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List of The Wallflower chapters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia CentralNotice List of The Wallflower chapters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page . (October 2009) The cover of The Wallflower volume 1 as released by Del Rey Manga in October 2004 in North America. This is a list of the chapters that comprise the manga series The Wallflower written by Tomoko Hayakawa . The individual chapters had been serialized in Bessatsu Friend from 2000 to 2015, and in 36 tankōbon volumes in Japan by Kodansha . The series was licensed for an English language release in North America by Del Rey Manga and in Singapore by Chuang Yi — under the name My Fair Lady and in Indonesia by Level Comics under the name Perfect Girl Evolution . It is now licensed by Kodansha Comics USA . Chapter and volume list [ edit ] No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN North American release date North American ISBN 1 October 13, 2000 ISBN 978-4-06-341210-9 October 2004 [1] ISBN 978-0-345-47912-9 Chapter 1: "A Light in the Darkness: Sunako and the four beautiful boys are introduced, making a 'melting' pot of different personalities."
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Chapter 2: "A Mission to Cut the Hair: Sunako, constantly being pestered and finally cornered, shows her kick-butt side and learns to stand up." Chapter 3: "A Bright Eye-Opening World" Chapter 4: "Ah, a Nostalgic Dark Past" Chapter 5: "A Walking into the Light" It's a gorgeous, Spacious mansion, and four handsome fifteen-year-old friends are allowed to live in it free! There's only one condition-that within three years the guys must transform the owner's Wallflower niece into a lady befitting the palace in which they all live. How hard can it be? Enter Sunako Nakahara, the agoraphobic, horror-movie-loving, pockmark faced, frizzy haired, fashion-illiterate recluse who tends to break into explosive nosebleeds whenever she sees anyone attractive. With Takano's high temper and incentive of free rent, this project is going to take more than our four heroes ever expected: it needs a miracle! 2 March 13, 2001 ISBN 978-4-06-341228-4 December 2004 [2] ISBN 978-0-345-47949-5 Chapter 6: "An Inviting Sunako" Chapter 7: "A Happy Shocking Christmas" Chapter 8: "The Eve Before Sunako Turns Into a Lady" Chapter 9: "Hot Springs Trip - Snow, Flowers, a Murder (part 1)-a trip to the hot springs interrupts Moori's love life with more than high temperatures." Four fabulous guys must completely transform a high school girl if they want to keep living rent-free in her aunts luxurious mansion. But Sunako Nakahara, the most fashion-hopeless girl in Japan, would rather live like a hermit and watch her favorite horror movies than undergo a makeover. When the guys stumble upon the mansions secret subbasement, they discover the ghost of a prim and proper lady who (thankfully) begins to possess Sunakos soul. It seems their problem is solved. Too bad that Sunakos now-suitable personality includes a desire to lock the boys up in the mansion's dungeon!
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3 July 13, 2001 ISBN 978-4-06-341242-0 March 2005 [3] ISBN 978-0-345-47999-0 Chapter 10: "Hot Springs Trip - Snow, Flowers, a Murder (part 2)-What happens when you mix greed, Sunako's love for the groutesque, murder, and cruelty towards ugliness?" Chapter 11: "Is the Enemy the Exam or Takano" Chapter 12: "A Violent Stormy Girl" Chapter 13: "A Banquet for the Beautiful" Chapter 14: "I am No. 1" A fabulous foursome of gorgeous guys may live in a magnificent mansion for free, but only if they can turn Sunako, the horror-movie-obsessed, fashion-illiterate niece of the owner, into a proper lady. Oh, and did the aunt mention that Sunako needs to get good grades, too? Sunako must achieve an average above 80 percent, or the deal’s off. No problem! Sunako scores high in all subjects – except math, which she consistently fails miserably. Now the guys have to tutor their reluctant student through hours of course work, avoiding the pitfalls of her gruesome hobbies, explosive nosebleeds, and tendency to faint whenever anybody refers to her kiss with Kyohei. Math would be easier without so much division! 4 December 13, 2001 ISBN 978-4-06-341261-1 June 2005 [4] ISBN 978-0-345-48001-9 Chapter 15: "The Summer is Too Hot" Chapter 16: "Matchmaking Trouble (part 1)" Chapter 17: "Matchmaking Trouble (Part 2)" Chapter 18: "A Dreamy Halloween" 5 June 13, 2002
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ISBN 978-4-06-341287-1 September 2005 [5] ISBN 978-0-345-48094-1 Special: "Little Red Riding Sunako" Chapter 19: "I'm Not Scared of any Love Rival" Chapter 20: "Valentine Day Battle" Chapter 21: "A Dark Brown Memory" Chapter 22: "Oh, My Sweet Home (part 1)" Sunako Nakahara and her four handsome housemates are enjoying their glamorous lifestyle at her aunt's mansion – until Sunako's father makes a surprise appearance. After learning that Sunako is going out with Kyohei, he flies all the way from Africa to investigate whether Kyohei is worthy of his precious daughter! Sunako vows to keep at least one secret from her prying father: her room full of horror-movie memorabilia. She urges him to leave immediately and peacefully. But will she be able to bid him a fond farewell before Kyohei is worn out by his tests and her blessed haven is discovered? 6 December 13, 2002 ISBN 978-4-06-341317-5 December 2005 [6] ISBN 978-0-345-48370-6 Chapter 23: "Oh, My Sweet Home (part 2)" Chapter 24: "A Childhood Friend, I Wish you Eternal Happiness" Chapter 25: "You're Prettier than a Rose" Chapter 26: "A Rowdy Swimming Competition" How did four of Japan’s hottest guys end up living in the same magnificent mansion? The shocking revelations continue! And whatever happened to the idea of giving Sunako a major makeover? If the foursome wants to remain in their luxurious surroundings, they need to follow through on the original agreement. Sunako’s aunt will no doubt threaten to kick them out (again!) if they fail to transform Sunako from a dark loner into a beautiful young lady. This volume also features “Yuki Versus the Abominable Snow Woman,” an ill-fated visit to a haunted school, and the terror of the track meet!
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7 March 13, 2003 ISBN 978-4-06-341328-1 March 2006 [7] ISBN 978-0-345-48371-3 Chapter 27: "Oui, Monsieur" Chapter 28: "Whose Child is this Energetic Child" Chapter 29: "The World's Strongest Women" Chapter 30: "A Weird Chat in Cold Winter" Four of Japan's hottest guys are doing their best in their mission to turn dark, macabre Sunako into a dainty young woman. Gorgeous Ranmaru is famous for his smooth way with the ladies. But when a cute toddler named Rin shows up calling Ranmaru "Daddy," it seems that Ranmaru's days of swinging bachelorhood may be over! Ranmaru swears that Rin is not his kid, but they sure look an awful lot alike. Ranmaru does his darndest to avoid the little boy, but Sunako turns out to have a soft spot for the little squirt. It looks like Ranmaru just might have to accept his role as father - and Sunako seems like the perfect mom. Will motherhood finally turn Sunako into a true lady? 8 August 8, 2003 ISBN 978-4-06-341346-5 July 2006 [8] ISBN 978-0-345-48526-7 Special Gorgeous Chapter: "Mori Splendid Day" Chapter 31: "His True Intentions" Chapter 32: "The Queen of Horror Competition" Chapter 33: "Cherry Blossoms" Chapter 34: "Paramount Restaurant" Four of Japan's most gorgeous guys have the impossible task of turning goth loner Sunako into a lady. When they find Sunako all dressed up and ready for a night on the town, the guys think their luck may have finally changed. Hoping to catch a glimpse of Sunako's date, the quartet follow her out the door. But instead of a handsome prince, they find an old granny with a taste for the macabre! Granny's Museum of Horrors is closing shop, and she's promised all of the remaining items to Sunako, her best (and only) customer. Just what the guys need: more gruesome artifacts cluttering their house. Sunako plans to bring her horrific treasures home, but the guys will do anything to stop her... even if it means all-out war.
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9 January 13, 2004 ISBN 978-4-06-341369-4 September 2006 [9] ISBN 978-0-345-48527-4 Chapter 35: "The Road to Becoming a Lady (part 1)" Chapter 36: "The Road to Becoming a Lady (part 2)" Chapter 37: "A Prince in Sheep's Clothing" Chapter 38: "Going Home to Face a Typhoon" Four of Japan's hottest guys have been trying to turn the gothic Sunako into a lady for months now. So far they've managed to keep Sunako's dark secret from her auntie the landlady. That is, until the landlady shows up unannounced and finds Sunako enjoying a slasher flick in the darkest recesses of her room. Sunako's secret is out, and according to her aunt, there's only one way to turn her into a lady: send Sunako Nakahara and Kyohei Takano away on a little romantic getaway. Their accommodations for the evening consist of a vibrating bed, two-way mirrors, and a security guard who's blocking the only exit. Can Sunako survive a night alone with a creature of the light? 10 June 11, 2004 ISBN 978-4-06-341388-5 December 2006 [10] ISBN 978-0-345-48530-4 Chapter 39: "A Typhoon Wreaks Everything in its Path" Chapter 40: "Dreams Come True" Chapter 41: "The Princess of the Sleeping Forest" Chapter 42: "Winter Wonderland" Poor Kyohei is cursed... No, not by the devil or evil spirits. Not even by the dark, macabre Sunako, the girl he and his three pals have been trying to transform into a demure lady. Kyohei is cursed by his own good looks. When Sunako rejects him for being too good-looking, Kyohei runs away. His friends wonder what could have happened to him, but only Sunako, racked with guilt, knows the truth. It appears that the only way for Sunako to save poor Kyohei is to become a true creature of the light. But can Sunako finally emerge from the Goth shadows and bring Kyohei home, or will she be drawn back into the darkness once again?
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11 November 12, 2004 ISBN 978-4-06-341406-6 March 2007 [11] ISBN 978-0-345-49475-7 Chapter 43: "Girls Bravo!" Chapter 44: "Test of True Love" Chapter 45: "Sunako is Champion" Chapter 46: "The Picture of Love" Determined to turn goth loner Sunako into a real lady, and frustrated by their lack of progress, the guys persuade a reluctant Kyohei to take Sunako out on her first date. Now they just have to convince Sunako, who equates dating with suicide. They trick Sunako by promising her VIP seats at a pro-wrestling death match (the operative word being death). The possibility of seeing blood spilled really gets Sunako excited. What's more, she even lets Kyohei take her out afterward to a horror flick and a delicious dinner. But wait... Dinner and a movie? That almost sounds like a... "Noooooooooo!" 12 March 11, 2005 ISBN 978-4-06-341420-2 June 2007 [12] ISBN 978-0-345-49556-3 Chapter 47: "The Right Way to Spend the Summer" Chapter 48: "The Love of Summer Vacation" Chapter 49: "This is the Beautiful High School Life" Chapter 50: "All for the Fried Pawns" Mori High's annual school festival is fast approaching, and Sunako's class is gearing up to perform a cosplay cafe. Sunako's roomies, the four hottest guys in Japan, are shocked when Sunako leaves the dark recesses of her room and heads out shopping with a gaggle of high school girls. However, what Sunako thought was a simple cosplay supply shopping trip soon turns into a full-blown girly event complete with karaoke, ritzy boutiques, and even a photo booth. Can the dark Sunako survive an entire day of perky pink-infested fun? Could this be her first step on the path to ladyhood?
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13 June 13, 2005 ISBN 978-4-06-341429-5 September 2007 [13] ISBN 978-0-345-49557-0 Chapter 51: "Lovely Bonds" Chapter 52: "Brilliant Accident (part 1)" Chapter 53: "Brilliant Accident (part 2)" Chapter 54: "Thinking About Chance Encounter" CURSE OF THE DIAMOND Sunako just wants to remain in seclusion inside her dark room, but glam Auntie has other plans and drags her niece to a party. Upon arrival, Sunako takes refuge in an empty coffin, where she finds a diamond. Imagine morbid Sunakos delight when she learns the jewel is cursed! 14 November 11, 2005 ISBN 978-4-06-341452-3 January 2008 [14] ISBN 978-0-345-49558-7 Special Gorgeous Chapter: "Mori One Day of Depression" Chapter 55: "Jealous Generation" Chapter 56: "Dream Mutual Love" Chapter 57: "Let's go to School" Chapter 58: "Sweet Typhoon" When a sudden storm traps goth chick Sunako and super-hot Kyohei in the basement, Sunako is ecstatic. Not because she can use the opportunity to get closer to such a cute guy, but because she can't wait to explore the deepest, dankest recesses of the mansion! Even when hunger sets in, and the chance for survival seems slim, Sunako is thrilled. If she can live a few minutes longer than Kyohei, she can finally see a real corpse! Will her dark dream come true? 15 March 13, 2006 ISBN 978-4-06-341464-6 April 2008 [15] ISBN 978-0-345-49919-6 Chapter 59: "Memory's Door"
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Chapter 60: "Baka Big Brother Rhapsody" Chapter 61: "That Is The Question, To lLove Or Not To Love" Chapter 62: "Memory Of Love" Sunako was once a typical junior high school girl until the guy she had a crush on told her she was ugly. Sunako then turned her back on the world. Now there's going to be a reunion at school--and guess who's going to be there? 16 July 13, 2006 ISBN 978-4-06-341478-3 July 2008 [16] ISBN 978-0-345-50171-4 Chapter 63: "Onobori-san to Go" Chapter 64: "Pheromone BOMB" Chapter 65: "The Hazardous Return of Valentine's Day" Chapter 66: "Sunako's Ideal Body Building" A LADY AT LAST? The four hottest boys in Japan have just one goal: Turn the goth-girl Sunako into a true lady. And suddenly theyrre making progress! First, Sunako ventures out on a shopping trip to one of Tokyos trendiest neighborhoods (very un-Sunako). Then she gets super-excited about Valentines Day (even more un-Sunako). Finally, when the landlady invites Sunako to a ball to meet a real prince, our gothic heroine goes on a crash diet (extremely un-Sunako). Is Sunako finally shedding her dark disposition? 17 November 13, 2006 ISBN 978-4-06-341493-6 September 2008 [17] ISBN 978-0-345-50659-7 Chapter 67: "The Way to Become Pretty" Chapter 68: "Dancing Steps to Lady Achievement" Chapter 69: "The Blues of the Unbeatable One" Chapter 70: "The Dreams They Both Shared"
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UNEXPECTED ROOMIES Just when Sunako and the four hottest guys in Japan had finally gotten used to living together, their landlady springs a shocking surprise: She's going to remodel the mansion and they'll be temporarily relocated to a luxury hotel. Now Sunako and the guys are living it up in a gorgeous five-star pleasure palace–exactly the type of place Sunako can't stand. To make matters worse, the landlady has reserved a special suite just for Sunako and Kyohei. Unable to cope, Sunako flees in terror, and Kyohei follows. Now Sunako and Kyohei are hiding out together in a tiny studio apartment. Wait a sec. Its almost like theyrre . . . shacking up! 18 March 13, 2007 ISBN 978-4-06-341514-8 January 2009 [18] ISBN 978-0-345-50660-3 Chapter 71: "Won't Lose to Poverty and Society" Chapter 72: "Takenaga's Honor" Chapter 73: "Love, Love Revolution" Chapter 74: "That's the Dreamy 1st Love" RED LIGHT RENDEZVOUS The Nakahara mansion is under construction, and the entire gang is being put up at a fancy five-star hotel. Except, of course, for Sunako and Kyohei, who just can't handle living in the lap of luxury. They opt instead for a tiny apartment, but they can barely afford the rent. Sunako has no choice but to get a job, and the only jobs that pay well happen to be in the nearby red-light district. Sunako sneaks off and finds herself a gig at one of the local clubs, where she rakes in the dough. But when news of her new job reaches the bishonen, they freak! After all, if the landlady finds out that Sunako is working in a hostess club, the guys might never get to move back into the Nakahara mansion!
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19 August 10, 2007 ISBN 978-4-06-341537-7 April 2009 [19] ISBN 978-0-345-50661-0 Chapter 75: "Lightness and Darkness Collide" Chapter 76: "Love is a Mirage" Chapter 77: "The Way to Become a Domestic Man" Chapter 78: "The Tale of the Prince and the Princess" GHOST OF THE PAST Sunakos auntie, the landlady, lost her one true love years ago, but is death really forever? When the landlady visits the mansion, Ranmaru, the notorious playboy, begins to act strange. In fact, he's behaving just like the landlady's deceased husband. There's only one explanation: Ranmarus has been possessed by the ghost of the landlady's long-ago love. Now the landlady is ready to spend some quality time with her mate. But wait–he's still Ranmaru on the outside. Kyaaaaaa! 20 January 11, 2008 ISBN 978-4-06-341557-5 June 2009 [20] ISBN 978-0-345-51029-7 Chapter 79: "Capture the Princess!" Chapter 80: "House Arrest! Beautiful Sacrifice!" Chapter 81: "Who is "Mister" Morikou?" Chapter 82: "The Japanese New Year" PRINCESS SUNAKO? Sunako is a great cook, but her croissant recipe needs help. Luckily, the landlady happens to know a royal family famous for its master bakers. Sunako and the gang are whisked off to the small kingdom of Grimmel, but the landlady has ulterior motives: The young prince of Grimmel is looking for a bride, and his tastes are almost as morbid as Sunakos. It looks like Sunako might accept the princes proposal–unless Kyohei is willing to speak now or forever hold his peace.
