Some metamathematical results on completeness and consistency," 595–96. Abstract to (1931). 1931. "On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems," 596–616. 1931a. "On completeness and consistency," 616–17. "My philosophical viewpoint" , c. 1960, unpublished. "The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy" , 1961, unpublished. Collected Works : Oxford University Press: New York. Editor-in-chief: Solomon Feferman . Volume I: Publications 1929–1936 ISBN 978-0-19-503964-1 / Paperback: ISBN 978-0-19-514720-9 , Volume II: Publications 1938–1974 ISBN 978-0-19-503972-6 / Paperback: ISBN 978-0-19-514721-6 , Volume III: Unpublished Essays and Lectures ISBN 978-0-19-507255-6 / Paperback: ISBN 978-0-19-514722-3 , Volume IV: Correspondence, A–G ISBN 978-0-19-850073-5 , Volume V: Correspondence, H–Z ISBN 978-0-19-850075-9 . See also [ edit ] Biography portal Philosophy portal Gödel machine Gödel Prize List of Austrian scientists List of pioneers in computer science Mathematical Platonism Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem Notes [ edit ] ^ a b Kreisel, G. (1980). "Kurt Godel. 28 April 1906–14 January 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 26 : 148–224. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1980.0005 .
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^ "Gödel" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary . ^ a b For instance, in their Principia Mathematica ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy edition). ^ Dawson 1997, pp. 3–4. ^ Kim, Alan (January 1, 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter 2015 ed.). ^ Dawson 1997, p. 12 ^ Procházka 2008, pp. 30–34. ^ Dawson 1997, p. 15. ^ Gödel, Kurt,. Collected works . Feferman, Solomon,. Oxford. p. 37. ISBN 0195039645 . OCLC 12371326 . CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Balaguer, Mark. "Kurt Godel" . Britannica School High . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc . Retrieved June 3, 2019 . ^ Kim, Alan (January 1, 2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter 2015 ed.). ^ Dawson 1997, p. 24. ^ Gleick, J. (2011) The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood , London, Fourth Estate, p. 181. ^ Halmos, P.R. (April 1973). "The Legend of von Neumann". The American Mathematical Monthly . 80 (4): 382–94. doi : 10.1080/00029890.1973.11993293 . ^ Stadler, Friedrich (2015). The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism . Springer. ISBN 9783319165615 . ^ Casti, John L.; Depauli, Werner; Koppe, Matthias; Weismantel, Robert (2001). Gödel : a life of logic . Mathematics of Operations Research . 31 . Cambridge, Mass.: Basic Books. p. 147. arXiv : math/0410111 . doi : 10.1287/moor.1050.0169 . ISBN 978-0-7382-0518-2 . . From p. 80, which quotes Rudolf Gödel, Kurt's brother and a medical doctor. The words "a severe nervous crisis", and the judgement that the Schlick assassination was its trigger, are from the Rudolf Gödel quote. Rudolf knew Kurt well in those years.
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^ Dawson 1997, pp. 110–12 ^ Hutchinson Encyclopedia (1988), p. 518 ^ Gödel, Kurt (November 9, 1938). "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 24 (12): 556–57. Bibcode : 1938PNAS...24..556G . doi : 10.1073/pnas.24.12.556 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 1077160 . PMID 16577857 . ^ Dawson, John W. Jr. "Kurt Gödel at Notre Dame" (PDF) . p. 4. the Mathematics department at the University of Notre Dame was host ... for a single semester in the spring of 1939 [to] Kurt Gödel ^ "Kurt Gödel" . Institute for Advanced Study . ^ Goldstein (2005), p. 33. ^ Dawson 1997, pp. 179–80. The story of Gödel's citizenship hearing is repeated in many versions. Dawson's account is the most carefully researched, but was written before the rediscovery of Morgenstern's written account. Most other accounts appear to be based on Dawson, hearsay or speculation. ^ Oskar Morgenstern (September 13, 1971). "History of the Naturalization of Kurt Gödel" (PDF) . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . ^ "Kurt Gödel – Institute for Advanced Study" . Retrieved December 1, 2015 . ^ Gödel, Kurt (July 1, 1949). "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation". Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 (447): 447–450. doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.21.447 .
