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^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Blyth, Antonia (September 17, 2019). " ' This Is Us' Season 4 Trailer: See The Surprise New Cast; Premiere Episode Set To Be An Extended Special" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 18, 2019). " This Is Us : Jennifer Morrison Joining Season 4 Cast in Major Role" . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . ^ a b Andreeva, Nellie (September 17, 2019). " ' This Is Us': Tim Matheson To Play Rebecca's Father In Season 4 Of NBC Series" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . ^ Interestingly, Omundson's real-life stroke was written into the arc of his "This Is Us" character. ^ a b Welch, Alex (September 25, 2019). " ' Black-ish' and 'The Voice' adjust up, 'New Amsterdam' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25, 2019 . ^ a b Thorne, Will (October 15, 2019). "Live+7 Ratings for Week of Sept. 30: 'Evil,' 'Stumptown,' and 'Emergence' All Double" . Variety . Retrieved October 15, 2019 . ^ a b Pucci, Douglas (October 23, 2019). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Charmed' Season Premiere Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts in Viewer Percentage Boosts" . ProgrammingInsider.com . Retrieved October 23, 2019 .
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^ a b Welch, Alex (October 16, 2019). " ' Mixed-ish' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ a b Welch, Alex (October 23, 2019). " ' It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown' and World Series adjust up: Tuesday final ratings" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23, 2019 . ^ a b Welch, Alex (October 30, 2019). " ' Mixed-ish' and 'World Series' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings" . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30, 2019 . ^ "(#407) "THE DINNER AND THE DATE " " . The Futon Critic . October 21, 2019. ^ "(#408) "SORRY " " . The Futon Critic . October 29, 2019. ^ Dumaraog, Ana (July 11, 2019). "This is Us Season 4 Begins Production; New Image Revealed" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 21, 2019 . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . ^ Pucci, Douglas (October 8, 2019). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Stumptown' Tops Freshman Series Premieres in Overall Raw Gains" . ProgrammingInsider.com . Retrieved October 8, 2019 . ^ Thorne, Will (October 15, 2019). "Live+7 Ratings for Week of Sept. 30: 'Evil,' 'Stumptown,' and 'Emergence' All Double" . Variety . Retrieved October 15, 2019 . ^ Pucci, Douglas (October 23, 2019). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Charmed' Season Premiere Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts in Viewer Percentage Boosts" . ProgrammingInsider.com . Retrieved October 23, 2019 .
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^ Pucci, Douglas (October 30, 2019). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Nancy Drew' and 'Riverdale' Top Broadcast Network Telecasts in Adults 18-49 Percentage Gains" . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 30, 2019 . General references " This Is Us Season 4 Episode Guide" . TV Guide . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . "Shows A-Z – This Is Us on NBC" . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 21, 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb v t e This Is Us Episodes Season 1 Season 2 " Super Bowl Sunday " Season 3 " Sometimes " Season 4 Characters NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1331 Cached time: 20191103153656 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.848 seconds Real time usage: 1.108 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4580/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 125394/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5461/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/40 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65442/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.477/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16.32 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1006.100 1 -total 26.71% 268.738 1 Template:Reflist 26.50% 266.570 1 Template:Episode_table 24.42% 245.653 19 Template:Cite_web 24.01% 241.579 8 Template:Episode_list/sublist 19.24% 193.557 1 Template:Infobox_television_season 15.34% 154.323 1 Template:Infobox
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5.96% 59.982 1 Template:Television_episode_ratings 4.66% 46.913 1 Template:Short_description 4.36% 43.862 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60792434-0!canonical and timestamp 20191103153655 and revision id 924192273 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(season_4)&oldid=924192273 " Categories : 2019 American television seasons This Is Us Hidden categories: Articles with short description Use mdy dates from September 2019 Official website not in Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2019, at 11:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
http://web.archive.org/web/20191220035915id_/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1575/whats-the-origin-of-the-expression-from-soup-to-nuts/_p0
What’s the origin of the expression, “from soup to nuts”? – The Straight Dope Jetpack Open Graph Tags Home Message Boards Ask the Master FAQ Archive Fighting ignorance since 1973. (It's taking longer than we thought.) Home Message Boards Ask the Master FAQ Archive Fighting ignorance since 1973. (It's taking longer than we thought.) end .header What’s the origin of the expression, “from soup to nuts”? A STAFF REPORT FROM THE STRAIGHT DOPE SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD end article header Dear Straight Dope: Where did the phrase "soup to nuts," which I believe means from start to finish, come from? Rich, Hebron, CT Songbird, Dogster, and Lara reply: According to my Dictionary of Idioms: From Soup to Nuts Meaning: the whole thing from beginning to end Origin: For centuries, any foods served at the beginning or end of a meal stood for the entire thing: the start and finish and everything in between. This expression was “from eggs to apples” and “from pottage to cheese.” In the United States in the middle of the 20th century, the expression developed into “from soup to nuts.” At many meals, soup is often the first course and a dessert with nuts is sometimes the last. The expression does not have to refer to only to meals, however. It could be the selection of goods for sale or classes offered.
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SDSTAFF Dogster adds: The Oxford English Dictionary gives these citations: phrase: (from) soup to nuts (US colloq), from beginning to end, completely; everything. 1920: C Mathewson “Won in Ninth” 143: He knew the game from ‘soup to nuts.’ 1938: H Asbury “Sucker’s Progress” 16: For many years a common expression was ‘from soda to hock’, meaning the whole thing, from soup to nuts. 1946: E O’Neill “Iceman Cometh” 79: I know all about that game from soup to nuts. 1964: F. O’Rourke “Mule for Marquesa” 42: ‘Everything here we asked for?’ ‘Soup to nuts, nothing but the best.’ Not exciting. But dig a little deeper, and we find this: Hock: In the game of faro, the last card remaining in the box after all the others have been dealt. Soda: (paraphrasing) in the game of faro, the first card out of the box. So, from soda to hock would be from the first card to the last card, hence, from beginning to end. 1902: H.L. Wilson “Spenders” 49: Young Bines played the deal from soda to hock. Maybe not the answer we were looking for, but interesting anyway. SDSTAFF Lara concludes: I don’t know if the Dictionary of Idioms explanation rings quite true for me. Desserts that contain nuts are *sometimes* served? Groan. According to most of the British authors I read, the last course of a meal is port and nuts. But only for the men, I believe. I think the women had to go sequester themselves elsewhere and drink coffee or something until the men got tired of drinking port and joined them. Which of course begs the question, how did *that* get started? At any rate this is a British custom, and “from soup to nuts” is an American idiom. But still it seems clear that in some form or another nuts were considered the last course in a good meal, while soup was the first. And I think that covers this one from soup to nuts.
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Songbird, Dogster, and Lara Send questions to Cecil via cecil@straightdope.com. Related STAFF REPORTS ARE WRITTEN BY THE STRAIGHT DOPE SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD, CECIL'S ONLINE AUXILIARY. THOUGH THE SDSAB DOES ITS BEST, THESE COLUMNS ARE EDITED BY ED ZOTTI, NOT CECIL, SO ACCURACYWISE YOU'D BETTER KEEP YOUR FINGERS CROSSED. Comment on this Column end article section end article footer end article Placeholder for body ads end #main Join Our Mailing List! Get weekly column reminders #primary-sidebar Trending Threads What should be done in response to the White Power gesture being flashed on camera? How do we know for certain Jesus really lived? Hallmark Channel buckles to pressure The exact psychology behind people being angered by others' food choices? Christmas a National Holiday? THE STRAIGHT DOPE WANTS YOU! But probably not me. The possible results of the Impeachment in the Senate. Latest Trump slurring episode Person who doesn't respond at all to "Happy holidays" A coming retirement crisis? Are you worried? Read a random Straight Dope column Learn about Cecil Adams, the world's smartest human Ask Cecil a question end #inner-content end #content Site Info Send questions for Cecil Adams to: cecil@straightdope.com Send comments about this website to: webmaster@straightdope.com Terms of Use / Privacy Policy Advertise on the Straight Dope! Your direct line to thousands of the smartest, hippest people on the planet, plus a few total dipsticks.
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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington) - Wikipedia CentralNotice Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified This article is about the monument in the United States. For similar monuments, see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Tomb Guard on post, 2018 The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to deceased U.S. service members whose remains have not been identified. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia , United States of America. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the Victoria Cross , and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals. [1] [2] [3] The monument has no officially designated name. Contents 1 Tomb of 1921 2 Tomb of 1931 3 The Unknown of World War I 4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea 5 The Unknown of Vietnam 5.1 Identification of the Unknown 5.2 Redesignation of the crypt 6 Tomb guards 6.1 Weapons 6.2 Walking the mat 6.3 Changing of the Guard 6.4 Dedication
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6.5 Similar tomb guards 7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Tomb of 1921 [ edit ] Tomb as of November 11, 1922. The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location. On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater . On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six granite sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening. [4] [5] [6] Tomb of 1931 [ edit ] Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis (left) and Major General B. F. Cheatham, Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army, inspect the accepted model and design for the completion of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (1928). The design by sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones and architect Lorimer Rich was selected after a competition in which 73 designs were submitted. Placing the marble sarcophagus on top of the Tomb (1931)
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Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich [nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones . An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides. [4] [7] Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons. On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont , before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. [8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.
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Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones. [4] [9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932. [10] The Tomb [nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie , United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza. The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism [9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time. [4] [7] North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent (in 1931) "a world of memories" but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France: Ardennes, Belleau Wood, Château-Thierry, Meusse-Argonne, Oisiu-Eiseu, and Somme. Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries.
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East panel that faces Washington, DC, are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and "American Manhood" – but later "Valor" instead of "American Manhood" West panel is inscribed with (centered on the panel): HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD Tomb Dimensions [nb 3] as of 2004 [11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry. [8] Level Length Width Height Cubic Feet Tons Cap 12'-5.4" 6'-6.7" 1'-3.3" 100.69 8.56 Die 12'-3.0" (14'-0")* 6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")* 5'-2.1" (6"-0")* 385.43 (621.6)* 32.76 (52.84)* Base 13'-10.0" 7'-11.9" 1'-11.1" 198.64 16.88 Sub-Base 14'-10.4" 9'-0.2" 1'-10.9" 255.81 21.74 The Unknown of World War I [ edit ] The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard , 1921 ( colorized ) On Memorial Day , 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France, Aisne-Maine , Meuse-Argonne , Somme , and St. Mihiel . U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger , who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne , France, on October 24, 1921. [6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard USS Olympia . Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery , France. [6]
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The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda [12] from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day , 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty , on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom . [13] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing .) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America . [14] The Unknowns of World War II and Korea [ edit ] The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard USS Canberra On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War. [15] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii , and the Philippines . [16]
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Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater , were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard USS Canberra , a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette , then the U.S. Navy 's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea . [16] Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection. [16] Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda [12] until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade. [16] The Unknown of Vietnam [ edit ] The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects. The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28, 1984.
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Dedicated during the 1999 National POW/MIA Recognition Day , the inscription on the empty crypt of the Vietnam Unknown now reads "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen 1958–1975". This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier" Arlington – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult. With improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified. The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr. , during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii, May 17, 1984. Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard USS Brewton , where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda , California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of the Unknown were flown from Travis Air Force Base , California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base , Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. [12] While on display for public viewing, all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for two weeks.
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Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol . An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984. President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room. Identification of the Unknown [ edit ] In 1994, Ted Sampley , a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie , who was shot down near An Lộc , Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998, CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains. [17] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri ; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11. [18] [nb 4]
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Redesignation of the crypt [ edit ] The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members. It was decided that the crypt would remain vacant. Tomb guards [ edit ] Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles" , who were posted nearby on Fort Myer . Since April 6, 1948, (known then as " Army Day "), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard" . The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer , Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the third least-awarded qualification badge of the United States Army; as of February 2019 they number 663, including 23 which have been revoked, it is preceded by the 10 Military Horseman Identification Badges , and the 17 Astronaut Badges . [19] The Badge is the only military badge that can be revoked for any action that brings disrespect to the Tomb during the lifetime of the Tomb Guard. [20]
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The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted." The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or whom they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud. Weapons [ edit ] Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including the M1903 Springfield rifle , M1 Garand and M14 rifles, and the M1911 , M9 and M17 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times. [21] Walking the mat [ edit ] There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves. [22] The tomb guard: Marches 21 steps south down the 63-foot-long (19 m) black mat laid across the Tomb. Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds. Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
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Marches 21 steps down the mat. Turns and faces east for 21 seconds. Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds. Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard . After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat. Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and resumes the routine from the point of interruption. Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute . The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day . This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.