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Includes special extras after the story! 21 July 11, 2008 ISBN 978-4-06-341584-1 September 2009 [21] ISBN 978-0-345-51432-5 Chapter 83: Special Story: "Machiko-chan Returns!!" Chapter 84: "Kyouhei is Legend: Again" Chapter 85: "If It’s You, I’d Walk Through Fire and Water." Chapter 86: "Yeah! Super Pink Unrequited Love" Chapter 87: "The Sunako Inside the Mirror" 22 December 12, 2008 ISBN 978-4-06-341599-5 October 2010 [21] ISBN 978-0-345-51460-8 Chapter 88: "Dark Girl on the Beach" Chapter 89: "Hotel's Serenade" Chapter 90: "Sunako becomes a Star" Chapter 91: "The Path to Becoming a Dark Lady (Part I)" SUNBURN It's summertime, and all Sunako wants to do is stay in the darkest depths of her room. But the guys are desperate to complete Sunako's transformation into a lady--which means a weekend at a beachside resort. Now Sunako is trapped in a fancy five-star hotel and surrounded by creatures of the light. To escape on the train back to Tokyo she needs cash, and winning the Capture the Flag competition will solve that problem. Victory seems like a sure thing for Sunako--until she meets her competition: none other than Kyohei Includes special extras after the story It's the ultimate makeover. Four gorgeous guys must turn a reclusive girl into a real lady. This collection contains Volumes 22, 23, and 24. 23 May 13, 2009 ISBN 978-4-06-341622-0 October 2010 [21]
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ISBN 978-0-345-51460-8 Chapter 92: "The Path to Becoming a Dark Lady (Part II)" Chapter 93: "Welcome Fuckin' Xmas Night" Chapter 94: "A Seasoned Pro's Paradise" Chapter 95: "Sleepless Tonight" SUNBURN It's summertime, and all Sunako wants to do is stay in the darkest depths of her room. But the guys are desperate to complete Sunako's transformation into a lady--which means a weekend at a beachside resort. Now Sunako is trapped in a fancy five-star hotel and surrounded by creatures of the light. To escape on the train back to Tokyo she needs cash, and winning the Capture the Flag competition will solve that problem. Victory seems like a sure thing for Sunako--until she meets her competition: none other than Kyohei Includes special extras after the story It's the ultimate makeover. Four gorgeous guys must turn a reclusive girl into a real lady. This collection contains Volumes 22, 23, and 24. 24 September 11, 2009 ISBN 978-4-06-341640-4 October 2010 [21] ISBN 978-0-345-51460-8 Chapter 96: "I Want To See You (Part I)" Chapter 97: "I Want To See You (Part 2)" Chapter 98: "Burn!! Sebastian!" Chapter 99: "The Great Bond" SUNBURN It's summertime, and all Sunako wants to do is stay in the darkest depths of her room. But the guys are desperate to complete Sunako's transformation into a lady--which means a weekend at a beachside resort. Now Sunako is trapped in a fancy five-star hotel and surrounded by creatures of the light. To escape on the train back to Tokyo she needs cash, and winning the Capture the Flag competition will solve that problem. Victory seems like a sure thing for Sunako--until she meets her competition: none other than Kyohei
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Includes special extras after the story It's the ultimate makeover. Four gorgeous guys must turn a reclusive girl into a real lady. This collection contains Volumes 22, 23, and 24. 25 February 12, 2010 ISBN 978-4-06-341666-4 June 21, 2011 [22] ISBN 978-1-93-542991-3 Chapter 100: "Sunako's Curse" Chapter 101: "Go Go, Miss Sunako" Chapter 102: "Lets Go Mushroom Hunting" Chapter 103 "Present For You!" SUNBURN Kyohei saves Sunako and Oba-chan's image by kissing Sunako at a party. However, Sunako sees his action as harassment and now is prepared to go to any length in order to drag Kyohei into the darkness. Sunako puts a curse on Kyohei that allows the spirits of other girls to get through to Kyohei and wears him down. This curse would have been the death of Kyohei if it were not for Sunako, who comes to his rescue at the risk of her own dignity and sanity, by kissing him. 26 June 11, 2010 ISBN 978-4-06-341687-9 September 27, 2011 [23] ISBN 978-1-93-542992-0 Chapter 104: "Shouting Love In The Middle Of The Cooking Room" Chapter 105: "Once Again, The Great Hot Bath" Chapter 106: "Everyday Restaurant" Chapter 107: "My Beloved N-110" SUNBURN The handsome foursome are all in an uproar once more when they are lead to believe that Sunako has fallen in love with their science teacher. Their theory is followed up with evidence: for one, the science teacher is quite handsome; two, Sunako has never looked lovelier: and three, Sunako keeps on sneaking out to see him. Will Kyohei simply stand back and watch as he loses his love, or will he make a stand for her?
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27 December 13, 2010 ISBN 978-4-06-341718-0 November 22, 2011 [24] ISBN 978-1-93-542994-4 Chapter 108: "The Legendary Maid" Chapter 109: "The One and Only Flower in the World" Chapter 110: "A Midsummer Night's Nightmare" Chapter 111: "A Veteran's Tribulation" 28 April 13, 2011 ISBN 978-4-06-341740-1 May 22, 2012 [25] ISBN 978-1-61-262118-0 Chapter 112: "Save the Shopping Arcade" Chapter 113: "An Exciting and Scary Carnival" Chapter 114: "The Ooedo Era Eating House Incident (Part 1)" Chapter 115: "The Ooedo Era Eating House Incident (Part 2)" 29 September 13, 2011 ISBN 978-4-06-341759-3 December 4, 2012 [26] ISBN 978-1-61-262241-5 Chapter 116: "The Chocolate War Outbreak!" Chapter 117: "Chairman Takano's Inauguration!" Chapter 118: "Ah, Wonderful Nudism" Chapter 119: "Maybe It's a Fantasy" 30 December 13, 2011 ISBN 978-4-06-341774-6 February 12, 2013 [27] ISBN 978-1-61-262244-6 Chapter 120: "Queen of Pirates" Chapter 121: "Dear My Friend!" Chapter 122: "Lovesickness" Chapter 123: "Go Masked Man!" 31 June 13, 2012 ISBN 978-4-06-341798-2 August 6, 2013 [28] ISBN 978-1-61-262245-3 Chapter 124: "Takenaga's Way of Life" Chapter 125: "Because I Love You" Chapter 126: "Bishounen's Tragedy" 32 December 13, 2012 ISBN 978-4-06-341830-9 May 27, 2014 [29] ISBN 978-1-61-262443-3 33 April 12, 2013 ISBN 978-4-06-341851-4 August 2014 [30] ISBN 978-1-61-262551-5 34 October 11, 2013 ISBN 978-4-06-341881-1 February 2015 [31] ISBN 978-1-61-262804-2 35 September 12, 2014 ISBN 978-4-06-341937-5 August 2015 [32] ISBN 978-1-61-262834-9 36
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February 13, 2015 ISBN 978-4-06-341966-5 References [ edit ] ^ "The Wallflower 1" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2009-04-27 . ^ "The Wallflower 2" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 3" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 4" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 5" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 6" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 7" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 8" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2009-04-27 . ^ "The Wallflower 9" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 10" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 11" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 12" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 13" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2009-04-27 . ^ "The Wallflower 14" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 15" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 16" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 17" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 18" . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 19" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2015-07-09 . ^ "The Wallflower 20" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2009-04-27 . ^ a b c d "The Wallflower 21" . Goodreads.com . Retrieved 2009-04-27 .
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^ "North American Anime, Manga Releases: June 19-25 (Updated)" . Anime News Network . June 20, 2011 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ "North American Anime, Manga Releases, Sept. 25-Oct. 1" . Anime News Network . September 28, 2011 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ "North American Anime, Manga Releases: November 20-26" . Anime News Network . November 22, 2011 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ "North American Anime, Manga Releases, May 20-26" . Anime News Network . May 22, 2012 . Retrieved September 17, 2015 . ^ "The Wallflower 29" . Kodansha Comics USA . Retrieved 2015-01-31 . ^ "The Wallflower 30" . Kodansha Comics USA . Retrieved 2015-01-31 . ^ "The Wallflower 31" . Kodansha Comics USA . Retrieved 2015-01-31 . ^ "The Wallflower 32" . Kodansha Comics USA . Retrieved 2015-02-01 . ^ "The Wallflower, Volume 33" . Kodanshacomics.com . Kodansha Advanced Media . Retrieved 2015-09-17 . ^ "The Wallflower, Volume 34" . Kodanshacomics.com . Kodansha Advanced Media . Retrieved 2015-09-17 . ^ "The Wallflower, Volume 35" . Kodanshacomics.com . Kodansha Advanced Media . Retrieved 2015-09-17 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1171 Cached time: 20160330174309 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false CPU time usage: 0.512 seconds Real time usage: 0.563 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7087/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 165543/2097152 bytes
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Sheeran Busts Out the Ballroom Moves in ‘Thinking Out Loud’ Video – Rolling Stone Jetpack Open Graph Tags Google Tag Manager End Google Tag Manager Placeholder for Floating Video Ad × End Placeholder Floating Video Ad pmc-tags-top CrazyEgg CrazyEgg Start CrazyEgg End end pmc-tags-top CrazyEgg pmc-tags-top Comscore end pmc-tags-top Comscore pmc-tags-top Quantcast end pmc-tags-top Quantcast pmc-tags-top Prefetch end pmc-tags-top Prefetch Placeholder for Responsive Skin Ad End Placeholder for Responsive Skin Ad .c-ad marker for pmc-sticky-ad Rolling Stone .l-header__branding Send Us a Tip .l-header__block--left Subscribe Subscribe .c-cover .l-header__block--right Menu .c-hamburger .l-header__toggle--hamburger Close the menu .c-close-button .l-header__toggle--close Music TV Movies Politics Culture Video Charts Pro .l-header__nav .l-header__content .l-header__branding--sticky Menu .c-hamburger .l-header__toggle--sticky--hamburger Close the menu .c-close-button .l-header__toggle--sticky--close Read Next The RS Politics 2020 Democratic Primary Leaderboard .l-header__block--read-next Send Us a Tip Subscribe .l-header__content--sticky .l-header__search Get The Magazine Subscribe to the all-new Rolling Stone! Everything you need to know from the authority on music, entertainment, politics and pop culture. Order today and save over 66%! Subscribe Now Newsletter Signup Sign up for our newsletter and go inside the world of music, culture and entertainment. Sign Up .l-header__subscribe .l-header Home Music Music News .c-breadcrumbs October 9, 2014 3:17PM ET Sheeran Busts Out the Ballroom Moves in ‘Thinking Out Loud’ Video By Lyndsey Parker Lyndsey Parker Reporter Lyndsey Parker's Most Recent Stories Carl Barat Looks Back at The Libertines, Looks Ahead With The Jackals
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Album Premiere: Lotus Crush’s ‘Rabbit Hole,’ Featuring Terry McDermott New Photos: Ranking ‘The Voice’ Season 8’s Top 20 View All .c-author .c-byline__detail .c-byline__author .c-byline__authors .c-byline Facebook Twitter Reddit Email Show more sharing options Tumblr Pin It LinkedIn WhatsApp Print .c-social-bar .l-article-header .c-crop Ed Sheeran Screenshot .c-picture__caption .c-picture Ed Sheeran usually keeps a low profile in his music videos (for “ Sing ,” he even let a lookalike puppet stand in for him), but in his latest clip, he takes centerstage, debuting a new look and some impressive moves with a new dance partner. The “A Team” singer really brings his A-game in “Thinking Out Loud,” flawlessly executing a ballroom dance routine that looks like something out of a Dancing With the Stars finale. But “Thinking Out Loud,” which has received 2.7 million views in less than 24 hours, was actually choreographed by a team from another TV dance competition, So You Think You Can Dance : Emmy-winners Tabitha & Napoleon D’umo, aka “Nappytabs.” And you may actually recognize the girl in the video, Brittany Cherry , from So You Think You Can Dance as well. While Brittany only made it to the top 20 of SYTYCD Season 10, she’s obviously come out a winner — not just sharing the spotlight in “Thinking Out Loud,” but also getting the opportunity to dance with Ed five hours a day, secretly training him for the video while she was on tour with him earlier this year.
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I’ve learned to dance… — Ed Sheeran (@edsheeran) October 7, 2014 It seems Ed’s more than 40 hours of dance training has paid off: Not only does he admirably and effortlessly keep up with Brittany, but he looks noticeably slimmer as he ditches his trademark shlubby hoodie for a natty, physique-flaunting waistcoat. Ed actually has shed 35 pounds in the past three months, although he recently told ET that that’s the result of cutting out beer… and replacing it with vodka, of course: Incidentally, this isn’t the first Ed Sheeran video with So You Think You Can Dance ties. Ed’s last video, for “ Don’t ,” memorably starred SYTYCD Season 5 dynamo Phillip Chbeeb. That clip only featured a quick drive-by cameo from Ed himself, but now that we’ve seen what Ed can do on the dance floor, perhaps Phillip can teach Ed some hip-hop moves for Ed’s next video. Follow Lyndsey on Twitter , Instagram , Google+ , Amazon , Tumblr , Vine , Spotify .c-content Want more Rolling Stone? Sign up for our newsletter. .c-post-actions .l-article-content .l-blog__primary Trending .c-trending__heading .c-crop The Rolling Stones Let It Loose, Troll Trump at Massachusetts Gig .c-trending__title .c-trending__link .c-trending__item ‘F-ck Trump’ Chants Interrupt Fox News World Cup Broadcast from Bar in France .c-trending__title .c-trending__link .c-trending__item Bruce Springsteen Rarities Highlight ‘Blinded By the Light’ Soundtrack
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Blue Angel (band) - Wikipedia CentralNotice Blue Angel (band) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Blue Angel" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blue Angel Origin New York City , U.S. Genres Rockabilly Years active 1979–82, 1987 Labels Polydor Past members Cyndi Lauper John Turi Arthur "Rockin A" Neilson Lee Brovitz Johnny Morelli Blue Angel were a US American retro- rockabilly band, that featured Cyndi Lauper before her rise to fame as a solo singer. [1] The lineup also included John Turi on keyboards and saxophone , Arthur "Rockin' A" Neilson ( guitar ), Lee Brovitz ( bass guitar ) and Johnny Morelli ( drums ). Lauper and Turi wrote the bulk of their material, and the group also covered pop standards, such as Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 's " I'm Gonna Be Strong " (which Lauper covered again on a 1994 album). Blue Angel were briefly popular on the New York club scene. The band reformed without Lauper in 1987, under the name Boppin' the Blues. Lauper joined them on stage for a one-time performance at New York's Lone Star Cafe , singing a Big Mama Thornton song and " That's Alright Mama ". They have since disbanded.
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Contents 1 Discography 1.1 Albums 1.2 Singles 1.3 Re-releases 2 References 3 External links Discography [ edit ] Their only album, Blue Angel , was released in 1980. It featured a sparse punk rock and new wave -styled cover in primary red, and floating band member photos. The album's sales were better overseas than in the United States. The only track to hit top 40 was "I'm Gonna Be Strong", which reached No. 37 in the Netherlands . Another song from the album, "Maybe He'll Know", was re-recorded by Lauper on her second solo album, True Colors , in 1986. Blue Angel recorded a second album for Polydor in 1980; it was never released owing to a change in management at PolyGram Germany, and they, along with other artists, were dropped from the label. The band continued to gig around New York until 1982; their final concert took place that fall at Studio 54 . Albums [ edit ] Blue Angel (1980) Singles [ edit ] Year Song Album 1980 " I'm Gonna Be Strong " Blue Angel " I Had a Love " " Late " " Fade " Re-releases [ edit ] After Lauper's solo success, Blue Angel was re-released in LP and cassette formats in multiple countries. The yellow-covered Australian re-release uses a larger photo of Cyndi and includes "Blue Angel featuring" in small print above "Cyndi Lauper" in large print. The Japanese re-release also includes "featuring Cyndi Lauper", though the rest of the cover remains unchanged from the original release. In 2005, a 5000-copy compact disc pressing was released by Hip-O Select Records .
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References [ edit ] ^ Carl R. Green, William R. Sanford (1986). Crestwood House (ed.). Cyndi Lauper . ISBN 978-0-89686-300-2 . External links [ edit ] Blue Angel at AllMusic Entry at discogs.com v t e Blue Angel Cyndi Lauper John Turi Arthur "Rockin' A" Neilson Lee Brovitz Johnny Morelli Studio albums Blue Angel Singles " I'm Gonna Be Strong " " I Had a Love " " Late " " Fade " " Maybe He'll Know " Authority control MBA : 95d1952b-fd2b-4d87-9bbb-256c6e256f9b VIAF : 168283188 WorldCat Identities : lccn-n95019165 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1325 Cached time: 20210313225617 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.395 seconds Real time usage: 0.636 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 951/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26174/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1145/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/40 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4906/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.227/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3782118/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 596.654 1 -total 31.70% 189.128 1 Template:Refimprove 28.05% 167.358 1 Template:Reflist 24.14% 144.008 1 Template:Ambox 23.36% 139.392 1 Template:Cite_book 14.84% 88.562 1 Template:Infobox_musical_artist 11.25% 67.149 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 11.23% 67.033 1 Template:Blue_Angel 11.03% 65.784 1 Template:Authority_control 10.64% 63.479 1 Template:Navbox_musical_artist Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:89612-0!canonical and timestamp 20210313225616 and revision id 1010351469. Serialized with JSON.
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Angel_(band)&oldid=1010351469 " Categories : Rockabilly music groups Rock music groups from New York (state) Cyndi Lauper Musical groups from New York City Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from November 2020 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Namespaces Article Talk Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Variants Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Views Read Edit View history Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. More Search Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated.
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Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Please do not use role attribute as CSS selector, it is deprecated. Languages Български Español Français עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2021, at 01:48 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement
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Differences between books & TV series Title sequence Filming locations Pronunciation guide Unaired pilot episode Costumes Merchandise List of references to Game of Thrones in other media Season 8 1 - Winterfell (episode) 2 - A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms 3 - The Long Night (episode) 4 - The Last of the Starks Season 7 Season 7 1 - Dragonstone 2 - Stormborn 3 - The Queen's Justice 4 - The Spoils of War 5 - Eastwatch 6 - Beyond the Wall 7 - The Dragon and the Wolf Season 6 1 - The Red Woman 2 - Home 3 - Oathbreaker 4 - Book of the Stranger 5 - The Door 6 - Blood of My Blood 7 - The Broken Man 8 - No One 9 - Battle of the Bastards 10 - The Winds of Winter Previous Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Histories & Lore Histories & Lore animated featurettes Conquest & Rebellion The Faith Militant The Dance of Dragons (Histories & Lore) Nymeria & Dorne The Golden Company The Rains of Castamere (Histories & Lore) The Great Tourney at Harrenhal Robert's Rebellion (Histories & Lore) Greyjoy Rebellion (Histories & Lore) Telltale games Game of Thrones: A Telltale Games Series Telltale video game navigation sub-portal 1 - Iron From Ice 2 - The Lost Lords
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3 - The Sword in the Darkness 4 - Sons of Winter 5 - A Nest of Vipers 6 - The Ice Dragon House Forrester House Whitehill Prequels Game of Thrones prequel projects Bloodmoon Bloodmoon Jane Goldman - showrunner Age of Heroes (historical era) Long Night (event) The Wall White Walkers Azor Ahai Bran the Builder Durran Godsgrief Lann the Clever Empire of Ash - the Doom of Valyria prequel "Empire of Ash" leaks to GoTWiki Empire of Ash - TV series Max Borenstein - showrunner Sphinxes - faction profile Young Dragons - faction profile Free Holders - faction profile Old Valyria Zamettar Valyrian religion Carly Wray Brian Helgeland Explore Wiki Activity Random page Community Videos Images Forum Discuss empty onclick event needs to be applied here to ensure that wds dropdowns work correctly on ios in: Rangers of the Night's Watch , Nobility , Members of House Stark , and 2 more Northmen Deceased individuals Benjen Stark Empty div to ensure $actionButton is always pushed to bottom of the container English Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Polski Русский Українська 中文 View source History Talk (32) Share watch 02:56 The Fate of Benjen Stark Do you like this video? Benjen Stark Season(s) 1 , 6 , 7 First seen " Winter Is Coming " Last seen " Beyond the Wall " Appeared in
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8 episodes ( see below ) Mentioned in " The Wolf and the Lion " " A Golden Crown " " You Win or You Die " Titles First Ranger (formerly) Status Deceased Death 304 AC beyond the Wall Overwhelmed fighting wights , in order to give Jon Snow time to escape, after the Wight Hunt Death shown in episode " Beyond the Wall " Origin Winterfell Allegiance House Stark { Three-Eyed Raven } The Night's Watch (formerly) Successor { Alliser Thorne } Culture Northmen Religion Old Gods of the Forest Father { Rickard Stark } Siblings { Brandon Stark } { Eddard Stark } { Lyanna Stark } Portrayed by Joseph Mawle (adult) Matteo Elezi (child) " The Great War is coming, and I still fight for the living. I'll do what I can...as long as I can. " ―Benjen's promise to Bran Stark and Meera Reed . [src] Benjen Stark was a First Ranger of the Night's Watch . He embarks on a ranging north of the Wall , and did not return. He was finally encountered again when he rescued Bran Stark and Meera Reed from wights after they escaped from the cave of the Three-Eyed Raven . Afterwards he led Bran and Meera close to the Wall but stayed behind because he could not pass through it due to his undead status. He eventually sacrificed himself to save his nephew, Jon Snow , by luring the army of the dead towards him.