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^ "Das Genie & der Wahnsinn" . Der Tagesspiegel (in German). January 13, 2008. ^ Dawson, John W., Jr. (2005). Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel . A K Peters. p. 166. ISBN 9781568812564 . ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details | NSF – National Science Foundation" . www.nsf.gov . Retrieved September 17, 2016 . ^ Gödel, Kurt (1950). "Rotating universes in general relativity theory" (PDF) . In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 30–September 6, 1950 . vol. 1. pp. 175–81. ^ Davis, Martin (May 4, 2005). "Gödel's universe". Nature . 435 (7038): 19–20. Bibcode : 2005Natur.435...19D . doi : 10.1038/435019a . ^ Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD . Class Publishing. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-85959-069-0 . ^ Tucker McElroy (2005). A to Z of Mathematicians . Infobase Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8160-5338-4 . Gödel had a happy childhood, and was called "Mr. Why" by his family, due to his numerous questions. He was baptized as a Lutheran, and re-mained a theist (a believer in a personal God) throughout his life. ^ Hao Wang, "A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy", 1996, pp. 104–05. ^ Gödel's answer to a special questionnaire sent him by the sociologist Burke Grandjean. This answer is quoted directly in Wang 1987, p. 18, and indirectly in Wang 1996, p. 112. It's also quoted directly in Dawson 1997, p. 6, who cites Wang 1987. The Grandjean questionnaire is perhaps the most extended autobiographical item in Gödel's papers. Gödel filled it out in pencil and wrote a cover letter, but he never returned it. "Theistic" is italicized in both Wang 1987 and Wang 1996. It is possible that this italicization is Wang's and not Gödel's. The quote follows Wang 1987, with two corrections taken from Wang 1996. Wang 1987 reads "Baptist Lutheran" where Wang 1996 has "baptized Lutheran". Wang 1987 has "rel. cong.", which in Wang 1996 is expanded to "religious congregation".
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^ Wang 1996 p. 316 ^ Wang 1996, p. 51. ^ Wang 1996, p. 148, 4.4.3. It is one of Gödel's observations, made between 16 November and 7 December 1975, which Wang found hard to classify under the main topics considered elsewhere in the book. ^ "Dangerous Knowledge" . BBC. June 11, 2008 . Retrieved October 6, 2009 . ^ Kurt Godel (1931). "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, I" [On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems I] (PDF) . Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik . 38 : 173–98. doi : 10.1007/BF01700692 . References [ edit ] Dawson, John W (1997), Logical dilemmas: The life and work of Kurt Gödel , Wellesley, MA: AK Peters . Goldstein, Rebecca (2005), Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel , New York: W.W. Norton & Co, ISBN 978-0-393-32760-1 . Further reading [ edit ] Casti, John L; DePauli, Werner (2000), Gödel: A Life of Logic , Cambridge, MA: Basic Books (Perseus Books Group), ISBN 978-0-7382-0518-2 . Dawson, Jr, John W (1996), Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel , AK Peters . Dawson, Jr, John W (1999), "Gödel and the Limits of Logic", Scientific American , 280 (6): 76–81, Bibcode : 1999SciAm.280f..76D , doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0699-76 , PMID 10048234 . Franzén, Torkel (2005), Gödel's Theorem: An Incomplete Guide to Its Use and Abuse , Wellesley, MA: AK Peters .
