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"You Belong With Me" became Swift's first song to reach Radio Songs summit with 117 million all-format audience impressions. [33] It also became the first country crossover single to rule Radio Songs since Billboard began incorporating Nielsen BDS-monitored data in 1990. [33] It stayed at number one for two consecutive weeks. [34] On Hot Country Songs , the single debuted at number 32. [35] On the week-ending June 13, 2009, it jumped from number 13 to 10 in the chart, scoring Swift's eighth consecutive top 10 hit. [36] "You Belong With Me" became Swift's fourth number-one song on Hot Country Songs after it reached the summit on the week-ending August 22, 2009. [37] It stayed on the top for two weeks and fell at number six afterwards. [38] The single charted in Hot Country Songs for a total of 20 weeks. On Pop Songs , it debuted at number 40. [39] It jumped at number 26 of the following week and on its fifth week, on the week-ending July 25, 2009, it entered the top 10 at number 10. [39] [40] It reached its peak at number two of the week-ending September 5, 2009 and held from the top spot by Black Eyed Peas ' I Gotta Feeling for five weeks. [41] It also reach the top spot on Adult Contemporary for 14 weeks while reaching number two in Adult Pop Songs . [42] [43]
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In Canada , "You Belong with Me" entered at number 84. It jumped at the top 10 at number nine and peaked at number three for three non-consecutive weeks. [43] It charted in Canada for 45 weeks. [44] It also reached number one on Canadian Country Radio after only 11 weeks at radio. [45] It was also certified double platinum by Music Canada for sales of 160,000 digital downloads. [46] Europe and Oceania [ edit ] "You Belong with Me" debuted at number 99 on the week ending July 18, 2009 on the UK Singles Chart . [47] It reached its peak in the United Kingdom at number 30 on the week ending September 26, 2009. [47] In Ireland , it peaked at number 12 and spent a total of six weeks on the chart. [48] In mainland Europe, "You Belong with Me" peaked at number 61 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Chart, [43] number 11 in Belgium (Flanders), [49] and number 32 in Denmark . [50] "You Belong with Me" experienced similar commercial outcomes throughout the rest of Europe; it became a top forty hit in Belgium (Wallonia) and a top 50 hit in Sweden . "You Belong with Me" was a success in Australia and New Zealand. On the week ending May 24, 2009, the song entered in Australia at number 50. [51] On the week ending July 5, 2009, the song reached its peak at number five, a position it maintained on for three non-consecutive weeks. [51] "You Belong with Me" was placed at number 88 on the decade-end Austrian Singles Chart. [52] It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 140,000 copies. [53] On the week ending May 25, 2009, "You Belong with Me" debuted at number 28 in New Zealand and, after two weeks of ascended positions, it peaked at number five. [54] The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for shipments exceeding 15,000 copies. [55]
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Music video [ edit ] Swift portrays the antagonist , a popular, brunette cheerleader , in the music video for "You Belong with Me" "You Belong with Me"'s accompanying music video was directed by Roman White . In the video, Swift portrays both the protagonist and antagonist , which she respectively described as "the nerd, who is pining away for this guy that she can't have" and "the popular girl." [5] Swift described the popular girl's persona as "horrible and scary and intimidating and perfect". [56] Her love interest is portrayed by American actor Lucas Till ; Swift met Till while acting on the set of Hannah Montana: The Movie in April 2008. She later asked him to act in the video, as she was intrigued by his "cool look", embodying a "dreamy guy". [56] In regards to his acting on the video, Swift said, "He's absolutely perfect for the part and really fun to be around, too." [5] According to her, the video's plot is "charming"; she also said that, "the whole video, I'm just sitting there pining away, wishing I could be in her position." [56] In regards to the video's conclusion, White explained that Swift "becomes who she really is", while Swift thought it was a happy ending. [56] Swift commented, "One of my favorite things about this video is that there wasn't a standard performance scene. This video was pretty much all story line and I'm narrating it in the moment, basically narrating while all this is happening around me." [56]
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The video was shot in two days in Gallatin and Hendersonville, Tennessee . [5] On the first day of filming, Swift used a body double in order for both Swift, as the protagonist and antagonist, to appear in one shot. [56] In a scene where she appeared dancing, White replaced Swift's routine with a one having no rhythm; she recalled, "It was some of the most fun I'd had in a long time, just freaking out and doing the dumbest moves." [56] On the second day, they first filmed a prom scene and, lastly, the football game, both being filmed at Pope John Paul II High School . The school supplied many students as extras, including football players, band members, cheerleaders and students. The final prom scene used the school's decorations for its real prom the next night. When filming for a touchdown, Till was unable to catch the ball, furthering the length of the shoot. [56] "You put a lot of good solid effort in it and it looks good", Swift stated about filming. [56] The video commences with Till arguing with his girlfriend through a phone call. As soon as Swift, as the protagonist, notices, they begin to communicate by holding up signs through their adjoining bedroom windows. Till closes his curtains, and Swift holds up a sign saying, "I love you". As the song's chorus approaches, Swift starts to sing and dance in front of a mirror, changing to different clothing multiple times reflecting various high school cliques including a goth, a hippie, and a skater. Afterward, Swift is sitting in a bench while reading a book. Till arrives and the two talk. Then, Swift, as the antagonist, arrives in a red convertible car and Till gets in it; Swift, the antagonist, kisses him and gives a hostile look towards the protagonist. Suddenly, the antagonist Swift is seen cheerleading at a football game while Swift's other persona is in the bleachers, performing in the school band. After scoring the winning touchdown, Till moves toward his girlfriend and finds her flirting with a teammate, resulting in a heated argument which results in their breakup. Meanwhile, Swift the protagonist stares in amazement. Back looking at each other through their bedroom windows, Till and Swift again communicate through signs. Till asks Swift the protagonist if she was attending prom and she responds, "no, studying". Swift, however, notices Till has a dejected expression as he leaves, and she changes her mind. Shortly after, Swift is seen entering prom with a white dress, no longer looking like a nerd, while all her peers stare in amazement. When Till spots her, he walks towards her and Swift the antagonist, in a red dress, attempts to stop him, but he ignores her. Ending the video, Till and Swift reveal folded signs saying "I love you" and kiss. As of October 2019, the video has over 1 billion views on YouTube , making it the first country music video on the site that reached that milestone.
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Video reception [ edit ] See also: Kanye West controversy and debated incidents Swift with her MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. The video premiered on May 2, 2009, on CMT . [57] Chris Ryan of MTV commented, "'You Belong With Me' was a teen rom-com wrapped up in a music video, wherein Taylor plays two roles. [58] See Dooley of About.com believed Swift worked "doubly hard", playing two roles. [59] A Times Editor review from The St. Petersburg Times compared the large glasses Swift wore to those of Clark Kent . [19] Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph felt the video suited the song, "in that they’re equally sappy and dull". [60] At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video . During Swift's acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West interrupted her, grabbing her microphone and stating, "Yo Taylor, I'm really happy for you and I'ma let you finish, but Beyoncé [Knowles] had one of the best videos of all time", regarding Knowles' video for " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) ". [61] According to Jayson Rodríguez of MTV News , Knowles "looked on from the crowd, stunned". [61] Later in the evening, during her acceptance speech for winning the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year , Knowles told about her first experience winning her first Video Music Award with Destiny's Child and how much it meant to her. She then called Swift from backstage to complete her acceptance speech. [62] Numerous critics, celebrities, and fans criticized West's actions, including the President of the United States, Barack Obama , who called West a "jackass". [63] At first, West made no effort in contacting Swift, but he later issued an apology, which Swift accepted. [64] The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards. [24] At the 2010 CMT Music Awards , the video received nominations for "Video of the Year" and "Female Video of the Year", but lost to Carrie Underwood 's " Cowboy Casanova " and Miranda Lambert 's " White Liar ", respectively. [65] At the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards , the video was nominated for the MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video and the MuchMusic Video Award for People's Choice: Favourite International Video , but lost to Miley Cyrus ' video for " Party in the U.S.A. " and Adam Lambert 's video for " Whataya Want From Me ", respectively. [66]
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Accolades [ edit ] Year Organization Award Result Ref. 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Best Female Video Won [67] SESAC Nashville Music Awards Country Performance Activity Awards Won [68] 2010 BMI Pop Awards Award-Winning Songs Won [69] Publisher of the Year Won Academy of Country Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated [70] Song of the Year Nominated BMI County Awards Publisher of the Year Won [71] Song of the Year Won CMT Music Awards Female Video of the Year Nominated [72] Video of the Year Nominated Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated [73] Song of the Year Nominated Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated Much Music Video Awards International Video of the Year Nominated [74] Your Fave International Video Nominated Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favourite Song Won [75] 2011 BMI Pop Awards Award-Winning Songs Won [76] Publisher of the Year Won Live performances [ edit ] Swift performing "You Belong with Me" during the Fearless Tour in 2010. Swift's first televised performance of "You Belong with Me" was at a free outdoor concert on May 29, 2009, broadcast by The Today Show . [77] Following promotion for the song, she performed it on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , [78] Studio 330 Sessions, [79] at the 2009 CMA Music Festival , [80] at the 2009 CMT Music Awards , [81] and at the 2009 V Festival , [82] in the summer of 2009. Swift performed "You Belong with Me" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13, 2009, the same day in which Kanye West interrupted her acceptance speech. She began the performance in a subway station , dressed in a brown trench coat and black beanie, and continued it in a subway, taking off the trench coat and revealing a red cocktail dress. Once the subway docked at a stop, Swift completed the performance atop a yellow taxi cab. [83] Swift later performed the song on The View and Saturday Night Live . [84] [85] In the fall of 2009 and winter of 2009 through 2010, Swift commenced promotion for "You Belong with Me" countries outside of the United States; she performed the song on the United Kingdom channel GMTV , [86] the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief , [87] and the Japanese talk show The Sukkiri Morning Show . [88]
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Swift performed a medley, which included "You Belong with Me" at the 52nd Grammy Awards . Wearing casual white blouse and black skinny jeans, Swift performed " Today Was a Fairytale " and then announced, "Its a fairly tale and an honor to share the stage with Stevie Nicks ". Following, the two performed a cover of Fleetwood Mac 's " Rhiannon " (1976). Swift then grabbed her acoustic guitar for the third and final part in her medley, jumping into a twangy version of "You Belong with Me". Nicks stood back, tapping her tambourine and nodding, every so often stepping up to the microphone to sing with Swift. [89] Eric Ditzian of MTV News was disappointed at Swift's and Nicks' harmonies, but said the two "made for a compelling twosome". [89] The performance followed much backlash in regards to Swift's off key singing, [90] which caused Scott Borchetta , CEO of Big Machine Records, to issue a statement defending the performance. [91] "You Belong with Me" is performed as the opening number on all 2009 and 2010 dates of Swift's first headlining tour, the Fearless Tour . [13] Before Swift or the dancers entered the stage, a video played on the overhead screens; it showed various celebrities, including Miley Cyrus , Demi Lovato , Faith Hill , Lucas Till and Swift herself, sharing their definitions of the word "fearless". [92] Following the video's completion, the band and backup dancers appeared, dressed in yellow cheerleading uniforms. Swift, dressed in a white marching band uniform, then emerges from the bottom of the stage and commences singing. Swift roams around the stage singing and backup dancers perform cheerleading routines while projections of cheerleaders are shown on the stage. [92] Midway through the performance, the backup dancers removed Swift's marching band uniform to reveal a sparkly cocktail dress; she is then handed a rhinestoned acoustic guitar and finishes the performance. [92] Craig Rosen of The Hollywood Reporter believed Swift's performance of "You Belong with Me", coupled with the performance of " Should've Said No ", at the May 22, 2009, concert in Los Angeles at the Staples Center made the show a success. [13] The song was also performed on the Speak Now World Tour and The Red Tour . [93] [94] [95] , but was not featured on the regular set list for The 1989 World Tour , making it the tour set list to do so. However, in several venues, she performed the song, acoustically, in place of "You Are in Love". In 2018, "You Belong With Me" returned to the regular set list during the Reputation Stadium Tour as part of a medley with " Style " and " Love Story ".
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Cover versions and media usage [ edit ] In November 2009, American rock singer Butch Walker covered "You Belong with Me" for a digital single release. [96] James Christopher Monger of Allmusic said the cover was infused "with the same karaoke glee that fueled previous installments". [97] Bill Lamb of About.com described the composition as a "folksy almost honky-tonk sound" and "a bit more country than Taylor Swift's original". [98] According to Mikael Wood of Billboard , the cover's instrumentation is fueled by banjo; he claimed it was an "online success". [99] Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine described the cover's arrangement as "fantastic" and, to him, it "emphasized the terrific melody and structure that are the song's real selling points". [100] After hearing Walker's cover, Swift posted via her official Twitter account, "I'm losing my MIND listening to it! Blown away." [98] Band Hero for consoles features "You Belong with Me" as one of sixty-five songs from "mainstream acts". [101] [102] A parody entitled "TMZ" was included on "Weird Al" Yankovic 's studio album Alpocalypse (2011). [103] A music video for the parody, directed by Bill Plympton , was filmed in October 2010, and was included on the album's DVD. [104] The music video was released on "Weird Al"'s Vevo on June 24, 2011. [105] Track listings [ edit ] US digital download
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"You Belong with Me" (Album Version) – 3:52 2-Track CD single "You Belong with Me" (Album Version) – 3:52 " Love Story " (Stripped) – 3:54 AUS / EU Promo single "You Belong with Me" (Radio Mix) – 3:54 2-Track CD single 2 "You Belong with Me" (Album Version) – 3:52 "You Belong with Me" (Radio Mix) – 3:54 US digital Pop Mix "You Belong with Me" (Pop Mix) – 3:47 Charts [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2009-10) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) [106] 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders) [107] 11 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia) [108] 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [109] 3 Canada AC ( Billboard ) [110] 2 Canada CHR/Top 40 ( Billboard ) [111] 1 Canada Country ( Billboard ) [112] 1 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) [113] 1 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) [114] 32 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) [115] 68 Eurochart Hot 100 Singles [43] 61 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) [116] 31 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) [43] 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) [117] 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) [118] 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) [119] 17 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) [120] 47 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [121] 30 US Billboard Hot 100 [122] 2 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) [123]
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1 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) [124] 2 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) [125] 1 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) [126] 2 Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2009) Position Australia ( ARIA ) [127] 17 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [128] 14 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) [129] 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) [130] 177 US Billboard Hot 100 [131] 11 US Adult Contemporary [132] 14 US Country Songs [133] 13 US Adult Pop Songs [134] 15 US Pop Songs [135] 5 Chart (2010) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) [136] 83 US Billboard Hot 100 [137] 57 US Adult Contemporary [138] 8 Decade-end charts [ edit ] Decade-end chart (2000s) Position Australian Singles Chart [52] 88 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /sales Australia ( ARIA ) [139] 4× Platinum 280,000 ^ Canada ( Music Canada ) [140] 2× Platinum 160,000 * Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) [141] Gold 45,000 ^ Japan ( RIAJ ) [142] Gold 100,000 ^ New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [143] Platinum 15,000 * United Kingdom ( BPI ) [144] Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) [145] 7× Platinum 4,900,000 [32] * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
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Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads. [146] See also [ edit ] List of best-selling singles in the United States List of best-selling singles List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2009 (U.S.) and 2010 (U.S.) List of number-one country singles of 2009 (U.S.) List of Hot Country Songs number ones of 2009 References [ edit ] ^ "data" . archive.is . Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. ^ a b Kiefer, Kate (June 4, 2009). "Six Great Taylor Swift Songs" . Paste . Paste Media Group LLC . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Nielsen Ratings, Music News and more!" . ^ a b c d e f Swift, Taylor . "Cut By But" . Bigmachinerecords.com . Big Machine Records . Archived from the original on July 25, 2010 . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ a b c d Vena, Jocelyn (May 5, 2009). "Taylor Swift Hooks Up With Lucas Till In 'You Belong With Me' Video" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 22, 2010 . ^ "Countdown to Fearless" . iTunes Store . Apple, Inc . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ a b c Webb, Jeniffer (April 20, 2009). "What are the latest country music singles to hit radio?" . The New York Times . About.com . Retrieved March 13, 2010 .