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On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible. Changing of the Guard [ edit ] Changing of the Guard, 2005. While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open. [23] [24] The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.
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Dedication [ edit ] A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time. [25] Inclement weather, [26] [27] terrorist attacks, [28] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease. [29] Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one. [23]
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A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer. [nb 5] The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.
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Similar tomb guards [ edit ] The tomb guards have often been replicated by other organizations: Every Veterans Day since 2007, during the Wildcat Salute to Veterans ceremony hosted by Humble High School in Humble, Texas , cadets from the JROTC program guard a replica of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and perform a similar changing of the guard ceremony in the school commons area. [30] [31] [32] The Chicago Police Department (CPD) Honor Guard mounts a 24/7 ceremonial guard similar to the tomb guards at the Gold Star Families Memorial and Park . [33] Members of the Oklahoma Civil Air Patrol have since 1994 served as tomb guards in the days leading up to Memorial Day at Floral Haven Cemetery in Tulsa, Oklahoma . [34] [35] Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument [ edit ] The crack can be seen underneath the words "An American" and above the word "Soldier." Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date. [36] In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet (10 m) around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet (12 m). They grew another 4.6 feet (1.4 m) over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through. [36]
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The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 millimetres (0.112 in) of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument. [36] Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007. [36] The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack. [37] The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas." [38] [39]
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On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate. [40] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument. [41] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008. October 21, 2011: Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb.
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In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab. [42] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected. In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced. [43] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months. [44] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m). [45] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again [44] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success. [46] See also [ edit ] Civil War Unknowns Monument Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – for a list of similar memorials in other countries Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier World War I memorials Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The Unknown Warrior – London, UK The Unknown Soldier – Paris, France Military rites Notes [ edit ] ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich (1914 Syracuse graduate) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb, including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb. http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus, but it is not: in a sarcophagus , the remains are placed in a hollowed-out portion of the stone; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb. ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different (by 5.9%) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty. Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table. Per cubic foot, the marble weighs 170 pounds. ^ The identification took place after Blassie's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing. His remains (6 partial bones) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time. CNN.com "Home at last for a fallen hero". June 11, 1998 . Also see : U.S. National Library of Medicine – Visible Proofs, "Michael Blassie unknown no more", May 23, 2006 ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military. The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard (past or present) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns. "Army Regulation 600-8-22 – "Military Awards" (11 December 2006); para. 8-40f" (PDF) . Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved June 9, 2011 .
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References [ edit ] ^ "Arlington National Cemetery: The Tomb of the Unknowns" . Arlingtoncemetery.mil . Retrieved February 24, 2012 . ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (archived from the original on October 22, 2006). ^ World War I Unknown Soldier , Arlington National Cemetery website. ^ a b c d "The Quartermaster Review September – October 1963" . United States Army . Archived from the original on 2011-12-06 . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ "Configuration of 1921 Tomb" . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 15, 2011 . ^ a b c "The Unknown Soldier of World War I" . The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969 . United States Army . Retrieved May 28, 2009 . ^ a b "History of the Tomb" . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ a b "Marble, Colorado: City of Stone"; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers; Golden Bell Press; Denver, Colorado; 6th printing February 1996 ^ a b "The Vermont Marble Museum" . Vermont Marble Company. April 1931. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ "Dedication photo" . Syracuse University Archives. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 .
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^ "Digital Scan of the Tomb, 2004" . Direct Dimensions Inc, Owing Mills, Maryland . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ a b c "Lying in State or in Honor" . US Architect of the Capitol (AOC) . Retrieved 2018-09-01 . ^ "The Victoria Cross" . The British Army 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital (volunteers) website. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ "Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929-1926" . Boy Scouts of America National Council . Retrieved August 21, 2018 . ^ Pub.L. 79–429 ; Pub.L. 84–975 ^ a b c d "Quartermaster Review (January–February 1964)" . United States Army . Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ Robert M. Poole (2009). On hallowed ground: the story of Arlington National Cemetery . Walker & Company. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-0-8027-1548-7 . ^ Memorial day tribute: holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson, Citizen Airman. June 2003. ^ McVeigh, Alex (February 11, 2009). "First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest" . The Official Home Page Of The United States Army . ^ tombguard.org . The Society of The Honor Guard, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier https://tombguard.org/tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier/the-tomb-guard/ . Retrieved 8 March 2019 . Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ^ "Who Are The Tomb Guards" . tombguard.org . Retrieved June 5, 2018 .
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^ "The Changing of the Guard" . Arlington, Virginia: Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 16, 2013 . Retrieved January 21, 2013 . ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions" . Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ "Visiting Arlington National Cemetery" . Retrieved September 23, 2007 . ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ" . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . ^ News, A. B. C. (28 August 2011). "Tomb of the Unknowns Guarded, Despite Irene" . ABC News . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ^ "PHOTO: Despite Sandy, Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier" . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . 14 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ^ The Sentinel , "Post and Orders Remain as Directed" (PDF) . August 2002 – September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008. ^ "Humble High School Salutes Veterans in Veterans Day Salute - Dock Line Magazine" . December 1, 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Feuk, Melanie (November 14, 2016). "Humble High shows reverence at Salute to Veterans event" . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved August 20, 2019 .
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^ Ehling, Jeff (November 10, 2017). "Humble HS honors veterans during ceremony" . ABC13 Houston . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ "24 Hour Honor Guard Vigil —" . www.cpdmemorial.org . ^ "Tulsa's Floral Haven Honors Vets With 'Changing Of The Guard' Re - News9.com - Oklahoma City, OK - News, Weather, Video and Sports |" . www.news9.com . ^ "Floral Haven Funeral Home Holds Annual 'Avenue Of Flags' In Broken Arrow" . www.news9.com . ^ a b c d "Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project (draft)" (PDF) . June 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ "Take Action for Historic Preservation" . Nationaltrust.org . Retrieved September 12, 2010 . ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , ABC News May 28, 2006. ^ John Paul Woodley, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works); William F. Tuerk, Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs (2008). "Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia" . Congressional Record . Retrieved February 25, 2012 . CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate" . September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008 . Retrieved September 28, 2007 .
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^ Ruane, Michael E., "Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls" , Washington Post , January 30, 2008, p. A03. ^ Nancy Lofholm, Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits , Denver Post, August 18, 2008. ^ McMichael, William (June 26, 2009). "Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired, not replaced" . Army Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 27, 2009 . ^ a b "Norfolk District Army Corps" . YouTube . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ^ Davenport, Christian, "Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed", Washington Post , June 9, 2011, p. B1. ^ "Tomb of the Unknowns repair inspection" . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Further reading [ edit ] Mossman, B. C.; Stark, M. W. (1991) [1971]. "The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23 October–11 November 1921" . The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921–1969 . Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. pp. 3–18. Wagner, Sarah; Matyók, Thomas (2018). "Monumental change: the shifting politics of obligation at the Tomb of the Unknowns". History & Memory . 30 (1): 40–75. doi : 10.2979/histmemo.30.1.03 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington National Cemetery) . Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website Arlington Cemetery official site Arlington Historical Society
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Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website Snopes's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns, by Dover Lodge #489 Video of a changing of the guard The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown (1985) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Historic film footage of November 11, 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921 The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film Coordinates : 38°52′35″N 77°04′20″W  /  38.87639°N 77.07222°W  / 38.87639; -77.07222 v t e Lain in state ( United States ) Lain in state US Capitol rotunda Clay (1852) Lincoln (1865, funeral ) ‡ Stevens (1868) Sumner (1874) Wilson (1875) Garfield (1881) ‡ Logan (1886) McKinley (1901) ‡ L'Enfant 1 (1909) Dewey (1917) Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) Harding (1923) W. H. Taft (1930) Pershing (1948) R. A. Taft (1953) Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958) Kennedy (1963, funeral ) ‡ MacArthur (1964) H. Hoover (1964) Eisenhower (1969) Dirksen (1969) J. E. Hoover (1972) Johnson (1973) Humphrey (1978) Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War 2 (1984) Pepper (1989) Reagan (2004, funeral ) Ford (2006–07, funeral )
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Inouye (2012) McCain (2018) G. H. W. Bush (2018, funeral ) Lain in honor US Capitol rotunda Chestnut (1998) and Gibson (1998) Parks (2005) Graham (2018) Lain in repose Great Hall of the US Supreme Court Warren (1974) Marshall (1993) Burger (1995) Brennan (1997) Blackmun (1999) Rehnquist (2005) Scalia (2016) Bold - Presidents (Lain in state), Chief Justices (Lain in repose) • ‡ - Assassinated 1 died 1825; exhumed and honored before reinterment • 2 later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael Blassie v t e Landmarks of Washington, D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Carroll John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial statue Martin Luther King, Jr. Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade Peter Muhlenberg National Statuary Hall Collection Navy – Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft
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Titanic United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Exorcist steps Ford's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress Jefferson Adams Madison National Arboretum National Capitol Columns National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse Union Square United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Nearby landmarks Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier John F. Kennedy gravesite Arlington House Marine Corps War Memorial Pentagon Pentagon Memorial United States Air Force Memorial Women in Military Service for America Memorial
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Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Commemorative World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C. Public art in Washington, D.C. (Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African-Americans) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1262 Cached time: 20191102101205 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.856 seconds Real time usage: 1.076 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3148/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 126722/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2253/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/40 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 127928/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 Lua time usage: 0.426/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9.86 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 871.427 1 -total 30.97% 269.852 36 Template:Cite_web 28.35% 247.040 1 Template:Reflist 10.41% 90.744 1 Template:More_citations_needed 9.42% 82.110 1 Template:Ambox 6.38% 55.559 1 Template:Cite_journal 6.07% 52.924 1 Template:Commons_category 6.05% 52.706 7 Template:Convert 5.25% 45.718 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 4.87% 42.448 4 Template:USS Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67991-0!canonical and timestamp 20191102101204 and revision id 922966869 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&oldid=922966869 " Categories : Arlington National Cemetery Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Military monuments and memorials in the United States World War I memorials in the United States American recipients of the Victoria Cross American World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross Monuments and memorials in Virginia Marble sculptures in Virginia 1931 sculptures Tombs of Unknown Soldiers Tombs in the United States 1921 establishments in the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category link is on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata
