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^ "Def Leppard Singer's Down 'N' Outz Is Working On Its First Album of New Material" . Blabbermouth . 25 December 2017. ^ "Vivian Campbell Compares Def Leppard to His Side Band 'Last In Line ' " . Metal Head Zone . 4 March 2019. ^ "DEF LEPPARD's Joe Elliott Talks KINGS OF CHAOS - "We're Just A Group of Old Friends Getting Together to Make Music " " . Brave Words . ^ DeRiso, Nick. "Def Leppard's Phil Collen Announces Blues-Rock Side Project Delta Deep" . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . External links [ edit ] Def Leppard at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Def Leppard at Curlie v t e Def Leppard Joe Elliott Rick Savage Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Tony Kenning Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High 'n' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Live albums Mirror Ball – Live & More Viva! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time... Live from Detroit Compilations Retro Active Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection The Story So Far – The Best Of EPs The Def Leppard E.P. The Lost Session Singles " Wasted "
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" Hello America " " Rock Brigade " " Let It Go " " Bringin' On the Heartbreak " " Photograph " " Rock of Ages " " Foolin' " " Too Late for Love " " Women " " Animal " " Pour Some Sugar on Me " " Hysteria " " Armageddon It " " Love Bites " " Rocket " " Let's Get Rocked " " Make Love Like a Man " " Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad " " Heaven Is " " Stand Up (Kick Love into Motion) " " Tonight " " I Wanna Touch U " (Promo) " Two Steps Behind " " Desert Song " " Action " " Miss You in a Heartbeat " " When Love & Hate Collide " " Slang " " Work It Out " " All I Want Is Everything " " Breathe a Sigh " " Promises " " Paper Sun " " Goodbye " " Now " " Long, Long Way to Go " " No Matter What " " Rock On " " 20th Century Boy " " Nine Lives " " Undefeated " Other songs " High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night) " " Rock! Rock! (Till You Drop) " Videography Historia Live: In the Round, in Your Face Visualize Video Archive
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Historia / Live: In the Round, in Your Face Visualize / Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages: The DVD Collection CMT Crossroads – "Taylor Swift and Def Leppard" Mirror Ball – Live & More Viva! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time... Live from Detroit Concert tours Def Leppard Early Tours 1978–1979 On Through the Night World Tour High 'N' Dry World Tour Pyromania World Tour Hysteria World Tour Adrenalize World Tour Slang World Tour Euphoria World Tour Yeah! Tour Downstage Thrust Tour Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour Mirror Ball Tour Viva! Hysteria The KISS 40th Anniversary World Tour World Tour 2015 Def Leppard & Journey 2018 Tour Related Discography Members Songs Awards & Nominations Hysteria – The Def Leppard Story Cybernauts Man Raze Down 'n' Outz Gogmagog Jeff Rich Frank Noon v t e Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2019 Performers The Cure Perry Bamonte , Jason Cooper , Michael Dempsey , Reeves Gabrels , Simon Gallup , Roger O'Donnell , Robert Smith , Porl Thompson , Lol Tolhurst , Boris Williams Def Leppard Rick Allen , Vivian Campbell , Phil Collen , Steve Clark , Joe Elliott , Rick Savage , Pete Willis Janet Jackson Radiohead Colin Greenwood , Jonny Greenwood , Ed O'Brien , Philip Selway , Thom Yorke
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Roxy Music Brian Eno , Bryan Ferry , John Gustafson , Eddie Jobson , Andy Mackay , Phil Manzanera , Graham Simpson , Paul Thompson Stevie Nicks The Zombies Rod Argent , Paul Atkinson , Colin Blunstone , Hugh Grundy , Chris White Singles The Chantels – " Maybe " (1957) The Champs – " Tequila " (1958) Barrett Strong – " Money (That's What I Want) " (1959) The Isley Brothers – " Twist and Shout " (1962) The Shangri-Las – " Leader of the Pack " (1964) The Shadows of Knight – " Gloria " (1965) Authority control BNF : cb139028882 (data) GND : 5121011-3 ISNI : 0000 0001 2337 2817 LCCN : n86078759 MusicBrainz : 7249b899-8db8-43e7-9e6e-22f1e736024e SUDOC : 078531896 VIAF : 146664851 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 146664851 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1261 Cached time: 20191031171354 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.452 seconds Real time usage: 1.785 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6730/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 234013/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9865/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/40 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 328053/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.710/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8.09 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1478.346 1 -total
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54.08% 799.466 1 Template:Reflist 28.60% 422.839 73 Template:Cite_web 9.37% 138.459 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 7.92% 117.068 1 Template:Infobox 7.41% 109.490 5 Template:Fix 6.36% 94.075 19 Template:Cite_news 4.94% 72.984 3 Template:Citation_needed 4.93% 72.935 1 Template:Official_website 3.61% 53.296 2 Template:Page_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:174857-0!canonical and timestamp 20191031171352 and revision id 922118971 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Def_Leppard&oldid=922118971 " Categories : Def Leppard English glam metal musical groups English hard rock musical groups English heavy metal musical groups Kerrang! Awards winners Musical groups from Sheffield Musical groups established in 1977 Vertigo Records artists 1977 establishments in England Mercury Records artists Universal Music Group artists Island Records artists PolyGram artists Frontier Records artists Phonogram Inc. artists New Wave of British Heavy Metal musical groups Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018 CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in
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Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2019, at 02:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
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David M. Shoup - Wikipedia CentralNotice David M. Shoup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search David M. Shoup David Monroe Shoup Born ( 1904-12-30 ) 30 December 1904 Battle Ground, Indiana Died 13 January 1983 (1983-01-13) (aged 78) Arlington, Virginia Buried Arlington National Cemetery Allegiance United States of America Service/ branch United States Marine Corps Years of service 1926–1963 Rank General Commands held Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island 3rd Marine Division 1st Marine Division USMC Inspector General The Basic School Service Command, FMF, Pacific 2nd Marines Battles/wars Chinese Civil War World War II Battle of Tarawa Battle of Saipan Battle of Tinian Awards Medal of Honor Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit (2) Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal Purple Heart (2) Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom) Other work Anti Vietnam War activist Signature David Monroe Shoup (30 December 1904 – 13 January 1983) was a general of the United States Marine Corps who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II , served as the 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps , and, after retiring, became one of the most prominent critics of the Vietnam War . Born in Indiana to an impoverished family, Shoup joined the military for financial reasons. Rising through the ranks in the interwar era , he was twice deployed to China during the Chinese Civil War . He served in Iceland at the beginning of U.S. involvement in World War II, and as a staff officer during the Pacific War . He was unexpectedly given command of the 2nd Marines , and led the initial invasion of Tarawa , for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor and the British Distinguished Service Order . He served in the Marianas campaign , and later became a high-level military logistics officer.
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Solidifying his reputation as a hard-driving and assertive leader, Shoup rose through the senior leadership of the Marine Corps, overhauling fiscal affairs, logistics, and recruit training. He was selected as commandant by President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and later served in the administration of John F. Kennedy . He reformed the Corps, emphasizing combat readiness and fiscal efficiency, against what was perceived as politicking among its officers. Shoup opposed the military escalation in response to events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bay of Pigs invasion , but his strongest opposition was to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam . His opposition grew in strength after he retired from the military in 1963; he was strongly opposed to both the strategy of the conflict and the excessive influence of corporations and military officials upon foreign policy . His high-profile criticism later spread to include the military industrial complex and what he saw as a pervasive militarism in American culture. Historians consider Shoup's statements opposing the war to be among the most pointed and high-profile leveled by a veteran against the Vietnam War. Contents 1 Early years 2 Junior officer 3 World War II 3.1 Staff officer 3.2 Tarawa 3.3 Subsequent wartime service 4 Cold War era 5 Commandant of the Marine Corps 5.1 Leadership overhaul 5.2 Budget strategy 5.3 Cold War conflicts
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6 Later life and opposition to the Vietnam War 7 Honors and decorations 7.1 Medal of Honor citation 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Citations 9.2 References 10 External links Early years [ edit ] David Monroe Shoup was born on 30 December 1904 in Battle Ground, Indiana . [1] [2] His family lived on a farm in Ash Grove , but moved to Covington to live on a new farm in 1916. [3] At age 12 he was enrolled in Covington High School , a competitive high school with an advanced curriculum. Shoup was an excellent student, maintaining high marks in French, English, physics, and history. Additionally, he was involved in several extracurricular activities , including basketball, and was class president in his senior year. He graduated in 1921. [4] He later affectionately referred to his impoverished upbringing as that of an "Indiana plowboy." [5] Regarded by friends as very sociable, he met Zola De Haven in his freshman year and later said he had been instantly attracted to her. They were both very competitive in academics and athletics, and the two dated throughout high school; they were married in 1931. [4] [6] After high school, Shoup attended DePauw University , where he was one of 100 awarded the Edward Rector Scholarship, giving him full tuition . Majoring in mathematics, he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity and maintained high marks, narrowly failing the selection criteria for Phi Beta Kappa Society . [2] [7] He was on the track and field and rifle teams, and also competed in the wrestling and football teams. He won the Indiana and Kentucky Amateur Athletic Union marathon in 1925. [4] He waited tables, washed dishes and worked in a cement factory to help pay his expenses. Lack of funds compelled him to take a year off after his junior year to teach school, and his expenses were further strained when he contracted a severe case of pneumonia and incurred hospital bills. He opted to enroll in the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) to offset his living expenses, and later recalled that this was the only reason he joined the military. [8] He graduated from DePauw in 1926. [4] [5]
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From an early age, Shoup was molded by the progressive ideas of Indiana politicians, sympathizing with rural progressives fighting against the interests of big businesses. [9] He developed an anti- imperialist attitude, [9] and his skepticism about American foreign policy, influenced by his small-town background, made him an outspoken opponent of the unnecessary use of military force. [10] He felt the use of troops for economic or imperialist consideration was wrong, a viewpoint he would carry for his entire career. [10] Junior officer [ edit ] While at a Scabbard and Blade honors society conference in New Orleans, Louisiana , Shoup heard a speech by Major General John A. Lejeune , the Commandant of the Marine Corps , offering commissions in the U.S. Marine Corps to interested officer candidates . [11] [12] Shortly after being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve in May 1926, Shoup applied, and was offered a commission in the Marine Corps. In August 1926 he resigned his commission in the army and traveled from Camp Knox, Kentucky , to Chicago, Illinois , for physical exams. [13] On 25 August 1926, he arrived at the Marine Corps barracks at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant, and commenced Marine Officers Basic School . [14] Shoup maintained that he had never previously considered a military career and had only chosen to become a military officer for the pay. [15] Throughout his service, he excelled in athletics and marksmanship , and during his early career he would coach recreational athletic teams in addition to his regular assignments. He quickly established himself as an assertive and demanding leader, impressing both his commanders and his subordinates. Despite his no-nonsense demeanor, those he commanded later recalled his ability to keep morale with his sense of humor. [16] He often sported a clenched cigar, which became something of a trademark during his front-line service. [17]
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USS Maryland , on which Shoup served from 1929 to 1931 On 1 April 1927, Shoup and nine other officers were pulled from training to accompany a detachment of Marines sent to China to protect American interests during the instability of the Chinese Civil War . [14] Embarking from San Diego with the 2nd Battalion, 10th Marines , Shoup's contingent was to play a primarily defensive role, and not engage in military action. [18] Still, he was personally opposed to the mission, feeling that Americans in China were exploiting its people. The contingent landed in Shanghai on 10 June aboard USS Chaumont . Initially, they conducted shore patrol around American sections of the city. [19] On 5 July the battalion was moved to Tientsin to protect American interests there should Chinese Nationalist troops threaten them. [20] Shoup became seriously ill there, and remained hospitalized until it was announced U.S. troops would leave. He briefly returned to Shanghai to oversee foreign troop departures with the 4th Marines , before he departed from China on 7 December 1928. [21] Following this assignment, Shoup returned to the United States and completed his training. He then spent short stints at Marine bases in Quantico, Virginia , Pensacola, Florida , and San Francisco, California . From June 1929 to September 1931 he served with the Marine Detachment aboard USS Maryland , where he coached the boxing and wrestling squads. [22] Following this duty he was assigned to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . In May 1932 he was ordered to Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton, Washington , where he was promoted to first lieutenant one month later. He served on temporary duty with the Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho and New Jersey from June 1933 to May 1934, after which he returned to Bremerton. [23]
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Shoup went back to China in November 1934, again serving briefly with the 4th Marines in Shanghai. He was soon reassigned as a legation guard in Peiping , [24] where he taught the post's pistol and rifle teams to shoot competitively. They won at least one major competition. He also had time to observe the troops of the Empire of Japan , gaining great respect for their discipline. In 1936, he came down with a serious case of pneumonia and had to be evacuated from China. His next duty was at Puget Sound Navy Yard. In October 1936, he was promoted to captain . In July 1937 he entered Junior Course, Marine Corps Schools in Quantico, which he completed in May 1938. [25] He then served as an instructor and Plans & Training officer with Reserve Officers Class at Quantico for two years. In June 1940 he joined the 6th Marines in San Diego, and was promoted to major in April 1941. [25] World War II [ edit ] Staff officer [ edit ] Officers of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade pose for a photograph in Iceland in 1941. Shoup was assigned to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , which was moved to Iceland in May 1941, supporting an occupation there to prevent Nazi German forces from threatening it. Replacing the outgoing British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division , the brigade continued to garrison the country for several months, and he was there with the Headquarters Company at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. [15] For his service in Iceland, he was awarded the Letter of Commendation with Commendation Ribbon . In February 1942 he was given command of the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines . With the United States at war, 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to New York City, New York , in March, and was disbanded. Shoup moved with his battalion to Camp Elliott in San Diego. [23]
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In July 1942, Shoup was named as operations and training officer (then known as D-3) of the 2nd Marine Division , [22] and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1942. The following month he accompanied the division to Wellington, New Zealand , aboard SS Matsonia and oversaw much of its training there. [23] He was also briefly attached to the 1st Marine Division in October 1942 as an observer during the Guadalcanal campaign , then to the 43rd Infantry Division on Rendova Island during the New Georgia Campaign in June 1943. During the latter assignment, Shoup was wounded in action and evacuated. [22] Still, from these experiences he observed amphibious warfare techniques which would be useful later in the war. [26] Tarawa [ edit ] Main article: Battle of Tarawa Shoup as a colonel In mid-1943, Shoup was transferred to the staff of Major General Julian C. Smith , commander of the 2nd Marine Division, and tasked to help plan the invasion of Betio on Tarawa Atoll . [22] [27] Shoup's aggressive leadership style would complement the offensive strategy his superiors were seeking in taking the atoll. [28] He was tasked with drawing up initial plans, [29] designating the landing beaches on Betio for the 2nd Marine Division, and overseeing some rehearsals at Efate . [30] However, after Colonel William W. Marshall, commander of the 2nd Marines , suffered a nervous breakdown before invasion, Smith promoted Shoup to colonel and gave him command of the regiment, [17] [31] in spite of Shoup's lack of combat experience. [32]
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The invasion commenced on 20 November 1943, with Shoup disembarking from the transport USS Zeilin . [33] His force met heavy resistance on the beaches. His LVT was disabled by shore fire, and he had to proceed without transportation. [34] As he was wading ashore at around 11:00, he was struck by shrapnel in the legs and received a grazing wound from a bullet in the neck. [35] In spite of these wounds, he rallied Marines around him and led them ashore to join the initial assault waves, who had been in action for over two hours by then. [36] He was able to coordinate the troops on the beaches and organize them as they began to push inland against an anticipated Japanese counterattack. [37] He continuously organized aggressive attacks on the defenders, and was noted for his bravery and vigour during the conflict. [38] On the second day of the attack, he ordered an advance inland by the remnants of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 2nd Marines. [39] By the afternoon, Shoup was confident the Marines were winning the battle, and reinforcements began to arrive in force. At 4:00 pm on 21 November, he composed a lengthy situation report to division headquarters on USS Maryland culminating in the phrase, "Combat efficiency: We are winning." [40] That night, Shoup was relieved by Colonel Merritt A. Edson , the division's chief of staff, [34] who commanded the landed troops of the 2nd Marine Division pending the arrival ashore of Julian Smith on 22 November. [41] Six years later, Shoup made a cameo appearance in the movie " Sands of Iwo Jima " reprising his actions that first night on Tarawa, although he had originally been brought onto the movie as a technical advisor. [42] [43]