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^ "Fearless > Overview" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 18, 2010 . ^ "Review: Taylor Swift - Fearless - Sputnikmusic" . www.sputnikmusic.com . ^ a b c Greenblatt, Leah (November 5, 2008). "Fearless (2008)" . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner, Inc . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ "Digital sheet music – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . Retrieved April 16, 2010 . ^ a b Richards, Chris (November 11, 2008). "Taylor Swift, 'Fearless' and Full of Charm" . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ a b c Rosen, Craig (May 26, 2009). "Taylor Swift at Staples Center – Concert Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Global Media . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ a b c d Davies, Lucy (March 9, 2009). "Fearless is now triple platinum. But will it fare similarly in the UK?" . BBC Online . BBC . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ Dooley, Sean. "The Blossoming of Taylor Swift – The Artist" . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ Davis, Johnny (February 15, 2009). "Pop review: Taylor Swift, Fearless" . The Observer . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ Sal Cinquemani, Eric Henderson and Jonathan Keefe (January 21, 2010). "2010 Grammy Awards: Winner Predictions" . Slant Magazine . Retrieved June 2, 2010 .
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^ Rosen, Jody (November 13, 2008). "Taylor Swift – Fearless" . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved March 21, 2010 . ^ a b Times Editor (July 27, 2009). "Taylor Swift: New song "You Belong With Me " " . The St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . Archived from the original on March 23, 2010 . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . CS1 maint: extra text: authors list ( link ) ^ Love, Josh (November 19, 2008). "Taylor Swift's Teenage Country-Star Tales, Spiked With Actual Wisdom" . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ Sheffield, Rob (November 11, 2008). "Fearless" . Blender . Alpha Media Group. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010 . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ "First GRAMMY Performers Announced" . Grammy.com . Grammy Awards . December 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010 . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . ^ Vena, Jocelyn (March 27, 2010). "Miley Cyrus, Taylor Lautner Win Big At Kids' Choice Awards" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ a b "45th Academy of Country Music Awards Nominees" . Academy of Country Music . Country Music Association . Archived from the original on March 23, 2010 . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me – Music Charts" . aCharts.us . Retrieved March 13, 2010 .
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^ Cohen, Jonathan (November 13, 2008). "T.I. Leads Hot 100; Kanye, Taylor Debut High" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "US Singles Top 100 – May 16, 2009" . aCharts.us. May 16, 2009 . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ a b Ben-Yehuda, Ayala (August 6, 2009). "T.I., Jay Sean Post High Debuts On Billboard Hot 100" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ Ben-Yehuda, Ayala (August 13, 2009). "Black Eyed Peas, Jason Mraz Tie Records On Billboard Hot 100" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (November 12, 2009). "Rihanna's 'Roulette' Lands In Hot 100's Top 10" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved January 3, 2010 . ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum" . RIAA.com . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 2, 2010 . ^ a b Trust, Gary (July 14, 2019). "Ask Billboard: Taylor Swift's Career Sales & Streaming Totals, From 'Tim McGraw' to 'You Need to Calm Down ' " . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 15, 2019 . Retrieved July 14, 2019 . ^ a b Trust, Gary (September 24, 2009). "Taylor Swift Climbs Hot 100, Black Eyed Peas Still No. 1" . News/Articles . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 24, 2009 .
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^ Billboard.com (October 10, 2009). " Billboard Radio Songs: week-ending October 10, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (May 9, 2009). " Billboard Hot Country Songs: week-ending May 9, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved May 9, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (June 13, 2009). " Billboard Hot Country Songs: week-ending June 13, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved June 13, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (August 22, 2009). " Billboard Hot Country Songs: week-ending August 22, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 22, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (September 5, 2009). " Billboard Hot Country Songs: week-ending September 5, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 5, 2009 . ^ a b Billboard.com (July 4, 2009). " Billboard Pop Songs: week-ending July 4, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved July 4, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (July 25, 2009). " Billboard Pop Songs: week-ending July 25, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved July 25, 2009 . ^ Billboard.com (October 3, 2009). " Billboard Pop Songs: week-ending October 3, 2009" . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 3, 2009 . ^ "Taylor Swift > Charts & Awards > Singles" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ a b c d e "You Belong with Me – Taylor Swift" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me" . acharts.com . Retrieved September 26, 2009 .
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^ "Taylor Swift Goes #1 on Canadian Country Radio" . openroadrecordings.com . Retrieved September 26, 2009 . ^ "Gold and Platinum" . Musiccanada.com . Music Canada . Retrieved July 11, 2011 . ^ a b "The Official Charts Company - Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me" . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Discography Taylor Swift" . Irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me (Song)" . Ultratop.be (in Dutch). Ultratop . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me (Song)" . Danishcharts.com . Tracklisten . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ a b "Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me (Song)" . Australian-charts.com . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ a b McCabe, Kathy (January 7, 2010). "Delta Goodrem's talents top the charts" . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 Singles" . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me (Song)" . Charts.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "New Zealand Gold/Platinum Singles" . Radioscope . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008 . Retrieved March 12, 2010 .
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^ a b c d e f g h i "On the Set Behind the Scenes 'You Belong with Me ' ". Taylor Swift: On the Set . 20:45 minutes in. Great American Country . |access-date= requires |url= ( help ) ^ "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . CMT . Viacom . Retrieved March 24, 2010 . ^ Ryan, Chris (December 31, 2009). "Chris Counts Down Buzzworthy's Top 5 Videos Of The Year – Number 1: Taylor Swift, 'You Belong With Me ' " . MTV . Retrieved March 25, 2010 . ^ Dooley, Sean (May 16, 2009). "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me Video" . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 25, 2010 . [ dead link ] ^ Deacon, Michael (September 14, 2009). "Kanye West is an idiot. But he's got a point" . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ a b Rodriguez, Jayson (September 13, 2009). "Kanye West Crashes VMA Stage During Taylor Swift's Award Speech" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . ^ Rodriguez, Jayson (September 13, 2009). "Beyonce Brings Taylor Swift On VMA Stage After Kanye West Rant" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . ^ Kaufman, Gil (September 15, 2009). "President Obama Reportedly Called Kanye West A 'Jackass ' " . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 29, 2010 .
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^ Vena, Jocelyn (October 14, 2009). "Taylor Swift Tells Oprah Winfrey She's Accepted Kanye West's Apology" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 29, 2010 . ^ "CMT Music Awards: 2010 CMT Music Awards" . CMT Music Awards . Viacom . Retrieved June 28, 2010 . ^ "2010 MuchMusic Video Awards" . MuchMusic . CTVglobemedia . Archived from the original on July 23, 2010 . Retrieved July 30, 2010 . ^ "2009 MTV Video Music Awards — Highlights, Winners, Performers and Photos from the 2009 MTV VMAs" . MTV. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 . ^ "2009 SESAC Nashville Music Awards" . SESAC. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 . ^ "John Fogerty Named BMI Icon at 58th Annual BMI Pop Music Awards" . Broadcast Music, Inc. May 19, 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 . ^ "2010 ACM Awards" . Academy of Country Music Awards. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015 . Retrieved June 14, 2015 . ^ "Taylor Swift, Liz Rose, Billy Sherrill & More Honored at 2010 BMI Country Music Awards" . Broadcast Music, Inc. November 10, 2010. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 .
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^ "CMT Music Awards: Archives: 2010 CMT Music Awards" . CMT. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 . ^ Duke, Alan (February 1, 2010). "Taylor Swift takes album of the year, 3 other Grammys" . CNN. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015 . Retrieved June 14, 2015 . ^ "2010 Much Music Video Awards" . Much Music Video Awards . Archived from the original on June 5, 2010 . Retrieved April 16, 2015 . ^ "Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards 2010 Winners" . MTV. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015 . Retrieved June 23, 2015 . ^ "David Foster Named BMI Icon at 59th Annual BMI Pop Music Awards" . Broadcast Music, Inc. May 18, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 25, 2015 . ^ "Taylor Swift's You Belong with Me" . NBC News . NBC Universal . May 29, 2009 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Ben Affleck; Taylor Swift Season Episode" . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me (Studio 330 Sessions)" . CMT . Viacom. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift "Belongs" on GAC" . Great American Country . Scripps Networks Interactive . June 15, 2009. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 .
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^ "Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me (from the 2009 CMT Music Awards)" . CMT . Viacom. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Oasis and Killers to headline V Festival" . The New Musical Express . IPC Media . March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ Wilkinson, Amy; Jocelyn Vena (September 13, 2009). "Taylor Swift Puts NYC Front And Center With VMA Subway Performance" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ Vena, Jocelyn (September 15, 2009). "Taylor Swift Tells 'The View' Kanye West Hasn't Contacted Her" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift's 'SNL' Gig Includes Jokes About Taylor Lautner, Kanye West" . MTV News . Viacom. November 8, 2009 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift, the teen queen of country music, performs her latest single and US No.1, You Belong With Me" . GMTV . ITV . August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Sydney Relief: Sydney Info: Line-Up" . Soundrelief.com.au . Sound Relief . Archived from the original on January 23, 2010 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "The Sukkiri Morning Show – You Belong with Me" . CMT . Viacom. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2010 .
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^ a b Ditzian, Eric (January 31, 2010). "Taylor Swift Shares The Stage With Stevie Nicks At The Grammys" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ Montgomery, James (February 3, 2010). "Taylor Swift Backlash: Readers Weigh In" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ Vena, Jocelyn (February 3, 2010). "Taylor Swift's Grammy Performance Defended By Label CEO" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ a b c Vena, Jocelyn (August 28, 2009). "Taylor Swift Brings Fearless Tour To Madison Square Garden" . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ "Taylor Swift shimmers in Omaha" . Coffey, Kevin . Omaha World-Herald . May 28, 2011 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ Herrero, Javier (March 19, 2011). "Taylor Swift encandila a unos 4.000 madrileños con su country edulcorado" [Taylor Swift dazzle some 4,000 locals sweetened country]. La Rioja (in Spanish). Grupo Vocento . Archived from the original on March 28, 2012 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ Sträter, Andreas (March 13, 2011). "Blaue Augen, süße Songs: Taylor Swift in Oberhausen" [Blues, sweet songs: Taylor Swift in Overhausen]. Soester Anzeiger (in German) . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ "Amazon.com: You Belong with Me: Butch Walker: MP3 Downloads" . Retrieved March 30, 2010 .
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^ "Kidz Bop 17 > Review" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Lamb, Bill (November 12, 2009). "Butch Walker Covers "You Belong With Me" In a Version Taylor Swift Loves" . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ Wood, Mikael (February 26, 2010). "Butch Walker & The Black Widows, I Liked It Better When You Had No Heart" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved April 18, 2010 . ^ Keefe, Jonathan (February 12, 2010). "Butch Walker and the Black Widows: I Liked It Better When You Had No Heart" . Slant Magazine . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Sneak Peek: 'Band Hero' Tunes Up" . MSNBC . Microsoft . July 21, 2009. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009 . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ Reilly, Dan (October 16, 2009). " ' Band Hero' Tracklist Revealed – Exclusive" . Spinner.com . AOL . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ Graff, Gary (June 1, 2011). " ' Weird Al' Yankovic: Lady Gaga Has 'Rocked the Zeitgeist ' " . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved June 6, 2011 . ^ "Idiots & Angels: COED's Interview With Oscar Nominated Animator Bill Plympton" . Coed Magazine . Coed Media Group. October 6, 2010 . Retrieved June 6, 2011 .
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^ "TMZ (Parody of "You Belong With Me" by Taylor Swift)" . YouTube . June 24, 2011 . Retrieved August 5, 2011 . ^ " Australian-charts.com – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ " Ultratop.be – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" (in Dutch). Ultratip . ^ " Ultratop.be – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" (in French). Ultratip . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada AC)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada Country)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada Hot AC)" . Billboard . ^ " Danishcharts.com – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . Tracklisten . ^ " Dutchcharts.nl – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . ^ " Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. ^ " Chart Track: Week 39, 2009" . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 12, 2012. ^ " Charts.nz – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . Top 40 Singles . ^ " ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200941 into search .
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^ " Swedishcharts.com – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . Singles Top 100 . ^ "Taylor Swift: Artist Chart History" . Official Charts Company . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Hot 100)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Hot Country Songs)" . Billboard . ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Pop Songs)" . Billboard . ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2009" . ARIA.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "Best of 2009 – Canadian Hot 100 Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010 . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ "RIANZ Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2008 (see "2009 – Singles")" . RIANZ.org.nz . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010 . Retrieved March 13, 2010 . ^ "UK Year-end Songs 2009" (PDF) . UKChartsPlus . The Official Charts Company. p. 4 . Retrieved June 14, 2010 . ^ "Best of 2009 – Hot 100 Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010 . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . ^ "Year-end Adult Contemporary Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved December 10, 2010 .
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^ "Year End Charts – Hot Country Songs – Issue Date: 2009" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on July 2, 2011 . Retrieved August 15, 2011 . ^ "Year-end Adult Pop Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved December 10, 2010 . ^ "Best of 2009 – Pop Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 6, 2011 . ^ "Best of 2010 – Canadian Hot 100 Songs" . Billboard . ^ "Best of 2010 – Hot 100 Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved March 6, 2011 . ^ "Year-end Adult Contemporary Songs" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc . Retrieved December 10, 2010 . ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles" . Australian Recording Industry Association . ^ "Canadian single certifications – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . Music Canada . ^ "Danish single certifications – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 24, 2019 . ^ "Single Certification List – September 2013" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved September 14, 2014 . ^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Singles" . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Radioscope. April 11, 2010. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011 . Retrieved May 28, 2013 .
