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4011953
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid%20Johanson
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Arvid Johanson
|
Arvid Helmer Johanson (3 February 1929 – 6 November 2013) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party. He served five full terms in the Parliament of Norway, was Norway's second Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1980 to 1981, and outside politics he spent most of his career in the newspaper Halden Arbeiderblad.
Early life and career
He was born in Halden as a son of Arvid Martin Johanson (1896–1981) and housewife Karla Niemi (1899–1932). He started his career as a journalist in Halden Arbeiderblad in 1947, and remained there for a year. In 1949 he worked in Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad. He returned to Halden Arbeiderblad, and remained there for the rest of his career. He underwent studies at the Norwegian Journalist Academy from 1942 to 1953 and at Fircroft College from 1954 to 1955. He was a board member of the county chapter of the Norwegian Press Association from 1954 to 1955.
National politics
Johanson became involved in politics as leader of the local workers' youth organization in 1949. He was elected as a member of Halden municipal council from 1959 to 1963. He chaired the Labour Party branch in Halden from 1956 to 1958 and 1962 to 1963, and the county chapter in Østfold from 1962 to 1974. From 1969 to 1974 he was a member of the central committee of the Labour Party.
He served as a member of the Parliament of Norway from Østfold during the terms 1958–1961, 1965–1969, 1969–1973, 1973–1977 and 1977–1981, and as a deputy member during the terms 1954–1957 and 1961–1965. From 1964 to 1965 he served as a regular representative, following the death of Henry Jacobsen. Towards the end of his fifth full term in Parliament, Johanson was appointed as Minister of Petroleum and Energy. He was the second to hold this position, replacing Bjartmar Gjerde. Gjerde had asked Prime Minister Odvar Nordli that his resignation be allowed because of high pressure in the job, with incidents like the Alta controversy and the Alexander Kielland rig disaster. Johanson lost his position when the centre-right Willoch's First Cabinet took over 1981. While Johanson was a government minister, his seat in Parliament was taken by Jan Eilert Bjørnstad.
Later career
After leaving national politics, Johanson returned to Halden Arbeiderblad. He was promoted to editor-in-chief in 1982, and served until 1993. He chaired the county chapter of the Association of Norwegian Editors from 1987 to 1990. He also wrote several books, particularly on local history.
References
1929 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of Fircroft College
People from Halden
Norwegian newspaper editors
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Østfold politicians
Members of the Storting
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
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4011955
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Lake
|
Christmas Lake
|
Christmas Lake is a spring-fed lake covering approximately in the western Minneapolis suburbs of Shorewood and Chanhassen. The lake is crossed by the border of Hennepin and Carver counties, with most of the area lying within the jurisdiction of the former. Christmas Lake is known for its exceptional water clarity, the best in the Minneapolis metropolitan area, with a DNR-reported clarity level of . This clarity can be attributed to the fact that Christmas Lake is a spring fed lake with a sandy bottom. Although relatively small in area, Christmas Lake becomes deep (its maximum depth is ) very quickly, forming the basin of a depression that extends all along "the Ridge" (the rim of the lake's basin). The steep nature of the shoreline means that many houses are built far above the lake with railed motorized carts to provide access to the docks at the water level.
Although Christmas Lake is located very near to the much larger and more populated Lake Minnetonka, the lake culture is much different, with fewer powerboats and jetskis, although this is slowly changing. Christmas Lake is connected to Lake Minnetonka by an underground canal which can be used to raise the water level of Lake Minnetonka during droughts.
Christmas Lake falls under the jurisdiction of the city of Shorewood, Minnesota, although much informal control is maintained by the close-knit community of homeowners, under the aegis of the Christmas Lake Homeowners Association. Neighbors organize an annual Fourth of July boat parade, where boat owners turn their boats into water-borne floats, and parade from dock to dock along the shoreline.
Wildlife
Christmas Lake is home to a number of native and introduced species of fish, the most prevalent of which are largemouth bass, bluegill and pumpkinseed sunfish, crappie, northern pike, carp, and rainbow trout. However, due to the small size of the lake, the fish (with the exception of carp) do not generally grow to large sizes. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake's bluegill, carp, northern pike, and white sucker due to mercury contamination.
For the first time in recent memory, trumpeter swans have since 2004 been using Christmas Lake as a stop-over on their flyway during their winter migration south. At first a small number of swans stayed for a few days, and by 2011 that number had grown to over four dozen in three different groups who stayed on the lake for more than a month. As Christmas Lake is deeper than surrounding lakes, and usually the last in the neighborhood to freeze over, the swans are able to swim and feed later in the season.
In the fall of 2014, zebra mussels were observed in the lake and the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District subjected approximately one acre of it to an experimental series of chemical treatments, first the Zequanox killed-bacteria biological pesticide (in its first use in a lake), followed by copper, and then by potash (in its third such use in the U.S.). Divers later confirmed that none had survived within the treated area, but discovered ten more of them nearby, attached to indigenous mussels, and in May the treatment was applied to that additional area.
The name
The lake is named for Charles W. Christmas, first county surveyor of Hennepin County, who platted the original town site of Minneapolis for John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele.
References
External links
MN DNR Report on Christmas Lake
Christmas Lake Homeowners Association Website
Christmas Lake Trumpeter Swan Photo Gallery
Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Hennepin County, Minnesota
Lakes of Carver County, Minnesota
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4011967
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn%20Johnsen
|
Sigbjørn Johnsen
|
Sigbjørn Johnsen (born 1 October 1950) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party and was Norwegian Minister of Finance in the periods 1990–1996 and 2009–2013.
He is a former member of parliament and served as County Governor of Hedmark from 1997 to 2018. He was member of parliament for Hedmark between 1977 and 1997 and was the Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1996 during the Brundtland's Third Cabinet. He made a comeback in national politics when again he became Minister of Finance in 2009 Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet. After serving in the Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet, he resumed his duty as County Governor of Hedmark.
He was also the deputy chairman of the Workers' Youth League between 1975 and 1977.
References
1950 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
County Governors of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
|
4011978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn%20Jordahl
|
Asbjørn Jordahl
|
Asbjørn Reidar Jordahl (born 12 December 1932) is a Norwegian journalist and a politician for the Labour Party. Jordahl worked for the newspaper Tidens Krav in Kristiansund from 1959 to 1967. He represented Møre og Romsdal in the Norwegian Parliament 1977–81, and served as Minister of Transport and Communications 1978–1979. In 1981 he became editor-in-chief of Tidens Krav.
References
1932 births
Living people
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
|
4011992
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20in%20the%20Kitchen
|
Fire in the Kitchen
|
Fire in the Kitchen is a compilation album recorded by The Chieftains, in collaboration with an array of Canadian folk musical guests, and released in 1998.
The Chieftains, who were touring Canada that year, had not originally intended to release an album, but unexpectedly ended up recording a number of informal live sessions with guest musicians. The resulting album was billed primarily as a compilation, rather than a Chieftains album per se, although the Chieftains appear on all of the album's tracks.
Track listing
"Madame Bonaparte/Devil's Dream/Mason's Apron" with Leahy
"An Innis Aigh" with The Rankins
"Lukey/Lukaloney" with Great Big Sea
"My Bonnie" with Laura Smith
"My Home/The Contradiction/Julia Delaney" with Ashley MacIsaac
"Come by the Hills" with Rita MacNeil
"Fingal's Cave" with Natalie MacMaster
"A Mhairi Bhoidheach" with Mary Jane Lamond
"Rattlin' Roarin' Willie" with Barra MacNeils
"Red Is the Rose" with The Ennis Sisters
"Le Lys Vert" with La Bottine Souriante
References
The Chieftains albums
Compilation albums by Canadian artists
1998 compilation albums
|
4011998
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%20Sung-yong
|
Choi Sung-yong
|
Choi Sung-yong (born 25 December 1975) is a former South Korean football wing-back and midfielder.
He played in all of South Korea's matches at the 1998 World Cup and was also a member of the 2002 World Cup squad. He made his national team debut in 1995 against Japan.
After the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he joined K League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings and helped the team to win the Championship title.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Choi goal.
References
External links
National Team Player Record
1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from South Gyeongsang Province
South Korean footballers
Association football midfielders
Korea University alumni
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
Vissel Kobe players
LASK players
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Yokohama FC players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
Thespakusatsu Gunma players
J1 League players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
J2 League players
K League 1 players
South Korea under-20 international footballers
South Korea under-23 international footballers
Olympic footballers of South Korea
South Korea international footballers
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Asian Games competitors for South Korea
South Korean expatriate footballers
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Japan
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Japan
Expatriate footballers in Austria
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4012002
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ystein%20Josefsen
|
Øystein Josefsen
|
Øystein Sigurd Josefsen (born 1944 in Vågan, Norway) is a Norwegian businessman and former politician for the Conservative Party.
He was Director General at the Prime Minister's office from 1983 to 1988. In 1986 he was State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance until the second cabinet of Kåre Willoch fell in May 1986.
Josefsen has been chairman of the board in Geelmuyden.Kiese, senior vice president in Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, CEO of Gemini Consulting and IKO Gruppen. He has also been chairman of the board of the Norwegian Red Cross and chairman of the Conservative Students' Association (Oslo).
References
1944 births
Living people
Norwegian state secretaries
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian businesspeople
People from Vågan
|
4012011
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishin-minami%20Station
|
Seishin-minami Station
|
is a railway station on the Seishin-Yamate Line in Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan. It is located in a residential area near the Kobe Industrial Park.
Layout
This station has one island platform with two tracks.
History
The station was opened on March 20, 1993, as an infill station along the Seishin-Yamate Line between Seishin-chūō and Ikawadani stations.
Adjacent stations
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Stations of Kobe Municipal Subway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1993
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4012018
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender%20dancer
|
Lavender dancer
|
The lavender dancer (Argia hinei) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to the western United States from west Texas to southern California, as well as adjacent regions of northern Mexico.
References
External links
Argia hinei profile and photo
Argia hinei photos
Argia hinei at AzOdes
Coenagrionidae
Insects described in 1918
|
4012019
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Vilhelm%20Keilhau
|
Hans Vilhelm Keilhau
|
Hans Vilhelm Dopp Mandall Keilhau (18 August 1845 - 31 January 1917) was a Norwegian artillery officer and Government minister.
Keilhau was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Lt. Col. William Christian Keilhau and was raised in a military family. He passed his college exam in 1870. He became an officer in 1866, Second lieutenant in 1872, First Lieutenant in 1876, Captain in 1888, Major in 1892 and Major General in 1900. He served as Minister of Defence during the administration of Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913-1914). Keilhau resigned at the outbreak of World War I.
References
1845 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Bergen
Norwegian military leaders
Defence ministers of Norway
|
4012038
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRESULT
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HRESULT
|
HRESULT is a computer programming data type that represents the completion status of a function.
It is used in the source code of applications targeting Microsoft Windows and earlier IBM/Microsoft OS/2 operating systems, but its design does not limit its use to these environments. It could be used in any system supporting 32-bit integers. In other words, most modern computers.
The original purpose of HRESULT was to lay out ranges of status codes for both public and Microsoft internal use in order to prevent collisions between status codes in different subsystems of the OS/2 operating system.
An HRESULT is designed to simultaneously be both a simple numerical value and a structure of fields indicating severity, facility and status code.
Use of HRESULT is most commonly encountered in COM programming, where it forms the basis for a standardized error handling mechanism. But its use is not limited to COM. For example, it can be used as an alternative to the more traditional use of a Boolean pass/fail result.
Data Structure
HRESULT is defined in a system header file as a 32-bit, signed integer and a value is often treated opaquely as an integer, especially in code that consumes a function that returns HRESULT. But a value consists of the following separate items:
Severity: indicates whether the function succeeded or failed
Facility: identifies the part of the system for which the status applies
Code: identifies a particular condition in the context of the facility
An HRESULT value is a structure with the following bit-fields:
S - Severity - indicates success (0) or failure (1)
R - Reserved portion of the facility code; corresponds to NT's second severity bit (1 - Severe Failure)
C - Customer. Specifies whether the value is Microsoft-defined (0) or customer-defined (1)
N - Reserved portion of the facility code; used to indicate a mapped NT status value [is this reserved or used?]
X - Reserved portion of the facility code; reserved for internal use; used to indicate a value that is not status but is instead message ids for display strings [is this reserved or used?]
Facility - indicates the system service that is responsible for the status; examples:
1 - RPC
2 - Dispatch (COM dispatch)
3 - Storage (OLE storage)
4 - ITF (COM/OLE Interface management)
7 - Win32 (raw Win32 error codes)
8 - Windows
9 - SSPI
10 - Control
11 - CERT (Client or server certificate)
...
Code - the facility's status code
Numeric Representation
An HRESULT value is sometimes displayed as a hexadecimal value with 8 digits.
Examples:
0x80070005
0x8 - Status: Failure
0x7 - Facility: win32
0x5 - Code: E_FAULT
0x80090032
0x8 - Status: Failure
0x9 - Facility: SSPI
0x32 - Code: The request is not supported
Sometimes an HRESULT value is shown as a signed integer, but this is less common and harder to read.
Name Representation
An HRESULT is sometimes represented as a so-called name, an identifier with format Facility_Severity_Reason:
Facility is either the facility name or some other distinguishing identifier
Severity is a single letter, S for succeeded or E for error (failed)
Reason describes the meaning of the code.
For example, STG_E_FILENOTFOUND indicates a storage related error, file does not exist.
The facility part is omitted if facility is 0 (FACILITY_NULL) or for some very common values. For example: S_OK, E_FAIL, E_INVALIDARG.
This representation is easier to read than a numerical format but is less precise since although based on convention there is no definitive algorithm to convert between value and name.
IErrorInfo
The HRESULT was originally defined in the IBM/Microsoft OS/2 operating system as a general-purpose error return code, and subsequently adopted in Windows NT.
Microsoft Visual Basic substantially enhanced the HRESULT error reporting mechanisms, by associating an IErrorInfo object with an HRESULT and storing (a pointer to) an IErrorInfo object in thread-local storage. The IErrorInfo mechanism allows programs to associate a broad variety of information with a particular HRESULT error: the class of the object that raised the error, the interface of the object that raised the error, error text; and a link to a help topic in a help file. In addition, receivers of an HRESULT error can obtain localized text for the error message on demand.
Subsequently, HRESULT, and the associated IErrorInfo mechanism were used as the default error reporting mechanism in COM.
Support of the IErrorInfo mechanism in Windows is highly inconsistent. Older Windows APIs tend to not support it at all, returning HRESULTs without any IErrorInfo data. More modern Windows COM subsystems often provide extensive error information in the message description of the IErrorInfo object. The more advanced features of the IErrorInfo error mechanisms—help links, and on-demand localization—are rarely used.
In the .NET Framework, HRESULT/IErrorInfo error codes are translated into CLR exceptions when transitioning from native to managed code; and CLR exceptions are translated to HRESULT/IErrorInfo error codes when transitioning from managed to native COM code.
Using an HRESULT value
Since HRESULT is defined as a signed integer and since the severity field is the most significant bit, a negative value indicates failure and other values indicate success. The most commonly used success code is S_OK which has value 0. But in rare circumstances, a function returns a success code with additional information such as S_FALSE which has value 1.
When an HRESULT value is displayed as hexadecimal (generally for debugging purposes) a developer can identify a value as indicting failure when it starts with digit 8 or greater in the 8th and most significant place. Note that if not padded to 8 digits with leading 0s, a value might mistakenly be seen as failure. For example, 80005 is success even though it starts with 8. If padded to 8 digits this becomes clear: 00080005. This is somewhat contrived since generally success is 0 which is clearly a success code.
Programmatic ways to check for failure status are test for negative and use a system-defined macro.
HRESULT hr = func(...);
if (hr < 0) ; // failed
if (hr >= 0) ; // succeeded
if (FAILED(hr)) ; // failed
if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) ; // succeeded
Testing for 0 such as (hr) or (!hr) will work most of the time but is incorrect for the rarely used success codes other than S_OK such as S_FALSE.
To obtain the code part of an HRESULT, use the HRESULT_CODE() macro.
Use the ERR.EXE tool to translate a value to the corresponding message text.
The ERRLOOK.EXE tool can be used to display error strings associated with a given HRESULT value. It can be run from a Visual Studio command prompt.
The win32SetErrorInfo associates an HRESULT value with a corresponding IErrorInfo object. GetErrorInfo reads this information.
The win32 FormatMessage can be used to get a human readable description of some non-IErrorInfo HRESULT values.
The winerror.h header file defines some commonly used HRESULT values. HRESULT values are sometimes encoded in the header (.h) files of a subsystem. These values are also defined in the corresponding header files of the Microsoft Windows Platforms SDK or DDK.
What does the H stand for?
The name HRESULT seems like it means "result handle" since many other Windows types use H to mean handle. For example, HMODULE is a module handle which means an HMODULE value refers to a module resource. But an HRESULT value does not refer to a resource so it's not a handle. According to Raymond Chen "in the old days it really was a handle to an object that contained rich error information ... The COM team decided that the cost/benefit simply wasn’t worth it, so the HRESULT turned into a simple number. But the name stuck."
References
Data types
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4012044
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger%20Kildal
|
Birger Kildal
|
Birger Kildal (15 April 1849 – 13 December 1913) was a Norwegian attorney and businessman. He served as politician with the Liberal Party and was appointed District Governor in Romsdal.
Background
Kildal was born at Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of businessman and merchant Peter Wessel Wind Kildal and his wife, Christine Marie Gotaas (1817-1900). He took his law degree in 1871 and first worked as a lawyer in Hammerfest. He later went to work in his father's various commercial and industrial enterprises including Lilleborg Fabrikker which his father had founded in 1833.
Political career
Kildal had several cabinet posts in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Johan Sverdrup and Francis Hagerup. He was Minister of Auditing 1884–1886, as well as head of the Ministry of Postal Affairs in 1885. later, he was a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1886-1887 and 1904–1905, Minister of Justice and Minister of Labour 1887, Minister of Labour 1887–1888, Minister of Finance 1895–1898, and Minister of Finance and Minister of Auditing 1903–1904.
During the general election in 1903, he was elected as a representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Christiania, Hønefoss and Kongsvinger. In 1906, Kildal was appointed district governor in Romsdal and held this office until his death.
Personal life
Birger Kildal was married to Sofienlund Berger (1851-1940). They were the parents of author Arne Kildal.
References
External links
1849 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Oslo
Lawyers from Oslo
Businesspeople from Oslo
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Justice of Norway
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4012050
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar%20bluet
|
Familiar bluet
|
The familiar bluet (Enallagma civile) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to much of the United States and southern Canada.
References
Lam, E. (2004) Damselflies of the Northeast. Forest Hills, NY:Biodiversity Books. p. 72.
External links
Familiar bluet Diagnostic reference photographs and information
Coenagrionidae
Odonata of North America
Insects of Canada
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Insects described in 1861
Taxa named by Hermann August Hagen
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4012058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar%20Kirkeby-Garstad
|
Ivar Kirkeby-Garstad
|
Ivar Larsen Kirkeby-Garstad (5 August 1877 – 19 June 1951) was a Norwegian politician for the Agrarian Party.
He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Nord-Trøndelag in 1921, and was re-elected on five consecutive occasions. He last served as a deputy representative during the term 1945–1949.
He was also acting Minister of Agriculture from February to March 1932 in Kolstad's Cabinet, and Minister of Trade, Shipping, Industry, Craft and Fisheries from March 1932 to March 1933 in Hundseid's Cabinet.
He was the father of politician Lars Reidulv Kirkeby-Garstad (1907–1977).
References
External links
Ivar Larsen Kirkeby-Garstad at Store norske leksikon
1877 births
1951 deaths
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Government ministers of Norway
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4012060
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrr%C3%BC%C5%9Fehvar%20Sultan
|
Dürrüşehvar Sultan
|
Durru Shehvar Durdana Begum Sahiba, Princess of Berar (born Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan; ; 16 January 1914 – 7 February 2006) was an Ottoman princess, the only daughter of the last caliph Abdulmejid II, who was the last heir apparent to the Ottoman Imperial throne and the last Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate.
Early life
Dürrüşehvar Sultan was born on 16 January 1914 at the Çamlıca Palace in Üsküdar, then part of Constantinople, when the Ottoman Caliphate was passing through its last phase. Her father was Caliph Abdulmejid II, son of Sultan Abdulaziz and Hayranidil Kadın. Her mother was Mehisti Hanım, daughter of Hacımaf Akalsba and Safiye Hanım. She had a half-brother, Şehzade Ömer Faruk, from her father's first marriage.
At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Dürrüşehvar and her family settled in Nice, France. The British Red Crescent Society, friendly with the deposed ruler, appealed to Muslim rulers around the world to come to the aid of the impoverished Caliph. Persuaded by Maulana Shaukat Ali and his brother, Maulana Mohammad Ali, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII the last Nizam of the Hyderabad State of India decided to send a life-time monthly pension of three hundred pounds to the deposed Caliph, and allowances to several individuals in the family.
Marriage
When she came of age, she was sought by the Shah of Persia and King Fuad I of Egypt as a bride for their respective heirs, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Farouk, and by Prince Azam Jah (1907–1970), the eldest son and heir of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan. In 1930, Şehzade Mehmed Abid, son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Saliha Naciye Hanım also asked her hand in marriage. However, her father refused, on the grounds of Dürrüşehvar being under age.
In 1931, her father arranged her marriage to Azam Jah, elder son and heir to Mir Osman Ali Khan (7th Nizam of Hyderabad Deccan). However, fifty thousand pounds in mahr was demanded for her, which the Nizam considered too much. Upon the intervention of Shaukat Ali, he proposed to offer, for the same mahr, the hand of Princess Niloufer to the Nizam's younger son Moazzam Jah. The Nizam readily agreed and sent his two sons to France to be married.
A day before the wedding, the princes arrived in Nice from London by express train, and stayed at the Hotel Negresco. On 12 November 1931, at aged seventeen, Dürrüşehvar married Azam Jah, at Villa Carabacel in Nice. The Nizam's younger son was married to Dürrüşehvar's cousin Niloufer. The marriage was performed by Damad Mehmed Şerif Pasha, husband of Abdulmejid's half-sister Emine Sultan. The local newspapers were full of photographs of the Indian princes when they arrived for the weddings, with headlines like A Thousand and One Nights and A Muslim Wedding. After the wedding the princes took their brides and the entourage back to the hotel where they had stayed. After the religious ceremony, the newly weds went to the British consulate to complete their civil marriage, and validate their prenuptial agreement, according to which, in the event of divorce or death of the husband, Dürrüşehvar would receive two hundred thousand dollars in compensation.
Following the festivities in Nice, the princesses and their husbands set sail from Venice on 12 December 1931 to her father-in-law's court in Hyderabad, India. Her mother also accompanied them. They boarded the ocean liner Pilsna. Mahatma Gandhi had boarded the ship after attending the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931, and was travelling back to India. It is reported that he met with the princesses. On the way, they were taught how to wear sarees, and the expected etiquette in the presence of the Nizam. After their landing in Bombay, they boarded the private train of the Nizam. After they reached Hyderabad, a banquet was held at the Chowmahalla Palace on 4 January 1932. They then settled down in their respective homes. Dürrüşehvar and Azam Jah settled down in Bella Vista, Hyderabad.
She received the title of Durdana Begum from the Nizam, held the title of Her Highness The Princess of Berar. She was taller than Azam Jah, and the Nizam thought that was a great joke. He regularly used to point out the difference in their height at parties. On 6 October 1933, she gave birth to her elder son, Nawab Mir Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah Bahadur, Asaf Jah, the future Nizam of Hyderabad. He was followed by Nawab Mir Karamat Ali Khan, Muffakham Jah Bahadur, born on 27 February 1939. She knew of her husband's numerous concubines but carried herself regally. However, the differences between the two of them eventually led to their marriage falling apart within two years, and after the divorce, Dürrüşehvar stayed in Hyderabad for some years, then moved to London.
Public life
Highly respected and well-educated lady, the princess was fluent in French, Turkish, English and also Urdu. She was also a painter and a poet. She established a junior college for girls in her name in Yakutpura, Bagh-e-jahan Ara, Hyderabad, and the Osmania General Hospital. On 4 November 1936, she laid the foundation stone of Hyderabad's Begumpet airport's first terminal, and was presented with a silver casket. She also inaugurated the famous Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1939.
Together with her cousin Niloufer, Dürrüşehvar advocated girls' education and women's rights. They were given free rein, as the Nizam adored both his daughters-in-law, whom he often introduced as the "jewels of his palace". He also encouraged both of them to take part in sports, such as tennis and horse-riding. He sent them on tours of Europe so they could broaden their mind and also pick up works of art for his museums." Both cousins are remembered as great beauties, socialites, style icons, and philanthropists. In the company of her friend Rani Kumudini Devi, she rode horses, drove cars and played tennis. With her beauty and charm, etiquette and dress sense, she transformed Hyderabad’s social circuit.
On 6 May 1935, she and her husband attended the twenty-fifth commemorating ceremony of King George V's reign. On 12 May 1937, they attended the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, where she was photographed by British photographer Cecil Beaton. On 23 June 1937, she accompanied her husband during the visit to lay the foundation stone of a new mosque in Kensington and was at Ranelagh to see Bhopal win the Ranelagh Open Polo Cup. Beaton photographed her in her palace in India in 1944, and then in 1965 in France. Philip Mason, of the Indian Civil Service, described her as "a commanding figure, handsome of feature, with a clear fair complexion and auburn hair… No one could ignore her or slight her. She was always essentially and indefinably royal, and it seems to me that if fate had so willed she might have been one of the great queens of the world."