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Killian documents controversy - Wikipedia CentralNotice Killian documents controversy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Further information: Killian documents authenticity issues and George W. Bush military service controversy Charles Johnson 's animated GIF image comparing a memo purportedly typewritten in 1973 with a proportional-spaced document made in Microsoft Word with default settings in 2004 The Killian documents controversy (also referred to as Memogate or Rathergate ) involved six documents that are critical of President George W. Bush 's service in the Texas Air National Guard in 1972–73, allegedly typed in 1973. Dan Rather presented four of these documents [1] as authentic in a 60 Minutes II broadcast aired by CBS on September 8, 2004, less than two months before the 2004 presidential election , but it was later found that CBS had failed to authenticate them. [2] [3] [4] Several typewriter and typography experts soon concluded that they were forgeries. [5] [6] Proportional-print typewriters were in use in the early 1970s which could have produced the documents, such as the IBM Selectric typewriter , but no forensic examiners or typography experts have authenticated them and it may not be technically possible without the originals. [7] Lt. Col. Bill Burkett provided the documents to CBS, but he claims to have burned the originals after faxing them copies. [8]
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CBS News producer Mary Mapes obtained the copied documents from Burkett, a former officer in the Texas Army National Guard , while pursuing a story about the George W. Bush military service controversy. Burkett claimed that Bush's commander Lieutenant Colonel Jerry B. Killian wrote them, which included criticisms of Bush's service in the Guard during the 1970s. In the 60 Minutes segment, Rather stated that the documents "were taken from Lieutenant Colonel Killian's personal files", [9] and he falsely asserted that they had been authenticated by experts retained by CBS. [10] The authenticity of the documents was challenged within hours on Internet forums and blogs, with questions initially focused on anachronisms in the typography, and the scandal quickly spread to the mass media. [11] CBS and Rather defended the authenticity and usage of the documents for two-weeks, but other news organizations continued to scrutinize the evidence, and USA Today obtained an independent analysis from outside experts. CBS finally repudiated the forgeries on September 20, 2004. Rather stated, "if I knew then what I know now – I would not have gone ahead with the story as it was aired, and I certainly would not have used the documents in question", [12] and CBS News President Andrew Heyward said, "Based on what we now know, CBS News cannot prove that the documents are authentic, which is the only acceptable journalistic standard to justify using them in the report. We should not have used them. That was a mistake, which we deeply regret." [12] [13]
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Several months later, a CBS-appointed panel led by Dick Thornburgh and Louis Boccardi criticized both the initial CBS news segment and CBS's "strident defense" during the aftermath. [14] CBS fired producer Mapes, requested resignations from several senior news executives, and apologized to viewers by saying only that there were "substantial questions regarding the authenticity of the Killian documents". The story of the controversy was dramatized in the 2015 film Truth starring Robert Redford as Dan Rather and Cate Blanchett as Mary Mapes, directed by James Vanderbilt . It is based on Mapes' memoir Truth and Duty: The Press, the President, and the Privilege of Power . Former CBS President and CEO Leslie Moonves refused to approve the film, and CBS refused to air advertisements for it. A CBS spokesman stated that it contained "too many distortions, evasions, and baseless conspiracy theories". [15] Contents 1 Background and timeline 1.1 Content of the memos 1.2 CBS investigations prior to airing the segment 1.3 Response of the document examiners 2 September 8 segment and initial reactions 2.1 Internet skepticism spreads 2.2 CBS's response and widening media coverage 3 CBS's defense, apology 3.1 60 Minutes Wednesday , one week later 3.2 CBS states that use of the documents was a mistake 4 Review panel established 4.1 Findings 4.2 Panel's view of the documents 5 Aftermath
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5.1 CBS personnel and programming changes 5.2 Mapes's and Rather's view of the documents 5.3 Rather's lawsuit against CBS/Viacom 6 Authentication issues 7 Accusations of bias 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 External links 10.1 Killian documents PDF files 10.2 Bush documents from the TexANG archives 10.3 60 Minutes II, September 8 transcript 10.4 Dan Rather interviews Marion Carr Knox - September 15, 2004 10.5 Statements of the CBS document examiners 10.6 Thornburgh–Boccardi report 10.7 Document analysis 10.8 Overview Timeline at USA Today 10.9 Further reading 10.10 In other media Background and timeline [ edit ] 1st Lt. George W. Bush in uniform. Investigations into his military service led to the Killian documents controversy. The memos, allegedly written in 1972 and 1973, were obtained by CBS News producer Mary Mapes and freelance journalist Michael Smith, from Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former US Army National Guard officer. [16] Mapes and Dan Rather, among many other journalists, had been investigating for several years the story of Bush's alleged failure to fulfill his obligations to the National Guard . [17] Burkett had received publicity in 2000, after making and then retracting a claim that he had been transferred to Panama for refusing "to falsify personnel records of [then-]Governor Bush", [18] [19] and in February 2004, when he claimed to have knowledge of "scrubbing" of Bush's Texas Air National Guard records. [20] [21] Mapes was "by her own account [aware that] many in the press considered Burkett an 'anti-Bush zealot', his credibility in question". [22]
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Mapes and Smith made contact with Burkett in late August, and on August 24 Burkett offered to meet with them to share the documents he possessed, and later told reporters from USA Today "that he had agreed to turn over the documents to CBS if the network would arrange a conversation with the Kerry campaign", [23] a claim substantiated by emails between Smith and Mapes detailing Burkett's additional requests for help with negotiating a book deal, security, and financial compensation. [24] During the last week of August, Mapes asked Josh Howard, her immediate superior at CBS, for permission to facilitate contact between Burkett and the Kerry campaign; Howard and Mapes subsequently disputed whether such permission had been given. [25] Two documents were provided by Burkett to Mapes on September 2 and four others on September 5, 2004. At that time, Burkett told Mapes that they were copies of originals that had been obtained from Killian's personal files via Chief Warrant Officer George Conn, another former member of the TexANG. [26] Mapes informed Rather of the progress of the story, which was being targeted to air on September 8 along with footage of an interview with Ben Barnes , a former Lieutenant Governor of Texas , who would publicly state for the first time his opinion that Bush had received preferential treatment to get into the National Guard. [27] Mapes had also been in contact with the Kerry campaign several times between late August and September 6, when she spoke with senior Kerry advisor Joe Lockhart regarding the progressing story. Lockhart subsequently stated he was "wary" of contact with Mapes at this stage, because if the story were true, his involvement might undermine its credibility, and if it were false, "he did not want to be associated with it." [28] Lockhart called Burkett on September 6 at the number provided by Mapes, and both men stated they discussed Burkett's view of Kerry's Presidential campaign strategy, not the existence of the documents or the related story. [29]
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Content of the memos [ edit ] The documents claimed that Bush had disobeyed orders while in the Guard, and that undue influence had been exerted on Bush's behalf to improve his record. The documents included the following: An order directing Bush to submit to a physical examination. [30] A note that Killian had grounded Bush from flying due to "failure to perform to USAF / TexANG standards", and for failure to submit to the physical examination as ordered. Killian also requested that a flight inquiry board be convened, as required by regulations, to examine the reasons for Bush's loss of flight status. [31] A note of a telephone conversation with Bush in which Bush sought to be excused from "drill", The note records that Bush said he did not have the time to attend to his National Guard duties because he had a campaign to do (the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount in Alabama). [32] A note (labeled "CYA" for " cover your ass ") claiming that Killian was being pressured from above to give Bush better marks in his yearly evaluation than he had earned. The note attributed to Killian says that he was being asked to "sugarcoat" Bush's performance. "I'm having trouble running interference [for Bush] and doing my job." [33] USA Today also received copies of the four documents used by CBS, [34] reporting this and publishing them the morning after the CBS segment, along with two additional memos. [35] Burkett was assured by USA Today that they would keep the source confidential. [36]
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CBS investigations prior to airing the segment [ edit ] Mapes and her colleagues began interviewing people who might be able to corroborate the information in the documents, while also retaining four forensic document experts , Marcel J. Matley, James J. Pierce, Emily Will, and Linda James, to determine the validity of the memos. On September 5, CBS interviewed Killian's friend Robert Strong, who ran the Texas Air National Guard administrative office. Among other issues covered in his interview with Rather and Mapes, Strong was asked if he thought the documents were genuine. Strong stated, "they are compatible with the way business was done at the time. They are compatible with the man that I remember Jerry Killian being." [37] Strong had first seen the documents twenty minutes earlier and also said he had no personal knowledge of their content; [38] he later claimed he had been told to assume the content of the documents was accurate. [39] On September 6, CBS interviewed General Robert "Bobby" Hodges, a former officer at the Texas Air National Guard and Killian's immediate superior at the time. Hodges declined CBS' request for an on-camera interview, and Mapes read the documents to him over the telephone—or perhaps only portions of the documents; his recollection and Mapes's differed. [40] According to Mapes, Hodges agreed with CBS's assessment that the documents were real, and CBS reported that Hodges stated that these were "the things that Killian had expressed to me at the time". [41] However, according to Hodges, when Mapes read portions of the memos to him he simply stated, "well if he wrote them, that's what he felt", and he stated he never confirmed the validity of the content of the documents. General Hodges later asserted to the investigatory panel that he told Mapes that Killian had never, to his knowledge, ordered anyone to take a physical and that he had never been pressured regarding Lieutenant Bush, as the documents alleged. [42] Hodges also claims that when CBS interviewed him, he thought the memos were handwritten, not typed, [43] [40] and following the September 8 broadcast, when Hodges had seen the documents and heard of claims of forgery by Killian's wife and son, he was "convinced they were not authentic" and told Rather and Mapes on September 10. [44]
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Response of the document examiners [ edit ] Prior to airing, all four of the examiners responded to Mapes' request for document analysis, though only two to Mapes directly: [45] Emily Will noted discrepancies in the signatures on the memos, and had questions about the letterhead, the proportional spacing of the font, the superscripted "th" and the improper formatting of the date. Will requested other documents to use for comparison. [46] Linda James was "unable to reach a conclusion about the signature" and noted that the superscripted "th" was not in common use at the time the memos were allegedly written; she later recalled telling CBS, "the two memos she looked at 'had problems.'" [46] James Pierce concluded that both of the documents were written by the same person and that the signature matched Killian's from the official Bush records. Only one of the two documents provided to Pierce had a signature. James Pierce wrote, "the balance of the Jerry B. Killian signatures appearing on the photocopied questioned documents are consistent and in basic agreement", and stated that based on what he knew, "the documents in question are authentic". [47] However, Pierce also told Mapes he could not be sure if the documents had been altered because he was reviewing copies, not original documents. [48] Marcel Matley's review was initially limited to Killian's signature on one of the Burkett documents, which he compared to signatures from the official Bush records. Matley "seemed fairly confident" that the signature was Killian's. On September 6, Matley was interviewed by Rather and Mapes and was provided with the other four documents obtained from CBS (he would prove to be the only reviewer to see these documents prior to the segment). Matley told Rather "he could not authenticate the documents due to the fact that they were poor quality copies." [49] In the interview, Matley told Rather that with respect to the signatures, they were relying on "poor material" and that there were inconsistencies in the signatures, but also replied "Yes", when asked if it would be safe to say the documents were written by the person who signed them. [50]
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Both Emily Will and Linda James suggested to Mapes that CBS contact typewriter expert Peter Tytell. Associate producer Yvonne Miller left him a voicemail on September 7; he returned the call at 11 am on September 8 but was told they "did not need him anymore". [51] September 8 segment and initial reactions [ edit ] The segment entitled "For the Record" aired on 60 Minutes Wednesday on September 8. [52] After introducing the documents, Rather said, in reference to Matley, "We consulted a handwriting analyst and document expert who believes the material is authentic." [53] The segment introduced Lieutenant Robert Strong's interview, describing him as a "friend of Killian" (without noting he had not worked in the same location and without mentioning he had left the TexANG prior to the dates on the memos). The segment used the sound bite of Strong saying the documents were compatible with how business was done but did not include a disclaimer that Strong was told to assume the documents were authentic. [54] In Rather's narration about one of the memos, he referred to pressure being applied on Bush's behalf by General Buck Staudt, and described Staudt as "the man in charge of the Texas National Guard". Staudt had retired from the guard a year and a half prior to the dates of the memos.