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Ivor Grattan-Guinness , 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940 . Princeton Univ. Press. Jaakko Hintikka , 2000. On Gödel . Wadsworth. Douglas Hofstadter , 1980. Gödel, Escher, Bach . Vintage. Stephen Kleene , 1967. Mathematical Logic . Dover paperback reprint c. 2001. Stephen Kleene, 1980. Introduction to Metamathematics . North Holland ISBN 0-7204-2103-9 (Ishi Press paperback. 2009. ISBN 978-0-923891-57-2 ) J.R. Lucas , 1970. The Freedom of the Will . Clarendon Press, Oxford. Ernest Nagel and Newman, James R., 1958. Gödel's Proof. New York Univ. Press. Procházka, Jiří, 2006, 2006, 2008, 2008, 2010. Kurt Gödel: 1906–1978: Genealogie . ITEM, Brno. Volume I. Brno 2006, ISBN 80-902297-9-4 . In German, English. Volume II. Brno 2006, ISBN 80-903476-0-6 . In German, English. Volume III. Brno 2008, ISBN 80-903476-4-9 . In German, English. Volume IV. Brno, Princeton 2008, ISBN 978-80-903476-5-6 . In German, English Volume V, Brno, Princeton 2010, ISBN 80-903476-9-X . In German, English. Procházka, Jiří, 2012. "Kurt Gödel: 1906–1978: Historie". ITEM, Brno, Wien, Princeton. Volume I. ISBN 978-80-903476-2-5 . In German, English. Ed Regis , 1987. Who Got Einstein's Office? Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Raymond Smullyan , 1992. Godel's Incompleteness Theorems . Oxford University Press. Olga Taussky-Todd , 1983. Remembrances of Kurt Gödel . Engineering & Science, Winter 1988. Gödel, Alois, 2OO6. Brünn 1679–1684.ITEM, Brno 2OO6, edited by Jiří Procházka, ISBN 80-902297-8-6
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Procházka, Jiří 2017. "Kurt Gödel: 1906–1978: Curriculum vitae". ITEM, Brno, Wien, Princeton 2017. Volume I. ( ISBN 978-80-903476-9-4 ). In German, English. Procházka, Jiří 2O19. "Kurt Gödel 19O6-1978: Curriculum vitae". ITEM, Brno, Wien, Princeton 2O19. Volume II. ( ISBN 978-80-903476-1-8 ). In German, English. Hao Wang , 1987. Reflections on Kurt Gödel. MIT Press. Hao Wang, 1996. A Logical Journey: From Godel to Philosophy . MIT Press. Yourgrau, Palle, 1999. Gödel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Gödel Universe. Chicago: Open Court. Yourgrau, Palle, 2004. A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. Basic Books. Book review by John Stachel in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society ( 54 (7), pp. 861–68): External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kurt Gödel . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Kurt Gödel Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Gödel, Kurt (1906–1978)" . ScienceWorld . Kennedy, Juliette. "Kurt Gödel" . In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Time Bandits : an article about the relationship between Gödel and Einstein by Jim Holt Notices of the AMS, April 2006, Volume 53, Number 4 Kurt Gödel Centenary Issue Paul Davies and Freeman Dyson discuss Kurt Godel "Gödel and the Nature of Mathematical Truth" Edge: A Talk with Rebecca Goldstein on Kurt Gödel. It's Not All In The Numbers: Gregory Chaitin Explains Gödel's Mathematical Complexities.
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Gödel photo gallery. Kurt Gödel National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir v t e Set theory Overview Set (mathematics) Axioms Adjunction Choice countable dependent Constructibility (V=L) Determinacy Extensionality Infinity Limitation of size Pairing Power set Regularity Union Martin's axiom Axiom schema replacement specification Operations Cartesian product Complement De Morgan's laws Disjoint union Intersection Power set Set difference Symmetric difference Union Concepts Methods Cardinality Cardinal number ( large ) Class Constructible universe Continuum hypothesis Diagonal argument Element ordered pair tuple Family Forcing One-to-one correspondence Ordinal number Transfinite induction Venn diagram Set types Countable Empty Finite ( hereditarily ) Fuzzy Infinite ( Dedekind-infinite ) Recursive Subset · Superset Transitive Uncountable Universal Theories Alternative Axiomatic Naive Cantor's theorem Zermelo General Principia Mathematica New Foundations Zermelo–Fraenkel von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel Morse–Kelley Kripke–Platek Tarski–Grothendieck Paradoxes Problems Russell's paradox Suslin's problem Burali-Forti paradox Set theorists Abraham Fraenkel Bertrand Russell Ernst Zermelo Georg Cantor John von Neumann Kurt Gödel Paul Bernays Paul Cohen Richard Dedekind Thomas Jech Thoralf Skolem Willard Quine v t e United States National Medal of Science laureates Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964 Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman 1990s 1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton
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1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000 Gary Becker 2001 George Bass 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin 2010s 2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura Biological sciences 1960s 1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade
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Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony S. Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist