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For his leadership during the assault and the push inland Shoup was awarded the Medal of Honor and the British Distinguished Service Order . For his role in planning the invasion he was awarded the Legion of Merit with "V" device . He also was awarded the Purple Heart for the combat wounds he suffered during the course of the campaign. [23] Ten years after the assault, Shoup remarked of the operation, "there was never a doubt in the minds of those ashore what the final outcome of the battle for Tarawa would be. There was for some seventy-six hours, however, considerable haggling with the enemy over the exact price we would have to pay." [44] In 1968, he returned to Tarawa to dedicate a memorial to the battle and to the American and Japanese troops who had died there. [44] [45] Subsequent wartime service [ edit ] In December 1943, Shoup became chief of staff of the 2nd Marine Division, which was then refitting and training in Hawaii for the upcoming invasion of the Marianas in June. Shoup performed well as a staff officer, assisting in the planning for the battles for Saipan and Tinian . [46] Though a divisional staff officer, he still managed to find occasion to be forward in the fighting. In one instance on Saipan he became trapped in a forward observer post with fellow officer Wallace M. Greene . Greene later recalled in the midst of the Japanese attack Shoup remained impressively calm. Shoup was awarded a second Legion of Merit with "V" device for his work in this campaign. At the end of operations on the Mariana Islands , Shoup returned to the United States in October 1944. [44] He served as a logistics officer in the Division of Plans and Policies at Marine Headquarters in Washington, D.C. He remained at this post for the rest of the war. [47] [1]
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Cold War era [ edit ] Shoup (right), then commander of The Basic School, looks on as Lieutenant General Franklin A. Hart cuts the Marine Corps Birthday Cake in 1951. In August 1947, Shoup became commanding officer, Service Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific . In June 1949, he was assigned to the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton as its chief of staff. In July 1950, he was transferred to Quantico where he served as commanding officer of the Basic School. [23] In April 1952, Shoup became Assistant Fiscal Director in the Office of the Fiscal Director, Headquarters Marine Corps. In this capacity, Shoup served under Major General William P. T. Hill , the Quartermaster General . Shoup was ordered by the Marine Corps Commandant General Lemuel C. Shepherd to establish a new fiscal office independent of Hill's authority. Shoup and Hill clashed frequently, but Shoup was nonetheless able to establish a new, independent Fiscal Division. He was promoted to brigadier general in April 1953, and in July he became Fiscal Director of the Marine Corps. He was involved in fiscal strategy hearings before the U.S. Congress , and established a programming system where officers researched and thought out programs before bringing them to Congress. [47] This idea met with resistance from Marine leaders who favored going to the Hill to figure out the details of programs. While serving in this capacity, he was promoted to major general in September 1955. [47]
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Shoup began a brief assignment as inspector general for recruit training in May 1956 after being ordered to do so by Commandant Randolph M. Pate following the Ribbon Creek incident , which involved the accidental drowning of six recruits during a training march. As Marine leaders were investigating, they favored Shoup's recommendation of not covering up the incident. He supported an overhaul of recruit training for the Marine Corps in response. [48] Following this, he served as Inspector General of the Marine Corps from September 1956 until May 1957. He returned to Camp Pendleton in June to become commanding general of the 1st Marine Division. He became commanding general of the 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa in March 1958. Following his return to the United States in May 1959, he served as commanding general of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island , until October 1959. [46] During this time, he also served as president of the 2nd Marine Division Association. [49] Commandant of the Marine Corps [ edit ] Shoup (right) with the other Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1961 While still a major general, Shoup was unexpectedly nominated to become Commandant of the Marine Corps by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the behest of Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates, Jr. . [48] To prepare for this duty he was promoted to lieutenant general on 2 November 1959, and briefly assigned duties as chief of staff, Headquarters Marine Corps. [1] He was elevated to general on 1 January 1960, upon assuming the post as the 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps. He would later serve under the administration of John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963, and the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963. [48] [50]
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Leadership overhaul [ edit ] By 1959, Gates and other officials viewed the Corps as fraught with internal squabbling and alienated from the other services. Because of this condition, combined with the reputation gained from the Ribbon Creek incident, it was decided that Pate needed to be replaced. Gates believed Shoup was a strong leader who could steer the Corps in the right direction. [51] Shoup was selected over five lieutenant generals and four major generals senior to him in rank. [52] Lieutenant General Merrill B. Twining was considered the likely appointee to the position; Lieutenant Generals Edward Pollock and Vernon E. Megee also aspired to the position of commandant. Twining openly vied for the position and retired immediately after Shoup was selected, reportedly in protest, as did several other officers. [53] Shoup emphasized military readiness, training, and inter-service cooperation, which differed from the political climate of the time. [54] He rapidly gained a reputation as being extremely demanding and critical of poor performance, especially by Marine generals and leaders. He was sometimes blunt in his criticism of what he saw as poorly performing officers, to the extent that some considered him a bully. [55] Eisenhower favored Shoup because he feared other officers spent too much time in political affairs, and felt Shoup would reduce the influence of the military industrial complex . Immediately after his appointment, Shoup sought to place new officers in key positions, in an attempt to overhaul the leadership of the Marine Corps. He and Pate disagreed over some of the new appointments, as Shoup transferred many senior officers and encouraged others to retire. [56] Shoup later wrote he felt the Joint Chiefs of Staff had an undue weight in the direction of military strategy. [54] He also sought to curtail politicking by lower-level Marine officers seeking career advancement. [54]
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Budget strategy [ edit ] Shoup (center) congratulates Marines William McMillan and James Enoch Hill , who had won medals in the 1960 Summer Olympics . During the first year of Shoup's service as commandant, he served under the Eisenhower administration , in which military budget policy was dominated by the "New Look" policy , under which a strong nuclear deterrent was favored over conventional warfare forces. Eisenhower focused on containment without entangling the United States in proxy wars such as the Korean War . The end result of this was spending cuts and force reductions within the Marine Corps. [48] The 1960 election of Kennedy ushered in a major change in military strategy with the adoption of the "Flexible Response" strategy , which saw a return to conventional military forces as a deterrent to nuclear war . Under the Kennedy administration there was increased civilian participation in defense policy-building, and the new secretary of defense, Robert McNamara , sought more inter-service cooperation. [51] Shoup favored a more frugal approach to the military budget, feeling the military was too susceptible to influence from large corporations arguing for expensive and unnecessary programs. [54] As the Kennedy administration brought more emphasis on conventional warfare, Shoup sought to use increased funds to improve military logistics . [57] He is credited with formulating an entirely new system of financial management, supply, and inventory management. He also created a new Data Processing Division to centralize the data processing functions of several combat service support branches. [58]
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Cold War conflicts [ edit ] Shoup's outlook on Cold War conflicts was greatly influenced by his upbringing, and he was frequently an opponent of military action against the Soviet Union . [59] He refused to fall into what he referred to as the "hate the Communists movement," [1] indicating he would fight them if required by circumstances, but avoided undue prejudice. [1] When U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond criticized the military for not training its troops about communism , Shoup regarded the criticism as interference. He appealed to Secretary of the Navy Fred Korth , and the matter was dropped. [55] At the behest of the Kennedy administration, Shoup integrated counterinsurgency warfare into combat doctrine. Though he was not in favor of the idea, he appointed Major General Victor H. Krulak as an adviser on counterinsurgency. [60] Shoup opposed military action against Cuba , warning against any attempt to intervene militarily against Fidel Castro . [61] He was initially not involved or aware of the plans for the Bay of Pigs invasion . He was asked by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to furnish an officer, but became furious when he learned the CIA was requisitioning Marine supplies without his permission. He finally learned the intent of the CIA when the officer, Colonel Jack Hawkins , contacted him on the night of the invasion, pleading with him to appeal to Kennedy for air support. Following the failure of the operation, the Joint Chiefs of Staff were blamed, which Shoup thought was unfair, as they had not been aware of the early planning. [58]
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Shoup later warned against an armed response during the Cuban Missile Crisis , noting how difficult it would be to invade the country. [62] [61] Still, he prepared a team of Marines to invade Cuba should it be necessary. [63] He and the other Joint Chiefs unanimously recommended a quick airstrike to knock out the missiles once they were discovered there. [64] Kennedy subsequently sought Shoup's advice in evaluating the implications of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . While his position in the Joint Chiefs of Staff was intended to be limited, he had gained Kennedy's confidence and was often called on for private consultations. Shoup supported the test ban, seeing it as a deterrent to nuclear war. [65] Shoup was strongly opposed to military intervention in Indochina from the beginning. In 1961, when the Pathet Lao threatened the American-backed government of Laos , he rejected calls for armed intervention. He deployed Task Unit Shufly to Saigon in 1962 only because he was ordered to, and cautioned against further involvement in South Vietnam , which he toured in October 1962. He opposed the Strategic Hamlet program, as well as efforts to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . He opposed any plans for combat in Vietnam, and later said "every responsible military man to my knowledge" was against the war as well. [61] Shoup's staunch opposition to involvement there had a great impact on Kennedy, [6] who, before his assassination on 22 November 1963, indicated that he wanted to end U.S. involvement in South Vietnam, seeing it as an internal struggle. [66] [67]
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While Eisenhower appreciated Shoup's fiscal experience and apolitical outlook, [50] Shoup was called upon most often by Kennedy. With Kennedy's relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff strained, particularly following the Cuban Missile Crisis , he called upon Shoup privately for many consultations. Shoup's biographer Howard Jablon wrote that Shoup was Kennedy's favorite general. [65] In turn, Shoup was the most supportive of Kennedy of all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. [68] Kennedy had asked Shoup to remain as commandant for a second term in 1963, but Shoup declined in order to allow the advancement of other Marine generals. [65] [69] Later life and opposition to the Vietnam War [ edit ] Retiring from the military in December 1963, Shoup took a job at a life insurance company, but remained influential in the administration. Johnson considered taking Shoup as an adviser on a February 1964 trip to Vietnam, but did not, either because he never made the invitation or because Shoup declined. [70] Johnson appointed Shoup to the National Advisory Commission on Selective Service in early 1966. It disbanded on 1 January 1967 after submitting a report. [71] Shoup was unable to directly influence the Johnson administration, which expanded U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . [67] He became increasingly wary of what he felt was undue influence by the CIA and big businesses on foreign policy. In 1964 during the debate over the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , Senator Wayne Morse wanted to call Shoup to testify against the measure, but was blocked by Senator J. William Fulbright . [72] On 14 May 1966, Shoup began publicly attacking the policy in a speech delivered to community college students at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, California , for their World Affairs Day. [73]
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I believe that if we had and would keep our dirty, bloody, dollar-soaked fingers out of the business of these nations so full of depressed, exploited people, they will arrive at a solution of their own—and if unfortunately their revolution must be of the violent type because the "haves" refuse to share with the "have-nots" by any peaceful method, at least what they get will be their own, and not the American style, which they don't want and above all don't want crammed down their throats by Americans. [67] The forum was relatively small and initially received little publicity, but in February 1967 Shoup submitted the speech to Senator Rupert Vance Hartke , who entered it into the Congressional Record . The speech grew in popularity, and Shoup did an interview for ABC News where he elaborated that, while he was not a pacifist , he felt the war was "not worth the life or limb of a single American." [71] He remained firmly opposed to the involvement in Vietnam for the rest of his life. [59] Although other retired high-ranking officers, including Lieutenant General James Gavin and General Matthew Ridgway , joined Shoup in this, it was Shoup's pointed criticisms that regularly made the front pages of newspapers, because they went beyond the war to American government, business, and military leadership. He feared the conflict had endangered the nation's historical identity, and argued increasing the troop levels in Vietnam would only aggravate the strategic problems there. [74] Historian Robert Buzzanco noted that Shoup may have been the most vocal former military member to oppose the war. [5]
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Shoup argued that among the Vietnamese forces involved in the civil war there were nationalists opposed to foreign military intervention. [72] He opposed many of the strategies associated with troop escalation, notably the air campaign over North Vietnam , which he saw as an aggressive measure causing civilian casualties that could draw the People's Republic of China or the Soviet Union into the conflict. He also feared that other American interests, including the economy, were suffering through U.S. involvement in the war, and that the U.S. was losing prestige internationally. [75] Shoup's opposition to the war only increased over time; he initially pushed for a negotiated settlement but later supported a unilateral pullout from the country. [76] As the Vietnamization strategy took effect and the U.S. increased its air operations, he remained opposed to any strategy that risked a nuclear war with China or the Soviet Union. His criticism attracted more press as the war became a stalemate. [77] It also became highly publicized through discourse among the anti-war movement . [78] In 1968, in testimony before Congress, Shoup made many of the same points as he had in his 1966 speech, saying he felt opposition to the war had likely increased since then. [79] In April 1969, along with retired Colonel James Donovan, he broadened his criticism to national security policy. In an article published in Atlantic Monthly , he accused America of becoming militaristic and aggressive, and was a country ready to "execute military contingency plans and to seek military solutions to problems of political disorder and potential Communist threats in areas of our interest." [67] He said that anticommunism had given way to a new, aggressive defense establishment in the United States. [1]
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In a book titled Militarism U.S.A. (1970), Shoup and Donovan elaborated their criticisms. [80] Shoup said the country was seeking military solutions to issues that could be resolved politically. He accused military leaders of propagating the war for their own career advancement, and accused the veterans group Veterans of Foreign Wars of propagandizing for the armed forces establishment. Shoup blamed the American education system for what he saw as discouraging independent thought and stressing obedience. [77] Shoup joined the Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace . [78] By 1971, Shoup publicly endorsed the anti-war veteran group Vietnam Veterans Against the War . [1] As Vietnamization had reduced the visibility of the anti-war movement, and Shoup's criticism was not as prominent in the public arena. Fulbright and other senators urged the White House to listen to his criticisms, but Shoup's broader critique of American society and militarism was seen as more extreme than other officers who had simply criticized the strategy of the war. [81] Shoup's opposition to the war garnered resentment from many of the other officers in the Marine Corps, and was met with criticism that he was becoming mentally unfit or was treasonous in his actions. He was sharply criticized by journalist and former Marine Robert Heinl in several articles of the Detroit News where Heinl said Shoup was "going sour." General Rathvon M.C. Thompkins , one of Shoup's close friends, stopped speaking to him for several years. [67] By December 1967, he had lost favor with the Johnson administration, his activities were monitored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and his patriotism was called into question in the media. [82]
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After 1971, Shoup's speaking and writing diminished, and he faded from the public eye after the U.S. military withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973. After the war, he stayed out of the public spotlight. [76] He suffered from illness late in life, and he died on 13 January 1983 in Alexandria, Virginia . [83] [32] He was buried in section 7-A of Arlington National Cemetery . [23] One of Shoup's service dress uniforms is on display at the armory of the Artillery Company of Newport in Newport, Rhode Island . Honors and decorations [ edit ] The Arleigh Burke -class destroyer USS Shoup (DDG-86) was named for Shoup in 1999. Additionally, he received the following decorations: [23] Medal of Honor Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit with one gold award star and Combat V Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal Purple Heart w/ 1 star Navy Presidential Unit Citation with one bronze service star Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal Yangtze Service Medal American Defense Service Medal w/ Base clasp American Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ 4 stars World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal w/ 1 star British Distinguished Service Order Marine Corps Distinguished Marksman Badge Medal of Honor citation [ edit ] Rank and organization: Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps, commanding officer of all Marine Corps troops on Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll, and Gilbert Islands, from 20 to November 22, 1943.