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Interview clips with Ben Barnes , former Speaker of the Texas House, created the impression "that there was no question but that President Bush had received Barnes' help to get into the TexANG", because Barnes had made a telephone call on Bush's behalf, when Barnes himself had acknowledged that there was no proof his call was the reason, and that "sometimes a call to General Rose did not work". Barnes' disclaimer was not included in the segment. [55] Internet skepticism spreads [ edit ] Discussion quickly spread to various weblogs in the blogosphere , principally Little Green Footballs and Power Line . [56] The initial analysis appeared in posts by "Buckhead", a username of Harry W. MacDougald, an Atlanta attorney who had worked for conservative groups such as the Federalist Society and the Southeastern Legal Foundation, and who had helped draft the petition to the Arkansas Supreme Court for the disbarment of President Bill Clinton . [57] [58] MacDougald questioned the validity of the documents on the basis of their typography, writing that the memos were "in a proportionally spaced font, probably Palatino or Times New Roman ", and alleging that this was an anachronism : "I am saying these documents are forgeries, run through a copier for 15 generations to make them look old. This should be pursued aggressively." [59]
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By the following day, questions about the authenticity of the documents were being publicized by the Drudge Report , which linked to the analysis at the Powerline blog in the mid-afternoon, [60] and the story was covered on the website of the magazine The Weekly Standard [61] [62] and broke into mass media outlets, including the Associated Press and the major television news networks. It also was receiving serious attention from conservative writers such as National Review Online 's Jim Geraghty . [63] By the afternoon of September 9, Charles Foster Johnson of Little Green Footballs had posted his attempt to recreate one of the documents using Microsoft Word with the default settings. [64] The September 9 edition of ABC 's Nightline made mention of the controversy, along with an article on the ABC News website. [65] Thirteen days after this controversy had emerged the national newspaper USA Today published a timeline of events surrounding the CBS story. [11] Accordingly, on the September 9 morning after the "60 minutes" report, the broadcast was front-page news in the New York Times and Washington Post . Additionally, the story was given two-thirds of a full page within USA Today' s news section, which mentioned that it had also obtained copies of the documents. However, the authenticity of the memos was not part of the story carried by major news outlets on that day. [11] Also on that day, CBS published the reaction of Killian's son, Gary, to the documents, reporting that Gary Killian questioned one of the memos but stated that others "appeared legitimate" and characterized the collection as "a mixture of truth and fiction". [66] In an interview with Fox News , Gary Killian expressed doubts about the documents' authenticity on the basis of his father's positive view of Bush. [67]
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In 2006, the two Free Republic (Rathergate) bloggers, Harry W. MacDougald, username "Buckhead", an Atlanta-based lawyer [57] [58] and Paul Boley, username "TankerKC", were awarded the Reed Irvine Award for New Media by the Accuracy in Media watchdog at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). [68] [69] CBS's response and widening media coverage [ edit ] At 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, September 9, CBS News released a statement saying the memos were "thoroughly investigated by independent experts, and we are convinced of their authenticity", [70] and stating, "this report was not based solely on recovered documents, but rather on a preponderance of evidence, including documents that were provided by unimpeachable sources". [71] The statement was replaced later that day with one that omitted this claim. [72] The first newspaper articles questioning the documents appeared on September 10 in The Washington Post , [70] The New York Times [73] and in USA Today via the Associated Press . [74] The Associated Press reported, "Document examiner Sandra Ramsey Lines ... said she was 'virtually certain' [the documents] were generated by computer. Lines said that meant she could testify in court that, beyond a reasonable doubt, her opinion was that the memos were written on a computer." [74] Also on September 10, The Dallas Morning News reported, "the officer named in one memo as exerting pressure to 'sugarcoat' Bush's military record was discharged a year and a half before the memo was written. [75] The paper cited a military record showing that Col. Walter 'Buck' Staudt was honorably discharged on March 1, 1972, while the memo cited by CBS as showing that Staudt was interfering with evaluations of Bush was dated August 18, 1973." [76]
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In response to the media attention, a CBS memo said that the documents were "backed up not only by independent handwriting and forensic document experts but by sources familiar with their content" and insisted that no internal investigation would take place. [77] On the CBS Evening News of September 10, Rather defended the story and noted that its critics included "partisan political operatives". [78] In the broadcast, Rather stated that Marcel Matley "analyzed the documents for CBS News. He believes they are real", and broadcast additional excerpts from Matley's September 6 interview showing Matley's agreement that the signatures appeared to be from the same source. Rather did not report that Matley had referred to them as "poor material", that he had only opined about the signatures or that he had specifically not authenticated the documents. Rather presented footage of the Strong interview, introducing it by stating Robert Strong "is standing by his judgment that the documents are real", despite Strong's lack of standing to authenticate them and his brief exposure to the documents. [78] Rather concluded by stating, "If any definitive evidence to the contrary of our story is found, we will report it. So far, there is none." [78] [79] In an appearance on CNN that day, Rather asserted "I know that this story is true. I believe that the witnesses and the documents are authentic. We wouldn't have gone to air if they would not have been."
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However, CBS's Josh Howard spoke at length by telephone with typewriter expert Peter Tytell and later told the panel that the discussion was "an 'unsettling event' that shook his belief in the authenticity of the documents". Producer Mapes dismissed Tytell's concerns. [80] A former vice president of CBS News, Jonathan Klein, dismissed the allegations of bloggers, suggesting that the "checks and balances" of a professional news organization were superior to those of individuals sitting at their home computers "in their pajamas". [81] CBS's defense, apology [ edit ] As media coverage widened and intensified, CBS at first attempted to produce additional evidence to support its claims. On September 11, a CBS News segment stated that document expert Phillip Bouffard thought the documents "could have been prepared on an IBM Selectric Composer typewriter, available at the time". [82] [83] The Selectric Composer was introduced in 1966 for use by typesetting professionals to generate camera-ready copy; [84] according to IBM archives describing this specialized equipment, "To produce copy which can be reproduced with 'justified', or straight left-and right-hand margins, the operator types the copy once and the composer computes the number of spaces needed to justify the line. As the operator types the copy a second time, the spaces are added automatically." [85] Bouffard's comments were also cited by the Boston Globe in an article entitled "Authenticity backed on Bush documents". [86] However, the Globe soon printed a retraction regarding the title. [87] CBS noted that although General Hodges was now stating he thought the documents were inauthentic, "we believed General Hodges the first time we spoke with him." CBS reiterated: "we believe the documents to be genuine." [82]
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By September 13, CBS's position had shifted slightly, as Rather acknowledged "some of these questions come from people who are not active political partisans", and stated that CBS "talked to handwriting and document analysts and other experts who strongly insist the documents could have been created in the '70s". [88] The analysts and experts cited by Rather did not include the original four consulted by CBS. Rather instead presented the views of Bill Glennon and Richard Katz. Glennon, a former typewriter repairman with no specific credentials in typesetting beyond that job, was found by CBS after posting several defenses of the memos on blogs including Daily Kos and Kevin Drum 's blog hosted at Washington Monthly . [89] However, in the actual broadcast, neither interviewee asserted that the memos were genuine. As a result, some CBS critics began to accuse CBS of expert shopping . [90] 60 Minutes Wednesday , one week later [ edit ] The original document examiners, however, continued to be part of the story. By September 15, Emily Will was publicly stating that she had told CBS that she had doubts about both the production of the memos and the handwriting prior to the segment. Linda James stated that the memos were of "very poor quality" and that she did not authenticate them, [91] telling ABC News, "I did not authenticate anything and I don't want it understood that I did." [47]
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In response, 60 Minutes Wednesday released a statement suggesting that Will and James had "misrepresented" their role in the authentication of the documents and had played only a small part in the process. [92] CBS News concurrently amended its previous claim that Matley had authenticated the documents, saying instead that he had authenticated only the signatures. [93] On CNN, Matley stated he had only verified that the signatures were "from the same source", not that they were authentically Killian's: "When I saw the documents, I could not verify the documents were authentic or inauthentic. I could only verify that the signatures came from the same source", Matley said. "I could not authenticate the documents themselves. But at the same time, there was nothing to tell me that they were not authentic." [91] On the evening of September 15, CBS aired a segment that featured an interview with Marian Carr Knox, a secretary at Ellington Air Force Base from 1956–1979, and who was Killian's assistant on the dates shown in the documents. Dan Rather prefaced the segment on the recorded interview by stating, "She told us she believes what the documents actually say is, exactly, as we reported." In the aired interview, Knox expressed her belief that the documents reflected Killian's "sentiments" about Bush's service, and that this belief motivated her decision to reach out to CBS to provide the interview. [92] [94] In response to a direct question from Rather about the authenticity of the memo on Bush's alleged insubordination, she stated that no such memo was ever written; she further emphasized that she would have known if such a memo existed, as she had sole responsibility to type Killian's memos in that time period. At this point, she also admitted she had no firsthand knowledge of Bush's time in the Guard. [95] However, controversially, Knox said later in the interview, "The information in here was correct, but it was picked up from the real ones." She went on to say, "I probably typed the information and somebody picked up the information some way or another." [96] [97] The New York Times' headline report on this interview, including the phrase "Fake but Accurate", created an immediate backlash from critics of CBS's broadcast. The conservative-leaning Weekly Standard proceeded to predict the end of CBS's news division. [98] [99]
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At this time, Dan Rather first acknowledged there were problems in establishing the validity of the documents used in the report, stating: "If the documents are not what we were led to believe, I'd like to break that story." [100] CBS also hired a private investigator to look into the matter after the story aired and the controversy began. [101] Copies of the documents were first released to the public by the White House . Press Secretary Scott McClellan stated that the memos had been provided to them by CBS in the days prior to the report and that, "We had every reason to believe that they were authentic at that time." [102] The Washington Post reported that at least one of the documents obtained by CBS had a fax header indicating it had been faxed from a Kinko's copy center in Abilene, Texas, [103] leading some to trace the documents back to Burkett. CBS states that use of the documents was a mistake [ edit ] As a growing number of independent document examiners and competing news outlets reported their findings about the documents, CBS News stopped defending the documents and began to report on the problems with their story. On September 20 they reported that their source, Bill Burkett, "admits that he deliberately misled the CBS News producer working on the report, giving her a false account of the documents' origins to protect a promise of confidentiality to the actual source." [104] [105] While the network did not state that the memos were forgeries, CBS News president Andrew Heyward said,
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Based on what we now know, CBS News cannot prove that the documents are authentic, which is the only acceptable journalistic standard to justify using them in the report. We should not have used them. That was a mistake, which we deeply regret. [12] [13] Dan Rather stated, "if I knew then what I know now – I would not have gone ahead with the story as it was aired, and I certainly would not have used the documents in question." [12] In an interview with Rather, Burkett admitted that he misled CBS about the source of the documents, and then claimed that the documents came to him from someone he claimed was named "Lucy Ramirez", whom CBS was unable to contact or identify as an actual person. Burkett said he then made copies at the local Kinko's and burned the original documents. [36] [106] Investigations by CBS, CNN and the Washington Post failed to turn up evidence of "Lucy Ramirez" being an actual person. [107] [108] [109] On September 21, CBS News addressed the contact with the Kerry campaign in its statement: It is obviously against CBS News standards and those of every other reputable news organization to be associated with any political agenda. [79] The next day the network announced it was forming an independent review panel to perform an internal investigation.
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Review panel established [ edit ] Dick Thornburgh , named by CBS to investigate with Louis Boccardi the events that led to the CBS report. Soon after, CBS established a review panel "to help determine what errors occurred in the preparation of the report and what actions need to be taken". [110] Dick Thornburgh , a Republican former governor of Pennsylvania and United States Attorney General under George H.W. Bush, and Louis Boccardi , retired president and chief executive officer and former executive editor of the Associated Press , made up the two-person review board. CBS also hired a private investigator , a former FBI agent named Erik T. Rigler, to gather further information about the story. [111] Findings [ edit ] On January 5, 2005, the Report of the Independent Review Panel on the September 8, 2004, 60 Minutes Wednesday Segment "For the Record" Concerning President Bush's Air National Guard Service was released. [112] The purpose of the panel was to examine the process by which the September 8 Segment was prepared and broadcast, to examine the circumstances surrounding the subsequent public statements and news reports by CBS News defending the segment, and to make any recommendations it deemed appropriate. Among the Panel's conclusions were the following: The most serious defects in the reporting and production of the September 8 Segment were:
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The failure to obtain clear authentication of any of the Killian documents from any document examiner; The false statement in the September 8 Segment that an expert had authenticated the Killian documents when all he had done was authenticate one signature from one document used in the Segment; The failure of 60 Minutes Wednesday management to scrutinize the publicly available, and at times controversial, background of the source of the documents, retired Texas Army National Guard Lieutenant Colonel Bill Burkett; The failure to find and interview the individual who was understood at the outset to be Lieutenant Colonel Burkett's source of the Killian documents, and thus to establish the chain of custody ; The failure to establish a basis for the statement in the Segment that the documents "were taken from Colonel Killian's personal files"; The failure to develop adequate corroboration to support the statements in the Killian documents and to carefully compare the Killian documents to official TexANG records, which would have identified, at a minimum, notable inconsistencies in content and format; The failure to interview a range of former National Guardsmen who served with Lieutenant Colonel Killian and who had different perspectives about the documents; The misleading impression conveyed in the Segment that Lieutenant Strong had authenticated the content of the documents when he did not have the personal knowledge to do so;
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The failure to have a vetting process capable of dealing effectively with the production speed, significance and sensitivity of the Segment; and The telephone call prior to the Segment's airing by the producer of the Segment to a senior campaign official of Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry – a clear conflict of interest – that created the appearance of a political bias. Once questions were raised about the September 8 segment, the reporting thereafter was mishandled and compounded the damage done. Among the more egregious shortcomings during the Aftermath were: The strident defense of the September 8 Segment by CBS News without adequately probing whether any of the questions raised had merit; Allowing many of the same individuals who produced and vetted the by-then controversial September 8 Segment to also produce the follow-up news reports defending the Segment; The inaccurate press statements issued by CBS News after the broadcast of the Segment that the source of the documents was "unimpeachable" and that experts had vouched for their authenticity; The misleading stories defending the Segment that aired on the CBS Evening News after September 8 despite strong and multiple indications of serious flaws; The efforts by 60 Minutes Wednesday to find additional document examiners who would vouch for the authenticity of the documents instead of identifying the best examiners available regardless of whether they would support this position; and
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Preparing news stories that sought to support the Segment, instead of providing accurate and balanced coverage of a raging controversy. Panel's view of the documents [ edit ] The Panel did not undertake a thorough examination of the authenticity of the Killian documents, but consulted Peter Tytell, a New York City-based forensic document examiner and typewriter and typography expert. Tytell had been contacted by 60 Minutes producers prior to the broadcast, and had informed associate producer Yvonne Miller and executive producer Josh Howard on September 10 that he believed the documents were forgeries. The Panel report stated, "The Panel met with Peter Tytell, and found his analysis sound in terms of why he thought the documents were not authentic ... The Panel reaches no conclusion as to whether Tytell was correct in all respects." [113] Aftermath [ edit ] The controversy had long-reaching personal, political and legal consequences. In a 2010 issue of TV Guide , Rather's report was ranked No. 3 on a list of TV's ten biggest "blunders". [114] CBS personnel and programming changes [ edit ] CBS terminated Mary Mapes and demanded the resignations of 60 Minutes Wednesday Executive Producer Josh Howard and Howard's top deputy, Senior Broadcast Producer Mary Murphy, as well as Senior Vice President Betsy West, who had been in charge of all prime time newscasts. Murphy and West resigned on February 25, 2005, [115] and after settling a legal dispute regarding his level of responsibility for the segment, Josh Howard resigned on March 25, 2005. [116]
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Dan Rather announced on November 23, 2004, that he would step down in early 2005 and on March 9, his 24th anniversary as anchor, he left the network. It is unclear whether or not Rather's retirement was directly caused by this incident. Les Moonves , CEO of CBS, stated "Dan Rather has already apologized for the segment and taken responsibility for his part in the broadcast. He voluntarily moved to set a date to step down from the CBS Evening News in March of 2005." He added, "We believe any further action would not be appropriate." [117] CBS was originally planning to show a 60 Minutes report critical of the Bush administration justification for going to war in Iraq. This segment was replaced with the Killian documents segment. CBS further postponed airing the Iraq segment until after the election due to the controversy over the Killian documents. "We now believe it would be inappropriate to air the report so close to the presidential election", CBS spokesman Kelli Edwards said in a statement. [118] After the Killian documents controversy, the show was renamed 60 Minutes Wednesday to differentiate it from the original 60 Minutes Sunday edition, and reverted to its original title on July 8, 2005, when it was moved to the 8 p.m. Friday timeslot. It was cancelled in 2005 due to low ratings.