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Stanley B. Prusiner 2010s 2010 Ralph L. Brinster Shu Chien Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2014 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2015 Stanley Falkow Rakesh K. Jain Mary-Claire King Simon Levin Chemistry 1980s 1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon 2000s 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox 2010s 2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne
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2014 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2015 A. Paul Alivisatos Geraldine L. Richmond Engineering sciences 1960s 1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo 1980s 1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
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2000s 2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv 2010s 2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2014 Thomas Kailath Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 1960s 1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller 1970s 1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005
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Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford 2010s 2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2014 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2015 Michael Artin Physical sciences 1960s 1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer
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1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman F. Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel 1990s 1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington 2010s 2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson v t e Relativity Special relativity Background Principle of relativity ( Galilean relativity Galilean transformation ) Special relativity Doubly special relativity
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Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell's equations Proper length Proper time Relativistic mass Formulation Lorentz transformation Phenomena Time dilation Mass–energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Ladder paradox Twin paradox Spacetime Light cone World line Minkowski diagram Biquaternions Minkowski space General relativity Background Introduction Mathematical formulation Fundamental concepts Equivalence principle Riemannian geometry Penrose diagram Geodesics Mach's principle Formulation ADM formalism BSSN formalism Einstein field equations Linearized gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Raychaudhuri equation Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation Ernst equation Phenomena Black hole Event horizon Singularity Two-body problem Gravitational waves : astronomy detectors ( LIGO and collaboration Virgo LISA Pathfinder GEO ) Hulse–Taylor binary Other tests : precession of Mercury lensing redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect ( Lense–Thirring precession ) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity Solutions Cosmological: Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker ( Friedmann equations ) Kasner BKL singularity Gödel Milne Spherical: Schwarzschild ( interior Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation ) Reissner–Nordström Lemaître–Tolman Axisymmetric: Kerr ( Kerr–Newman ) Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou Taub–NUT van Stockum dust discs Others: pp-wave Ozsváth–Schücking metric Scientists Poincaré Lorentz Einstein Hilbert Schwarzschild de Sitter Weyl Eddington Friedmann Lemaître Milne Robertson Chandrasekhar Zwicky Wheeler Choquet-Bruhat Kerr Zel'dovich Novikov Ehlers Geroch Penrose Hawking Taylor Hulse Bondi Misner Yau Thorne Weiss others Categories ► Theory of relativity v t e Analytic philosophy Related articles Areas of focus
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Epistemology Language Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Linguistic Logic Classical Mathematical Non-classical Philosophical Theories Anti-realism Australian realism Descriptivist theory of names Emotivism Functionalism Analytical feminism Logical atomism Logical positivism Analytical Marxism Neopragmatism Neurophilosophy Ordinary language Quietism Scientific structualism Sense data Concepts Analysis ( Paradox ) Analytic–synthetic distinction Counterfactual Natural kind Reflective equilibrium Supervenience Modality Actualism Necessity Possibility Possible world Realism Rigid designator Philosophers Nick Bostrom Noam Chomsky Patricia Churchland David Chalmers James F. Conant Alice Crary Daniel Dennett Cora Diamond Keith Donnellan Paul Feyerabend Bas van Fraassen Gottlob Frege Jerry Fodor Ian Hacking Jaegwon Kim Alasdair MacIntyre J. L. Mackie Ruth Millikan Ernest Nagel Thomas Nagel Derek Parfit Karl Popper Graham Priest John Searle Peter Singer J. J. C. Smart Ernest Sosa Barry Stroud Charles Taylor Michael Walzer Cambridge Charlie Broad Norman Malcolm G. E. Moore Bertrand Russell Frank P. Ramsey Ludwig Wittgenstein Oxford G. E. M. Anscombe J. L. Austin A. J. Ayer Michael Dummett Antony Flew Philippa Foot Peter Geach Paul Grice R. M. Hare Gilbert Ryle P. F. Strawson Richard Swinburne Bernard Williams Timothy Williamson Berlin Circle Carl Gustav Hempel Hans Reichenbach Vienna Circle Rudolf Carnap Kurt Gödel Otto Neurath Moritz Schlick Harvard Roderick Chisholm Donald Davidson Nelson Goodman Christine Korsgaard Thomas Kuhn Robert Nozick Hilary Putnam W. V. O. Quine John Rawls Pittsburgh School Robert Brandom John McDowell