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The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to COLONEL DAVID M. SHOUP UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of all Marine Corps troops in action against enemy Japanese forces on Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands, from 20 to November 22, 1943. Although severely shocked by an exploding enemy shell soon after landing at the pier and suffering from a serious, painful leg wound which had become infected, Col. Shoup fearlessly exposed himself to the terrific and relentless artillery, machine gun, and rifle fire from hostile shore emplacements. Rallying his hesitant troops by his own inspiring heroism, he gallantly led them across the fringing reefs to charge the heavily fortified island and reinforce our hard-pressed, thinly held lines. Upon arrival on shore, he assumed command of all landed troops and, working without rest under constant, withering enemy fire during the next 2 days, conducted smashing attacks against unbelievably strong and fanatically defended Japanese positions despite innumerable obstacles and heavy casualties. By his brilliant leadership, daring tactics, and selfless devotion to duty, Col. Shoup was largely responsible for the final decisive defeat of the enemy, and his indomitable fighting spirit reflects great credit upon the U.S. Naval Service. [84]
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See also [ edit ] Biography portal World War II portal List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Notes [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g Tucker 2011 , p. 1036. ^ a b Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 362. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 10. ^ a b c d Jablon 2005 , p. 11. ^ a b c Anderson 2000 , p. 159. ^ a b Douglass 2004 , p. 182. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 115. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 124. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 18. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 19. ^ Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 363. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 125. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 21. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 22. ^ a b Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 364. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 37. ^ a b Alexander 1993 , p. 7. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 28. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 29. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 30. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 32. ^ a b c d Jablon 2005 , p. 36. ^ a b c d e f g USS Shoup: Ship's namesake, General David M. Shoup, USMC , Washington, D.C. : United States Navy , 2013 , retrieved 24 February 2013
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^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 126. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 33. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 2. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 1. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 38. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 4. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 5. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 41. ^ a b Alexander 1993 , p. 33. ^ Daniel E. Rogers, "Combat Leadership amid Chaos," Naval History 32, 6 (December 2018), 14-15. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 46. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 17. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 42. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 44. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , pp. 119–120. ^ Jablon 2005 , p. 45. ^ "Captain James R. Stockman, USMC, "The Battle for Tarawa" (Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps,1947)" . Retrieved 14 March 2019 . ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 122. ^ T. M. P. (31 December 1949). "Movie Review – Sands of Iwo Jima – At the Mayfair" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Suid, Lawrence H. (2002). Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film . University Press of Kentucky . p. 121. ISBN 0-8131-2225-2 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ a b c Jablon 2005 , p. 49. ^ Alexander 1993 , p. 51. ^ a b Mikaelian 2003 , p. 123.
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^ a b c Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 365. ^ a b c d Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 366. ^ Banning 1988 , p. 22. ^ a b Mikaelian 2003 , p. 110. ^ a b Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 367. ^ Simmons 2003 , p. 216. ^ Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 368. ^ a b c d Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 370. ^ a b Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 371. ^ Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 369. ^ Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 373. ^ a b Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 374. ^ a b Jablon 2005 , p. 115. ^ Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 375. ^ a b c Anderson 2000 , p. 161. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 112. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 111. ^ Schlosser 2013 , p. 165. ^ a b c Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 378. ^ Douglass 2004 , p. 304. ^ a b c d e Millett & Shulimson 2004 , p. 379. ^ Douglass 2004 , p. 22. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 127. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 128. ^ a b Mikaelian 2003 , p. 131. ^ a b Anderson 2000 , p. 162. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , pp. 129–130.
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^ Anderson 2000 , p. 157. ^ Anderson 2000 , p. 166. ^ a b Mikaelian 2003 , p. 134. ^ a b Anderson 2000 , p. 168. ^ a b Anderson 2000 , p. 169. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 133. ^ Anderson 2000 , p. 172. ^ Anderson 2000 , p. 171. ^ Mikaelian 2003 , p. 132. ^ Tucker 2011 , p. 1037. ^ Banning 1988 , pp. 27–28. References [ edit ] Alexander, Joseph H. (1993), Across the Reef: The Marine Assault of Tarawa , Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library , ISBN 978-1-4819-9936-6 Anderson, David L. (2000), The Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era , Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 978-0-8420-2763-2 Banning, William (1988), Heritage Years: 2nd Marine Division Commemorative Anthology, 1940–1949 , New York City, New York: Turner Publishing Company , ISBN 978-0-938021-58-2 Douglass, James W. (2004), JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters , New York City, New York: Touchstone Books , ISBN 978-1-4391-9388-4 Jablon, Howard (2005), David M. Shoup: A Warrior Against War , Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-4487-1 Mikaelian, Allen (2003), Medal of Honor: Profiles of America's Military Heroes From the Civil War to the Present , New York City, New York: Hyperion Books , ISBN 978-0-7868-8576-3 Millett, Allan Reed; Shulimson, Jack (2004), Commandants of the Marine Corps , Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978-0-87021-012-9
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Rogers, Daniel E. "Combat Leadership amid Chaos." Naval History 32, 6 (December 2018), 12–17 (concerning Shoup at Tarawa). Schlosser, Eric (2013), Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety , London, United Kingdom: Penguin Group , ISBN 978-1-59420-227-8 Simmons, Edwin H. (2003), The United States Marines: A History , Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-55750-868-3 Tucker, Spencer (2011), The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History , Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO , ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to David M. Shoup . "Col David M. Shoup, Medal of Honor, 1943, Commanding Officer, Betio Island, Tarawa (Medal of Honor citation)" . Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor . History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. "General David Monroe Shoup" . Who's Who in Marine Corps History . United States Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Military offices Preceded by Randolph M. Pate Commandant of the Marine Corps 1960–1963 Succeeded by Wallace M. Greene, Jr. v t e United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps
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Left Ventricle Function, Definition & Anatomy | Body Maps Subscribe Human body Circulatory System Heart Left ventricle Left ventricle Medically reviewed by Healthline's Medical Network on March 24, 2015 The left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart. It is located in the bottom left portion of the heart below the left atrium, separated by the mitral valve. As the heart contracts, blood eventually flows back into the left atrium, and then through the mitral valve, whereupon it next enters the left ventricle. From there, blood is pumped out through the aortic valve into the aortic arch and onward to the rest of the body. The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart’s chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body. By contrast, the right ventricle solely pumps blood to the lungs. Various conditions may affect the left ventricle and interfere with its proper functioning. The most common is left ventricular hypertrophy, which causes enlargement and hardening of the muscle tissue that makes up the wall of the left ventricle, usually as a result of uncontrolled high blood pressure. Another condition that may impact this area is left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, in which the muscle tissue surrounding the left ventricle is spongy or “non compacted;” however, this condition is rare. Medically reviewed by Healthline's Medical Network on March 24, 2015 related stories Do You Live with Anxiety? Here Are 11 Ways to Cope I Don’t Like Meditating. Here’s Why I Do It Anyway The Difference Between VLDL and LDL How Cooking Affects the Nutrient Content of Foods Green Tea vs Black Tea: Which One Is Healthier? Read this next Do You Live with Anxiety? Here Are 11 Ways to Cope Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Identifying your triggers can take some time and self-reflection. In the meantime, there are things you can try to help calm or quiet your anxiety… READ MORE I Don’t Like Meditating. Here’s Why I Do It Anyway Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD If your take on meditation is that it's boring or too "new age," then read this. One man shares how - and why - he learned to meditate even though he… READ MORE The Difference Between VLDL and LDL Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE, COI Cholesterol is a fatty substance that's needed to build cells. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are two types… READ MORE How Cooking Affects the Nutrient Content of Foods Written by Franziska Spritzler, RD, CDE Perhaps surprisingly, how you choose to cook your food can affect its nutrient content. This article explains how various cooking methods affect the… READ MORE Green Tea vs Black Tea: Which One Is Healthier? Written by Sharon O'Brien Both green and black tea are incredibly popular and associated with many health benefits. This article tells you whether green or black tea may be… READ MORE 10 Benefits of Grape Seed Extract, Based on Science Written by Caroline Hill, MHumNutr, BSc Grape seed extract is a dietary supplement packed with powerful antioxidants to boost your health. Here are 10 health benefits of grape seed extract… READ MORE 8 Common Signs You're Deficient in Vitamins Written by Alina Petre, MS, RD (CA) A diet lacking in nutrients may cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms. Here are the 8 most common signs of vitamin and mineral deficiencies… READ MORE Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad? Written by Franziska Spritzler, RD, CDE Carbonated (sparkling) water is water that has been infused with carbon dioxide gas. This article takes a detailed look at the health effects of… READ MORE 12 Proven Health Benefits of Ashwagandha Written by Franziska Spritzler, RD, CDE Ashwagandha is a medicinal herb that has been shown to have powerful health benefits. This article reviews 12 evidence-based benefits of ashwagandha. READ MORE 7 Emerging Benefits of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Written by Ryan Raman, MS, RD Bacopa monnieri is a plant that has been associated with a host of health benefits, including enhanced brain function and reduced stress levels. Here… READ MORE About Us Health Topics Health News Contact Us Advertise With Us Advertising Policy Newsletters Careers Privacy Policy Terms of Use Find an Online Doctor © 2005 - 2019 Healthline Media.
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‘PLL’ Ending After Season 7: Freeform Show Will Not Return for Season 8 – Variety Jetpack Open Graph Tags End Jetpack Open Graph Tags Swiftype Meta Tags Start Hotjar Tracking Code for https://pmcvariety.wordpress.com Start: Youtube Iframe API End: Youtube Iframe API Start: IAS script End: IAS script Start BounceExchange tag. Deploy at the beginning of document head. End BounceExchange Tag Cloudinary analysis tag - start Cloudinary analysis tag - end Facebook Pixel Code End Facebook Pixel Code BEGIN Amazon Apstag End Amazon Apstag BEGIN Krux Control Tag END Krux Controltag GPT interchange code Begin comScore Tag End comScore Tag Quantcast Tag End Quantcast tag CrazyEgg Start CrazyEgg End Google Tag Manager End Google Tag Manager Placeholder for Floating Video Ad × End Placeholder Floating Video Ad Continue to Variety SKIP AD You will be redirected back to your article in seconds Placeholder for Responsive Skin Ad End Placeholder for Responsive Skin Ad @TODO Wire this in .l-header__leaderboard .c-search c-search--expandable .c-top-bar__search Edition United States United States Asia Global c-top-bar__editions Instagram Twitter YouTube Facebook Read Next: 'America's Got Talent': Asian American Advocacy Groups Condemn Jay Leno, Call on NBC to Sever Business Ties .c-top-bar__read-next Variety Intelligence Platform Got a News Tip? Newsletters Subscribe to Variety Login .c-signin .c-top-bar__signin .c-top-bar Variety.com Menu Film TV Music Tech Theater Real Estate Awards Video Lifestyle V500 Subscribe Today!