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Mapes's and Rather's view of the documents [ edit ] On November 9, 2005, Mary Mapes gave an interview to ABC News correspondent Brian Ross. Mapes stated that the documents have never been proved to be forgeries. Ross expressed the view that the responsibility is on the reporter to verify their authenticity. Mapes responded with, "I don't think that's the standard." This stands in contrast to the statement of the president of CBS News that proof of authenticity is "the only acceptable journalistic standard." Also in November 2005, Mapes told readers of the Washington Post , "I personally believe the documents are not false" and "I was fired for airing a story that could not definitively be proved false but made CBS's public relations department cringe." [119] As of September 2007, Mapes continued to defend the authenticity of the documents: "the far right blogosphere bully boys ... screamed objections that ultimately proved to have no basis in fact." [120] On November 7, 2006, Rather defended the report in a radio interview, and rejected the CBS investigation's findings. In response, CBS spokesman Kevin Tedesco told the Associated Press , "CBS News stands by the report the independent panel issued on this matter and to this day, no one has been able to authenticate the documents in question." [121] Dan Rather continued to stand by the story, and in subsequent interviews stated that he believed that the documents have never conclusively been proven to be forgeries – and that even if the documents are false, the underlying story is true. [122]
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Rather's lawsuit against CBS/Viacom [ edit ] On September 19, 2007, Rather filed a $70 million lawsuit against CBS and its former corporate parent, Viacom , claiming they had made him a " scapegoat " over the controversy caused by the 2004 60 Minutes Wednesday report that featured the Killian documents. [123] The suit names as defendants: CBS and its CEO, Leslie Moonves: Viacom, Sumner Redstone , chairman of both Viacom and CBS Corporation; and Andrew Heyward , the former president of CBS News. [124] In January 2008, the legal teams for Rather and CBS reached an agreement to produce for Rather's attorneys "virtually all of the materials" related to the case, including the findings of Erik T. Rigler's report to CBS about the documents and the story. [125] On September 29, 2009, New York State Appeals Court dismissed Rather's lawsuit and stated that the lower court should have honored CBS's request to throw out the entire lawsuit instead of just throwing out parts. [126] Authentication issues [ edit ] Main article: Killian documents authenticity issues No generally recognized document experts have positively authenticated the memos. Since CBS used only faxed and photocopied duplicates, authentication to professional standards is impossible, regardless of the provenance of the originals. Document experts have challenged the authenticity of the documents as photocopies of valid originals on a variety of grounds ranging from anachronisms of their typography, their quick reproducibility using modern technology, and to errors in their content and style. [127]
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The CBS independent panel report did not specifically take up the question of whether the documents were forgeries, but retained a document expert, Peter Tytell, who concluded the documents used by CBS were produced using current word processing technology. [128] Tytell concluded ... that (i) the relevant portion of the Superscript Exemplar was produced on an Olympia manual typewriter, (ii) the Killian documents were not produced on an Olympia manual typewriter and (iii) the Killian documents were produced on a computer in Times New Roman typestyle [and that] the Killian documents were not produced on a typewriter in the early 1970s and therefore were not authentic. Accusations of bias [ edit ] Some critics of CBS and Dan Rather argued that by proceeding with the story when the documents had not been authenticated, CBS was exhibiting media bias and attempting to influence the outcome of the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election . Freelance journalist Michael Smith had emailed Mapes, asking, "What if there was a person who might have some information that could possibly change the momentum of an election but we needed to get an ASAP book deal to help get us the information?" Mapes replied, "that looks good, hypothetically speaking of course." [129] The Thornburgh–Boccardi report found that Mapes' contact with Kerry adviser Joe Lockhart was "highly inappropriate", and that it "crossed the line as, at a minimum, it gave the appearance of a political bias and could have been perceived as a news organizations' assisting a campaign as opposed to reporting on a story"; [113] however, the Panel did not "find a basis to accuse those who investigated, produced, vetted or aired the Segment of having a political bias". [130] In a later interview with The Washington Post , when asked about the issue of political bias, review panel member Louis Boccardi said "bias is a hard thing to prove". [131] The panel concluded that the problems occurred "primarily because of a rush to air that overwhelmed the proper application of the CBS News Standards". [132]
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Some Democratic critics of Bush suggested that the memos were produced by the Bush campaign to discredit the media's reporting on Bush's National Guard service. The chairman of the Democratic National Committee , Terry McAuliffe , suggested that the memos might have originated with long-time Bush strategist Karl Rove . McAuliffe told reporters on September 10, "I can tell you that nobody at the Democratic National Committee or groups associated with us were involved in any way with these documents", he said. "I'm just saying that I would ask Karl Rove the same question." [133] [134] McAuliffe later pointed out that Rove and another Republican operative, Ralph E. Reed, Jr. , had "a known history of dirty tricks", and he asked whether Republican National Committee chairman Ed Gillespie would rule out any involvement by GOP consultant Roger Stone . [135] [136] At a community forum in Utica, New York in 2005, U.S. Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) pointed out that the controversy served Rove's objectives: "Once they did that, then it undermined everything else about Bush's draft dodging. ... That had the effect of taking the whole issue away." [137] After being criticized, Hinchey responded, "I didn't allege I had any facts. I said this is what I believe and take it for what it's worth." [137] Rove and Stone have denied any involvement. [138] [139] In a 2008 interview in The New Yorker , Stone said "It was nuts to think I had anything to do with those documents ... [t]hose papers were potentially devastating to George Bush. You couldn't put them out there assuming that they would be discredited. You couldn't have assumed that this would rebound to Bush's benefit. I believe in bank shots, but that one was too big a risk." [140]
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See also [ edit ] United States portal Politics portal Journalism portal George W. Bush military service controversy Questioned document examination Footnotes [ edit ] ^ Two entitled "Memo to File," one "Memorandum," and one "Memorandum for Record," see here [1] for pdf versions at the Washington Post website. ^ Dobbs, Michael; Howard Kurtz (September 14, 2004). "Expert Cited by CBS Says He Didn't Authenticate Papers" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ Ross, Brian; Howard Rosenberg (September 14, 2004). "Document Analysts: CBS News Ignored Doubts" . ABC News . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ "CBS ousts 4 over Bush Guard story" . Associated Press. January 10, 2005 . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ Including Peter Tytell, Thomas Phinney, and Joseph Newcomer, a man with 35 years of computer font technology experience. See: Last, Jonathan. "It's Worse Than You Thought" . Retrieved 2008-03-10 . The Weekly Standard , January 11, 2005, and Cohen, Sandee. Making Headlines, Not Setting Them Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , creativepro.com, September 23, 2004. ^ Also, Bill Flynn, "one of country's top authorities on document authentication." "Officer's Widow Questions Bush Guard Memos" . ABC News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . and document expert Sandra Ramsey Lines: "'I'm virtually certain these were computer generated,'" "Bush Guard Memos Questioned" . CBS News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-12 . CBS News , September 10, 2004
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^ Kurtz, Howard , et al. , "In Rush to Air, CBS Quashed Memo Worries" . The Washington Post . September 19, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-12 . The Washington Post , September 18, 2004. ^ Dave Moniz; Kevin Johnson; Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ TB report, p. 137. ^ TB report, p. 137: "This statement was without factual support"; "It is without question, however, that Matley did not authenticate any of the documents in question." ^ a b c Memmot, Mark (September 21, 2004). "Scoops and skepticism: How the story unfolded" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-21 . ^ a b c d "Dan Rather Statement On Memos" . CBS News . September 20, 2005 . Retrieved 2017-01-17 . ^ a b "CBS Names Memo Probe Panel" . CBS News. September 22, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ "Thornburgh-Boccardi report" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2005-12-21 . ^ "CBS Bans Ads for Dan Rather Movie 'Truth ' " . The Hollywood Reporter . October 16, 2015 . Retrieved September 26, 2016 . ^ Burkett, Bill. "What do you say?" . Archived from the original on June 9, 2008 . Retrieved 2012-05-11 . archived copy from archive.org of story originally from onlinejournal.com , March 19, 2003. ^ See Ripley, Amanda (September 13, 2004). "The X Files Of Lt. Bush: A flurry of contested memos and memories sheds more heat than light on his record" . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2008-03-25 .
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and Dobbs, Michael (September 12, 2004). "Gaps in Service Continue to Dog Bush" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-25 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 53. ^ Moniz, Dave; Drinkard, Jim; Kevin Johnson (September 21, 2004). "Texan has made allegations for years" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-13 . ^ Bill Burkett (March 19, 2003). "What do you say?" . Online Journal . Archived from the original on February 10, 2006 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Michael Rezendes (February 13, 2004). "Doubts raised on Bush accuser" . Boston Globe online . Retrieved 2005-12-20 . ^ Robinson, Walter V. (December 11, 2005). "Truth and Duty: a distorted lens" . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008-03-13 . ^ Johnson, Kevin; Moniz, Dave; Jim Drinkard (September 20, 2004). "CBS arranged for meeting with Lockhart" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 60–62 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 64–65 ^ Dave Moniz; Kevin Johnson; Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ "New Questions on Bush Guard Duty" . CBS News . September 8, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 90–91 ^ Carl Cameron; et al. (September 22, 2004). "Kerry Aide Talked to Bush Guard Docs Figure" . FoxNews.com . Retrieved 2008-03-14 . ^ "Memorandum, May 4, 1972" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2006-03-17 .
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^ "Memorandum for Record, August 1, 1972" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2006-03-17 . ^ "Memo to File, May 19, 1972" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2006-03-17 . ^ "Memo to File, August 18, 1973" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2006-03-17 . ^ Moniz, Dave; Drinkard, Jim (2004-09-09). "Guard commander's memos criticize Bush" . USA Today . Retrieved 2008-03-17 . ^ "Bush documents obtained by USA TODAY" (PDF) . USA Today . Retrieved 2006-03-17 . ^ a b Dave Moniz; Kevin Johnson; Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story" . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2005-12-20 . ^ "Bush Guard Memos Questioned" . CBS News, Associated Press . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2005-12-20 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p.88 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 129. ^ a b Thornburgh-Boccardi Report, p. 103 ^ Michael Dobbs; Mike Allen (September 9, 2004). "Some Question Authenticity of Papers on Bush" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2004-12-20 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 103 ^ Ralph Blumenthal; Jim Rutenberg (September 12, 2004). "An Ex-Officer Now Believes Guard Memo Isn't Genuine" . New York Times . Retrieved 2005-12-20 . Registration required. ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 12 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp 84–86 ^ a b Howard Kurtz; Michael Dobbs; James V. Grimaldi (September 19, 2004). "In Rush to Air, CBS Quashed Memo Worries" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-17 .