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Nicholas Rescher Wilfrid Sellars Princeton David Lewis Saul Kripke Richard Rorty Notre Dame Robert Audi Peter van Inwagen Alvin Plantinga Category Index v t e Platonists Academics Old Plato Aristotle Eudoxus Philip of Opus Aristonymus Coriscus and Erastus of Scepsis Demetrius of Amphipolis Euaeon of Lampsacus Heraclides and Python of Aenus Hestiaeus of Perinthus Lastheneia of Mantinea Timolaus of Cyzicus Speusippus Axiothea of Phlius Heraclides Ponticus Menedemus of Pyrrha Xenocrates Crantor Polemon Crates of Athens Skeptics Middle Arcesilaus Diocles of Cnidus Lacydes Telecles and Evander Hegesinus New Carneades Hagnon of Tarsus Metrodorus of Stratonicea Clitomachus Charmadas Aeschines of Neapolis Philo of Larissa Cicero Dio of Alexandria Middle Platonists Antiochus Philo of Alexandria Plutarch Justin Martyr Gaius Albinus Alcinous Apuleius Atticus Maximus of Tyre Numenius of Apamea Longinus Clement of Alexandria Origen the Pagan Calcidius Neoplatonists Ancient Ammonius Saccas Plotinus Disciples Origen Amelius Porphyry Iamblichus Sopater Eustathius of Cappadocia Sosipatra Aedesius Dexippus Chrysanthius Theodorus of Asine Julian Sallustius Maximus of Ephesus Eusebius of Myndus Priscus of Epirus Antoninus Gregory of Nyssa Hypatia Augustine Macrobius Academy Plutarch of Athens Asclepigenia Hierocles Syrianus Hermias Aedesia Proclus Ammonius Hermiae Asclepiodotus Hegias Zenodotus Marinus Agapius Isidore Damascius Simplicius Priscian Medieval Boethius John Philoponus Olympiodorus Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite John Scotus Eriugena Islamic Golden Age Al-Farabi Anselm Peter Abelard Chartres Bernard Gilbert Thierry Henry of Ghent Bonaventure Meister Eckhart
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Paul of Venice Modern Renaissance Florentine Academy Plethon Marsilio Ficino Cristoforo Landino Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Cambridge Ralph Cudworth Henry More Anne Conway Petrus Ramus Giordano Bruno Blaise Pascal Emanuel Swedenborg German idealists Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Christian Wolff Moses Mendelssohn Immanuel Kant Johann Gottlieb Fichte Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling G. W. F. Hegel Hermann Lotze Thomas Taylor Ralph Waldo Emerson Josiah Royce Søren Kierkegaard Henri Bergson Aleksei Losev Contemporary Bernard Bolzano Philip K. Dick Joseph Ratzinger Analytic Gottlob Frege G. E. Moore Kurt Gödel Alonzo Church Roderick Chisholm Michael Dummett W. V. O. Quine David Kaplan Saul Kripke Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Nicholas Wolterstorff Crispin Wright Edward N. Zalta Continental Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Leo Strauss Categories ► Platonism Authority control BNE : XX988655 BNF : cb12133987b (data) CANTIC : a11111835 DBLP : 165/0657 GND : 11869569X ISNI : 0000 0001 1031 567X LCCN : n79007770 MGP : 19539 NDL : 00549746 NKC : jn20000602196 NLK : KAC201716000 NTA : 068721757 ICCU : IT\ICCU\MILV\024928 SELIBR : 237197 SNAC : w6254jvh SUDOC : 028039734 Trove : 835248 VIAF : 97851774 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 97851774 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1264 Cached time: 20191130012936 Cache expiry: 21600 Dynamic content: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.860 seconds Real time usage: 2.616 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8836/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
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Post‐expand include size: 414007/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16261/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/40 Expensive parser function count: 29/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 132575/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 7/400 Lua time usage: 0.944/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 27.39 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2162.350 1 -total 26.00% 562.285 1 Template:Reflist 17.60% 380.592 1 Template:Infobox_scientist 17.19% 371.635 1 Template:Infobox_person 16.36% 353.748 2 Template:Infobox 11.55% 249.807 19 Template:Lang 11.53% 249.265 27 Template:Navbox 10.78% 233.007 5 Template:Br_separated_entries 10.53% 227.688 9 Template:Cite_book 9.83% 212.474 6 Template:Cite_journal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:16736-0!canonical and timestamp 20191130012933 and revision id 923214256 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Gödel&oldid=923214256 " Categories : 1906 births 1978 deaths 20th-century American mathematicians 20th-century American philosophers 20th-century Austrian mathematicians American Protestants American logicians American people of Moravian-German descent Analytic philosophers Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian logicians Austrian mathematicians Austrian people of Moravian-German descent Austrian philosophers Austrian Protestants Austro-Hungarian mathematicians Burials at Princeton Cemetery Deaths by starvation Foreign Members of the Royal Society Institute for Advanced Study faculty National Medal of Science laureates Ontologists People from Brno People from the Margraviate of Moravia People with acquired American citizenship People with paranoid personality disorder Platonists Princeton University faculty Protestant philosophers Set theorists Vienna Circle University of Notre Dame faculty University of Vienna alumni Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra punctuation CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Articles with short description Use mdy dates from July 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Czech-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with DBLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers