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.c-social-bar__premier-logo Login .c-signin .c-social-bar__signin Variety Intelligence Platform .l-header marker for pmc-sticky-ad (aka Mobile Adhesion Ads) todo: pageType-and-userState? HOME TV News /.c-breadcrumbs August 29, 2016 12:04PM PT It’s Official: ‘Pretty Little Liars’ Ending After Season 7 By Elizabeth Wagmeister Elizabeth Wagmeister Senior Correspondent @EWagmeister FOLLOW Elizabeth's Most Recent Stories Seal’s Kids Had No Idea He Was Competing on ‘The Masked Singer’ Harvey Weinstein, Who Entered Court on Walker, Gets Bail Hiked to $5 Million ‘The Masked Singer’ Reveals the Identity of the Tree View All / .c-author__stories /.c-author Facebook Twitter Reddit Email Show more sharing options LinkedIn WhatsApp Print Pin It Tumblr .l-list.l-list--row /.l-article__header CREDIT: Courtesy of Freeform /.c-featured-media It’s official. After long-standing speculation, Freeform has confirmed that “ Pretty Little Liars ” will end after its seventh season. Creator Marlene King and stars Troian Bellisario, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale, Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse announced the news today on Facebook Live . “ Pretty Little Liars ” is currently in the midst of its seventh season with the midseason finale airing tomorrow night (Tuesday, 8 p.m.). The second half of the season — which will mark the final 10 episodes of the show — premieres in April 2017. Freeform has planned a special two-hour series finale for the last episode. Last year, Variety was first to report that the show would not return for an eighth season.
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“Pretty Little Liars,” which premiered in 2010, is Freeform’s top show. It catapulted the then-ABC Family network into the social media stratosphere, becoming a pop culture phenomenon for teen audiences and beyond with over 14 million Facebook followers, 3.7 million Twitter followers and 5.8 million Instagram followers. “Through brilliant storytelling, compelling characters and social media phenomena, ‘Pretty Little Liars’ paved the way for television shows, writers and cast to interact and engage with audiences on a national and global scale like never before, which led the series to unparalleled success,“ said Karey Burke, Freeform’s executive vice president of programming and development. King commented: “It’s been an honor to work with such a talented cast and crew over the last seven years. We are a family, and it will be hard to say goodbye to a show that has made such an impact on young audiences and been a mouthpiece for cultural change. I’m excited for fans to finally have all of their questions answered, and I believe they will be satisfied with the wild ride that is our last ten episodes. I am also thrilled to embark on my next endeavor ‘Famous In Love’ with Bella Thorne and for ‘ PLL ’ fans to get wrapped up in Paige’s rise to stardom and the pitfalls of Hollywood.” Insiders say that the network and studio would have liked to continue with more seasons of “Pretty Little Liars,” if King and the cast had signed back on, but ultimately, the story had run its course and the cast, whose contracts were up at the end of Season 7, is now free to explore more projects.
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Buzz of the series ending before an eighth season has long been discussed by cast members in various interviews , though the actors and producers had also previously teased another season or a possible movie . Last year, Variety reported that the show would come to a close after Season 7, following an interview with King, though she later clarified her comments . The teen thriller, which is based on Sara Shepard’s books of the same name, revolves around the five-some (played by Bellisario, Benson, Hale, Mitchell and Pieterse), better known as the Liars, who have been tormented by a mysterious villain “A,” since the show began. When “ PLL ” comes to a close after its upcoming spring season, the real “A” will finally be revealed, after other sub-“A” figures have come to the forefront throughout the past six-and-a-half seasons. In 2013, “Pretty Little Liars” spawned a spinoff, “Ravenswood,” though the drama was cancelled after one season. The short-lived series starred “Pretty Little Liars'” Tyler Blackburn, who returned to the flagship show and is a series regular, alongside the “PLL” men Keegan Allen and Ian Harding, both of whom have also been on the show since its first season. Janel Parrish, Laura Leighton, Chad Lowe, Holly Marie Combs and Andrea Parker also star. While King will stay in the Freeform family with her upcoming series “Famous In Love,” the “PLL” stars are branching off into new territory. Mitchell, who had a role in in ensemble romantic comedy “Mother’s Day,” recently landed her first feature film role in the horror flick “Cadaver;” Hale recently signed with ICM to steer the next iteration of her career; and Bellisario is starring in the indie flick “Sister Cities,” which will soon debut on Lifetime. During the show’s run, much of the cast had various outside projects — Benson starred in the James Franco film “Spring Breakers” and Adam Sandler’s “Pixels;” Hale signed with Hollywood Records and released a country album; and Parrish competed on “Dancing With the Stars.”
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“Famous In Love” will debut after the spring premiere of “Pretty Little Liars” in April 2017. Watch the first trailer here . Leave a Reply 18 Freeform Marlene King PLL Pretty Little Liars /.c-tags Want to read more articles like this one? Subscribe to Variety Today. /.l-article__footer Loading comments... /.l-article /.l-wrap__main Most Viewed The Big Lie of 'Richard Jewell' (Column) Box Office: 'Jumanji: The Next Level' Heading for $50 Million as 'Richard Jewell' Sputters Bernie Sanders Retracts Endorsement of Young Turks Founder Cenk Uygur After Backlash /.c-widget__content /.c-widget Must Read Film Danny Aiello, ‘Do the Right Thing’ and ‘Moonstruck’ Actor, Dies at 86 Film ‘Avatar’ at 10: What Happened to the 3D Box Office Boom? TV ‘The Mandalorian’: 5 Burning Questions From Episode 6 .l-must-read__list /.c-widget__content /.c-widget Sign Up for Daily Insider Newsletter Please fill out this field with valid email address. Sign Up /.c-widget__content /.c-widget /.c-widget /.l-wrap__secondary .l-article__leaderboard More TV .l-more-from__header ‘The Blacklist’ Bosses on Delivering the 'Really Intense Family Drama That We've Been Promising for Seven Years' SPOILER ALERT: Do not read if you have not yet watched “Katarina Rostova,” the midseason seventh season finale of “The Blacklist.” Since “The Blacklist” began it has been building towards a confrontation between Agent Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone) and her biological mother, Katarina Rostova (Laila Robbins). That promised confrontation was front-and-center in the seventh season [...]
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In today’s TV news roundup, Hulu announces a premiere date for “Little Fires Everywhere” and Variety exclusively obtains a first look at this year’s Christmas episode of “The Simpsons.” DATES “Little Fires Everywhere” will debut March 18, Hulu announced. Produced by Reese Witherspoon’s Hello Sunshine, Kerry Washington’s Simpson Street, and ABC Signature Studios, the show [...] 18 hours ago .l-more-from__item How 'Watchmen' Pulled Off One of the Best TV Seasons of the Decade The first time Damon Lindelof realized that “Watchmen” — his adaptation/remix/continuation of the groundbreaking 1986 graphic novel by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons — might actually be a hit was after the pilot debuted at New York Comic Con in October. In the following panel, the 46-year-old writer-producer could tell the audience was connecting with [...] 18 hours ago .l-more-from__item Live+3 Ratings for Week of Dec. 2: 'The Good Doctor,' '9-1-1' Top Gainers “The Good Doctor” on ABC and “9-1-1” on Fox were the two biggest gainers in the Live+3 TV ratings for the week of Dec. 2. The pair benefited from the absence of NBC’s “This Is Us,” which to date has shown the largest gains across all scripted shows after three days of delayed viewing. “Good [...] 20 hours ago .l-more-from__item .l-more-from__list .l-more-from.l-more-from--vertical More From Our Brands .l-more-from__header Indiewire Oscars 2020: Best Original Score Predictions 8 hours ago
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That Was the Week That Was - Wikipedia CentralNotice That Was the Week That Was From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search That Was the Week That Was Also known as TW3 Genre Satire Presented by David Frost Theme music composer Ron Grainer Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series 2 No. of episodes 37 Production Producer(s) Ned Sherrin Running time 50 minutes Production company(s) BBC Release Original network BBC TV Picture format Black-and-white , 405-line Audio format Monaural Original release 24 November 1962 ( 1962-11-24 ) – 28 December 1963 ( 1963-12-28 ) Chronology Followed by Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life (1964–1965) That Was the Week That Was , informally TWTWTW or TW3 , is a satirical television comedy programme on BBC Television in 1962 and 1963. It was devised, produced and directed by Ned Sherrin and presented by David Frost . An American version by the same name aired on NBC from 1964 to 1965, also featuring Frost. The programme is considered a significant element of the satire boom in the UK in the early 1960s. It broke ground in comedy through lampooning the establishment and political figures. Its broadcast coincided with coverage of the politically charged Profumo affair and John Profumo , the politician at the centre of the affair, became a target for derision. TW3 was first broadcast on Saturday, 24 November 1962.
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Contents 1 Cast and writers 2 Title 3 Programme 3.1 Kennedy tribute 3.2 Cancellation 4 Reception 5 Legacy 6 Alternative versions 6.1 US versions 6.2 International versions 7 Parodies 8 References 9 External links Cast and writers [ edit ] Cast members included cartoonist Timothy Birdsall , political commentator Bernard Levin , and actors Lance Percival , who sang topical calypsos, many improvised to suggestions from the audience, Kenneth Cope , Roy Kinnear , Willie Rushton , Al Mancini , Robert Lang , David Kernan and Millicent Martin . The last two were also singers and the programme opened with a song – "That Was The Week That Was" – sung by Martin to Ron Grainer 's theme tune and enumerating topics in the news. Frankie Howerd also guested with stand-up comedy. Script-writers included John Albery , John Antrobus , John Betjeman , John Bird , Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Peter Cook , Roald Dahl , Robin Grove-White , Richard Ingrams , Lyndon Irving, Gerald Kaufman , Frank Muir , David Nobbs , Denis Norden , Bill Oddie , Dennis Potter , Eric Sykes , Kenneth Tynan , and Keith Waterhouse . [1] Title [ edit ] The programme's title is believed to be a conscious echo of the Shell Oil advertising slogan "That's Shell – That Was!", widely used on posters from the early 1930s onwards (implying that a Shell-powered vehicle was out of sight in an instant). [2]
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Programme [ edit ] 1963 Radio Times cover promotes the return of the programme for a second series. The programme opened with a song ("That was the week that was, It's over, let it go ...") sung by Millicent Martin , referring to news of the week just gone. Lance Percival sang a topical calypso each week. Satirical targets, such as Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Home Secretary Henry Brooke were lampooned in sketches, debates and monologues. Some other targets included the monarchy , the British Empire , nuclear deterrence , advertising , public relations and propaganda , capital punishment , [3] sexual and social hypocrisy, the class system , and the BBC itself. [ citation needed ] Well-remembered sketches include a controversial "consumers' guide to religion", which discussed relative merits of faiths in the manner of a Which? magazine report, which received controversy from religious figures at the time. [4] The programme was not party political but did not treat all issues with what the producers considered to be a false level of impartiality and balance; one example of this is the issue of racism and "the evils of apartheid ", [3] following the view of BBC Director-General Sir Hugh Greene that the BBC should not be bound by its charter to be impartial on issues of racism, which Greene and the producers of TW3 viewed as "quite simply wrong". [5] Following the 1963 murder of 35-year-old white postal worker William Lewis Moore in Alabama, who was on a protest march against segregation in the American South , TW3 's Millicent Martin dressed as Uncle Sam sang a parody of "I Wanna Go Back to Mississippi" ("... where the Mississippi mud/kinda mingles with the blood/of the niggers who are hanging from the branches of the tree ...") accompanied by minstrel singers in blackface ("... we hate all the darkies and the Catholics and the Jews / Where we welcome any man / Who is strong and white and belongs to the Ku Klux Klan "), thus parodying The Black and White Minstrel Show , which was then being shown on the BBC despite accusations of racism over its use of blackface. [5] [6]
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On Saturday, 20 October 1962 the award of Nobel prizes to John Kendrew and Max Perutz , and to Francis Crick , James D. Watson , and Maurice Wilkins was satirised in a short sketch with the prizes referred to as the Alfred Nobel Peace Pools; in this sketch Watson was called "Little J. D. Watson" and "Who'd have thought he'd ever get the Nobel Prize? Makes you think, doesn't it". The germ of the joke was that Watson was only 25 when he helped discover DNA; much younger than the others. TW3 was broadcast on Saturday night and attracted an audience of 12 million. It often under- or overran as cast and crew worked through material as they saw fit. At the beginning of the second season in the autumn of 1963, in an attempt to assert control over the programme, the BBC scheduled repeats of The Third Man television series after the end of TW3 . Frost suggested a means of sabotaging this tactic to Sherrin, and he agreed. For three weeks, Frost read out the plot of The Third Man , until the repeats were abandoned following the direct intervention of Greene. [7] Frost often ended a satirical attack with the remark "But seriously, he's doing a grand job". [8] At the end of each episode, Frost usually signed off with: "That was the week, that was." At the end of the final programme he announced: "That was ‘That Was The Week That Was’ …that was."