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^ "British single certifications – Taylor Swift – You Belong with Me" . British Phonographic Industry . ^ "American single certifications – Taylor Swift – You Belong With Me" . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . ^ "RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards" . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016 . Retrieved May 9, 2013 . External links [ edit ] "You Belong with Me" music video on YouTube "You Belong with Me" music video on CMT Lyrics at Taylor Swift official site Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lyrics of "Weird Al" Yankovic 's TMZ at MetroLyrics v t e Taylor Swift songs Discography Songs Taylor Swift " Tim McGraw " " Picture to Burn " " Teardrops on My Guitar " " Should've Said No " " Our Song " The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection " Last Christmas " " Santa Baby " " Silent Night " " White Christmas " Fearless " Fearless " " Fifteen " " Love Story " " White Horse " " You Belong with Me " " Breathe " " You're Not Sorry " " Forever & Always " " Change "
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Speak Now " Mine " " Sparks Fly " " Back to December " " Speak Now " " Dear John " " Mean " " The Story of Us " " Innocent " " Ours " Speak Now World Tour – Live " Apologize " " Drops of Jupiter " " Bette Davis Eyes " " I Want You Back " " Long Live " Red " State of Grace " " Red " " I Knew You Were Trouble " " All Too Well " " 22 " " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together " " The Last Time " " Everything Has Changed " " Begin Again " 1989 " Welcome to New York " " Blank Space " " Style " " Out of the Woods " " Shake It Off " " Bad Blood " " Wildest Dreams " " New Romantics " Reputation " ...Ready for It? " " End Game " " I Did Something Bad " " Delicate " " Look What You Made Me Do " " Gorgeous " " Getaway Car " " Call It What You Want " " New Year's Day " Lover " Lover " " The Man " " The Archer " " Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince " " Soon You'll Get Better "
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" You Need to Calm Down " " Me! " Soundtrack songs " Crazier " " Today Was a Fairytale " " Safe & Sound " " Eyes Open " " Sweeter than Fiction " " I Don't Wanna Live Forever " " Beautiful Ghosts " As a featured artist " Two Is Better Than One " " Half of My Heart " " Both of Us " " Babe " Other songs " Umbrella " " Ronan " " Highway Don't Care " NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1273 Cached time: 20191128064404 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.984 seconds Real time usage: 2.250 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15589/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 294096/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17430/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 31/40 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 394702/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.867/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.84 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1946.007 1 -total 48.71% 947.818 1 Template:Reflist 39.17% 762.182 112 Template:Cite_web 14.47% 281.607 7 Template:Certification_Table_Entry 9.84% 191.526 21 Template:Singlechart 9.41% 183.190 2 Template:Infobox 8.97% 174.613 1 Template:Infobox_song 6.78% 131.880 5 Template:Certification_Cite_Ref 6.22% 121.101 5 Template:Cite_certification 4.09% 79.609 12 Template:Certification_Table_Entry/Sales Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:20342498-0!canonical and timestamp 20191128064401 and revision id 927341033
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Belong_with_Me&oldid=927341033 " Categories : 2009 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles Music videos directed by Roman White Songs written by Liz Rose Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Song recordings produced by Nathan Chapman (record producer) Big Machine Records singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Torch songs 2008 songs Songs based on actual events Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles
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Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2019, at 21:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Garcia Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution Names Forenames Search 28 million given names Surnames Search 27 million family names Places Login Remember me Login Forgot password? Account Register Distribution Meaning Demographics Similar Transliteration Reference Garcia Surname 46 th Most Common Surname in the World Approximately 10,732,112 people bear this surname Most prevalent in: Mexico Highest density in: Spain Garcia Surname Definition: (Spanish) Descendant of Garcia, Spanish form of Gerald (spear, firm). Read More About This Surname Garcia Surname Distribution By incidence By incidence By frequency By rank Fullscreen 2014 1881 1880 Place Incidence Frequency Rank in Area Mexico 3,575,796 1:35 2 Spain 1,496,432 1:31 1 United States 902,998 1:401 11 Colombia 641,560 1:74 3 Venezuela 490,210 1:62 5 Brazil 469,988 1:435 59 Philippines 441,075 1:230 2 Guatemala 417,200 1:39 3 Argentina 320,032 1:134 9 Cuba 305,889 1:38 5 Peru 304,143 1:105 4 Ecuador 192,145 1:83 1 Honduras 183,562 1:48 5 Dominican Republic 164,006 1:64 4 Nicaragua 148,328 1:41 3 El Salvador 133,787 1:47 4 France 115,433 1:575 11 Bolivia 77,131 1:138 13 Chile 70,569 1:250 42 Puerto Rico 45,599 1:78 19 Uruguay 40,404 1:85 6 Paraguay 38,503 1:188 40 Panama 37,995 1:103 9 Costa Rica 36,201 1:132 29 Portugal 18,626 1:559 94 Canada 9,793 1:3,762 500 England 6,127 1:9,094 1,324 Belgium 4,274 1:2,690 245 Belize 4,107 1:87 2 Switzerland 4,062 1:2,022 201 Germany 3,900 1:20,642 2,744 Australia 3,814 1:7,078 1,035 Equatorial Guinea 3,505 1:324 70 Trinidad and Tobago 3,036 1:449 43 Morocco 2,317 1:14,880 2,206 Andorra 2,051 1:41 1 Italy 1,530 1:39,972 7,192 Cape Verde 1,515 1:350 65 Netherlands 1,132 1:14,913 2,230 Saudi Arabia 846 1:36,471 5,241 Angola 614 1:43,956 2,297 South Africa 561 1:96,573 11,775 Japan 527 1:242,589 9,962 Ireland 517 1:9,108 1,258 Guam 515 1:311 37 Oman 464 1:7,948 1,098 Jamaica 379 1:7,572 893 Luxembourg 376 1:1,544 163 Sweden 345 1:28,541 2,325 New Zealand 335 1:13,517 2,344 Indonesia 333 1:397,145 33,722 Gibraltar 327 1:104 1 Tunisia 310 1:35,979 5,977 Russia 294 1:491,332 45,417 Aruba 282 1:367 40 Austria 278 1:30,631 4,932 United Arab Emirates 277 1:33,077 3,570 United States Virgin Islands 256 1:431 39 Denmark 254 1:22,223 2,264 Norway 229 1:22,455 2,928 Algeria 220 1:175,600 21,742 Scotland 217 1:24,672 2,709 New Caledonia 208 1:1,328 59 Malaysia 194 1:149,802 7,145 French Polynesia 184 1:1,526 259 China 180 1:7,595,966 509 Qatar 159 1:15,038 2,187 Fiji 157 1:5,697 1,113 Wales 151 1:20,494 2,173 São Tomé and Príncipe 142 1:1,249 174 Czech Republic 139 1:76,500 12,845 Malta 138 1:3,118 235 Finland 116 1:47,385 5,800 Kuwait 116 1:32,765 4,071 Suriname 111 1:4,992 1,137 Singapore 103 1:53,473 2,131 Greece 102 1:108,625 18,269 Taiwan 99 1:236,371 702 Iraq 94 1:372,571 6,843 Hong Kong 92 1:79,734 1,576 India 91 1:8,429,285 174,171 Senegal 87 1:167,579 1,305 Romania 82 1:244,852 23,260 Bahrain 73 1:18,474 3,432 Bahamas 72 1:5,441 536 Haiti 69 1:154,839 6,504 Hungary 69 1:142,265 13,005 Poland 68 1:558,952 52,372 Thailand 65 1:1,065,095 159,293 Namibia 63 1:38,244 5,261 Iceland 60 1:6,335 710 Northern Ireland 56 1:32,947 3,302 Brunei 50 1:8,375 1,042 Monaco 48 1:772 8 South Korea 47 1:1,090,218 332 Estonia 46 1:28,735 5,267 Guyana 41 1:18,591 2,386 Barbados 39 1:7,370 662 Afghanistan 38 1:322,699 3,582 Madagascar 36 1:656,940 2,016 Northern Mariana Islands 31 1:1,761 219 Turkey 30 1:2,593,415 80,269 Vietnam 30 1:3,088,202 2,286 Bermuda 29 1:2,251 365 Cayman Islands 28 1:2,282 292 Macau 26 1:23,140 324 East Timor 25 1:48,637 122 Croatia 24 1:176,192 22,291 Kazakhstan 24 1:720,832 46,993 Lebanon 24 1:234,878 9,057 Israel 22 1:388,984 31,283 Iran 21 1:3,656,311 102,253 Ivory Coast 21 1:1,098,630 25,989 Belarus 19 1:500,056 46,922 Mozambique 19 1:1,434,819 2,271 Turks and Caicos Islands 18 1:1,907 201 Azerbaijan 17 1:567,595 10,450 Botswana 17 1:128,643 18,229 Jersey 17 1:5,835 1,193 Burkina Faso 16 1:1,147,006 10,865 Grenada 16 1:6,783 682 Cameroon 15 1:1,384,924 79,202 Egypt 15 1:6,133,689 14,657 Nigeria 15 1:11,808,542 222,220 Antigua and Barbuda 12 1:8,264 893 Benin 12 1:861,301 44,194 Cambodia 12 1:1,290,596 5,991 Dominica 12 1:6,324 375 American Samoa 11 1:5,069 1,123 Cyprus 11 1:81,030 8,475 Liechtenstein 11 1:3,489 390 Sudan 11 1:3,410,030 5,790 British Virgin Islands 10 1:3,159 367 Libya 10 1:624,397 1,980 Chad 9 1:1,509,433 736 Pakistan 9 1:19,374,071 109,414 Saint Martin 9 1:3,968 69 Ukraine 9 1:5,058,350 235,398 Uzbekistan 9 1:3,438,019 31,160 Vanuatu 9 1:29,253 714 DR Congo 8 1:9,234,947 182,880 Albania 7 1:419,383 7,320 Bangladesh 7 1:22,765,254 17,278 Mongolia 7 1:403,613 11,348 Niue 7 1:231 55 Slovenia 7 1:355,382 17,336 Armenia 6 1:488,364 9,305 Congo 6 1:813,230 1,478 Ghana 6 1:4,500,036 14,533 Latvia 6 1:341,674 26,199 Liberia 6 1:734,756 29,369 Turkmenistan 6 1:916,625 7,632 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 1:707,280 14,781 Gabon 5 1:377,839 3,608 Slovakia 5 1:1,067,290 85,393 Anguilla 4 1:3,359 324 Djibouti 4 1:228,733 966 Ethiopia 4 1:24,386,566 19,165 Georgia 4 1:936,387 24,100 Guernsey 4 1:16,110 1,225 Guinea-Bissau 4 1:432,005 185 Laos 4 1:1,647,081 888 Maldives 4 1:101,043 3,565 Montenegro 4 1:159,891 5,521 Papua New Guinea 4 1:2,038,429 140,828 Saint Kitts and Nevis 4 1:13,800 849 Saint Lucia 4 1:44,695 2,210 Sri Lanka 4 1:5,202,140 12,146 Bhutan 3 1:205,346 1,090 Comoros 3 1:253,829 354 Moldova 3 1:1,187,123 48,973 Niger 3 1:6,397,339 78,842 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 1:37,553 1,174 Lesotho 2 1:1,016,286 21,693 Lithuania 2 1:1,517,294 35,813 Malawi 2 1:8,559,554 34,093 Mali 2 1:8,484,518 4,035 Mauritania 2 1:2,047,432 30,538 Myanmar 2 1:25,968,992 2,110 Nepal 2 1:14,240,478 17,812 San Marino 2 1:16,607 795 Tajikistan 2 1:4,190,518 17,568 Tanzania 2 1:26,470,807 111,657 Togo 2 1:3,623,884 11,997 Zambia 2 1:7,924,961 45,998 Bulgaria 1 1:6,978,906 86,260 Central African Republic 1 1:4,515,390 961 Cook Islands 1 1:18,179 1,485 Faroe Islands 1 1:48,998 2,049 Gambia 1 1:1,923,451 1,043 Greenland 1 1:56,379 1,133 Guinea 1 1:11,810,647 967 Isle of Man 1 1:85,822 4,096 Jordan 1 1:8,842,436 26,011 Kenya 1 1:46,179,674 103,341 Kyrgyzstan 1 1:5,972,654 99,197 Mauritius 1 1:1,293,417 16,567 Micronesia 1 1:106,243 1,380 Rwanda 1 1:11,364,978 5,947 Samoa 1 1:193,808 1,089 Serbia 1 1:7,144,948 38,459 Seychelles 1 1:92,195 1,183 Sierra Leone 1 1:7,089,631 1,533 Solomon Islands 1 1:580,029 22,242 Swaziland 1 1:1,298,199 1,718 Syria 1 1:19,301,022 22,457 Tuvalu 1 1:11,188 103 Uganda 1 1:39,039,281 258,890 Wallis and Futuna 1 1:13,610 185 Yemen 1 1:26,425,294 55,149 Zimbabwe 1 1:15,438,240 133,264 Show All Nations Place Incidence Frequency Rank in Area England 134 1:181,906 14,990 Scotland 2 1:1,871,608 27,884 Place Incidence Frequency Rank in Area United States 9,526 1:5,272 661 The alternate forms: García (69,557), Garcìa (922), Gárcia (12), Garcïa (18) & Garcîa (12) are calculated separately. Garcia
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(61,708) may also be a forename. Garcia Surname Meaning Submit Information on This Surname for a Chance to Win a $79 Genealogy DNA Test DNA test information Descriptive Writing introductory reference (Spanish) Descendant of Garcia, Spanish form of Gerald (spear, firm). — Dictionary of American Family Names (1956) by Elsdon Coles Smith User-submitted Reference Garcia is a patronymic surname of Basque origin widespread in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin. It comes from gaztea, Gartzia, which means young. He is a native name of the French zone, where aspiring "h", producing a resemblance to the "g", for which reason sound was applied such prosthetic letter by scribes, and as those who spoke the romance did not know pronounce "tz "he underwent many changes in his writing. - paolag0 Read translated descriptions of this surname from other languages Display Data on: Average Salary in: Canada Canada Norway Colombia England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales United States Peru South Africa Political Affiliation in: United States United States Religious Adherence in: Lebanon Lebanon Garcia Demographics Garcia Political Affiliation in United States Sample size: 102,748 (2014) United States Average View the most partisan surnames in The United States Phonetically Similar Names Surname Similarity Incidence Prevalency Garcïa 94 18 / Gárcia 94 12 / Garcìa 94 922 / Garciaç 92 1 / Garciap 92 2 / Kgarcia 92 3 / Garciay 92 3 / Garścia 92 55 / Qgarcia 92 1 / Gaircia 92 0 / Ngarcia 92 2 / Garzcia 92 2 / Gardcia 92 3 / Garciea 92 2 / Garciat 92 2 / Gatrcia 92 2 / Garciaj 92 7 / Garciae 92 2 / Gartcia 92 8 / Garciad 92 8 / Hgarcia 92 6 / Gharcia 92 14 / Garcioa 92 12 / Garciah 92 10 / Gasrcia 92 17 / Garrcia 92 36 / Cgarcia 92 16 / Garciaz 92 177 / Ggarcia 92 20 / Gaarcia 92 49 / Garciaa 92 70 / Garcias 92 15,456 / Arcia 91 28,829 / Garca 91 29,316 / Garciach 86 1 / D'Garcia 86 11 / Garciash 86 1 / Garcay 83 1 / Garcóa 83 1 / Garcei 83 15 / Arcioa 83 1 / Aarcia 83 1 / Garcza 83 12 / Garcau 83 4 / Arcias 83 179 / Earcia 83 6 / Garcaa 83 2 / Harcia 83 50 / Garcio 83 304 / Gorcia 83 78 / Garcoa 83 138 / Garcai 83 96 / Garcea 83 2,431 / Garcha 83 3,686 / Arca 80 20,731 / Garrcha 77 1 / Gartcha 77 1 / Garziah 77 193 / Gharcha 77 3 / Garchaj 77 1 / Gaurcha 77 1 / Garthca 77 2 / Garchay 77 15 / Arcei 73 1 / Arcaj 73 1 / Aarca 73 1 / Arrca 73 2 / Arcaș 73 2 / Aurca 73 2 / Árcia 73 11 / Artca 73 14 / Arcai 73 125 / Garça 73 40 / Arcoa 73 2 / Earca 73 1 / Orcia 73 623 / Arcio 73 120 / Arcau 73 36 / Gorca 73 68 / Arcea 73 235 / Archa 73 298 / Garco 73 37 / Harca 73 264 / Arcay 73 3,711 / Garza 73 319,789 / Gharchay 71 5 / Archai 67 1 / Gorcaj 67 1 / Gartza 67 1 / Garcoy 67 1 / Harcai 67 1 / Orciay 67 1 / Orcias 67 1 / Gorcsa 67 3 / Gorcay 67 11 / Gorcza 67 14 / Archei 67 15 / Harcaj 67 25 / Harcea 67 43 / Harcay 67 44 / Gorcioaia 67 221 / Gorcoi 67 4 / Artcha 67 9 / Horcia 67 3 / Arziah 67 1 / Archaa 67 1 / Arrcay 67 1 / Aircha 67 1 / Gharza 67 588 / Gardza 67 3 / Garzea 67 2 / Garzco 67 1 / Garzah 67 1 / Gorcio 67 5 / Aarcha 67 3 / Garrza 67 5 / Garcho 67 10 / Garcey 67 12 / Garzay 67 6 / Archaj 67 9 / Archea 67 16 / Gorcha 67 72 / D'Arca 67 113 / Garzaa 67 7 / Harcau 67 57 / Garzai 67 244 / Archay 67 750 / Harcsa 67 1,015 / Gorcea 67 1,366 / Harcha 67 1,618 / Show All Similar Surnames Garcia Name Transliterations Transliteration ICU Latin Percentage of Incidence Garcia in Hassaniya-Arabic ﻛﺎﺭﺳﻴﺎ karsya - Garcia in Arabic جارسيا jarsya - جرسيا jrsya - كارسيا karsya - Search for Another Surname Search Garcia Reference & Research Garcia FamilyTree DNA Project - A description of a group researching the paternal lines of men who bear the surname with the help of DNA analysis. The name statistics are still in development, sign up for information on more maps and data Subscribe By signing up to the mailing list you will only receive emails specifically about name reference on Forebears and your information will not be distributed to 3rd parties. Footnotes Description: Descriptions are largely reproduced from 3rd party sources; diligence is advised on accepting their validity - more information Name distribution statistics are generated from a global sample of over 4 billion people - more information Rank: Name are ranked by incidence using the ordinal ranking method; the name that occurs the most is assigned a rank of 1; name that occur less frequently receive an incremented rank; if two or more name occur the same number of times they are assigned the same rank and successive rank is incremented by the total preceeding names Similar: Names listed in the "Similar" section are phonetically similar and may not have any relation to Garcia Website Information About Contact Copyright Privacy Credits Services API Resources Forenames Surnames Genealogical Resources England & Wales Guide © Forebears 2012-2019
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'Handmaid's Tale' Costume Designer on "Under His Eye" Gala Dresses | Hollywood Reporter The Hollywood Reporter Movies TV Business Style Politics Tech Culture Awards Video Sites Heat Vision Live Feed Esq The Race Behind the Screen Bastard Machine Rambling Reporter The Fien Print Subscribe Newsletters Site Tools Log in Daily Edition Fashion & Beauty Travel Real Estate Rambling Reporter Dining Cars STYLE 'Handmaid's Tale' Costume Designer Breaks Down "Fascist New Year's Eve Party" Looks 2:09 PM PDT 7/3/2019 by Ingrid Schmidt FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Courtesy of Hulu "The gala represents the same thing [that happens] when every conqueror removes all luxurious items and hoards it for themselves," said Natalie Bronfman, who created 1,500 costumes and shared exclusive sketches. [The following story contains spoilers for "Under His Eye," the seventh episode of the third season of Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale .] The Handmaid’s Tale costume designer Natalie Bronfman talked to The Hollywood Reporter in advance of the release of season three’s seventh episode (“Under His Eye”) on Wednesday, July 3. Bruce Miller’s Emmy-winning Hulu series, an adaptation of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel of the same name, takes the female characters to bold new places this season as they fight the totalitarian regime in Gilead; their suppression and moments of freedom are reflected in what they wear, which amounted to nearly 1,500 costumes.