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http://web.archive.org/web/20191103234646id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_(season_4)_p0
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This Is Us (season 4) - Wikipedia CentralNotice This Is Us (season 4) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Season of television series This Is Us This Is Us (season 4) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Jon Huertas Melanie Liburd Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Lonnie Chavis Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lyric Ross Asante Blackk Griffin Dunne Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network NBC Original release September 24, 2019 ( 2019-09-24 ) – present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of This Is Us episodes The fourth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . The series was renewed for a fourth, fifth, and sixth season in May 2019, with production for season four beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Jon Huertas , Melanie Liburd , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Lyric Ross, Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne .
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The fourth season premiered on September 24, 2019, and will consist of 18 episodes. Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters [ edit ] Main article: List of This Is Us characters Main [ edit ] Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson [1] Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson [1] Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson [1] Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson [1] Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson [1] Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson [1] Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson [1] Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson [1] Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson [1] Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson [1] Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson [1] Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson [1] Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon [1] Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas [1] Eris Baker as Tess Pearson [1] Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson [1] Lyric Ross as Deja Asante Blackk [2] as Malik Griffin Dunne as Nicholas "Nicky" Pearson [2] Recurring [ edit ] Jennifer Morrison [3] as Cassidy Sharp Tim Matheson as Dave Malone [4] Guest [ edit ] Marsha Stephanie Blake [2] as Malik's mother Omar Epps [2] as Darnell, Malik's father M. Night Shyamalan [2] as himself Bahara Golestani [2]
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Timothy Omundson [2] as Gregory, Kate and Toby's new neighbor. [5] Julian Silva [2] Auden Thornton [2] Nick Wechsler [2] as Ryan Sharp, Cassidy's husband Ron Cephas Jones as William H. "Shakespeare" Hill [2] Phylicia Rashad as Carol Clarke [2] Tim Jo as Jae-Won Yoo [2] Elizabeth Perkins as Janet Malone [2] Caitlin Thompson as Madison [2] Blake Stadnik as Adult Jack Damon Episodes [ edit ] See also: List of This Is Us episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 55 1 "Strangers" Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 24, 2019 ( 2019-09-24 ) 4AZC01 7.88 [6] After returning from Los Angeles, Rebecca marvels at how important a stranger can become. Jack meets Miguel, a store clerk who lends him a sports coat for meeting Rebecca's parents. Rebecca's father tells Jack that he isn't good enough for Rebecca. Three new characters are introduced. Marine NCO Cassidy Sharp returns home, experiencing alcoholism and PTSD. Her husband kicks her out after she strikes their son. A drunk Nicky vandalizes the VA during Cassidy's support group, and contacts Kevin for bail money. Teenager Malik is raising a daughter, Janelle. He works in his father's auto garage, but considers illegal activity to better provide for Janelle; his father explains that taking responsibility for Malik lifted him above that lifestyle. At a barbecue, Malik meets new arrival Deja; both are smitten. A young blind musician meets a waitress, Lucy, and writes a song about a stranger becoming beloved. They get engaged and she opens a restaurant. She learns she is pregnant and fears it is too early in her career, but he reassures her and performs the song at an arena concert. He is Kate and Toby's son, Jack Damon; at three months, he is diagnosed with permanent vision loss.