Later life and death
She ensured her sons, Prince Mukarram Jah and Prince Muffakam Jah, received the best possible western education in Europe and married Turkish brides, as she desired. Mukarram studied in Eton. Years later, he was declared heir to Hyderabad throne, at the suggestion of his grandfather, and served as honorary aide-de-camp to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Each time she returned to Hyderabad for a visit, she attracted big crowds.
In 1954, she called Niloufer requesting help for the burial of her father. She had made several efforts to have her father's body buried in Istanbul, but could not obtain the permission of the Turkish government. He had wanted to be buried in either Turkey or Hyderabad. Niloufer called one of her friends, Malik Ghulam Muhammad, a former official in the Nizam's Government, and who was at that time the Governor-General of Pakistan. He called Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the then King of Saudi Arabia to relay the request. The King agreed to grant the request, and he was finally buried in Saudi Arabia in the Al-Baqi'.
In 1983, she sponsored the Durru Shehvar Children's & General Hospital in Hyderabad under the patronage of her son Mukarram Jah. In 1990, she, her son Mufakkham Jah and his wife Princess Rain attended the Durban Dinner, along with the Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners in London to commemorate the 400th year of the foundation of Hyderabad.
She visited Hyderabad lastly in 2004, and died on 7 February 2006 in London. Her two sons were by her side at the time of her death. She was buried in Brookwood Cemetery. She was upset about Turkish Government's attitude against her family members after declaration of the republic. Despite being a member of Ottoman imperial and royal family, she refused to be buried in Turkey, since she was upset that the Turkish Government refused her father's burial in Istanbul in 1944.
Legacy
She is remembered for teaching the 'power of silence', and establishing several maternity units, schools, colleges, dispensaries and the hospital in Hyderabad.
Honour
Order of the House of Osman
Issue
Ancestry
References
Sources
1914 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Ottoman princesses
People from Üsküdar
Women from Hyderabad State
People from Hyderabad State
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Indian female royalty
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4012066
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnhild%20Meltveit%20Kleppa
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Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa
|
Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa (born 12 November 1948 in Fister, Norway) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.
Kleppa is educated as a teacher at Kristiansand Teacher Training College in 1970. She worked as a teacher from 1967 to 1992. She was a member of the Hjelmeland municipal council during the 1980s and a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1993 until 2013. She then served as Governor of Rogaland County from 2013-2019.
Political career
She was elected to the Parliament of Norway for the first time in 1993, and has been reelected four times, lastly in 2009. She did not seek reelection in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election. Her political advisor is fellow Centre Party member Sigrid Brattabø Handegard.
She was the Minister of Social Affairs from 17 Oct 1997 until 17 March 2000. From 17 October 2005 until 21 September 2007, she was the parliamentary leader for the Centre Party. She was appointed Norwegian Minister of Local Government and Regional Development on 21 September 2007, a post she held until 20 October 2009 when she swapped departments and became Minister of Transport and Communications. She continued in that role until 18 June 2012. On 1 November 2013, she became the County Governor of Rogaland. She retired in 2019 after having originally stated she was retiring in November 2018.
References
1948 births
Norwegian Christians
Living people
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Women members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Women government ministers of Norway
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4012069
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20virus%20phi6
|
Pseudomonas virus phi6
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Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13.5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, though under certain circumstances has been observed to display a delay in lysis which may be described as a "carrier state".
Proteins
The genome of Φ6 codes for 12 proteins. P1 is a major capsid protein which is responsible of forming the skeleton of the polymerase complex. In the interior of the shell formed by P1 is the P2 viral replicase and transcriptase protein. The spikes binding to receptors on the Φ6 virion are formed by the protein P3. P4 is a nucleoside-triphosphatase which is required for the genome packaging and transcription. P5 is a lytic enzyme. The spike protein P3 is anchored to a fusogenic envelope protein in P6. P7 is a minor capsid protein, P8 is responsible of forming the nucleocapsid surface shell and P9 is a major envelope protein. P12 is a non-structural morphogenic protein shown to be a part of the envelope assembly. P10 and P13 are proteins coding genes that are associated with the viral envelope and P14 is a non-structural protein.
Life cycle
Φ6 typically attaches to the Type IV pilus of P. syringae with its attachment protein, P3. It is thought that the cell then retracts its pilus, pulling the phage toward the bacterium. Fusion of the viral envelope with the bacterial outer membrane is facilitated by the phage protein, P6. The muralytic (peptidoglycan-digesting) enzyme, P5, then digests a portion of the cell wall, and the nucleocapsid enters the cell coated with the bacterial outer membrane.
A copy of the sense strand of the large genome segment (6374 bases) is then synthesized (transcription) on the vertices of the capsid, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, P2, and released into the host cell cytosol. The four proteins translated from the large segment spontaneously assemble into procapsids, which then package a large segment sense strand, polymerizing its complement during entry through the P2 polymerase-containing vertices.
While the large segment is being translated (expressed) and synthesized (replicated), the parental phage releases copies of the sense strands of the medium segment (4061 bases) and small segment (2948 bases) into the cytosol. They are translated, and packaged into the procapsids in order: medium then small. The filled capsids are then coated with the nucleocapsid protein P8, and then outer membrane proteins somehow attract bacterial inner membrane, which then envelopes the nucleocapsid.
The lytic protein, P5, is contained between the P8 nucleocapsid shell and the viral envelope. The completed phage progeny remain in the cytosol until sufficient levels of the lytic protein P5 degrade the host cell wall. The cytosol then bursts forth, disrupting the outer membrane, releasing the phage. The bacterium is killed by this lysis.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) are critical components in the life cycle of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. However, it is not fully understood how these important enzymes function during viral replication. Expression and characterization of the purified recombinant RdRP of Φ6 is the first direct demonstration of RdRP activity catalyzed by a single protein from a dsRNA virus. The recombinant Φ6 RdRP is highly active in vitro, possesses RNA replication and transcription activities, and is capable of using both homologous and heterologous RNA molecules as templates. The crystal structure of the Φ6 polymerase, solved in complex with a number of ligands, provides insights towards understanding the mechanism of primer-independent initiation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerization. This RNA polymerase appears to operate without a sigma factor/subunit. The purified Φ6 RdRP displays processive elongation in vitro and self-assembles along with polymerase complex proteins into subviral particles that are fully functional.
Research
Φ6 has been studied as a model to understand how segmented RNA viruses package their genomes, its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model organism to test evolutionary theory such as Muller's ratchet. Phage Φ6 has been used extensively in additional phage experimental evolution studies.
See also
Double-stranded RNA viruses
References
External links
Detailed molecular description
Descriptions of tests of evolutionary theory by the Turner Lab
Descriptions of tests of evolutionary theory by the Burch Lab
The Universal Virus Database of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses
The origin of phospholipids of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6
Cystoviridae
Model organisms
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4012070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Kleppe
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Johan Kleppe
|
Johan Kleppe (29 September 1928 – 17 May 2022) was a Norwegian veterinarian and politician for the Liberal Party.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1969, but was not re-elected in 1973. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1965–1969.
He was the Minister of Defence in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald, having formerly been State Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture from 1968 to 1969 during the cabinet Borten. During his time in cabinet he was replaced in the Norwegian Parliament by Kristian Halse. Kleppe authored one book on defence policy, published in 1973.
On the local level he was member of Bjørnskinn municipal council from 1955 to 1963, and then its successor municipality Andøy from 1963 to 1978, serving as deputy mayor from 1963 to 1966 and mayor from 1966 to 1969 and 1975 to 1978.
Kleppe died on 17 May 2022, at the age of 93.
References
External links
1928 births
2022 deaths
Members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Nordland
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science alumni
Norwegian veterinarians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Andøy
Defence ministers of Norway
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4012076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Larson
|
Paul Larson
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Paul Larson (Per-Åke Larson) is a computer scientist. He is most famous for inventing the linear hashing algorithm with Witold Litwin. Paul Larson is currently a senior researcher in the Database Group of Microsoft Research. He is frequent chair and committee member of conferences such as VLDB, SIGMOD, and ICDE.
In 2005 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
References
Larson PA. "Dynamic Hash Tables." Communications of the ACM. April 1988, 31(4):446-57 pdf.
External links
Paul Larson MSR Page
UW MSR Summer Institute 2010
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Microsoft employees
American computer scientists
Database researchers
University of Waterloo faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
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4012094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko
|
Skarżysko
|
Skarżysko may refer to the following places:
Skarżysko-Kamienna, city in Skarżysko County (central Poland)
Skarżysko Kościelne, village in Skarżysko County (central Poland)
Skarżysko Książęce, district of Skarżysko-Kamienna, until 2001 independent town
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4012101
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Kleppe
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Per Kleppe
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Per Andreas Hildhe Kleppe (13 April 1923 – 10 March 2021) was a Norwegian economist and politician for the Labour Party.
He was the Minister of Trade and Shipping in 1971–1972 during the first cabinet Bratteli, and later the Minister of Finance from 1973 to 1979 during the second cabinet Bratteli and the cabinet Nordli. In 1979 he was replaced by Ulf Sand, but Kleppe returned in 1980 to head the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning (until 1981).
He served as General Secretary of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) from 1981 to 1988.
Personal life
Kleppe was born in Kristiania (now Oslo) in April 1923, a son of lawyer Knut Sigurd Kleppe and Nathalie Mathilde Andersen; the family moved to Bergen when he was six years old. In 1951 he married editor Margaretha Eva Malmros Ström.
Political career
Deputy member of the Storting and State Secretary
As an elected politician Kleppe served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 1954–1957. On the local level he was a deputy member of Oslo city council from 1951 to 1955.
Kleppe graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.oecon. degree in 1956. He was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance from 1957 to 1962.
From 1962 Kleppe was assigned full time secretary of Den finanspolitiske komité, and from 1963 to 1967 he was subdirector at EFTA in Geneva, and from 1967 to 1971 he headed Arbeiderbevegelsens utredningskontor ("The Labour movement's Research Office").
Minister of Trade and Shipping 1971–1972 and negotiations on EEC membership
Kleppe was the Minister of Trade and Shipping in the first cabinet Bratteli from 17 March 1971 to 18 October 1972. From 24 September 1971 he was also assigned the inaugural position of Minister of Nordic Cooperation, responsible for coordinating cooperation between the Nordic countries.
As Minister of trade Kleppe was given the task to finish the negotiations of Norwegian membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). However, membership was turned down by the 1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum on 25 September 1972, and the Bratteli cabinet resigned. After this, from 1972 to 1973, Kleppe returned to his manager position at the Arbeiderbevegelsens utredningskontor.
Minister of Finance 1973–1979 and the "Kleppe package" against the financial crisis
Kleppe was appointed by Prime Minister Bratteli as Minister of Finance from 16 October 1973, in the second cabinet Bratteli. This cabinet lasted until 15 January 1976, when the cabinet Nordli took over. Kleppe continued as Minister of Finance until 8 October 1979, when there was a reorganisation of the cabinet, and Ulf Sand took over as responsible for the Ministry of Finance.
Kleppe served six years as Minister of Finance, and he was the architect behind several important strategic choices of economic policy. The so-called "", where the State contributed by offering improvements of certain benefits during salary negotiations between employer and employee organisations, came to be a central element to minimize inflation. In order to inhibit the threatening increase of unemployment, the government introduced several supportive measures and economic guarantees to the industry, in particular to maritime transport and shipyards.
Head of the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning 1980–1981
From 1 January 1980 Kleppe was assigned the inaugural leader of the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning, under the cabinet Nordli until 4 February 1981. He continued in this position under Brundtland's First Cabinet until 14 October 1981.
General secretary of EFTA 1981–1988
In 1981 Kleppe took over as general secretary of the European Free Trade Association, succeeding Swiss . He held this position until 1988, when he was succeeded by Austrian Georg Reisch.
Later years
After he left his position at EFTA in 1988, Kleppe was assigned with the Fafo Foundation. He also chaired several government commissions in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the Monetary and Credit Commission (1987–1989), the Employment Commission (1991–1992), and the State Bank Commission (1994–1995). He wrote the books Norges vei til Europa (1989) and Visjonen og hverdagen (1990), and finally his memoirs/autobiography, Kleppepakke, which was released in 2003.
Legacy and death
Kleppe was a member of the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (a precursor of Research Council of Norway).
He was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ (1978), the Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Golden Star on Cravat (III rank) (1987), the Grand Cross of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon (1988), the Grand Cross of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star (1988), and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (1988). He was decorated Commander with Star of the Order of St. Olav in 1989.
Kleppe died on 10 March 2021, aged 97.
Selected works
Autobiography.
References
External links
1923 births
2021 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian economists
Politicians from Oslo
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Recipients of the Order of the Falcon
Order of the Polar Star
Order of Saint Olav
Recipients of the Order of the Lion of Finland
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4012110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedited%20Funds%20Availability%20Act
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Expedited Funds Availability Act
|
The Expedited Funds Availability Act (EFA or EFAA) was enacted in 1987 by the United States Congress for the purpose of standardizing hold periods on deposits made to commercial banks and to regulate institutions' use of deposit holds. It is also referred to as Regulation CC or Reg CC, after the Federal Reserve regulation that implements the act. The law is codified in Title 12, Chapter 41 of the US Code and Title 12, Part 229 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Disclosure
Financial institutions must disclose their hold policies to all account holders, and make the policy available in written form upon request by any customer. It must also be provided at the time of opening of all new accounts.
Additional disclosures are required on deposit slips, at automated teller machines, and when the policy is changed in any way.
Types of hold
Regulation CC stipulates four types of holds that a bank may place on a check deposit at its discretion. Each has its own qualifications and it is legal for the bank to place any type where the requirements are met, although bank policy may instruct that the type of hold placed be the one that holds the most funds the longest that can be applied legally.
As of February 27, 2010, there is only one check processing region for the entire United States. Therefore, all checks are now local.
Regarding insurance checks, if the insurance check is drawn on an in-state bank funds will be available on the 5th business day; if the insurance check is drawn on an out-of-state bank funds will be available on the 7th business day.
There are a few exceptions to these guidelines that are important to note. If an account owner is depositing into an account that does not qualify for the exception hold but also owns another account that does qualify, then the Exception NSF Hold can be placed. In the same manner, if an account owner is depositing into an account that has been open for less than 30 days but owns another account that has been open greater than 30 days, the New Account Hold cannot be legally placed.
There are certain items that present less risk to financial institutions and thus are subject to expedited availability under the stipulations of Regulation CC. The following items must have the first $5000 available for the Statutory, Large Deposit and New Account Hold by the first business day following the deposit:
Cashier's checks, certified checks, or teller's checks*;
Postal money orders;
U.S. Treasury checks;
Checks drawn on a Federal Reserve Bank or Federal Home Loan Bank;
Any check issued by a state, city, county, or other municipality;
Any check drawn from another account at the depository institution.
For each of these items, the item must be presented for deposit into the payee's account for it to receive expedited fund availability; when one of these checks is presented for deposit into a third party account, it loses its preferential treatment. Also, the bank may require use of a special deposit slip or envelope for next-day availability of cashier's checks, certified checks, teller's checks, or state & local government checks; if it does so, it must notify customers and tell them how to obtain the special slip or envelope.
*Regulation CC defines a "cashier's check" as a check that is issued by a bank, drawn on that same bank, is a direct liability of the bank, and signed by one or more officers of that bank. Though the term "teller's check" is commonly used only by Federal credit unions, under Regulation CC any check "drawn by the bank, and drawn on another bank or payable through or at a bank" is a "teller's check" if issued "for remittance purposes". "Official Checks" or "Bank Checks" may not qualify as "cashier's checks" under Regulation CC, but they usually qualify for next-day availability as "teller's checks".
Payment of interest
According to the regulation, interest-bearing accounts shall receive earnings from funds from the time they are collected by the depository institution, regardless of hold lengths.
Enforcement
Under the act, enforcement is divided by the type of institution, respective to each type's mandated oversight authority:
For national banks, federal savings associations, federal savings banks, and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks, the act is enforced by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency;
For members of the Federal Reserve System who are not national banks, and for offices, branches, and agencies of foreign banks located in the United States (who are not federal branches and agencies of foreign banks), the provisions are enforced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve;
In the case of banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation who are not members of the Federal Reserve System, and insured state branches of foreign banks, enforcement falls to the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC);
Federal credit unions or credit unions insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund are subject to enforcement of the act by the National Credit Union Administration Board.
Awards for damages are limited under the regulation, including not more than $1000 in addition to actual damages for individual actions, and not more than the lesser of $500,000 or 1% of the net worth of the bank, in addition to actual damages, for class actions.
Related legislation
On June 9, 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed To amend the Expedited Funds Availability Act to clarify the application of that Act to American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill, if it were to become law, would extend "by two business days, for American Samoa, any time periods established for large or redeposited check, repeated overdraft, reasonable cause, or other emergency exceptions to the 30-day funds availability requirements for deposits in an depository institution account by a new depositor." It would also apply "this two-day extension to any deposit in an account at a depository institution located in American Samoa by a check drawn on an originating depository institution which is not located in the same state as the receiving depository institution."
See also
Check 21 Act
Notes
12 USC 40 can be viewed here, on the website of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. Text of 12 CFR 229 can be viewed here, through the GPO.
References
1987 in law
United States federal banking legislation
Negotiable instrument law
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4012111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Sverress%C3%B8n%20Klingenberg
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Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg
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Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.
He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
References
1871 births
1944 deaths
Mayors of Trondheim
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Odd
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4012114
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Knapp
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Ole Knapp
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Ole Knapp (8 November 1931 – 4 November 2015) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. Born in Gjøvik in 1931, Knapp became Minister of Industry in 1990, serving until 1992.
References
1931 births
2015 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Politicians from Gjøvik
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
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4012122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Knudsen
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Christopher Knudsen
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Christopher Knudsen (4 October 1843 – 28 July 1915) was a Norwegian priest and politician for the Conservative Party. He was Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1905 to 1906.
Knudsen was born in Drammen as a son of railroad worker Knud Larssen (1814–66) and Marie A. Christophersen Aaserud (1812–1890). He was married twice; first from February 1869 to Marie Charlotte Andrea Hermanstorff (1849–1873), then from September 1874 to Ida Regine Lohne (1855–1949). He was an uncle of politician Knud Christian Knudsen.
He finished his secondary education in 1861, graduated with the cand.theol. degree in 1867, and in 1879 he became vicar in the newly established parish of Nedre Eiker. When Nedre Eiker became its own municipality in 1885, he sat in the municipal council and on the school board and was elected mayor. He left Nedre Eiker in 1886, and became a curate in Drammen. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from that city in 1894 and 1897. He was then elected for a third term in 1900 from the constituency Tønsberg, where he had been appointed vicar.
On 11 March 1905, when Michelsen's Cabinet assumed office, Knudsen was appointed Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs. This cabinet oversaw the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. Knudsen left the cabinet on 26 January 1906.
References
1843 births
1915 deaths
Politicians from Drammen
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian schoolteachers
Norwegian priest-politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Buskerud
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4012141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nassau%20Molesworth
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William Nassau Molesworth
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William Nassau Molesworth (8 November 1816 – 19 December 1890) was an English priest, historian and vegan. He was a priest for the Church of England's parish church in Manchester.
Background and life
He was the eldest son of John Edward Nassau Molesworth, vicar of Rochdale, Lancashire, and his first wife Harriet; William was born 8 November 1816, at Millbrook, near Southampton, where his father then held a curacy. The engineer Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth was his brother. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and at St. John's College, Cambridge and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where as a senior optime, he graduated B.A. in 1839. In 1842, he proceeded to the degree of M.A., and in 1883 the university of Glasgow gave him its LL.D. degree.
Molesworth was ordained in 1839, and became curate to his father in Rochdale. In 1841 the warden and fellows of the Manchester Collegiate Church presented him to the incumbency of St. Andrew's Church, Travis Street, Ancoats, in Manchester, and in 1844 his father presented him to the church of St. Clement, Spotland, near Rochdale. He held that living till his resignation through ill-health in 1889.
An earnest parish priest, in 1881 Molesworth was made an honorary canonry in Manchester Cathedral by Bishop Fraser. He was a high churchman but politically radical. He was the friend of John Bright, who praised one of his histories, and of Richard Cobden, and received information from Lord Brougham for his History of the Reform Bill. He was among the first to support the co-operative movement, which he knew through the Rochdale Pioneers, and served as President of the second day of the 1870 Co-operative Congress, the second to take place.
Though described as 'angular in manner,' he appears to have been agreeable and estimable in private life. After some years of ill-health, he died at Rochdale 19 December 1890, and was buried at Spotland.
Veganism
Molesworth was a member of the Vegetarian Society and lectured on the economical and hygienic benefits of a vegetarian diet at a conference of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester on 17 May 1876. Molesworth was a vegan as he abstained from all animal products including butter, eggs and milk. He also opposed the consumption of coffee, grease, salt and tea.
Family
On 3 September 1844 he married Margaret Murray, the daughter of George Murray of Ancoats Hall, Manchester, by whom he had six sons and one daughter.
Works
Molesworth wrote a number of political and historical works, 'rather annals than history,' but copious and accurate. His principal work was History of England from 1830, appearing 1871–3, and incorporating an earlier work on the Great Reform Bill; it reached a fifth thousand in 1874, and an abridged edition was published in 1887. His other works were:
Essay on the Religious Importance of Secular Instruction, 1857.
Essay on the French Alliance, which in 1860 gained the Emerton prize adjudicated by Lords Brougham, Clarendon, and Shaftesbury.
Plain Lectures on Astronomy, 1862.
History of the Reform Bill of 1832, 1864.
History of the Church of England from 1660, 1882.
He also edited, with his father, Common Sense, 1842–3.
References
Attribution
External links
1816 births
1890 deaths
19th-century English historians
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Church of England priests
People associated with the Vegetarian Society
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
People from Southampton (district)
Presidents of Co-operative Congress
Proto-vegans
Tea critics
Veganism activists
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4012156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ministers%20for%20Food%2C%20Agriculture%20and%20Fisheries%20%28Denmark%29
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List of Ministers for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)
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This is a list of Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark since the establishment of the Minister for Agriculture in 1896.
Ministers of Food
Ministers of Agriculture
Ministers of Fisheries
References
Food
Agriculture in Denmark
Fishing in Denmark
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4012157
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete%20Knudsen
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Grete Knudsen
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Grete Knudsen (born 13 October 1940) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was the state secretary to the Minister of Education and Church Affairs 1979–1981, Minister of Social Affairs (social affairs) 1992–1994, Minister of Foreign Affairs (trade and shipping affairs) 1994–1996, Minister of Industry and Energy (industry affairs) 1996, Minister of Industry and Trade 1997, as well as minister of Nordic cooperation 1996–1997, and Minister of Industry and Trade 2000–2001 in the first cabinet Stoltenberg. Knudsen was a teacher before her political career, and worked as principal of a special education school in Bergen.
In 2008 she was appointed as a member of the board of the National Gallery of Norway.
On 13 August 2013 she released a book, Basketak (Brawl) that Stein Kåre Kristiansen (a political commentator for TV2) called "This is an unpleasant package of shit in the middle of the election campaign. This does not suit the Labour Party well." On the same day Jan-Erik Larsen said that he had spoken to party leaders at the lowest level, from all over Norway, and the verdict is clear: This is what the party needed the least, at the moment.
References
1940 births
Living people
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
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4012160
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Praise%20Singer
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The Praise Singer
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The Praise Singer is a historical novel by Mary Renault first published in 1978. Its narrator and main character is the real-life lyric poet Simonides of Ceos, whose life (ca. 556 BC-469 BCE) spanned the transition from an oral to a written culture in Ancient Greece. Renault's fiction argues that this transition was in part responsible for the cultural flowering known as the Golden Age of Athens—though she also gives credit to Hipparchus, Tyrant of Athens, who attracted talented artists like Simonides to live in his city. Renault depicts him as having the works of Homer set down in writing for the first time.
The book contains portraits of several other historical figures, such as the mathematician/philosopher Pythagoras, and the erotic poet Anakreon.
Plot summary
The book follows the life of Simonides from the point of view of his older self. As a boy, silent and lacking confidence due to his extreme ugliness, he is brought up with strict discipline by his father, Leoprepes. He finds comfort in the love of his handsome older brother Theasides, and in music. When a travelling singer, Kleobis, visits Keos to perform at a wedding, Simonides begs to be taken on as an apprentice. This Kleobis does, and they leave together on their travels.
Under Kleobis' tutelage Simonides becomes a talented composer and performer, but he remains physically ugly. This proves a severe disadvantage when, after the fall of Kleobis' native city of Ephesos to the Persians, Kleobis and Simonides attempt to find a patron at the court of Polycrates of Samos. Polycrates is a connoisseur of beauty, in boys as much as in music or art, and Simonides' appearance is not a recommendation. Kleobis and Simonides find themselves out of fashion at court, and scrabbling for work.
Simonides travels back to Keos to enter a music contest, leaving Kleobis behind in Samos nursing a slight illness. He wins the contest, but discovers, on returning, that Kleobis has died.
Simonides now finds a patron in Peisistratus, the tyrant of Athens. He becomes a successful musician in that city, and after Peisistratos' death, his sons Hippias and Hipparchus continue the family's patronage. Through Hipparchos, Simonides is introduced to the hetaira Lyra, whose lover he becomes. Hipparchos himself is sexually oriented to boys, not women, and Simonides witnesses his eventual downfall, when Hipparchos uses his political power to punish the family of a young boy who rejects his advances, and the boy and his lover retaliate by murdering him. Here Renault draws on the tale of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, also known as the Tyrannicides (τυραννοκτόνοι), whose attack against the Peisistratid tyranny made them iconic personages of Athenian democracy.