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Bronfman, who officially took the reins this season after working from the beginning of season one under costume designer Ane Crabtree, noted that this week’s episode (set in Gilead’s capital city of Washington) is particularly pivotal in terms of what the costuming expresses. The setting draws a sharp juxtaposition between the freedom of the high-society commander wives at the Commanders Ball and the constraints of the handmaids, the working Marthas and the econowomen (wives of lower-ranking officials). “The gala represents the same thing [that happens] when every conqueror removes all luxurious items and hoards it for themselves,” Bronfman told THR. “An example would be great artwork that was stolen during any wartime and kept for only a certain echelon of society. In Gilead, we see this at the gala in all the lush fabric, feathers, beads and frippery that are purely decorative and not functional, that (from before Gilead’s existence) have been hoarded and used on these commanders’ wives dresses for these secretive occasions.” “The dichotomy of the plainly dressed women in Washington is a stark contrast to what we see here at the Commanders Ball. The sumptuary laws in Gilead forbade any embellishment, except behind closed doors [so this highlights] the one percentile of privileged society," she continued. "I would describe it almost as a fascist New Year's Eve party. It's something you'd never seen in day-to-day life. But then the doors close on this upper crust of Washington, which to the rest of the world is so austere and severe, and now they drink and smoke and dance and play music and wear clothing they would never wear in public.”
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The over-the-top luxury is further demonstrated through decorative fascinator headpieces and over 50 custom ballgowns (all handmade) for the Washington gala crafted from taffeta, silk, wool crepe, matte satin and crepe-back satin. All the fabrics were additional hand-dyed by the costume team, while the wools were hand-dyed at Parker Brothers Textile Mills in Toronto, where the series was shot. In the midst of the ball, one commander says, “Every man needs a safe space to strut for his own peacocks.” Another misogynistically responds, “That’s why we have our own peacocks to strut for us!” Cut to Serena Waterford (Yvonne Strahovski) in a flowy gown with a boat neckline, wearing elbow gloves, as she dances intimately with her husband, Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes). "Normally we never had shine anywhere in Gilead ever, but at the gala, everything has a sheen to it. It moves, it flows, it reflects,” Bronfman said. In Washington, the clothes are “higher-necked and a little lower in hemline,” she added, citing fashion designers Elsa Schiaparelli, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Jacques Fath and Christian Dior, in his "New Look" phase, as inspiration. “I do a lot of tailoring to indicate strength in terms of sharp shoulders or accordion pleats, and I add ruffles for softness, to echo what's going on in a particular scene.” One of Bronfman's signatures is to repeat key details on the cuffs.
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And the covered-up, veiled ensembles are unspoken commentary on the restricted lives of the women. “For the maids, the veil sits right under the nose, and I realized that you can really read somebody’s face and tell their emotions by how they flare their nostrils, weirdly enough,” Bronfman says. “Even the commanders’ wives have a whisper of a veil over their face from the nose to the forehead because they had to put something on.” In terms of color, red has in past seasons signified the fertility of the handmaids, but the focus is a bit different in season three. Bronfman says, “I think what's happening with the color red this season is that it's going from being life blood to being a courage and power that steers the anger. You've got love and lust and anger and they're all passionate emotions, so the red covers it all.” The down-to-earth sage-green hue of the Marthas’ garb symbolizes their responsibility for the community's sustenance, while a mulberry purple color, worn by the newly-introduced commanders’ widows this season, was inspired by the U.S. military purple heart decoration awarded to those wounded or killed in service to signify the women “having endured what they did,” Bronfman says. As for the translation of the commanders’ wives shades of teal, she says: “The blue of the water, the teal range, means to be secretive or closed off because you're going into the depths of the ocean. The deeper you get, the darker the green and the blue-green. Selena's character arc this season is quite interesting because she goes from being very depressed (having lost her child) and being in dark teal colors to slowly getting brighter, and her shapes change as well. So I use the color tonality to bring in a bit of her psychological change, her power gets very bright and strong and clear.”
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Summing the season up as a driver for her costuming, Bronfman said: “This year, the women are growing strong. They’re no longer just submissive wives; we start seeing their characters.” FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Ingrid Schmidt THRnews@thr.com @thr The Hollywood Reporter © 2019 The Hollywood Reporter All rights reserved. The Hollywood Reporter, LLC is a subsidiary of Prometheus Global Media, LLC. Terms of Use | Privacy | Sitemap | About Our Ads About Us Daily Edition Subscribe Subscriber Services Back Issues Advertising Contact Us Tipline Careers Industry Jobs Follow Us On Twitter Find Us On Facebook Watch Us On Youtube Our affiliate publications Billboard Vibe Spin Stereogum
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Luke Skywalker - Wikipedia CentralNotice Luke Skywalker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the Star Wars character. For the rapper Luke Skyywalker, see Luther Campbell . Character in Star Wars Luke Skywalker Star Wars character Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope (1977) First appearance Star Wars (1977) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Mark Hamill ( Episodes IV – IX , Holiday Special ) [1] Aidan Barton (infant, Episode III ) Voiced by Mark Hamill ( Holiday Special animated inserts, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back audio dramas and Star Wars: Forces of Destiny ) Other: C. Andrew Nelson ( Star Wars: X-Wing ) Joshua Fardon ( Return of the Jedi audio drama and read-along storybook CDs) Bob Bergen ( Shadows of the Empire , Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi , Star Wars: Rogue Squadron , Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance , Star Wars: Force Commander , Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds , Star Wars: Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader , Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast , Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy , Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike , Star Wars: Battlefront II and Star Wars: Power Trip ) Lloyd Floyd ( Star Wars: The Force Unleashed , Star Wars: Empire at War , Star Wars: Empire at War: Forces of Corruption , Lego Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Out and Disney Infinity 3.0 )
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Matt Lanter ( Star Wars: Smuggler's Gambit ) Eric Bauza ( Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles , Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales and Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures ) Christopher Corey Smith ( Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars ) [2] Anthony Hansen ( Star Wars Battlefront ) Matthew Mercer ( Star Wars Battlefront II ) Information Alias Korl Marcus Species Human Gender Male Title Jedi Knight ( Episode VI ) Jedi Master ( Episodes VII - VIII ) Occupation Jedi Affiliation Canon Rebel Alliance Jedi New Republic New Jedi Order Resistance Legends : Galactic Alliance Jedi Council Family Padmé Amidala (mother) Anakin Skywalker (father) Owen Lars (step-uncle) Beru Lars (step-aunt) Leia Organa (sister) Han Solo (brother-in-law) Ben Solo (nephew) Spouse Mara Jade ( Legends ) Children Ben Skywalker ( Legends ) Relatives Cliegg Lars (step-grandfather) Shmi Skywalker (paternal grandmother) Jobal Naberrie (maternal grandmother) Ruwee Naberrie (maternal grandfather) Sola Naberrie (maternal aunt) Legends : Jacen Solo (nephew) Jaina Solo (niece) Anakin Solo (nephew) Cade Skywalker (descendant) Luuke Skywalker (clone) Homeworld Tatooine (homeworld) Polis Massa (birthplace) Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas . Portrayed by Mark Hamill , Luke first appeared in the original 1977 film and returned in The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983). Three decades later, he portrayed the character in the Star Wars sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015 and The Last Jedi in 2017. Hamill is slated to reprise his role in the upcoming film, The Rise of Skywalker (2019).
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Luke is a pivotal figure in the Rebel Alliance 's struggle against the Galactic Empire , a friend and eventual brother-in-law of smuggler Han Solo , and unknown to him until Return of the Jedi , the twin brother of Rebellion leader Princess Leia . He trains under Jedi Masters Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda , and is the son of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala . He mentors Rey , the protagonist of the sequel trilogy, and is the maternal uncle of Kylo Ren , the antagonist of the sequel trilogy. The character also briefly appears in the prequel film Episode III – Revenge of the Sith as an infant. The non-canonical Expanded Universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, the husband of Mara Jade , father of Ben Skywalker and maternal uncle of Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.1.1 Original trilogy 1.1.1.1 A New Hope (1977) 1.1.1.2 The Empire Strikes Back (1980) 1.1.1.3 Return of the Jedi (1983) 1.1.2 Prequel trilogy 1.1.3 Sequel trilogy 1.1.3.1 The Force Awakens (2015) 1.1.3.2 The Last Jedi (2017) 1.1.3.3 The Rise of Skywalker (2019) 1.2 Animated series 1.3 Video games 1.4 Novels 1.4.1 Heir to the Jedi 1.5 Comics 1.6 Legends 1.6.1 Novels 1.6.1.1 Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor 1.6.2 Comic books 1.6.3 Video games
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2 Characterization 2.1 Psychoanalytic 2.2 Religious 3 Concept and creation 4 Reception 5 Cultural impact 6 Family tree 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Appearances Films Original trilogy Main article: Star Wars Trilogy In the original Star Wars trilogy, Luke Skywalker represents the hero archetype of "the young man, called to adventure, the hero going out facing the trials and ordeals, and coming back after his victory with a boon for the community". [3] A New Hope (1977) Main article: Star Wars (film) In a deleted scene preceding the character's first appearance in the film (preserved in the film's radio dramatization ), [4] Luke says goodbye to his best friend Biggs Darklighter , who has just joined the Imperial Academy . [5] His childhood friends disparagingly call him "Wormie". [6] In Star Wars , Luke lives on a moisture farm on the desert planet of Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru . Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he purchases the droids C-3PO and R2-D2 . While examining R2-D2, he sees a message from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan . When R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to search for the droid, and is saved from a band of Tusken Raiders by Obi-Wan Kenobi , an old hermit . Luke and Obi-Wan seek shelter, and R2-D2 plays the full message for Obi-Wan from Leia, beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire . Obi-Wan says that he and Luke's father were once Jedi Knights , and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader . Obi-Wan presents Luke with his father's lightsaber and offers to take him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force , but Luke rejects his offer.
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Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find out that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt and uncle. He and Obi-Wan then travel to Mos Eisley , where they meet smugglers Han Solo and Chewbacca at the cantina. They team up and travel on the Millennium Falcon to Alderaan, only to find out that it has been destroyed by the Death Star . They board the Death Star and rescue Princess Leia. Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam, and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader, so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the Battle of Yavin , Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star. In the trench leading to the Death Star's exhaust port, Luke hears Obi-Wan's voice, telling him to "trust his feelings"; he takes Obi-Wan's advice and switches off his X-wing 's missile guidance system, instead using the Force to guide the missiles and destroy the Death Star. In the film's final scene, he joins Han and Chewbacca in receiving a royal medal from Leia. The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Main article: The Empire Strikes Back Three years later, Luke is now the commander of the Rebel Alliance's Rogue Squadron . [7] While on a mission on the ice planet Hoth , he is captured by a wampa , but manages to escape. In the frozen wasteland, he sees Obi-Wan's Force ghost , who tells him to travel to the planet Dagobah and complete his training with the Jedi Master Yoda ; Luke is then rescued by Han. When the Empire discovers the Rebel base on Hoth, Luke leads his squadron to battle a swarm of AT-ATs , but he is forced to retreat when his wingman is killed. Escaping in his X-wing, he travels to Dagobah and meets Yoda. He undergoes rigorous Jedi training, quickly increasing his power in the Force.
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During his training, Luke sees a vision of his friends in danger. Against both Obi-Wan and Yoda's advice to complete his training, he travels to Bespin to save them, only to be lured into a trap. He engages in a lightsaber duel with Darth Vader. As his mentors warned, Luke proves to be no match for Vader; the Sith Lord overpowers Luke and severs his right hand. Vader then reveals that he is Luke’s father, and offers him the chance to turn to the dark side of the Force and rule the galaxy at his side. Horrified, Luke throws himself into a deep reactor chasm. He survives, but is pulled into a garbage chute to the underside of Cloud City, and left hanging onto a weather vane. Leia, flying away from Cloud City in the Millennium Falcon , senses Luke's peril, and turns the ship around to save him. Aboard the ship, he hears Vader telepathically telling him that it is his destiny to join the dark side. Luke's severed hand is replaced with a bio-mechanical one. Return of the Jedi (1983) Main article: Return of the Jedi Luke Skywalker's Jedi robes from Episode VI One year later, Luke is now a Jedi Knight, [8] and has constructed his own lightsaber. [a] He returns to Tatooine to help Leia, the droids, and Lando Calrissian save Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt . Luke offers to negotiate with Jabba, who rejects his offer and casts him into a pit to fight a rancor. When Luke kills the rancor, he is sentenced to death in the Sarlacc Pit . Luke escapes with R2-D2's help, saving his friends and destroying Jabba's sail barge .
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During his return trip to Dagobah, Luke learns from a dying Yoda that Vader is indeed his father. Luke then learns from Obi-Wan's spirit that he has a twin sister, whom he immediately realizes is Leia. The Jedi Masters tell Luke that he must face Vader again to finish his training and save the galaxy. Arriving on Endor as part of a Rebel commando squad, Luke surrenders to Vader in an attempt to bring his father back from the dark side of the Force. Vader brings Luke to the second Death Star orbiting around Endor, where his master, Emperor Palpatine , tries to tempt Luke to the dark side. Luke momentarily lashes out at the Emperor with his lightsaber, but Vader blocks his strike, and father and son once again do battle. Luke keeps his emotions under control until Vader senses that Luke has a sister, and threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Luke snaps and brutally overpowers Vader, severing his father's mechanical right hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke glances at his own bionic hand and realizes that he is on the verge of suffering his father's fate. He casts his lightsaber aside, declaring himself a Jedi. Furious, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning . In agony, Luke calls out to his father for help; unwilling to let his son die, Vader kills the Emperor by throwing him down a reactor shaft, but is mortally wounded by the Emperor's lightning in the process. As Rebel fighters head toward the Death Star's main reactor, Luke removes Vader's mask and looks upon his father's face for the first and only time. The redeemed Anakin Skywalker assures Luke that there was good in him after all, and dies. On Endor, Luke cremates his father's body on a funeral pyre . During the Rebels' victory celebrations on Endor, Luke sees his father's spirit alongside those of Obi-Wan and Yoda.
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Prequel trilogy Main article: Star Wars prequel trilogy In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Luke and his twin sister Leia are born to Senator Padmé Amidala . Following Padmé's death on Polis Massa and his father's turn to the dark side of the Force, Luke is taken by Obi-Wan Kenobi to the desert planet Tatooine, where Luke is adopted by his father's stepbrother, Owen Lars, and his wife, Beru. The baby Luke is portrayed by Aidan Barton, the son of Roger Barton , an editor of the film. [10] Sequel trilogy Main article: Star Wars sequel trilogy The Force Awakens (2015) Mark Hamill reprised the role of Luke in The Force Awakens in 2015. In the first installment of the sequel trilogy, The Force Awakens (2015), the opening crawl reveals that Luke Skywalker had mysteriously vanished some time in the 30 years following the events of Return of the Jedi . Luke went into hiding after his nephew and apprentice, Ben Solo, turned to the dark side and was later dubbed Kylo Ren . When Ren killed all of his fellow apprentices and ushered in the despotic reign of the First Order , Luke felt responsible, and disappeared. At the end of the film, the Resistance manage to reconstruct a map, which traces the location of the temple from the Empire's archives to his location, and he is subsequently found on the planet Ahch-To by the young scavenger, Rey , who presents him with the lightsaber previously wielded by both Luke and his father.