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56 2 "The Pool: Part Two" Chris Koch Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 1, 2019 ( 2019-10-01 ) 4AZC02 7.45 [7] Jack and Rebecca take the young Big Three to the pool at summer's end. Kevin hurts Randall by mocking him in front of his friends, leading Kevin to question if he is a good person; Jack reassures him that only a good person would care. Two popular girls convince Kate a popular boy will kiss her. When instead an unpopular boy who actually likes Kate arrives, she kisses him. After avoiding their parents all day, the Big Three sit quietly with them. In the present, Tess gets a new, short haircut and Beth accepts that Tess is growing up. Deja wants to travel to school via a city bus that passes Malik's garage. Randall thinks public transportation is too dangerous, but ultimately grants permission. Randall teaches the girls to play "Worst Case Scenario" and the family runs up the Rocky Steps . A consultant advises Kate on caring for Jack. Kate commits to Jack living a life without limits. Toby secretly exercises at a gym. Kate helps Kevin and Jack bond, and encourages Kevin to take a job in Chicago. He instead visits Nicky and gives him the ficus he has cared for in recovery. 57 3 "Unhinged" Anne Fletcher Vera Herbert October 8, 2019 ( 2019-10-08 ) 4AZC03 7.27 [8]
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Starting junior high, Randall suffers his first panic attack upon receiving a dress code violation. Kevin forges Rebecca's signature on the slip, and convinces the family to watch Arsenio Hall together to remedy Randall's pop culture deficit. Jack makes a mistake at work; Miguel saves Jack’s job by threatening to quit; Jack pledges to support Miguel whenever needed. In the present, Nicky suffers a setback when his VA therapist is transferred, leading to his vandalism; Nicky may avoid jail time by continuing therapy. Kevin bonds with Cassidy's son Matty in the waiting room. When Kevin takes Nicky to an AA meeting, Cassidy is there; she, Nicky, then Kevin laugh at Kevin's egocentrism. Kate is stunned but ultimately supportive of Toby's fitness. Her new neighbor Gregory's seemingly unreasonable demand about where Toby parks his car is actually critical for Gregory's post-stroke recovery; Kate joins Gregory for a walk. Randall prioritizes his constituents over socializing with other officials. His experienced assistant advises him to fire Jae-won; instead, Randall fires her, embracing his and Jae-won's outsider status. Malik tells Deja about Janelle; Deja confides this to Tess, then Tess admits her unexpected lack of confidence in being “out” at her new school. 58 4 "Flip a Coin" Chris Koch Julia Brownell October 15, 2019 ( 2019-10-15 ) 4AZC04 6.72 [9] After Randall and Beth's first date, Rebecca and Carol visit campus and discuss widowhood. Carol tells Beth that Randall is too "broken" in grief to support her. But, recognizing Randall pays meaningful attention to her, Beth kisses him. Kate gets a job at a record store, smitten with the guy working there. Rebecca decides they should find a permanent home. Via answering machine, Kevin reveals he has married Sophie. In the present, the noise of a baby music class upsets Jack. Kate and Toby bicker but make up and take Jack to the beach to learn new sounds. The bad smell of a possum corpse inside Beth's dance studio building threatens her grand opening. Carol suggests postponing, but Randall restages the event outside. Carol tells Randall she failed to predict the strong family man he would become. Randall and Beth disapprove of Malik because he has a daughter. The Manny' s cancellation is a milestone for Kevin. While filming the pilot, he considered quitting acting, but secured the pilot's success by soothing his baby scene partner. When an AA meeting is rescheduled, Kevin and Nicky spend the day with Cassidy. Kevin gets Cassidy to acknowledge she wants to save her marriage. Nicky declines Kevin's offer of a new trailer, but Kevin buys one and becomes Nicky's neighbor.