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Contents [ show ] Biography Background A young Benjen as seen in Bran's visions. Benjen Stark is the youngest child and third son of Lord Rickard Stark . Rickard was the head of House Stark and Lord Paramount of the North . The North is one of the constituent regions of the Seven Kingdoms and House Stark is one of the Great Houses of the realm. House Stark rule the region from their seat of Winterfell and Rickard also held the title Lord of Winterfell . [1] He attended the The Great Tourney at Harrenhal . [2] Benjen is the younger brother of Brandon , Eddard and Lyanna . Rickard, Brandon and Lyanna were all killed in the civil war known as Robert's Rebellion . Eddard inherited his father's titles and responsibilities. [3] [4] [5] Benjen joined the Night's Watch , the military force which patrols the Wall and guards the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms . He earned the rank of First Ranger . Benjen is viewed as a hero by his nephew Jon Snow . [6] Season 1 Ned and Benjen discuss Will's execution for desertion. Benjen travels south from the Wall to attend the feast welcoming King Robert Baratheon to Winterfell. He brings news about strange events beyond the Wall. Benjen tells Eddard that the young Night's Watch deserter he executed was a good and loyal man who would not desert his post lightly. His nephew Jon Snow asks to join the Night's Watch despite Benjen's warning that it is a hard life. [7] Eddard agrees to become the Hand of the King . A few days later, the royal party heads south. Benjen accompanies them to the Kingsroad and then escorts Jon and Tyrion Lannister north to Castle Black . Along the way they are joined by fresh recruits, including a rapist named Rast .
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Benjen bids farewell to Jon atop the Wall. Jon begins to realize that the Watch may not be the noble institution he thought it was [8] , and upon arriving at Castle Black Jon begins his training. Benjen tells Jon that he is going north of the Wall on a ranging. Jon asks to go with him, but Benjen tells him that he is not ready and cautions that on the Wall a man only gets what he earns, not what his birth entitles him to. Benjen says farewell to his friend Yoren , a recruiter for the Watch. He also exchanges words with Tyrion, who is about to head south with Yoren. Benjen feels that Tyrion holds the Watch in disregard despite Tyrion's protests to the contrary. [9] Days later Benjen's horse returns to Castle Black, but there is no sign of Benjen himself. [10] Shortly afterwards, two of the rangers who accompanied Benjen, Othor and Jafer Flowers , are found dead in the forest beyond the Wall. They are brought back to Castle Black for Maester Aemon to study, but in the middle of the night they reanimate as wights . Both are killed again and their bodies are burned. [11] Lord Commander Jeor Mormont vows to take the Watch beyond the Wall in force to investigate what's going on and promises Jon that they will find Benjen alive or dead. [12]
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Season 2 During the Great Ranging beyond the Wall, Mormont and his men stop at Craster's Keep where Mormont tells the wildling Craster that Benjen has said he planned to stop there on his way to the Frostfangs . Craster gruffly replies that he hasn't seen Benjen for three years and hasn't missed him, saying that Benjen "always treated me like scum." [13] Season 5 Jon, who has now been elected the 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, ends up alienating many of his fellow black brothers when he brings back several thousand wildlings that were driven away from Hardhome and allows them safe passage through Castle Black . His personal steward, Olly , lures him into a trap by claiming one of the wildlings that he brought back says he knows Benjen. As Jon walks outside to see if this is true, Alliser Thorne (who Jon has since named First Ranger in place of the missing Benjen) adds that this wildling claims he saw Benjen at Hardhome on the last full moon. However, this is revealed to be nothing but a ruse as Alliser, Olly, and four other black brothers proceed to fatally stab Jon. [14] Season 6 Benjen's training at Winterfell is witnessed in Bran's vision. Benjen appears in a vision experienced by Bran Stark. Benjen is shown training with Ned under a young Rodrik Cassel in the courtyard of Winterfell, though his skills are far inferior to Ned's. Lyanna appears and playfully teases Benjen about not having a sparring partner after Ned goes to the Eyrie, and suggests that Wylis take up swordplay. Benjen almost has a match with him, but he is led away by Old Nan . Benjen is seen later in another of Bran's visions saying goodbye to Ned shortly before the latter heads off to the Vale. [15]
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Beyond the Wall, when Bran and Meera Reed are being chased by an army of wights , a hooded figure with a concealed face arrives atop a horse, wielding a flaming chain, to burn the wights and rescue the pair. When the wights become too numerous to fight off, he pulls Bran and Meera onto his horse and rides away. The next day, the hooded man feeds Bran the blood of a dead rabbit, and says he arrived to help because the Three-Eyed Raven requested it. Benjen makes himself known to Bran and Meera. When questioned on his identity, he pulls down his scarf and hood, revealing himself as Benjen Stark. Benjen explains that, during his fateful ranging beyond the wall, he was attacked by White Walkers , one of whom shoved an ice sword into his gut and left him for dead. He was discovered by the Children of the Forest , who stopped him from falling to the control of the White Walkers by shoving a piece of dragonglass into his chest. [16] Benjen bids farewell to Bran and Meera. Benjen eventually escorts Bran and Meera to the weirwood tree nearby the Wall . When asked by Meera why he cannot travel any further south, Benjen explains that ancient spells carved into the foundation of the Wall prevent the dead from passing through it. Benjen says he will continue to fight for the living as long as he can, before departing. [17]
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Season 7 Benjen saves Jon from a horde of wights. When Jon, who has been left beyond the Wall by his group, is about to be swarmed by the army of the undead, Benjen suddenly comes riding in in the last moments, slaying wights from his horse. When he stops in front of Jon, he jumps off his horse and removes the scarf from his head, revealing his survival to the stunned Jon. To save Jon, Benjen heaves him onto his horse and orders him to ride back to the Wall. Jon asks Benjen to come with him but Benjen refuses, instead sending off the horse and drawing his flaming morningstar to make his final stand. As the wights swarm him, Benjen fights back but is eventually overwhelmed and killed by the army of the dead. [18] Appearances Season One appearances Winter Is Coming The Kingsroad Lord Snow Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things The Wolf and the Lion A Golden Crown You Win or You Die The Pointy End Baelor Fire and Blood Season Six appearances The Red Woman Home * Oathbreaker Book of the Stranger The Door * Blood of My Blood The Broken Man No One Battle of the Bastards The Winds of Winter * Bran's vision Season Seven appearances Dragonstone Stormborn The Queen's Justice The Spoils of War
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Eastwatch Beyond the Wall The Dragon and the Wolf Gallery Jon and Benjen atop the Wall Benjen educates Tyrion on the role of the Nights Watch. A covered up Benjen saves Bran and Meera from a horde of Wights. Benjen reveals himself to Bran and Meera. A young Benjen witnesses a young Hodor have a debilitating seizure. Add a photo to this gallery Quotes Benjen Stark : " You're no Ranger , Jon. " Jon Snow : " But I'm better than every other... " Benjen Stark : " Better than no one! Here, a man gets what he earns when he earns it. We'll speak when I return. " — Benjen and his nephew Jon . [src] Benjen Stark : " The Night's Watch is a joke to you, is it? Is that what we are, Lannister? An army of jesters in black? " Tyrion Lannister : " You don't have enough men to be an army, and aside from Yoren here, none of you are particularly funny. " Benjen Stark : " I hope we provided you with some good stories to tell when you're back in King's Landing . That's something to think about when you're drinking your wine down there, enjoying your brothels... Half the boys you've seen training will die north of the Wall . Might be a wildling 's axe that gets them, might be sickness, might just be the cold. They die in pain. And they do it so plump little lords like you can enjoy their summer afternoons in peace and comfort. "
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— Benjen clarifies the relevance of the Night's Watch to Tyrion . [src] Tyrion Lannister : " I'm not sure what I've done to offend you. I have great admiration for the Night's Watch. I have great admiration for you as First Ranger . " Benjen Stark : " You know, a brother once told me...that nothing someone says before the word "but" really counts. " Tyrion Lannister : " But...I don't believe that Giants and ghouls and White Walkers are lurking beyond the Wall. I believe that the only difference between us and the wildlings is that when that Wall went up, our ancestors happened to live on the right side of it. " Benjen Stark : " You're right. The wildlings are no different from us. A little rougher, maybe, but they're made of meat and bone. I know how to track them and I know how to kill them. It's not the wildlings giving me sleepless nights. You've never been north of the Wall, so don't tell me what's out there. " — Benjen counters Tyrion's perspective on the lands beyond the Wall with his own. [src] Jon Snow : " Uncle Benjen! How?! " Benjen Stark : " You ride for the pass. " Jon Snow : " Come with me. " Benjen Stark : " There's no time. Go! "
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— Benjen sacrifices himself to save Jon. [src] Family tree Rickard Stark Deceased Lyarra Stark Deceased Brandon Stark Deceased Catelyn Stark née Tully Deceased Eddard Stark Deceased Lyanna Stark Deceased Rhaegar Targaryen Deceased Benjen Stark Deceased Robb Stark Deceased Talisa Stark née Maegyr Deceased Tyrion Lannister Sansa Stark Ramsay Bolton Deceased Arya Stark Bran Stark Rickon Stark Deceased " Jon Snow " (Aegon Targaryen) In the books In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, Benjen is the First Ranger of the Night's Watch, a position of high honor and achievement. It is rumored he took the black to escape from Winterfell because his home reminded him of his lost family (Rickard, Brandon, and Lyanna). He is a noted tracker and fighter. Benjen attends King Robert Baratheon's visit to Winterfell and Jon approaches him at the feast about joining the Night's Watch. Benjen tries to talk him out of making such a permanent decision at such a young age, but Jon's mind is made up. Benjen later tells Maester Luwin of Jon's decision, who in turn notifies Ned and Catelyn. As with the TV series, Benjen goes on a mission to assess the situation in the Haunted Forest, but disappears and is never heard from again. The Great Ranging led by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont is organized partly in response to Benjen's disappearance.
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By the point the novels reached, Benjen's fate is still unknown. According to the TV series official pronunciation guide developed for the cast and crew, "Benjen" is pronounced "BEN-jin", as opposed to "Ben-JENN" (the second syllable is short and not stressed). Benjen has also taken over the role of "Coldhands", a mysterious character aligned with the three-eyed crow, whom GRRM has confirmed as not being Benjen Stark, debunking fan theories indicating otherwise. Coldhands On the way to the Wall from Craster's Keep , Sam and Gilly are surrounded by dozens of wights. They are saved by a flock of ravens and a mysterious man who rides a great elk. The stranger is muffled head to heels in mottled blacks and greys and calls Sam "Brother", implying that he belonged to the Watch. Sam soon discovers the stranger is dead, but not a wight, because his eyes are not blue and he can speak. His hands are black and cold, so Sam and Gilly call him "Coldhands". He is constantly followed by a flock of ravens, only six at daylight, and much more at night. Coldhands tells Sam and Gilly he was sent by the three-eyed crow to bring some people to his cave. They arrive at the Nightfort . Coldhands cannot pass through the Black Gate, since there are old and strong spells woven into the Wall . Sam and Gilly enter the Nightfort, where they meet Bran and his escorts and tell them about Coldhands. Sam and Gilly continue to Castle Black , while Bran's group go with Coldhands. On the way, Coldhands kills five of the Betrayers . Meera and Bran question him about himself and the one who sent him, but receive only ambiguous answers.
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After going north for days, they finally reach the cave of the three-eyed crow. They are attacked by wights, but reach the cave without any casualties. Coldhands remains outside the cave due to the magic guarding it, which prevents dead things from entering. Leaf tells Bran "They killed him long ago". Like the show version of Benjen, Coldhands is an undead former member of the Night's Watch, but is said by Leaf to be centuries old, and also rides an elk instead of a horse. See also Benjen Stark on A Wiki of Ice and Fire (spoilers from the books) Coldhands on A Wiki of Ice and Fire (spoilers from the books) References ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Stark entry ↑ " The Great Tourney at Harrenhal " ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Stark - Rickard Stark entry ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Stark - Brandon Stark entry ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Stark - Lyanna Stark entry ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 guide to houses, House Stark - Benjen Stark entry ↑ " Winter Is Coming " ↑ " The Kingsroad " ↑ " Lord Snow " ↑ " You Win or You Die " ↑ " The Pointy End "
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↑ " Fire and Blood " ↑ " The North Remembers " ↑ " Mother's Mercy " ↑ " Home " ↑ " Blood of My Blood " ↑ " The Winds of Winter " ↑ " The Dragon and the Wolf " v • d • e House Stark Lord: Sansa Stark Heir: Arya Stark Seat: Winterfell Lands: The North Title(s): King in the North · Lord of Winterfell Under the Iron Throne : Lord Paramount of the North · Warden of the North Ancestors: Brandon the Builder · Brandon the Breaker · Dorren Stark · Jon Stark · Rickard Stark · Rodrik Stark · Karlon Stark · Theon Stark · Osric Stark · Torrhen Stark · Cregan Stark · Brandon Snow Current members: Bran the Broken · Jon Snow Deceased members: Rickard Stark · Brandon Stark · Lyanna Stark · Eddard Stark · Robb Stark · Talisa Stark · Catelyn Stark · Rickon Stark · Benjen Stark Household: { Maester Luwin } · { Ser Rodrik Cassel } · { Jory Cassel } · { Vayon Poole } · Jeyne Poole · { Septa Mordane } · { Old Nan } · { Hodor } · { Farlen } · { Mikken } · { Osha } · { Jojen Reed } · Maester Wolkan v • d • e The Night's Watch
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Lord Commander : Vacant Former Lords Commander: The Night's King · Brynden Rivers · Jeor Mormont · Jon Snow Commanders: Ser Denys Mallister · Cotter Pyke Maesters: { Aemon } Rangers : First Ranger : {none (unassigned)} Current: Balian · Escan · Matthar · Nelugo · Niko · Ser Jaremy Rykker · Finn (player-determined) · Hugh Former: Bannen · Borba · Gared · Grenn · Harker · Jafer Flowers · Karl Tanner · Othor · Qhorin Halfhand · Rast · Mance Rayder · Ser Waymar Royce · Benjen Stark · Stiv · Stonesnake · Wallen · Will · Cooper · Smitty · Gared Tuttle · Finn (player-determined) · Ser Alliser Thorne Stewards : First Steward : {none (unassigned)} Current: Borcas · Clydas · Dareon · Gordo · Hobb · Mink · Myk · Samwell Tarly · Eddison Tollett · Joby · One-Eyed Joe · Luke · Lobor · Erik Former: Donnel Hill · Pypar · Jon Snow · Bowen Marsh Builders : First Builder : {none (unassigned)} Current: Allo · Echiel · Halder · Rancer · Toad · Vorkoy · Casper Former: Kegs · Black Jack Bulwer · Mully · Cotter · Othell Yarwyck Recruiters : Current: Unknown Former: { Yoren } Castles of the Watch: The Shadow Tower · Castle Black · Eastwatch-by-the-Sea · Deep Lake · Greyguard · Nightfort · Queensgate · Long Barrow
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NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 10259/300000 Post‐expand include size: 174180/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 59084/2097152 bytes Expensive parser function count: 0/100 Saved in parser cache with key gameofthrones:pcache:idhash:2125-0!*!0!!en!2!* Retrieved from " https://gameofthrones.fandom.com/wiki/Benjen_Stark?oldid=422444 " Categories : Rangers of the Night's Watch Nobility Members of House Stark Northmen Deceased individuals Languages: Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Polski Русский Українська 中文 Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. WikiaMainContent BEGIN SLOTNAME: top_boxad END SLOTNAME: top_boxad BEGIN SLOTNAME: bottom_leaderboard END SLOTNAME: bottom_leaderboard Fan Feed More Game of Thrones Wiki 1 Daenerys Targaryen 2 Jon Snow 3 Rhaegar Targaryen Kinnikuman Wiki The Promised Neverland Wiki The Formula E Wiki WikiaPage Explore Games Movies TV Wikis Follow Us Overview About Careers Press Contact Terms of Use Privacy Policy Global Sitemap Local Sitemap Community Community Central Support WAM Score Help Can't find a community you love? Create your own and start something epic. Start a wiki The FANDOM App Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat Advertise Media Kit Contact Game of Thrones Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. View Mobile Site UnderMine EndgameHonest UpsideDown BEGIN SLOTNAME: gpt_flush END SLOTNAME: gpt_flush [if lt IE 8]> <script src="https://slot1-images.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb1569954433537/common/resources/wikia/libraries/json2/json2.js"></script> <![endif] [if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://slot1-images.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb1569954433537/common/resources/wikia/libraries/html5/html5.min.js"></script> <![endif] Combined JS files and head scripts
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Political changes from 1750 to 1835 | South African History Online Skip to main content South African History Online Towards a peoples history Home Politics & Society Student Movement Special features History of Women’s struggle in South Africa Youth and the National Liberation Struggle A history of Apartheid in South Africa History of Labour Movements in South Africa Lives of Courage Liberation Struggle in South Africa Land: dispossession, resistance and restitution History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa Early history Prehistory: Southern Africa Prehistory of the Cape Town area Prehistory of the Pretoria area Prehistory of the Bloemfontein area Prehistory of the Rustenburg area Prehistory of the Durban area Prehistory of the Nelspruit area Prehistory of the Polokwane/Pietersburg area Prehistory of the Port Elizabeth area South Africa 1400 - 1652 A Land Dispossession History 1600s-1990s South Africa 1652 - 1806 Settler Colonialism and Afrikaner Nationalism History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa Treks & Land conflicts 1600s-1800s Batavian Republic 1803-1806 Land: dispossession, resistance and restitution South Africa 1806 - 1899 Missionary settlement in Southern Africa 1800-1925 Great Trek 1835-1846 Indian Indentured Labour in Natal 1860-1911 The Empty Land Myth 20th Century South Africa A history of Apartheid in South Africa Land: dispossession, resistance and restitution A history of the South African Constitution 1910-1996 Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Contemporary South Africa South African Constitution 1996 South Africa - First 20 Years of Democracy (1994 - 2014) Marikana Massacre 16 August 2012 Xenophobic violence in democratic South Africa HIV/Aids in South Africa SAHO Commemorates 40 Years since Soweto Uprising: Intergenerational Dialogue National Heritage Day Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) Organisations Biographies Arts & Humanities Literature Music Performing Arts Photography Visual Arts Community Feature biographies Lives of Courage Office Bearers Politics & Labour Science Sport Women Arts & Culture Arts and Culture Classroom Insurrections Ensemble Cultural Heritage & Religion Literature Media and Journalism Performing Arts Sport Visual Arts and Architecture Timelines This day in History South African history timeline Pre 1500 1500s 1600s 1700s 1800s 1900s 2000s Politics and Society Life timelines Arts and Culture Places and Communities Organisations World and African history Places African Heritage Sites South Africa’s World heritage sites Maritime history and heritage: shipwrecks Africa Africa: What’s in a name? Maps of Africa through the centuries The African Union (AU) Classroom History Classroom Oral history guidelines Classroom activities: Learning about history About Nkosi Albert Luthuli Oral History Project Aids & Resources Classroom: Educational sites for learners and educators Online directory - archives and media sources Booklets and publications Commemoration of Significant Historical Anniversaries For Freedom and Equality - Celebrating Women in South African History Booklet Internships and partnerships McGill University Project South African History Online and Southern Methodist University Partnership Project The South African History Online (SAHO) Graduate Internship Programme CAPS History Curriculum CAPS: Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (2011) Grades 4-6: Social Sciences CAPS: Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (2011) Grades 7-9: Social Sciences CAPS: Curriculum and Policy Statement (2011) Grades 10-12: History CAPS: National Curriculum Statement Grades (2003) 10-12 History Archive General History of Africa Collection SAHO Video Archive Publications SAHO publications Music Releases Political changes from 1750 to 1835 Home > Article > Political changes from 1750 to 1835 The ivory trade with the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay motivated people to migrate there. Source: www.ameinfo.com The section below on the Mfecane can be used as an introduction to this section. It is important to note that CAPS 2011 does not require it to be covered in detail as it is now considered outdated. A possible reason for this is that there are very few written accounts of the mfecane, which makes it very difficult to determine the reasons for the movement, or its course. The people who migrated used oral history to continue their beliefs, traditions and history. When a group was destroyed or scattered its oral traditions were lost. When it merged with another group new oral traditions were born to suit the changing make-up of society. Europeans also did not really interpret or understand the stories and lessons and so a lot of information on the mfecane is unconfirmed in writing. Most of the literature from the time came from white missionaries, travelers and government officials. The records are distorted as a result of misunderstandings and preconceived ideas about societies that were completely different from their own. The Mfecane Background The Nguni word mfecane means “crushing”. This shows how serious the upheaval among the Bantu-speaking groups in southern Africa was during the 1820s. The Sotho people call it the difaqane or lifaqane, which mean “forced migration” and “hammering”. Some tribes were scattered, others completely destroyed and new groups formed. The mfecane influenced southern Africa from the Cape Colony to Malawi. Source: www.nationalgeographic.com/ The mfecane spread its influence over an enormous area