References
1978 British novels
Novels by Mary Renault
Novels set in ancient Greece
1970s LGBT novels
Novels with gay themes
Pantheon Books books
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4012162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakuen-Toshi%20Station
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Gakuen-Toshi Station
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is a station of the Seishin-Yamate Line of Kobe Municipal Subway in Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan. There are many education institutions and famous Japanese universities in the area. The institutions include Nissan Business School and Kobe Design University.
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Stations of Kobe Municipal Subway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1985
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4012175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20George%20Washington%20%28Jacksonville%29
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Hotel George Washington (Jacksonville)
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The Hotel George Washington, on the corner of Adams and Julia Streets in Jacksonville, Florida, was a 15-story luxury hotel that was in operation from 1926 to 1971. In its later years, it was one of only two luxury hotels in the downtown area. By the 1960s, it was the only five-star hotel in the area after the demise of the Hotel Roosevelt.
History
On Armistice Day 1925, local businessman Robert Kloeppel announced to crowds in downtown Jacksonville that a luxury hotel would be built.
The local firm of Marsh and Saxelbye served as architects.
Other investors built the Hotel Roosevelt (then called the Carling Hotel) to compete with Kloeppel, and both hotels were constructed throughout 1926. On December 15, the George Washington was complete. The mayor at the time, John Alsop, along with the current and former Florida governor, were on hand for ribbon-cutting ceremonies. Radios were installed in every one of the 350 rooms so visitors could listen to opening-day festivities, broadcast by radio station WJAX. Kloeppel spent $1.5 million of his own money to construct the hotel. The "Hotel George Washington" sign, built on the rooftop, was the first neon sign in Jacksonville.
The Hotel George Washington, in its heyday, was the center of cultural activities in Jacksonville. The George Washington Auditorium, built in 1941, was the biggest concert hall in town at the time (replacing the Duval County Armory), big enough for classical music events and cotillion balls. The Hotel housed a steak house, a cocktail lounge, a dance hall called the Rainbow Room, a Rexall drugstore and a barber shop. Charles Lindbergh stayed at the George Washington while visiting Jacksonville.
The Beatles
The Beatles were scheduled to perform on September 11, 1964 at the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, where they supposedly overheard that the venue was segregated. They refused to play until the local officials and promoters assured them that it would be an integrated audience. City officials responded that the concert had never been slated to be segregated.
As the group headed from Montreal to Jacksonville, their flight was diverted to Key West due to Hurricane Dora. They traveled to Jacksonville the same day of the concert with no hotel accommodation because the Hotel George Washington in Jacksonville, which was initially booked, was segregated and would not change their operating procedure. When asked by reporters about the cancellation of the hotel, George Harrison said, "We don't know about our accommodations at all. We don't arrange that. But you know, we don't appear anywhere there is [segregation]."
Closure
In 1964, most of the businesses which operated from the Roosevelt's ground floor moved into the George Washington. Despite the new infusion of business, behind-the-scenes turnover caused the George Washington to fall into disrepair. In 1963, original owner Robert Kloeppel sold the George Washington to dog track magnate Bill Johnson, who in turn sold the hotel to other investors in 1969.
After 1969, one by one, the businesses inside the ground floor went out of business. The hotel was closed in 1971 and torn down in 1973. Currently, the site is occupied by the parking garage of the new Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA) headquarters building that is under construction as of mid 2021.
Notes
References
'Twas a grand time for a grand hotel, Bill Foley for The Florida Times-Union; November 14, 1998; accessed August 2, 2018.
Fan Recalls Beatles Invasion of Jacksonville, Deanna Fene for First Coast NewsWTLV/WJXX; February 10, 2004; accessed May 27, 2007.
Hotel buildings completed in 1926
Buildings and structures demolished in 1973
1971 disestablishments in Florida
Demolished hotels in Florida
Skyscrapers in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida
Skyscraper hotels in Florida
Hotels in Jacksonville
1926 establishments in Florida
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4012177
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Knudsen
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Kai Knudsen
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Kai Birger Knudsen (25 June 1903 – 3 March 1977) was a Norwegian judge and politician for the Labour Party.
He was born in Vardø as a son of kemner Kai Angell Knudsen (1869–1944) and Julie Huse (1873–1952). He finished his secondary education in 1922, and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1926. He worked as an audit in Haugesund 1926-1927, then deputy judge in Heddal 1928-1930 and junior solicitor in Notodden 1930-1935. After the war he was acting district stipendiary magistrate (sorenskriver) of Tinn and Heddal from 1945 to 1946, and also mayor of Notodden during the same period. As an elected politician he served in the position of deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the Market towns of Telemark and Aust-Agder counties during the term 1945–1949. He then worked in the Office of the State Conciliator of Norway from 1946 to 1948.
From 1948 he worked as a Secretary for the Prime Minister (from 1956 known as "State Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister"). During Torp's Cabinet Knudsen became acting Minister of Justice and the Police from 18 October 1952 to 20 December 1952, then on a permanent basis until 15 June 1954. His successor Gustav Sjaastad studied law in the same period as Knudsen, from 1922 to 1926. Knudsen served as Minister of Defence until the cabinet change in 1955. In the new Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet Knudsen was appointed Secretary to the Prime Minister again, but left in late 1955.
Knudsen was then district stipendiary magistrate in Indre Follo from 1955 to 1973. He chaired the board of the Norwegian Directorate of Labour from 1950 to 1975 as well as the National Wages Board from 1955 to 1968.
In 1943 he married Lilli Margrethe Wergeland, a sister of Harald Wergeland. He died in March 1977.
Notes
References
1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Vardø
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Telemark
Deputy members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Norwegian judges
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway
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4012179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Isak%20de%20Lange%20Kobro
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Jens Isak de Lange Kobro
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Jens Isak de Lange Kobro (20 August 1882 – 14 May 1967) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Defence 1933–1935.
References
1882 births
1967 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Defence ministers of Norway
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4012185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Kolstad
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Eva Kolstad
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Eva Severine Lundegaard Kolstad (born Eva Severine Lundegaard Hartvig; 6 May 1918 – 26 March 1999) was a Norwegian politician and government minister for the Liberal Party. A major figure in the history of liberal feminism and the development of state feminism in the Nordic countries, she pioneered gender equality policies in Norway and at the United Nations. She served as President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1956–1968), member and vice chairman of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (1969–1975), Minister of Government Administration and Consumer Affairs of Norway in Korvald's Cabinet (1972–1973), leader of the Liberal Party (1974–1976) and as Norwegian Gender Equality Ombudsman (1978–1988), the first gender equality ombudsman worldwide.
Early life
Eva Kolstad was born in 1918 in Halden, Norway. She worked as a bookkeeping teacher before becoming active in the cause of women's rights.
Career
Kolstad was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1974 to 1976, making her the first female party leader in Norway. She was also the first ombudsman for gender equality (likestillingsombud) in Norway, and in extent the world. Outside politics she worked as an accountant.
She was a minor ballot candidate in the 1953 election, and was not elected. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oslo during the terms 1957–1961 and 1965–1969. In between she was runner-up behind Helge Seip on the Liberal ballot in the 1961 election, but the Liberals had no MPs elected. She was the Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald. On the local level she was member of the executive committee of Oslo city council from 1960 to 1975.
Kolstad was a Commander of the Order of St. Olav and received the Medal of St. Hallvard in 1986.
Personal life
She was married to the lawyer and Assistant Director General in the Ministry of Justice, Ragnar Kolstad. Her father-in-law was Prime Minister Peder Kolstad.
References
Norwegian women's rights activists
Government ministers of Norway
1918 births
1999 deaths
Ombudsmen in Norway
Deputy members of the Storting
Women members of the Storting
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian feminists
Women government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
People from Halden
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4012191
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik%20Ludvig%20Konow
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Fredrik Ludvig Konow
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Fredrik Ludvig Konow (23 June 1864 – 14 August 1953) was a Norwegian businessman and a politician for the Free-minded Liberal Party.
He was born in Bergen as a son of merchant and consul Wollert Konow (1829–1885) and Wilhelmine Marie Bredahl (1828–1908). He was named after his grandfather, who was son of Wollert Konow and a brother of Wollert and Carl Konow. His great-great-grandfather was named Friedrich Ludwig Konow, and migrated to Bergen from Germany in the late 1700s.
Fredrik Ludvig Konow was also a second cousin of Carl and Sten Konow, first cousin once removed of Wollert Konow (H) and Wollert Konow (SB), and uncle of Frederik Konow Lund. He was married twice; first to Birgit Helene Schjøtt (1877–1901) since 1896, and after her death to Lily Rieck (1878–1956) since 1904.
He was Minister of Finance during 1912–1913 and 1926–1928. The first time he served in the Bratlie's Cabinet, then in Lykke's Cabinet. He was also elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Nordnes in 1909 and 1918.
References
1864 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Free-minded Liberal Party politicians
Fredrik Ludwig
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Norwegian bankers
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Politicians from Bergen
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4012192
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstituted%20meat
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Reconstituted meat
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A reconstituted meat, meat slurry, or emulsified meat is a liquefied meat product that contains fewer fats, pigments and less myoglobin than unprocessed dark meats. Meat slurry is more malleable than dark meats and eases the process of meat distribution as pipelines may be used.
Meat slurry is not designed to sell for general consumption; rather, it is used as a meat supplement in food products for humans, such as chicken nuggets, and food for domestic animals. Poultry is a common meat slurry. Beef and pork are also used.
Properties and production
The characteristics of dark meat from poultry; such as its color, low plasticity, and high fat content; are caused by myoglobin, a pigmented chemical compound found in muscle tissue that undergoes frequent use. Because domestic poultry rarely fly, the flight muscles in the breast contain little myoglobin and appear white. Dark meat which is high in myoglobin is less useful in industry, especially fast food, because it is difficult to mold into shapes. Processing dark meat into a slurry makes it more like white meat, easier to prepare.
The meat is first finely ground and mixed with water. The mixture is then used in a centrifuge or with an emulsifier to separate the fats and myoglobin from the muscle. The product is then allowed to settle into three layers: meat, excess water, and fat. The remaining liquefied meat is then flash-frozen and packaged.
See also
Meat emulsion
Mechanically separated meat
Offal
Pink slime
Surimi
References
External links
UGA scientist takes dark out of chicken meat
BBC News: Junk Food to be Banned in Schools
Meat
Fast food
Meat industry
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4012200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201936%20Winter%20Olympics
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Canada at the 1936 Winter Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Canadian Olympic Committee secretary-treasurer Fred Marples served as head of mission for the Canadian delegation to the Olympics and oversaw all travel arrangements. Amateur Athletic Union of Canada president W. A. Fry self-published a book covering Canadian achievements at the 1936 Winter Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. His 1936 book, Canada at eleventh Olympiad 1936 in Germany : Garmisch-Partenkirchen, February 6th to 13th, Berlin, August 1st to 16th, was printed by the Dunnville Chronicle presses and subtitled an official report of the Canadian Olympic Committee. He wrote that Canadians did very well at the 1936 Olympic games despite having one-tenth of the population of other countries. He opined that the length of the Canadian winter negatively affected summer training, and that Canadian athletes were underfunded compared to other countries.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
Group A
Top two teams advanced to semifinals
Group A
Top two teams advanced to Medal Round
Medal Round
Relevant results from the semifinal were carried over to the final
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
Official outfitter
HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team.
Sources
Olympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.com
References
Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics
1936
Olympics, Winter
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4012202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Konow
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Thomas Konow
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Thomas Konow (10 October 1796 – 10 October 1881) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was a member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.
Background
He was born in Bergen, Norway as a son of merchant Friedrich Ludwig Konow (1746–1798) and his wife Anna Hedvig Rieck (1756–1810). His father and uncle had migrated from Germany to Norway; the surname stemming from the village, Konau. Thomas Konow was a brother of the merchant-politicians Wollert Konow and August Konow. In March 1827 he married Catharina Magdalene Reichborn (1807–1844).
Career
Starting in 1805 as a cadet in the Danish-Norwegian navy, he was promoted to Junior Lieutenant in 1813 and served on the brig Lolland in Norwegian waters. On 6 May 1814 his name was removed from the list of Danish Naval Officers as he had transferred his allegiance to Norway after these two countries separated after the Treaty of Kiel. Lolland became a Norwegian vessel at the same time. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvold in 1814 as a representative of Vestfold. He supported the position of the Independence Party (Selvstendighetspartiet). The youngest member of the Assembly, at his death he was the last surviving member.
In the Norwegian navy, he was promoted to Senior Lieutenant (6 October 1821), and through the various ranks of Captain to Rear Admiral and Chief of the Navy (11 July 1860). He served as a temporary councillor of state in interim in 1861. He retired 10 October 1869.
References
Other sources
T. A. Topsøe-Jensen, Emil Marquard (1935) Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660-1814 og den danske Søetat 1814-1932
1796 births
1881 deaths
Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy personnel
Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Politicians from Bergen
Government ministers of Norway
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Thomas
Order of the Dannebrog
Knights of the Order of the Sword
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
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4012217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger%20Koppern%C3%A6s
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Inger Koppernæs
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Inger Koppernæs (15 August 1928 – 15 August 1990) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. She was Minister of Transport and Communications from 1981 to 1983. She was deputy representative to the Storting from 1973 to 1981 and permanent representative from 1981 to 1989.
References
1928 births
1990 deaths
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
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4012236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20team%20rosters
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Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's team rosters
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These are the team rosters of the nations that participated in the women's ice hockey tournament of the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Canada
Finland
Germany
Italy
Russian Federation
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
References
rosters
2006
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4012237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8icke%20Johan%20Rulffs%20Koren
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Bøicke Johan Rulffs Koren
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Bøicke Johan Rulffs Koren (1828 – 1909) was Norwegian Minister of the Navy in 1884.
References
1828 births
1909 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
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4012242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Game%20of%20the%20Week
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Major League Baseball Game of the Week
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The Major League Baseball Game of the Week (GOTW) is the de facto title for nationally televised coverage of regular season Major League Baseball games. The Game of the Week has traditionally aired on Saturday afternoons. When the national networks began televising national games of the week, it opened the door for a national audience to see particular clubs. While most teams were broadcast, emphasis was always on the league leaders and the major market franchises that could draw the largest audience.
History
Origins
1950s
In , ABC-TV executive Edgar J. Scherick (who would later go on to create Wide World of Sports) broached a Saturday Game of the Week- baseball's first regular-season network telecast. At the time, ABC was labeled a "nothing network" that had fewer outlets than CBS or NBC. ABC also needed paid programming or "anything for bills" as Scherick put it. At first, ABC hesitated at the idea of a nationally televised regular season baseball program.
In April 1953, Scherick set out to acquire broadcasting rights from various major league clubs, but only got the Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox to sign on. To make matters worse, Major League Baseball blacked out the Game of the Week on any TV stations within 50 miles of a ballpark. Major League Baseball, according to Scherick, insisted on protecting local coverage and didn't care about national appeal. ABC though, did care about the national appeal and claimed that "most of America was still up for grabs."
In , ABC earned an 11.4 rating for their Game of the Week telecasts. Blacked-out cities had 32% of households. In the rest of the United States, 3 in 4 TV sets in use watched Dizzy Dean and Buddy Blattner call the games for ABC.
In , CBS took over the Game package, adding Sunday telecasts in . NBC began its own Saturday and Sunday coverage in 1957 and 1959, respectively. In , ABC resumed Saturday telecasts; that year the "Big 3" networks aired a combined 123 games. As ABC's Edgar Scherick later observed, "In '53, no one wanted us. Now teams begged for Game's cash." That year, the NFL began a US$14.1 million revenue-sharing pact. Dean and Blattner continued to call the games for CBS, with Pee Wee Reese replacing Blattner in 1960. Gene Kirby, who'd worked with Dean and Blattner for ABC and Mutual radio, also contributed to the CBS telecasts as a producer and announcer.
1960s
By 1965, Major League Baseball ended Game of the Week blackouts in cities with MLB clubs. Other cities within fifty miles of an MLB stadium got $6.5 million for exclusivity, and split the pot.
On March 17, 1965, Jackie Robinson became the first black network broadcaster for Major League Baseball. According to ABC Sports producer Chuck Howard, despite Robinson having a high, stabbing voice, great presence, and sharp mind, all he lacked was time.
In 1965, ABC provided the first-ever nationwide baseball coverage with weekly Saturday broadcasts on a regional basis. ABC paid $5.7 million for the rights to the 28 Saturday/holiday Games of the Week. ABC's deal covered all of the teams except the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies (who had their own television deals) and called for three regionalized games on Saturdays, Independence Day, and Labor Day. ABC blacked out the games in the home cities of the clubs playing those games. Chris Schenkel, Keith Jackson, and Merle Harmon were the principal play-by-play announcers for ABC's coverage.
NBC's Game of the Week
1960s
In 1966, the New York Yankees, who in the year before played 21 Games of the Week for CBS, joined NBC's package, as did the Philadelphia Phillies. The new package under NBC called for 28 games compared to 1960's three-network combination of 123.
On October 19, 1966, NBC signed a three-year contract with Major League Baseball. The year before, NBC lost the rights to the Saturday-Sunday Game of the Week. In addition, the previous deal limited CBS to covering only 12 weekends when its new subsidiary, the New York Yankees, played at home.
Under the new deal, NBC paid roughly US$6 million per year for 25 Saturday games and prime-time contests on Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day; $6.1 million for the 1967 World Series and 1967 All-Star Game; and $6.5 million for the 1968 World Series and 1968 All-Star Game. This brought the total value of the contract (which included three Monday night telecasts) up to $30.6 million.
NBC, replacing CBS, traded a circus for a seminar. Pee Wee Reese said "Curt Gowdy was its guy (1966–1975), and didn't want [Dizzy] Dean – too overpowering. Curt was nice, but worried about mistakes. Diz and I just laughed." Falstaff Brewery hyped Dean as Gowdy in return said "I said, 'I can't do "Wabash Cannonball." Our styles clash'"-then came Pee Wee Reese. Gowdy added by saying about the pairing between him and Reese "They figured he was fine with me, and they'd still have their boy."
To many, baseball meant CBS' – Game of the Week thoroughbred. A year later, NBC bought ABC's variant of a mule so to speak. "We had the Series and All-Star Game. 1966–1968's "Game" meant exclusivity," said NBC Sports head Carl Lindemann. Lindemann added by saying "[Colleague] Chet Simmons and liked him [Gowdy] with the Sox and football"-also, getting two network sports for the price of one. As his analyst, Gowdy wanted his friend Ted Williams. NBC's lead sponsor, Chrysler said no when Williams, a Sears spokesman, was pictured putting stuff in a Ford truck.
A black and white kinescope (saved by Armed Forces Television) of a July 12, between the Philadelphia Philles and Chicago Cubs is believed to be the oldest surviving complete telecast of the Saturday afternoon Game of the Week.
1960s ratings
The Nielsen ratings for the Game of the Week from – as well as the World Series fell by 10 and 19%, respectively. Only the All-Star Game nixed the seemingly growing view that baseball was too bland for a hip and inchoate age. Almost half (48%) in a Harris Poll named baseball as their favorite sport. Just 19% did a decade later, as football became more popular than baseball on television and by attendance figures. Part of the problem was that exclusivity began. Lindsey Nelson said "Think of the last decade. Mel, Buck, Diz-and one guy replaces 'em." As viewers grew tired, the Sporting News got so many unfavorable letters (mostly concerning their problems with Curt Gowdy)-"atrocity...a pallbearer...baseball is not dead, no thanks to Gowdy"-it routed them to NBC. Harry Caray wrote "As spectacle, baseball suffers on [TV]." He added by saying "The fan at the park [talk, drink, take Junior to the john] rarely notices the time span between pitches. Not to the same fan at home." Although not necessarily responsible, Gowdy was held accountable, becoming, as he did, more visible than even Dizzy Dean.
One other problem was that although the "Game Of The Week" was available in cities with Major League clubs; network telecasts often went head-to-head with local broadcasts of hometown teams, since at the time, nearly all Saturday games in the league were afternoon contests. Given a choice of watching the hometown team or a network "Game Of The Week", most fans would pick the former.
1970s
In , NBC paid US$10.7 million per year to show 25 Saturday Games of the Week and the other half of the postseason (the League Championship Series in odd numbered years and World Series in even numbered years). NBC would continue this particular arrangement with ABC through .
Joe Garagiola was pushed to succeed Curt Gowdy, who by 1978 was reduced to being a roving World Series reporter, as NBC's #1 play-by-play announcer (and team with color commentator Tony Kubek) in . NBC hoped that Garagiola's charm and unorthodox dwelling on the personal would stop a decade-long ratings dive for the Game of the Week. Instead, the ratings bobbed from 6.7 () via 7.5 () to 6.3 (–). "Saturday had a constituency but it didn't swell" said NBC Sports executive producer Scotty Connal. Some believed that millions missed Dizzy Dean while local-team TV split the audience.
Scotty Connal believed that the team of Joe Garagiola and Tony Kubek were "A great example of black and white." Connal added by saying "A pitcher throws badly to third, Joe says, 'The third baseman's fault.' Tony: 'The pitcher's'" Media critic Gary Deeb termed theirs "the finest baseball commentary ever carried on network TV."
In late , Milwaukee Brewers announcer Merle Harmon left Milwaukee completely in favor of a multi-year pact with NBC. Harmon saw the NBC deal as a perfect opportunity since according to The Milwaukee Journal he would make more money, get more exposure, and do less traveling. At NBC, Harmon did SportsWorld, the backup Game of the Week, and served as a field reporter for the 1980 World Series. Harmon most of all, had hoped to cover the American boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics from Moscow. After NBC pulled out of their scheduled coverage of the 1980 Summer Olympics, Harmon considered it "a great letdown." To add insult to injury, NBC fired Harmon in in favor of Bob Costas. Incidentally, long time NBC Game of the Week announcer Curt Gowdy replaced Harmon, who was working with ABC a year earlier.
1980s
On September 26, 1981, the scheduled Major League Baseball Game of the Week between the Detroit Tigers and Milwaukee Brewers had ended, and the NBC affiliate in Buffalo, New York, WGR-TV (now WGRZ), picked up the network's backup game, a Houston Astros–Los Angeles Dodgers contest in which Nolan Ryan was pitching his lone National League no-hitter. However, the coverage suddenly ended just as the ninth inning started, when the local station cut away to regular programming. WGR-TV felt duty-bound to present a naval training film--Life Aboard an Aircraft Carrier. (Baseball Hall of Shame 2 (1986), by Nash and Zullo; pp. 108–09)
By 1983, Joe Garagiola had stepped aside from the play-by-play duties for Vin Scully while Tony Kubek was paired with Bob Costas on NBC telecasts. The New York Times observed the performance of the team of Scully and Garagiola by saying "The duo of Scully and Garagiola is very good, and often even great, is no longer in dispute." A friend of Garagiola's said "He understood the cash" concerning NBC's 1984–1989 407% Major League Baseball hike. At this point the idea was basically summarized as Vin Scully "being the star" whereas, Joe Garagiola was Pegasus or NBC's junior light.
When NBC inked a US$550 million contract for six years in the fall of 1982, a return on the investment so to speak demanded Vin Scully to be their star baseball announcer. Vin Scully reportedly made $2 million a year during his time with NBC in the 1980s. NBC Sports head Thomas Watson said about Scully "He is baseball's best announcer. Why shouldn't he be ours?" Dick Enberg, who did the Game of the Week the year prior to Vin Scully's hiring mused "No room for me. "Game" had enough for two teams a week."
Vin Scully had to wait over 15 years to get his shot at calling the Game of the Week. Prior to 1983, Scully only announced the 1966 and 1974 World Series for NBC (during the time-frame of NBC having the Game of the Week) since they both involved Scully's Dodgers. Henry Hecht once wrote "NBC's Curt Gowdy, Tony Kubek, and Monte Moore sounded like college radio rejects vs. Scully."
When Tony Kubek first teamed with Bob Costas in 1983, Kubek said "I'm not crazy about being assigned to the backup game, but it's no big ego deal." Costas said about working with Kubek "I think my humor loosened Tony, and his knowledge improved me." The team of Costas and Kubek proved to be a formidable pair. There were even some who preferred the team of Kubek and Costas over the musings of Vin Scully and the asides of Joe Garagiola.
One of Bob Costas and Tony Kubek's most memorable broadcasts came on June 23, 1984. The duo were at Chicago's Wrigley Field to call an unbelievable 12–11 contest between the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals. Led by second baseman Ryne Sandberg, the Cubs rallied from a 9–3 deficit before winning it in extra innings. After Sandberg hit his second home run in the game (with two out in the bottom of the 9th to tie it 11–11), Costas cried "That's the real Roy Hobbs because this can't be happening! We're sitting here, and it doesn't make any difference if it's 1984 or '54-just freeze this and don't change a thing!"
In 1985, NBC got a break when Major League Baseball dictated a policy that no local game could be televised at the same time that a network Game of the Week was being broadcast. Additionally, for the first time, NBC was able to feed the Game of the Week telecasts to the two cities whose local teams participated. In time, MLB teams whose Saturday games were not scheduled for the Game of the Week would move the start time of their Saturday games to avoid conflict with the NBC network game, and thus, make it available to local television in the team's home city (and the visiting team's home city as well).
The end of an era
On December 14, 1988, CBS (under the guidance of Commissioner Peter Ueberroth, Major League Baseball's broadcast director Bryan Burns, CBS Inc. CEO Laurence Tisch as well as CBS Sports executives Neal Pilson and Eddie Einhorn) paid approximately US$1.8 billion for exclusive over-the-air television rights for over four years (beginning in 1990). CBS paid about $265 million each year for the World Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the Saturday Game of the Week.