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^ a b CBS/AP (September 15, 2004). "GOP Slams CBS on Bush Memos" . CBS News . Retrieved 2008-03-17 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 86 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp 98–99 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 101 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 108–110 ^ "Transcript of CBS segment" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2010-05-24 . ^ David Folkenflik (September 13, 2004). "Rather's doubters unmoved" . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2008-03-17 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 128–129 ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg. 130 ^ Howard Kurtz (2004-09-20). "After Blogs Got Hits, CBS Got a Black Eye" . Washington Post. ^ a b Wallsten, Peter (September 18, 2004). "GOP Activist Made Allegations on CBS Memos" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11, 2015 . ^ a b Baxter, Tom (September 19, 2004). "Atlantan challenged CBS documents first" . Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. ^ Wallsten, Peter (September 18, 2004). "Buckhead, who said CBS memos were forged, is a GOP-linked attorney" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on August 9, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-03-17 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 19, 2004). "Blogs have their day" . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ Hayes, Stephen F. (September 9, 2004). "Is it a hoax?" . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ Boehlert, Eric (September 10, 2004). "Swift Boat flacks attack CBS" . Salon.com . Retrieved 2008-03-18 .
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^ Jim Geraghty (September 10, 2004). "About that Bush document" . National Review Online . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ Wallsten, Peter. "No disputing it, blogs are major players." LA Times , September 12, 2004. "'My Microsoft Word version, typed in 2004, is an exact match for the documents trumpeted by CBS News as 'authentic'," Johnson wrote, posting images of his creation and the CBS document." ^ "Officer's Widow Questions Bush Guard Documents" . ABC News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-19 . ^ "New Scrutiny Of Bush's Service" . CBS News. September 9, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Rosen, James (September 10, 2004). "FOX Interviews Commander's Son" . Fox News . Retrieved 2008-03-25 . ^ Roger Aronoff (4 November 2005), AIM to Honor People in Pajamas , retrieved 14 February 2017 ^ "Annual Reed Irvine Awards" . Accuracy in Media . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jim Hoft, Proprietor of Gateway Pundit ^ a b Michael Dobbs; Mike Allen (September 10, 2004). "Some Question Authenticity of Papers on Bush" . The Washington Post. p. A01 . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ "CBS Stands By Bush-Guard Memos" . CBS News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-18 . ^ "The Note" . ABC News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2007-03-20 . ^ Seelye, Katharine Q.; Rutenberg, Jim (September 10, 2004). "Commander's Son Questions Memos on Bush's Service" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-18 .
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^ a b "Authenticity of new Bush military papers questioned" . USA Today . Associated Press. September 10, 2004 . Retrieved March 19, 2008 . ^ Slover, Pete (September 11, 2004). "Authenticity of memo to 'sugar coat' Bush record is further questioned" . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 12, 2005 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . The Seattle Times also published this story as " More challenges about whether Bush documents are authentic ". The archived DallasNews.com article requires JavaScript to be disabled to work; a permalinked version of the link with all scripts disabled is here . ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 11, 2004). "Rather Defends CBS Over Memos on Bush" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-25 . ^ "Bush Guard Memos Questioned" . CBS News . September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-12 . ^ a b c "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF) . CBS News. September 10, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ a b "A Look Back At The Controversy" . CBS News. January 11, 2005 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 174 ^ Last, Jonathan (September 27, 2004). "What Blogs Have Wrought" . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 2008-03-20 . ^ a b "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF) . CBS News. September 11, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Latour, Francie; Rezendes, Michael (September 11, 2004). "Further scrutiny lessens doubts on Bush memos / Some skeptics now say IBM typewriter could have been used" . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2006-03-20 .
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^ IBMcomposer.org ^ IBM.com ^ Latour, Francie; Rezendes, Michael (September 11, 2004). "Authenticity backed on Bush documents" . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007-03-25 . ^ "For the Record" . The Boston Globe, September 15, 2004. September 15, 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-03-25 . ^ "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF) . CBS News. September 13, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Kevin Drum (September 10, 2004). "Killian Memo Update" . Washington Monthly . Retrieved 2017-01-17 . ^ Emery, Noemie (September 21, 2004). "Dear Mr. Rather," . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ a b "CBS' experts say they didn't authenticate Bush memos" . CNN. September 15, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ a b "CBS News affirms its intention to continue to report all aspects of the story" (PDF) . CBS News. September 15, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ "CBS Defends Bush Memos" . CBS News. September 15, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ CBS Sept 15 2004: Dan Rather Talks To Lt. Col. Killian's Ex-Secretary About Bush Memos ^ Crowe, Robert; Mason, Julie (September 15, 2004), "Ex-staffer: Bush records are fake; Secretary to military officer says she never typed the memos" , Houston Chronicle , p. A7, archived from the original on September 15, 2004 ^ Balleza, Maureen; Zernike, Kate (September 15, 2004). "Memos on Bush Are Fake but Accurate, Typist Says" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-24 .
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^ Slover, Pete. "Ex-aide disavows Bush Guard memos" . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 18, 2004. The archived link works only with JavaScript disabled in the browser; a version with all scripts disabled is here . ^ "The fake but accurate media" . The Weekly Standard . September 27, 2004 . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ Taranto, James (September 15, 2004). "All the News that's Fake but Accurate" . The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved 2008-03-15 . ^ Kurtz, Howard (September 16, 2004). "Rather Concedes Papers Are Suspect; CBS Anchor Urges Media to Focus On Bush Service" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-25 . ^ Hagan, Joe (February 27, 2005). "CBS News' Boss Hired Private Eye To Source Memos" . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ "Scott McClellan briefing, September 15, 2004, at" . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2004-09-15 . Retrieved 2010-05-24 . ^ Dobbs, Michael (September 15, 2004). "CBS Guard Documents Traced to Tex. Kinko's" . The Washington Post. p. A06 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Jarrett Murphy (February 11, 2009). "CBS Statement On Bush Memos" . CBS News . Retrieved 2011-07-27 . ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Prendergast, Mark J. (September 20, 2004). "CBS Asserts It Was Misled by Ex-Officer on Bush Documents" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-25 . ^ "CBS Statement On Bush Memos" . CBS News. September 20, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 .
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^ Howard Kurtz, "The Whacking of CBS" , Washington Post , Tuesday, January 11, 2005. ^ Jonathan V. Last, "Whitewash" , The Weekly Standard , January 10, 2005. ^ CNN Sept 21, 2004 ^ "CBS News Statement On Panel" . CBS News. September 22, 2004 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Hagen, Joe (March 13, 2005). "Dan Rather's Long Goodbye: Who Done It?" . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ Dick Thornburgh and Louis D. Boccardi, Report of the Independent Review Panel . CBS News: January 5, 2005 ^ a b Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg. 175 ^ Battaglio, Stephen. "The Blunder Years", TV Guide , November 1, 2010, Pages 20-21 ^ Jacques Steinberg (February 26, 2005). "2 Involved in Flawed Report at CBS Resign". The New York Times . p. B18. ^ "Final Figure in '60 Minutes' Scandal Resigns" . Fox News . Associated Press. March 25, 2005 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ Carter, Bill (January 11, 2005). "Analysis: Post-Mortem of CBS's Flawed Broadcast" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ Zernike, Kate (2004-09-25). " ' 60 Minutes' Delays Report Questioning Reasons for Iraq War" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007-09-20 . ^ Mapes, Mary (November 11, 2005). " " Final Days at "60 Minutes " " . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-25 .
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^ Mapes, Mary (2007-09-20). "Courage for Dan Rather" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2008-01-22 . ^ Baker, Mike (2006-11-07). "Rather defends discredited 60 Minutes segment in radio interview" . Associated Press . Retrieved 2006-11-10 . ^ "Transcript of WPTF interview with Dan Rather" . The News & Observer . Retrieved 2006-11-09 . ^ "Rather files $70 million lawsuit against CBS Newsman alleges network made him 'scapegoat' for discredited story" . Associated Press. September 20, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ A PDF copy of the suit can be found on at [2] . ^ Gilette, Felix (January 23, 2008). "CBS Agrees to Hand Over 'Rigler Report' to Rather's Legal Team" . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2008-03-24 . ^ Appeals court dismisses Dan Rather's suit vs. CBS Archived October 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Kurtz, Howard Document Experts Say CBS Ignored Memo 'Red Flags' Washington Post'.' Retrieved April 2006. ^ "Thornburg-Boccardi Report, Appendix 4" (PDF) . CBS News . Retrieved 2005-12-21 . ^ Thornburgh–Boccardi report, p. 62 ^ Thornburgh–Boccardi Report, pg. 211 ^ The Washington Post , January 11, 2005; Page A01, washingtonpost.com ^ Thornburgh–Boccardi Report, p. 221 ^ Noelle Straub (September 11, 2004). "CBS; Guard memos are authentic; Dems rip Bush's service". The Boston Herald . p. 10. ^ Robert Sam Anson (September 20, 2004). "Who Is Buckhead? Kerry Assaulter Seemed Prepped". New York Observer . p. 1. via Lexis/Nexis
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^ Matthew Continetti (October 4, 2004). "The Case of the Phony Memos". The Weekly Standard . via Lexis/Nexis ^ Stephen Dinan; Bill Sammon (September 22, 2004). "Kerry camp rejects CBS link" . The Washington Times . p. A01 . Retrieved 2006-03-20 . ^ a b Brooks, Paul (February 22, 2005). "Hinchey sees hand of Rove" . Times Herald-Record . ^ "Rove rejects charges he was CBS source" . The Washington Times . September 22, 2004 . Retrieved 2005-12-21 . ^ Kasindorf, Martin; Benedetto, Richard (September 21, 2004). "Parties lob accusations over suspect papers" . USA Today . Retrieved 2005-12-21 . ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (June 2, 2008). "The Dirty Trickster" . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2008-06-14 . External links [ edit ] Killian documents PDF files [ edit ] These are the Killian documents supplied to CBS Reports by Bill Burkett: Memorandum, May 4, 1972 (CBS News) Memo to File, May 19, 1972 (CBS News) Memorandum For Record, August 1, 1972 (CBS News) Memo to File, August 18, 1973 (CBS News) USA Today Killian documents (USA Today, six memos in one.pdf file) Bush documents from the TexANG archives [ edit ] Page 31 is a 3 November 1970 memo from the office of Lt Col Killian on promotion of Lt Bush: Bush enlistment documents (USA Today) 60 Minutes II, September 8 transcript [ edit ]
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Transcript of CBS segment Dan Rather interviews Marion Carr Knox - September 15, 2004 [ edit ] [3] YouTube Statements of the CBS document examiners [ edit ] Marcel B. Matley, September 14, 2004 James J. Pierce, September 14, 2004 Bill Glennon, September 13, 2004 Richard Katz, September 13, 2004 Thornburgh–Boccardi report [ edit ] "The Complete Independent Panel Report on CBS News" (PDF) . Retrieved 2006-03-18 . "Exhibits and Appendices for report" . CBS News . January 10, 2005 . Retrieved 2006-03-18 . [Link to site supposedly containing the exhibits and appendices, but links from that site don't work] Document analysis [ edit ] A Pentagon memo next to one of CBS's Killian memos — The Washington Post , September 14, 2004 The Paper Trail: A Comparison of Documents The Washington Post , September 18, 2004 Graphic comparison of all the CBS memos with officially released Killian memos The Washington Post , September 19, 2004 "Blog-gate" Columbia Journalism Review "CJR Fallacies" , response by Joseph Newcomer "Are the Bush Documents Fake?" , analysis by Richard Polt Overview Timeline at USA Today [ edit ] "Scoops and skepticism: How the story unfolded" — timeline from USA Today — September 21, 2004 Further reading [ edit ] Truth and Duty: The Press, the President, and the Privilege of Power ( ISBN 0-312-35195-X ), by Mary Mapes, November 2005, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-35195-X
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In other media [ edit ] Truth , 2015 film starring Cate Blanchett and Robert Redford , whose story is based on the Mapes book above about this controversy. "Dan Rather interviews Marion Carr Knox - September 15, 2004" YouTube v t e George W. Bush 43rd President of the United States (2001–2009) 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) Owner of the Texas Rangers (1989–1998) Born July 6, 1946 Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration First term Second term Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy International trips Bush Doctrine Bush–Putin meeting (2001) Bush–Putin meeting (2005) War in Afghanistan Status of Forces Agreement Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act USA Freedom Corps Department of Homeland Security Space policy Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty "War on Terror" President's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Cabinet Pardons Impeachment efforts Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Life Presidential library Presidential portrait Early life Military service controversy ( Killian documents controversy and authenticity issues ) Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Bush compound Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Speeches Axis of evil Mission Accomplished State of the Union address 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Elections 1978 United States House of Representatives elections Texas gubernatorial elections: 1994
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1998 Presidential campaigns: 2000 2004 Republican Party presidential primaries: 2000 2004 Republican National Conventions: 2000 2004 United States presidential elections: 2000 Bush v. Gore 2004 Public image Bushisms Nicknames As the subject of books and films Fictionalized portrayals Books A Charge to Keep (1999) Decision Points (2010) 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014) Portraits of Courage (2017) Family Laura Bush (wife) Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter) Jenna Bush Hager (daughter) George H. W. Bush (father presidency ) Barbara Bush (mother) Robin Bush (sister) Jeb Bush (brother) Neil Bush (brother) Marvin Bush (brother) Dorothy Bush Koch (sister) Prescott Bush (grandfather) George P. Bush (nephew) Barney (dog) Miss Beazley (dog) India (cat) Spot Fetcher (dog) ← Bill Clinton Barack Obama → Book Category Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1244 Cached time: 20191120023915 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.140 seconds Real time usage: 1.264 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5165/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 201276/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1002/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/40 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 334394/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.590/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5.32 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1051.895 1 -total 73.90% 777.308 1 Template:Reflist 47.16% 496.077 83 Template:Cite_news
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10.37% 109.057 22 Template:Cite_web 4.36% 45.843 2 Template:ISBN 2.79% 29.324 1 Template:Further 2.71% 28.541 1 Template:George_W._Bush 2.37% 24.962 1 Template:Navbox 2.18% 22.890 1 Template:Portal 1.69% 17.811 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:976880-0!canonical and timestamp 20191120023914 and revision id 926553569 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killian_documents_controversy&oldid=926553569 " Categories : Killian documents controversy 60 Minutes Memoranda 2004 controversies 2004 in American politics Political forgery Journalistic scandals Media-related controversies in the United States 2004 United States presidential election Political controversies in the United States 2000s controversies in the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2019, at 04:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.