stretching from the Cape Colony to East and Central Africa. It came to an end in mid-1800s and for a short while, had some links with the Great Trek. These two mass migrations played a very important role in South African history. There are very few written accounts of the mfecane, which makes it very difficult to determine the reasons for the movement, or its course. The people who migrated used oral history to continue their beliefs, traditions and history. When a group was destroyed or scattered its oral traditions were lost. When it merged with another group new oral traditions were born to suit the changing make-up of society. Europeans also did not really interpret or understand the stories and lessons and so a lot of information on the mfecane is unconfirmed in writing. Most of the literature from the time came from white missionaries, travellers and government officials. The records are distorted as a result of misunderstandings and preconceived ideas about societies that were completely different from their own. The drought that broke out in 1800 caused widespread loss of livestock and the Mahlatule famine. Thousands of people starved. Source: act-intl.org In the late 1700's water became scarce in southern Africa and in 1800 a massive drought caused the mahlatule famine. During the 1700's Portuguese traders had brought maize to Africa, which replaced other grains as the staple for most people. Maize farming needed more water and when the drought struck thousands of people starved. This also caused conflict over cattle, grain and water, which eventually led to war. Violent competition among tribes in what is known as Mozambique today over ivory and other trade goods also contributed to the eventual chaos of the mfecane. The competition between the tribes to supply Portuguese traders with goods inspired the “amabutho”, a regimental system where young men are absorbed into their tribe's military force according to age. Shaka Zulu refined this system and forged the strongest army in southern Africa. Causes of the Mfecane The mfecane was partly caused by changes in the Nguni groups that resulted in the development of the Zulu nation. Stronger leaders began to absorb weaker groups around them. Before this problems between groups had been insignificant, but larger tribes meant larger conflicts. The Ndwandwe, led by Zwide, the Ngwane under Sobhuza and the Mthethwa under Dingiswayo changed the military, political and social systems of the southern African people completely. These changes led to Shaka Zulu’s rise to power and his dream of a Zulu kingdom, and his military drive through southern Africa. Population growth and severe drought in the late eighteenth century caused societies to settle closer to each other. When maize arrived from the Americas through Portuguese traders in Mozambique, people realised that this plant was more nutritious than local plants and could feed larger groups of people, which also caused communities to move closer together. Ivory trade with the Portuguese in Delagoa Bay motivated people to move to the area south of Mozambique where leaders could control this industry. Land became scarce and farmers had reached the limt of usable land on the edge of the Kalahari Desert in the northwest and the mountains on the southern edge of the Highveld. Water became harder to find and rain was scarce. The mfecane was caused by a number of inter-related factors including environmental and societal changes, as well as severe conflict and fear among the people of southern Africa. It affected the continent as far north as Malawi. It is difficult to say what the exact reasons for the migration were because this history went unrecorded. The effects of the Mfecane The Mfecane led to the loss of thousands of lives and destablised the region. Many tribes disbanded and the survivors formed new groups. Many people, like the Ngoni and Hlubi were forced to migrate while the Sotho people reformed to establish the country we know as Lesotho. KwaZulu Natal was the part of South Africa that suffered most devastation during the mfecane. Source: www.cnn.com The area most affected by the mfecane and Zulu expansion was KwaZulu Natal. Refugee groups fleeing Shaka’s army caused destruction in the area, and this was followed by further devastation by the Zulu warriors. A large part of the population fled to the south and into Pondoland to settle for a while, causing disruption and power struggles in the area. As a result only the Pondo and the Bhaca, which was made up of many other group, remained. After Shaka’s death Nqetu of the Qwabe rebelled against Dingane and also fled to Podoland where he defeated Faku, but was killed by Ncapayi. The confusion led to many refugees settling among the Xhosa and Thembu as Mfengu along with the remainder of the Ngwani and Hlubi people. As the Mfengu became more independent they resented their obligation to their hosts, leading to more tension between the chiefdoms. The migrations also resulted in the development of bigger and more centralised kingdoms and states that spread over larger areas. The Zulu kingdom created a sense of unity and identity among people of different tribes. Other kingdoms that came into being include the Swazi, Gaza, the Ndebele that replaced the Rozwi, Ngoni, Kololo and Lesotho. Great numbers of people were displaced and frightened communities left their own areas in places like the Orange Free State, Natal and the Transvaal. The vulnerability of the people that stayed behind caused them to welcome white people as allies against their enemies instead of seeing them as potential enemies that needed resisting. These areas offered space for white settlement when the dissatisfaction with British rule at the Cape and the desire for self -government inspired an emigration of white frontier framers away from the Colony, leading to the Great Trek. Activity Why do you think the Mfecane was a “crushing”? Why is it so difficult to find out what really happened during the Mfecane? Try to find two people in your community and ask them what they know about the topic. How do their stories differ and why? Why was KwaZulu Natal so greatly affected by the Mfecane? What were the major results of the Mfecane? Southern Tswana chiefdoms (expansion in the interior) SAHO is still developing content for the this section, please contribute activities and content for this section by clicking on the ‘contribute’ button. The Ndwandwe kingdom, its rise and fall, and the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom Please note that the section below provides some insight to events at the time but more a detailed account is required. SAHO is still developing content for the this section, please contribute activities and content for this section by clicking on the ‘contribute’ button. The most prominent role players in the mfecane ruled powerful kingdoms in the area. Zwide of the Ndwandwe, Sobhuza of the Ngwane, who later became the Swazi, and Dingiswayo of the Mthethwa were deeply involved in the upheaval. Zwide and Sobhuza fought over land along the Pongola River and Sobhuza was defeated after which he led his people further inland to the area that is known as Swaziland today. After defeating Sobhuza, Zwide came into conflict with Dingiswayo over other resources like land and water. Both kingdoms were run on military lines. Young men were grouped together in army regiments according to age. Dingiswayo led all his forces against Zwide in 1818 and was trapped and killed in an ambush, which caused the Mthethwa kingdom to dissolve and also paved the way for Shaka Zulu. Shaka was one of the sons of Senzangakhona, a ruler of the Zulu people. As a young man he was a member of Dingiswayo’s army where he distinguished himself through his bravery. When Shaka's father died, Dingiswayo helped him to overthrow his older brother and become chief of the Zulu. Once he became leader he began applying new military strategies that he had developed while serving Dingiswayo. Eventually he became a famous military leader. As the Mthethwa nation fell apart after Dingiswayo's death Shaka used the opportunity to defeat all the chiefdoms in the area, bringing the defeated forces into his fold and so creating a new kingdom. Zwide realised that Shaka could become a threat and decided to stop him, but was defeated in 1818 by the Zulu’s superior strategy and discipline. The Ndwandwe left their homeland and regrouped. In 1926, under Zwide’s successor Sikhunyani , they challenged the Zulu forces again and were completely destroyed. By this time Shaka had created an army of 40 000 men who defeated and then robbed other groups for cattle and grain. These attacks were highly organised raids and all resulting booty became the property of Shaka. Shaka was focused on expanding his kingdom and when he defeated a chiefdom the local rulers, or their family members, were left to control their tribes. Young men were taken away to become part of Shaka’s army and the development of his military system created a sense of unity among these men from independent communities. Although he only ruled for about a decade he merged nearly a hundred chiefdoms. Shaka also maintained contact with Delagoa Bay in Mozambique and was interested in expanding the ivory trade in the area. A Portuguese delegation visited him in 1825. In 1824 English traders had also landed at Port Natal, which later became Durban, and he traded with them, and made use of their advice. The Zulu nation covered the area marked in black on the map and migrations are marked in purple. The expansion of the Zulu kingdom forced thousands of people to flee before the might of Shaka. Source: www.nguni.com In 1828 Shaka’s mother died and after the mourning period he launched a campaign against all chiefdoms in the area between the Cape Colony and KwaZulu Natal. It seems that the campaign was not only an attempt to raid, but also to establish a trade route between his kingdom and the Colony. He sent a diplomatic delegation with one of his English traders, Lieutenant King, to open relations with the Governor of the Cape. When his delegation did not return from the Cape another English traders, Henry Fynn, convinced Shaka that the chiefdoms near the frontier were protected by the British. Shaka decided to turn his army around and moved north from his own kingdom to attack the kingdom in southern Mozambique. He intended to return the next year because he was determined to make contact with his British friends in the Cape. He stayed behind as his army travelled north and two of his brothers, Dingane and Mhlangane, took advantage of his followers’ unhappiness with his strict rule and constant warring. They conspired against him with Mbopha, an induna While Shaka was meeting a delegation in his cattle enclosure, Mhlangane and Dingane assassinated him. Mbopha distracted the leader by abusing the delegation for being late and by driving them out of the enclosure, allowing Mhlangane to stab him in the back. Dingane joined his brother and together they killed him. At a later stage Dingane also killed Mhlangane and became the ruler of the Zulu. The expansion of the Zulu nation forced the Ngwane to move north to form the Swazi kingdom. The Ndwandwe also moved north to establish the Gaza kingdom and in 1840 the Ndebele people moved to the area we now know as south-west Zimbabwe. The upheaval caused by these migrations contributed to the mfecane, which began around 1815-1817. The defeated forces in Shaka’s campaign caused more destruction than his own army because the refugees looted and pillaged wherever they went, reducing KwaZulu Natal and the Orange Free State to a wasteland and forcing the displacement of thousands of people. For further reading on the rise of the Zulu kingdom go to SAHO’s feature on the Zulu people SAHO is still developing activities for this section, if you have any activity suggestions or lesson plans, please send them to us by clicking on the ‘contribute’ button. The Ndebele under Mzilikazi Mzilikazi biography One of Shaka Zulu’s early allies during the establishment of his kingdom was Mzilikazi, chief of the Khumalo. Mzilikazi had broken away from the Ndwandwe to join Shaka before the conflict between the Zulu king and Zwide. The Ndebele migration was stimulated by the Mfecane and also influenced by the Great Trek. As he had done with Zwide, Mzilikazi revolted against Shaka in 1821 and fled to the Transvaal Highveld with his Ndebele following. Initially they migrated to the northeastern Transvaal where they settled at the Steelpoort River. Around 1822 Mzilikazi and his army defeated the Pedi kingdom. The Ndebele took the Pedi cattle and their food stores, occupied their land and departed in 1823. From Pedi country Mzilikazi moved and settled near the Vaal River. He had defeated many Sotho groups and had absorbed them into his army. His following had grown a great deal, and it became necessary to establish a number of settlements for his forces. He used these settlements as bases for raids and could cover a very large area. In 1825 he attacked and defeated the Ngwaketse. Mzilikazi's own outposts were attacked by the Taung who had forged an alliance with the Kora and Griqua. They were unsuccessful and the Kora were driven to the south of the Vaal River. Around 1827 Mzilikazi decided to leave his Vaal River settlement and move to an area between the Apies and Elands Rivers. In 1928 the Kora and the Taung attacked the Ndebele camp while most of Mzilikazi’s forces were campaigning against the Ngwaketse. They captured many cattle, but were ambushed by Ndebele forces while retreating, and the Ndebele took the cattle back. In revenge Mzilikazi sent a force in 1829 and finally defeated the Taung . From 1830 to 1831 Mzilikazi’s forces in central Transvaal continued raiding the Tswana and he eventually attacked Moshoshoe’s stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, but was unsuccessful. In 1831 a force of around 300 mounted Kora and Griqua and several Tswana attacked the Ndebele and were relatively successful because they captured large herds of cattle. As with the previous Kora attack they were surprised by Ndebele forces who not only took back their cattle, but also killed a large number of their force. The Kora-Griqua force may have been weakened, but they continued to actively harass Mzilikazi’s settlements. When Mzilikazi heard of Dingane’s ascendancy to the Zulu throne he immediately feared attack. He moved his people further west and launched a series of very violent attacks against Tswana groups. He was attacked by Zulu forces in August 1832 before his plan could be completed and both sides suffered heavy losses. The battle was undecided and the Zulu forces retreated. Immediately after the attack Mzilikazi launched campaigns against the Rolong, Kwena and Ngwaketse, the only group who offered any resistance. A Ndebele woman painting her house. Source: www.africanceremonies.com Now the Ndebele moved to the Marico Valley and many Tswana were incorporated into their army and community. Many groups also lived as separate, dependent groups in the Ndebele area and on the edges of the main part of the kingdom. This migration from the central to western Transvaal did not make Mzilikazi as secure as he wanted to be and in 1834 he was again under attack from his Kora-Griqua enemies with support from the Hurutshe. Mzilikazi ‘s forced withdrawal to the north was because of an attack by a Boer commando with a number of Rolong supporters close to Mosega. The battle ran for nine days and the Ndebele were driven from their main settlements. The cattle they captured were again won back by an Ndebele party. This attack followed closely after the Zulu and Kora-Griqua attacks and finally forced Mzilikazi to withdraw to the north. As the Ndebele masses streamed out of the Marico Valley many captured Sotho/Tswana, especially Hurutshe and Kwena, broke away and returned to their original homes. Most of the Ndebele crossed the Limpopo River and gathered in what we know as Botswana. The Ndebele divided into two groups. One was led by Gundwane Ndiweni and included many of Mzilikazi’s wives and his heir, Nkulumane, the other party was led by Mzilikazi himself. The first group travelled to Zimbabwe and around 1838 they settled near the Matopo Mountains. Mzilikazi’s own group moved west through Botswana and received information on the position of the other Ndebele group. They joined by mid-1839. The Ndebele in Zimbabwe was based around a group of military settlements that eventually developed into permanent divisions of the kingdom. There were also three classes. The upper class was a relatively small grouping called the Zansi that were descendants of the Nguni. Second in status and nearly double the number of the Zansi, were the Enhla, which consisted of Sotho-Tswana people that had been incorporated in the Transvaal. The last, and most populous group was the Holi, most of whom were of Shona. The Ndebele continued to raid Shona areas around them, but never managed to conquer them. Mzilikazi's stronghold was again attacked by a Boer force in 1847, but all the captured cattle were re-claimed by an Ndebele pursuit party. Mzilikazi finally passed away in 1868 and after victory over the Ndebele, Potgieter claimed great parts of the Transvaal as part of his conquest, although only about half of it was actually occupied by his followers. Activity How did the mfecane affect the Ndebele people? Study this lesson and write an essay of 1-2 pages. Take any household object and decorate it with traditional Ndebele designs. For more on the Ndebele link to SAHO feature on the Ndebele people . Role of the Boer, Kora and Griqua riders; emergence of Sotho kingdom Emergence of the Sotho kingdom The Basotho nation, a Sotho-Tswana group, is made up of refugees who had to flee their homes during the mfecane wars. Societies making up the Basotho nation were the Bafokeng, Bakwena, Batlokwas, Barolong, and some Nguni groups like the Xhosas who moved away in search for safer places to live. These people adopted the Sotho language of their leader and his ethnic identity as their own. The growth of the Basotho kingdom was the result of the same forces that led to the growth of other kingdoms like the Zulu and Pedi kingdoms in the region. In the early 1800’s southern Africa experienced a succession of wars called the mfecane in Nguni languages or difaqane in the Sotho languages. There is a great deal of controversy about what caused the mfecane, but one of the more popular theories is that the Mfecane wars were caused by competition for limited land, growing trade at Delagoa Bay, and the mhlatule famine. As the Nguni kingdoms fought for these resources smaller kingdoms became more powerful by incorporating the people who were displaced by the wars. The increased size and strength allowed the expanded kingdoms to protect themselves from the negative effects of mfecane and further attacks by other societies. This is how the Basotho kingdom under the leadership of King Moshoeshoe came to be. King Moshoeshoe 1786-1870 .Source: www.thabatours.de Moshoeshoe is seen as the father of the Basotho kingdom because he drew together the scattered Sotho-Tswana and other societies driven apart by Zulu and Ndebele attacks. Moshoeshoe was the son of Mokoteli, a sub-chief of the Bakoena society and leader of his age regiment (mophato in Sotho or amabutho in Zulu) a group of young men of the same age during the early 1800 s. Moshoeshoe came to power by using his youth regiment and followers to overthrow the legitimate Bafokeng king, Makhetha son of King Mohlomi. After overthrowing a legitimate king he relied on his military strength and wealth to create unity in his kingdom. He encouraged loyalty by promising protection against attacks from the Ndebele. He established a mountain fortress at Butha Buthe in northeastern Lesotho. Despite the strength of this camp it was still attacked by various other groups, like Batlokwas. One of Moshoeshoe’s followers found a location that could not be easily penetrated about 30km from Maseru and King Moshoeshoe decided to move his people to this place, Thaba Bosiu, meaning ‘mountain at night’. This area was unconquerable as there were only seven paths of access to the top of the flat-topped mountain, all of them easily guarded. It also had natural springs and could support up to 3000 people and their animals. Moshoeshoe successfully defended his people against attacks from the Ndebele under Mzilikazi, the Griquas, and the Boers on several occasions as well as the British. He earned a reputation of acting wisely and with compassion towards those he defeated. This together with his proven success in defence attracted many people seeking protection to his kingdom. Basotho and Trade Trade was also an important factor in the growth of the Lesotho kingdom. The Basotho people are nicknamed the blanket people because of the blankets they wear as a form of traditional dress. Before the introduction of wool and cloth blankets, the Basotho made their blankets from animal hide. Only after establishing trade relations with the Cape colony the new blankets were introduced to the Basotho people. The other important change among the Basotho people was the introduction of horses. Initially, these horses were captured from the Boers and later they were bought from the Cape colony. Through a process of natural selection, the Basotho people bred their own horses and ponies that were recognised as sotho horses or ponies. The Basotho ponies were traded with the British. Demand for them increased during the Anglo-Boer war because the ponies had stamina, were well trained and provided a much needed mode of transport. Basotho blankets and horses. Source: www.futureshock.co.za Initially the Basotho kingdom had extensive control of the most fertile region along the Caledon River. This made it easy to produce enough grain for their own use and to sell to Cape Town markets were they made huge profits. The money earned was used to buy guns, iron, and blankets. The diamond discovery in Kimberly in 1867 attracted thousands of people. Lesotho became one of the main suppliers of wheat, maize, and sorghum to Kimberley, able to supply Kimberley with more than 100 000 bags of excellent quality grain each year. Lesotho earned the reputation of being the granary of southern Africa. Moshoeshoe The Boers were nervous of the growing dominance of Lesotho in this trade. The Cape colony was also aware that trade had enabled the Basotho kingdom to grow so powerful. Border disputes Broke out in the 1850s and Free State Boers destroyed grain crops, setting back the Basotho economy. This weakened the kingdom so that it could no longer defend itself against Boer and English aggression. In 1867 and in 1868 at the end of the second Basotho War Boers overran most of Moshoeshoe’s land from the Orange Free State. He appealed to the British for protection. In March 1868 his country became a British protectorate and Lesotho was saved and its current borders established. Most of its territory was lost, specifically the fertile farming area west of the Caledon River. Other states and paramountacies: Gaza, Swazi, Pedi, Mpondo, southern Tswana. Useful links SAHO is still developing activities for this section, if you have any activity suggestions or lesson plans, please send them to us by clicking on the contribute’ button. Southern Tswana SAHO feature on the Tswana People Article on the Tswana people from strategyleader.org Article on the Tswana people from www.encounter.co.za Swazi Article on the Swazi people from www.umjindi.org Pedi SAHO feature on the Pedi People Article on the Pedi from www.ezakwantu.com Last updated : 08-May-2017 This article was produced by South African History Online on 24-Nov-2011 Support South African History Online Donate and Make African History Matter South African History Online is a non profit organisation. We depend on public support to build our website into the most comprehensive educational resource and encyclopaedia on African history. Your support will help us to build and maintain partnerships with educational institutions in order to strengthen teaching, research and free access to our content. Donate.