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The Art of Star Wars: The Last Jedi notes that Luke's exile is a reversal from his decision to help his friends in The Empire Strikes Back . [11] The Last Jedi (2017) In The Last Jedi (2017), Luke is initially reluctant to train Rey, telling her that it is time for the Jedi Order to end. After some persuasion from R2-D2, Luke starts training Rey but grows increasingly afraid of her power. Luke tells Rey that he had briefly considered killing the sleeping Ben after seeing a vision of the destruction he could cause, but immediately relented; Ben woke to see Luke with his lightsaber drawn and turned to the dark side because he felt betrayed. Rey urges Luke to help her redeem Ben, but he refuses. When Rey leaves, Luke is visited by the spirit of Yoda, who assures Luke that he still has a purpose. Luke appears on the planet Crait , as the Resistance are staging a standoff against the First Order, and he apologizes to Leia for allowing Ben to fall to the dark side. Luke steps in front of the First Order's artillery, and unexpectedly survives an onslaught of blaster fire ordered by Ren. Ren charges at Luke in hand-to-hand combat, seemingly bisecting him with his lightsaber, but Luke remains unscathed; still on Ahch-To, Luke has sent a projection of himself to Crait, using the Force. This distraction allows the Resistance to escape the planet. Luke tells Kylo that he will not be the last Jedi before his projection vanishes. On Ahch-To, Luke collapses then looks off in the horizon to see the planet's two suns setting before he disappears, having become one with the Force.
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The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Luke has been confirmed to appear in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker , the ninth and final chapter of the series. [12] Animated series At the end of the Star Wars Rebels episode "Twin Suns", a silhouette of Luke Skywalker is seen from afar by Obi-Wan Kenobi. [13] Luke appears in the animated Disney micro-series Star Wars Forces of Destiny (with Mark Hamill once again reprising his role). The episode "The Path Ahead" details him training with Yoda on Dagobah. [14] He also appears in the episode "Traps and Tribulations", which takes place shortly after the Battle of Endor and shows him and Leia assisting the Ewoks in stopping a rampaging monster known as a Gorax. Video games Luke is also a playable character in Star Wars Battlefront II , and in the online multiplayer of Star Wars Battlefront . [15] Novels Heir to the Jedi Star Wars: Heir to the Jedi was announced as one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015. [16] Set between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , Heir to the Jedi chronicles the adventures of Luke as he continues to battle the Empire with his Rebel friends [17] and begins to develop his Force abilities. The novel is written from the first-person perspective of Luke, and is only the second Star Wars novel to attempt this type of narrative voice. [b] [17]
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Comics Luke is a main character of the 2015 comic Star Wars , which takes place between the films of the original trilogy. [18] He will also be the subject of an upcoming manga anthology, to be released in early 2020. [19] Legends See also: Star Wars expanded to other media In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise. [20] [21] [16] The Legends branded novels, comic books and video games detail Luke's exploits following Return of the Jedi . Novels In the novel The Truce at Bakura , set one day after the battle of Endor, Luke and his friend Wedge Antilles recover a message droid from the titular planet, which was being invaded by the Ssi-Ruuk . Luke commands a task force, turning back the enemy army. He also meets Dev Sibwarra, a Force-sensitive human who had been captured by the Ssi-Ruuk, who is killed in the battle after turning against his captors. In the novel The Courtship of Princess Leia , set four years after the Battle of Endor, Luke travels to the planet Dathomir . There, he discovers a group of Force-sensitive witches called the Witches of Dathomir , banded into two separate groups: a collective of benign, matriarchal clans; the one he is in contact with being the Singing Mountain Clan , and the witches who have turned to the dark side, called the Nightsisters . Discovering a prophecy in which it was told a Jedi would change the way of life on the land, Luke eventually realizes truly what the Force is for the first time in his life. While there, he destroys most of the Nightsisters (including their powerful leader, Gethzirion, and the galaxy's most powerful remaining warlord, Warlord Zsinj). Thanks to the help of the prophecy and witches, Luke recovers old Jedi records left by Yoda about 400 years prior. He decides to start a new Jedi Academy , something he has been trying to do for six months before the start of the novel by finding old Jedi records and archives.
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In The Thrawn Trilogy , Luke meets former Emperor's Hand Mara Jade , who is bound by Palpatine's disembodied voice that repeatedly commands "You will kill Luke Skywalker". Mara Jade is working with her boss, a fringe-of-the-galaxy smuggler named Talon Karrde , who also plays a crucial role in this era. Although she was ready to fulfill that order to stop the voice, circumstances force her to keep him alive long enough to have him help escape a mutual danger. Despite her threats, Luke learns of Mara's curse and vows to free her from it. Meanwhile, the rest of the New Republic is fighting against Grand Admiral Thrawn , and thanks to Leia's help, he is eventually defeated, although Luke tried several times to get near him and his ally, Joruus C'baoth . Eventually, the desperate pair fights against Luke's clone, Luuke Skywalker, C'baoth's apprentice. During the fight, Mara Jade destroys the clone and, with Leia's help, destroys C'baoth. This entire time, C'baoth has been obsessed with "molding" Luke and Mara to serve him, perhaps due to the fact that the Spaarti cloning cylinders he was made from have a reputation of turning people insane later in life. Nonetheless, C'baoth is defeated along with Luuke, and Mara's sacrifice silences her curse and completes her reconciliation with the Jedi, whom she later joins. [22]
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In the Jedi Academy trilogy , Luke resigns his commission in the New Republic 's starfighter corps to pursue his Jedi studies and rebuild the Jedi Order in the Massassi Temple on Yavin 4, a decision some anti-Jedi politicians use against him. Luke becomes the New Jedi Order's leader. His students in the ways of the Force include; Gantoris, Kam Solusar, Tionne, Streen, Cilghal, Kirana Ti and others. He is forced to contend with the spirit of ancient Sith Lord Exar Kun, who lures one of his most powerful students, Kyp Durron, to the dark side. In the Hand of Thrawn Duology , Luke, now a Jedi Master, works again with Mara Jade, who has learned to better her Force knowledge since her training at Luke's Jedi Academy. He falls in love with her and they eventually marry. Later, in Edge of Victory: Rebirth , they have a son whom they name Ben , after Obi-Wan Kenobi's pseudonym . In the New Jedi Order series, Luke creates a New Jedi Council . He idealises a new conclave, made up of Jedi, politicians and military officers. Included in this new Jedi Order are Tresina Lobi, Kenth Hammer, Kyle Katarn , Kyp Durron , Cilghal, Saba Sebatynee and himself. From the politicians and military came new Chief of State Cal Omas , Admiral Sienn Sovv (Sullustan male) and four others. In Force Heretic: Remnant , he spearheads the mission into the Unknown Regions during the Yuuzhan Vong invasion to find the mysterious planet of Zonama Sekot , a planet that creates living starships. After the invasion is defeated with the help of the new Mandalorian Warriors, a Sekotian fleet and a Galactic Alliance-Imperial Remnant fleet, Luke leads the New Jedi Order on Denon , the temporary capital of the Galactic Alliance and the site of the newly rebuilt Jedi Temple on Coruscant . In The Swarm War , the New Jedi Order moves to Ossus, the site of former famous Jedi temples and libraries that were mostly destroyed 4,000 years prior. Upon the Killik's invasion of Chiss space and the transformation of most of the Myrkr mission survivors into Killik Joiners, Luke determines that the Killik's collective mind is being unconsciously controlled by a hive called the Dark Nest. The Dark Nest is controlled by a former Nightsister named Lomi Plo , who became their Unseen Queen with her ability to become invisible by exploiting the doubts of inferiors. One of the Myrkr mission survivors, Alema Rar, attempted to plant seeds of doubt in Luke's mind by suggesting that his wife, Mara, may be somehow responsible for the death of his mother, Padmé Amidala, which he almost believes because of Mara's previous involvement as the Emperor's Hand. This allows Lomi to escape from Luke. Luke discovers recordings of his father Force-choking his mother on Mustafar , his own birth, and his mother's death hidden inside the protective memory archives of R2-D2. Because of this, he is able to overcome his doubts about Mara and defeat Lomi Plo in the final battle of the Swarm War, cutting her into four pieces. Luke also withdraws the Jedi from Cal Omas' Advisory Council, as he plans to create a New Jedi Council that will give aid to the Galactic Alliance when needed. He also becomes the Grand Master of the New Jedi Order to give the Jedi a clear sense of direction. He has told the Jedi to either follow his leadership or make the order their priority, or leave. Jedi Danni Quee and Tenel Ka have resigned because of their duties to Zonoma Sekot and Hapes , respectively, while Corran Horn tries to resign, but Luke talks him out of it. Luke is also forced to exile Tahiri, Lowbacca , and Tesar Sebatayne to Dagobah for divulging secret information to people outside the New Jedi Order.
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In the Legacy of the Force series, Luke begins having visions of a figure cloaked in darkness destroying the galaxy and the Jedi Decree. In his dreams, this figure's presence is much like that of Darth Vader. Luke has been troubled by the fact that he has been unable to discern the identity of this figure. Complicating matters even more is the recent schism that has developed between Luke and his nephew, Jacen Solo . Already a tremendously powerful Jedi Knight, Jacen has begun adopting radical and extreme interpretations of the Force, causing a dramatic change in his personality. Luke fears that Jacen is pursuing the same path that ultimately led to Anakin Skywalker's fall to the dark side. In Bloodlines , the situation worsens when Luke's son, Ben , becomes Jacen's apprentice. Luke must also battle his wife, who refuses to confront Jacen for fear of alienating Ben. In Tempest , Luke determines that the dark figure from his dreams is Lumiya , a former Emperor's Hand now known as the "Dark Lady of the Sith". Luke and Lumiya had fought several times over the years, but when Mara is murdered in Sacrifice , Lumiya deceives Luke into believing that she killed her. They battle again, and Luke saves a weaponless Lumiya from falling to her death simply so that he can kill her himself. Luke returns to Coruscant where he is found by Ben, standing guard over Mara's body; upon speaking with his son, he realizes that Lumiya could not have killed her. Later in his private cabin, Luke breaks down over the death of his wife, knowing that her murderer is still at large. He does not realize that the killer is his own nephew, Jacen, who has now taken the Sith name Darth Caedus. In Revelation , Ben proves that Jacen killed Mara, but Luke is now reluctant to kill Jacen out of fear that he or his son will fall to the dark side in the process. (The decision is taken out of his hands in Invincible , when Jaina kills Jacen in a final lightsaber duel).
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In Fate of the Jedi novels, set about 40 years after the first film, Luke Skywalker, now in his early sixties, is deposed by the government from his position as Grand Master, and exiled from Coruscant . However, if he finds the reason of why Jacen Solo fell to the dark side, he can be allowed to return. Ben insists on coming with him. Together, father and son explore dangerous and little-known portions of the galaxy. Luke and Ben learn much about each other, about the Force, and about the great dangers threatening the Jedi. The great love the two surviving Skywalkers have for each other grows even greater as they repeatedly save each other's lives and explore the limits and powers and mysteries of the Force. Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor Main article: Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor It has been suggested that Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor be merged into this article. ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2019. Comic books Luke Skywalker appears in the Marvel -published Star Wars comics adaptations of the original trilogy, as well as an ongoing series that ran from 1977–86. When Dark Horse acquired the license two years later, he appeared in numerous projects based on the franchise as well. In Star Wars: Legacy , set 125 years after the events of the original films, Luke appears as a spirit in the Force to his descendant Cade Skywalker and persuades him to once again become a Jedi in order to defeat the evil Darth Krayt and his burgeoning Sith empire.
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Video games An older and wiser Luke Skywalker also appears in the Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy video games at the rank of Jedi Master. In Jedi Outcast , Luke helps Kyle Katarn in his fight against Desann and Empire Reborn by driving them away from the Valley of the Jedi. Luke appears in the game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed in a downloadable alternate storyline where Starkiller duels Luke. [23] He also appears in the Disney Lucasfilm video game Star Wars Commander . [24] [25] Luke is also a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . [15] Characterization Psychoanalytic Each of the Star Wars characters instantiates one of the archetypes in Joseph Campbell 's Hero's journey , [26] with Luke Skywalker symbolizing the Hero archetype. [27] As such, he is a formulaic, relatable protagonist who encounters the basic struggle between good and evil in the same way as other heroic figures such as Harry Potter , Bilbo Baggins , and Jesus Christ . Luke's central dilemma is the ongoing war between good and evil, both externally and internally. Like most [ citation needed ] protagonists emerging from this storytelling formula, Luke is not raised by his biological parents. Religious Some argue that Luke mirrors fundamental values of Christianity and Abrahamic religion ; Luke's journey is often compared to that of Jesus Christ. Scholars argue that Luke is a Christ-like figure, while Yoda represents a god and Darth Vader represents the temptations of evil. Luke's struggle between good and evil is contrasted with that of his father, Anakin Skywalker, in a way that represents the story of the Prodigal Son . [28]
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Concept and creation Luke was variously conceived of as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, and as a woman. [29] In an interview about his early drafts, Lucas said: The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad. [30] Though Luke's surname was "Skywalker" in Lucas's 1973 treatment of The Star Wars , [31] it was changed to "Starkiller" in subsequent drafts, at one point featuring in the title ( The Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Starkiller ). The "Starkiller" surname remained for the first few months of production; [32] [33] Hamill used the name "Luke Starkiller" the sole time he referred to himself during filming [34] ( dubbed "Skywalker" in the film). "Starkiller" was dropped due to what Lucas called "unpleasant connotations" with Charles Manson . [35] An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his father's role as Darth Vader after the latter's death and intending to rule in his place. Though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. [36] Another conclusion to the film featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to " Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns." [37]
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According to Mark Hamill, during the filming of the original Star Wars film, George Lucas asked him if he would reprise the role for a cameo when he was in his 60s to pass the torch to the next generation. In 1983, Hamill stated that his return to the franchise would be "either be another plane of existence or not the same character". [38] Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars Celebration during lunch when Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray the Trickster in The Flash , then letting it grow back for the filming of Star Wars . [39] Luke's lack of screen time in The Force Awakens was due to concerns by screenwriter Michael Arndt that his presence would mean the audience would have less interest in protagonist Rey , leading to an agreement that he be removed from the screen and instead become a plot device . [40] [41] Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Luke's role in the film; instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make a "better experience for everyone". [42] According to concept designer Christian Alzmann, Luke's appearance in The Last Jedi was partly inspired by that of Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now (1979). [11]
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Reception In 2015, Luke Skywalker was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th-greatest movie character of all time. [43] Empire also ranked him as the third greatest Star Wars character. [44] Luke was also on the ballot for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [45] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Luke at number 14. [46] IGN listed Luke as their 4th top Star Wars character, [47] and he was chosen twice by IGN's readers as one of their favorite Star Wars characters. [48] [49] IGN's Jesse Schedeen also picked Luke Skywalker as one of the characters they most wanted to appear on the Wii , [50] as well as listing Skywalker as one of their favorite Star Wars heroes. [51] Schedeen also listed the character as one of the Star Wars characters they wanted to see in Soulcalibur . [52] IGN also called the fight between Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader in Return of the Jedi one of the ultimate movie "boss battles". [53] In a feature on speeches made by Luke Skywalker, IGN's Todd Gilchrist said that his favorite speech made by Luke was "I am a Jedi, like my father before me". [54] UGO Networks listed Luke as one of their best heroes of all time, [55] and he was voted as one of the coolest Star Wars characters by UGO's readers. [56] Inventor Dean Kamen has also code-named his new prosthetic arm system "Luke" in honor of the character. [57] WatchMojo ranked Luke Skywalker as #3 on their "Top 10 Star Wars Characters" list. [58]
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Mark Hamill was nominated a Saturn Award for Best Actor in for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in Star Wars , [59] and won the award for his portrayal in The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and The Last Jedi . [60] [61] In 1976, Mark Hamill had a serious car accident after filming Star Wars , which involved an operation on his face. It was speculated that the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries, but George Lucas specifically disputed this in the DVD commentary of The Empire Strikes Back . [62] In regards to Luke's portrayal in The Last Jedi , many fans expressed disappointment in how he was depicted "as a grumpy old man whose failures had driven him into hiding", a stark departure in how Luke was characterized in the original trilogy. [63] Hamill originally stated that he "pretty much fundamentally [disagreed] with every choice [ The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson ] made for this character," but that he had the utmost respect for Johnson and was willing to do his part to realize Johnson's vision. [64] While regarding the possibility of a younger actor playing the role, Hamill expressed support towards Sebastian Stan , whose physical resemblance to a young Hamill went viral. [65] However he noted that child actor Jacob Tremblay would be his top choice if the story were to be focused on a very young Luke. [66]
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In 2016, when asked about the character's sexual orientation and if Luke could be gay , Hamill said Luke's sexual orientation "is meant to be interpreted by the viewer." He added, "if you think Luke is gay, of course he is. You should not be ashamed of it. Judge Luke by his character, not by who he loves." [67] Hamill later said that he considered the possibility that Luke could have found love between Episode VI and Episode VII . [68] Cultural impact Forty years after his first onscreen appearance, Skywalker remains to be an American icon. In fact, Luke Skywalker is often still used by child psychotherapists to help children to project their thoughts and state of being in a way that is understandable to both the child and their therapist. Another way that therapists utilize Star Wars in sessions is to teach their patients that the Force represents the self-understanding that they achieve in therapy. Children are taught that they are Luke and their therapist is Obi-Wan as eventually, as Luke no longer needed his mentor, patients will one day no longer need their therapist. Star Wars has been related back to cultural events of its time, such as The Cold War and Nixon-era politics . The severing of Luke's hand and Darth Vader's bionic presence supposedly, according to space.com, symbolize the unity of the military and amputees . [69]
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Family tree Main article: Skywalker family v t e Skywalker family tree Aika Lars [n 1] Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker [n 2] Jobal Naberrie [n 3] Ruwee Naberrie [n 3] Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa [n 4] Breha Organa [n 5] Luke Skywalker [n 6] Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo [n 7] Notes: ^ Appears in Pablo Hidalgo 's Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded (2016) ^ Anakin was conceived without a biological father. ^ a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005) ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005) ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005) ^ In the non-canonical Star Wars Expanded Universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker . ^ In the Legends continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . References Footnotes ^ Phil Szostak notes that Luke's lightsaber design reflects that of Obi-Wan Kenobi's. [9] ^ The first was Michael A. Stackpole 's 1997 Expanded Universe novel, I, Jedi . Citations ^ Libbey, Dirk (July 27, 2018). "Mark Hamill Confirmed For Star Wars Episode 9" . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . ^ Smith, Christopher Corey (June 17, 2014). "Power converters..." Twitter . Retrieved June 29, 2014 .