NBC's final Game of the Week was televised on October 9, 1989. It was Game 5 of the National League Championship Series between the San Francisco Giants and Chicago Cubs from Candlestick Park. At the end of the telecast, game announcer Vin Scully said "It's a passing of a great American tradition. It is sad. I really and truly feel that. It will leave a vast window, to use a Washington word, where people will not get Major League Baseball and I think that's a tragedy. It's a staple that's gone. I feel for people who come to me and say how they miss it, and I hope me."
Bob Costas said "Who thought baseball'd kill its best way to reach the public? It coulda kept us and CBS-we'd have kept the "Game"-but it only cared about cash." Costas added that he would rather do a Game of the Week that got a 5 rating than host a Super Bowl. "Whatever else I did, I'd never have left "Game of the Week"" Costas claimed.
The final regular season edition of NBC's Game of the Week was televised on September 30, 1989. That game featured the Toronto Blue Jays beating Baltimore Orioles 4–3 to clinch the AL East title from the SkyDome. It was the 981st edition of NBC's Game of the Week overall. Tony Kubek reacted by saying "I can't believe it" when the subject came about NBC losing baseball for the first time since 1947. Coincidentally, from 1977–1989, Tony Kubek (in addition to his NBC duties) worked as a commentator for the Toronto Blue Jays.
NBC's Game of the Week facts
On April 7, 1984, the Detroit Tigers' Jack Morris threw a no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park; the game was the 1984 season opener for NBC's baseball coverage, and it was the only no-hit game thrown in the series' history.
NBC's Game of the Week announcers
Sal Bando (1982)
Buddy Blattner (1969)
Jack Buck (1976)
Bob Costas (1982–1989)
Dick Enberg (1977–1982)
Curt Gowdy (1965–1975)
Joe Garagiola (1974–1988)
Merle Harmon (1980–1981)
Charlie Jones (1977–1979)
Sandy Koufax (1967–1972)
Tony Kubek (1966–1989)
Ron Luciano (1980–1981)
Tim McCarver (1980)
Jon Miller (1986–1989)
Joe Morgan (1986–1987)
Monte Moore (1978–1980, 1983)
Bill O'Donnell (1969–1976)
Wes Parker (1979)
Jay Randolph (1982)
Pee Wee Reese (1966–1968)
Ted Robinson (1986–1989)
Vin Scully (1983–1989)
Tom Seaver (1989)
Jim Simpson (1966–1977, 1979)
Maury Wills (1973–1977)
CBS takes over (1990–1993)
CBS alienated and confused fans with their sporadic treatment of regular season telecasts. With a sense of true continuity destroyed, fans eventually figured that they couldn't count on CBS to satisfy their needs (thus poor ratings were a result). CBS televised 16 regular season Saturday afternoon games each season (not counting back-up telecasts), which was 14 fewer than what NBC televised during the previous contract. CBS employed the strategy of airing only a select number of games in part because the network had a number of other weekend summer sports commitments, most notably PGA Tour golf; and partly to build up viewer demand in response to supposedly sagging ratings. In addition, CBS angered fans by largely ignoring the divisional pennant races; instead, their scheduled games focused on games featuring major-market teams, regardless of their record.
Marv Albert, who'd hosted NBC's baseball pre-game show for many years, said of CBS' baseball coverage that "You wouldn't see a game for a month. Then you didn't know when CBS came back on." Sports Illustrated joked that CBS stood for Covers Baseball Sporadically. USA Today added that Jack Buck and Tim McCarver "may have to have a reunion before [their] telecast." Mike Lupica of the New York Daily News took the criticism a step further by calling CBS' baseball deal "The Vietnam of sports television."
NBC play-by-play man Bob Costas believed that a large bulk of the regular season coverage beginning in the 1990s shifted to cable (namely, ESPN) because CBS, the network that was taking over from NBC the television rights beginning in 1990, didn't really want the Saturday Game of the Week. Many fans who didn't appreciate CBS' approach to scheduling regular season baseball games believed that they were only truly after the marquee events (i.e. All-Star Game, League Championship Series, and the World Series) in order to sell advertising space (especially the fall entertainment television schedule).
Regular season (Saturday afternoons: April–September)
Hiatus period (1994–1995)
In and , there was no traditional Saturday Game of the Week coverage. In those two seasons, The Baseball Network (a joint venture by MLB, NBC and ABC) utilized a purely regional schedule of 12 games per week that could only be seen based on the viewer's local affiliate.
The Fox era (1996–present)
Major League Baseball made a deal with the Fox Broadcasting Company on November 7, 1995. Fox paid a fraction less of the amount of money that CBS paid for the Major League Baseball television rights for the 1990–1993 seasons. Unlike the previous television deal, "The Baseball Network", Fox reverted to the format of televising regular season games (approximately 16 weekly telecasts that normally began on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons. Fox did however, continue a format that "The Baseball Network" started by offering games based purely on a viewer's region. Fox's approach has usually been to offer four regionalized telecasts, with exclusivity from 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. in each time zone. When Fox first got into baseball, it used the motto "Same game, new attitude." It was also used when the network acquired the partial broadcast rights to the National Football League two years earlier.
Like NBC and CBS before it, Fox determined its Saturday schedule by who was playing a team from one of the three largest television markets: New York City, Los Angeles, or Chicago. If there was a game which combined two of these three markets, it would be aired.
In Fox's first season of Major League Baseball coverage in , they averaged a 2.7 rating for its Saturday Game of the Week. That was down 23% from CBS' 3.4 in 1993 despite the latter network's infamy for its rather haphazard Game of the Week schedule.
In , Fox's Game of the Week telecasts only appeared three times after August 28, due to ratings competition from college football (especially since Fox affiliates may have had syndicated college football broadcasts). One unidentified former Fox broadcaster complained by saying "Fox is MIA on the pennant race, and Joe [Buck] doesn't even do [September 18's] Red Sox-Yankees. What kind of sport would tolerate that?" By this point, Joe Buck was unavailable to call baseball games, since he became Fox's #1 NFL announcer (a job he has held since ). The following two seasons saw similar interruptions in Fox's September coverage.
One of the terms of the deal was that, beginning with the 2007 season, the Saturday Game of the Week coverage was extended over the entire season rather than starting after Memorial Day, with most games being aired in the 3:30–7:00 p.m. (EDT) time slot, changed to 4:00 to 7:00 after Fox cancelled its in-studio pre-game program for the 2009 season. Exceptions were added in 2010 with 3:00 to 7:00 for Saturday afternoons where Fox would broadcast a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race in prime time (which starts at 7:30) and 7:00 to 10:00, when Fox broadcasts the UEFA Champions League soccer final (which starts at 3:00).
For 2012, Fox revised its schedule. While the 3:30 p.m. EDT starting time continues, weekly games on Saturday NASCAR race dates in Texas, Richmond, and Darlington, start at 12:30 p.m. EDT. And starting with the UEFA Champions League Final Match Day until the Saturday before the All-Star Break, all Game of the Week games would start at 7 p.m. EDT. The Baseball Night in America moniker was used for all MLB on Fox games in that span.
In 2014, the Fox Sports 1 cable network began airing regular-season games over 26 Saturdays. As a result, MLB regular season coverage on the over the air Fox network was reduced to 12 weeks.
Fox's regular season ratings (Saturday afternoons: 1996–present)
Fox Sports 1 regular season ratings (2014–present)
Television broadcasters throughout the years
ABC: 1953–1954; 1960; 1965
CBS: 1955–1965; 1990–1993
Fox: 1996–present
NBC: 1957–1964; 1966–1989
The Game of the Week on radio
From 1985 to 1997, the CBS Radio network aired its own incarnation of the Game of the Week, broadcasting games at various times on Saturday afternoons and/or Sunday nights. In 1998, national radio rights went to ESPN Radio, which airs Saturday games during the season as well as Sunday Night Baseball and Opening Day and holiday broadcasts.
Earlier, the Mutual and Liberty networks had aired Game of the Day broadcasts to non-major-league cities in the late 1940s and 1950s.
Announcers
CBS
Joe Buck (1993–1995)
Gary Cohen (1986; 1994–1997)
Jerry Coleman (1985–1997)
Gene Elston (1987–1995)
Curt Gowdy (1985–1986)
Hank Greenwald (1997)
Ernie Harwell (1992–1997)
Jim Hunter (1986–1996)
Bob Murphy (1985–1986; 1988)
John Rooney (1985–1997)
Lindsey Nelson (1985–1986)
Bill White (1985–1989)
ESPN
Dave Campbell (1999–2010)
Kevin Kennedy (1998)
Jon Sciambi (2010–present)
Dan Shulman (2002–2007)
Chris Singleton (2011–present)
Charley Steiner (1998–2001)
Rick Sutcliffe (1999)
Gary Thorne (2008–2009)
Liberty
Bud Blattner (1950–1951)
Jerry Doggett (1950–1951)
Gordon McLendon (1949–1952)
Lindsey Nelson (1950–1951)
Mutual
Bud Blattner (1952; 1954)
Dizzy Dean (1951–1952)
Gene Elston (1958–1960)
Al Helfer (1950–1954)
Van Patrick (1960)
A Games and B Games
The A Game is generally the nickname for the baseball game that is broadcast to approximately 80% of the country. The B Game (also known as the Backup Game) only aired in the participants' home markets. For example, if the Cubs were playing the Cardinals, only the Chicago and St. Louis television markets would get a chance to see the game. The B Game also generally existed as a backup in case of rainouts/delays at the A Game.
Previously (i.e. pre-1980s), NBC typically had the A Game going to most of the country (but not to the markets of the participating teams). While the B Game only went to the home markets of the teams in the A Game. In those days, the TV rules did not allow a market to see its local team play on NBC. However, in situations where the B Game got rained out, the rules would relax.
In the early years of ABC's Monday Night Baseball broadcasts (c. 1976), the rules changed to allow the home market of the A Game's road team to see the A Game. Meanwhile, the A Game's home team got the B Game.
References
External links
Jump The Shark – MLB Game of the Week
Enjoy 'Game of the Week' ... while you can
Baseball's All-Star Game Lacks Former Luster
Searchable Network TV Broadcasts
1953 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1996 American television series debuts
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
American Broadcasting Company original programming
CBS original programming
ABC Sports
CBS Sports
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
CBS Radio Sports
Mutual Broadcasting System programs
American television series revived after cancellation
Black-and-white American television shows
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4012245
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter%20M%C3%B8rch%20Koren
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Petter Mørch Koren
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Petter Mørch Koren (22 January 1910 – 14 November 2004) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.
He was a deputy member of Hedrum municipality council in the period 1937–1938 and held various positions in Oslo city council between 1947 and 1965. He was temporary County Governor of Akershus from 1966 to 1970, and County Governor from 1970 to 1979.
From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Justice and the Police during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. In 1972 he was again appointed to this post in the cabinet Korvald, which lasted until 1973.
A jurist by profession, he graduated with the cand.jur. degree from the University of Oslo in 1932. He worked as a civil servant in various government ministries, held numerous posts in public boards and committees, and worked as a judge.
References
1910 births
2004 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
County Governors of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian judges
Ministers of Justice of Norway
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4012246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20Hotel%20%28New%20York%20City%29
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George Washington Hotel (New York City)
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The Freehand New York Hotel is located at 23 Lexington Avenue (between 23rd Street and 24th Street) in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, New York City.
History
Located adjacent to the Baruch College and School of Visual Arts campuses, the hotel was opened in 1928 as the George Washington Hotel. At different times it has been used both as a brothel and as a boot-legging house during Prohibition.
In the 1980s, the hotel was raided by the police. For a period of time the building was in receivership; its demolition was prevented by support from a local historical society. The hotel was later purchased at auction, and space was leased to not-for-profit Educational Housing Services in the mid-1990s. Much of the space was under sublease to the School of Visual Arts except for apartments still occupied by original (non-student) tenants who pay stabilized rent, and who are still protected under NYC rent laws. SVA broke sublease and built a new dorm on 24th Street in mid 2016. The ground lease for the property was bought by investment firm Alliance Bernstein in 2016. The company developed the property into a hotel which is now known as the Freehand/New York.
In 2019 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Notable people
The building was occupied by many famous writers, musicians, and poets. These include W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, who lived there in the 1930s; Auden even dedicated a poem to the hotel. Another was Keith Haring, who lived in the building as a student at SVA.
In the late 1960s, Minoru Yamasaki and a team of architects drafted the early plans for the World Trade Center in a suite at the George Washington. From 1975 until his death in 1979 Al Hodge, who played Captain Video in the popular children's 1950s TV series, lived in an inexpensive rental unit in the hotel. In the 1990s Dee Dee Ramone occupied a room there, as did playwright Jeffrey Stanley and comedian Judah Friedlander.
See also
List of former hotels in Manhattan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
External links
Freehand New York Hotel official website
Hotel buildings completed in 1928
Hotels established in 1928
Defunct hotels in Manhattan
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Apartment buildings in New York City
1928 establishments in New York City
Lexington Avenue
23rd Street (Manhattan)
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4012252
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf%20Kortner
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Olaf Kortner
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Olaf Erling Kortner (10 May 1920 – 26 January 1998) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Skien.
From 1948 to 1950 he was the leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party.
He was a member of Strinda municipality council in the period 1951–1955. From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Education and Church Affairs during the short-lived centre-right cabinet of John Lyng.
He served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the terms 1965–1969 and 1969–1973. During parts of these terms, from 1965 to 1970, he met as a regular representative for Helge Seip while he was appointed to the cabinet Borten.
A cand.philol. by education (1948), he worked as a teacher in Strinda and Oslo from 1950 to 1970. From 1971 to 1990 he headed the school administration in Akershus.
References
1920 births
1998 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Politicians from Skien
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4012260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn%20Kristensen
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Finn Kristensen
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Finn Kristensen (born 24 July 1936) is a Norwegian electrician, trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He served as Minister of Industry in 1981, from 1986–1988 and from 1992-1993 and Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1990-1992. He was also an MP for Telemark from 1969 to 1985.
Early life
He was born in Brevik as a son of welder Bjarne Kornelius Kristensen (1912–1946) and cleaner Jenny Therese Eikefjord (1914–1989). He took a basic training as an electrician, beginning an apprenticeship in 1950. After four years of apprenticeship at Dalen Portland Cementfabrikk, he took one year at the Oslo School of Elementary Technics and learned strong current. He worked at sea for one year, and was then back at Dalen Portland from 1958 to 1962.
Political career
He started a political career in the municipal councils of Eidanger and Porsgrunn from 1959 to 1971. In 1962 he was hired as an instructor in Arbeidernes Opplysningsforbund, where he remained three years. During the same period he was a supervisory council member in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions. In 1965 he was hired as a county secretary for Telemark Labour Party. He was also elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Telemark in 1965, and was subsequently elected to four full terms in 1969, 1973, 1977 and 1981.
In 1981 Kristensen served as Minister of Industry in the brief Brundtland's First Cabinet. His parliamentary seat was filled by Dagfinn Øksenholt and Einfrid Halvorsen. When Brundtland's Second Cabinet assumed office in 1986, Kristensen became Minister of Industry and served until the cabinet fell in 1989 (from 1988 the post was called Minister of Trade and Industry). When Brundtland's Second Cabinet assumed office in 1990, Kristensen became Minister of Petroleum and Energy. He also became head of the Ministry of Trade in September 1992, overseeing a merger with the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy to create the Ministry of Trade and Energy. Kristensen headed this ministry until October 1993.
In between his governmental jobs, Kristensen was the director of T-invest in Notodden from 1985 to 1986, then a director in Statoil from 1989 to 1990. From 1994 to 2007 he led his own company, F.K. Bedriftsutvikling. He was also a senior adviser in ABB until 1997.
Kristensen chaired Telemark Labour Party from 1972 to 1977, and was a national board member of the Labour Party from 1977 to 1981. He was a deputy board member of the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority from 1974 to 1979 and Næringsøkonomisk institutt in 1980.
References
1936 births
Living people
Politicians from Porsgrunn
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Telemark
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
Equinor people
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
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4012292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20248%20F1
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Ferrari 248 F1
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The 248 F1 is a Formula One car, used by Ferrari for the 2006 season. The chassis was designed by Rory Byrne, Simone Resta, Aldo Costa, Tiziano Battistini, Marco Fainello, John Iley and Marco de Luca with Ross Brawn playing a vital role in leading the production of the car as the team's Technical Director and Paolo Martinelli assisted by Giles Simon leading the engine design and operations.
Background, design and technical specifications
Naming and branding
The car was named after its V8 engine: 24 is the capacity in decilitres, and 8 the number of cylinders. The name broke the F200x system used from 2001 to 2005 and returned to a system similar to that used in the 1950s and 1960s (cf. Ferrari 312) but they did revert to the previous system the following year with the F2007. The 248 model was driven by race drivers Michael Schumacher and Felipe Massa. The 248 F1 was the first Ferrari since the F1-2000 not to wear the number one, denoting that the driver is world champion. The car also featured new sponsor decals such as Martini. This was also Vodafone's last year of sponsorship for the Scuderia as they announced that they would switch to McLaren Mercedes as title sponsor. Ferrari used 'Marlboro' logos in Bahrain, Malaysia, Australia, Monaco, China and Japan.
Chassis
The car was an update of the previous year's F2005. Although the V8 engine is shorter than the V10 used in the F2005, the wheelbase is actually the same, reported to be 3,050 mm. The wheelbase was retained via a new longer gearbox casing. The 248 F1 is the last Ferrari Formula One race car to use the single keel technology.
The 248 was Aldo Costa's project as Rory Byrne was taking more of a consultancy role within Ferrari.
Aerodynamics
Some notable features of the new model were the rear view mirrors, which were mounted on the edge of the sidepods of the car rather than conventional position beside the cockpit.
At the start of the season the car featured a triple plane front wing. After the first three races, it was replaced by a twin plane wing, in order to generate more airflow to the underside and diffuser.
Revised rear bodywork was introduced for the French Grand Prix, with a more waisted lower body around the exhausts.
Engine
The engine has been reported to have had a power output of at the start of the 2006 season, but modifications throughout the year boosted the power to around by the season's end.
Season summary
The 248 F1 was used by Ferrari in every race of the 2006 season, unlike in other recent seasons (2002, 2003 and 2005), in which the team had used the previous year's car at the start of the season, while developing a new car.
The car performed well in qualifying at the season opener, the Bahrain Grand Prix, with an all Ferrari front row. However the performance of the car was generally not as fast as the Renault R26 in the first half of the season.
At the Malaysian Grand Prix, the car suffered significant technical problems - a piston problem meant that both drivers had to change their engines during the weekend, incurring qualifying penalties, and for the race the engine speed was limited to prevent a failure. This problem continued to affect the car for the Australian Grand Prix.
An aerodynamic upgrade introduced for the San Marino Grand Prix brought the pace of the car to approximately level with the Renault. At the United States Grand Prix, in Indianapolis, Ferrari were dominant all weekend, resulting in the first Ferrari one-two finish since the same race 12 months beforehand. This seemed to represent a genuine turning point for the car's competitiveness. Modifications throughout the season continued to improve the car's performance, to the point where it was considered the fastest package of all for the remainder of the season – the car won 7 of the last 9 races of the season. Massa claimed his maiden win at the Turkish Grand Prix and later won his home race in Brazil. As a result of the car's improved form, Ferrari and Schumacher were able to close the gap to Renault and Fernando Alonso in their respective championships. However, Schumacher suffered an engine failure while leading the Japanese Grand Prix which effectively ended his title hopes and Ferrari eventually lost out on the Constructor's title by only 5 points to Renault. The 248 did give Schumacher his final Formula 1 win in China.
While Massa took an emotional win at the final race in Brazil, it was Schumacher who put in a storming drive from almost a lap down because of a puncture to finish fourth in what was his last race before his first retirement from the sport.
Overall, the car gave Ferrari 9 race wins and 7 pole positions, and second-place finishes in both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championship.
Post-season winter testing
The 248 F1 was used in testing prior to the 2007 season, and was the first Ferrari Formula One car which new Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen drove, in a test on 23 January 2007 at the Vallelunga circuit.
Race results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
248 F1 Technical Specifications (Scroll down)
248 F1 Testing Statistics
248F1
2006 Formula One season cars
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4012293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai%20Johan%20Lohmann%20Krog
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Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog
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Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog (6 July 1787 – 15 October 1856) was First Minister of Norway (1836–1855). He also held several other ministerial posts in the period 1821–1855 including Chief of the Ministry of the Army and Navy.
Krog was born at Drangedal in Telemark, Norway. He was the son of Andreas Christian von Krogh and Else Marie Poppe. He grow up at Gran Rectory in Hadeland(Gran prestegård på Hadeland) where his father was parish priest. Krog started his military education as a cadet at the Norwegian Land Cadet Corps in Christiania (now Oslo). He graduated as a second lieutenants in 1805.
In 1814, he was in the service of Prince Christian Frederik of Denmark as adjutant in his general staff. Krog was promoted to Major in 1815. From July 1816, he was commanding chief of the Royal Norwegian Military Academy. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1817. In 1821, Krog was called to Stockholm as acting minister, and followed Crown Prince Oscar on his European tour to find a bride. He served as First Minister of Norway from 1836 to 1855. He resigned as a government minister in 1855 and died at Christiania in 1856 and was buried at Krist kirkegård.
References
1787 births
1856 deaths
People from Telemark
Government ministers of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians
Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Norwegian Military College alumni
Norwegian Military Academy faculty
Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
Defence ministers of Norway
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4012295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHII%20%28FM%29
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KHII (FM)
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KHII (88.9 FM, "Active Radio") is a radio station broadcasting a gospel music format. Licensed to Cloudcroft, New Mexico, United States, the station is currently owned by Southern New Mexico Radio Foundation.
History
The Federal Communications Commission issued a construction permit for the station on May 18, 1999. The station was assigned the call sign KBOD on June 25, 1999, and on July 9, 1999, changed its call sign to the current KHII. The station was granted its license to cover on August 9, 2002.
References
External links
KHII website
HII
Radio stations established in 2002
Gospel radio stations in the United States
2002 establishments in New Mexico
HII
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4012302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20State%20Road%20406
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Florida State Road 406
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State Road 406 (SR 406), also known as Garden Street, is an east–west road in northern Titusville that connects Interstate 95 (I-95 or SR 9) to U.S. Route 1 (US 1 or SR 5). West of I-95, Garden Street is unsigned County Road 406 (CR 406), with its western terminus at Carpenter Road. East of US 1, it becomes A. Max Brewer Memorial Parkway, part of the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway.
Major intersections
References
External links
406
406
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4012320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Krohg%20%28government%20minister%29
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Christian Krohg (government minister)
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Christian Krohg (15 January 1777 – 10 November 1828) was a Norwegian councillor of state without ministry in 1814, member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1815–1816, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Finance in 1816, Minister of Education and Church Affairs 1816–1817 as well as head of Ministry of the Police in 1817, Minister of Education and Church Affairs and Minister of Justice in 1817, Minister of Justice 1817–1818, as well as head of Ministry of the Police in 1818, and councillor of state without ministry in 1818.
He served as praeses of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1820 to his death. Krohg was the grandfather of Christian Krohg, the painter.
References
1777 births
1828 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Presidents of the Storting
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4012331
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Synn%C3%B8ve%20Kvidal
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Mary Synnøve Kvidal
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Mary Synnøve Kvidal (born 4 July 1943) is a Norwegian school principal and politician for the Labour Party.
She was born in Malvik. After finishing her secondary education in 1963, she graduated from a teachers' college in 1965 and started working as a teacher in her native Malvik. After one year in Vikhammer she was hired at Hommelvik School in 1966, advancing to inspector in 1976 and principal from 1981 to 1988.
Kvidal was elected to Malvik municipal council from 1967 to 1971 and 1975 to 1979. She also held numerous other municipal and regional posts. She chaired Sør-Trøndelag Labour Party from 1987 to 1993, having previously been a board member since 1982 and deputy leader since 1984.
She was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Sør-Trøndelag in 1985, and as a full representative in 1989. She served in Brundtland's Second Cabinet as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1988 to 1989. Kvidal later served in Brundtland's Third Cabinet and Jagland's Cabinet as State Secretary to the Minister of Industry and Energy in 1996 and to the Minister of Finance 1996-1997.
Kvidal finished her career as director of education in Malvik municipality from 1994 to 2005. In 2006 she was given the King's Medal of Merit in gold.
Outside of politics, Kvidal chaired the Norwegian State Housing Bank from 1986 to 1988 and the supervisory council of the Bank of Norway, was the deputy chair of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in 1988, board member of Credit Supervisory Authority from 1994 to 1996 and member of the Norwegian Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee from 2003 to 2006.
References
1943 births
Living people
People from Malvik
Heads of schools in Norway
Norwegian civil servants
Norwegian state secretaries
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Women members of the Storting
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Women government ministers of Norway
Norwegian women state secretaries
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4012335
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathrow%20%28video%20game%29
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Deathrow (video game)
|
Deathrow is a 2002 sports video game developed by Southend Interactive and published by Ubi Soft for the Xbox as an exclusive. Deathrow development began in May 1999 as an online PC game. In early 2001, Southend transitioned to an Xbox console release, which let the team use pixel shaders, bump mapped textures, and specular lighting. Deathrow was built on an in-house 3D game engine and was Southend's first full release.
The game is based on the fictional extreme sport Blitz, a futuristic full-contact hybrid of hockey and basketball played with a flying disc. Two teams of four players attempt to move the disc through their opponent's goal, and teams can either win on points or by knocking out their opposing team. There are 150 individual characters across 18 thematic teams. The single-player campaign's plot is set in the 23rd century, when Blitz is a popular, televised sport and the teams battle to scale the ranks and win the championship. Players earn credits from their goals scored, opponent knockouts, and crowd-pleasing to be spent on player upgrades, bets, and new teammates. The game also supports split-screen and System Link multiplayer for up to eight players across up to eight Xbox consoles.