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Related Content Grade 10 - Transformations in southern Africa after 1750 Article Southern Africa experienced transformation in the 18th and 19th centuries. This was the period that became... more Political changes from 1750 to 1835 Highlighted Archive Collections Grade 10 - Transformations in southern Africa after 1750 SAHO About SAHO Contact SAHO Contribute Support Us Copyright, Disclaimer & Privacy policy Funders Partners Links Milestones and Timelines Partner sites Popular Education History Matters Dumile Feni Franco Frescura Rick Turner Omar Badsha Ari Sitas Centre for African Studies Student Movement SAHO Features History of Women's Struggle in South Africa Krotoa (Eva) Allison Drew collection Sara "Saartjie" Baartman History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa Land act, dispossession, segregation and restitution Youth and the National Liberation Struggle Black Consciousness Movement Funders Foundation for Human Rights FP & M SETA CATHSSETTA Standard Bank National Lotteries Commission National Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences Sol Plaatje Educational Project Woolworths MySchool Project Follow us Facebook Twitter Instagram All Rights Reserved | Copyright South African History Online © 2000-2019
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All News & Analysis › OpenSecrets News › Political Party Time › Reports › Media Citations › Center Press Releases › Issue Profiles › Campaign Finance Links › Newsletter Sign-up › Act Now About Resources Act Now › Home / Resource Center / Learn / Academic Resources: Glossary Tweet Resource Center: Learn 10 Things You Should Know 10 Things They Won't Tell You Anomaly Tracker Glossary Money-in-Politics Timeline Lobbying History Timeline FAQ Follow The Money Transparency Academic Research About Campaign Finance Personal Finance Lobbying Revolving Door Find Your Representatives Glossary of Terms 5 B C D E F G H I J L M N P Q R S T W 5 501(c) Groups : Nonprofit, tax-exempt groups organized under section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code that can engage in varying amounts of political activity, depending on the type of group. Notably, 501(c) groups are not legally required to disclose any information about their donors. There are several types, including: • 501(c)(3) groups — operate for religious, charitable, scientific or educational purposes. These groups are not supposed to engage in any political activities, though some voter registration activities are permitted. • 501(c)(4) groups — commonly called "social welfare" organizations. They may engage in political activities, so long as these activities do not become their primary purpose. • 501(c)(5) labor and agricultural groups, and 501(c)(6) business leagues, chambers of commerce, real estate boards and boards of trade face restrictions similar to 501(c)(4) groups regarding political activities. Read more about 501(c)(4)s here . 527 Committee : A tax-exempt group organized under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code to raise money for political activities including voter mobilization efforts, issue advocacy and the like. Currently, the FEC only requires a 527 group to file regular disclosure reports if it is a political party or political action committee (PAC) that engages in either activities expressly advocating the election or defeat of a federal candidate, or in electioneering communications. Otherwise, it must file either with the government of the state in which it is located or the Internal Revenue Service. Prior to the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in January 2010, many 527s run by special interest groups raise unlimited "soft money," which they used for voter mobilization and certain types of issue advocacy, but not for efforts that expressly advocated the election or defeat of a federal candidate or amount to electioneering communications. The Citizens United ruling allows 527 committees to raise unlimited funds from individuals, corporations and unions to expressly advocate for or against federal candidates, and since the controversial ruling, several so-called 527 groups have registered with the FEC as "super PACs." See also: Citizens United , Issue Advocacy , Political Action Committee , Super PAC , Soft Money
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On OpenSecrets.org: /527s/index.php return to top B Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) : When enacted in 2002, BCRA constituted the first major revision of campaign finance law in more than 25 years. BCRA bans unlimited soft money contributions to the national political parties and prohibits federal officeholders from soliciting soft money. In part to compensate for its soft money restrictions, the law increased the limits on "hard money" contributions, which can be given directly to federal candidates and political parties. BCRA also barred special interest groups from spending soft money on so-called "issue ads" that identify a specific federal candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election. Such ads were widely viewed as thinly veiled attempts to support or oppose a candidate's election with unlimited funds. But in January 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that prohibition was unconstitutional in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . BCRA is also known as the McCain-Feingold law, after the two senators who sponsored the bill, John McCain (R-Ariz.) and Russ Feingold (D-Wis.). See also: Federal Election Campaign Act , Hard Money , Issue Advocacy , Soft Money Buckley v. Valeo : The 1976 Supreme Court case that challenged most of the provisions in the Federal Campaign Election Act, as amended in 1974. The Supreme Court upheld the law's requirements that candidates, parties, PACs and groups engaging in express advocacy disclose their fund-raising and spending. The court also affirmed voluntary public financing and limits on individual contributions. The court struck down, as infringements on free speech, limits on campaign spending (unless the candidate accepts public financing), limits on contributions by candidates to their own campaigns (unless publicly financed) and limits on independent expenditures (election spending by outside interest groups not coordinated with candidates or their committees). See also: Federal Election Campaign Act and Independent Expenditures Bundling : The practice through which multiple contributions from a single industry, interest group, company or group of individuals are delivered to a candidate. Bundling is a legal practice that can occur one of two ways: 1) an individual or group, known as a conduit or bundler, collects and delivers the contributions in a "bundle" to a candidate (in some cases, the conduit must report bundled contributions to the Federal Election Commission), or 2) individuals from the same industry, interest group or company send contributions that reach a candidate around the same time. In these cases, the person or group who solicited the contributions (the bundler) is often given an identification code that the contributors put on their checks so he gets the credit for bringing in the contributions. Companies, industries and interest groups organize "bundles" of contributions in order to take credit for a total amount greatly exceeding what could be given by an individual or PAC. This gives them much greater impact than a trickle of apparently unrelated individual checks. Examples of conduit groups that bundle political contributions of like-minded donors include ActBlue (for Democratic causes), EMILY's List (for pro-choice female Democratic causes) and Club for Growth (for conservative causes). See also: Conduit
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return to top C Campaign Committee : A fund-raising committee set up by a candidate to finance a campaign for state or federal office. All campaign committees file regular campaign finance reports — usually once a quarter — with the Federal Election Commission that detail their donors and expenditures. Candidate-to-Candidate Giving : Contributions made by members of Congress whose seats are considered safe to candidates facing difficult elections. A lawmaker may make a contributions out of his or her campaign account, leadership PAC and personal funds. Current contribution limits from a lawmaker's campaign account or personal funds to a candidate are $2,500 per election (primary and general). PACs may contribute up to $5,000 per election. Click here to see candidate-to-candidate giving during the 2010 election cycle. See also: Leadership PACs Carey Committee : A Carey committee is a hybrid political action committee that is not affiliated with a candidate and has the ability to operate both as a traditional PAC, contributing funds to a candidate's committee, and as a super PAC, which makes independent expenditures. To do so, Carey committees must have a separate bank account for each purpose. The committee can collect unlimited contributions from almost any source for its independent expenditure account, but may not use those funds for its traditional PAC contributions. See also: Super PAC , Independent Expenditures , Political Action Committee Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission : A U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled in a 5-4 decision in January 2010 to allow corporations and unions to use their general treasuries to pay for political advertisements that expressly call for the election or defeat of a candidate — or independent expenditures. The decision also allowed nonprofit groups to use corporate or union funds to air electioneering communications within 30 days of a primary election and 60 days of a general election, which had previously been prohibited since the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 . In another part of the same decision, the court affirmed the value of transparency. In an 8-1 decision, the court ruled that the disclosure of political spending can "provide shareholders and citizens with the information needed to hold corporations and elected officials accountable." See also: SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission , Super PAC , Independent Expenditures Coalition : A group of similar-minded organizations or individuals who have joined together to lobby for a specific cause. Because of their size, coalitions often wield more influence among elected officials than do individual organizations that lobby alone. Some coalitions, such as the Business Roundtable, do not reveal their membership, making the money spent on campaign contributions and lobbying difficult to determine within a coalition. Communication Costs : Expenditures by corporations for communications, such as emails, to their stockholders and employees (and their families), or by labor unions to their members (and their families), expressly calling for the election or defeat of a federal candidate. Those costs must be reported to the FEC beginning with the first reporting period in which the aggregate of such costs comes to more than $2,000 per election. Compliance Funds : Money raised by presidential candidates who have accepted public financing to hire lawyers and accountants to ensure the campaign is in compliance with federal election law. Presidential candidates may raise up to $2,500 in compliance funds from individual donors, who may already have given the maximum to the candidate's primary campaign. Compliance funds give contributors a way to enhance their giving to the candidate. Compliance funds also allow candidates to raise private contributions during the general election, when candidates receiving public funding are prohibited from fund-raising for their campaign accounts. Candidates still in the race by April 1 of the election year customarily form such accounts (the FEC bars the creation of compliance funds before then). Compliance funds are exempt from all spending limits, but cannot be spent on campaign ads. Also called GELAC (General Election Legal and Accounting Compliance) funds. Conduit : An intermediary that passes along earmarked contributions to a candidate. The conduit, usually an organization, operates in one of two ways: The organization can collect multiple checks made out to a candidate, bundle them together and deliver them to the candidate. (Bundled contributions delivered through a conduit must be reported to the Federal Election Commission.) The second method is reserved for PACs. The PAC can receive checks made out to itself, with the candidate's name in the memo line. The PAC then deposits the checks into its account and sends the candidate a single check for the same amount. See also: Bundling , Political Action Committee Congressional Committee : A House or Senate committee that has special jurisdiction over certain issues, such as transportation, defense or agriculture. Bills introduced in Congress generally are amended, or "marked up," in committee before being voted on by the full House or Senate. A lawmaker who sits on a committee with jurisdiction over well-financed groups or industries, such as appropriations or budget, greatly increases his or her fund-raising profile among donors hoping to influence committee actions.
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On OpenSecrets.org: /cmteprofiles/index.php Contribution Limits : The rules governing how much an individual or PAC can contribute to a federal candidate, PAC or party committee. Under federal law, an individual during the 2016 election cycle may contribute: $2,700 to a candidate per election (primary and general are considered two different elections) $33,400 to a national political party committee per year $5,000 to a PAC per year $100,200* to additional national party committee accounts A PAC may contribute: $5,000 to a candidate per election (primary and general) $15,000 to a political party per year $5,000 to another PAC per year $45,000* to additional national party committee accounts * This limit applies to a national party committee's accounts for: (i) the presidential nominating convention; (ii) election recounts and contests and other legal proceedings; and (iii) national party headquarters buildings. A party's national committee, Senate campaign committee and House campaign committee are each considered separate national party committees with separate limits. Only a national party committee, not the parties' national congressional campaign committees, may have an account for the presidential nominating convention. Until 2014, there was also a limit on how much an individual could give overall to candidates, parties and PACs combined. That cap was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in a case called McCutcheon v. FEC. And there are no limits on how much an individual, union or corporation can give to a super PAC or politically active nonprofit.
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On OpenSecrets.org: /overview/limits.php Convention Funds : In 2014, President Obama signed into law a measure ending the use of public funds — raised via voluntary contributions from taxpayers through a checkoff on individual tax returns — to help political parties pay for their presidential nominating conventions. The Democratic and Republican parties each received about $18 million for their 2012 conventions. The funds come out of the Presidential Election Campaign Fund, which is financed by voluntary contributions from taxpayers through a check-off on individual tax returns. return to top D Dark Money Group : A politically active nonprofit group that collects large contributions but doesn't disclose the names of its donors. Examples: Americans for Prosperity on the right, Patriot Majority on the left. Nonprofits of this sort — chiefly 501(c)(a4) social welfare organizations and 501(c)(6) trade associations — aren't supposed to use the majority of their resources for political purposes, but many come close to the line or even cross it. Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee : The Democratic Party's chief fund-raising committee for candidates to the U.S. House of Representatives. The DCCC could accept both hard and soft money donations until November 2002, when soft money donations to the national parties were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The DCCC can provide Democratic House candidates and vulnerable incumbents with direct assistance, such as staffers, as well as indirect assistance, such as independent expeditures and other advertisements run on their behalf or targeting their opponents. See also: National Republican Congressional Committee
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On OpenSecrets.org: /parties/index.php Democratic National Committee : The main fund-raising arm of the Democratic Party. The DNC could accept both hard and soft money donation until November 2002, when soft money donations to national parties were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The DNC also runs the Democratic Party's convention to nominate a candidate for president. After Barack Obama's election in 2008, the DNC implemented a policy of refusing political contributions from registered lobbyists. See also: Republican National Committee , Hard Money , Soft Money Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee : The Democratic Party's chief fund-raising committee for candidates to the U.S. Senate. The DSCC could accept both hard and soft money donations until November 2002, when soft money donations to the national parties were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The DCCC can provide Democratic House candidates and vulnerable incumbents with direct assistance, such as staffers, as well as indirect assistance, such as independent expenditures and other advertisements run on their behalf or targeting their opponents. See also: National Republican Senatorial Committee On OpenSecrets.org: /parties/index.php return to top E Election Cycle : The two-year time period leading up to a general federal election. The 2012 election cycle, for example, consists of the entire calendar years of 2011 and 2012. All 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives, as well as one-third of the U.S. Senate, are up for election each cycle. Presidential elections occur every other election cycle. Electioneering Communications : Broadcast advertisements, for television or radio, that 1) air within 30 days of a primary election or 60 days of a general election, 2) mention or refer to a federal candidate and 3) are aimed at 50,000 or more members of the electorate of the office the candidate is seeking. These expenditures must be reported to the Federal Election Commission. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 barred special interest groups from spending unregulated soft money on these types of issue ads, but the U.S. Supreme Court has since rejected that prohibition as unconstitutional. First, in 2007, in the case Wisconsin Right to Life v. Federal Election Commission , the court held that the restrictions on funding were unconstitutional as they applied to groups like Wisconsin Right to Life. And in January 2010, in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all groups could use unrestricted contributions from individuals, corporations and unions to fund electioneering communications. See also: Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002 , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Express Advocacy , Hard Money , Soft Money , Wisconsin Right to Life v. Federal Election Commission Exploratory Committee : A fund-raising committee set up by an individual who is considering a run for federal office. Once the individual declares his or her candidacy, the exploratory committee becomes a campaign committee. An exploratory committee does not have to file reports on its financial activity until the individual decides to run, but all contribution limits and prohibitions apply, the same as they do to campaign committees. To avoid the question of when he or she has formally begun to run for office, an individual often will file reports as a "candidate," while publicly maintaining that he or she is still only exploring the possibility of running. This has been especially true of presidential candidates in recent years. Express Advocacy : Political communications, often in the form of television and radio advertisements, that explicitly advocate for the defeat or election of a clearly identified federal candidate. The express advocacy legal standard was first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court as a way to distinguish independent issue ads that could be paid for with soft money and candidate advocacy, which could be regulated under federal law. An interest group that expressly advocates to the general public in written or broadcast communications must pay for the effort with limited hard money contributions. In the 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision, the Supreme Court listed examples of words that constitute express advocacy, including "vote for," "elect," "defeat," "support," "vote against," "reject," "Smith for Congress" and "cast your ballot for." Under that decision, any advertising independent of a candidate or political party that does not include express advocacy could be paid for with soft money. Limited hard money contributions could be used to pay for written or broadcast communications that expressly advocated for or against a candidate. After the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in January 2010, corporations, unions and other groups were allowed to use unrestricted soft money, including their general treasuries, to fund express advocacy. See also: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 , Buckley v. Valeo , Issue Advocacy
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return to top F FEC Commissioner : The Federal Election Commission has six commissioners who are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. No more than three commissioners may belong to the same political party, which has resulted in an even split among commissioners (three Democrat, three Republican) since the FEC's creation. The commissioners hold public meetings where they adopt new regulations and issue advisory opinions. Pending enforcement actions and litigation are discussed in closed-door meetings. Commissioners are limited to one six-year term, although some continue to serve after their terms have expired if no one else is appointed to replace them. Federal Candidate : An individual running for the U.S. House, U.S. Senate, presidency or vice presidency. The Federal Election Commission requires federal candidates who have received more than $5,000 in contributions or spent more than $5,000 on their campaigns to file campaign finance reports. Federal Election Campaign Act : The 1971 law that is the basis of all modern campaign finance regulations. It was amended in 1974, 1976, 1979 and, most recently, 2002. The law requires full, timely disclosure of federal campaign contributions. It prohibits unions and corporations from using general treasury funds to influence federal elections, but allows them to solicit voluntary contributions from members, employees and stockholders through political action committees (PACs). Following the campaign finance abuses of the 1972 presidential race, the law was amended in 1974 to provide the option of public financing for presidential elections, and to set contribution limits for individuals and PACs. The 1974 amendments also set spending limits for candidates, although this provision was later struck down by the Supreme Court as an infringement on free speech. The 1974 amendments also created the Federal Election Commission to enforce and administer campaign finance regulations. In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act amended the law to ban soft money donations to the national parties, prohibit federal officeholders from raising soft money, restrict the use of soft money for "issue ads" and increase hard money contribution limits. In 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional to prohibit corporations and unions from using money from their treasuries on independent political advertisements and overturned the soft money requirement to fund issue ads. See also: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 , Buckley v. Valeo Federal Election Commission : The independent regulatory agency responsible for the civil enforcement and administration of the campaign finance law. Federal candidates running for the U.S. House of Representatives, the presidency or the vice presidency file quarterly reports with the FEC disclosing contributions and expenditures, which must be itemized if they amount to more than $200. U.S. Senate candidates file with the Secretary of the Senate, which then forwards the reports to the FEC. The agency regulates public financing of presidential campaigns and can seek fines against campaigns that violate campaign finance laws. Six commissioners, appointed by the president, oversee the FEC. No more than three commissioners may be from the same party, a requirement that has resulted in a 3-3 split among Democratic and Republican commissioners throughout the FEC's history. The FEC has been criticized as a weak and slow enforcement agency that rarely takes strong enforcement action against major political players. The FEC Web site is http://www.FEC.gov Federal Funds : Money raised by a federal candidate, party or political action committee to finance a federal campaign. Also known as "hard money." See also: Hard Money Foreign Agents Registration Act : The Foreign Agents Registration Act dates back to 1938, an effort to combat covert efforts by Nazi Germany to spread propaganda in the U.S. Under FARA, anyone representing a "foreign principal" -- foreign governments and political parties, non-U.S. citizens who are outside the country, companies that have their principal place of business overseas -- must register with the Justice Department. The semiannual filings include details that aren't found in the more familiar lobbying reports submitted to Congress, including names of officials with whom the lobbyist had contact.