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ZIP Code - Wikipedia CentralNotice ZIP Code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from ZIP code ) Jump to navigation Jump to search Numeric postal code used in the United States Not to be confused with List of places with numeric names . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1973 stamp encouraging people to use the ZIP code on letters and parcels. A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Introduced in 1963, the basic format consists of five digits. In 1983, an extended ZIP+4 code was introduced; it includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four digits that designate a more specific location. The term ZIP is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan ; [1] it was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently and quickly ( zipping along ) when senders use the code in the postal address . The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the USPS, but its registration expired in 1997. [2] Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history and five-digit ZIP Codes
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1.2 ZIP+4 1.3 Postal bar code 2 Structure and allocation 2.1 Scope and international mail 2.2 By type and use 2.3 By geography 2.3.1 Primary state prefixes 2.3.2 Secondary regional prefixes (123xx) and local ZIP Codes (12345) 2.3.3 Preferred place names: ZIP Codes and previous zoning lines 2.3.4 Division and reallocation of ZIP codes 3 Other uses 3.1 Delivery services 3.2 Statistics 3.3 Marketing 3.4 Legislative districts 3.5 Internet 3.6 Credit card security 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History [ edit ] Early history and five-digit ZIP Codes [ edit ] A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign featuring Mr. ZIP . The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers . The United States Post Office Department (USPOD) implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. [3] For example: Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16 , Minnesota The "16" was the number of the postal zone in the specific city. By the early 1960s, a more organized system was needed, and non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide on July 1, 1963. The USPOD issued its Publication 59: Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code on October 1, 1963, with the list of two-letter state abbreviations which are generally written with both letters capitalized. [4] An earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. [4] According to Publication 59 , the two-letter standard was "based on a maximum 23-position line, because this has been found to be the most universally acceptable line capacity basis for major addressing systems", [4] which would be exceeded by a long city name combined with a multi-letter state abbreviation, such as "Sacramento, Calif." along with the ZIP Code. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with the exception of Nebraska , which was changed from NB to NE in 1969 at the request of the Canadian postal administration , to avoid confusion with the Canadian province of New Brunswick . [4]
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Robert Moon is considered the father of the ZIP Code; he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector . [5] The post office only credits Moon with the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility (SCF) or "sec center." An SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The fourth and fifth digits, which give a more precise locale within the SCF, were proposed by Henry Bentley Hahn Sr. [6] The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes. The mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public (though the building may include a post office that is open to the public), and most of their employees work the night shift . Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. In the case of large cities, the last two digits coincide with the older postal zone number [ citation needed ] thus: Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis, MN 554 16 In 1967, these became mandatory for second- and third-class bulk mailers , and the system was soon adopted generally. The United States Post Office used a cartoon character , which it called Mr. ZIP , to promote the use of the ZIP Code. He was often depicted with a legend such as "USE ZIP CODE" in the selvage of panes of postage stamps or on the covers of booklet panes of stamps.
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In 1971 Elmira (NY) Star-Gazette reporter Dick Baumbach found out the White House was not using a ZIP Code on its envelopes. Herb Klein, special assistant to President Nixon, responded by saying the next printing of envelopes would include the ZIP Code. [7] ZIP+4 [ edit ] In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4 , often called "plus-four codes", "add-on codes", or "add-ons". A ZIP+4 Code uses the basic five-digit code plus four additional digits to identify a geographic segment within the five-digit delivery area, such as a city block , a group of apartments, an individual high-volume receiver of mail, a post office box, or any other unit that could use an extra identifier to aid in efficient mail sorting and delivery. However, initial attempts to promote universal use of the new format met with public resistance and today the plus-four code is not required. [8] In general, mail is read by a multiline optical character reader (MLOCR) that almost instantly determines the correct ZIP+4 Code from the address—along with the even more specific delivery point —and sprays an Intelligent Mail barcode (IM) on the face of the mail piece that corresponds to 11 digits—nine for the ZIP+4 Code and two for the delivery point. For Post Office Boxes , the general (but not invariable) rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. The add-on code is often one of the following: the last four digits of the box number (e.g. PO Box 107050, Albany, NY 12201-7050), zero plus the last three digits of the box number (e.g., PO Box 17727, Eagle River, AK 99577-0727), or, if the box number consists of fewer than four digits, enough zeros are attached to the front of the box number to produce a four-digit number (e.g., PO Box 77, Juneau, AK 99750-0077). However, there is no uniform rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. [ citation needed ]
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Postal bar code [ edit ] The ZIP Code is often translated into an Intelligent Mail barcode that is printed on the mailpiece to make it easier for automated machines to sort. A barcode can be printed by the sender (some word-processing programs such as WordPerfect [9] include the feature—but is not recommended as the address to ZIP lookup tables can be significantly out of date). It is better to let the post office put one on when it processes the piece. [ citation needed ] In general, the post office uses OCR technology, though in some cases a human might have to read and enter the address. [ citation needed ] Customers who send bulk mail can get a discount on postage if they have printed the barcode themselves and have presorted the mail. This requires more than just a simple font ; mailing lists must be standardized with up-to-date Coding Accuracy Support System (CASS)-certified software that adds and verifies a full, correct ZIP+4 Code and an additional two digits representing the exact delivery point . [ citation needed ] Furthermore, mail must be sorted in a specific manner to an 11-digit code with at least 150 mailpieces for each qualifying ZIP code and must be accompanied by documentation confirming this. These steps are usually done with PAVE-certified software that also prints the barcoded address labels and the barcoded sack or tray tags. [ citation needed ]
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This means that every single mailable point in the country has its own 12-digit number (in theory). The delivery-point digits (the 10th and 11th digits) are calculated based on the primary or secondary number of the address. The USPS publishes the rules for calculating the delivery point in a document called the CASS Technical Guide. [10] However, when confronted with two addresses like 18 and 18C, often CASS will assign the same 12-digit number to two distinct mail delivery points. The last digit is always a check digit , which is obtained by summing all 5, 9 or 11 digits, taking the residue modulo 10 of this sum (i.e., the remainder after dividing by 10) and finally subtracting this from 10. (Thus, the check digit for 10001-0001 00 would be 7, since 1+1+1=3, 3≡3(mod 10) and 10–3=7.) [ citation needed ] Structure and allocation [ edit ] Scope and international mail [ edit ] ZIP Codes designate delivery points within the United States (and its territories). There are generally no ZIP codes for deliveries to other countries, except for the independent countries of the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , each of which is integrated into the U.S. postal system under a Compact of Free Association . Another exception are ZIP Codes used for overseas stations of USA armed forces. [11]
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Mail to U.S. diplomatic missions overseas is addressed as if it were addressed to a street address in Washington, D.C. The four-digit diplomatic pouch number is used as a building number, while the city in which the embassy or consulate is located is combined with the word "Place" to form a street name. Each mission uses a ZIP+4 Code consisting of 20521 and the diplomatic pouch number. For example, the mailing address of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi , India would be: Embassy of the United States of America 9000 New Delhi Place Washington, DC 20521-9000 [12] However, individuals posted at diplomatic missions overseas are now assigned a Diplomatic Post Office address and unique box number. The Zip Code identifies the diplomatic mission destination and is different from the diplomatic pouch number in the example above. While delivered through the pouch system, mail to such addresses are not considered "Diplomatic Pouch" materials, and as such must adhere to the mailing regulations of the host country. An example address is: JOHN ADAMS UNIT 8400 BOX 0000 DPO AE 09498-0048 [13] By type and use [ edit ] There are four types of ZIP Codes: Unique: assigned to a single high-volume address Post Office Box-only: used only for PO Boxes at a given facility, not for any other type of delivery Military: used to route mail for the U.S. military
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Standard: all other ZIP Codes. Unique ZIP Codes are used for governmental agencies, universities, businesses, or buildings that receive such extremely high volumes of mail that they need their own ZIP Codes. Government examples include 20505 for the Central Intelligence Agency in Washington, D.C. ; 81009 for the Federal Citizen Information Center of the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) [14] in Pueblo, Colorado . Examples of private address unique ZIP Codes include the headquarters of Wal-Mart (72716). An example of a PO Box-only ZIP Code is 22313, which is used for PO Boxes at the main post office in Alexandria, Virginia , such as those used by the United States Patent and Trademark Office . In the area surrounding that post office, home and business mail delivery addresses use ZIP Code 22314, which is thus a Standard ZIP Code. In certain exceptional cases, a nominally Standard-type ZIP Code may, in practice, be used as one of the three other types. For example, the ZIP Code 43210 in Columbus, Ohio is listed as a Standard-type ZIP Code. However, since its geographic boundaries are essentially coterminous with those of The Ohio State University's main campus, it is effectively exclusive to the university even though it is not officially a "Unique"-type ZIP code. By geography [ edit ] Primary state prefixes [ edit ]
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ZIP Codes are numbered with the first digit representing a certain group of U.S. states , the second and third digits together representing a region in that group (or perhaps a large city) and the fourth and fifth digits representing a group of delivery addresses within that region. The main town in a region (if applicable) often gets the first ZIP Codes for that region; afterward, the numerical order often follows the alphabetical order. [ citation needed ] Because ZIP Codes are intended for efficient postal delivery, there are unusual cases where a ZIP Code crosses state boundaries, such as a military facility spanning multiple states or remote areas of one state most easily serviced from a bordering state. For example, ZIP Code 42223 serves Fort Campbell , which spans Christian County, Kentucky , and Montgomery County, Tennessee , and ZIP Code 97635 includes portions of Lake County, Oregon , and Modoc County, California . In general, the first three digits designate a sectional center facility , the mail sorting and distribution center for an area. A sectional center facility may have more than one three-digit code assigned to it. For example, the Northern Virginia sectional center facility in Merrifield is assigned codes 220, 221, 222, and 223. In some cases, a sectional center facility may serve an area in an adjacent state, usually due to the lack of a proper location for a center in that region. For example, 739 in Oklahoma is assigned to Liberal, Kansas ; 865 in Arizona is assigned to Gallup, New Mexico ; and 961 in California to Reno, Nevada .