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^ Campbell, Joseph ; Moyers, Bill . The Power of Myth . New York City: Anchor Books . p. 179. ISBN 978-0385418867 . ^ Villarreal, Mike (March 10, 2014). "Review: Jump to lightspeed with Topps' Star Wars radio drama" . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 22, 2019 . ^ Davis, Lauren (November 26, 2014). "Star Wars Deleted Scenes Reveal The Utter Disaster That Could Have Been" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 22, 2019 . ^ Slavicsek, Bill (1994). A Guide to the Star Wars Universe (2nd ed.). Del Rey. p. 482. ISBN 0-345-38625-6 . ^ Slavicsek, Bill (1994). A Guide to the Star Wars Universe (2nd ed.). Del Rey. p. 285. ISBN 0-345-38625-6 . ^ Return of the Jedi (laserdisc). Back cover: CBS/FOX. 1986. ^ Szostak, Phil. The Art of Star Wars: The Last Jedi . Abrams Books . p. 15. ISBN 9781419727054 . ^ De Lange, Sander (December 16, 2014). "Star Wars, A Family Affair" . StarWars.com . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ a b Szostak, Phil. The Art of Star Wars: The Last Jedi . Abrams Books . p. 28. ISBN 9781419727054 . ^ Perry, Spencer (July 27, 2018). "BREAKING: Star Wars: Episode IX Cast Officially Announced!" . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . ^ Goldman, Eric (March 18, 2017). "Star Wars Rebels: "Twin Suns" Review" . IGN . San Francisco, California: j2 Global . Retrieved January 27, 2019 .
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^ Shepherd, Jack (March 20, 2018). "Star Wars: Mark Hamill returns as Luke Skywalker for Forces of Destiny short" . The Independent . London, England: Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved May 28, 2018 . ^ a b "Luke Skywalker" . EA (in Spanish) . Retrieved December 23, 2017 . ^ a b "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line" . StarWars.com . April 25, 2014 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ a b Schedeen, Jesse (March 6, 2015). " Star Wars: Heir to the Jedi Review" . IGN . San Francisco, California: j2 Global . Retrieved May 27, 2016 . ^ McMillan, Graeme (October 4, 2019). "Marvel to Relaunch 'Star Wars' Comic With Time Jump" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6, 2019 . ^ "TheForce.net: Star Wars: The Legends Of Luke Skywalker - The Manga Coming Early 2020" . TheForce.net . October 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe" . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page" . StarWars.com . April 25, 2014 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ Rosenberg, Adam (December 6, 2008). "The Worst Star Wars Expanded Universe Characters" . UGO.com . Archived from the original on January 10, 2012.
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^ Candil, Dani (October 1, 2008). "Luke Skywalker llega como contenido descargable a 'Star Wars: The Force Unleashed'. Pero hay más cosas..." Vida extra (in Spanish) . Retrieved December 23, 2017 . ^ "¡Llega el comandante Luke Skywalker!" . EA (in Spanish). August 10, 2017 . Retrieved December 23, 2017 . ^ Maiberg, Emanuel (December 8, 2014). "Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader Join Star Wars: Commander" . GameSpot . Retrieved December 23, 2017 . ^ Miller, Martin (Summer 1981). "The Appeal of Star Wars: A psychoanalytic view". American Imago . Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press . 38 (2): 203–220. ^ Scheller, Rachel (May 4, 2017). "Exploring Star Wars and the Hero's Journey" . Writer's Digest . Cincinnati, Ohio: F+W Media . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Cohen, Michael Howard (2002). "Fraud, Ego, and Abuse of Spiritual Power". Future Medicine: Ethical Dilemmas, Regulatory Challenges, and Therapeutic Pathways to Health Care and Healing in Human Transformation . Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press . pp. 213–248. ISBN 978-0472088898 . ^ "Skywalker, Luke" . Star Wars Databank . StarWars.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011 . Retrieved April 3, 2011 . ^ Clouzot, Claire (1999). "The Morning of the Magician: George Lucas and Star Wars ". In Kline, Sally (ed.). The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57–58. ISBN 1-57806-125-3 .
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^ Jones, Brian Jay (2016). George Lucas: A Life . New York City: Little, Brown and Company. p. 171. ISBN 978-0316257442 . ^ Satran, Joe (October 28, 2015). "The Hero Of 'Star Wars' Almost Wasn't Named Luke Skywalker" . Huffington Post . San Francisco, California: Huffington Post Media Group . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Nastasi, Alison (July 13, 2012). "Luke Starkiller? Indiana Smith? Famous Film Characters' Nixed Names" . The Atlantic . Boston, Massachusetts: Emerson Collective . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Robinson, Melia (December 29, 2015). "An Easter egg in 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' pays homage to the original movie" . Tech Insider . ^ Eisenberg, Eric (October 26, 2015). "Why George Lucas Had To Change Luke Skywalker's Name In Star Wars" . Cinema Blend . Portland, Oregon: Cinema Blend LLC . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (September 25, 2013). "10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Star Wars: Return of the Jedi" . Gizmodo . ^ Dennis, Catrina (November 19, 2014). "Luke Skywalker's Original Fate in Return of the Jedi Was VERY Different!" . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on January 16, 2016 . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . ^ Britt, Ryan (October 25, 2019). "How a wavy-gravy George Lucas concept could shape the 'Rise of Skywalker ' " . Inverse . Retrieved October 25, 2019 .
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^ Hiatt, Brian (December 18, 2015). "Skywalker Speaks: Mark Hamill on Returning to 'Star Wars ' " . Rolling Stone . New York City: Wenner Medias LLC . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (December 20, 2015). "J.J. Abrams explains R2-D2's closing scene in Star Wars: The Force Awakens " . Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Keyes, Rob (December 20, 2015). "Luke Skywalker's Role in Star Wars: The Force Awakens Explained" . Screen Rant . Ogden, Utah: Valnet, Inc . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (April 4, 2016). "Star Wars The Force Awakens: Mark Hamill's secret role in the table read revealed" . Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Meredith Corporation . Retrieved January 27, 2019 . ^ " Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" . Empire Magazine. June 29, 2015 . Retrieved October 13, 2016 . ^ "The Greatest Star Wars Characters" . Empire . February 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 19, 2017 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Official Ballot" (PDF) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 9, 2011 . ^ "The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters" . Fandomania.com . Retrieved May 21, 2010 . ^ "Top Star Wars Characters" . IGN . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . ^ Phil Pirrello (August 18, 2010). "Who Is Your Favorite Star Wars Character?" . IGN . Archived from the original on August 22, 2010 . Retrieved March 31, 2011 .
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^ Jesse Schedeen (February 6, 2009). "Star Wars: Your Favorite Characters" . IGN . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . ^ Jesse Schedeen (February 2, 2009). "Players Wanted: Characters We Want on the Wii" . IGN . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . ^ Jesse Schedeen (August 15, 2008). "Top 25 Star Wars Heroes: Day 5" . IGN . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . ^ Jesse Schedeen (August 5, 2008). "Players Wanted: Soulcalibur's Star Wars Fighters" . IGN . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . ^ Phil Pirello; Scott Collura; Jesse Schedeen; Eric Goldman; Matt Fowler (December 6, 2010). "Ultimate Movie Boss Battles" . IGN . Archived from the original on December 12, 2010 . Retrieved April 3, 2011 . ^ Todd Gilchrist (July 7, 2006). "Star Wars Speeches: Luke Skywalker" . IGN . Retrieved April 3, 2011 . ^ UGO Team (January 21, 2010). "Best Heroes of All Time" . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 25, 2012 . Retrieved April 3, 2011 . ^ Adam Rosenburg (August 25, 2008). "Star Wars Characters" . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on May 26, 2011 . Retrieved April 3, 2011 . ^ Lawler, Richard. "FDA approves a life-like prosthetic arm from the man who invented the Segway" . Engadget . Retrieved May 11, 2014 . ^ "Top 10 Star Wars Characters" . WatchMojo . Retrieved July 19, 2017 .
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^ "The 5th American Film and Television Saturn Award The 5th Saturn Awards 1978" . Mtime.com (in Chinese) . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . ^ Hill, Sam (January 21, 2014). "8 Miscast Movie Roles That Received A Bizarre Amount Of Praise" . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ Ryan, Jackson (June 27, 2018). "The Last Jedi, Black Panther win big at the 44th Saturn Awards" . CNET . Retrieved October 11, 2019 . ^ Cronin, Brian. "Was the Wampa Attack in Empire Strikes Back Created to Explain Mark Hamill's Facial Injuries?" . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 16, 2017 . ^ Hugh Armitage (April 4, 2018). "Mark Hamill says Luke Skywalker was used as a "plot device" in Star Wars: The Last Jedi" . Digital Spy . ^ David Kamp (May 25, 2017). "Star Wars Nerds, Mark Hamill Is One of You" . Vanity Fair . ^ https://www.inverse.com/article/38508-sebastian-stan-mark-hamill-star-wars-young-luke-skywalker ^ https://variety.com/video/mark-hamill-trump-tweets-young-luke-skywalker/ ^ Williams, Joe (March 4, 2016). " ' Of course Luke Skywalker is gay', says Mark Hamill" . PinkNews . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . ^ Plante, Corey (August 15, 2018). "Mark Hamill Hopes Luke Skywalker Didn't Die a Virgin in 'The Last Jedi ' " . Inverse . Retrieved April 22, 2019 . ^ Choi, Charles Q. (August 10, 2010). "How 'Star Wars' Changed the World" . Space.com . Retrieved October 11, 2019 .
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Further reading Dunk, Steve (December 28, 2017). "A Hero's Journey - Luke Skywalker" . TheForce.net . Retrieved October 6, 2019 . External links Speculative fiction portal Film portal Luke Skywalker in the StarWars.com Databank Luke Skywalker on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Luke Skywalker on IMDb v t e Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Doctor Aphra Cad Bane Darth Bane BB-8 Jar Jar Binks C-3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn (FN-2187) Bib Fortuna Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous HK-47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui-Gon Jinn K-2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi-Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bail Organa Leia Organa Sheev Palpatine / Darth Sidious Captain Phasma Admiral Piett Darth Plagueis Qi'ra R2-D2 Kylo Ren (Ben Solo) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Tag and Bink Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Iden Versio Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes
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Max Rebo Band Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Mandalore Tatooine Yavin Species and creatures Humanoid Species A–E Droid Ewok F–J Hutt K–O Mandalorian P–T Tusken Raiders U–Z Wookiee Animal creatures Bantha Sarlacc Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B-wing TIE fighter U-wing X-wing Y-wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Book Category Authority control LCCN : nb2015003400 NLA : 55222082 VIAF : 314900770 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 314900770 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1324 Cached time: 20191130164404 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 1.376 seconds Real time usage: 1.642 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14166/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 273810/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 49929/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/40 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 206812/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Lua time usage: 0.643/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8.63 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1364.839 1 -total 42.83% 584.593 3 Template:Reflist 24.61% 335.948 45 Template:Cite_web 11.66% 159.181 1 Template:Infobox_character 11.04% 150.681 1 Template:Skywalker_family_tree 10.21% 139.300 1 Template:Infobox
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8.90% 121.489 7 Template:Family_tree 8.54% 116.580 1 Template:Authority_control 8.05% 109.843 7 Template:Family_tree/step2 4.46% 60.940 1 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:53602-0!canonical and timestamp 20191130164403 and revision id 928050567 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Skywalker&oldid=928050567 " Categories : Fictional adoptees Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional characters with precognition Fictional commanders Fictional farmers Fictional generals Fictional military lieutenants Fictional hermits Fictional knights Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Fictional twins Jedi Male characters in film Soldiers in science fiction Star Wars characters Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Use American English from August 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2019 Articles to be merged from July 2019 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page
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In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2019, at 13:57 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Attica Prison riot - Wikipedia CentralNotice Attica Prison riot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Attica Prison uprising Attica Correctional Facility Date September 9–13, 1971 Location Attica, New York , U.S. 42°50′59″N 78°16′18″W / 42.84972°N 78.27167°W / 42.84972; -78.27167 Belligerents Attica inmates New York State Police New York State Department of Corrections New York Army National Guard Commanders and leaders Cleveland McKinley “Jomo” Davis (the leader of the riot) Frank "Big Black" Smith (who was responsible for the prison security) Richard X. Clark (The head of the inmates and hostages internal security and served as a liaison between the inmates of D-yard and the authorities) Elliott James "L.D." Barkley Herbert X. Blyden Frank Lott Peter Butler Donald "Don" Noble Carl Jones-El Governor Nelson Rockefeller Commissioner Russell G. Oswald Deputy Commission Walter Dunbar Public Information Officer Gerald T. Houlihan Superintendent William Kirwan Deputy Superintendent Karl Pfeil Warden Vincent R. Mancusi Major John Monahan Chief Inspector John C. Miller Lieutenant Joseph P. Christian ( GSW ) Strength 1,281 inmates 74 correctional officers (who managed to escape from becoming hostages) 550 state troopers 42 correctional officers and civilian workers (who are taken as hostages) Casualties and losses 33 prisoners killed (29 by police bullets during the assault, 4 by inmates knives before the assault) 85 prisoners wounded (all by police bullets during the assault)
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1 state trooper wounded by police bullet during the assault 10 correctional officers killed (1 died before the assault of his head injures, 8 died during the assault by police bullet, 1 died of his Injuries after the assault by gunshot wounds) 5 correctional officers wounded during the assault (3 by police bullets, 2 by inmates knives) The Attica Prison uprising , also known as the Attica Prison rebellion or Attica Prison riot , occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York , United States, in 1971. Based upon prisoners' demands for better living conditions and political rights, the uprising was one of the most well-known and significant uprisings of the Prisoners' Rights Movement. On September 9, 1971, two weeks after the killing of George Jackson at San Quentin State Prison , 1,281 of the Attica prison's approximately 2,200 inmates rioted and took control of the prison, taking 42 staff hostage. During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, [ citation needed ] but would not agree to demands for complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for the prison takeover or for the removal of Attica's superintendent. By the order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller , state police took back control of the prison. When the uprising was over, at least 43 people were dead, including ten correctional officers and civilian employees, and 33 inmates.