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return to top G GELAC Funds : See: Compliance Funds General Election : An election in which a candidate is elected to public office. Candidates in a general election are chosen in a primary election. Public funds are available to presidential candidates running in a general election, if the candidate agrees to spending limits. See also: Primary Election General Election Public Funding : Public financing that is available to presidential candidates running in a general election. If a presidential candidate accepts general election public funds, then he or she must agree to spending limits, which are set by law and adjusted for inflation. The candidate receives a grant equal to the spending limit, which equaled $67.56 million during the 2000 election. Candidates who accept public financing are not allowed to raise private funds for the general election, with one exception: They may raise compliance funds to pay for campaign lawyers and accountants. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama became the first candidate to opt out of the public financing system, a move that enabled him to vastly out-raise his Republican opponent, John McCain, who had opted to use public funding. See also: Compliance Funds , Matching Funds return to top H Hard Money : The regulated contributions from an individual or PAC to a federal candidate, party committee or other PAC, where the money is used for a federal election. Hard money is subject to contribution limits and prohibitions and can be used to directly support or oppose a candidate running for federal office. Hard money can pay for television ads, mass mailings, bumper stickers, yard signs and other communications that mention a specific candidate. See also: Contribution Limits , Political Action Committee , Soft Money Host Committee : The fund-raising committee set up by a host city to help defray the costs of a political convention. A city may also set up a host committee to promote itself as a potential convention site. Contributions to a host committee are not regulated. Corporations and labor unions may make large, unlimited contributions to a host committee. So can individuals, even if they have already contributed the maximum amount to a candidate or party. Host committees are often considered a way for political parties to skirt contribution limits and raise soft money for the convention. For the 2012 Democratic National Convention, President Barack Obama has banned contributions from registered federal lobbyists, capped donations from individuals at $100,000 and banned corporations from contributing funds (though they will be permitted to provide in-kind contributions such as transportation). See also: Convention Funds House Term : The two-year period that a member of the U.S. House of Representatives serves in office. House members typically fund-raise during their entire time in office.
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return to top I Inaugural Committee : A fund-raising committee set up by the president-elect to help pay for the inauguration ceremony and festivities. Contributions to an inaugural committee have no legal limits, meaning donors can give large donations, even if they already gave the maximum amount to the president-elect's campaign committee. An inaugural committee's contributions and expenditures do not have to be disclosed, although the president-elect often voluntarily identifies donors and amounts. Excess inaugural funds could be transferred to the national and state political parties as soft money before the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act went into effect. The BCRA bans the national parties from collecting soft money, but leftover inaugural funds can still go to state and local parties. Donors to President Barack Obama's 2008 inauguration may be viewed here . Independent Expenditures : Organizations and individuals looking to do more than just write a check to their favorite candidates can spend unlimited money — independently — to buy ads, send mail or otherwise advocate for the election or defeat of specific candidates. Following a series of recent court decisions, companies, unions and other groups have joined individuals in the ability to make these independent expenditures without any limits. The spending is reported to the FEC, but sources of funds may or may not be disclosed. Individual Contributions : Limited, regulated contributions made by an individual to a candidate's campaign committee, a PAC or a political party. During the 2016 election cycle, individuals may contribute $2,700 per election (primary and general are considered separate elections) to candidates, $5,000 per year to a PAC and $33,400 per year to a political party. See also: Contribution Limits Issue Ads : See: Issue Advocacy Issue Advocacy : Political communications, usually in the form of advertising, that are framed around an issue. Issue advocacy does not specifically instruct the audience to vote for or against a candidate. Issue ads that explicitly mention or depict a federal candidate that are broadcast within 30 days of a primary election or 60 days of a general election must be reported to the Federal Election Commission as electioneering communications. See also: Express Advocacy , Independent Expenditures , Electioneering Communications
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return to top J Joint Fund-raising Committee : A fund-raising committee set up by two or more candidates, political parties or a combination of the two to jointly raise money. All beneficiaries of a joint fund-raising committee share the cost of hosting fund-raisers. In the 2000 and 2002 election cycles, joint fund-raising committees became popular for candidates and parties to raise a combination of hard and soft money. Donors could write one large check, with the candidate receiving the first $2,000 in hard money and the party receiving the rest of the donation as soft money. Because soft money fund-raising by federal candidates is now banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, joint fund-raising committees may only raise limited hard money. See also: Hard Money , Soft Money return to top L Leadership PAC : A fund-raising committee formed by a politician to pay for certain expenses ostensibly not related to his or her campaign, and/or to make donations to other candidates' campaigns. Leadership PACs are often used by politicians who aspire to leadership positions in Congress. By making donations to other candidates, lawmakers hope to gain clout among their colleagues that the lawmaker will utilize in a bid for a leadership post or committee chairmanship. Politicians also use leadership PACs to lay the groundwork for their own campaigns for higher office. In recent years, leadership PACs have become commonplace, even among freshman members of Congress. Because leadership PACs are separate from a politician's campaign committee, they give donors another way to contribute to the politician. Individuals can contribute up to $5,000 per year to a leadership PAC. See also: Political Action Committee , Campaign Committees Legal Defense Fund : A special fund established by an elected official to help pay his or her legal bills. Because a legal defense fund is separate from a candidate's campaign committee, contributors who have already given the maximum amount to a campaign can still contribute to a legal defense fund. The House limits contributions to defense funds to $5,000 a year, while the Senate permits donations of $10,000 annually. The House also allows corporations and unions-which cannot give money directly to candidates-to contribute to legal defense funds. The Senate prohibits such donations. Lobbyists are prohibited from donating to legal defense funds for both House members and senators. Contributions to legal defense funds are reported to the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House. See also: Compliance funds . Levin Funds : Contributions that state and local parties can spend on voter registration and get-out-the-vote activities related to federal elections. Levin funds are limited to the lesser of $10,000 per donor or the amount that may be given to state and local parties under the applicable state law. Corporations and labor unions may make Levin fund contributions if state law otherwise allows such entities to contribute to state elections. Levin funds are not considered "hard money" and do not count against contribution limits or prohibitions on hard money contributions. They are named after Sen. Carl Levin (D-Mich.), whose amendment to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act created them so that state and local parties could use nonfederal funds for "generic" party-building activities without violating the soft money ban. See also: Hard Money , Soft Money Lobbyists : Individuals who try to influence how public policy is created and how members of Congress will vote. Lobbyists must register with the Senate and House, and must disclose who hired them, how much they are paid, what issues or bills they are lobbying on, and what federal agencies they are contacting. Lobbying reports are available at the Secretary of the Senate's Office of Public Records or the Clerk of the House's Legislative Resource Center .
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return to top M Matching Funds : Public funds available to a presidential candidate to help bankroll his or her primary campaign. The Presidential Election Campaign Fund matches up to $250 of each individual contribution to help candidates defray the cost of their primary campaigns. (Contributions from PACs are not matched.) To receive matching funds, candidates must meet certain threshold requirements showing sufficient public support. Candidates also must agree to a number of restrictions, including spending limits during the primary campaign that are set by law and adjusted for inflation. The primary spending limit for the 2011 presidential election currently stands at about $44 million. In 2000, Republican George W. Bush became the first major candidate to opt out of the matching fund system. Bush is again refused matching funds for the 2004 election, as did Democratic candidate John Kerry. During the 2008 presidential primaries, Democrats Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton both opted against matching funds, which allowed them to raise hundreds of millions of dollars in the most expensive primary election to date. See also: General Election Public Funding Midterm Election : An election held in a year without a presidential race. Overall fund-raising totals during midterm elections are typically lower than those in years with a presidential race. See also: Election Cycle return to top N National Republican Congressional Committee : The Republican Party's chief fund-raising committee for candidates to the U.S. House of Representatives. The NRCC could accept both hard and soft money donations until November 2002, when soft money donations to national party committees were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The NRCC can also provide Republican House candidates and vulnerable incumbents with direct assistance, such as staffers, as well as indirect support, such as independent expenditures and other advertisements run on their behalf or targeting their opponents. See also: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
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On OpenSecrets.org: /parties/index.php National Republican Senatorial Committee : The Republican Party's chief fund-raising committee for candidates to the U.S. Senate. The NRSC could accept both hard and soft money donations until November 2002, when soft money donations to national party committees were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The NRSC can also provide Republican House candidates and vulnerable incumbents with direct assistance, such as staffers, as well as indirect support, such as independent expenditures and other advertisements run on their behalf or targeting their opponents. See also: Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee On OpenSecrets.org: /parties/index.php Non-Federal Funds : See: Soft Money return to top P Personal Financial Disclosure : The financial report that candidates, lawmakers, the president, vice president, presidential appointees and justices of the U.S. Supreme Court must file to disclose any potential conflicts of interest. Personal financial disclosure forms are filed annually and detail a politician's investments, assets and income in broad ranges. Members of Congress file with the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House. The president and vice president file with the U.S. Office of Government Ethics, as do members of the Cabinet. These reports are available to the public. On OpenSecrets.org: /pfds/ Political Action Committee (PAC) : A political committee that raises and spends money to elect or defeat candidates. Most PACs represent businesses, such as the Microsoft PAC; labor unions, such as the Teamsters PAC; or ideological interests, such as the EMILY's List PAC or the National Rifle Association PAC. An organization's PAC will solicit money from the group's employees or members and make contributions in the name of the PAC to candidates and political parties. Individuals contributing to a PAC may also contribute directly to candidates and political parties, even those also supported by the PAC. A PAC can give $5,000 to a candidate per election (primary, general or special) and up to $15,000 annually to a national political party. PACs may receive up to $5,000 each from individuals, other PACs and party committees per year. A PAC must register with the Federal Election Commission within 10 days of its formation, providing the name and address of the PAC, its treasurer and any affiliated organizations. Some PACs also fund political advertisements designed to aid their preferred candidates. Moreover, some PACs — such as ActBlue, EMILY's List, the Club for Growth and some leadership PACs — act as conduits to bundle donations to targeted candidates. See also: Bundling , Conduit , Independent Expenditures
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On OpenSecrets.org: /pacs/index.php Presidential Election Campaign Fund : The public fund that finances general election grants and matching funds for primaries. Taxpayers who voluntarily check off a box on their federal income tax returns donate $3.00 of their taxes to the fund. Public funding of political party conventions ended in 2014. See also: General Election Public Funding , Matching Funds Primary Election : An election in which voters nominate a candidate to run for office in a general election. Public funds are available to a presidential candidate running in a primary election, if the candidate agrees to spending limits. See also: Matching Funds , General Election Public Funds . return to top Q Qualified Nonprofit Corporation : Since the mid-1980s, some ideological 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups have sought to be designated as "qualified nonprofit corporations" in order to legally raise unlimited amounts of money from individuals and to spend that money on independent expenditures and electioneering communications. As qualified nonprofit corporations, they could not accept money from corporations or unions. Nor could they have significant business income or have electioneering as their major purpose. Qualified nonprofit corporations are not required to disclose their donors unless the donor specifically earmarks their contribution for electioneering. In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in 2010 in Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission , some nonprofit groups that had previously sought this designation are no longer doing so because that ruling freed all 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups to take unlimited donations from individuals, corporations and unions to make independent expenditures and electioneering communications. See also: Electioneering Communications , Independent Expenditures , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , 501(c) groups Quality of Disclosure : A measure of the proportion of contributor information that is fully disclosed by a campaign. Federal law requires that campaigns itemize all contributions of $200 or more on their campaign finance reports. Campaigns are required to report the name, address, amount and date of such contributions, and must use their "best efforts" to gather and report each donor's occupation and employer. However, there is no requirement that the donor provide the occupation and employer information. The Center for Responsive Politics measures the quality of disclosure for each federal candidate and national political party by displaying the percentage of contributor information a candidate or party has fully disclosed or only partially disclosed. The results reveal which candidates' and parties' contributors we know a lot about, and which candidates' and parties' contributors largely remain a mystery.
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return to top R Recount Fund : A fund-raising committee set up to pay the legal costs of a recount when election results are in dispute. Individual donations to a recount fund have no legal limit and do not have to be disclosed. Contributions from corporations or labor unions are prohibited. Following the disputed 2000 presidential election, both George W. Bush and Al Gore created recount funds. Bush and Gore each chose to reveal at least some of the contributors to those funds. Republican National Committee : The main fund-raising arm of the Republican Party. The RNC could accept both hard and soft money donations until November 2002, when soft money donations to the national parties were banned under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The RNC also runs the Republican Party's convention to nominate a candidate for president. See also: Democratic National Committee On OpenSecrets.org: /parties/index.php return to top S Senate Term : The six-year period that a senator serves in office. A senator typically raises the bulk of money for his or her re-election campaign during the final two years of the term. However, money can be raised over the entire six-year period. The Center for Responsive Politics displays six years' worth of fund-raising activity in profiles of senators to account for these financial ebbs and flows. Soft Money : Contributions made outside the federal contribution limits to a state or local party, a state or local candidate or an outside interest group. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 banned the national political parties from raising soft money. Unlike hard money, soft money was not supposed advocate the election or defeat of a federal candidate. At one time, unlimited soft money contributions were routinely solicited and accepted by the national political parties. The money was supposed to be used for state and local elections and generic "party-building" activities, including voter registration campaigns and get-out-the-vote drives. However, the parties increasingly used soft money for so-called "issue" ads that criticized or touted a federal candidate's record just before an election, as well as other activities that were intended to influence the outcome of a federal election. Soft money was considered by many to be a major loophole in campaign finance law that allowed the parties to raise hundreds of millions of unregulated dollars. The Democrats and Republicans together collected more than $500 million in soft money during the 2002 election cycle. See also: Hard Money Special Election : An election conducted outside the normal time frame for the election for an office. A special election is usually held to replace an officeholder who has resigned, died or retired. Contribution limits are the same as for a general or primary election. See also: Contribution Limits SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission : A federal court decision in March 2010 that found that it was unconstitutional to impose a contribution limit on groups whose sole purpose was funding independent expenditures. The decision relied on the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission from January 2010, which granted corporations and unions the ability to use their general treasury money for political expenditures. In the wake of the SpeechNow.org decision, scores of new groups — often called super PACs — declared to the Federal Election Commission their intent to raise unlimited donations from corporations, unions and individuals. See also: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Federal Election Commission , Independent Expenditures , Super PAC , Express Advocacy Spending Limits : The dollar limits on the amount of money that presidential candidates who receive public funds may spend on their campaigns. There are separate limits for the primary and general elections. The limits are set by law and adjusted for inflation. As it stands now, the spending limit in the 2012 presidential primary campaign will be about $44 million for each candidate who accepts primary matching funds. The general election limit will be about $88 million. Most of the candidates in the 2012 election are expected to coose not to take public funds, and therefore are not required to stay within the spending limit. See also: General Election Public Funding , Matching Funds Super PAC : A super PAC, also known as an independent expenditure-only committee, is a type of political action committee that came into existence in 2010 following a federal court decision in SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission . Super PACs may raise and spend unlimited sums of money for the sole purpose of making independent expenditures to support or oppose political candidates. Unlike traditional political action committees, super PACs may not donate money directly to candidates. Super PACs are required to disclose their donors to the Federal Election Commission. They are prohibited from coordinating their expenditures with those of a candidate's campaign, although the FEC has not aggressively policed that rule and the exact parameters of what would constitute impermissible coordination remain unclear. See also: SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Independent Expenditures , Express Advocacy
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return to top T Transition Fund : A fund-raising committee set up by the president-elect to help pay expenses during the transition between Election Day and the inauguration. Money is raised to pay for office space, staff and other expenses. Contributions to a transition fund, which are not regulated and do not have to be disclosed, supplement the public funding the president-elect receives to help defray costs during the transition. Excess transition funds could be transferred to the national and state political parties as soft money before the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act went into effect. The BCRA bans the national parties from collecting soft money, but leftover transition funds can still go to state and local parties. return to top W Wisconsin Right to Life v. Federal Election Commission : An "as applied" legal challenge to restrictions on issue ads that are broadcast within 30 days of a primary election or 60 days of a general election, or electioneering communications. These restrictions were established by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. In a 5-4 ruling, in 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that prohibitions on using soft money to fund electioneering communications was unconstitutional as applied to groups like Wisconsin Right to Life. Relying on this case, in January 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in its Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission that all groups could use unrestricted contributions from individuals, corporations and unions to fund electioneering communications. See also: Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002 , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Electioneering Communications , Express Advocacy , Hard Money , Soft Money
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return to top END CONTENT WRAPPER (started on each content page) Count Cash & Make Change Sign up for our newsletter to track money’s influence on U.S. elections and public policy. Please enter a valid email address Do not fill this out if you are a person Sign Up Follow us on Twitter Follow us on Facebook The Center for Responsive Politics 1300 L St., NW Suite 200 Washington , DC 20005 tel elphone (202) 857-0044 fax (202) 857-7809 Politicians & Elections Influence & Lobbying News & Analysis Resources About Us Take Action Donate Buy Custom Data Except for the Revolving Door section, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License by OpenSecrets.org. To request permission for commercial use, please contact us . insert footer_add here
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Simpsons actor Hank Azaria will not voice Apu after controversy | News | Al Jazeera Ensighten Script [if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif] BS News Articles Header important tag dont remove(used to carry page context.....) googleoff: index top adv / top adv breaking news /breaking news desktop site header Home News AJ Impact Middle East Africa Asia US & Canada Latin America Europe Asia Pacific All AJ Impact AJ Go Documentaries Featured Documentaries Witness Al Jazeera World 101 East People & Power Fault Lines Whose Truth Is It Anyway? My Ethiopia Radicalised Youth Al Jazeera Correspondent This is Europe Al Jazeera Selects REWIND All Shows Studio B: Unscripted The Bottom Line Inside Story Planet SOS The Stream The Listening Post Talk to Al Jazeera earthrise Head to Head Counting the Cost UpFront The Big Picture Empire All Investigations Opinion More AJ Go Features Investigations In Pictures Interactive Interactive Documentaries AJ Shorts Podcasts Reporter's Notebook Human Rights Sport Science & Technology Weather TRENDING: US-Iran escalation Soleimani assassination Iran Iraq Libya Live PageLoadedSucessfully /desktop site header mobile header Toggle navigation Home News AJ Impact Middle East Africa Asia US & Canada Latin America Europe Asia Pacific All AJ Impact AJ Go Documentaries Featured Documentaries Witness Al Jazeera World 101 East People & Power Fault Lines Whose Truth Is It Anyway?