Deathrow received largely favorable reviews. Reviewers praised the game's fast-paced action, and surround sound, but complained of its high difficulty curve, generic soundtrack, and lack of online multiplayer. Some critics felt the game's use of profanity was excessive, while others thought it was a highlight. Reviewers considered the game's concept and mechanics similar to other series, specifically Speedball. IGN and TeamXbox both named Deathrow an Editor's Choice. The game won the TeamXbox 2002 Breakthrough Game of the Year award and the IGN 2002 Best Game Nobody Played. IGN later reported that a sequel would be unlikely due to the original's low revenue. Southend dissolved in 2013.
Gameplay
Deathrow is set in the year 2219, where Blitz is the world's most popular sport. Players attempt to toss a disc through a hoop while avoiding full-contact from their opponents, including punches, kicks, throws, and stomps. Like a futuristic rugby, the sport combines elements of hockey, basketball, and full-contact American football. Critics compared the game's mechanics to Discs of Tron, Mortal Kombat, Blood Bowl, Final Fantasy Xs Blitzball, Blades of Steel, and Speedball, and its aesthetic to that of Blade Runner. The game's premise was also compared to the 1975 film Rollerball.
There are four rounds in a match of Blitz, where two teams of four computer or human players score points for each energized Blitz disc thrown through their opponent's hoop, which is eight feet off the ground. Players pass and travel with the disc across the arenas, and the game continues without pause between points scored. The team with the most points at the end of a match wins. Players can choose to brawl when not scoring points. Fighting depletes character health, depending on who takes the blows. Once his health is completely depleted, a character is removed from the game, and teams with all players knocked out are disqualified (though players can be substituted between rounds). If a player tends towards belligerence, the game's artificial intelligence will compensate and exact revenge for its teammates. Friendly fire, where teammates can intentionally or inadvertently hurt each other with attacks meant for their opponents, is permitted.
There are 150 unique players on 18 teams, each with thematic personalities in appearance, play style, and profanity. Teams also vary in skill set, and attributes such as defense, speed, strength, and teamwork. Examples include the Sea Cats (fast all-female team with European accents), the Marines (who wear camouflaged garb and use military jargon), the Demons (high strength attribute with demonic language), and the Black Dragons (ninjas with high agility and combat skills). Teams battle in 32 arenasone half with traditional, open-style stadiums, and the other half with environmental obstacles, such as the underground mines. Minor power-ups including health, credits, and skill augments for individual players regenerate regularly on the field.
Players earn credits for knocking out opponents, scoring points, and impressing the crowd with violence and skill. The credits can be used towards player enhancements such as black market performance-enhancing drugs. A crowd meter displays audience support, which boosts the player's team abilities when filled. IGN found the game to heavily rely on teamwork. Computer players on teams rated with low teamwork will not take initiative to pursue the disc or to help teammates in need. This attribute can be raised over the course of a game. Players can call plays including physical offense, fast offense, neutral, defense, and goal defense.
The game supports single-player, four-player local multiplayer, and System Link with up to eight players across up to eight Xbox consoles, but does not support Xbox Live online play. Deathrow has a futuristic electronic dance music soundtrack and over 3,000 words of voice acting. It also supports 5.1 surround sound and customized soundtracks. The game is backward compatible with the Xbox 360.
Controls
Players use the Xbox controller's left analog stick to move the character, the right stick to strafe, and the main buttons to jump, block, punch, and kick. When on offense, the latter two functions become "pass" and "shoot". Players switch between characters and taunt with the white and black buttons, respectively, and call plays with the directional pad. The left trigger modifies an existing action, such as running into dives, slide-tackles, and grabs, and the right trigger orients the camera towards the objective (either the disc or the goal, depending on the team in possession). This camera control is designed for precision when diving for the disc or shooting on goal. A character in possession of the disc will show a trajectory line of their potential shot or pass, which is altered by player movement, breath, and physical contact. Players charge the disc by holding the shooting button, whereby the disc turns greener as the shot grows more powerful. A fully charged shot called a Deathrow will incapacitate any player it hits, while overcharged shots electrify and stun the carrier.
Before each game and single-player Conquest, players choose between Sports and Action camera views. Action view is a trailing third-person shot similar to looking over the player-character's shoulder, while Sports view is a spectator perspective similar that of a televised basketball game. Enclosed arenas are inaccessible when using Sports view. The camera view cannot be changed once single-player begins, so Conquest mode players in Sports view will not see the arenas they unlock. The Action view camera swings wildly and can be pulled back slightly in the menus.
Campaign
The in-game story of Blitz begins in 2197 as a Los Angeles gang sport used to find recruits. Over 20 years later, the illegal sport is picked up for broadcast by the Prime Network, who forms the Blitz Disc Association (BDA) and plans for the first Blitz competition with exhibition games and prize money. Through exhibition games and prize money, 13 teams of humans with various competitive augmentations are chosen to compete.
Conquest, the single-player tournament career mode, pits the player's team against the ranked hierarchy en route to the championship. Up to three additional human players can join in the single-player. Players initially choose between four teams, though 13 total are unlockable. Teams begin with four players with no alternates for substitution, and fight their way from fourth place in the Rookie Division to first place against each team in between. Players can continue to take challenges within the division before irrevocably moving on to the next division.
The player's team receives randomized, team-specific textual messages in between games, including offers for free agent offers, training sessions, drugs, bets on the player's performance, and events including accidental gifts from the player's manager, threats from the team's owner, and organized crime extortions. Players can buy character attribute increases with their credits. Single-player progress unlocks concept art and game assets external to the game, as well as new teams, players, and arenas. Each of the unlockable 13 teams has six unlockable players (for a total of 10 players on each), and five additional legacy teams are limited to four players apiece. Multi-disc and "Extreme" difficulty gameplay options are also unlockable.
Development
Deathrow was developed by Southend Interactive and produced by Ubisoft. Five friends opened Southend in Malmö, Sweden in 1998 to fulfill their childhood ambitions to make video games. Southend began Deathrow development in May 1999 and expected the game to be an online PC video game tentatively titled Blitz Disc Arena. The idea for the sports game descended from a combination of Speedball 2, the Quake and Unreal series, and Tekken. Southend's nine-person team received Xbox development kits in June 2000 and decided to move the game to console in early 2001. According to Southend animator Rodrigo Cespedes in a 2002 TeamXbox interview, "Xbox was the only console that would allow [them] to produce the game as it was originally envisioned", adding that Microsoft and Ubisoft encouraged the mature direction with emphasis on blood, brutality, and profanity. Thus they began to port the game to the console for its feature capabilities, including vertex and pixel shaders for bump mapped environmental textures and character animations, specular lighting, and bumped reflection mapping.
The game was developed on an in-house 3D game engine under construction for multiple years. Each character is made of over 7000 polygons and 55 bones, making for players with facial expressions, over 800 animations, and a capacity to blink. Character faces can additionally express emotions like happiness or anger, and feelings of pain. The move to Xbox led to greater variation in the team personalities. The artists drew many options for each team and the developers chose from the lot. Deathrow was designed for the Action camera view, but Sports view was introduced to expand the game's appeal.
Deathrow was displayed at Ubisoft's E3 2002 booth, and was released on 18 October 2002 in Europe, and on 22 October 2002 in the United States as an Xbox exclusive. The game did not include Xbox Live online multiplayer for want of development time. At the time of release, Southend had no plans to release downloadable content, though they implemented a method to do so. The game was Southend's first full release.
Reception
Deathrow received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. IGN and TeamXbox both named Deathrow an Editor's Choice. The game won TeamXbox 2002 Breakthrough Game of the Year award and IGN 2002 Best Xbox Game Nobody Played. It was also runner-up for their Xbox action game of the year. Of the year's praiseworthy yet unappreciated games, Deathrow alone "truly blew [IGN] away". GameSpot similarly named it one of the year's most unfairly overlooked Xbox titles. Critics praised the game's fast, chaotic action and use of surround sound. The reviewers bemoaned its high difficulty curve, generic soundtrack, and lack of online multiplayer. Some reviewers thought the game used profanity excessively, while others considered it a highlight.
David Hodgson of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) found Deathrow European origins apparent as "awkward, over-the-top expletives in obnoxious American accents" were paired with rugby. Hodgson said that Deathrow struggled to show grittiness in a very shiny environment. He added that the game suffered from immoderate violence, frustrating fighting sequences, lack of online play, and "steep learning curve". Hodgson compared the core mechanics to a "mini-game masquerading as sports entertainment". William Racer of the Official Xbox Magazine (OXM) praised the fast-paced nature of the game and its eye for detail, and complained about the camera angles and difficulty. He placed the game in a lineage of invented sports from a dystopian future and found the game more entertaining than the rest. Racer also found the music generic, and the voice acting good. Eric Bush of TeamXbox complimented the computer opponents's artificial intelligence and said that they put up a challenge. GameSpy Osborne appreciated the game's small details like the streak trailing the disc through the air. IGN's Kaiser Hwang called the arena lighting effects, bump mapping, and textures the best since Halo: Combat Evolved. 1UP.com, OXM Racer, and IGN's Douglass Perry and David Clayman recommended Deathrow as a party game, with the IGN staff specifically recommending the game with System Link.
GameSpot Greg Kasavin spoke highly of the tight controls and accessible gameplay in spite of a larger learning curve. IGN's Goldstein described the controls as "relatively simple" and easy to understand within a single game, and Scott Osborne of GameSpy found the controls awkward but easily learned. In comparison, Charles Herold of The New York Times and a friend could not figure out Blitz's rules for 20 minutes, feeling "too macho" to do the tutorial. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Jonathan Silver thought the gameplay was too frenzied, like "NHL Hitz on steroids". Hilary Goldstein of IGN's only complaint about the controls was the camera's looseness. She noted the game's "serious attitude" and "very gritty view of sports", and similar to hockey, felt that the non-disc action was "one of the nicest aspects" of the game. She praised the graphics and environments, surround sound, the array of unlockables, the single-player, and its replay value, but bemoaned the lack of options to change between camera views, the Action view in general, and the indistinguishability between players. Goldstein regarded Deathrows profanity as the "best use of endless cursing in a game... ever". Herold of The New York Times noted violence's centrality to the game and figured that the game's age restrictions were likely due to the "savage profanities", which he felt gave the game personality unlike other sports video games. He added that the game's frantic speed kept him too consumed to curse at the game himself. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Troy Oxford also connected the profanity to the game's "'M' rating".
Edge referred to Deathrow as a substance-less and "contrived clone" of the 1990 Speedball 2, which used a ball instead of a disc. David Hodgson of EGM similarly praised the 1990 title in comparison. William Racer of OXM did not mind the two games' similarities and added that "you might as well copy from the best". While Kasavin of GameSpot thought the theme was tired, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Oxford wrote that the game felt "fresh". Reflecting on the release year, IGN director Peer Schneider said that games like Deathrow showed the games industry's ability to make new, high-caliber franchises. Two IGN staffers predicted the game to be a sleeper hit: one noted the sparse press compared to the game's quality, and the other explained that Ubisoft was busy promoting bigger titles such as Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Dragon's Lair 3D, and Rayman.
Legacy
In 2006, TeamXbox Matthew Fisher determined that the game aged well. In 2012, Complex Gaming listed Deathrow 13th on its 15 Most Violent Sports Video Games. Scottish developer Ludometrics described their 2014 video game Bodycheck as a spiritual successor to Deathrow, Speedball 2, and Skateball, though the game is set in the medieval past instead of the ultraviolent future.
Around the time of launch, Southend was interested in producing a sequel. In March 2004, IGN listed Deathrow 2 as one of its five desired Xbox sequels, specifically for Xbox Live online play support. IGN placed its chances at a 90% likelihood. IGN reported a month later that despite interest from Southend, Ubisoft would be unlikely to release a forthcoming Deathrow sequel due to the original's low revenue. Southend separated from its Swedish IT consulting firm parent company, Tacet Holding AB, and became a fully independent company in April 2013. With it, Southend CEO Fredrik Brönjemark announced that "now is the right time for Southend to manage its own destiny and to invest in its own products", of which Deathrow and ilomilo were examples. Southend closed in June 2013 when its full 24-person staff was hired into Massive Entertainment, another Swedish developer.
Notes and references
Notes
References
2002 video games
Fantasy sports video games
Southend Interactive games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in Sweden
Video games set in the 23rd century
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Xbox games
Xbox-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
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4012338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon%20Kyllingmark
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Håkon Kyllingmark
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Håkon Olai Kyllingmark (19 January 1915 – 12 August 2003) was a Norwegian military officer and businessman. He served as a politician for the Conservative Party and was elected to the Norwegian Parliament.
Biography
He was born at Kjelvik in Finnmark, Norway. His parents were Martin Kyllingmark (1879-1916) and Sigridur Sæmundsdottir (1892-1963).
He received an education at the Army Command School in 1934 and the Flyvåpen Flying School in 1937. He had a career in the Norwegian Armed Forces between in 1940 and 1943–1945. He rose to the rank of captain in 1944 and major in 1945–1954. He had been a member of Milorg during the German occupation of Norway, and received the Defence Medal 1940–1945.
Kyllingmark was a principally of the wholesale company H. Kyllingmark A / S from 1945 to 1965. He was involved in local politics in Svolvær from 1945 to 1947 and 1951 to 1963. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1954, and was re-elected on six occasions. From August to September 1963 he was Minister of Defence during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. While he held this position Moy Herborg Regina Nordahl took his seat in parliament. He was later Norwegian Minister of Transport from 1965 to 1971 during the cabinet Borten. His seat was filled by Bodil Aakre, Leif Kolflaath and Andreas Grimsø alternately.
References
External links
1915 births
2003 deaths
People from Finnmark
Norwegian Army personnel
Norwegian Army Air Service personnel of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Shot-down aviators
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Nordland politicians
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
20th-century non-fiction writers
Defence ministers of Norway
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4012339
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Waldstein
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Charles Waldstein
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Sir Charles Waldstein (March 30, 1856 – March 21, 1927), known as Sir Charles Walston from 1918 to 1927, was an Anglo-American archaeologist. He also competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Life
Waldstein was born into a Jewish family in New York City, United States, on March 30, 1856, third son of Henry Waldstein, a merchant, and Sophie, daughter of L. Srisheim, of New York. He was of Austrian descent.
Waldstein was educated at Columbia University (A.M., 1873), and also studied at Heidelberg (Ph.D., 1875). In 1880, he became university lecturer on classical archaeology at Cambridge University, and in 1883 university reader. From 1883 to 1889 he was director of the Fitzwilliam Museum. In 1889 he was called to Athens as director of the American School of Classical Studies, which office he held until 1893, when he became professor at the same institution. In 1894 he was made a fellow of King's College. In 1895 he returned to England as Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cambridge; and he held this chair until 1901. During his stay in Athens he directed the excavations of the Archaeological Institute of America at the site of ancient Plataea, Eretria, where he claimed to have unearthed the tomb of Aristotle, the Heraeum of Argos, among other discoveries. Later he formed an international committee to promote the excavation of Herculaneum.
He was knighted in 1912, appointed as Knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, and appointed Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer.
He married Florence, daughter of D. L. Einstein and widow of Theodore Seligman, in 1909. They had one son, Henry, and a daughter, Evelyn Sophie Alexandra, who married the judge Sir Patrick Browne. He changed his surname to Walston in 1918 and died in 1927 whilst on a Mediterranean cruise.
Publications
Besides writing the following the books, Waldstein also published in journals numerous reports on his excavations as well as three short stories under the pseudonym Gordon Seymour which were later released under his own name as The Surface of Things (1899).
Balance of Emotion and Intellect (1878)
Essays on the Art of Phidias (1885)
The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews (1889, anon.; 2nd ed. 1900)
The Work of John Ruskin (1894)
The Study of Art in Universities (1895)
The Expansion of Western Ideals and the World's Peace (1899)
The Argive Heraeum (1902)
Art in the Nineteenth Century (1903)
Aristodemocracy: From the Great War back to Moses, Christ and Plato (1916)
Harmonism and Conscious Evolution (1922)
Olympic Games
Waldstein competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens in the military rifle event. His final score and place in the competition are unknown, but his first two strings of 10 shots apiece resulted in scores of 354 and 154. This put him at 508 points halfway through competition, though the rest of the results have been lost.
Further reading
Joseph Jacobs and Frederick T. Haneman, Jewish Encyclopedia.
(Excerpt available) includes reprint of article "The Olympian Games at Athens" by Charles Waldstein, originally published in The Field magazine, May 1896.
References
External links
Catalogued papers of Sir Charles Walston, King's College, Cambridge
1856 births
1927 deaths
American Ashkenazi Jews
American people of English-Jewish descent
American archaeologists
English archaeologists
Classical archaeologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
People associated with the Fitzwilliam Museum
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom
American classical scholars
Olympic shooters of the United States
Shooters at the 1896 Summer Olympics
19th-century sportsmen
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Classical scholars of the University of Cambridge
Charles
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4012342
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton%20Historic%20District
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Clifton Historic District
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Clifton Historic District may refer to:
Clifton and Greening Streets Historic District, Camden, Arkansas, listed on the NRHP in Ouachita County, Arkansas
Clifton Historic District (Louisville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County, Kentucky
Clifton-McCraken Rural Historic District, Versailles, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Baltimore East/South Clifton Park Historic District, Baltimore, Maryland, listed on the NRHP in Maryland
Clifton Heights Historic District, Natchez, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Adams County, Mississippi
Clifton Avenue Historic District (Cincinnati, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio
Clifton Historic District (Clifton, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Fairfax County, Virginia
See also
Clifton (disambiguation)
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4012344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulenkantajat
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Tulenkantajat
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Tulenkantajat (″The Flame Bearers″) was a literary group in Finland during the 1920s. Their main task was to find a way to take Finland from so-called backwoods culture to the new, modern European level of literature. They did not consider their manifestos to form a program of any sort, but instead stated that their group was the "new feeling of life", building on humility, courage, and the sense of community. The group published their own magazine Tulenkantajat. The editorial of the first issue emphasized the group's unconnectedness to any political party, if not even apoliticism. However, less than a decade later the group disbanded partly due to political conflicts, as some members ended up being strictly on the left while others openly promoted the values of the Academic Karelia Society.
In the 1930s, Erkki Vala launched another Tulenkantajat magazine which he published from 1932 to 1939. Vala's magazine was more political compared to its predecessor.
Positioning
The group's main motto was Ikkunat auki Eurooppaan ("Windows open to Europe") and its members visited Europe's major cities such as Paris, Rome, London, and Berlin. The young people who started Tulenkantajat in their early 20s ended up being important cultural characters in Finnish society. Tulenkantajat's poetry and prose received inspiration from oriental themes, jazz, city and industry life, as well as hedonism.
Notable members
Some of the best known members of Tulenkantajat were:
Uuno Kailas
Arvi Kivimaa
Martti Haavio (pen name P. Mustapää)
Yrjö Jylhä
Olavi Paavolainen
Ilmari Pimiä
Nyrki Tapiovaara
Elina Vaara
Erkki Vala
Katri Vala
Mika Waltari
References
Finnish literature
Finnish artist groups and collectives
1920s in Finland
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4012351
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollert%20Konow
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Wollert Konow
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Wollert Konow may refer to:
Wollert Konow (merchant) (1779–1839), Norwegian merchant, also a politician
Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway) (1845–1924), Norwegian politician, often referred to as "Wollert Konow (SB)"
Wollert Konow (Hedemarken politician) (1847–1932), Norwegian politician, represented the district of Hedemarken, cousin of the above, often referred to as "Wollert Konow (H)"
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4012364
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Hsinchu%20Girls%27%20Senior%20High%20School
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National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School
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The National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School () is a high ranked public high school in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. Student enrollment averages around 2000. Students take Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students ()to attend school. The campus is in Hsinchu City downtown where transportation is convenient, only 400 meters away from Hsinchu Train Station.
School History
4.24.1924: Established with the name of Hsinchu State Hsinchu Girls' High School
12.1945: Changed the school name to Taiwan Province Hsinchu Girls' High School
1988: Founded Art Talented Program and became one of the first girls' high school to have male students
1996: Added Mathematical Talented Class, cultivating Taiwanese science talents, won national and international contests
2000: Due to deleting province policy, the name was changed to National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School
2005: Added Language and Literature Talented Class
See also
Education in Taiwan
External links
Official Website of National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School (Traditional Chinese)
1924 establishments in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1924
Girls' schools in Taiwan
High schools in Taiwan
Schools in Hsinchu
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4012365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorrington
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Thorrington
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Thorrington is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It lies east of Wivenhoe and north of Brightlingsea. The striking medieval flint church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene, and the patrons of the church are St John's College, Cambridge.
Thorrington is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Torinduna. From handwritten sources held by the Church, Thorrington has also been known as Turituna (1152–71); Torritona (1202), Thurituna (1237), Thurington (1248), Thurinton (1253). Thorinton (1255), Tornidune (1272), Tyriton (1274), Thornton (1285), Thoriton (1295), Thoweryngton (1476), Thurrington (1594).
Geography
On the west side, the Tenpenny Brook forms the parish boundary between Thorrington and Alresford. At the point where the brook flows into the Alresford Creek (a branch of the Colne Estuary) stands Thorrington Mill. This is a tide mill built in 1831 and now a Grade II* listed building. The east and northern boundaries of the parish are bounded by the Saltwater Brook. Where the Saltwater Brook flows into Flag Creek (formerly Borefleet Creek or Byrflytt) is the former site of another Tidal Mill.
The Colchester to Clacton railway line passes just to the north of the village. Thorrington's station was opened in 1867, and closed in 1957. Great Bentley station is now the closest rail station, located around 2 miles north-east of the village.
Local schools
Great Bentley Primary School is the nearest primary school which serves the catchments of Thorrington, Great Bentley, Frating, Little Bentley and Aingers Green, which caters for around 210 boys and girls aged 4–11.
This school was built in 1896 and has recently undertaken some rebuilding work in 2003, maintaining its historic front throughout.
Currently, this school is rated good or two in its latest Ofsted inspection report.
Governance
There are several elected representatives at different levels of government which act for Thorrington and the surrounding villages. There are two Thorrington, Frating, Elmstead and Great Bromley district councillors who represent the area at Tendring District Council. The population of the above ward was at the 2011 census 4,687. The current district councillors are Gary Scott (LibDem) and Ann Wiggins (LibDem).
The current Brightlingsea County Councillor who represents the area at Essex County Council is Alan Goggin (Conservative).
The current Harwich and North Essex MP who represents the area in the House of Commons is the Rt Hon Sir Bernard Jenkin (Conservative).
Related places
Thorrington was the name of the home of an estate agent, Charles Clark (1824-1906), who arrived in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1856. Presumably he had a connection with Thorrington in England. He was living at this house at the time of his marriage in 1865. It led to the naming of Thorrington Road in the area, and then to Thorrington School, a primary school on Colombo Street, Christchurch.
References
External links
Link to National Archive
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1882
Thorrington tide mill
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring
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4012374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Marshall
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Louis Marshall
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Louis Marshall (December 14, 1856 – September 11, 1929) was an American corporate, constitutional and civil rights lawyer as well as a mediator and Jewish community leader who worked to secure religious, political, and cultural freedom for all minority groups. Among the founders of the American Jewish Committee (AJC), he defended Jewish and minority rights. He was also a conservationist, and the force behind re-establishing the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, which evolved into today's State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF).
Early life and education
Louis Marshall was born on December 14, 1856, in Syracuse, New York, to two Jewish immigrants, recently arrived from Germany. Founded just eight years earlier, in 1847, Syracuse was a booming transportation, financial, and manufacturing hub on the Erie Canal, as the United States expanded West. On the brink of the American Civil War, the city was also a well-known stop on the Underground Railroad.
Marshall's father, Jacob Marshall, had arrived in New York City at 19 years of age on September 1, 1849, from Neidenstein, Bavaria, in Germany; his mother arrived from Württemberg, Germany, in 1853. According to Louis Marshall, the family name had been spelled "Marschall", with a "c", in "Rhenish Bavaria ... near the French boundary". Marshall's friend and colleague, Cyrus Adler noted in his remembrances of Marshall that the latter's "father migrated to the United states in 1849, the year which marked the beginning of migration from Germany following the failure of the revolutionary movements of 1848."<ref>Adler, Cyrus, "Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch", American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31, p. 21</ref> From New York City, Jacob Marshall had "worked his way up the Erie Canal to Syracuse, where he opened a hide, fur, and leather business. It was marginally profitable."
Louis was the eldest of six children. He had one brother, Benjamin, two years younger, and four sisters: Marie, Bertha, Clara, and Ida; 13 years separated Louis and his youngest sister, Ida. The family resided at 222 Cedar Street, "in the old Seventh Ward of Syracuse", an area today approximately where the Onondaga County Justice Center (county jail) is located.
From childhood, Marshall was both a scholar and a linguist. His first language was German: "I spoke German before I knew a word of English, and so long as my mother lived (she died in 1910) I never spoke to her otherwise than in German." Louis' mother, Zilli (or Zella), was "well educated for her times ... reading to [her children] in German, Schiller, Scott and Hugo, the standard literature of mid-century."
Marshall attended "the Seventh Ward Public school" and later Syracuse High School, from which he graduated in 1874, one of eight males in a graduating class of 22.Smith, Edward. 1893. A History of the Schools of Syracuse from its Early Settlement to January 1, 1893. Syracuse: C.W. Bardeen, p. 330. In addition he attended German and Hebrew schools along with his sisters. In his various school settings, Marshall applied himself to studying French, German, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The latter he also learned from his father. Later in life, Marshall taught himself Yiddish.