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Kennedy tribute [ edit ] For the edition on Saturday, 23 November 1963, the day after the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy , TW3 produced a shortened 20-minute programme with no satire, reflecting on the loss, including a contribution from Dame Sybil Thorndike and the tribute song " In the Summer of His Years " sung by Martin with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer . This edition was screened on NBC in the US the following day, and the soundtrack was released by Decca Records . A clip, featuring Roy Kinnear , was shown in the David L. Wolper documentary film Four Days in November and on the History Channel 2009 documentary JFK: 3 Shots that Changed America . In addition to the Millicent Martin studio recording of "In the Summer of His Years" issued in the US by ABC-Paramount , other versions were recorded and released by Connie Francis ( MGM ), Mahalia Jackson ( Columbia ), Kate Smith ( RCA Victor ), Sarah Vaughan ( Vernon ) and The Chad Mitchell Trio ( Mercury ); the Francis recording became a Top 40 hit on the Cash Box pop singles chart in January 1964. BBC presenter Richard Dimbleby , who broadcast the president's funeral from Washington, said the regular programme was scrapped when news of the assassination was received and that the programme was a good expression of the sorrow felt in Britain. [9]
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Cancellation [ edit ] After two successful series in 1962 and 1963, the programme did not return in 1964. The reason given by the BBC was that 1964 was an election year and political material could compromise the corporation's impartiality. [ citation needed ] Reception [ edit ] Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was initially supportive, chastising the Postmaster General Reginald Bevins for threatening to "do something about it". [10] However, the BBC received many complaints from organisations and establishment figures. Lord Aldington , vice-chairman of the Conservative Party , wrote to the BBC's director-general Hugh Carleton Greene that Frost had a "hatred" of the prime minister, which "he finds impossible to control". The programme also attracted complaints from the Boy Scout Association , upset by an item questioning the sexuality of its founder Lord Baden-Powell , and the government of Cyprus, which claimed that a joke about Archbishop Makarios , the country's ruler, was a "gross violation of internationally accepted ethics". [11] Historians have identified TW3 as breaking ground in comedy and broadcasting. Graham McCann said it challenged the "convention that television should not acknowledge that it is television; the show made no attempt to hide its cameras, allowed the microphone boom to intrude and often revealed other nuts and bolts of studio technology." [12] In the 1960s, this was unusual and gave the programme an exciting, modern feel. [13] TW3 also flouted conventions by adopting "a relaxed attitude to its running time: loosely structured and open-ended, it seemed to last just as long as it wanted and needed to last, even if that meant going beyond the advertised time for the ending [...] the real controversy of course, was caused by the content." [12]
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Its subject matter has also been praised. McCann says: " TW3 … did its research, thought its arguments through and seemed unafraid of anything or anyone… Every hypocrisy was highlighted and each contradiction was held up for sardonic inspection. No target was deemed out of bounds: royalty was reviewed by republicans; rival religions were subjected to no-nonsense 'consumer reports'; pompous priests were symbolically defrocked; corrupt businessmen, closet bigots and chronic plagiarists were exposed; and topical ideologies were treated to swingeing critiques." [14] [ full citation needed ] Legacy [ edit ] TW3 was live and recordings were not made of all editions, although only two editions are missing; the first pilot, and the 13 April 1963 edition. A compilation of surviving material was shown on BBC Four to celebrate the 40th anniversary. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted by industry professionals, That Was The Week That Was placed 29th. Sherrin attempted to revive the formula with Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life but was less successful. Alternative versions [ edit ] US versions [ edit ] An American version was on NBC, initially as a pilot episode on 10 November 1963, then as a series from 10 January 1964 to May 1965. [15] The pilot featured Henry Fonda and Henry Morgan , guests Mike Nichols and Elaine May , and supporting performers including Gene Hackman . The recurring cast included Frost, Morgan, Buck Henry and Alan Alda , with Nancy Ames singing the opening song and Stanley Grover and Ames performing solos and duets; regular contributors included Gloria Steinem , William F. Brown , Tom Lehrer and Calvin Trillin . [16] The announcer was Jerry Damon . Also a guest was Woody Allen , performing stand-up comedy ; the guest star on the final broadcast was Steve Allen . A running gag was a mock feud with Jack Paar , whose own programme followed TW3 on the NBC Friday schedule; Paar repeatedly referred to TW3 as "Henry Morgan's Amateur Hour".
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The American version is largely a lost program, although the pilot survives and was donated to the Library of Congress by a collector. [17] Amateur audio recordings of most episodes also survive. [18] After the series' cancellation, Lehrer recorded a collection of his songs used on the show, That Was The Year That Was , released by Reprise Records in September 1965. In the American version, an episode showed a smiling U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson contemplating an easy 1964 campaign against the Republican nominee , U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona . The satirists sang that Goldwater could not win because he "does not know the dance of the liberal Republicans", then a substantial component of the GOP , many of whose members had supported Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York for the Republican nomination. On April 21, 1985 in the United States, the ABC network aired That Was The Week That Was as a special, hosted by David Frost (also serving as an executive producer) and Anne Bancroft , and featuring future Saturday Night Live cast members Jan Hooks and A. Whitney Brown and puppetry from Spitting Image . [19] Kristy Glass and Kevin Ruf starred in a remake of TW3 for ABC's Primetime Live in the fall of 2004. Soon after its premiere, Shelley Ross, the executive producer, was fired and TW3 ended with her dismissal.
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International versions [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "That Was the Week That Was" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Canadian show, This Hour Has Seven Days , aired from 1964 to 1966 on CBC . Although partially inspired by That Was The Week That Was , the Canadian show mixed satirical aspects with more serious journalism. It proved controversial and was cancelled after two series amid allegations of political interference. This Hour Has 22 Minutes , created by Newfoundland comic Mary Walsh , has been running since 1992 although the two are not related. An Australian show, The Mavis Bramston Show , aired from 1964 to 1968 on the Seven Network . It grew out of the recent local theatrical tradition of topical satirical revue—most notably the popular revues staged at Sydney 's Phillip Street Theatre in the 1950s and 1960s—but it was also strongly influenced by the British satire boom and especially TW3 and Not Only... But Also . The New Zealand show A Week Of It ran from 1977 to 1979, hosted by Ken Ellis, and featuring comedians David McPhail , Peter Rowley and Chris McVeigh and comedian/musicians Jon Gadsby and Annie Whittle . The series lampooned news and politics and featured songs, usually by McPhail and Gadsby, who continued with their own show, McPhail and Gadsby in similar vein.
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A Dutch version, Zo is het toevallig ook nog 's een keer , aired from November 1963 to 1966. It became controversial after the fourth edition, which included a parody of the Lord's Prayer ("Give us this day our daily television"). Angry viewers directed their protests especially against the most popular cast member: Mies Bouwman . After receiving several threats to her life she decided to quit the show. The show was praised as well: in 1966 it received the Gouden Televizier-ring, a prestigious audience award—though it turned out afterward that the election was rigged. [20] An Indian version titled The Week That Wasn't was launched and hosted by Cyrus Broacha . Parodies [ edit ] Cleveland, Ohio , local personality Ghoulardi (played by Ernie Anderson), host of WJW -TV's Shock Theater in the 1960s, ran clips of local celebrities and politicians and satirised them in a Shock Theater segment entitled That Was Weak Wasn't It? [21] Beginning in 2006, 1812 Productions, an all comedy theatre company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , has annually performed a stage show called This Is the Week That Is . The variety show style play is written by its small cast with a script that changes nightly over several weeks of performances, and includes improvised comedy, musical parodies, and a versatile cast of performers. The show focuses on politics and news from the preceding year, often taking on local Philadelphia stories as well. In 2019, a documentary, In the Field; Conceiving Satire: The Making of This Is The Week That Is , about the creation of the long-running show was commissioned by the American Theatre Wing and nominated for a Mid-Atlantic Emmy Award for Arts Program/Special [22] .
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References [ edit ] ^ McCann 2006 , p. 156. ^ Rees, Nigel (1987). Why do we Say ... ? words and sayings and where they come from . Poole: Blandford Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-7137-1944-3 . ^ a b Hegarty 2016 , p. 55. ^ Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Competition . Oxford University Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-19-215964-9 . ^ a b Strinati, Dominic; Wagg, Stephen (24 February 2004). Come on Down?: Popular Media Culture in Post-War Britain . Routledge. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-134-92368-7 . ^ Hegarty 2016 , p. 65. ^ Humphrey Carpenter That Was Satire That Was , London: Victor Gollancz, 2000, pp. 270-71 ^ Stuart Jeffries, "This'll kill you", The Guardian , 16 January 1999, p. B5. ^ "A British Program Honoring Kennedy Shown Over NBC". The New York Times . 25 November 1963. p. 10. ^ "BBC marks TW3 anniversary" . BBC News . 26 November 2002. ^ Hastings, Chris (17 June 2007). "Tories helped take TW3 off the air" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ a b McCann 2006 , pp. 313–314. ^ "TV Trends: Conspicuous Cameras" . Image Dissectors. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . ^ McCann 2006 . ^ Gardner, Paul (3 January 1964). "ORIGINATOR HERE TO ASSIST 'T.W. 3' / David Frost Will Appear on New Satirical Revue" . The New York Times , p.49 . Retrieved 19 November 2018 .
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^ "Morse for 'T.W. 3'" ( The New York Times , January 20, 1964, p.87). Retrieved October 27, 2018. ^ "• View topic - The Last Sundown for Cinesation: 2013 Fest Report" . Nitrateville.com . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ "Lost and Found Sound: The Stories" . Npr.org . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ " ' THAT WAS THE WEEK THAT WAS (TV) ' " . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Nijland, Yfke. " ' Zo is het toevallig ook nog 's een keer ' " (in Dutch). Geschiedenis 24 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Watson, Elena M. (2000). Television Horror Movie Hosts: 68 Vampires, Mad Scientists and Other Denizens of the Late Night Airwaves Examined and Interviewed . Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0940-1 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ "American Theatre Wing & This Is The Week That Is" . 1812 Productions . Retrieved 13 December 2019 . McCann, Graham (2006). Spike & Co . London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-89809-7 . Hegarty, Neil Hegarty (2016). Frost – That Was the Life That Was: The Authorised Biography . Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-5672-6 . External links [ edit ] That Was The Week That Was at BBC Online That Was The Week That Was at TV.com
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That Was the Week That Was at the British Film Institute That Was the Week That Was at the BFI 's Screenonline That Was the Week That Was at the Museum of Broadcast Communications That Was the Week That Was on IMDb v t e Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1959−1980 Stan Freberg – The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows (1959) Carl Sandburg – Lincoln Portrait (1960) Robert Bialek (producer) – FDR Speaks (1961) Leonard Bernstein – Humor in Music (1962) Charles Laughton – The Story-Teller: A Session With Charles Laughton (1963) Edward Albee (playwright) – Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1964) That Was the Week That Was – BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy (1965) Goddard Lieberson (producer) – John F. Kennedy - As We Remember Him (1966) Edward R. Murrow – Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I The War Years (1967) Everett Dirksen – Gallant Men (1968) Rod McKuen – Lonesome Cities (1969) Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter – We Love You Call Collect (1970) Martin Luther King Jr. – Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam (1971) Les Crane – Desiderata (1972) Bruce Botnick (producer) – Lenny performed by the original Broadway cast (1973) Richard Harris – Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1974) Peter Cook and Dudley Moore – Good Evening (1975) James Whitmore – Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1976)
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Henry Fonda , Helen Hayes , James Earl Jones and Orson Welles - Great American Documents (1977) Julie Harris – The Belle of Amherst (1978) Orson Welles – Citizen Kane Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1979) John Gielgud – Ages of Man - Readings From Shakespeare (1980) 1981−2000 Pat Carroll – Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein (1981) Orson Welles – Donovan's Brain (1982) Tom Voegeli (producer) – Raiders of the Lost Ark - The Movie on Record performed by Various Artists (1983) William Warfield – Lincoln Portrait (1984) Ben Kingsley – The Words of Gandhi (1985) Mike Berniker (producer) & the original Broadway cast – Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (1986) Johnny Cash , Jerry Lee Lewis , Chips Moman , Ricky Nelson , Roy Orbison , Carl Perkins and Sam Phillips – Interviews From the Class of '55 Recording Sessions (1987) Garrison Keillor – Lake Wobegon Days (1988) Jesse Jackson – Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson (1989) Gilda Radner – It's Always Something (1990) George Burns – Gracie: A Love Story (1991) Ken Burns – The Civil War (1992) Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe – What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS (1993) Maya Angelou – On the Pulse of Morning (1994) Henry Rollins – Get in the Van (1995) Maya Angelou – Phenomenal Woman (1996) Hillary Clinton – It Takes a Village (1997)
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Charles Kuralt – Charles Kuralt's Spring (1998) Christopher Reeve – Still Me (1999) LeVar Burton – The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. (2000) 2001−present Sidney Poitier , Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) – The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography (2001) Quincy Jones , Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) – Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones (2002) Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) – A Song Flung Up to Heaven / Robin Williams , Nathaniel Kunkel (engineer/mixer) and Peter Asher (producer) – Live 2002 (2003) Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) – Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them (2004) Bill Clinton – My Life (2005) Barack Obama – Dreams from My Father (2006) Jimmy Carter – Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis / Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee - With Ossie and Ruby (2007) Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) – The Audacity of Hope (2008) Beau Bridges , Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood – An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore (2009) Michael J. Fox – Always Looking Up (2010) Jon Stewart – The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) (2011) Betty White – If You Ask Me (And Of Course You Won't) (2012) Janis Ian – Society's Child (2013) Stephen Colbert – America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't (2014)
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Joan Rivers – Diary of a Mad Diva (2015) Jimmy Carter – A Full Life: Reflections at 90 (2016) Carol Burnett – In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox (2017) Carrie Fisher – The Princess Diarist (2018) Jimmy Carter – Faith: A Journey for All (2019) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1265 Cached time: 20191223214130 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.648 seconds Real time usage: 0.954 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2997/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 80172/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5374/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/40 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49244/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.282/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.87 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 788.514 1 -total 29.41% 231.882 1 Template:Reflist 21.27% 167.679 1 Template:Infobox_television 18.96% 149.483 1 Template:Infobox 14.62% 115.296 6 Template:Cite_book 10.62% 83.764 3 Template:Fix 8.58% 67.638 1 Template:Citation_needed 8.10% 63.846 1 Template:Refimprove 7.17% 56.567 1 Template:Ambox 6.95% 54.780 5 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:87715-0!canonical and timestamp 20191223214129 and revision id 930615797 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Was_the_Week_That_Was&oldid=930615797 " Categories : BBC television sketch shows 1960s British television sketch shows British satirical television programmes News parodies Television series about television American television series based on British television series Peabody Award-winning television programs Grammy Award winners 1962 British television series debuts 1963 British television series endings Black-and-white British television programmes English-language television programs Hidden categories: CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with incomplete citations from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2018 All articles needing additional references