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My Ethiopia Radicalised Youth Al Jazeera Correspondent This is Europe Al Jazeera Selects REWIND All Shows Studio B: Unscripted The Bottom Line Inside Story Planet SOS The Stream The Listening Post Talk to Al Jazeera earthrise Head to Head Counting the Cost UpFront The Big Picture Empire All Investigations Opinion More AJ Go Features Investigations In Pictures Interactive Interactive Documentaries AJ Shorts Podcasts Reporter's Notebook Human Rights Sport Science & Technology Weather Live PageLoadedSucessfully googleon: index /article header wrapper article page body comments goes here News / US & Canada Simpsons actor Hank Azaria will not voice Apu after controversy Actor says he will no longer perform the Indian character, two years after accusations of racism marred animated series. 18 Jan 2020 10:44 GMT Hank Azaria to film news website SlashFilm: 'All we've agreed on is I won't do the voice anymore' [File: AFP] Actor Hank Azaria will no longer voice the Indian character Apu in The Simposons, US media have reported, more than two years after accusations of racism marred the long-running animated series. Apu Nahasapeemapetilon is the manager of the show's Kwik-E-Mart convenience store and a mainstay of the TV comedy, which recently celebrated its 30th year on air. More: Obscene, unpatriotic, blasphemous: Banned books through time Going once? Original Batman and Robin costumes going to auction The legacy of slavery and Empire today
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He is voiced by Azaria, a white actor whose marked accent for the role has been criticised by viewers. Critics have also accused writers of using Indian stereotypes in their treatment of the character. "What they're going to do with the character is their call," Azaria told US film news website SlashFilm on Friday. "It's up to them and they haven't sorted it out yet. All we've agreed on is I won't do the voice anymore." Creators of The Simpsons found themselves under fire in late 2017 with the release of a documentary by comedian Hari Kondabolu, who interviewed fellow entertainers of Indian and South Asian origin to document their feelings about the character. Both Azaria and The Simpsons creator Matt Groening refused to appear in the documentary to answer questions. But Azaria later told a reporter from the TMZ celebrity website that Kondabolu "made some really interesting points" and "gave us a lot at The Simpsons to think about." Speaking to  Al Jazeera in 2018, Kondabolu said: "For me it is less about Apu, it is less about Simpsons. The character began as one-dimensional and it wasn't given depth. That is all there was." He added: "I don't want us [people of colour] to fix a show that was not made for us. I want us to tell our stories. I want us to control our stories. I want us to write the scripts. I want us to own our stories."
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The Simpsons stars Homer, the family patriarch working for a nuclear power station, his wife and voice of reason Marge, and children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Since it first aired in 1989, the show has won more than 30 Emmys. In its early years, the animated comedy regularly pulled in more than 15 million viewers and had double that - 33 million - for its most-watched episode in 1990. It became so popular that references to the show have formed part of pop culture. Declining audience figures had led to fears that it would not be renewed, but Fox committed to continue The Simpsons until at least a 32nd season in 2021. SOURCE: Al Jazeera and news agencies Arts & Culture US & Canada United States Racism Have your say. Give us feedback. Sign up for our Newsletter. PageLoadedSucessfully Ads Here Ads Here Space footer tags googleoff: index News Programmes Opinion About Investigations Contact Us Video Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Cookie Preferences Facebook Twitter RSS Podcast YouTube SnapChat end .social About About Us Code of Ethics Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Cookie Preferences Community Guidelines Work for us HR Quality Connect Contact Us Apps Social Channel Finder TV Schedule Podcasts Newsletter Submit a Tip Directory Our Channels Al Jazeera Arabic Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera Mubasher Al Jazeera Documentary
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How to Stop Global Warming, Solutions to Prevent Climate Change | NRDC.org [if lt IE 9]> <script src="/sites/all/themes/contrib/zen/js/html5-respond.js"></script> <![endif] Jump to navigation Menu NRDC This site is converting visitors into subscribers and customers with OptinMonster - https://optinmonster.com / https://optinmonster.com Main menu Our Work Areas of Work Climate Change Communities Energy Food Health Oceans Water The Wild How We Work Advocacy Business Litigation Partnerships Science Where We Work International United States About Blocks About The Natural Resources Defense Council works to safeguard the earth - its people, its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. Support NRDC Follow Us Twitter Twitter Facebook Facebook YouTube YouTube instagram instagram RSS RSS Feed View all from our work Our Experts Our Stories Get Involved About Us Mission Leadership Programs Financials Our Sustainability Media Center Careers Contact Us Donate Monthly One-time /.donate-drop Search Search facebook twitter Scroll to the top Our Stories › Personal Action How You Can Stop Global Warming Español Healing the planet starts in your garage, in your kitchen, and at your dining-room table. July 17, 2017 Melissa Denchak Raymond Forbes LLC/Stocksy Nations around the world are upping their game in the fight against climate change, even as President Trump recently announced the U.S.'s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. And despite this reckless move, American mayors, state leaders, county officials, governors, major companies, and millions of citizens across our country have pledged that they're "still in" when it comes to the agreement, and supporting the goal of limiting future warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Even better, a new initiative by former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg gives the urban layer of this movement a boost. He’s asked mayors from the 100 most populous cities in the country to share their plans for making their buildings and transportation systems run cleaner and more efficiently. The 20 that show the greatest potential for cutting the dangerous carbon pollution that’s driving climate change will share a total of $70 million in technical assistance funding provided by Bloomberg Philanthropies and partners. It’s important to remember the equally vital contributions that can be made by private citizens—which is to say, by you. “Change only happens when individuals take action,” Aliya Haq , deputy director of NRDC’s Clean Power Plan initiative, says. “There’s no other way, if it doesn’t start with people.” The goal is simple. Carbon dioxide is the climate’s worst enemy. It’s released when oil, coal, and other fossil fuels are burned for energy—the energy we use to power our homes, cars, and smartphones. By using less of it, we can curb our own contribution to climate change while also saving money. Here are a dozen easy, effective ways each one of us can make a difference: 1. Speak up! What’s the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate change? “Talk to your friends and family, and make sure your representatives are making good decisions,” Haq says. By voicing your concerns—via social media or, better yet, directly to your elected officials —you send a message that you care about the warming world. Encourage Congress to enact new laws that limit carbon emissions and require polluters to pay for the emissions they produce. “The main reason elected officials do anything difficult is because their constituents make them,” Haq says. You can help protect public lands, stop offshore drilling, and more here . 2. Power your home with renewable energy. Choose a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind or solar and has been certified by Green-e Energy , an organization that vets renewable energy options. If that isn’t possible for you, take a look at your electric bill; many utilities now list other ways to support renewable sources on their monthly statements and websites. 3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize. “Building heating and cooling are among the biggest uses of energy,” Haq says. Indeed, heating and air-conditioning account for almost half of home energy use. You can make your space more energy efficient by sealing drafts and ensuring it’s adequately insulated. You can also claim federal tax credits for many energy-efficiency home improvements. 4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances. Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency standards for dozens of appliances and products have kept 2.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the air. That’s about the same amount as the annual carbon pollution coughed up by nearly 440 million cars. “Energy efficiency is the lowest-cost way to reduce emissions,” Haq says. When shopping for refrigerators, washing machines, and other appliances, look for the Energy Star label. It will tell you which are the most efficient. 5. Reduce water waste. Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot of energy to pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers, turn off the tap while brushing your teeth, and switch to WaterSense -labeled fixtures and appliances. The EPA estimates that if just one out of every 100 American homes were retrofitted with water-efficient fixtures, about 100 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year would be saved—avoiding 80,000 tons of global warming pollution . 6. Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat. Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing, processing, packaging, and shipping food—about 40 percent of which just winds up in the landfill. “If you’re wasting less food, you’re likely cutting down on energy consumption,” Haq says. And since livestock products are among the most resource-intensive to produce, eating meat-free meals can make a big difference, too. 7. Buy better bulbs. LED lightbulbs use up to 80 percent less energy than conventional incandescents. They’re also cheaper in the long run: A 10-watt LED that replaces your traditional 60-watt bulb will save you $125 over the lightbulb’s life. 8. Pull the plug(s). Taken together, the outlets in your home are likely powering about 65 different devices—an average load for a home in the U.S. Audio and video devices, cordless vacuums and power tools, and other electronics use energy even when they're not charging. This "idle load" across all U.S. households adds up to the output of 50 large power plants in the U.S. So don't leave fully charged devices plugged into your home's outlets, unplug rarely used devices or plug them into power strips and timers, and adjust your computers and monitors to automatically power down to the lowest power mode when not in use. 9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle. Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles, save fuel and money. And once all cars and light trucks meet 2025’s clean car standards, which means averaging 54.5 miles per gallon, they’ll be a mainstay. For good reason: Relative to a national fleet of vehicles that averaged only 28.3 miles per gallon in 2011, Americans will spend $80 billion less at the pump each year and cut their automotive emissions by half. Before you buy a new set of wheels, compare fuel-economy performance here . 10. Maintain your ride. If all Americans kept their tires properly inflated, we could save 1.2 billion gallons of gas each year. A simple tune-up can boost miles per gallon anywhere from 4 percent to 40 percent, and a new air filter can get you a 10 percent boost. 11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles. Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality public transportation leads to less driving, less money spent on fuel, and less pollution in the air . Less frequent flying can make a big difference, too. “Air transport is a major source of climate pollution,” Haq says. “If you can take a train instead, do that.” 12. Shrink your carbon profile. You can offset the carbon you produce by purchasing carbon offsets, which represent clean power that you can add to the nation’s energy grid in place of power from fossil fuels. But not all carbon offset companies are alike. Do your homework to find the best supplier.
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Stand up to Trump’s climate-denial agenda Take Action Related Stories Drawing Out the Science There’s Actually Some Good News in That Scary IPCC Report Looking for a silver lining in the harrowing United Nations climate change report? Here it is: We can determine the impact of climate change by the political, economic, and social choices we make today. // promo-text-wrap onEarth Story Trump Is Trying to Pull the Wool Over Our Eyes About Climate Change—These Knitters Aren’t Having It The Tempestry Project invites you to spin a colorful yarn about rising temperatures. // promo-text-wrap Western Dispatch These Alaska Residents Are Watching Their Hometowns Slide Into Rising Waters At least 31 villages now face imminent threats from climate change and may have to relocate, at a cost of as much as $200 million each. // promo-text-wrap Q&A Global Warming 101 Everything you wanted to know about our changing climate but were too afraid to ask. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action How to Talk to a Paris Accord Skeptic We know that you know that Trump’s assessment of the Paris Agreement is way off base. Here’s how to convince those who don’t. // promo-text-wrap Explainer Are the Effects of Global Warming Really that Bad? Short answer: Yes. Even a seemingly slight average temperature rise is enough to cause a dramatic transformation of our planet.
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// promo-text-wrap Policy Primer Is America Actually Out of the Paris Agreement? The agreement’s authors built in a time line for withdrawal that President Trump will have to follow—slowing him down from irreparably damaging our climate. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action Should You Go Solar? Harnessing power generated by the sun reduces your reliance on fossil fuels, but it can come with a price tag. How to decide if it’s worth it to you. // promo-text-wrap Policy Primer What Is the Clean Power Plan? In short, it’s the first-ever plan to curb carbon pollution from U.S. power plants. Here’s how it works and why it matters. // promo-text-wrap Explainer Your Guide to Going Electric Considering making the switch? Here's everything you need to know about driving electric cars and hybrids. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action 5 Ways to Make This Earth Day Really Count Organize a park cleanup, support our national parks, or bid in a charity eBay auction (we’ve got our eyes on Questlove’s drumsticks). // promo-text-wrap Personal Action Block Big Polluters A step-by-step guide to protecting your community from dirty development projects. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action 5 Ways City Dwellers Can Spur Climate Action What is your city doing about climate change? Ask your local leaders these five questions. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action Easy Ways to Save Energy at Home Small steps can add up to big reductions in your electricity use—and your utility bill.
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// promo-text-wrap Personal Action Composting Is Way Easier Than You Think With minimal effort, you can turn those banana peels and apple cores into gold. Let us break it down. // promo-text-wrap Action Figure Spreading Solar Power in Rural Pakistan Shazia Khan’s mission is to bring solar energy to people with no access to electric utilities. // promo-text-wrap Personal Action The Resistance Is in Your Backyard Turn your city into a climate sanctuary, rally on Main Street, and other ways to make change globally by acting locally. // promo-text-wrap Northeast Dispatch The Northeast Is the Fastest-Warming Region in the Lower 48 Another win for New England! Oh, wait . . . // promo-text-wrap Support Our Work $35 $50 $75 $100 $200 Other Donate Join Us Email * Thanks for signing up. You'll receive your first NRDC action alert and update email soon. When you sign up you'll become a member of NRDC's Activist Network. We will keep you informed with the latest alerts and progress reports. // l-main-wrap About Us Careers Contact Us Media Center Policy Library Sitemap En Español Privacy Policy Follow Us Twitter Twitter Facebook Facebook YouTube YouTube instagram instagram RSS RSS Feed // l-footer-wrap © Natural Resources Defense Council 2019 Privacy Policy State Disclosures // l-copyright-wrap // l-page
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INF Netball World Cup - Wikipedia CentralNotice INF Netball World Cup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search INF Netball World Cup Upcoming season or competition: 2019 Netball World Cup Sign for the 1979 World Netball Championships in Trinidad and Tobago Formerly World Netball Championships (1963-2011) Sport Netball Inaugural season 1963 No. of teams 16 (2015) Most recent champion(s) Australia ( 2015 ) Most titles Australia (11 titles) The INF Netball World Cup is a quadrennial international netball world championship co-ordinated by the International Netball Federation (INF), inaugurated in 1963 . Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australian national netball team (the Diamonds) and the New Zealand national netball team (the Silver Ferns) – Trinidad and Tobago is the only other team to have won a title. The most recent tournament was the 2015 Netball World Cup in Sydney Australia, which was won by Australia. Contents 1 History 2 Results 2.1 Tournament history 2.2 Performance of nations 2.3 Participating nations 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History [ edit ] In 1960, representatives from Australia, England, New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies met to discuss standardising the rules of the sport. This led to the establishment of the International Federation of Women's Basketball and Netball (which later became the International Federation of Netball Associations ). Formal rules were established at this inaugural meeting and a decision to hold World Championship tournaments every four years was also made. The first World Netball Championship was held in 1963 and was hosted by England. Since then there have been 13 more tournaments.