Upon high school graduation, Marshall "began the study of law, in accordance with the fashion of that day, in a lawyer's office, that of Nathaniel B. Smith", where he served a two-year apprenticeship. This under his belt, his next step towards a career in law was to "enroll in Columbia University's law school (then Dwight Law School)". According to Marshall, "I really do not know if I am considered an alumnus of the Law School at Columbia University or not. If I am, then it is very peculiar that it has not been until I arrived at the mature age of seventy-two that I should have received a letter which is addressed to me as a 'Dear Fellow Alumnus'. I attended the Law School from September, 1876, to June, 1877. ... I never received a degree because two years actual attendance was required."
Career
Lawyer
After completing his legal studies on January 1, 1878, Marshall joined the law firm of William C. Ruger in Syracuse. A few years later, in 1885, he became a member of the New York State Bar Association. According to Adler, "the day he was admitted to the Bar, Marshall became a partner in Ruger's firm". Later, when Ruger was appointed chief justice of the New York State Court of Appeals, "the law firm became Jenny, Brooks & Marshall." During this period, Marshall rose to prominence not only in New York, but nationally: "In 1891 he was part of a national delegation that asked President Benjamin Harrison to intervene on behalf of persecuted Russian Jews." Before the age of 40, Marshall had argued over 150 cases before the Court of Appeals.
Marshall was recruited by Samuel Untermyer, a classmate at Columbia, to join the law firm of Guggenheimer and Untermyer in New York City. Moving there in February 1894, he became heavily involved in Jewish religious and political affairs. He also was involved in alternative dispute resolution (ADR), acting with Louis Brandeis as the mediator in a strike of 60,000 to 70,000 cloakmakers in New York City in 1910, and in 1919 was the arbitrator in a clothing-workers' strike.
As his life became stable and more organized he acquired a circle of intimate friends. It was his habit to have lunch and relax at Monch's Restaurant with a group of lawyers during the work-week, where they would debate each other, with Loewenstein, the waiter, serving as Judge and jury.
During the years 1910 and 1911, while William Howard Taft was president, two openings occurred on the United States Supreme Court. Several of Taft's prominent friends urged him to appoint Marshall, who had the reputation of an outstanding Constitutional lawyer and public citizen. A justice of the Supreme Court was the only elected or appointed office Marshall had ever wanted or sought; Taft eventually chose two other men for the positions.
In 1914, during a wave of anti-Semitic hysteria, he was part of the legal team representing Leo Frank, a Jewish pencil factory manager convicted of raping and murdering a 14-year-old girl. Marshall initiated an appeal of the case to the United States Supreme Court. Marshall was active in protecting the human and civil rights of Jews and on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (of which he was a director), and fought major legal battles on behalf of all minorities. By the end of his legal career, Marshall had "argue[d] more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any other private lawyer of his generation."
The Syracuse Post-Standards editorial on Marshall, written upon his death in 1929, portrayed his motivation as: "Always, it was justice ... Justice to all who were in need of justice ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him—altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."
Jewish leader
In 1905, Marshall was promoted to chairman of the Board of Directors of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Conservative Judaism's rabbinical school. After serving as an officer for several years at Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York, a Reform congregation, he became its president in 1916. (Marshall was related by marriage to Emanu-El's spiritual leader, Rabbi Judah L. Magnes, whose wife, Beatrice Lowenstein, was Marshall's sister-in-law.) Despite the implicit contradiction, to Marshall there was only one Judaism.
In 1906, with Jacob Schiff and Cyrus Adler, Marshall helped found the American Jewish Committee (AJC) as a means for keeping watch over legislation and diplomacy relevant to American Jews, and to convey requests, information, and political threats to US government officials. Marshall eventually became the AJC's primary strategist and lobbyist. After being elected its president in 1912, he held the post until his death. In this position, he opposed Congressional bills that would prevent many illiterate Jews from entering the US. Despite a Presidential veto, one of the bills was enacted in 1917, after a Congressional override.
Marshall was a strong advocate of abolishing the literacy test and said, "We are practically the only ones who are fighting [the literacy test] while a 'great proportion' [of the people] is 'indifferent to what is done'". Marshall was also the leader of the movement that led to the abrogation, in 1911, of the US-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1832.
At the end of World War I, Marshall attended the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles, France, in 1919, as President of the American Jewish Committee and Vice-President of the American Jewish Congress. There, he helped formulate clauses for the "full and equal civil, religious, political, and national rights" of Jews in the constitutions of the newly created states of eastern Europe. These provisions Marshall believed to be "the most important contribution to human liberty in modern history."
He fought a proposal to have the US Census Bureau enumerate Jews as a race. Although he had some differences with political Zionists, Marshall contributed to efforts that led to the establishment of Israel as a Jewish homeland in Palestine. He was instrumental in organizing the American Jewish Relief Committee, which brought together Zionists and non-Zionists for the management of Jewish colonization efforts.
In 1920, Marshall also attempted to stop a newspaper owned by Henry Ford, The Dearborn Independent, from spreading anti-Semitic propaganda. Marshall and Untermyer entered the fight against the alleged libelous attacks featured in the paper, which led to a 1927 lawsuit against the automaker in federal court.
Public servant
Over the course of his career, Marshall served in a variety of notable public service positions, at every level. "In 1890, at the age of thirty-four, he was appointed by Governor Hill to a special commission to revise the judiciary article of the [New York state] constitution ...". In 1894, was elected to serve as delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, representing the 24th District.
In 1902, Marshall was appointed chairman of a commission investigating the slum conditions on New York City's Lower East Side, where many Jewish immigrants had settled. In 1908, he was appointed chairman of the New York State Immigration Commission.
In 1910, Marshall was appointed a trustee of Syracuse University. In 1911, he became president of the board of trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University (now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry), a post he kept until his death in 1929.
At the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1915, Marshall again served as a delegate, this time being elected to an at-large position. According to Adler, Marshall "was the only man who sat in three [New York state] constitutional conventions ..."
In 1923, Marshall was honored with an appointment as a director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In that post, "he fought against racial segregation in housing and against the disenfranchisement of the white primary. ... Defending the rights of Negro voters, he secured a ruling of the Supreme Court in the case of Nixon v. Herndon that the Texas white primary law was unconstitutional."
Conservationist
Marshall had both a public and a personal interest in conservation. In his home state of New York, he spearheaded efforts to protect the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains; at the state's 1894 constitutional convention, he helped establish the New York Forest Preserve.
Louis Marshall was a framer of Article 14, the "Forever Wild" clause, in the New York State constitutional Amendment to the New York State Constitution, which went into effect on January 1, 1895.New York State Conservationist "Golden Anniversary" issue, August 1995, pp. 22–25; Reprinted from the New York State Conservationist, December 1965.
The devastating forest fires of 1899, in the Adirondack Forest Preserve, which burned provoked Colonel William F. Fox, Superintendent of New York's state-owned forests, to urge replacing fire wardens with a cadre of professional forest rangers. However, it took more than a decade, the terrible forest fires of 1903 and 1908, and the help of Louis Marshall before the present New York State Forest Ranger system was finally established in 1912. Marshall was also a driving force behind the establishment of the New York State Ranger School in Wanakena, New York, which was founded in 1912, and a similar school was established at Paul Smith's College.
Later, "an ardent conservationist, he fought earnestly every effort to encroach upon the ... Preserve he had helped create. The efforts of highway builders to slash roads through the woods, of power interests to divert the rivers to their own use, and of hunters and fishermen to act without restraint all met his unqualified opposition." A trustee of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks,"100 Years of Wilderness Stewardship". Protect the Adirondacks. Accessed March 23, 2010. he led a floor fight in 1915, successfully protecting the Forever Wild clause of the New York State Constitution.
Marshall's interest in conservation extended to the national stage. In an intervention at the US Supreme Court, he had a key influence on a landmark case underscoring the right and responsibility of the Federal government for environmental protection and conservation. In a friend of the court brief on The State of Missouri v. Ray V. Holland, US Game Warden on behalf of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Marshall successfully persuaded the Court to uphold the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, between the US and Canada.Adler, p. 27 As characterized by Adler, Marshall argued that "the United States did have the power to create such legislation; that Congress was well within its rights; and that the Act was constitutional"; and further that, "If Congress possessed plenary powers to legislate for the protection of the public domain, then it had to take into account all possibility for such protection", including protection of migratory birds, "these natural guardians" against "hostile insects, which, if not held in check ... would result in the inevitable destruction" of "both prairie and forest lands". According to Handlin, Marshall's intervention "was a major factor in the decision.". "It is not only a sin to kill a mockingbird, it is also a crime,’ Judge Valerie Caproni wrote in a forceful decision.".
In an address at the University of the State of New York at Albany on October 21, 1921, Marshall argued passionately that "the people of this State have for a century been guilty of criminal recklessness in the manner in which they have permitted their magnificent forests to be destroyed. The entire country is beginning to perceive a glimmer of the calamity that confronts it if a policy of forestation is not carried into execution speedily. Our water courses will dry up. Our most fertile agricultural lands will become arid. The wild life of the forest, the fishes that were once abundant in our streams are threatened with extermination unless there is a speedy remedy ..."
At a more personal level, Marshall took a keen interest in the natural environment. Marshall became a member of the Adirondack Mountain Club after its founding in 1922.
Political perspective
Alienated by what he perceived as the populism of the Democratic Party, and the "half-baked theories" of the Progressive Party, Marshall was a lifelong Republican, endorsing Republican candidates for election and working closely with Republican congressmen and state legislators. Although sympathetic with labor he was doubtful about the constitutionality of many laws passed on its behalf. He was suspicious of politicians like Theodore Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson who choreographed their political campaigns to appeal emotionally to the masses; and he considered those in favor of a direct primary or a referendum "misguided", "demagogues" or "rogues".
Family life and legacy
As full as was his professional life, family played a central role in Marshall's life.
Raising a family
On May 6, 1895, he married Florence Lowenstein, a cousin of his partner, Samuel Untermyer. Lowenstein "was the daughter of Sophia Mendelson Lowenstein of New York and Benedict Lowenstein, a wealthy Bavarian immigrant ... She had been educated at The Normal College (now Hunter College) in New York". Within a few years, Louis and Florence Marshall had four children: James, Ruth, Robert (known as Bob), and George. They lived comfortably in a three-story brownstone house at Number 47 East 72nd Street in Manhattan, a block and a half from Central Park; the US Census of 1900 indicates that four servants resided with the Marshalls at this address. The children attended the Ethical Culture School across Central Park from their home. Adler relates that "... everything centered around the up-bringing of these children. He was a good pal to his boys, and used to play baseball with them, the sport which he most admired.".
Home away from home
In 1899, together with five other families, the Marshalls bought of shoreline on Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks and hired architect William L. Coulter to design and build a "great camp" to be called Knollwood. Many summers were spent there. According to James Glover,
Since the Marshall family never owned a car, they would travel by rail ... to Saranac Lake Village. From there it was a mile and a half ride by rowboat across the lake, or a four-mile surrey ride around the lake. ... The walls were decorated with an assortment of moose antlers, prize fish mounted on plaques, and the heavily antlered head of an elk ... If the elk could have seen with its glass eyes, it ... never would have seen the water, for Louis Marshall would not allow any of the trees blocking the view to be cut.
Upon Florence Lowenstein Marshall's death of cancer on May 27, 1916, at age 43, daughter Ruth became surrogate mother for her younger siblings. Marshall found respite in nature:
There was scarcely a day, in New York, when he did not walk through Central Park; and he treasured the periods he could spend at Knollwood. The silence of the forest paths brought a "healing to the soul." Feasting his eyes upon the hemlocks and the birches, often he felt as if his lost wife were at his side, and that made of Knollwood "one of the sacred places of the earth."
In their father's footsteps
In adulthood, Marshall's children followed in his footsteps. The eldest, James, became a lawyer, joining his father's firm, later starting his own. James rose to prominence in New York City, where he served on and was president of the city's Board of Education under Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. James also co-founded the Natural Resources Defense Council and authored several books on psychology and the law. He married Lenore Guinzburg, who became noted for her writing as well as discovering and editing the work of author William Faulkner. Together, James and Lenore founded the New Hope Foundation "to foster world peace and understanding". Ruth married Jacob Billikopf, a Philadelphia labor arbitrator 16 years her senior; like her mother, Ruth died young of cancer, at age 38.
Drawing deeply from their childhood experiences in the Adirondacks, the younger boys, Bob and George, became noted conservationists. The sprawling Bob Marshall Wilderness, comprising over a million acres (4000 km2) of pristine wilderness straddling the continental divide in northwestern Montana, is named after Bob, who was director of the Forestry Division of the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, head of the U.S. Forest Service Division of Recreation and Lands, and co-founder of The Wilderness Society. George was involved with The Wilderness Society for more than 50 years, and served on the board of directors of the Sierra Club, as well.
James Marshall's son Jonathan Marshall owned and published the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper. Jonathan ran unsuccessfully for United States Senate against Barry Goldwater in 1974.
End of life
Louis Marshall died on September 11, 1929, at age 72, while attending a Zionist conference in Zurich, Switzerland. The occasion of his visit to Switzerland was perhaps deeply ironic, as Marshall had been a non-Zionist for most of his life. At the time of his death, he was president of the American Jewish Committee, and was attending the conference in that capacity. Marshall was in Zurich for the first gathering of the Extended Jewish Agency, an institution organized by him and Chaim Weizmann to enhance Zionist perspective and foster diaspora-Jewish identity.
True to the values and principles by which he led his life, in his last will and testament, he tithed ten percent of his personal net worth to the "Jewish Theological Seminary of America and to twelve other educational and charitable institutions".
The Syracuse Post-Standards editorial, written upon Marshall's death in 1929, depicts his motivation as:
"Always, it was justice. ... Justice to all who were in need of justice. ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity. ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him- altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."
Marshall, his wife, daughter Putey, and son Bob are buried in the Salem Fields Cemetery, in Brooklyn, New York.
Honors
According to his son's biographer, in 1923 Louis Marshall was named the fourth "most outstanding Jew in the world" by a "Reader's poll by the Jewish Tribune ... None of the three men who topped him in the poll—Albert Einstein, Weizmann, and Israel Zangwill—were Americans". In 1927, on the occasion of Marshall's 70th birthday, the accolade "Champion of Liberty" was bestowed upon him by US Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo: "He is a great lawyer; a great champion of ordered liberty; a great leader of his people; a great lover of mankind." In his memorial essay on Marshall's life, Adler notes that Marshall "had received several honorary degrees: LL.D. from Syracuse University, and D.H.L. from the Hebrew Union College and from the Jewish Theological Seminary, and of these he was very appreciative."
University of Pennsylvania's first Jewish student organization (that served as a dormitory, Kosher dining room and a social center for Penn's Jewish students), which was organized in 1924 and initially generically named the Jewish Students’ Association at Penn, after death of Louis Marshall was renamed after him as Louis Marshall Society' (until January 1, 1944, when it merged with Hillel and took on the Hillel name).
According to Adler, in January 1930, as a tribute to Louis Marshall, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, "recommended an appropriation of $600,000 for a new building at Syracuse University to house the College of Forestry"; he recommended further that new building be named after Louis Marshall, "in memory of his splendid services to the State". Three years later, February 23, 1933, Louis Marshall Memorial Hall, the second building erected at the New York State College of Forestry, was dedicated in Marshall's honor. A full portrait of Louis Marshall hangs to this day in the college's Board Room, in Bray Hall.
On January 19, 2001, Marshall Hall was rededicated to Marshall and his son, Bob, by SUNY-ESF President Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr. According to Murphy, "Louis Marshall is largely the reason that everyone from the college is here today. Louis Marshall was recruited by Chancellor Day in 1910 to make the concept of the 'forestry college' at Syracuse University a reality. Louis was tenacious, prodding both the Governor and the Legislature to take action. Louis Marshall ... lobbied for the $250,000 appropriation to make a building a reality. I think that it is safe to say that Louis Marshall was our father, our first leader and our first forester. Today we rededicate this building to his memory and accomplishments." The rededication included unveiling matching bronze plaques honoring Marshall and his son, ESF alumnus, Bob Marshall.
Marshall Street, the anchor street of the business district immediately adjacent to Syracuse University, is named in his honor. Just off of that street is the indoor mini-mall known as Marshall Square, also named after him, as is elementary school P.S. 276, in Brooklyn, New York.
Louis Marshall Street in Tel Aviv.
The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) hosts an annual, "Louis Marshall Award Dinner". The Louis Marshall Award is presented to individuals who demonstrate the exemplary ethics and philanthropic commitment embodied by Louis Marshall, an esteemed constitutional lawyer and former board chair of JTS. Founded in 1886 as a rabbinical school, the Jewish Theological Seminary today is the academic and spiritual center of Conservative Judaism worldwide, encompassing a world-class library and five schools."JTS to Honor Robert S. Kaplan at Louis Marshall Award Dinner ". JTS. March 23, 2010.
See also
People v. the Brooklyn Cooperage CompanyReferences
Notes
Bibliography
Adler, Cyrus. 1930. "Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch". pp. 21–55 in American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31, Vol. 32, ed. Schneiderman, Harry. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
Alpert, Herbert. 2008. Louis Marshall, 1856–1929: A Life Devoted to Justice and Judaism. Bloomington, IL: iUniverse. .
Silver, Mathew. 2008. "Louis Marshall and the Democratization of Jewish Identity," American Jewish History 94(1): 41–69. online in Project MUSE
Silver, M. M. 2013. Louis Marshall and the Rise of Jewish Ethnicity in America: A Biography. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Primary sources
Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses. 2 vols. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
External links
Guide to the Papers of Louis Marshall (1856–1929) at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, New York.
ESF.edu Louis Marshall Memorial Hall, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
"ESF.edu ESF Celebrates Bob Marshall's Legacy", State University of New York (January 16, 2001)
JRBrooksOnline.com - 'America's Jewish Enigma—Louis Marshall', Dearborn Independent'' (November 26, 1921)
1856 births
1929 deaths
Adirondacks
American conservationists
American Jewish Committee
American lobbyists
American Reform Jews
American religious leaders
Columbia Law School alumni
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Jewish Theological Seminary of America people
New York (state) lawyers
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry people
Lawyers from Syracuse, New York
Syracuse University trustees
New York (state) Republicans
New York State College of Forestry
Burials at Salem Fields Cemetery
Activists from Syracuse, New York
19th-century American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Burghersh
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Baron Burghersh
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The title of Baron Burghersh has been created three times in the Peerage of England.
It was first created by writ for Robert de Burghersh on 12 November 1303. Robert had three sons, the eldest of which, named Stephen, became the second Baron. According to modern peerage law, the title would have descended to Maud, Stephen's only daughter, then to her son Sir Walter Paveley, and afterwards to his son, also named Walter. However, there is no evidence that Maud or her descendants ever used the title. After Walter's death the title presumably became abeyant or extinct.
The title was created again by writ for Robert's third son Bartholomew de Burghersh on 25 January 1330. It descended through the families of Despencer and Beauchamp, before becoming abeyant in 1449.
The title was created again on 29 December 1624 for Francis Fane. Francis was made Earl of Westmorland at the same time, and both titles are currently held by Anthony Fane, his descendant.
Barons Burghersh (1303)
Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (d. 1306)
Stephen de Burghersh, de jure 2nd Baron Burghersh (b. c. 1280–1310)
Maud de Burghersh, de jure et suo jure 3rd Baroness Burghersh (b. 1304)
Walter Paveley, de jure 4th Baron Burghersh (d. 1375)
Walter Paveley, de jure 5th Baron Burghersh (testate 1379) (extinct? abeyant?)
Barons Burghersh (1330)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (bef. 1304–1355)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh (bef. 1329–1369)
Elizabeth le Despencer, suo jure 3rd Baroness Burghersh (1342–1409)
Richard le Despencer, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414)
Isabel de Beauchamp, suo jure 5th Baroness Burghersh (1400–1439)
Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, 14th Earl of Warwick, 6th Baron Burghersh (1425–1446)
Anne de Beauchamp, suo jure 15th Countess of Warwick, 7th Baroness Burghersh (1443 or 1434 – 1449)
After Anne's death at the age of five, the Barony of Burghersh fell into abeyance between her aunts. (Her Earldom passed to her aunt Anne Beauchamp, her father Henry's only full sister; her husband Richard Neville then became jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick.)
Barons Burghersh (1624)
Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 1st Lord Burghersh (1580–1629)
See here for further succession.
References
Secondary sources
External links
leighrayment.com
http://www.thepeerage.com/
http://www.stirnet.com/ (subscription only)
1303 establishments in England
Baronies in the Peerage of England
Abeyant baronies in the Peerage of England
Dormant baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1303
Noble titles created in 1330
Noble titles created in 1624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Worth%20Zoo
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Fort Worth Zoo
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The Fort Worth Zoo is a zoo in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, that was founded in 1909 with one lion, two bear cubs, an alligator, a coyote, a peacock and a few rabbits. The zoo now is home to 7,000 native and exotic animals and has been named as a top zoo in the nation by Family Life magazine, the Los Angeles Times and USA Today, as well as one of the top zoos in the South by Southern Living Reader's Choice Awards.
The Fort Worth Zoo is accredited by both the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and Zoological Association of America (ZAA), and is a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
History
When the Fort Worth Zoo opened in 1909, it had one African lion, two bear cubs, an alligator, a coyote, a peacock and a few rabbits. From its opening until 1991, the zoo was owned and operated by the City of Fort Worth. Although the city collected money from the community to purchase new animals, the Zoological society (now the Fort Worth Zoological Association) was formed in 1939 to help raise additional funds.
Monkey Island was built in 1937 with funds from the Works Progress Administration. After being refurbished in 1949, this exhibit became a sea lion pool, and by 1970, it had been converted to house small South American mammals. Storks and cranes were housed in this exhibit in the 1980s, and it was converted once again in the early 1990s to house alligators. It is currently being used as the Parrot Paradise exhibit.
The Herpetarium was completed in the summer of 1960 and was an indoor exhibit measuring 117 by . Boasting the largest exhibit of reptiles and amphibians in the world (with 175 vivaria and about 200 species), the facility also included a zoo hospital and quarantine room. Features such as refrigerated air, operational skylights, temperature controlled water, switch operated emergency alarms, and state-of-the-art service facilities, made the Herpetarium a marvel of technology for its time. Innovative exhibits such as a display of giant snakes with curved non-reflective glass (creating the illusion of an open-fronted exhibit) were especially popular attractions. The main public area included five exhibit halls covering various geographic regions and another area that was devoted exclusively to amphibians. There were also special exhibits teaching the identification of native venomous snakes and treatment for snakebite.
In October 1991, the Fort Worth Zoological Association assumed management of the zoo under a contract with the city. In 1992, the zoo opened the first two of a series of exhibits: World of Primates and Asian Falls. During the rest of the decade, the zoo opened Raptor Canyon, Asian Rhino Ridge, an education center in 1993, a cheetah exhibit in 1994, Flamingo Bay, a Komodo dragon exhibit, Insect City in 1995, Meerkat Mounds in 1997, a new veterinary center in 1998, and Thundering Plains (now closed) in 1999.
The first decade of the new millennium saw the opening of Texas Wild! in 2001 to showcase native Texas animals, Parrot Paradise in 2004, Great Barrier Reef in 2005 as part of a renovated Australian Outback exhibit, and the penguin exhibit in 2008. This decade also saw the closing of the original Herpetarium in 2009 to be replaced by the Museum of Living Art in 2010.
Future
In the autumn of 2016, the zoo announced its $100-million capital campaign: A Wilder Vision, which will include new exhibit space, renovated habitats, special events space, multiple dining areas, restrooms and most importantly, new ways to observe, interact with and learn about animals. The first step in this plan, a renovated African Savanna, opened in April 2018. The second step in this plan, an expanded elephant exhibit, opened in April 2021. The other upcoming projects are renovated exhibits for the various African and Asian carnivores, and a new Forests & Jungles section. Species will include the clouded leopard, African wild dog, Malayan tiger, African Lion, Cheetah, Striped hyena, Nubian ibex, Plains zebra, and an African leopard for the African and Asian Predators section, with plans to open this area in the Spring of 2023. The okapi is the very first announced new species for the Forests & Jungles section, with a relocation of the Sumatran orangutans and the Bongo to this area. The planned opening date for the Forests & Jungles section is Spring of 2025.
Main exhibits
Current zoo exhibits include Penguins, World of Primates, the Brand New Elephant Springs, Raptor Canyon, Flamingo Bay, Elephant Springs, Australian Outback, African Savanna, Parrot Paradise, Texas Wild! and the Museum of Living Art (MOLA).
Penguins
This indoor exhibit is home to a colony of African penguins and an indoor enclosure for southern rockhopper penguins and common eider, both include a beach and an underwater viewing area.
World of Primates
Opened in 1992, World of Primates is a exhibit that includes both indoor and outdoor habitats. The atrium is a tropical rainforest that has since been turned into an aviary, in which visitors can observe several different bird species from around the world and mantled guerezas. Once through the atrium, visitors take a winding boardwalk past other primates including the zoo's western lowland gorilla troop, Sumatran orangutans, mandrills, bonobos, and Northern white-cheeked gibbons.
Elephant Springs
The all-new Elephant Springs was opened on April 15, 2021 (Originally opened in 1992 as half of the former Asian Falls) and includes a huge remodeled Asian elephant yard complex. Before getting to the elephants, visitors can go past the entrance and either go to the River Village or check out a viewing area that gives a better view of the expanded yards of the Indian Peafowl, and the Indian rhinoceros. The exhibit also features a Demonstration Area for an elephant encounter show.
Raptor Canyon
Raptor Canyon is an aviary that opened in 1993 and is home to crowned eagles, Andean condors, king vultures, harpy eagles, white-backed vultures, and palm-nut vultures.