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How to Quit Smoking Cold Turkey | Everyday Health Search Log in My Profile Your Profile Following Topics Saved Items Newsletters Tools My Daily Crohn's My Daily RA My Daily Diabetes Settings Logout Subscribe Menu Main Menu Conditions Coronavirus Cold and Flu Depression Heart Failure High Cholesterol Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Ulcerative Colitis View All Drugs A-Z Symptom Checker Healthy Living Fitness Food & Nutrition Sex & Relationships Sleep Healthy Skin View All Health Tools Calorie Counter Drugs A-Z Meal Planner My Daily Crohn's My Daily RA My Daily Diabetes Recipes Symptom Checker Subscribe to Newsletters clear Explore Everyday Health Health A-Z Drugs Healthy Living Food Everyday Health Lung & Respiratory Stop Smoking How to Quit Smoking Cold Turkey By Anne L. Fritz Medically Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Last Updated: 12/12/2014 Though challenging, many smokers have used the cold-turkey strategy to quit smoking. Quitting cold turkey means giving up smoking all at once, without the aid of any nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products or stop-smoking drugs . Many ex-smokers have successfully quit this way — you're most likely to succeed if you smoke fewer than 10 cigarettes a day and take the following steps to prepare. Because you won't have the aids of NRT, it's particularly important that you are mentally ready. Set a quit date: Pick a date two to four weeks in the future when you plan on quitting. Pick a quiet time of year when you have less on your calendar. Stress can be a big trigger for smokers, making you reach for a cigarette, so don't try to quit around the time you have final exams, a big project due at work, or have other major stress-inducing events in your life. Alternatively, if you're a social smoker, try to avoid a date around any festivities, like a wedding or class reunion. Make a list of the benefits of quitting : Maybe you want to improve your health, save money, always said you would quit before a big birthday, or all the above. Write down the list and keep it in your wallet or store it on your cell phone. Then, when a craving hits down the line, you can refer back to it to help find the strength to stay strong. Know your habits: Think about the times you are most likely to smoke: is it with your morning cup of coffee, after dinner, out with friends, and/or on your way home from work? Those times when you habitually reach for a cigarette are likely to be when your cravings are the strongest. Plan ahead and brainstorm a few alternate activities or distractions. For example, get your coffee at a non-smoking cafe, take a walk after dinner, go to see a movie instead of hitting the bar, or take public transportation or carpool to commute for a while. The more you shake up your regular habits the more you will distract yourself from the desire to smoke. Anticipate cravings: Nicotine is a powerfully addictive drug, on par with cocaine and heroin, and cravings are going to come. On the plus side, they generally last no more than five to 10 minutes tops. Do what you can to distract yourself until the cravings passes, checkout what your friends are up to on Facebook, chew a piece of gum, or play a round of Candy Crush. Know that the signs of nicotine withdrawal are temporary: Quitting cold turkey means you will experience the symptoms of withdrawal more intensely than if you used NRT products. Fortunately, most withdrawal symptoms peak two to three days after your last cigarette and subside gradually after that. The most common effects of nicotine withdrawal include: Intense craving for nicotine Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, or boredom Depression Trouble sleeping, including bad dreams and nightmares Drowsiness Feeling tense, restless, or frustrated Headaches Increased appetite and weight gain Problems concentrating Dizziness Slower heart rate Constipation or gas Cough, dry mouth, sore throat, and nasal drip Get your friends and family on board: Chances are, your close friends and family are thrilled that you're quitting smoking . Ask them to help distract you from cravings by being available during your trigger moments for quick pep talks; plan activities in smoke-free places like the mall, movie theater and many restaurants, and to be understanding if you experience any irritability. Join a support group: You may find it easier to quit if you can share your frustrations and success with people who are also in the process of quitting. Check with your local hospital to see if they offer a program. Or call a national quit-smoking line, such as the American Cancer Society Quitline at 877-YES-QUIT. It offers support over the phone and can help outline different strategies for quitting. Journal about the positive effects of quitting smoking: Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do to improve your overall health. For starters, your lung function improves up to 30 percent in two weeks to three months. Now that you've quit, are you noticing that you can walk up a flight of stairs without getting winded or is your complexion starting to brighten? Jot it down. Sign up for our Healthy Living Newsletter! Thanks for signing up for our newsletter! You should see it in your inbox very soon. Oops! Please enter a valid email address Subscribe We respect your privacy. Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking How to Quit Smoking; HealthGuide.org . Set Yourself Free; American Cancer Society . The Latest in Stop Smoking Stop Smoking My Juul Breakup: 8 Steps That Helped Me Finally Quit Vaping Here’s how I took back control and broke free of a decade-long habit. Stop Smoking E-cigarette Use Linked to Heart Attack, Depression While they may be safer than cigarettes, e-cigarettes appear to carry significant health risks, according to a new study. Stop Smoking E-Cigarettes Help More Smokers Quit Than Gum and Patches, Study Finds CDC recognizes possible benefit, but FDA has not found e-cigarettes to be safe or effective. Stop Smoking 6 Best Quit Smoking Resources Your quit day is approaching — here’s how to set yourself up for success. Stop Smoking A Guide to Using the Nicotine Patch If you’re trying to kick a smoking habit, the nicotine patch can be a powerful ally — if you understand how it works and know how to use it properly. 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Stop Smoking How Do I Know I’m Really Addicted to Nicotine? You may think you smoke because you want to — but there are some telltale signs that you may have a nicotine addiction. Stop Smoking You Don't Have to Lose Your Smoking Friends When You Quit Use these tips to ward off a craving without sacrificing your relationships. Stop Smoking 7 Myths About Nicotine Replacement Therapy Using nicotine replacement products can double your chances of successfully quitting smoking. Don’t let these myths keep you from trying them. Stop Smoking 6 Ways Smoking Makes You Look Older Tobacco products can cause wrinkling and thinning of your skin, as well as premature hair loss. Here’s how. Stop Smoking How a “Quit Buddy” Can Help You Stop Smoking A partner can not only support you in your effort to quit smoking but will hold you accountable, keeping you on track. 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British colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia CentralNotice British colonization of the Americas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American Colonies of England and then Great Britain and the United Kingdom Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Italian Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization History portal v t e This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "British colonization of the Americas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great Britain in the Americas The British colonization of the Americas describes the history of the establishment of control, settlement, and decolonization of the continents of the Americas by the Kingdom of England , the Kingdom of Scotland , and, after the union of those two countries in 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain . [a] Colonization efforts began in the late 16th century with unsuccessful efforts by the Kingdom of England to establish colonies in North America , but the first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown in 1607. [1] [2] Over the next several centuries more colonies were established in the Americas. While the vast majority have achieved independence, a few remain as British Overseas Territories .
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North America had been inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years of prior to 1492. [3] European exploration of North America began after Christopher Columbus 's 1492 expedition across the Atlantic Ocean . [4] English exploration of the continent commenced in the late 15th century, and Sir Walter Raleigh established the short-lived Roanoke Colony in 1585. [5] The English established their first successful, permanent colony in North America at Jamestown in 1607 on the Chesapeake Bay , which eventually grew into the Colony of Virginia . [6] [7] In 1620, a second permanent colony at Plymouth was founded, followed in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony . These settlements in present day Virginia and Massachusetts gave the English a foundation to establish more colonies and resulted in significantly increased settlement activity. [8] [9] At conclusion of the Seven Years' War with France, Britain took control of the French colony of Canada and several colonial Caribbean territories . [10] [11] With the assistance of France and Spain, many of the North American colonies gained independence from Britain through victory in the American Revolutionary War , which ended in 1783. Historians sometimes refer to the British Empire after 1783 as the "Second British Empire"; this period saw Britain increasingly focus on Asia and Africa instead of the Americas, and increasingly focus on the expansion of trade rather than territorial possessions. Nonetheless, Britain continued to colonize parts of the Americas in the 19th century, taking control of British Columbia and establishing the colonies of the Falkland Islands and British Honduras . Britain also gained control of several colonies, including Trinidad and British Guiana , following the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars .
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In the mid-19th century, Britain began the process of granting self-government to its remaining colonies in North America. Most of these colonies joined the Confederation of Canada in the 1860s or 1870s, though Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949. Canada gained full autonomy following the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , though it retained various ties to Britain and still recognizes the British monarch as head of state . Following the onset of the Cold War most of the remaining British colonies in the Americas gained independence between 1962 and 1983. Many of the former British colonies are part of the Commonwealth of Nations , a political association chiefly consisting of former colonies of the British Empire. Contents 1 Background: early exploration and colonization of the Americas 2 Early colonization, 1607–1630 3 Growth, 1630–1689 3.1 West Indies colonies 3.2 Establishment of the Thirteen Colonies 3.2.1 New England Colonies 3.2.2 Southern Colonies 3.2.3 Middle Colonies 3.3 Hudson's Bay Company 3.4 Darien scheme 4 Expansion and Conflict, 1689–1763 4.1 Settlement and expansion in North America 4.2 Conflicts with the French and Spanish 5 Dissent and revolution, 1763–1783 6 Second British Empire, 1783–1945 6.1 Establishing the Dominion of Canada 6.2 British Honduras and Falkland Islands 7 Decolonization and overseas territories, 1945-present 7.1 Successful independence movements 7.2 Remaining territories 8 List of colonies
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8.1 Former North American colonies 8.1.1 Canadian territories 8.1.2 Thirteen Colonies 8.1.3 Other North American colonies 8.2 Former colonies in the Caribbean and South America 8.3 Current territories 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 Further reading 12.1 Historiography 13 External links Background: early exploration and colonization of the Americas [ edit ] Further information: Pre-Columbian era , Age of Discovery , and European colonization of the Americas By the end of the 16th century, the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal had colonized much of the Americas , but other parts of the Americas had not yet been colonized by European powers Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spain and Portugal established colonies in the New World , beginning the European colonization of the Americas . [12] France and England , the two other major powers of 15th-century Western Europe , employed explorers soon after the return of Columbus's first voyage. In 1497, King Henry VII of England dispatched an expedition led by John Cabot to explore the coast of North America, but the lack of precious metals or other riches discouraged both the Spanish and English from permanently settling in North America during the early 16th century. [13] Later explorers such as Martin Frobisher and Henry Hudson sailed to the New World in search of a Northwest Passage between the Atlantic Ocean and Asia, but were unable to find a viable route. [14] Europeans established fisheries in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , and traded metal, glass, and cloth for food and fur, beginning the North American fur trade . [15] During the Summer and Autumn of 1585 Bernard Drake launched an expedition to Newfoundland which crippled the Spanish and Portuguese fishing fleets there from which they never recovered from. This would have consequences in terms of English colonial expansion and settlement. Meanwhile, in the Caribbean Sea , English sailors defied Spanish trade restrictions and preyed on Spanish treasure ships . [16]
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In the late sixteenth century, Protestant England became embroiled in a religious war with Catholic Spain. Seeking to weaken Spain's economic and military power, English privateers such as Francis Drake and Humphrey Gilbert harassed Spanish shipping. [17] Gilbert proposed the colonization of North America on the Spanish model, with the goal of creating a profitable English empire that could also serve as a base for the privateers. After Gilbert's death, Walter Raleigh took up the cause of North American colonization, sponsoring an expedition of 500 men to Roanoke Island . In 1584, the colonists established the first permanent English colony in North America, [18] but the colonists were poorly prepared for life in the New World, and by 1590, the colonists had disappeared. [19] A separate colonization attempt in Newfoundland also failed. [20] Despite the failure of these early colonies, the English remained interested in the colonization of North America for economic and military reasons. [21] Early colonization, 1607–1630 [ edit ] Further information: English overseas possessions Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, was established during the reign of King James I of England In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America. In 1607, the London Company established a permanent colony at Jamestown on the Chesapeake Bay , but the Plymouth Company's Popham Colony proved short-lived. The colonists at Jamestown faced extreme adversity, and by 1617 there were only 351 survivors out of the 1700 colonists who had been transported to Jamestown. [22] After the Virginians discovered the profitability of growing tobacco , the settlement's population boomed from 400 settlers in 1617 to 1240 settlers in 1622. The London Company was bankrupted in part due to frequent warring with nearby Native Americans, leading the English crown to take direct control of the Colony of Virginia , as Jamestown and its surrounding environs became known. [23] In 1609, an English ship traveling to Virginia wrecked off the shores of the island of Bermuda ; though the crew was eventually rescued, England subsequently colonized Bermuda and established the Town of St. George . [24]
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Meanwhile, the Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, including a colony established by a group of English Puritans , known today as the Pilgrims . [25] The Puritans embraced an intensely emotional form of Calvinist Protestantism and sought independence from the Church of England . [26] In 1620, the Mayflower transported the Pilgrims across the Atlantic, and the Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony in Cape Cod . The Pilgrims endured an extremely hard first winter, with roughly fifty of the one hundred colonists dying. In 1621, Plymouth Colony was able to establish an alliance with the nearby Wampanoag tribe, which helped the Plymouth Colony adopt effective agricultural practices and engaged in the trade of fur and other materials. [27] Farther north, the English also established Newfoundland Colony , which primarily focused on cod fishing. [28] The Caribbean would provide some of England's most important and lucrative colonies, [29] but not before several attempts at colonization failed. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. [30] Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded. [31] Encouraged by the success of Virginia, in 1627 King Charles I granted a charter to the Barbados Company for the settlement of the uninhabited Caribbean island of Barbados . Early settlers failed in their attempts to cultivate tobacco, but found great success in growing sugar . [29]
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Growth, 1630–1689 [ edit ] English overseas possessions in 1700 West Indies colonies [ edit ] Further information: History of the British West Indies The success of colonization efforts in Barbados encouraged the establishment of more Caribbean colonies, and by 1660 England had established Caribbean sugar colonies in St. Kitts , Antigua , Nevis , and Montserrat , [29] English colonization of the Bahamas began in 1648 after a Puritan group known as the Eleutheran Adventurers established a colony on the island of Eleuthera . [ citation needed ] England established another sugar colony in 1655 following the successful invasion of Jamaica during the Anglo-Spanish War . [32] Spain acknowledged English possession of Jamaica and the Caiman Islands in the 1670 Treaty of Madrid . [ citation needed ] England captured Tortola from the Dutch in 1670, and subsequently took possession of the nearby islands of Anegada and Virgin Gorda ; these islands would later form the British Virgin Islands . [ citation needed ] During the 17th century, the sugar colonies adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil , which depended on slave labour. [33] Until the abolition of its slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic . [34] Many of the slaves were captured by the Royal African Company in West Africa , though others came from Madagascar . [35] These slaves soon came to form the majority of the population in Caribbean colonies like Barbados and Jamaica, where strict slave codes were established partly to deter slave rebellions . [36]
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Establishment of the Thirteen Colonies [ edit ] Further information: Colonial history of the United States New England Colonies [ edit ] Following the success of the Jamestown and Plymouth Colonies, several more English groups established colonies in the region that became known as New England . In 1629, another group of Puritans led by John Winthrop established the Massachusetts Bay Colony , and by 1635 roughly ten thousand English settlers lived in the region between the Connecticut River and the Kennebec River . [37] After defeating the Pequot in the Pequot War , Puritan settlers established the Connecticut Colony in the region the Pequots had formerly controlled. [38] The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was founded by Roger Williams , a Puritan leader who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony after he advocated for a formal split with the Church of England . [39] As New England was a relatively cold and infertile region, the New England Colonies relied on fishing and long-distance trade to sustain the economy. [40] Southern Colonies [ edit ] In 1632, Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore founded the Province of Maryland to the north of Virginia. [41] Maryland and Virginia became known as the Chesapeake Colonies , and experienced similar immigration and economic activities. [42] Though Baltimore and his descendants intended for the colony to be a refuge for Catholics, it attracted mostly Protestant immigrants, many of whom scorned the Calvert family's policy of religious toleration. [43] In the mid-17th century, the Chesapeake Colonies, inspired by the success of slavery in Barbados, began the mass importation of African slaves . Though many early slaves eventually gained their freedom, after 1662 Virginia adopted policies that passed enslaved status from mother to child and granted slave owners near-total domination of their human property. [44]
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Encouraged by the apparent weakness of Spanish rule in Florida , Barbadian planter John Colleton and seven other supporters of Charles II of England established the Province of Carolina in 1663. [45] Settlers in the Carolina Colony established two main population centers, with many Virginians settling in the north of the province and many English Barbadians settling in the southern port city of Charles Town . [46] In 1729, following the Yamasee War , Carolina was divided into the crown colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina . [47] The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (as well as the Province of Georgia , which was established in 1732) became known as the Southern Colonies . [ citation needed ] Middle Colonies [ edit ] James II established the Colony of New York and the Dominion of New England . He succeeded his brother as King of England in 1685 but was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders had established fur trading posts on the Hudson River , Delaware River , and Connecticut River , ultimately creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland , with a capital at New Amsterdam . [48] In 1657, New Netherland expanded through conquest of New Sweden , a Swedish colony centered in the Delaware Valley . [49] Despite commercial success, New Netherland failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies. [50] In 1664, during a series of wars between the English and Dutch, English soldier Richard Nicolls captured New Netherland. [51] The Dutch briefly re-gained control of parts of New Netherland in the Third Anglo-Dutch War , but surrendered its claim to the territory in the 1674 Treaty of Westminster , ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America. [52] In 1664, the Duke of York , later known as James II of England , was granted control of the English colonies north of the Delaware River. He created the Province of New York out of the former Dutch territory and renamed New Amsterdam as New York City . [53] He also created the provinces of West Jersey and East Jersey out of former Dutch land situated to the west of New York City, giving the territories to John Berkeley and George Carteret . [54] East Jersey and West Jersey would later be unified as the Province of New Jersey in 1702. [55]
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Charles II rewarded William Penn , the son of distinguished Admiral William Penn , with the land situated between Maryland and the Jerseys. Penn named this land the Province of Pennsylvania . [56] Penn was also granted a lease to the Delaware Colony , which gained its own legislature in 1701. [57] A devout Quaker , Penn sought to create a haven of religious toleration in the New World. [57] Pennsylvania attracted Quakers and other settlers from across Europe, and the city of Philadelphia quickly emerged as a thriving port city. [58] With its fertile and cheap land, Pennsylvania became one of the most attractive destinations for immigrants in the late 17th century. [59] New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware became known as the Middle Colonies . [60] Hudson's Bay Company [ edit ] In 1670, Charles II incorporated by royal charter the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the fur trade in the area known as Rupert's Land . Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French. [61] Darien scheme [ edit ] In 1695, the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama . Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada , and afflicted by malaria , the colony was abandoned two years later. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital [62] was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns. [63] This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union , establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain .