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Results [ edit ] Tournament history [ edit ] Year Host Final 3rd place match Teams Champions Score Runners-up 3rd place Score 4th place 1963 Details Eastbourne Australia Round-robin New Zealand England Round-robin Trinidad and Tobago 11 1967 Details Perth New Zealand Round-robin Australia South Africa Round-robin England 8 1971 Details Kingston Australia Round-robin New Zealand England Round-robin Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago [note 1] 9 1975 Details Auckland Australia Round-robin England New Zealand Round-robin Trinidad and Tobago 11 1979 Details Port of Spain New Zealand Australia Trinidad and Tobago Round-robin [note 2] Round-robin England 19 1983 Details Singapore Australia Round-robin New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Round-robin England 14 1987 Details Glasgow New Zealand Round-robin Australia Trinidad and Tobago [note 3] Round-robin England 17 1991 Details Sydney Australia 53–52 New Zealand Jamaica 63–54 England 20 1995 Details Birmingham Australia 68–48 South Africa New Zealand 60–31 England 27 1999 Details Christchurch Australia 42–41 New Zealand England 57–43 Jamaica 26 2003 Details Kingston New Zealand 49–47 Australia Jamaica 46–40 England 24 2007 Details Auckland [note 4] Australia 42–38 New Zealand Jamaica 53–52 England 16 2011 Details Singapore Australia 58–57 New Zealand England 70–49 Jamaica 16 2015 Details Sydney Australia 58–55 New Zealand England 66–44 Jamaica 16 2019 Details Liverpool 16 2023 Details Cape Town 16 Performance of nations [ edit ] Pos. Nation 1st
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2nd 3rd 1 Australia 11 ( 1963 , 1971 , 1975 , 1979 , 1983 , 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) 3 ( 1967 , 1987 , 2003 ) – 2 New Zealand 4 ( 1967 , 1979 , 1987 , 2003 ) 8 ( 1963 , 1971 , 1983 , 1991 , 1999 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) 2 ( 1975 , 1995 ) 3 Trinidad and Tobago 1 ( 1979 ) 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 1983 ) 4 England – 1 ( 1975 ) 5 ( 1963 , 1971 , 1999 , 2011 , 2015 ) 5 South Africa – 1 ( 1995 ) 1 ( 1967 ) 6 Jamaica – – 3 ( 1991 , 2003 , 2007 ) Participating nations [ edit ] Liz Ellis , the most capped international player in the history of Australian netball, won the competition three times as part of the Australian national team . Team 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Total Antigua and Barbuda - - - - 12th 9th - - 12th - 17th - - - - 4 Australia 1st 2nd 1st 1st =1st 1st =2nd 1st 1st 1st 2nd 1st 1st 1st Q 15 Bahamas - -
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9th - 18th - - - - - - - - - - 2 Barbados - - - - 8th - =6th - 11th 10th 7th 13th 11th 13th Q 9 Bermuda - - - - 19th - =10th - 23rd - 22nd - - - - 4 Botswana - - - - - - - - - - - 10th 13th - - 2 Canada - - - - 11th 12th =10th 6th 13th 13th 21st - - - - 7 Cayman Islands - - - - - - - 16th 21st 23rd 24th - - - - 4 Cook Islands - - - - - - =6th 5th 7th 7th 11th 7th - - - 6 England 3rd 4th 3rd 2nd 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th 3rd 4th 4th 3rd 3rd Q 15 Fiji - - - 8th - - 8th 11th - 6th 8th 9th 10th 11th Q 9 Grenada - - - - 15th - - - - - 20th - - - - 2 Hong Kong - - - - - 13th - 17th 23rd 24th 23rd - - - - 5 Ireland - - - - 10th - 15th 10th 25th - - - - - - 4 Jamaica 5th 6th =4th 5th 5th 5th 5th 3rd 5th 4th 3rd 3rd 4th 4th Q 15
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Malawi - - - - - - - - 8th 11th - 5th 6th 6th Q 6 Malaysia - - - - - 11th 17th 19th 26th 19th - 16th 16th - - 8 Malta - - - - - - - - 27th - - - - - - 1 Namibia - - - - - - - 13th 16th - - - - - - 2 New Zealand 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd =1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd Q 15 Niue - - - - - - - - - 25th 12th - - - - 2 Northern Ireland 11th - 8th 9th 17th 7th =10th 12th 18th 16th 19th - 8th - Q 12 Papua New Guinea - - - 11th - - 14th 14th 15th 18th - - - - - 5 Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla - - - - =6th Does Not Exist 1 Saint Lucia - - - - =12th - - - - - 15th - - - - 2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - - - 16th - - - 10th - 13th - - - - 3 Samoa - - - - - - - 8th 9th 9th 6th 8th 12th 10th Q 8 Scotland 8th 7th 6th 6th 9th 6th 9th 9th 22nd 20th 14th 14th -
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12th Q 14 Singapore - 8th - 10th - 10th - 18th 20th 12th - 15th 15th 15th Q 10 South Africa 6th 3rd - - - - - - 2nd 5th 5th 6th 5th 5th Q 9 Sri Lanka 9th - - - - 14th 16th 15th 19th 21st 18th - 14th 16th Q 9 Tonga - - - - - - - - - 22nd - - - - - 1 Trinidad and Tobago 4th 5th =4th 4th =1st 3rd =2nd - 6th 8th 10th 11th 7th 9th Q 14 Uganda - - - - =12th - - - - - - - - 8th Q 3 United States - - - - - - - - 14th 15th 9th - - - - 3 Vanuatu - - - - - - - 20th - 26th - - - - - 2 Wales 10th - 7th 7th =6th 8th 13th 7th 17th 14th 16th 12th 9th 7th - 13 West Indies 7th - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Zambia - - - - - - - - - 17th - - - 14th - 2 Zimbabwe - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Q 1 See also [ edit ] International Netball Federation (INF)
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INF World Rankings World Netball Series Notes [ edit ] ^ Fourth place was shared because there were no finals with both teams having won four of their eight matches, losing three times and drawing against each other. The tournament rules of the time did not provide any way of determining an outright winner. ^ The title was shared because there were no finals, the top 10 teams playing off in a round robin. Each of the top three teams won eight out of nine matches, losing once, to one of the other two. The tournament rules of the time did not provide any way of determining an outright winner. ^ There were no finals, the top 4 teams played a round robin tournament. Australia and Trinidad & Tobago ended the tournament with one win (against England), one loss (to New Zealand) and one draw (with each other). The tournament rules of the time did not provide any way to break this tie. ^ Suva , Fiji was scheduled to host the 2007 competition but was stripped of the right as a direct result of the December 2006 coup . Hosting rights were subsequently awarded to Auckland , New Zealand, and the competition date moved from July to November 2007 References [ edit ] Netball Scoop - Team Lists (World Championships)
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Bibliography [ edit ] Australian Women's Weekly (5 September 1979). "SPOT THE BALL and win a trip to Disneyland" . The Australian Women's Weekly . National Library of Australia. p. 78 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . International Federation of Netball Associations (15 June 2008). "History of Netball" . Archived from the original on 6 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Netball Singapore (2011). "About Us" . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Netball Singapore (2011b). "Milestones" . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Sri Lanka Netball (30 September 2010). "THE HISTORY OF NETBALL IN SRI LANKA" . Archived from the original on 6 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Thompson, Shona M. (December 2002). "Women and sport in New Zealand". In Pfister, Gertrud; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (eds.). Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective . International Society for Comparative Physical Education & Sport. Routledge . ISBN 0-415-24628-8 . World Netball Championships 2011 Singapore (2011). "History" . Archived from the original on 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . External links [ edit ] Official INF website Netball World Cup 2015 Sydney official website v t e National members of the International Netball Federation History Rules Teams Netball around the world Netball in Asia Americas Africa Europe Oceania
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Olympic Movement Africa (CANA) BOT KEN LES MAW RSA SWZ TZA UGA Americas & Caribbean (AFNA) ANT ARG BAR BER CAN CAY GRN JAM SKN LCA VIN TRI USA Asia (Netball Asia) AUS HKG IND MAS PAK MDV SIN TPE SRI THA Europe (Netball Europe) ENG GIB IMN ISR MLT NIR IRL SCO SUI UAE WAL Oceania (ONF) COK FIJ NZL PNG SAM TON VAN Associate Africa Cameroon Ethiopia Ivory Coast Nigeria Seychelles Sierra Leone Americas Anguilla Guyana Dominica Asia United Arab Emirates Bahrain Brunei Dubai Japan Korea Mongolia Nepal Philippines Qatar Europe Denmark France Sweden Oceania America Samoa Niue Norfolk Island Solomon Islands Tokelau v t e INF Netball World Cup England 1963 Australia 1967 Jamaica 1971 New Zealand 1975 Trinidad & Tobago 1979 Singapore 1983 Scotland 1987 Australia 1991 England 1995 New Zealand 1999 Jamaica 2003 New Zealand 2007 Singapore 2011 Australia 2015 England 2019 South Africa 2023 v t e International netball competitions International events World Cup World Youth Cup Commonwealth Games World University Championships Major competitions Constellation Cup Fast5 World Series Quad Series Taini Jamison Trophy Minor competitions Diamond Challenge Nations Cup Super Club Continental tournaments African Championships Asian Championships Asian Youth Championships European Championships Pacific Netball Series (2009-14) International games African Games Arafura Games Pacific Games Southeast Asian Games World Games (1985-93) v t e World championships
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List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men's club women women's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball men women Volleyball men men's club women women's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee football Blind football CP football Para ice hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Cycling Track cycling Road cycling Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three-cushion individual team five-pin individual team artistic English billiards amateurs Crokinole Pocket billiards eight-ball nine-ball ten-ball straight pool Snooker six-red women amateurs
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Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women team Draughts men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC-2 Rallycross Rally raid Rallies Bajas Sports car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nations Supercross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid Rallies Bajas Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial nations Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating Aquabike F1 offshore Radio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road Tank biathlon Other sports Team Adventure racing American football men women Australian football Ball hockey men women Bandy men men's club women women's club Baseball women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball men women Futsal men men's club women Indoor field hockey Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby men women Rugby league men men's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men women Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Ninepin ( Single's , Team ) Bowls (outdoor) Bowls (indoor)
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Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Canoeing marathon Cycling cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing (Amateur) Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Muaythai Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo-yo Esports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1307 Cached time: 20190622113314 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision] CPU time usage: 0.852 seconds Real time usage: 1.087 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 13070/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 229048/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 19352/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/40 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15649/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3.86 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 688.118 1 -total 18.77% 129.144 1 Template:Infobox_Sports_league 18.68% 128.572 47 Template:Nb 15.89% 109.349 1 Template:Infobox 13.82% 95.065 1 Template:Cite_news 11.46% 78.830 57 Template:Nb-big 10.67% 73.388 9 Template:Navbox 10.63% 73.180 32 Template:Flagicon 5.27% 36.283 12 Template:If_empty
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5.17% 35.586 57 Template:Flagbig/core Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1033173-0!canonical and timestamp 20190622113313 and revision id 901384783 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INF_Netball_World_Cup&oldid=901384783 " Categories : World Netball Championships Recurring sporting events established in 1963 International netball competitions Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from May 2011 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2019, at 14:34 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view
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Neuroscience For Kids - eugene o'neill, what went wrong you are here: home > explore > eugene o'neill, what went wrong Neuroscience For Kids Eugene O'Neill - What Went Wrong? April 22, 2000 The Man Eugene O'Neill is perhaps the most well-known American playwright. He was awarded Pulitzer Prizes in 1920, 1922, 1928 and 1957 and a Nobel Prize for literature in 1936. Yet for all of his writing success, O'Neill led a life filled with tragedy and he was afflicted with a misdiagnosed neurological disorder that contributed to his death. Now, almost 47 years after O'Neill's death and with the permission of O'Neill's surviving grandchildren, the autopsy results of this amazing writer have been released. These results, published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM, April 13, 2000), shed new light on O'Neill's health. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was born in New York City on October 16, 1888. He had a reputation for heavy alcohol drinking, and he attempted suicide in 1912. In addition to surviving battles with malaria and tuberculosis, O'Neill struggled with bouts of depression, some of which required a stay in the hospital. Many biographers believe that depression also affected O'Neill's mother, father, brother and two sons. Two of O'Neill's sons, Eugene Jr. and Shane, committed suicide. Neurological Symptoms According to the new NEJM report, O'Neill noticed slight shaking
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(tremor) of his hands when he was a freshman at Princeton University in 1906. These tremors became worse over the years and in 1941 he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Other symptoms displayed by O'Neill: Difficulty writing: trembling hands made his writing difficult to read. Unsteady gait: he had difficulty walking. Problems with motor coordination: he had trouble using his arms to feed himself. Speech problems: it became difficult to understand what he was saying. O'Neill tried various drugs to help with these problems, but none of them had a beneficial effect. The Brain O'Neill's brain weighed 1.33 kg, well within the normal range. However, a significant abnormality was found in his cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain important for controlling posture, balance and motor coordination. In O'Neill's brain, certain areas of the cerebellar cortex had shrunk. In fact, over 90% of the "Purkinje cells" in the part of the cerebellum called the "vermis" was lost. Purkinje cells (see photo to the right) are neurons that send projections out of the cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei; from these areas, messages go to other areas of the brain that influence movement. The number of another type of neuron called the granule cell was also reduced in the vermis. No abnormalities were found in the cerebral cortex or the substantia nigra. In cases of
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Parkinson's disease, neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate. The Diagnosis The examination of O'Neill's brain clearly shows that he did not have Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is characterized by severe degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra. This abnormality was not seen in O'Neill's brain. Most likely, O'Neill suffered from a disorder called "late-onset cerebellar cortical atrophy." The authors of the NEJM paper argue that it was unlikely that this disorder was caused by alcohol consumption because O'Neill had a decent diet and did not abuse alcohol in the later years of his life. Rather, this disorder may have been inherited. References Price, B.H. and Richardson, E.P., The neurological illness of Eugene O'Neill - A clinicopathological report, The New England Journal of Medicine , April 13, 2000. Black, S.A., Eugene O'Neill. Beyond Mourning and Tragedy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. Purkinje cell image courtesy of "The Slice of Life" More information about Eugene O'Neill: eOneill.com Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site Copyright © 1996-2015, Eric H. Chudler All Rights Reserved. home | search | explore | experiment | questions / answers | contact | links | donate newsletter | brain awareness week | Neuroscience in the News | drawing contest | books and articles | postcards | survey | about | privacy | disclaimer | site map
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You Belong with Me - Wikipedia CentralNotice You Belong with Me From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 2009 single by Taylor Swift "You Belong with Me" Single by Taylor Swift from the album Fearless B-side " Love Story " Released April 18, 2009 ( 2009-04-18 ) [1] Format CD single digital download Recorded 2008 Genre Country pop [2] Length 3 : 52 Label Big Machine Republic [3] Songwriter(s) Taylor Swift Liz Rose Producer(s) Nathan Chapman Taylor Swift Taylor Swift singles chronology " White Horse " (2008) " You Belong with Me " (2009) " Fifteen " (2009) Music video "You Belong with Me" on YouTube " You Belong with Me " is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was written by Swift and Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift. It was released on April 18, 2009, by Big Machine Records as the third single from Swift's second studio album, Fearless (2008). Swift was inspired to write "You Belong with Me" after overhearing a male friend of hers arguing with his girlfriend through a phone call; she continued to develop a story line afterward. The song contains many pop music elements and its lyrics have Swift desiring an out-of-reach love interest . The song won Favorite song at the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards , and received nominations at the 2010 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . "You Belong with Me" enjoyed commercial success as well; it became a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. In the United States, the song became Swift's highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time and has become Swift's third best-selling single. It managed to gain the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill 's " Breathe " did in 2000. The single was certified 7× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song is one of the best-selling singles worldwide , with worldwide sales of more than 7 million units (according to the IFPI ).
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The song's accompanying music video was directed by Roman White . The video featured Swift portraying two characters, a nerd (the protagonist and narrator) and a popular girl (the antagonist and girlfriend), while American actor Lucas Till portrayed the male lead. The video's plot centers on the protagonist secretively loving the male lead, although he has a girlfriend. The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , but during Swift's acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West interrupted, protesting in support of Beyoncé . The incident caused a reaction in the media, with many coming to Swift's defense. The song was performed live at numerous venues, including the 2009–10 Fearless Tour , where it was the opening number. It has been covered by various artists, including Butch Walker and Selena Gomez & the Scene , and parodied by "Weird Al" Yankovic . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 Chart performance 4.1 North America 4.2 Europe and Oceania 5 Music video 5.1 Video reception 6 Accolades 7 Live performances 8 Cover versions and media usage 9 Track listings 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year-end charts 10.3 Decade-end charts 11 Certifications 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background [ edit ] Swift became inspired to write "You Belong with Me" after she overheard a male friend of hers speaking to his girlfriend on the phone. [4] He acted defensive as his girlfriend yelled at him, and said to her, "No, baby...I had to get off the phone really quickly... I tried to call you right back... Of course I love you. More than anything! Baby, I’m so sorry." [4] Out of the sympathy she felt towards him in the situation, Swift developed a concept for a song. [4] In a writing session with co-writer Liz Rose , Swift explained the situation along with her idea and conceived the song's opening line, "You’re on the phone with your girlfriend / she’s upset / she's going off about something that you said." [4] Together, they developed a story line, which described Swift being in love with the male friend and her having the desire for him to break up with his current girlfriend for her. [4] Swift described the song's concept as "basically about wanting someone who is with this girl who doesn't appreciate him at all. Basically like ' girl-next-door -itis.' You like this guy who you have known for your whole life, and you know him better than she does but somehow the popular girl gets the guy every time." [5] Swift recalled, "It was really fun for us to write the line, 'She wears short skirts, I wear T-shirts'." [4] "You Belong with Me" was first released as a promotional single from Fearless on November 4, 2008, as part of Countdown to Fearless , an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store ; [6] the song was then released as the third single from Fearless on April 18, 2009. [7]
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Composition [ edit ] "You Belong with Me" (2009) Taylor Swift's "You Belong with Me" portrays many pop music elements. Problems playing this file? See media help . "You Belong with Me" is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and 52 seconds. [8] According to Kate Kiefer of Paste magazine , it is "a straight-up pop song." [2] The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 130 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F ♯ major and Swift's vocals spans a little below two octaves, from F# 3 to C# 5 . Swift hints at her country music background in the banjo-inflected introduction of the song. [9] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly felt Swift's vocals were light and twangy while the melody was "lilting". [10] It follows the chord progression F ♯ –C ♯ –G ♯ m-B. [11] The instrumentation consists of clucking banjos alongside new wave electric guitars. [12] The lyrics to "You Belong with Me" alternate between narrative modes , where she speaks of herself, a male friend whom she has an unrequited crush on, and his girlfriend. Greenblatt described Swift's role as a storyteller, the song being a narrative set to music, which describes concerning about love and boys "just [being] very hard to catch". [10]
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Craig Rosen of The Hollywood Reporter believes "You Belong with Me"'s plot is "confessional" and regards scenarios themed with high school, while Swift "is the girl next door who's had her heart broken and takes refuge in music". [13] Lucy Davies of the BBC noted, "Swift deals in the prosaic imagery of high school boys". [14] In one verse , Swift contrasts herself with her friend's girlfriend and states, "She wears high heels, I wear sneakers / She's cheer captain, I'm on the bleachers", which Davies interpreted as the song's protagonist feeling envy towards cheerleaders, in particular, the one dating her male friend. [14] In the choruses, Swift attempts "to persuade some boy to come to his senses and submit to her everygirl charms". [12] Critical reception [ edit ] Swift performing "You Belong with Me" at rehearsals for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . Sean Dooley of About.com labeled "You Belong with Me" as one of the "best songs on Fearless ", [15] while Johnny Davis of The Observer believed some parts of the song "may needle British ears", although he felt that it was better than single releases by pop singer Hilary Duff . [16] Lucy Davies of the BBC was not impressed by the song's theme being similar to those of other songs on Fearless or on her eponymous debut album, Taylor Swift . [14] She opined that "You Belong with Me"'s "lyrical palette has few colours [...] and it's repetitive". [14] Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine said, "'You Belong with Me' isn't her best-written song by a long shot, but it's hard to fault its construction." [17] Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone commented, "It's hard not to be won over by the guilelessness". [18]
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A Times Editor review from The St. Petersburg Times also described it as sounding similar to other hits: "She hankers for a boy who either doesn't love her back or wants to ditch this small town." [19] Josh Love of The Village Voice thought "preternatural wisdom and inclusiveness" shined through the lyrics and theme of "You Belong with Me"; Love also mentioned that it was one of Fearless ' "great songs". [20] The same magazine later ranked the song at number 10 on its annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said Swift's vocals fit the song's melody and instrumentation, which, according to her, is "slick" and "radio-friendly". [10] Rob Sheffield of Blender magazine recommended for readers to download "You Belong with Me", [21] and Jeniffer Webb, also from About.com, predicted that the song would reach different age groups. [7] Webb said, "It continues the artist's tradition of having a little something for everyone, so it's no wonder she has such a large fanbase." [7] Awards and nominations [ edit ] At the 52nd Grammy Awards , "You Belong with Me" received nominations for three awards. The song received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year but lost to Beyoncé 's " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) " (2008), for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year but lost to Kings of Leon 's " Use Somebody " (2008), and for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance but lost to Beyoncé's " Halo " (2009). [22] "You Belong with Me" won Favorite Song at the 2010 Kids Choice Awards and was nominated for Song of the Year at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards , but lost to Lady Antebellum 's " Need You Now " (2009). [23] [24] Although "You Belong with Me" did not receive an award for any of the nominations it received at the 52nd Grammy Awards, Swift did win album of the year for Fearless , which the song was a part of.
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Chart performance [ edit ] North America [ edit ] Driven by non-country radio airplay, "You Belong With Me" established the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill 's " Breathe" . Upon its release as a promotional single, on the week ending November 22, 2008, "You Belong with Me" debuted at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 due to sales of 172,000 digital downloads, tying her with the Jonas Brothers for most top 20 debuts in 2008, a record which she later beat; the song fell from the Billboard Hot 100 in the following week. [25] [26] Following its single release, the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 87 on the week ending May 16, 2009. [27] "You Belong with Me" moved to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending August 15, 2009, thus making the song Swift's second highest-charting effort, surpassing her previous second best-charting effort " Love Story ", which peaked at number four in January 2009. [28] Driven by non-country radio airplay, the song established the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill 's " Breathe " (2000). [28] The following week, it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, being blocked at the top spot by The Black Eyed Peas ' " I Gotta Feeling ". [29] It spent 16 weeks in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, and 50 weeks on the chart in total. The song is one of 13 songs from Fearless charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100, breaking the record for the most top forty entries from a single album. [30] The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments exceeding 4 million copies. [31] As of July 2019, "You Belong with Me" has sold 4.9 million copies in the United States. [32]
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