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59 5 "Storybook Love" Milo Ventimiglia Casey Johnson & David Windsor October 22, 2019 ( 2019-10-22 ) 4AZC05 7.06 [10] Randall, Beth, and Miguel join newlyweds Kevin and Sophie for dinner at Rebecca and Kate's new house. Kate's coworker, Marc, arrives and introduces himself as her boyfriend; her brothers dislike him. Rebecca cooks an inedible dinner and frets over her children's bickering. Miguel suggests that, like a vintner, she wait out the bad years. Rebecca relates the story of her and Jack's similarly disastrous first dinner in their house, then orders pizza and plays the piano as the family takes Polaroids. In the present, Tess has a panic attack; she and Randall are both upset to have this in common, until Beth shares that William also struggled with anxiety. Cassidy is among local veterans honored at a hockey game. Ryan attends, but ignores the ceremony and leaves early; he tells Kevin that the military "broke" his wife, and to stay away from her. The crowd triggers Nicky, who leaves, but remains sober. Nicky and Kevin share ice cream in a Pearson family ritual. Randall and Kevin send the old piano to Kate as a baby gift. She finds the photos and the sight of Marc gives her pause; she and Rebecca allude to an unspecified issue involving him. 60 6 "The Club" Jessica Yu Kevin Falls October 29, 2019 ( 2019-10-29 ) 4AZC06 6.76 [11]
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Rebecca's father Dave takes Jack golfing at his country club . Blue-collar Jack feels uncomfortable and drinks heavily. Dave and Jack share competing visions for Rebecca's future. Young Randall idolizes his black teacher, Mr. Lawrence. After Randall expresses interest in Tiger Woods , Jack takes Randall golfing and relates his experience. Randall notes he would not have been allowed at Dave's club. Jack impresses upon Randall the social importance of golf, and Randall plays regularly. Jack invites Lawrence and his wife to dinner, and asks Lawrence to appraise him of Randall's concerns. In the present, Randall invites Wilkins and two other council members to golf at an exclusive club. Feigning ineptitude, Randall puts Wilkins at ease and builds rapport with the others, gaining consideration for his ideas. Toby experiences impotence . Kate asks if he still finds her attractive; he does, but has anxiety over her reservations towards his weight loss. She expresses wholehearted support, reigniting their passion. Kevin and Cassidy work out together. Kevin has an enjoyable date with a gym employee, but cuts it short to comfort Cassidy, who has fought with Ryan. She kisses him; he reciprocates and they have sex. 61 7 "The Dinner and the Date" [12] TBA TBA November 5, 2019 ( 2019-11-05 ) TBA TBD 62 8 "Sorry" [13] TBA TBA November 12, 2019 ( 2019-11-12 ) TBA TBD
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Production [ edit ] Development [ edit ] On May 12, 2019, NBC renewed the series for a fourth, fifth and sixth season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 54 additional episodes. [1] Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serve as the season's showrunners . [4] Filming [ edit ] Production on the season officially began on July 9, 2019, in Los Angeles . [14] Reception [ edit ] Ratings [ edit ] No. Title Air date Rating/share (18–49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18–49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18–49) Total viewers (millions) 1 " Strangers " September 24, 2019 1.8/9 7.88 [6] 1.5 5.13 3.3 13.03 [15] 2 " The Pool: Part Two " October 1, 2019 1.7/8 7.45 [7] 1.4 4.58 3.1 12.03 [16] 3 " Unhinged " October 8, 2019 1.7/8 7.27 [8] 1.5 4.67 3.1 11.94 [17] 4 " Flip a Coin " October 15, 2019 1.5/7 6.72 [9] 1.6 4.76 3.1 11.48 [18] 5 " Storybook Love " October 22, 2019 1.6/7 7.06 [10] TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 " The Club " October 29, 2019 1.4/6 6.76 [11] TBD TBD TBD TBD References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (May 12, 2019). " ' This Is Us' Renewed For Three More Seasons By NBC" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
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