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Expansion and Conflict, 1689–1763 [ edit ] Settlement and expansion in North America [ edit ] The Thirteen Colonies and neighboring polities in 1748 After succeeding his brother in 1685, King James II and his lieutenant, Edmund Andros , sought to assert the crown's authority over colonial affairs. [64] James was deposed by the new joint monarchy of William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution , [65] but William and Mary quickly reinstated many of the James's colonial policies, including the mercantilist Navigation Acts and the Board of Trade . [66] The Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and the Province of Maine were incorporated into the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and New York and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were reorganized as royal colonies, with a governor appointed by the king. [67] Maryland, which had experienced a revolution against the Calvert family, also became a royal colony, though the Calverts retained much of their land and revenue in the colony. [68] Even those colonies that retained their charters or proprietors were forced to assent to much greater royal control than had existed before the 1690s. [69] Between immigration, the importation of slaves, and natural population growth, the colonial population in British North America grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the Thirteen Colonies (the British North American colonies which would eventually form the United States) stood at 1.5 million in 1750. [70] More than ninety percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Boston flourished. [71] With the defeat of the Dutch and the imposition of the Navigation Acts, the British colonies in North America became part of global British trading network. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items. [72] Native Americans far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins, and sought to preserve their independence by maintaining a balance of power between the French and English. [73] By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the gross domestic product of the British Empire. [74]
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Prior to 1660, almost all immigrants to the English colonies of North America had migrated freely, though most paid for their passage by becoming indentured servants . [75] Improved economic conditions and an easing of religious persecution in Europe made it increasingly difficult to recruit labor to the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Partly due to this shortage of free labor, the population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750; the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves. [76] In the Southern Colonies, which relied most heavily on slave labor, the slaves supported vast plantation economies lorded over by increasingly wealthy elites. [77] By 1775, slaves made up one-fifth of the population of the Thirteen Colonies but less than ten percent of the population of the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies. [78] Though a smaller proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries, [79] including Catholic settlers from Ireland [80] and Protestant Germans. [81] As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all lay claim to the land in the Ohio River valley, and the colonies engaged in a scramble to expand west. [82]
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Conflicts with the French and Spanish [ edit ] Further information: Second Hundred Years' War and French and Indian Wars After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, North America was dominated by the British and Spanish Empires The Glorious Revolution and the succession of William III, who had long resisted French hegemony as the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic , ensured that England and its colonies would come into conflict with the French empire of Louis XIV after 1689. [83] Under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain , the French had established Quebec City on the St. Lawrence River in 1608, and it became the center of French colony of Canada . [84] France and England engaged in a proxy war via Native American allies during and after the Nine Years' War , while the powerful Iroquois declared their neutrality. [85] War between France and England continued in Queen Anne's War , the North American component of the larger War of the Spanish Succession . In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , which ended the War of Spanish Succession, the British won possession of the French territories of Newfoundland and Acadia , the latter of which was renamed Nova Scotia . [40] In the 1730s, James Oglethorpe proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida, and he was part of a group of trustees that were granted temporary proprietorship over the Province of Georgia . Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated, and Georgia became a crown colony in 1752. [86]
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In 1754, the Ohio Company started to build a fort at the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River . A larger French force initially chased the Virginians away, but was forced to retreat after the Battle of Jumonville Glen . [87] After reports of the battle reached the French and British capitals, the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756; the North American component of this war is known as the French and Indian War . [88] After the Duke of Newcastle returned to power as Prime Minister in 1757, he and his foreign minister, William Pitt , devoted unprecedented financial resources to the transoceanic conflict. [89] The British won a series of victories after 1758, conquering much of New France by the end of 1760. Spain entered the war on France's side in 1762 and promptly lost several American territories to Britain. [90] The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war, and France surrendered almost all of the portion of New France to the east of the Mississippi River to the British. France separately ceded its lands west of the Mississippi River to Spain, and Spain ceded Florida to Britain. [91] With the newly acquired territories, the British created the provinces of East Florida , West Florida , and Quebec , all of which were placed under military governments. [92] In the Caribbean, Britain retained Grenada , St. Vincent , Dominica , and Tobago , but returned control of Martinique , Havana , and other colonial possessions to France or Spain. [93]
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Dissent and revolution, 1763–1783 [ edit ] Further information: American Revolution North America after the Treaty of Paris The British subjects of North America believed that the unwritten British constitution protected their rights and that the governmental system, with the House of Commons the House of Lords , and the monarch sharing power, found an ideal balance among democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. [94] However, the British were saddled with huge debts following the French and Indian War. As much of the British debt had been generated by the defense of the colonies, British leaders felt that the colonies should pay more in taxes, and they began imposing taxes such as the Sugar Act of 1764. [95] Increased British control of the Thirteen Colonies upset the colonists and upended the notion many colonist held that they were equal partners in the British Empire. [96] Meanwhile, seeking to avoid another expensive war with Native Americans, Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , which restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . [97] The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between Patriots opposed to British rule and Loyalists who supported it. [98] In the British colonies bordering the Thirteen Colonies, however, protests were muted, as most colonists accepted the new taxes. These provinces had smaller populations, were more dependent on the British military, and had less of a tradition of self-rule. [99]
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At the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , the Patriots repulsed a British force charged with seizing Patriot arsenals. [100] The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and sought to coordinate armed resistance to Britain, established an impromptu government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. [101] Seeking a final break with Britain, the delegates adopted a Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776. [102] The French entered the war in 1778 following the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga , and were soon joined by the Spain, which sought to regain territories from Britain. [103] By the end of 1781, each of the colonies had ratified a constitution for a new nation, known as the Articles of Confederation ; [104] The first article of the new constitution established a name for the former Thirteen Colonies: the United States of America. [105] A combined Franco-American operation trapped a major force at Yorktown , forcing it surrender in October 1781. [106] The surrender shocked Britons, who lost the public will to continue the war in North America, and the British opened peace negotiations. [107] In the 1783 Treaty of Paris , Britain ceded all of its North American territory south of the Great Lakes , except for the two Florida colonies, which were ceded to Spain. [108] Having defeated a combined Franco-Spanish force at the decisive 1782 Battle of the Saintes , Britain retained control of all its pre-war Caribbean possessions except for Tobago. [109]
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Second British Empire, 1783–1945 [ edit ] The British Empire in 1921 See also: New Imperialism The loss of a large portion of British America is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa. [110] Influenced by the ideas of Adam Smith , Britain also shifted away from mercantile ideals and began to prioritize the expansion of trade rather than territorial possessions. [111] During the nineteenth century, some observers described Britain as having an "unofficial" empire based on the export of goods and financial investments around the world, including the newly-independent republics of Latin America . Though this unofficial empire did not require direct British political control, it often involved the use of gunboat diplomacy and military intervention to protect British investments and ensure the free flow of trade. [112] From 1793 to 1815, Britain was almost constantly at war, first in the French Revolutionary Wars and then in the Napoleonic Wars . [113] During the wars, Britain took control of many French, Spanish, and Dutch Caribbean colonies. [114] Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated during the Napoleonic Wars, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy. After the largely inconclusive War of 1812 , the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent , ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. [115] Following the final defeat of French Emperor Napoleon in 1815, Britain gained ownership of Trinidad , Tobago, British Guiana , and Saint Lucia, as well as other territories outside of the Western Hemisphere. [116] The Treaty of 1818 with the United States set a large portion of the Canada–United States border at the 49th parallel and also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon Country . [117] In the 1846 Oregon Treaty , the United States and Britain agreed to split Oregon Country along the 49th parallel north with the exception of Vancouver Island , which was assigned in its entirety to Britain. [ citation needed ]
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After warring throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in both Europe and the Americas, the British and French reached a lasting peace after 1815. Britain would fight only one war (the Crimean War ) against a European power during the remainder of the nineteenth century, and that war did not lead to territorial changes in the Americas. [118] However, the British Empire continued to engage in wars such as the First Opium War against China; it also put down rebellions such as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Canadian Rebellions of 1837–1838 , and the Jamaican Morant Bay rebellion of 1865. [119] A strong abolition movement had emerged in the United Kingdom in the late-eighteenth century, and Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807. [120] In the mid-nineteenth century, the economies of the British Caribbean colonies would suffer as a result of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, and the 1846 Sugar Duties Act , which ended preferential tariffs for sugar imports from the Caribbean. [121] To replace the labor of former slaves, British plantations on Trinidad and other parts of the Caribbean began to hire indentured servants from India and China. [122] Establishing the Dominion of Canada [ edit ] Despite its defeat in the American Revolutionary War and shift towards a new form of imperialism during the nineteenth century, [110] [111] the British Empire retained numerous colonies in the Americas after 1783. During and after the American Revolutionary War, between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists migrated from the United States to Canada. [123] The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia , felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. [124] The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking ) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution. [125]
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In response to the Rebellions of 1837–1838, [125] Britain passed the Act of Union in 1840, which united Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada . Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament , Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were formed into the confederation of Canada . [126] Rupert's Land (which was divided into Manitoba and the Northwest Territories ), British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined Canada by the end of 1873, but Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949. [ citation needed ] Like other British dominions such as Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa , Canada enjoyed autonomy over its domestic affairs but recognized the British monarch as head of state and cooperated closely with Britain on defense issues. [127] After the passage of the 1931 Statute of Westminster , [128] Canada and other dominions were fully independent of British legislative control; they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. [129] British Honduras and Falkland Islands [ edit ] In the early 17th century, English sailors had begun cutting logwood in parts of coastal Central America over which the Spanish exercised little control. By the early 18th century, a small British settlement had been established on the Belize River , though the Spanish refused to recognize British control over the region and frequently evicted British settlers. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris and the 1786 Convention of London , Spain gave Britain the right to cut logwood and mahogany in the area between the Hondo River and the Belize River, but Spain retained sovereignty over this area. Following the 1850 Clayton–Bulwer Treaty with the United States, Britain agreed to evacuate its settlers from the Bay Islands and the Mosquito Coast , but it retained control of the settlement on the Belize River. In 1862, Britain established the crown colony of the British Honduras at this location. [130]
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The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774. [131] The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad , which ended with the British return in 1833. The British governed the uninhabited South Georgia Island , which had been claimed by Captain James Cook in 1775, as a dependency of the Falkland Islands. [132] Decolonization and overseas territories, 1945-present [ edit ] Successful independence movements [ edit ] See also: Decolonization of the Americas The Commonwealth of Nations consists of former territories of the British Empire in the Americas and elsewhere With the onset of the Cold War in the late 1940s, the British government began to assemble plans for the independence of the empire's colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. British authorities initially planned for a three-decades-long process in which each colony would develop a self-governing and democratic parliament, but unrest and fears of Communist infiltration in the colonies encouraged the British to speed up the move towards self-governance. [133] Compared to other European empires, which experienced wars of independence such as the Algerian War and the Portuguese Colonial War , the British post-war process of decolonization in the Caribbean and elsewhere was relatively peaceful. [134]
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In an attempt to unite its Caribbean colonies, Britain established the West Indies Federation in 1958. The federation collapsed following the loss of its two largest members, Jamaica and Trinidad, each of which attained independence in 1962; Trinidad formed a union with Tobago to become the country of Trinidad and Tobago . [135] The eastern Caribbean islands, as well as the Bahamas, gained independence in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. [135] Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras , became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved. [136] Remaining territories [ edit ] Though many of the Caribbean territories of the British Empire gained independence, Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. [137] The British Virgin Islands , Bermuda, the Cayman Islands , Montserrat , and the Falkland Islands also remain under the jurisdiction of Britain. [138] In 1982, Britain defeated Argentina after in the Falklands War , an undeclared war in which Argentina attempted to seize control of the Falkland Islands. [139] In 1983, the British Nationality Act 1981 renamed the existing Crown Colonies as "British Dependent Territories", [1] and in 2002 they were renamed the British Overseas Territories . [142] The eleven inhabited territories are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. [143] Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. [144] Sixteen Commonwealth realms , including Canada and several countries in the Caribbean, voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. [145]