Flamingo Bay
Flamingo Bay is home to the 70 or so flamingos at the zoo. The exhibit includes three species of flamingo, including American flamingoes, Chilean flamingoes, and lesser flamingoes, with the all three, as well the zoo's greater flamingos, being successfully bred.
Australian Outback/Great Barrier Reef
This exhibit has been renovated and now includes the Great Barrier Reef exhibit in addition to being home to the zoo's galah, red kangaroos & Australian brushturkey The Great Barrier Reef exhibit is a collection of Australian aquatic animals in three tanks containing more than of water. The exhibit includes 500 animals representing 86 species, including clownfish, blacktip reef sharks, angelfish, brain corals, moray eels and sea apples.
African Savanna
Opened in 2018, the newly renovated African Savanna allows guests to see reticulated giraffes, lesser kudu, springbok, Bongo, ostriches, Abyssinian ground hornbills, Cape vulture, pink-backed pelicans & helmeted guineafowl from multiple viewing spots, including an elevated boardwalk that allows giraffe feeding. There are also several paddocks for the black rhinos, an above and underwater viewing area of the hippopotamus, a greater flamingo pond, the zoo's meerkat mob and an aviary.
Parrot Paradise
Parrot Paradise was opened on the zoo's upper path between the lions and Raptor Canyon in 2004. It is a free-flight aviary featuring rosellas, macaws, cockatiels and budgerigars.
Texas Wild!
Texas Wild was opened in 2001 to display various animals native to Texas. This section includes a carousel with hand-painted ponies. Texas Town includes a play barn and the Texas Hall of Wonders, and prepares visitors for the rest of the exhibit. High Plains and Prairies represents the Panhandle and Northwestern Texas. It is home to swift foxes, greater roadrunners, burrowing owls, and black-tailed prairie dog, White-tailed deer, and Wild turkey Pineywoods and Swamps represents East Texas. This section of the exhibit includes red wolves, North American river otters, American alligators, and American black bears. Gulf Coast is home to Southern Texas animals including the aquatic animals and waterfowl of the delta marsh, and includes an aviary that is home to birds including the roseate spoonbill and American white pelicans and brown pelicans. Brush Country represents Southern Texas. This section includes bobcats, cougars, coyotes, jaguars, ocelots, ring-tailed cats, and white-nosed coati, as well as birds of prey which are the turkey vulture, red-tailed hawk, and bald eagle. Mountains and Desert completes the Texas Wild! area in a mine shaft where visitors can see broad-billed hummingbird, dung beetles, Texas horned lizards, western diamondback rattlesnakes, and other animals endemic to the area.
Museum of Living Art (MOLA)
The Museum of Living Art is a $19 million, herpetarium built to replace the original herpetarium at the zoo. The facility houses more than 5,000 animals representing more than 100 species from across the world. Residents include a saltwater crocodile, Anegada rock iguana, Aldabra giant tortoises, a Burmese python, Pig-nosed turtles, golden lion tamarins, ring-tailed lemurs, gharials, a hellbender, and a king cobra. The zoo's Komodo dragons are located here as well.
Stingray Cove
Opened in 2019, Stingray Cove is a paid attraction located next to the Museum of Living Art. The area is home to over 50 stingrays and sharks, including bonnethead sharks, cownose stingrays, and southern stingrays. Here guests are able to feed and touch the stingrays.
Conservation
The Fort Worth Zoo administers the Arthur A. Seeligson Jr. Conservation Fund (SCF), which supports conservation of native wildlife within Texas through grants towards scientists, educators, organizations, and landowners who work to conserve the biodiversity of Texas. Money from this fund has gone towards multiple projects such as training search dogs to locate Houston toads, genetic assessments for ornate box turtle populations, and development for conservation strategies for alligator snapping turtles.
The zoo and their conservation biologists also host and are a part of many conservation projects, such as projects seeking to increase populations for the Anegada rock iguana, Panamanian golden frog, Louisiana pine snake, Texas kangaroo rat, and many more species.
The Fort Worth Zoo is partnered with multiple other conservation groups, such as the International Elephant Foundation, the International Rhino Foundation, the Turtle Survival Alliance, and multiple other conservation groups doing work in over 30 countries.
Art
The zoo features an unusual Texas sized sculpture. A furious 40-foot iguana sculpture named Iggy, was lowered by helicopter onto the roof of the animal hospital in June 2010. Created by Austin artist Bob "Daddy-O" Wade, the sculpture is owned by Fort Worth oilman Lee M. Bass.
Notes
External links
Zoos in Texas
Culture of Fort Worth, Texas
Economy of Fort Worth, Texas
Tourist attractions in Fort Worth, Texas
Buildings and structures in Fort Worth, Texas
Zoos established in 1909
1909 establishments in Texas
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4012381
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Smith%20%28editor%29
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Jessica Smith (editor)
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Jessica Smith (November 29, 1895–October 17, 1983) was an American editor and activist and was the wife of Harold Ware and subsequently John Abt, both members of the Ware Group run by Whittaker Chambers and whose members also included Alger Hiss.
Background
Jessica Granville-Smith was born on November 29, 1895, in Madison, New Jersey, the daughter of painter Walter Granville-Smith of New York City, Jessica Granville-Smith (as she was known in her early life), graduated from Swarthmore College.
Career
In 1922, she traveled to the Soviet Union with a Quaker Mission on behalf of a Quaker famine relief effort, the American Friends Service Committee. She was a relief worker there herself.
In Moscow she met Harold Ware, an agricultural expert and socialist. They tried to establish a model collective farm in the Ural Mountains using American tractors. They returned New York by January 1925.
Ware returned to Moscow for a time, while Smith remained in the United States to become editor of Soviet Russia Today, a publication of the organization Friends of Soviet Russia. She held the position for more than twenty years. Her editorial board included American communist writer Myra Page.
In 1943, she became a co-founder of National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, where she also served as vice president and a member of its national advisory council.
Later, she served as editor of the New World Review for some years.
Ware Group
Hal Ware founded the Ware Group in the early 1930s and held the first meeting late in 1933.
In September 1939, Whittaker Chambers mentioned Smith in connection with Abt to Adolf Berle.
Personal and death
While in Moscow in the early 1920s, Smith met Harold Ware, an agricultural expert and socialist. In 1925, they were married in New York by Norman Thomas. They had one child, David Ware. In 1935, Ware died in an automobile accident.
In 1937, Smith married John Abt, a member of the Ware Group.
Smith died in 1983; Abt died in 1991.
She had a "deep commitment to American-Soviet friendship... continuously demonstrated by staunch support of the program of the National Council." She "dedicated her long life to US-USSR friendship and peace."
She also championed women's suffrage.
Works
Smith worked on many books and article in her life.
Books written or co-written:
Woman in Soviet Russia (1928)
Over the North Pole by Georgiĭ Baĭdukov and Jessica Smith (1938)
People Come First (1948)
Jungle Law or Human Reason? The North Atlantic Pact and What It Means to You (1949)
The American People Want Peace: A Survey of Public Opinion (New York: SRT Publications, 1955)
Hungary in Travail (1956)
Soviet Democracy, and How It Works (New York: National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1969)
Building a New Society : The 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1976)
Books edited or co-edited:
War and Peace in Finland: A Documented Survey, edited by Alter Brody, Theodore M. Bayer, Isidor Schneider, Jessica Smith (New York : Soviet Russia Today, 1940)
The U.S.S.R. and World Peace, edited by Jessica Smith (1949)
Lenin's Impact on the United States, edited by Daniel Mason, Jessica Smith, David Laibman (1970)
Voices of Tomorrow: The 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, edited by Jessica Smith (New York, NWR Publications, 1971)
See also
Harold Ware
John Abt
Ware Group
References
External links
Soviet democracy, and how it works. All photos from Sovfoto
Some of Jessica Smith's writings have been digitized and are available at the In Her Own Right project
1895 births
1983 deaths
American women journalists
Swarthmore College alumni
Members of the Communist Party USA
American communists
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4012400
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balvanyos
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Balvanyos
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Balvanyos (Hungarian: Bálványos) is a spa resort in Covasna County, in the east of Transylvania, central Romania. It lies at an altitude 840–950 m on the southern slopes of the Bodoc Mountains, some 67 km from Sfântu Gheorghe, the county's seat. The spa is located close to the ruins of the 11th century Balvanyos Citadel (, ).
The spa is one of several hydrothermal and volcanic features of the region. It lies 10 km from the Lake Sfânta Ana, which is unique in this part of Europe. A geological feature locally known as "The Birds' Cemetery" – precipice with hydrogen sulphide emanation – is also located nearby.
The spa has been known for its health properties for centuries, but has only been commercially exploited as a spa since the building in 1938 of Grand Hotel Balvanyos, a 4 star hotel.
Gallery
References
Resorts in Romania
Tourist attractions in Covasna County
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4012402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Empire
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New Empire
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New Empire can refer to:
New Kingdom of Egypt, when Ancient Egypt was at the height of its power
New Empire (band), an Australian band
New Empire Cinema (disambiguation), several cinemas
New Empire Theatre
A New Empire, a 2016 EP by Ailee
Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire, a mobile game
See also
New (disambiguation)
Empire (disambiguation)
New Kingdom (disambiguation)
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4012412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Norvind
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Eva Norvind
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Eva Norvind (born Eva Johanne Chegodayeva Sakonsky; May 7, 1944 – May 14, 2006) was a Norwegian-born Mexican actress, writer, documentary producer, director, sex therapist, and dominatrix. She was the mother of telenovela actress Nailea Norvind and the sister of composer and singer/songwriter Georg Kajanus.
Early life
Norvind was the daughter of Russian prince Paul Vernstad née Chegodayef Sakonsky and Finnish sculptor Johanna Kajanus, who won the bronze medal for sculpture at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937). Norvind, her mother and her brother moved to France when Norvind was 15 years old.
Career
The following year she won the second prize in the beauty contest at the Cannes Film Festival which enabled her to win a minor role in the film Saint Tropez Blues. She then joined the cast of the Folies Bergère and changed her stage name to Eva Norvind. She also appeared in A School for Scandal at the Comédie-Française.
In 1962, Norvind moved to Canada and then to New York City, where at the age of 18 she worked as a Playboy Bunny and a Can-Can dancer. She finished high school in 1964 and then moved to Mexico City to study Spanish when she was recruited as an actress. She made seven films in Mexico, her last one being Báñame mi amor in 1968.
Norvind was the object of controversy in Mexico, when on the highly censored national television she spoke in defense of birth control. The government of Mexico then asked her to leave the country within 24 hours but with the help of the National Association of Actors she was able to stay in the country, although she was forbidden from appearing on television for one year. She performed in two plays, En el closet, no and Machiavelli's La mandragola (The Mandrake).
In 1968, she became a photographer covering fashion and celebrity news - traveling to Paris and New York City. She also wrote film articles and worked on distribution of Mexican films to Scandinavia and vice versa.
In 1970, Norvind gave birth to her daughter Nailea Norvind in Mexico City and returned to New York City in 1980 to study film at New York University (NYU), graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor in Fine Arts degree. In 1985, she became interested in erotic power exchange and two years later founded Taurel Associates, an umbrella company for counselling, erotic role play and video production for health related services. She gave lectures at national conferences worldwide, to both health professionals and lay audiences. In 1996, she obtained her master's degree in Human Sexuality from NYU. The following year, a movie about her life entitled Didn't Do It For Love was made by German filmmaker Monika Treut. She appeared in that film as well as in the 1999 film Tops & Bottoms.
In 1999, John McTiernan hired Norvind to coach Rene Russo for her assertive sexual image in The Thomas Crown Affair for which she got screen credit. Norvind also pursued graduate studies in Forensic Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. In 2003, she provided sexual consultation for the film Distress.
Death
Norvind died on 14 May 2006, drowned in the waters off the beaches of Zipolite, in Oaxaca, Mexico. At the time of her death, she was writing, directing and producing a documentary about severely handicapped Mexican actor and musician José Flores, entitled Born Without. In March 2007, Born Without won Best International Documentary at the Festival Internacional de Cine Contemporaneo de la Ciudad De Mexico (FICCO), Best Documentary Feature at the Vancouver International Film Festival 2008 and the Audience Award for Best International Feature at the 2009 LA Film Festival.
Plays
La Mandragola (The Mandrake)
En el Closet, no
Films
Saint Tropez Blues (1961) as a German Tourist
Pacto de sangre (1966) as Helen
Esta noche no (1966) as Blond in Acapulco
Juan Pistolas (1966)
Nuestros buenos vecinos de Yucatán (1967)
Santo el Enmascarado de Plata vs. la invasión de los marcianos (1967) as Selene
Don Juan 67 (1967) as Helga
Un yucateco honoris causa (1967)
Báñame mi amor (1968) as Priestess
Whipped (1998) as herself
The City (2007) as herself
References
External links
Los Angeles Film Festival website
Review of 'Born Without' in Variety
The outrageous life of Eva Norvind
Festival Internacional de Cine Contemporaneo de la Ciudad De Mexico
Eva's bio from the 2007 film, The City
1944 births
2006 deaths
Deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in Mexico
Mexican film actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Norwegian emigrants to France
Norwegian emigrants to Canada
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Norwegian emigrants to Mexico
Norwegian people of Russian descent
Norwegian people of Finnish descent
Mexican dominatrices
Mexican women journalists
People from Trondheim
Norvind family
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4012422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chixdiggit
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Chixdiggit
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Chixdiggit ( ) is a Canadian pop punk band formed in Calgary, Alberta. The band performed internationally, and released a number of studio albums, mainly with light-hearted pop songs, usually about girls and relationships.
History
In 1990 K.J. Jansen, Mark O'Flaherty and Mike Eggermont started selling T-shirts imprinted with the Chixdiggit logo at their high-school, although at this stage the band did not exist. Sales of the shirts provided the band with enough money to purchase a drum kit. However, none of the band members had any musical experience nor did any of the members own instruments (except O'Flaherty who owned a classical guitar). Eggermont took up playing bass and Jansen took up playing guitar as well as becoming the lead vocalist for the band.
By 1991 the three had formed the band and they started playing a few shows in 1992 while working on their instrumental skills. By 1993 the band was playing regularly in venues around Calgary. In 1995 they performed at a large concert in Seattle, opening for the band 'The Presidents of the United States of America'.
In 1996 Chixdiggit were signed to Sub Pop records. They released their first self-titled album on the record label that year, but they only lasted a short time on the label.
At this stage Chixdiggit was touring worldwide. They were soon signed to Honest Don's Records, a Fat Wreck Chords subsidiary from San Francisco.
After the release of 2000's From Scene to Shining Scene, the band took a hiatus, from which they returned in 2003, and in 2005 the band started writing and recording its fourth full-length album, Pink Razors. The album was released April 19, 2005 on Fat Wreck Chords in North American and Bad Taste Records in Europe.
Mike Eggermont left the band in 2002 and started a software company. In 2003, drummer Dave Alcock (owner of Sundae Sound recording studio) left the band, and was replaced by the band's original drummer, Jason Hirsch.
In June and July 2006, they played a handful of European shows, before playing a couple of Californian shows with the Groovie Ghoulies. They went on a European tour with Riff Randells in October 2007. On October 31, 2007, the band released a re-recording of their debut album, Chixdiggit!, on Bad Taste Records. The re-recorded album was titled Chixdiggit! II.
In 2011 Chixdiggit released a 6-song EP titled "Safeways here we come" released in North America by Fat Wreck Chords
Band members
Current
KJ Jansen - guitar, vocals
Mark O'Flaherty - guitar, vocals
Tyler Pickering - drums
Billy Dixon - Guitar, vocals
Rob Gruszecki - Bass, vocals
Former
Mike Eggermont - bass, vocals (1991–2000)
Dave Alcock - drums (1997–2003)
Jason Hirsch- drums (1991-1997, 2003-2007)
Mike McLeod - bass, vocals
Kepi Ghoulie - bass, vocals
Jimmy James - bass, vocals
BJ Downey - Bass, vocals
Discography
Studio albums
1996 - Chixdiggit! (Sub Pop Records)
1998 - Born on the First of July (Honest Don's Records)
2000 - From Scene to Shining Scene (Honest Don's Records)
2005 - Pink Razors
2007 - Chixdiggit! II
EPs
2011 - Safeways Here We Come (2011)
2016 - 2012
Cassettes
1993 - Humped (self-released)
7"s
1995 - Best Hung Carrot (Lance Rock Records)
1999 - Best Hung Carrot in the Fridge and Other Songs (CD, Delmonico Records)
2000 - Best Hung Carrot in the Fridge (10" vinyl, Rock & Roll Inc.)
1996 - Shadowy Bangers from a Shadowy Duplex (Sub Pop Records)
1997 - Chupa Cabra (Honest Don's Records)
Splits
1998 - Chronic for the Troops - split with Groovie Ghoulies (Delmonico Records)
Music videos
"Where's Your Mom?" (1996)
"Chupacabras" (1998)
"Spanish Fever" (2000)
"You're Pretty Good" (2005)
Compilation appearances
1994 - Bloodbath at the Chinese Disco (Porn Star/Sloth Records) With Feist's former punk band "Placebo"
1996 - On Guard for Thee: a Collection of Canada's Youth Gone Bad (Au GoGo Records)
1996 - Pop Goes the Weasel, Vol. 2 (K.O.G.A. Records)
1997 - Honest Don's Welcome Wagon (Honest Don's Records)
1997 - Nothing beats a Royal Flush (Roto-Flex Records)
1998 - Wankin' in the Pit (CR Records Japan)
1998 - Happy Meals II (My Records)
1998 - Greatest Shits (Honest Don's Records)
1998 - ESPN X Games Pro Boarder (Radical Entertainment/EA Sports)
1999 - 70 Minutos: Full Time Hardcore (Tamborette Entertainment)
1999 - Short Music for Short People (Fat Wreck Chords)
1999 - My So-Called Punk Rock Life (Melted Records)
1999 - This is Bad Taste, Vol. 3 (Bad Taste Records)
2000 - More RPM's Than Floyd on a Scooter (Fat Wreck Chords)
2000 - AMP (Mack Dawg Productions)
2000 - Punk Chunks (LameAss Recordz)
2001 - 123-Punk (Mutt Records)
2002 - Honest Don's Dirty Dishes (Honest Don's Records)
2002 - FUBAR: The Album (Phantom Records)
2005 - Rock Against Floyd (Fat Wreck Chords)
2010 - Harder, Fatter + Louder! (Fat Wreck Chords)
See also
List of bands from Canada
References
External links
Facebook page
MySpace page
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Calgary
Canadian punk rock groups
Canadian pop punk groups
Fat Wreck Chords artists
Sub Pop artists
1991 establishments in Alberta
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4012428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval%20Scandinavian%20law
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Medieval Scandinavian law
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Medieval Scandinavian law, also called North Germanic law, was a subset of Germanic law practiced by North Germanic peoples. It was originally memorized by lawspeakers, but after the end of the Viking Age they were committed to writing, mostly by Christian monks after the Christianization of Scandinavia. Initially, they were geographically limited to minor jurisdictions (lögsögur), and the Bjarkey laws concerned various merchant towns, but later there were laws that applied to entire Scandinavian kingdoms. Each jurisdiction was governed by an assembly of free men, called a þing.
The court assembly, the thing, used the law and heard witnesses to rule whether the accused was guilty or not. There were usually two types of punishment: outlawing and fines. The most common means of justice were, however, fines; the amount varied, depending on the severity of the offense. This system was extremely intricate and the fines themselves, singularly a "mulct", were also varied according to the social status of the accused and/or the victim. Disputes of innocence were often solved by trial. These trials consisted of different tests for men and women. However, as long as the courts were not made aware of the crime, it could go unpunished or was settled outside of legal bounds by payment. There was no written code of law until after the Viking Age, but the code of fines, duels, and disavowing criminals was the standard across the Scandinavian world.
Sweden
The best sources for information about the Viking legal system are found in Sweden, where it was the most highly documented. The Eyrbyggja Saga, for example, portrays accounts of the compromises made at the Althing. In Chapter 46 of the saga, the arbitrator and his jury facilitate the following settlement:
"It was agreed that the wound Thord Bling received at Alfta Fjord should cancel the one given to Thorodd Snorrason. Mar Hallvardsson's wound and the blow Steinthor gave Snorri the Priest were said to equal the deaths of the three men killed at Alfta Fjord. The killings by Styr, one on either side, cancelled each other out, as did the killings of Bergthor, and the wounds of the Thorbrandssons in the fight on Vigra Fjord. The killing of Freystein Bofi was set against the killing of one of Steinthor's men at Alfta Fjord. Thorleif Kimbi got compensation for the leg he had lost. The killing of one of Snorri's men at Alfta Fjord was matched against the unlawful assault Thorleif Kimbi had committed by starting the fight. All other injuries were evened out, all outstanding differences paid for, and so they parted on friendly terms. Everyone honoured this settlement as long as Steinthor and Snorri were both alive."
In 1117, the Althing decided that all the laws should be written down and this was accomplished at Hafliði Másson's farm over that winter and published the following year. The resulting codex is known as the Gray Goose Laws (Icelandic: Grágás) and they were a collection of laws from the Icelandic Commonwealth period consisting of Icelandic civil laws and the laws governing the Christian church in Iceland.
Norway
As with the other Scandinavian countries in the Medieval Age, Norway was governed by a system of þings at which the numerous kings would convene to settle legal disputes. Medieval Norway developed four ancient regional assemblies: Frostating, Gulating, Eidsivating and Borgarting. There were also smaller þings, such as Haugating, which did not develop into major legislative meetings. A jury typically consisted of twelve members, twenty-four members, or thirty-six members according to the importance of the matter in question.
One of the most common practices in early medieval Norway of determining the outcome of a case was a holmgang, which was a duel between the accuser and the accused. The winner was considered to be in the favor of the gods and thus the innocent party. Although not as common, outlawing men was practiced as well. Bjorn, son of Ketil Flat-Nose, was declared an outlaw by a thing assembled by King Harald in the very beginning of the Eyrbyggja Saga.
As royal power in the Norwegian kingdom was consolidated, from about the eleventh century onwards, laws were increasingly put into writing, and later issued by royal decree. Thus trade in towns came to be regulated by the Bjarkey laws; the laws of the four þings were codified during the thirteenth century, producing texts such as the Frostathing Law. Magnus I of Norway ("the good") took a key role in this. Then, during the reign of Magnus VI of Norway ("the lawmender"), the first state law for the whole of Norway was issued, between 1274 and 1276. This is known as Magnus Lagabøtes landslov; it was supplemented with further law-codes for the country's cities from 1276, known as Magnus Lagabøtes bylov.
Magnus Lagabøtes landslov stood more or less unchanged as a key section of Norwegian law until the Norwegian Code of issued by Christian V of Denmark in 1688. However, a number of features of the current Law of Norway are still thought to descend lineally from Ancient Norwegian property laws. Udal law, for example, is thought to have ancient origins of this kind.
The Treaty of Perth transferred the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scots law while Norse law and rule still applied for Shetland and Orkney.
Denmark
Medieval Denmark was divided into three jurisdictions each ruled by its own provincial law; the Scanian Law used in the Scanian lands, the Zealandic Law used in Zealand and Lolland, and the Jutlandic Law used in Jutland (both North and South) and Funen. The Scanian lands were Danish until the middle of the 17th century, and the Scanian Law predates Sweden's similar provincial laws. It was written down around 1200 and exists in several law manuscripts. The earliest extant manuscript, SKB B74 was created between 1225-1275 and is now housed at the Swedish Royal Library. Another copy, the Codex Runicus, was written entirely in runic lettering around 1300 and is now held at the Arnamagnæan Institute at the University of Copenhagen. These manuscripts are however copies of older lawtexts and the Scanian Law is thus counted as one of the oldest provincial laws in the Nordic countries.
All three provincial laws were given by king Valdemar the Victorious. The youngest of the three, the Jutlandic Law, was given in 1241. Zealand was later given two additional laws: King Eric's Zealandic Law and the Zealandic ecclesiastical law. It is remains unclear which king Eric the former law refers to.
The three laws were replaced in 1683 by King Christian V's Danish Law but as this law was never introduced in Schleswig, the Jutlandic Law remained in force for this jurisdiction. The oldest known copy of the Jutlandic Law, Codex Holmiensis 37 is currently owned by the Swedish Royal Library. Recent research has rejected earlier claims that described this copy as Swedish war booty from 1657 to 1660 wars, as the book appears to have been in Danish ownership during the early 18th century.
Sweden
The earliest written law from what is now Sweden seems to be the Forsaringen, an iron ring from the door for the church of Forsa in Hälsingland, which carries a runic inscription, long thought to be from the high Middle Ages but more recently dated to the ninth or tenth century. The inscription's precise meaning is uncertain, but seems to list fines, with the fine doubling for each new offence.
The earliest substantial Swedish law-texts are the provincial laws (in Swedish landskapslag), which were the means of law holding in Sweden during the Middle Ages. Written sources on the landskaplagar date from after 1280. The provinces of Sweden, or landskap were practically separate countries and had individual laws. Provincial laws are known to have existed in the provinces of Västergötland, Östergötland, Dalarna, Hälsingland, Södermanland, Law of Uppland, Västmanland, Värmland and Närke. A provincial law, Gutalagen, also existed for Gotland. In Finland, the local common laws were not codified, but in parts of Finland the applied law was based on the Hälsingland law.
In older times the laws were memorized by a lawspeaker (lagman). Around 1200, the laws began to be transferred to written form. This was probably due to clerical influences. The oldest of the Swedish provincial laws is the Westrogothic law or Västgötalagen, which was used in the province of Västergötland, in west Sweden. Like Gutalagen, it was written in its oldest version around 1220. Some regulations are likely to have their origins in the Viking Age. A stipulation that "no man may inherit while he sits in Greece", for instance, would have been useful during the Viking Age when many Swedes served in the Varangian Guard but less so when the laws were codified, at a time when such service had all but stopped.