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Rockefeller, who refused to visit the prisoners during the rebellion, stated that the prisoners "carried out the cold-blood killings they had threatened from the outset," [1] despite only one of the officers and four inmates killed being attributed to the prisoners. New York Times writer Fred Ferretti said the rebellion concluded in "mass deaths that four days of taut negotiations had sought to avert". [2] As a result of the riot, a number of changes were made in the New York prison system to satisfy some of the prisoners' demands, reduce tension in the system, and prevent such incidents in the future. As of 2019 [update] , Attica remains the most prominent prison riot to have occurred in the United States. Contents 1 The uprising 2 Negotiations 3 Retaking of the prison and retaliation 4 Retaliation by Weatherman 5 Lawsuits and payments 6 Racial issues 6.1 Al Jundi v. Mancusi 7 Effects on the New York State prison system 8 In popular culture 8.1 Books 8.2 Film 8.3 Music 8.4 Poetry 8.5 Television 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links The uprising [ edit ] Memorial in front of the prison to the officers and other prison employees who died in the uprising. At approximately 4:20 a.m. on Thursday, September 9, 1971, 5 Company lined up for roll-call. Hearing rumors that one of their companions was to remain in his cell after being isolated for an incident involving an assault on prison officer Tom Boyle after he was hit in the face with a full soup can by Inmate William Ortiz, a small group of 5 Company inmates protested that they too would be locked up and began walking back towards their cells. The remainder of 5 Company continued towards breakfast. As the protesting group walked past the isolated inmate Ortiz, they freed him from his cell. They then rejoined the rest of 5 Company and proceeded on their way to breakfast. A short time later, when the command staff discovered what had occurred, they changed the usual scheduling of the prisoners, but did not tell prison officer Gordon Kelsey, the correctional officer in charge of leading 5 Company to the yard. Instead of going to the yard after breakfast as they usually did, the prisoners were led there to find a locked door, puzzling them and the correctional officer Kelsey. Complaints led to anger when more correctional officers led by Lt. Robert T. Curtiss arrived to lead the prisoners back to their cells. Officer Kelsey was assaulted and the riot began. [3]
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The inmates quickly gained control of sections, D-yard, two tunnels, and the central control room, referred to as "Times Square". Inmates took 42 officers and civilians hostage, and produced a list of grievances demanding their conditions be met before their surrender. [4] Negotiations [ edit ] Throughout the negotiations, there was leadership and organization among the prisoners. Frank "Big Black" Smith was appointed as head of security, and he also kept the hostages and the observers safe. [5] Additionally, an ardent orator, 21-year-old Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, was a strong force during the negotiations, speaking with great articulation to the inmates, the camera crews, and outsiders at home. [6] Barkley, just days away from his scheduled release at the time of the uprising, was killed during the recapturing of the prison. Assemblyman Arthur Eve testified that Barkley was alive after the prisoners had surrendered and the state regained control; another inmate stated that the officers searched him out, yelling for Barkley, and shot him in the back. [6] [7] We are men! We are not beasts and we do not intend to be beaten or driven as such. The entire prison populace, that means each and every one of us here, have set forth to change forever the ruthless brutalization and disregard for the lives of the prisoners here and throughout the United States. What has happened here is but the sound before the fury of those who are oppressed. We will not compromise on any terms except those terms that are agreeable to us. We’ve called upon all the conscientious citizens of America to assist us in putting an end to this situation that threatens the lives of not only us, but of each and every one of you, as well. — Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, 1971
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As speakers like Barkley raised morale, the rebels' negotiating team of prisoners proposed their requests to the commissioner. The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto Of Demands is a compilation of complaints written by the Attica prisoners, which speak directly to the "sincere people of society". It includes 27 demands, such as better medical treatment, fair visitation rights, and an end to physical brutality. The prisoners also requested better sanitation, improved food quality, and one set of rules for the state among numerous other demands. The manifesto specifically assigns the power to negotiate to five inmates: Donald Noble, Peter Butler, Frank Lott, Carl Jones-El, and Herbert Blyden X. Additionally, the document specifically lists out "vile and vicious slave masters" who oppressed the prisoners such as the New York governor, New York Corrections, and even the United States Courts. [8] The prisoners continued to unsuccessfully negotiate with Correctional Services Commissioner Russell G. Oswald, and then later with a team of observers that included Tom Wicker , an editor of The New York Times , James Ingram of the Michigan Chronicle , state senator John Dunne , state representative Arthur Eve , civil rights lawyer William Kunstler , and others. Prisoners requested the presence of Minister Louis Farrakhan , National Representative of the Nation of Islam , but he declined. [9] The situation may have been further complicated by Governor Rockefeller's refusal to come to the scene of the uprising and meet with the inmates, [4] although some later evaluations of the incident would postulate that his absence from the scene actually prevented the situation from deteriorating. [10] Negotiations broke down, and Oswald was unable to make further concessions to the inmates. However, he did not tell them that negotiations had ended and he would take the prison back by force, even stating, "I want to continue negotiations with you." [11] Oswald later called Governor Rockefeller and again begged him to come to the prison to calm the riot. Following the governor's refusal, Oswald stated that he would order the State Police to retake the facility by force. Rockefeller agreed with Oswald's decision to retake the prison by force, a decision which was later criticized. [12]
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Retaking of the prison and retaliation [ edit ] As the demands were not met, negotiations broke down and the mood among the inmates deteriorated. It appeared as though Gov. Rockefeller remained opposed to the inmates' demands, and they became restless. Defensive trenches had been dug, metal gates had been electrified, crude battlements were fashioned out of metal tables and dirt, gasoline was put in position to be lit in the event of conflict, and the "Times Square" prison command center was fortified. The inmates brought four corrections officers to the top of the command center and threatened to slit their throats. Reporters in helicopters circling the prison reported that the hostages in D yard were also being prepared for killing. Gov. Rockefeller had ordered that the prison be retaken that day if negotiations failed. Situation commander Oswald, seeing the danger to the hostages, ordered that the prison be retaken by force. Of the decision, he later said "On a much smaller scale, I think I have some feeling now of how Truman must have felt when he decided to drop the A-bomb." [13] At 9:46 a.m. on Monday, September 13, 1971, tear gas was dropped into the yard and New York State Police troopers opened fire non-stop for two minutes into the smoke. Among the weapons used by the troopers were shotguns, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not resisting. [14] Former prison officers were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath. [12] By the time the facility was retaken, nine hostages and 29 inmates had been killed. A tenth hostage, Correctional Officer Harrison W. Whalen died on October 9, 1971, of gunshot wounds received during the assault. [15]
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The final death toll from the uprising also includes the officer fatally injured at the start of the uprising and four inmates who were subjected to vigilante killings. Nine hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and soldiers. [4] [16] The New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War." [17] Media reports claimed that inmate hostage-takers slit the throats of many of their hostages, reports that contradicted official medical evidence. [18] Newspaper headlines made statements such as "I Saw Slit Throats", implying that prisoners had cut the hostages' throats when the armed raid occurred. [ citation needed ] These reports set the stage for reprisals by troopers and prison officers. Inmates were made to strip and crawl through the mud and then some were made to run naked between lines of enraged officers, who beat the inmates. [18] [19] Several days after the uprising's end, prison doctors reported evidence of more beatings. [12] [20] [21] The Special Commission found that state officials failed to quickly refute those rumors and false reports. [12] Retaliation by Weatherman [ edit ] At 7:30 p.m. on September 17, Weatherman launched a retaliatory attack on the New York Department of Corrections, exploding a bomb near Oswald's office. "The communique accompanying the attack called the prison system an example of 'how a society run by white racists maintains its control,' with white supremacy being the 'main question white people have to face.'" [22]
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Lawsuits and payments [ edit ] Within four years of the uprising, 62 inmates had been charged in 42 indictments with 1,289 separate counts. One state trooper was indicted for reckless endangerment. [23] Inmates and families of inmates killed in the prison retaking sued the State of New York for civil rights violations by law enforcement officers during and after the retaking of Attica. After years in the courts, in 2000, the State of New York agreed to pay $8 million ($12 million minus legal fees) to settle the case. [24] The State of New York also recognized the families of the slain prison employees in 2005 with a $12 million financial settlement. [25] The Forgotten Victims of Attica have also asked the State of New York to release state records of the uprising to the public. In 2013, Attorney General Eric Schneiderman said he would seek the release of the entire 570-page Meyer Report, the state's review of the uprising. The report was prepared by former State Supreme Court justice Bernard S. Meyer and submitted in 1975. One volume was made public, but a State Supreme Court justice ordered in 1981 that the other two be sealed permanently. [26] In May 2015, 46 pages of the report were released. The released pages contain accounts from witnesses and inmates describing torture, burning, and sexual abuse of inmates by prison authorities. [27]
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Racial issues [ edit ] At the time of the uprising, black empowerment was increasing and many black prisoners had transferred to Attica, increasing population from its designed 1,200 prisoners to 2,243. [28] 54% of these were Black American , 9% Puerto Rican , and 37% white; [29] however, most of the 383 correctional officers were white [ citation needed ] . Some corrections officers were openly racist and assaulted the prisoners with their batons, which they dubbed "nigger sticks." [28] [ dubious – discuss ] Additionally, two weeks before the uprising at San Quentin State Prison , George Jackson , a member of the Black Panther Party , was shot and killed after taking several guards and two inmates hostage. In addition to his death, the incident ended with the deaths of 5 hostages. Al Jundi v. Mancusi [ edit ] This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing indiscriminate details . If importance cannot be established, the section is likely to be moved to another article, pseudo-redirected , or removed. Find sources: "Attica Prison riot" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It was believed that a group of Muslims were responsible for the uprising and the harm of the hostages, when in fact the group of Muslims was protecting the hostages from other inmates. The leader of the Muslims even told the other inmates that if any of the inmates tried to hurt the hostages, that they would "kill [the inmates involved] or die protecting the hostages." The court in Al Jundi v. Mancusi , 113 F.Supp.2d 441 wrote: [30] [31]
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A number of former Muslim inmates testified that they had been singled out for "special" brutal treatment by troopers and prison officers because they had played an active role in protecting the hostages during the four days before the retaking. Because a number of militant inmates were prepared to do harm to the hostages, Frank "Big Black" Smith, in conjunction with the Muslim leadership, implemented a plan to secure the safety of the hostages during negotiations. [32] This view was corroborated by Michael Smith, age 51, a former corrections officer who was a hostage up to September 13, 1971. He testified that he was taken hostage on September 9, 1971 by a group of inmates who were out of control. He described them as a "wave of human emotion". He was in charge of the sheet metal shop and developed a good rapport with the inmates who worked under him and they protected him from the militant group. But eventually he came under the control of the take-over group and found himself in the center of D-Yard with other hostages. One of the inmates, Don Noble, whom he had befriended and who worked in the sheet metal shop, and Carl Reighn (originally referred to in previous interviews as Carl Rain) protected him on September 9, 1971, trying desperately to come up with ways to hide or save him and protect him, and would later save his life on September 13, 1971. Carl Reighn was present from the moment they broke the metal shop doors down.
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Smith was interviewed by the media while being held hostage along with Corrections Officer Cunningham. He conveyed that the inmates' demands were for improved conditions and reported that he was not being harmed. He was blindfolded most of the time. Upon receiving news of Corrections Officer Quinn's death, the negotiation process broke down. On Sunday night, September 12, 1971, the feeling was "somber". [32] He got a pen and wrote a goodbye note to his wife and family on dollar bills which were in his wallet. He testified that the hostages sat in a circle and leaned up against each other for support. On Monday, September 13, 1971, he was selected along with a few other hostages to be taken up on the A-Yard catwalk and a hostage execution was arranged. He was taken to the top of the catwalk by three inmates and sat on a chair blindfolded. Inmate Don Noble was on his left and held a knife to his throat. As the Army helicopter hovered over them and dropped tear gas, the shooting started and the inmate on his right was shot twice and blown over the railing of the catwalk. Don Noble pulled him to his left and the inmate immediately behind him received a fatal volley of gunfire. Noble was shot and Smith was shot four times in the stomach and once in the arm. The chair on which he had been sitting disintegrated from gunshots. Smith said in court, "I don't know how long the shooting went on. You could hear people crying, people dying and people screaming." He never lost consciousness as he lay on the catwalk until a trooper stood over him pointing a shotgun at his head. A prison officer saw what was going on and yelled to the trooper, "He is one of us", who then focused his attention on Noble, at which point Smith told the trooper, "He saved my life".
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He was eventually taken by National Guard medics to St. Jerome's Hospital in Batavia for an extensive period of treatment involving multiple surgeries. He was eventually released from service as a corrections officer because of his physical inability to perform his duties. He commented on the inaccuracy of the McKay Report which claimed that he had been merely knocked unconscious—no mention of his extensive gunshot wounds nor how they were obtained. He openly stated that his life was saved while he was held hostage because of the dedicated efforts of the Muslim group at Attica. "In fact, I can recall hearing one of the Muslim leaders instructing one of their men that if anyone tries to break through their Muslim perimeter to kill them or die protecting the hostages." Effects on the New York State prison system [ edit ] As an indirect result of the Attica uprising, the New York State Department of Corrections 1) began a grievance procedure , in which inmates could grieve (object to) actions by a staff member that violated published policy, 2) started at each prison a program under which the warden and other senior management meet on a monthly basis with elected representatives of the inmates, and 3) began allowing packages to inmates to be received year-round. In popular culture [ edit ] Books [ edit ]
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The first historical account of the Attica Prison Uprising ( A Time to Die , 1975) was written by Tom Wicker , a N.Y. Times editor, who was present at the prison as an observer. A more detailed historical account of the uprising was published by historian Heather Ann Thompson in 2016. The book, entitled Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy , draws on interviews with former inmates, hostages, families of victims, law enforcement, lawyers, and state officials, as well as significant archives of previously unreleased materials. [9] Malcolm Bell's historical account The Turkey Shoot: Tracking the Attica Cover-up had already been written and Bell was involved with the original New York (State) Special Commission on Attica. Film [ edit ] Direct coverage of the Attica Prison rebellion: ScreenSlate describes Cinda Firestone 's documentary, titled Attica (1974), as follows: [33] Firestone's 1974 film, restored in 2007, culls together primary footage from surveillance and news cameras along with prisoner, family, and guard interviews to create an account of the massacre that has been described as temperate, but undeniably damning with respect to the state's actions. As The New Yorker 's 1974 review describes it, "Cinda Firestone’s quiet picture uses horrifying film footage: shots taken through state troopers' telescopic rifle lenses; musings by inmates which sometimes sputter into anger against a world that finds descriptions of Attica incredible; riot quellers insensibly proud of their skill with weapons, showing off their prowess before the commission of inquiry. …If Attica disturbed our slumber for a mere month or two, one of the qualities of this trumpet call of a film is that it makes the disturbance enduring."
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At least three fictionalized TV movies of the rebellion have been produced: Attica (1980), with George Grizzard and Morgan Freeman , John Frankenheimer 's Against The Wall (1994), with Samuel L. Jackson , Kyle MacLachlan , and Clarence Williams III ; and The Killing Yard (2001), directed by Euzhan Palcy , with Alan Alda and Morris Chestnut . As part of a 40th anniversary commemoration, filmmakers Chris Christopher and David Marshall, in association with Blue Sky Project, produced a 60-minute, Emmy-nominated documentary called Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica , first aired on PBS in 2012, which brings together a range of previously unavailable interviewees who deconstruct and expose many myths and misconceptions about the Attica Prison rebellion, its causes, and its coverup. [19] [34] Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica brings this historical event to life in completely new and startling ways. Based on scores of interviews of eyewitnesses who just now are telling their stories, as well as filmmaker access to newly discovered documents, Criminal Injustice brings genuinely new evidence to light regarding what exactly happened at Attica between September 9–13, 1971 and the role played there by local, state, and even federal officials. Indeed this film raises important new questions about the deaths caused at Attica, about the involvement by individuals in the White House at Attica, and the influence of Nelson Rockefeller's political aspirations on decision made before, during, and long after the controversial and deadly retaking of that prison.
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Forty years after this cataclysmic and highly charged event, filmmakers Marshall and Christopher found that many are willing to speak with new candor that adds depth, and in some cases alters, the historic record. The film includes the final interview regarding Attica given by NYT reporter Tom Wicker (who was an observer/negotiator on the scene and author of A Time to Die about his experiences at Attica), Malcolm Bell, the special prosecutor turned whistle blower, Dr. Heather Thompson who is the nation's leading academic authority on the Attica prison uprising—as well as inmates, former hostages, law enforcement officers and others. [35] Several other films reference the uprising: In the film Half Nelson (2006), one of Dunne's students tells the history of Attica with a brief monologue a half hour into the movie. In the film Dog Day Afternoon , (1975), Al Pacino 's character, Sonny, who is holding eight bank employees hostage, starts the chant, "Attica! Attica!", at the massed police outside, evoking the excessive police force used in response to the Attica uprising. The chant "Attica! Attica!" has since been parodied or used for comedic effect in many films and television shows. For example, In the film Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult , (1994), Leslie Nielsen 's character, Frank Drebin, shouts "Attica! Attica!" when he goes undercover in prison. Similarly, in the film Saturday Night Fever (1977), John Travolta 's character, Tony Manero, wakes up after a night out at the disco and, while looking at himself in the mirror and seeing a poster of Al Pacino in Serpico (1973), debates whether he resembles Al Pacino. Becoming enamored of the idea, he yells "Al Pacino!" and then opens his bedroom door, walks into the hallway, and chants "Attica! Attica!"