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List of colonies [ edit ] See also: List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom and Territorial evolution of the British Empire Former North American colonies [ edit ] Canadian territories [ edit ] See also: Former colonies and territories in Canada These colonies and territories became part of Canada between 1867 and 1873 unless otherwise noted: British Columbia Province of Canada (formed from the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada in 1841) Nova Scotia New Brunswick Dominion of Newfoundland (became part of Canada in 1949) Prince Edward Island Rupert's Land (became part of Canada as Manitoba and the Northwest Territories ) Thirteen Colonies [ edit ] The Thirteen Colonies , which became the original states of the United States following the 1781 ratification of the Articles of Confederation : Province of Massachusetts Bay Province of New Hampshire Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Connecticut Colony Province of New York Province of New Jersey Province of Pennsylvania Delaware Colony Province of Maryland Colony of Virginia Province of North Carolina Province of South Carolina Province of Georgia Other North American colonies [ edit ] These colonies were acquired in 1763 and ceded to Spain in 1783: Province of East Florida (from Spain, retroceded to Spain) Province of West Florida (from France as part of eastern French Louisiana, ceded to Spain)
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Former colonies in the Caribbean and South America [ edit ] These present-day countries formed part of the British West Indies prior to gaining independence during the 20th century: Antigua and Barbuda (gained independence in 1981) The Bahamas (gained independence in 1973) Barbados (gained independence in 1966) Belize (gained independence in 1981; formerly known as British Honduras ) Dominica (gained independence in 1978) Grenada (gained independence in 1974) Guyana (gained independence in 1966; formerly known as British Guiana ) Jamaica (gained independence in 1962) Saint Kitts and Nevis (gained independence in 1983) Saint Lucia (gained independence in 1979) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (gained independence in 1979) Trinidad and Tobago (gained independence in 1962) Current territories [ edit ] These British Overseas Territories in the Americas remain under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom: Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands See also [ edit ] British Empire portal United States portal North America portal Atlantic history Atlantic World Demographics of the British Empire Historiography of the British Empire History of Belize History of Guyana History of the Falkland Islands History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Imperialism Indigenous peoples of the Americas Early modern Britain Notes [ edit ] ^ In 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . After the secession of the Irish Free State in 1922, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
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References [ edit ] ^ Taylor (2002), pp. 117-137 ^ Horn (2011), pp. 241-243 ^ Taylor (2002), pp. 3-21 ^ Taylor (2002), pp. 23-115 ^ Horn (2011), pp. 241-243 ^ Taylor (2002), pp. 117-136 ^ Bailyn (2012), pp. 35-115 ^ Taylor (2002), pp. 158-185, 222-273 ^ Bailyn (2012), pp. 117-190, 497-529 ^ Anderson (2000), pp. 518-528 ^ Anderson (2005), pp. 228-230 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 69-70 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 83-85 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 121-123 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 129-130 ^ James (1997), pp. 16–17 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 98-100 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 100-102 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 103-107 ^ James (1997), p. 5 ^ Richter (2011), p. 112 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 113-115 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 116-117 ^ "Bermuda - History and Heritage" . Smithsonian.com . Retrieved 6 September 2019 . ^ Richter (2011), pp. 152-153 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 178-179 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 153-157 ^ James (1997), pp. 7–8 ^ a b c James (1997), p. 17 ^ Canny (1998), p. 71 ^ Canny (1998), p. 221 ^ James (1997), pp. 30–31 ^ Lloyd (1996), pp. 22–23. ^ Ferguson (2004), p. 62 ^ James (1997), p. 24 ^ James (1997), pp. 42–43 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 157-159 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 161-167 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 196-197 ^ a b Taylor (2016), p. 19 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 262-263
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^ Richter (2011), pp. 203-204 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 303-304 ^ Richter (2011), p. 272 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 236-238 ^ Richter (2011), p. 319 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 323-324 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 138-140 ^ Richter (2011), p. 262 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 215-217 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 248-249 ^ Richter (2011), p. 261 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 247-249 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 249-251 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 252-253 ^ Richter (2011), p. 373 ^ a b Richter (2011), p. 251 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 357 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 358 ^ McCusker, John J.; Menard, Russell R. (1991). The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 . University of North Carolina Press. doi : 10.5149/9781469600000_mccusker.16 (inactive 3 December 2019). JSTOR 10.5149/9781469600000_mccusker . ^ Bucker (2008), p. 25 ^ Magnusson (2003),p . 531 ^ Macaulay (1848), p. 509 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 290-294 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 300-301 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 310-311, 328 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 314-315 ^ Richter (2011), p. 315 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 315-316 ^ Taylor (2016), p. 20 ^ Taylor (2016), p. 23 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 329-330 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 332-336 ^ Taylor (2016), p. 25 ^ James (1997), pp. 10–11 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 346-347 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 346–347, 351-352 ^ Taylor (2016), p. 21 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 18-19 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 360
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^ Richter (2011), pp. 362 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 373-374 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 296-298 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 130-135 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 317-318 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 358-359 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 385-387 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 388-389 ^ Taylor (2016), p. 45 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 396-398 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 406-407 ^ Richter (2011), pp. 407-409 ^ James (1997), p. 76 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 31-35 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 51-53, 94–96 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 51-52 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 60-61 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 137-138 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 102-103 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 132-133 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 139-141 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 160-161 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 187-191 ^ Ferling (2003), pp. 177-179, 230-232 ^ Chandler, p. 434 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 293-295 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 295-297 ^ Taylor (2016), pp. 306-308 ^ James (1997), pp. 80–82 ^ a b Canny (1998), p. 92 ^ a b James (1997), pp. 119–121, 165 ^ James (1997), pp. 173–174, 177 ^ James (1997), p. 151 ^ James (1997), p. 154 ^ Latimer (2007), pp. 8, 30–34, 389–92. ^ James (1997), p. 165 ^ "James Monroe: Foreign Affairs" . Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ James (1997), pp. 179–182 ^ James (1997), pp. 190, 193
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^ James (1997), pp. 185–186 ^ James (1997), pp. 171–172 ^ James (1997), p. 188 ^ Zolberg (2006), p. 496 ^ Kelley & Trebilcock (2010), p. 43 ^ a b Smith (1998), p. 28 ^ Porter (1998), p. 187 ^ James (1997), pp. 311–312, 341 ^ Rhodes, Wanna & Weller (2009), pp. 5–15 ^ Turpin & Tomkins, p. 48 ^ Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In A Country Study: Belize (Tim Merrill, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 1992). ^ Gibran, Daniel (1998). The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-7864-0406-3 . ^ R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia , Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-25274-1 ^ James (1997), p. 538–539 ^ James (1997), pp. 588–589 ^ a b Knight & Palmer (1989), pp. 14–15. ^ Lloyd (1996), pp. 401, 427–29. ^ Clegg (2005), p. 128. ^ James (1997), p. 622 ^ James (1997), pp. 624–626 ^ "British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6" . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 18 March 2019 . ^ "The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982" . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 18 March 2019 . ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , pp. 145–47
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^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp. 146,153 ^ The Commonwealth – About Us Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ; Online September 2014 ^ "Head of the Commonwealth" . Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Works cited [ edit ] Anderson, Fred (2000). The Crucible of War . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0375406423 . Anderson, Fred (2005). The War That Made America . New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0670034543 . Bailyn, Bernard (2012). The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America--The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600-1675 . Knopf. Buckner, Phillip (2008). Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Canny, Nicholas (1998). The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century . Oxford University Press. Chandler, Ralph Clark (Winter 1990). "Public Administration Under the Articles of Confederation". Public Administration Quarterly . 13 (4): 433–450. JSTOR 40862257 . Clegg, Peter (2005). "The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories". In de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (eds.). Extended Statehood in the Caribbean . Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 978-90-5170-686-4 . Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02329-5 . Ferling, John (2003). A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press.
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Horn, James (2011). A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke . Philadelphia: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465024902 . Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael (2010). The Making of the Mosaic (2nd ed.) . University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7 . Knight, Franklin W.; Palmer, Colin A. (1989). The Modern Caribbean . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1825-1 . Latimer, Jon (2007). War with America . Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02584-4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . James, Lawrence (1997). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 9780312169855 . Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1996). The British Empire 1558–1995 . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873134-4 . Macaulay, Thomas (1848). The History of England from the Accession of James the Second . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-043133-9 . Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of a Nation . Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3932-0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Middlekauf, Robert (2005). The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763-1789 . Oxford University Press. Porter, Andrew (1998). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924678-6 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Rhodes, R.A.W.; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick (2009). Comparing Westminster . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956349-4 . Richter, Daniel (2011). Before the Revolution : America's ancient pasts . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
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Smith, Simon (1998). British Imperialism 1750–1970 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-580640-5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Taylor, Alan (2002). American Colonies: The Settling of North America . New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0142002100 . Taylor, Alan (2016). American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804 . W. W. Norton & Company. Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (2007). British government and the constitution (6th ed.) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69029-4 . Zolberg, Aristide R (2006). A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America . Russell Sage. ISBN 978-0-674-02218-8 . Further reading [ edit ] See also: Bibliography of Canadian history Berlin, Ira (1998). Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America . Belknap Press. Black, Conrad. Rise to Greatness: The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present (2014), 1120pp excerpt Breen, T.H.; Hall, Timothy (2016). Colonial America in an Atlantic World (2nd ed.). Pearson. Burk, Kathleen (2008). Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning . Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-971-9 . Carr, J. Revell (2008). Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650-1750 . Walker Books. Conrad, Margaret, Alvin Finkel and Donald Fyson. Canada: A History (Toronto: Pearson, 2012) Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. (3 vol. 1993) Dalziel, Nigel (2006). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101844-7 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
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Elliott, John (2006). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 . Yale University Press. Games, Alison (2008). The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560-1660 . Oxford University Press. Gaskill, Malcolm (2014). Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans . Basic Books. Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Horn, James (2005). A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America . Basic Books. Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), The Cambridge History of the British Empire , 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp online edition Volume I Hyam, Ronald (2002). Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7134-3089-9 . Lepore, Jill (1999). The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity . Vintage. Louis, William Roger (general editor), The Oxford History of the British Empire vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Knopf. Marshall, P.J. (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (1996). excerpt and text search
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Mawby, Spencer. Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947-69 (Springer, 2012). McNaught, Kenneth. The Penguin History of Canada (Penguin books, 1988) Meinig, Donald William (1986). The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492-1800 . Yale University Press. Middleton, Richard; Lombard, Anne (2011). Colonial America: A History to 1763 (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Brendon, Piers (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997 . Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-06222-0 . Shorto, Russell (2004). The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America . Doubleday. Smith, Simon (1998). British Imperialism 1750–1970 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-580640-5 . Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141 Springhall, John (2001). Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires . Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-74600-4 . Weidensaul, Scott (2012). The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Historiography [ edit ] Canny, Nicholas. "Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 1093-1114. in JSTOR Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas," William and Mary Quarterly , (2010) 67#3 pp 395–432 in JSTOR External links [ edit ] Media related to British colonization of the Americas at Wikimedia Commons
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v t e Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named territories Vinland Sites: L'Anse aux Meadows French Claims New France Acadia Isle St-Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois-Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia (1621) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country Danish Claims Nova Dania English and British Claims Newfoundland (1583) British Arctic Territories New Albion (?) New Britain New Yorkshire Rupert's Land Nova Scotia (1710) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia (1858–66) British Columbia (1866–71) Stickeen North-Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper's Cove Avalon (1620) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada Category Canada portal v t e History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
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Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo-Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three-age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1312 Cached time: 20191220232453 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.044 seconds Real time usage: 1.299 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5661/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 168144/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7712/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/40 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 149655/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 3/400 Lua time usage: 0.455/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10.18 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1026.775 1 -total 26.66% 273.754 2 Template:Reflist 26.08% 267.810 46 Template:Cite_book 9.53% 97.859 5 Template:Cite_web 6.78% 69.578 6 Template:Citation_needed 6.77% 69.465 1 Template:More_citations_needed_section 6.44% 66.127 1 Template:More_citations_needed 5.96% 61.215 1 Template:Ambox 5.70% 58.480 6 Template:Fix 4.86% 49.868 1 Template:Canadian_colonies Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52507-0!canonical and timestamp 20191220232452 and revision id 931749619
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