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In terms of geographic location, many of the lowest ZIP Codes, which begin with '0', are in the New England region. Also in the '0' region are New Jersey (non-contiguous with the remainder of the '0' area), Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and APO/FPO military addresses for personnel stationed in Europe , Africa , Southwest Asia , and aboard vessels based in the waters adjoining those lands. The lowest ZIP Code is in Holtsville, New York (00501, a ZIP Code exclusively for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service center there). [15] Other low ZIP Codes are 00601 for Adjuntas, Puerto Rico ; 01001 for Agawam, Massachusetts , and the zip codes 01002 and 01003 for Amherst, Massachusetts ; 01002 is used for mail in town, while 01003 is reserved for the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Until 2001, there were six ZIP Codes lower than 00501 that were numbered from 00210 to 00215 (located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire ) and were used by the Diversity Immigrant Visa program to receive applications from non-U.S. citizens. [ citation needed ] The numbers increase southward along the East Coast , such as 02115 ( Boston ), 10001 ( New York City ), 19103 ( Philadelphia ), 21201 ( Baltimore ), 20008 ( Washington, D.C. ), 30303 ( Atlanta ), and 33130 ( Miami ) (these are only examples, as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range). From there, the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River , southward west of the Mississippi River, and northward on the West Coast . For example, 40202 is in Louisville , 50309 in Des Moines , 60601 in Chicago , 63101 in St. Louis , 77036 in Houston , 80202 in Denver , 94111 in San Francisco , 98101 in Seattle , and 99950 in Ketchikan, Alaska (the highest ZIP Code).
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ZIP Code zones in the United States The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows: 0 = Connecticut (CT), Massachusetts (MA), Maine (ME), New Hampshire (NH), New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY, Fishers Island only ), Puerto Rico (PR), Rhode Island (RI), Vermont (VT), Virgin Islands (VI), Army Post Office Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East (APO AE); Fleet Post Office Europe and the Middle East (FPO AE) 1 = Delaware (DE), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA) 2 = District of Columbia (DC), Maryland (MD), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Virginia (VA), West Virginia (WV) 3 = Alabama (AL), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Mississippi (MS), Tennessee (TN), Army Post Office Americas (APO AA), Fleet Post Office Americas (FPO AA) 4 = Indiana (IN), Kentucky (KY), Michigan (MI), Ohio (OH) 5 = Iowa (IA), Minnesota (MN), Montana (MT), North Dakota (ND), South Dakota (SD), Wisconsin (WI) 6 = Illinois (IL), Kansas (KS), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE) 7 = Arkansas (AR), Louisiana (LA), Oklahoma (OK), Texas (TX) 8 = Arizona (AZ), Colorado (CO), Idaho (ID), New Mexico (NM), Nevada (NV), Utah (UT), Wyoming (WY) 9 = Alaska (AK), American Samoa (AS), California (CA), Guam (GU), Hawaii (HI), Marshall Islands (MH), Federated States of Micronesia (FM), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Oregon (OR), Palau (PW), Washington (WA), Army Post Office Pacific (APO AP), Fleet Post Office Pacific (FPO AP)
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Secondary regional prefixes (123xx) and local ZIP Codes (12345) [ edit ] See also: List of ZIP code prefixes Early advertisement for ZIP Code 10005 The second and third digits represent the sectional center facility (SCF) (e.g. 477xx = Vanderburgh County, Indiana ), and the fourth and fifth digits represent the area of the city (if in a metropolitan area ), or a village/town (outside metro areas), e.g. 47722 (4=Indiana, 77=Vanderburgh County, 22= University of Evansville area). When a sectional center facility's area crosses state lines, that facility is assigned separate three-digit prefixes for the states that it serves. In some urban areas, like 462 for Marion County, Indiana , the three-digit prefix will often exist in one county, while, in rural and most suburban areas, the prefix will exist in multiple counties; for example, the neighboring 476 prefix is found in part or entirely in six counties: Gibson, Pike, Posey, Spencer, Vanderburgh, and Warrick. In some cases, an urban county may have more than one prefix. This is the case with Allen (467, 468), Lake (464, 463), St. Joseph (465, 466), and Vanderburgh (476, 477) counties. Cities like Chicago , Houston , Los Angeles , and New York City have multiple prefixes within their city limits. In some cases, these may be served from the same SCF, such as in San Diego County, California , where the three-digit prefixes 919 and 920 are used for suburban and rural communities, and 921 for the city of San Diego itself, although all three are processed through the same SCF facility. [ citation needed ]
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Despite the geographic derivation of most ZIP Codes, the codes themselves do not represent geographic regions; in general, they correspond to address groups or delivery routes. As a consequence, ZIP Code "areas" can overlap, be subsets of each other, or be artificial constructs with no geographic area (such as 095 for mail to the Navy, which is not geographically fixed). In similar fashion, in areas without regular postal routes ( rural route areas) or no mail delivery (undeveloped areas), ZIP Codes are not assigned or are based on sparse delivery routes, and hence the boundary between ZIP Code areas is undefined. For example, some residents in or near Haubstadt, Indiana , which has the ZIP Code 47639, have mailing addresses with 47648, the ZIP Code for neighboring Fort Branch, Indiana , while others living in or near Fort Branch have addresses with 47639. Many rural counties have similar logistical inconsistencies caused by the aforementioned sparse delivery routes, often known as Rural Routes or by some other similar designation. Almost all U.S. government agencies in and around the capital are assigned ZIP Codes starting with 20200 to 20599, which are Washington, D.C. ZIP Codes, even if they are not located in Washington itself. While the White House itself is located in ZIP Code 20006, it has the ZIP Code 20500. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is located in Rockville, Maryland , at ZIP Code 20852, but has been assigned by the Postal Service the address "Washington, DC 20555".
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In similar manner, the ZIP Code for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority , a federally chartered independent authority, is 20001-6000, [16] even though the physical address of the Authority's office, "1 Aviation Circle", [17] is in Arlington, Virginia . [ citation needed ] One current exception to this rule is the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). When the USPTO was located in the Crystal City neighborhood in Arlington, Virginia , it was assigned by the Postal Service the address "Washington, DC 20231" despite being physically located in ZIP Code 22202. However, the USPTO now uses ZIP Codes assigned to its current locations in Alexandria, Virginia . The patents side of the USPTO uses a PO box assigned the ZIP+4 code of 22313-1450 for all postal communications. [18] The trademarks side of the USPTO uses the same ZIP+4 code for most of its mail, but the office of the Commissioner for Trademarks has its own PO box with the ZIP+4 code of 22313-1451, and some offices within that part of the USPTO use the 22314 ZIP Code. [19] In rare circumstances, a locality is assigned a ZIP Code that does not match the rest of the state. In even rarer cases a ZIP Code may cross state lines. Usually, this occurs when the locality is so isolated that it is most conveniently served from a sectional center in another state. Examples:
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Fishers Island , New York, bears the ZIP Code 06390 and is served from Connecticut because the only ferry service is to Connecticut – all other New York ZIP Codes (excepting those at Holtsville for the IRS ) begin with "1". Returned government parcels from Washington, D.C. are sent to ZIP Codes beginning with "569" so that returned parcels are security checked at a remote facility (this was put into place after the 2001 anthrax attacks ). Some Arkansas roads north of Bull Shoals Lake can best be accessed by the Protem, Missouri delivery unit (ZIP Code 65733), as they are accessible by road only through Missouri. Fort Campbell (ZIP Code 42223), is primarily in Tennessee, but the main entrance is in Kentucky. Preferred place names: ZIP Codes and previous zoning lines [ edit ] This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources: "ZIP Code" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A ZIP Code's address and the city name written on the same line do not necessarily mean that address is within the boundaries of that city. The Postal Service designates one preferred place name for each ZIP Code. This may be an incorporated town or city, a subentity of a large city or an unincorporated census-designated place , or a small unincorporated community . Additional place names may be recognized as acceptable for a certain ZIP Code. Still, others are deemed not acceptable, and if used may result in a delay in mail delivery.
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Preferred place names are generally the city or town in which the address is located. However, for many cities that have incorporated since ZIP Codes were introduced, the city name is not the preferred place name. Many databases automatically assign the preferred place name for a ZIP Code, without regard to any acceptable place names. For example, Centennial, Colorado is divided among seven ZIP Codes assigned to Aurora , Englewood , or Littleton as its preferred place names; none of these seven ZIP Codes carries "Centennial" as a preferred name, and in the ZIP Code directory, Centennial addresses are listed under those three cities. Since it is acceptable to write "Centennial" in conjunction with any of the seven ZIP Codes, one can write "Centennial" in an address in Aurora, Englewood, or Littleton, as long as it is in one of the shared ZIP Codes. Acceptable place names are usually added to a ZIP Code in cases where the ZIP Code boundaries divide them between two or more cities, as in the case of Centennial. However, in many cases, only the preferred name can be used, even when many addresses in the ZIP Code are in another city. People sometimes must use the name of a post office rather than their own city. One extreme example is ZIP Code 85254; it was assigned the place name Scottsdale, Arizona because it is served by the Scottsdale post office, but 85% of its territory is inside the city limits of neighboring Phoenix . Another notorious example is an entire neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles known as Beverly Hills Post Office . Naturally, its residents prefer the more glamorous Beverly Hills address and 90210 ZIP Code, but this regularly causes problems with an emergency response when dispatchers have to sort out whether a given home in 90210 is in Los Angeles or Beverly Hills.
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Similarly, Missouri City, Texas , straddles Harris and Fort Bend counties. The portion within Harris County is within the ZIP Code 77071, which must use the city name of Houston instead of Missouri City. At the same time, a small portion of the city of Houston is in Fort Bend County in the ZIP Code 77489, and residents there must use the name Missouri City for their address even though they are in Houston. This also occurs in some rural areas where portions of one town have their mail delivered to other post offices. For example, while most of the town of Plainfield, Massachusetts is in ZIP Code 01070, some sections of town are in the ZIP Code area for the neighboring town of Cummington with ZIP Code 01026. Only the preferred name of Cummington is allowed in ZIP Code 01026, so residents of parts of Plainfield must list their address as being in Cummington. This phenomenon is repeated across the country. The previously mentioned Englewood, Colorado is an inner-ring suburb that was built out by the 1960s. Its post office served the area that is now the high-growth southern tier of the Denver metropolitan area , and ZIP Codes in this area were assigned Englewood as their preferred place name. A business community as large as downtown Denver has grown in this area, with headquarters for many internationally recognized corporations. These companies indicate Englewood as their location (the preferred postal place name), although they are located in other cities. As a result, there are really two Englewoods – the city, small and with a largely working-class residential population, and, a number of miles away, the postal Englewood, a vast suburban area of upscale subdivisions and office parks that have nothing to do with the city of Englewood yet share a split identity with it solely because of ZIP Codes. People who say they live or work in Englewood and identify closely with it may rarely enter the city. In Indiana , the ZIP Code for a town usually indicates the ZIP Code for its corresponding township, as nearly all of Indiana's small town post offices have rural routes. [ citation needed ]
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Acceptable place names also come into play in areas where citizens identify more strongly with a particular urban center than their own municipality. For example, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania , has 130 distinct municipalities, yet many of the county's residents, and even some residents of adjacent counties, commonly use Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as their postal address. On the opposite end of the spectrum, in some urban areas, neighborhood names may be acceptable even though they have no legal standing, such as La Jolla , California , which is the preferred place name for ZIP Code 92037, despite the fact that La Jolla is a district of San Diego , California and not a separate legal entity (this ZIP Code is also in the 919/920 sequence used by San Diego County's suburban and rural areas, not in the 921 sequence used in the remainder of the City of San Diego, even though La Jolla has always been part of San Diego). Many ZIP Codes are for villages , census-designated places , portions of cities, or other entities that are not municipalities. For example, ZIP Code 03750 is for Etna, New Hampshire , but Etna is not a city or town; it is a village district in the town of Hanover , which itself is assigned the ZIP Code 03755. Another example is ZIP Code 08043, which corresponds to the census-designated place of Kirkwood, New Jersey , but serves the entirety of Voorhees Township . This is also the case in LaGrange, New York , a portion of which is served by the 12603 ZIP Code based in the neighboring town of Poughkeepsie . The rest of LaGrange is served by the LaGrangeville Post Office. LaGrangeville is itself not a town at all, but a section of LaGrange. Willow Grove, Pennsylvania , served by the 19090 ZIP Code, is a village that straddles the border of Upper Moreland Township and Abington Township , and that post office also serves a small portion of Upper Dublin Township . Furthermore, non-municipal place names may also share ZIP Codes with municipal place names. For example, West Windsor Township, New Jersey , is commonly referred to in most mailing databases as Princeton Junction , a census-designated place within West Windsor. Silver Spring, Maryland , (20815, 20901–20912) is neither a city nor a town, but simply the common name for an unincorporated area consisting of a large part of the lower southern portion of Montgomery County .