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Music [ edit ] The incident is directly referenced in several songs: The song " Attica " by English band Spear of Destiny . The song " Rubber Bullets " by English band 10cc . John Lennon 's " Attica State " on his Some Time In New York City album. Tom Paxton 's "The Hostage", which was included by Judy Collins on her 1973 album True Stories and Other Dreams (1973). In the Gil Scott-Heron song, "We Beg Your Pardon", Scott-Heron is critical of Governor Rockefeller's handling of the rebellion, stating that "brother Richard X of Buffalo New York faces 1365 years... behind bars for participating in Attica, and Rockefeller faces being the Vice President of this country". Paul Simon 's "Virgil", on his album Songs from The Capeman (1997). The Attica uprising also inspired the Charles Mingus composition " Remember Rockefeller at Attica ", and jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp 's composition "Attica Blues" (1972) from his album of the same name . Rapper Nas mentioned Attica in his collaboration song with Lauryn Hill, " If I Ruled the World (Imagine That) ". Nas raps "I'd open every cell in Attica, send 'em to Africa". In the song "C.I.A. (Criminals in Action)", by KRS-One , Zack De La Rocha, and The Last Emperor: "I flip the shit like Pacino and it's your Dog Day Afternoon /Attica, Attica, drug agents you bring your static-a."
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Black Moon 's "Powaful Impak!" on the album Enta da Stage the rebellion is mentioned in the lyric "I'm bustin' niggas open, Attica style". Frederic Rzewski wrote "Coming together/Attica based on Sam Melville 's letters from Attica. The Descendants of Mike and Phoebe , a jazz group featuring bassist Bill Lee, included a song entitled "Attica" on their 1974 Strata East release A Spirit Speaks . The Wu Tang Clan's Raekwon mentions the Attica rebellion on "The Hilton" from Ghostface Killah's 2001 Bulletproof Wallets in the lyric "Giants from Attica Riots/Halls is Quiet/CO's with babies on their arms look tight." The song Attica by Bahamian artist Exuma . Poetry [ edit ] Boxer Muhammad Ali recited a poem during an interview on RTÉ on a visit to Ireland in July 1972, imagining what Attica's prisoners would have said before their death. [36] In 1972, avant-garde composer and pianist Frederic Rzewski wrote two pieces connected to the Attica uprising, both for percussion ensemble and speaker. "Coming Together" sets text by Sam Melville , a leader of the uprising and one of the people who lost their lives as a result of it, from a letter he wrote in 1971. The second and shorter piece, "Attica", is set to the statement made by inmate Richard X. Clark when he was released from the prison: "Attica is in front of me now." The two pieces was recorded in 1973 for the Opus One label by the Blackearth Percussion Group, with Steven ben Israel of the Living Theater as the speaker. [37]
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The poem " Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox " by American poet Allen Ginsberg makes a reference to the Attica prison rebellion. This poem was also subsequently performed as a song by political rock band Rage Against The Machine . Television [ edit ] In season 7 episode 6 of " Archer ", Archer exclaims that the SWAT team outside the house is "about to go full-on Attica." This is in reference to the raiding of the prison by police. In the season 1 finale of the HBO series Oz , Attica is referenced by unit manager Tim McManus as his hometown and the rebellion as his original impetus for his wanting to set up Emerald City. In the final episode of Orange Is the New Black season 4, the prisoners rise up and chant "Attica! Attica!". The entirety of season 5 is devoted to the rebellion itself, which contains significant parallels to the Attica uprising. [38] The Attica Prison uprising served as a source of inspiration for the Bell Riots from the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode " Past Tense ". [39] In the episode "A Date with the Booty Warrior" of the animated series The Boondocks , the episode's titular character takes Tom hostage with a shank, inciting a prison rebellion. After the convicts had taken the guards hostage, they were deciding what to do next. The other convicts were disgruntled to learn that the Booty Warrior's only demands were "to get some booty". One of the other convicts (voiced by Clifton Powell ) remarked "I thought this was supposed to be some Attica-type shit!"
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The chant, "Attica! Attica!" has been used in several television shows, including The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , [40] Drawn Together , Gilmore Girls , " SpongeBob SquarePants Season Two Episode 17", House , It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , Mr. Iglesias , The King of Queens , TMNT , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , WCW Monday Nitro , Orange Is the New Black , The Wire , NCIS: New Orleans and The Good Fight . Variations of the chant were used in Duckman: Private Dick/Family Man ("Sciatica!"), The League ("Gattaca!"), and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch ("Cattica, Cattica!"). See also [ edit ] New York (state) portal List of notable prison riots References [ edit ] Notes [ edit ] ^ The Milwaukee Star (1971) ^ Ferretti (1971) ^ "Attica Correctional Facility: 1971 Prison Riot" . Attica Central School District. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2006-10-04 . ^ a b c "People & Events: Attica Prison Riot – September 9–13, 1971" . American Experience—The Rockefellers . Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006-10-04 . ^ Attica Timeline ^ a b Eyes on the Prize (1990) ^ Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica (2013) ^ "The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands and Anti-Depression Platform" . Race & Class . 53 (2).
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^ a b Oppenheimer, Mark (2016-08-18). " ' Blood in the Water,' a Gripping Account of the Attica Prison Uprising" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2016-08-18 . ^ Benjamin, G., & Rappaport, S. (1974). Attica and Prison Reform. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 31 (3), 203-212. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from JSTOR database. ^ Ann Thompson, Heather (2016-08-23). Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy . Pantheon. p. 170. ISBN 0375423222 . ^ a b c d "A Year Ago at Attica" . Time . Time Magazine, Inc. 1972-09-25 . Retrieved 2008-04-27 . ^ "The Nation: War at Attica: Was There No Other Way?" . Time . September 27, 1971. ^ "Use of Shotguns in Attica Revolt Deplored in House Unit's Report; No Comment on Report" . The New York Times . June 27, 1973. ^ Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica (PDF) . New York: Bantam Books. 1972. p. 456 (digital page 496). OCLC 601935 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-04 . Retrieved 2011-12-01 . ^ Schmalleger, F. & Smykla, J. Corrections in the 21st Century . New York: McGraw-Hill. ^ Kohli, Sonali (2015-03-03). "America's bloodiest day (since the Civil War) that no one talks about" . QZ . Retrieved 2018-06-13 .
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^ a b http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21946 ^ a b http://www.bspfilms.org/films-criminal-injustice-death-and-politics-at-attica.php ^ Ferretti, Fred (September 15, 1971). "Autopsies Show Shots Killed 9 Attica Hostages, Not Knives; State Official Admits Mistake" . The New York Times . p. 1. ^ Farrell, William E. (September 17, 1971). "Rockefeller Lays Hostages' Deaths to Troopers' Fire" . The New York Times . p. 1. ^ Berger, Dan, Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity , (AK Press, 2006) pp. 182–3, via Google Books. Retrieved 2011-09-12. ^ Al-Jundi v. Mancusi , 113 F. Supp. 2d 441 (W.D.N.Y. 2000) ^ Chen, David W. (29 August 2000). "COMPENSATION SET ON ATTICA UPRISING" . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ "State and Prison Workers Settle Attica Riot Claims" . The New York Times . 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Kaplan, Thomas (19 April 2013). "Decades Later, State Seeks Release of Report on Attica Uprising" . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ New Attica documents reveal inmate accounts of torture after 1971 prison uprising The Guardian ^ a b "Obituary:Vincent Mancusi" . Daily Telegraph . 24 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 27 Sep 2012 . ^ Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica (PDF) . New York: Bantam Books. 1972. pp. 28 (digital page 67). OCLC 601935 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-04 . Retrieved 2011-12-01 .
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^ http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/926/235/258238/ ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-19 . Retrieved 2008-07-31 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ a b https://www.pbs.org/pov/docs/disturbingtheuniverse/kunstler_lp_smith.pdf ^ "Tuesday, September 13 >> Featured Screening: Attica at BAMcinématek" . ScreenSlate . September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . ^ https://www.academicvideostore.com/video/criminal-injustice-death-and-politics-attica-0 ^ http://interactive.wxxi.org/highlights/2013/01/criminal-injustice-death-and-politics-attica ^ Savali, Kirsten West (10 September 2016). "#Attica45: Muhammad Ali Recites His Powerful Poem About the Attica Prison Uprising" . The Root . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Rzewski, Frederic. Coming Together / Les Moutons de Panurge / Attica . Opus One: 20. ^ Thompson, Heather Ann. "Editorial: 'Orange' is the New Attica on Netflix" . NBC News . NBC . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . ^ Source: Time Travel Files: "Past Tense". DVD extra included with Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – The Complete Third Season . ASIN B00008KA5A. ^ "Traces of Mind Control from Cold War America | Reforming : Legacy of the Attica Prison Riot" . traces.brynmawr.edu . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . Bibliography [ edit ] Bandele, Asha (September 9, 2011). "After the Attica Uprising. The history of the massacre at Attica should be used to challenge the continued injustices of mass incarceration" . The Nation . Retrieved July 8, 2018 . Hampton, Henry; Fayer, Steve; Flynn, Sarah, eds. (1990). Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s . New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553352320 . OCLC 690078672 .
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Zinn, Howard. "Surprises". A People's History of the United States: 1492–Present . New ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. 506-539. Print. Eyes on the Prize . Dir. Henry Hampton. PBS Video, 1990. Film. "Attica Timeline". Attica Is All of Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. < https://web.archive.org/web/20131219064248/http://atticaisallofus.org/?page_id=506%3E . "The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands". Race & Class 53.2 (2011): 28–35. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. "Episodes from the Attica Rebellion". The Black Scholar 4 (1972): 34-39. JSTOR. Web. Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica . Christine Christopher. Blue Sky Project, 2013. Ferretti, Fred. "Like a War Zone". The New York Times 18 Sept. 1971: 1+. ProQuest. Web. "41 Dead. Attica: National Tragedy". Milwaukee Star 18 Sept. 1971: 1–2. African American Newspapers, 1827-1998. Web. Bell, Malcolm. The Turkey Shoot: Tracking the Attica Cover-up . Grove Press edition, 1985. ISBN 0-394-55020-X . Thompson, Heather Ann (23 August 2016). BLOOD in the WATER : The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy (Vintage Books ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375423222 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attica Correctional Facility . Attica Manifesto presented to Commissioner Oswald and Governor Rockefeller on July 2,1971 by the Attica Liberation Faction Five Demands & 15 Practical Proposals delivered to Commissioner Oswald on September 9, 1971 Interview with Laverne Barkley
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Yahoo! Directory: Attica Riot links Attica Prison Riot: Memories strong after 40 years Democrat and Chronicle: Attica – A History In Photographs Talking History: Attica Revisited Photographs taken during and after the prison riot "The Truth about Attica by an Inmate" , National Review , March 31, 1972 video interviews with Frank Smith Short history on American Experience at PBS.org Short history from Eyes on the Prize at PBS.org The Attica Prison Uprising on libcom.org —with links to related articles on the prisoners' movement, Black Panthers, Vietnam, etc. 40 Years After the Attica Uprising: Looking Back, Moving Forward - Conference website exploring the uprising 40 years later How Power Works . Chris Hedges for Truthdig , October 23, 2016. v t e Prison riots and uprisings 19th century 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion 20th century 1943 Featherston prisoner of war camp riot 1943 Sobibor extermination camp uprising 1943 Janowska concentration camp riot 1944 Cowra breakout 1946 Battle of Alcatraz 1953 Norilsk uprising 1953 Vorkuta uprising 1954 Kengir uprising 1959 Montana State Prison riot 1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot 1971 Attica Prison riot 1974 Huntsville Prison siege 1976 HM Prison Hull riot 1980 New Mexico State Penitentiary riot 1985 Badaber Uprising 1985 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot 1986 West Virginia State Penitentiary riot 1986 Peruvian prison massacres 1987 Atlanta prison riots 1988 Fremantle Prison riot
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1989 SCI Camp Hill Pennsylvania riots riots 1989 Polish prison riots 1990 Strangeways Prison riot 1990 Southport Correctional Facility riot 1991 Federal Correctional Institution, Talladega riot 1992 Carandiru massacre 1993 Southern Ohio Correctional Facility riot 1997 Khujand prison riot 2000 F-type Prisons strike and riots 21st century 2001 Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 2003 Eagle Mountain riot 2004 Arizona State Prison Complex – Lewis riot 2006 North County Correctional Facility riot 2007 New Castle Correctional Facility riot 2008 La Mesa Prison riot 2009 Mexico prison riot 2011 HM Prison Ford riot 2012 Altamira prison brawl 2012 Apodaca prison riot 2012 Yare prison riot 2012 Welikada prison riot 2013 Uribana prison riot 2013 Palmasola prison riot 2015 Kaohsiung Prison riot 2016 Topo Chico prison riot 2016 Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 2016 New Bilibid Prison riot 2017 Kidapawan jail siege 2017 Brazil prison riots 2018 Valencia, Venezuela fire 2019 Acarigua prison riot 2019 Amazonas prison riots 2019 Altamira prison riot 2019 Cameroon prison riots NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1333 Cached time: 20191105125613 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.720 seconds Real time usage: 0.980 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3040/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 96353/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5147/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/40 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20
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Unstrip post‐expand size: 86333/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 3/400 Lua time usage: 0.372/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8.28 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 855.810 1 -total 44.58% 381.485 1 Template:Reflist 14.48% 123.936 6 Template:Cite_book 13.00% 111.272 7 Template:Cite_web 11.41% 97.632 12 Template:Cite_news 9.08% 77.744 4 Template:Fix 8.84% 75.689 3 Template:Citation_needed 8.50% 72.724 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict 6.25% 53.478 1 Template:Importance_section 5.95% 50.884 1 Template:Commonscat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:308458-0!canonical and timestamp 20191105125612 and revision id 921787363 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attica_Prison_riot&oldid=921787363 " Categories : Attica Correctional Facility History of African-American civil rights History of the United States (1964–80) Prison uprisings Riots and civil disorder in New York (state) 1971 riots 1971 in New York (state) September 1971 events Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2015 Commons category link is on Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata using P373 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store
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Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2019, at 21:57 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
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Beast (Beauty and the Beast) - Wikipedia CentralNotice Beast ( Beauty and the Beast ) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Beast First appearance Beauty and the Beast (1991) Created by Linda Woolverton (film adaptation) Portrayed by Terrence Mann ( Beauty and the Beast originated role for Broadway ) Jeff Bridges ( Disney Dreams Portraits photographs) Dan Payne ( Descendants ) Dan Stevens ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Robby Benson Alias Prince Adam, Master of the Castle Occupation Prince Significant other Belle Children Prince Ben (son; in Descendants only) Relatives Maurice (father-in-law) Nationality French The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas and Belle's Magical World . Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont , the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane . A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson . The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann . Dan Stevens portrays a live-action version of the character in the 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film.
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Contents 1 Development 2 Characteristics 3 Appearances 3.1 Beauty and the Beast 3.2 Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas 3.3 Belle's Magical World 4 In other media 4.1 Kingdom Hearts 4.2 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories 4.3 Kingdom Hearts II 4.4 Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days 4.5 Broadway musical 4.6 The D Show 4.7 Once Upon a Time 4.8 Beauty and the Beast (2017 live action film) 5 References Development Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for the Beast to resemble a creature that could possibly be found on Earth as opposed to an alien . The initial designs had the Beast as humanoid but with an animal head attached as per the original fairy tale, but soon shifted towards more unconventional forms. The earlier sketches of the Beast’s character design are seen as gargoyles and sculptures in the Beast's castle. [1] Inspired by a buffalo head that he purchased from a taxidermy , [2] Keane decided to base the Beast's appearance on a variety of wild animals , drawing inspiration from the mane of a lion, head of a buffalo, brow of a gorilla, tusks of a wild boar, legs and tail of a wolf, and body of a bear. However, he felt it important that the Beast's eyes remain human. In fear that Glen Keane would design the Beast to resemble voice actor Robby Benson, Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg did not allow Keane to see Benson during production of the film.
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