Of the fine, one third was to be paid to the wronged; one third to the hundred; and one third to the King.
In 1347, the Swedish provincial laws were replaced by Magnus Eriksson's country law. Gutalagen was in use until 1595 and the Scanian Law was in use until 1683.
Christianity and Norse law
Christianity is thought to have come to the Scandinavian peoples initially in the reign of Charlemagne, but did not take hold until the 11th or 12th century, when it was made the official religion of Norway by Olaf Tryggvason. He is also credited with expanding the religion to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland, among other areas in Scandinavia.
With the Christians came new laws and ideas, such as the Járnburdr, which was a "test by fire". It consisted of picking an iron out of boiling water and carrying it 9 paces. A week later, if the carrier's wounds had not become infected they were declared innocent. Later, the Christians also abolished this law. It also abolished slavery in Scandinavia and the gathering of "cults". Perhaps the largest contribution of Christianity to Viking culture, however, was the power that it presented. As the Viking Age moved into a more monarchical era, it came to a fast close. Kings such as the Olaf Tryggvason, Sweyn Forkbeard, and Sweyn's son Cnut the Great were extremely powerful and were Christian.
The yearly þing ritual continued after the Christianization of Scandinavia, especially in Iceland where it was a social gathering, not merely a court.
See also
Norsemen
þing
Alþingi
Eyrbyggja Saga
References
Customary legal systems
Anglo-Saxon law (England)
Aqsaqal (Central Asia)
Adat (Malays of Nusantara)
Urf (Arab World / Sharia Islamic law)
Pashtunwali and Jirga (Pashtun people of Pakistan and Afghanistan)
Smriti and Ācāra (India)
Coutume (France)
Customary law in Australia (Australia)
Early Germanic law
Early Irish law (Ireland)
Laws of the Brets and Scots (Scotland)
Welsh law (Wales)
Xeer (Somalia)
Early Germanic law
Customary legal systems
Medieval law
Legal history of Denmark
Scandinavian law
Law
Scandinavian
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4012438
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageMath
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SageMath
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SageMath (previously Sage or SAGE, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation") is a computer algebra system (CAS) with features covering many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, graph theory, numerical analysis, number theory, calculus and statistics.
The first version of SageMath was released on 24 February 2005 as free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, with the initial goals of creating an "open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB". The originator and leader of the SageMath project, William Stein, was a mathematician at the University of Washington.
SageMath uses a syntax resembling Python's, supporting procedural, functional and object-oriented constructs.
Development
Stein realized when designing Sage that there were many open-source mathematics software packages already written in different languages, namely C, C++, Common Lisp, Fortran and Python.
Rather than reinventing the wheel, Sage (which is written mostly in Python and Cython) integrates many specialized CAS software packages into a common interface, for which a user needs to know only Python. However, Sage contains hundreds of thousands of unique lines of code adding new functions and creating the interfaces among its components.
SageMath uses both students and professionals for development. The development of SageMath is supported by both volunteer work and grants. However, it was not until 2016 that the first full-time Sage developer was hired (funded by an EU grant). The same year, Stein described his disappointment with a lack of academic funding and credentials for software development, citing it as the reason for his decision to leave his tenured academic position to work full-time on the project in a newly founded company, SageMath, Inc.
Achievements
2007: first prize in the scientific software division of Les Trophées du Libre, an international competition for free software.
2012: one of the projects selected for the Google Summer of Code.
2013: ACM/SIGSAM Jenks Prize.
Performance
Both binaries and source code are available for SageMath from the download page. If SageMath is built from source code, many of the included libraries such as OpenBLAS, FLINT, GAP (computer algebra system), and NTL will be tuned and optimized for that computer, taking into account the number of processors, the size of their caches, whether there is hardware support for SSE instructions, etc.
Cython can increase the speed of SageMath programs, as the Python code is converted into C.
Licensing and availability
SageMath is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3.
Although Microsoft was sponsoring a native version of SageMath for the Windows operating system, prior to 2016 there were no plans for a native port, and users of Windows had to use virtualization technology such as VirtualBox to run SageMath. As of SageMath 8.0 (July 2017), with development funded by the OpenDreamKit project, it successfully builds on Cygwin, and a binary installer for 64-bit versions of Windows is available.
Linux distributions in which SageMath is available as a package are Fedora, Arch Linux, Debian, Ubuntu and NixOS. In Gentoo, it is available via layman in the "sage-on-gentoo" overlay. The package used by NixOS is available for use on other distributions, due to the distribution-agnostic nature of its package manager, Nix.
Gentoo prefix also provides Sage on other operating systems.
Software packages contained in SageMath
The philosophy of SageMath is to use existing open-source libraries wherever they exist. Therefore, it uses many libraries from other projects.
See also
CoCalc
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
Comparison of statistical packages
List of computer algebra systems
References
External links
Computer algebra system software for Linux
Computer algebra system software for macOS
Computer algebra system software for Windows
Free and open-source Android software
Free computer algebra systems
Free educational software
Free mathematics software
Free software programmed in Python
Mathematical software
Python (programming language) scientific libraries
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4012440
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Henderson
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Camille Henderson
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Camille Henderson is a Canadian pop singer.
She played the role of Shirley in Sandy Wilson's 1985 Canadian film My American Cousin. She went on to become part of the Vancouver-based pop group West End Girls from 1991 to 1993. Following her departure from the band in 1993, Henderson became a backing vocalist for Sarah McLachlan, and also appeared as a vocalist on albums by Delerium and on "You Should Come Over" from the 1998 54-40 album "Since When". She can be seen performing live on McLachlan's Mirrorball DVD.
She is the daughter of Bill Henderson, a singer-songwriter and music producer associated with the bands Chilliwack and UHF, and is a vocal instructor in Vancouver. Her older sister Saffron Henderson is also a singer and well-known voice actress.
References
External links
Official Website
Living people
Canadian dance musicians
Canadian women pop singers
Canadian child actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian television actresses
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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4012461
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes%20parakeet
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Antipodes parakeet
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The Antipodes parakeet or Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae that is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food is a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands. Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the kea.
Taxonomy
The Antipodes parakeet was depicted in 1831 by the English artist Edward Lear in his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. Lear used the common name "Uniform parakeet" and coined the binomial name Platycercus unicolor. The species is now placed in the genus Cyanoramphus that was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.
Its closest relative is Reischek's parakeet, which also lives on the Antipodes Islands. Other relatives include the Norfolk parakeet, Society parakeet and Chatham parakeet.
Description
It is the largest species in the genus Cyanoramphus at 30 cm (12 in) long. and makes a penetrating kok-kok-kok-kok noise.
Distribution and habitat
The Antipodes parakeet is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. They are common on the main Antipodes Island, but are less common on smaller islands in the group such as Bollons Island. They live in very small numbers on Leeward Island, where they only live in a 0.1 square kilometre region of the island. The Antipodes parakeet also live on the 0.1 square kilometre Archway Island as well.
Behaviour and ecology
These parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds, flowers, and will scavenge dead seabirds. The Antipodes parakeet also preys on grey-backed storm petrels, entering burrows to kill incubating adults, even digging at the entrance if it is too small.
Antipodes parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, in pairs or solitary.
They are quite inquisitive, territorial, probing and mischievous.
Their nest is in a tunnel 2 metres beneath the fibrous peat away from the wind.
Status
The population is stable but conservation status is Vulnerable. The population is 2,000-3,000.
Originally entirely restricted to the islands that bear their name there is now a small captive population, founded with less than 20 individuals, on the mainland.
References
External links
World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile
BirdLife Species Factsheet.
ARKive - images and movies of the Antipodes Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)
Antipodes Parakeet TerraNature | New Zealand ecology
Antipodes parakeet
Birds of the Antipodes Islands
Endemic birds of New Zealand
Parrots of Oceania
Antipodes parakeet
Taxa named by Edward Lear
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4012472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolidge%20Middle%20School
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Coolidge Middle School
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Coolidge Middle School may refer to:
Coolidge Middle School (Massachusetts), in Reading, Massachusetts
Coolidge Middle School (Illinois), operated by Granite City Community Unit School District 9 in Granite City, Illinois
Calvin Coolidge Middle School (Illinois) in Peoria, Illinois
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4012475
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarr
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Yarr
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Yarr may refer to:
Tommy Yarr (1910–1941), American football player
Yarr Radio
Yarr, a character in W.I.T.C.H., an Italian comic series
Youngstown and Austintown Railroad
Spergula arvensis, sometimes referred to in New Zealand as yarr
See also
Yar (disambiguation)
International Talk Like a Pirate Day
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4012515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield%2C%20Victoria
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Whitfield, Victoria
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Whitfield is an agricultural township in the King Valley in north-eastern Victoria.
Overview
The township is immediately west of the flood-prone King River and has State Forest to its west and east. Agriculture extends along several stream valleys which are tributaries of the King River. At the , Whitfield and the surrounding area had a population of 215.
History
Pastoral runs were established in the area in the 1840s but population was small until the 1870s, the Post Office opening on 1 May 1874 as Upper King River and being renamed Whitfield in 1889. The name Whitfield is believed to come from the name of a pastoral run Whitefields. In the early 1900s Whitfield was the site of a Government experimental farm growing tobacco and hops. After World War II many European immigrants settled in the area and grew tobacco.
Today
The township is close to nearby Cheshunt, Victoria, and the localities of Rose River and Dandongadale. Local places of interest include Paradise Falls, Mount Cobbler, Power's Lookout, Lake William Hovell and Wabonga Plateau. Waterfalls, mountain streams, wildflowers and views of the Alps are features of the Wabonga Plateau-Mount Cobbler area of the Alpine National Park. There are tours and places of interest for day visitors as well as those staying longer. Bushwalking, 4WD touring and camping are offered in the area.
Mount Cobbler and the Wabonga Plateau area of the Alpine National Park are often approached from Whitfield. From Melbourne, Whitfield can be reached via the Hume Highway to Wangaratta or via the Maroondah Highway to Mansfield and then via Tolmie. Roads from Benalla, Mansfield and Myrtleford.
Whitfield has a number of facilities as the principal town of the upper King Valley. It has a hotel/pub, Cafe Whitty (coffee shop & food), police station, golf course and caravan park. It is home of the King Valley football team competing in the Ovens and King Football League.
Tragedy struck the township when the only general store in town (which had recently been taken over by new owners) was destroyed in a fire early in 2013.
Transport
There is a link between Whitfield and Melbourne's tourist railway Puffing Billy. In 1897 the Victorian Railways accepted the tender from the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, U.S.A. for narrow-gauge locomotives of the ‘A’ Class, (two 2 foot 6 inch-gauge locomotives) and the first two to be received were placed on the Whitfield/Wangaratta line construction project. Thus the line has the distinction of being the first narrow-gauge line to be built in Victoria. Some of the whistle stop name-boards such as Angleside, Claremont, Dwyer, Pieper and Jarrott can still be seen. There is now a bus service that has replaced the old train system, still taking the same route in and out of Wangaratta. The bus runs on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
References
External links
Geoscience Australia Place names search: Whitfield
Towns in Victoria (Australia)
Towns in Central Hume
Rural City of Wangaratta
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4012519
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201932%20Winter%20Olympics
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Canada at the 1932 Winter Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, United States. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
W. A. Hewitt served as chairman of the winter games sub-committee of the Canadian Olympic Committee. Committeemember W. A. Fry self-published a book covering Canadian achievements at the 1932 Winter Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics. His 1933 book, Canada at the tenth Olympiad, 1932 : Lake Placid, New York, Feb. 4 to 13 - Los Angeles, California, July 30 to Aug. 14, was printed by the Dunnville Chronicle presses and dedicated to Canadian sportsperson Francis Nelson who died in 1932.
Medalists
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The Canadian Olympic Committee selected the Winnipeg Hockey Club as the 1931 Allan Cup champions to represent Canada. Claude C. Robinson was chosen to oversee finances for the team, while W. A. Hewitt was named honorary manager. After the Winnipeg Hockey Club won the gold medal at the Olympics, Hewitt sought for future Canadian national teams at the Olympics to be the reigning Allan Cup champion team, strengthened with six additional players.
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Sources
Olympic Winter Games 1932, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1932 Winter Olympics
1932
Olympics, Winter
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4012523
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20Girls%20%28Canadian%20band%29
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West End Girls (Canadian band)
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West End Girls were a Canadian pop band and girl group formed in 1990 in Vancouver, British Columbia.
History
The band was formed in Vancouver by producers John Dexter and John Livingston, and consisted of three teenaged girls, Camille Henderson, Aimee MacKenzie and Silvana Petrozzi. After several months of performing lessons with Henderson's father Bill Henderson, the lead singer of rock group Chilliwack, the trio recorded and released their debut album, West End Girls, on Johnny Jet Records in 1991. That album produced the Canadian Top 10 hits "Not Like Kissing You" and "I Want U Back" (a remake of the Jackson 5 hit), as well as the Top 40 singles "Say You'll Be Mine" and "Show Me The Way".
Petrozzi left the band in 1992, and was replaced by Janele Woodley. In 1993, shortly before the release of the group's second album, Henderson also left and was replaced by Celia-Louise Martin. In 1993, the band's new lineup released the album We Belong Together, which included the singles "R U Sexin' Me", "Pure", and "Sexy'". Their second album wasn't as successful as their first one and they broke up the following year. Shortly afterwards, the group's record label released a remix album of some of their earlier hits.
They received a Juno Award nomination for Most Promising New Group in 1992 and they also toured with Roxette on the Canadian leg of that group's 1992 Canadian tour.
MacKenzie later joined the Canadian R & B group D-Cru, and their single "Show Me" sampled the West End Girls single "Show Me The Way". She is now a swimsuit model.
Petrozzi/Kane later formed Pacifika with guitarist Adam Popowitz, bassist Toby Peter, and percussionist Elliot Polsky. Their first album, Asunción, was released in 2007 and their second, Super Magique, was released in 2010. Kane released a solo album, La Jardinera, in November 2012.
Henderson later toured extensively as a backing vocalist for Sarah McLachlan and performed lead vocals on Delerium's track "Duende". She is now a vocal coach.
Woodley later formed the pop rock duo A Perfect Day with Joseph Hrechka and they released the album All Over Everything in 2004.
Martin has done occasional acting gigs.
Discography
Albums
West End Girls, 1991 (Johnny Jet Records/A&M Records)
We Belong Together, 1993 (Johnny Jet Records/A&M Records)
Hits, Remixes and Other Cool Stuff, 1997 (Dexter Entertainment Group)
The Definitive Collection, 2000 (Dexter Entertainment Group)
Singles
Soundtrack use
In 1999, "Sexy" was featured in the beginning of lesbian cult classic movie Better Than Chocolate, as was "Pure (You're Touching Me)".
Cover Version
in 1992, Hong Kong singer Sammi Cheng covered say you'll be mine to Cantonese.
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Musical groups from Vancouver
Canadian pop music groups
Canadian girl groups
1990 establishments in British Columbia
1994 disestablishments in British Columbia
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4012530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushalanagar
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Kushalanagar
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Kushalanagara or Kushalnagar is a city located in the Kodagu district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Surrounded by Kaveri river, it is the gateway to Kodagu district. It also serves as the headquarters of Kushalanagar Taluk. By population, Kushalanagar is the second largest town in Kodagu district after Madikeri and the fastest developing city in the district. Kushalnagar is an important commercial centre in Kodagu.
Etymology
According to popular myth, the name was given by Hyder Ali who was camped there when he received news of the birth of his son Tipu and called it as Kushyal nagar (="town of gladness") But in reality, Tipu was born around 1750 while Hyder Ali entered Kodagu for the first time in the 1760s. After the British conquest of Coorg it was known as Fraserpet after Colonel James Stuart Fraser who was the Political Agent in Coorg around 1834.
Geography
Kushalanagar is located at . It has an average elevation of 844 metres (2726 feet).
Kushalanagar is situated in the eastern part of Kodagu district. The city is generally flat, although a few areas are hilly. Kaveri river surrounds the city in all directions except the west. It is roughly 85 kilometres west of Mysuru, 220 kilometres west of Bengaluru and 170 kilometres east of Mangaluru.
Demographics
India census, Kushalanagara had a population of 15,326. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kushalanagar has an average literacy rate of 89.53%, higher than the state average of 75.36% male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 73%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Kushalnagar along with its cluster of nearby villages including Mullusoge, Kudamangalore and Kudige form one of the most densely populated areas in the district with combined population of 39,393.
The conurbation of Kushalnagar measures nearly 35km2, making it largest urban settlement in the district.
Economy
Kushalnagar is an important commercial centre in Kodagu. KIADB Industrial Area is located in Kudloor of Kushalnagar where multiple coffee processing industries are located.
Education
Kushalanagara has an average literacy rate of 89%. The city has six private Schools, one government school (from kindergarten to degree), one polytechnic school, and an engineering college. A Sainik School is located in the outrange of the city, where students receive military training.
Transport
Kushalnagar has one government bus station that serves all intrastate and interstate regions. The city is also accessible via from Bengaluru and Mysore via transportation services or self-driving cars.
There is no railway service in Kodagu. A railway line from Mysuru to Kushalnagar has been planned but has been opposed by environmental activists. The nearest airport is at Mysore, and the nearest international airport is Kannur International Airport. The Airports Authority of India has proposed a construction of a new mini airport named Kushalnagar airport in the city to boost tourism from other parts of the state.
See also
Madikeri
Kaveri Nisargadhama
Mangalore
References
Cities and towns in Kodagu district
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4012531
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Fediukov
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Oleg Fediukov
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Oleg Fediukov (; born October 20, 1972) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With Debbie Koegel, he is the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist and a two-time (1999–2000) U.S. national bronze medalist.
Personal life
Fediukov was born on October 20, 1972 in Moscow. He moved to the United States on September 2, 1992. He became a U.S. citizen on January 19, 2000. He and Debbie Koegel are married and have three sons – Anton, born on October 20, 2002; Alec, born 2004; and Luka Sergei, born on September 23, 2008.
Career
Early career
Competing with Ekaterina Proskurina for the Soviet Union, Fediukov won the silver medal at the 1991 Grand Prix International St. Gervais. After moving to the United States, he skated one season with Julieanna Sacchetti, with whom he won the novice bronze medal at the 1993 U.S. Championships. He then competed for three seasons with Laura Gayton. Gayton/Fediukov won the 1994 U.S. national junior title and moved up to the senior level the following season. They placed eighth at the 1996 U.S. Championships.
Partnership with Koegel
Fediukov teamed up with Debbie Koegel in 1996. They finished sixth at the 1997 U.S. Championships. Koegel/Fediukov withdrew from the 1997 Karl Schäfer Memorial after the compulsory dances; a Swiss skater sliced Koegel's left biceps in a practice accident on October 16, 1997. The duo returned to the ice in December, training at the New England Figure Skating Club in Marlboro, Massachusetts. A month later, they placed sixth at the 1998 U.S. Championships.
After winning the silver medal at the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy, Koegel/Fediukov debuted on the Grand Prix series, placing 8th at the 1998 Skate Canada International and tenth at the 1998 Trophée Lalique. They were awarded the bronze medal at the 1999 U.S. Championships. They were coached by Uschi Keszler and Robbie Kane at Ice Works FSC in Aston, Pennsylvania.
The following season, Koegel/Fediukov again received two Grand Prix invitations; they placed sixth at the 1999 Skate Canada International but had to withdraw from the 1999 Cup of Russia due to a visa problem. The duo repeated as national bronze medalists at the 2000 U.S. Championships. They withdrew from the 2001 U.S. Championships due to a knee injury that Fediukov incurred in the compulsory dance. After Koegel sustained a shoulder injury, the two decided to retire from competition.
Programs
(with Koegel)
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix
With Proskurina for the Soviet Union
For the United States
With Sacchetti
With Gayton
With Koegel
References
1972 births
American male ice dancers
Soviet male ice dancers
Living people
People with acquired American citizenship
Russian emigrants to the United States
Figure skaters from Moscow
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4012534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleipner-class%20destroyer
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Sleipner-class destroyer
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The Sleipner class was a class of six destroyers built for the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1936 until the German invasion in 1940. The design was considered advanced for its time, and it was the first class of vessels for the Norwegian Navy that used aluminium in the construction of the bridge, the mast and the outer funnel. Extra strength special steel was used in the construction of the hull. Unlike the earlier the Sleipner class had comparatively good capabilities in both main guns, anti-aircraft artillery and anti-submarine weapons. The class was named after Sleipnir, the eight-legged horse of Odin.
Armament
The armament within the class varied slightly. Æger had the armament listed in the article info-box. Sleipner, the lead ship of the class, carried just two 10 cm guns and could not elevate them for use as anti-aircraft weapons. Gyller had two extra torpedo tubes, for a total of four. Odin had a 20 mm anti aircraft gun instead of a 40 mm. Balder and Tor had not been finished when the Germans attacked, and it is not known if any changes in armament were planned.
Although classified by the Norwegians as destroyers they have been widely regarded as torpedo boats because of their displacement and armament.
Fates
The vessels had quite different fates. Æger was bombed by German planes on 9 April 1940, and wrecked with loss of life. Sleipner was in Norwegian service throughout World War II, and was kept in service until 1959. Gyller and Odin were captured by the Germans in 1940 at Kristiansand. Balder and Tor were captured unfinished at the shipyard and put into German service after completion.
Gyller and Odin were returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy after the war and kept in service until 1959. Finished by the Germans, Balder and Tor were used by them until the end of the war in 1945. Balder was scrapped in 1952, Tor in 1959.
The Germans re-classed the ships as Torpedoboot Ausland and renamed them: Gyller to Löwe, Odin to Panther, Balder to Leopard, and Tor to Tiger.
In 1945 Löwe was one of the escorts to the Wilhelm Gustloff on her last voyage. The Wilhelm Gustloff was torpedoed and sank with a great loss of life. During the sinking, Löwe came alongside and rescued 472 of her passengers and crew.
Ship list
Footnotes
References
Literature
Destroyer classes
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4012535
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware%20Group
|
Ware Group
|
The Ware Group was a covert organization of Communist Party USA operatives within the United States government in the 1930s, run first by Harold Ware (1889–1935) and then by Whittaker Chambers (1901–1961) after Ware's accidental death on August 13, 1935.
History
Background
Harold Ware founded this group under the auspices of J. Peters by Summer 1933. Ware was a Communist Party (CP) official working for the federal government in Washington, D.C.
The first known meeting of the Ware Group occurred in late 1933 with eight members: John Abt, Henry Collins, Alger Hiss, Victor Perlo, Lee Pressman, Nathaniel Weyl, and Nathan Witt.
Initially, Peters instructed that members make "exceptional money sacrifices" to the Party, study Marxist theory and Party doctrine, observe "strictest secrecy," and to obtain "any government documents" available to them. (Known members later claimed that it was merely a Marxist study group.)
Known active years
By 1934, the group had grown to some 75 members, divided into cells. Members initially joined Marxist study groups and then into activities on behalf of the Party. They shared a belief that Marxist ideologies were the correct way to approach the problems of the ongoing Great Depression. Chambers also stated that Ware could have been acting "pursuant to orders from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the United States."
The Ware group started among young lawyers and economists hired by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). This New Deal agency reported to the Secretary of Agriculture but was operated independently of Department of Agriculture bureaucracy. All the members of the Ware Group were dues paying members of the Communist Party. J. Peters considered the Ware Group one of his major sources of income. Nathaniel Weyl felt that members of the Ware Group were acquiring "the training in the complex business of running a state that would be in high demand and short supply when the United States chose Socialism" and that "in a Communist regime they would be poised to move to the head of the table."
Ware died of injuries sustained in an automobile accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1935. J. Peters, who had introduced Whittaker Chambers to Harold Ware the year before, placed Chambers in charge of the Ware Group.
Chambers claimed that members of the group joined other "apparatuses" under his leadership.
The group may have folded as such upon Chambers' defection from the Soviet underground in 1938. Some members seemed to have joined other groups, as attested by Elizabeth Bentley, including Victor Perlo and George Silverman.
Hiss Case
On July 31, 1948. Bentley testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) regarding those Soviet spy rings of which she was aware. She named Chambers as someone who might corroborate. On August 3, 1948, Chambers testified under subpoena before HUAC about the existence of what he called the "Ware Group".
During August 1948, the only remaining member who continued to face serious investigation was Alger Hiss, who was convicted in January 1950 on two counts of perjury.
Corroboration
In the early 1950s, two members corroborated at least some of Chambers' account:
1950: Lee Pressman: Testified to Congress and confirmed his membership in the Ware Group, though denied that Hiss was a member.
1952: Nathaniel Weyl: Also testified and confirmed his membership in the group, as well as saying that Hiss had been a fellow member.
By 1958, Stanford University professor Herbert L. Packer noted that "the others named as members of the Ware group have consistently invoked the fifth amendment when questioned about Communist affiliations."
Packer also noted that "Hiss obliquely recognizes the fact of the Ware group's existence, but relies on the post-trial testimony of Pressman to establish that he was not a member. Indeed, that testimony was one of the grounds relied on in his motion for new trial."
During the 1990s, two more members admitted their membership in respective memoirs:
1993: John Abt: Wrote in his memoirs that the Ware Group was a Communist Party unit and that he had been a member.
1994: Hope Hale Davis: Acknowledged in her memoir that the Ware Group was a CPUSA unit and that she had known most of the people Chambers had named as fellow Communists and unit members.
Members
Alleged members of the Ware Group included:
J. Peters
Harold Ware
Whittaker Chambers
John Abt
Lee Pressman
George Silverman
Victor Perlo
Alger Hiss
Charles Kramer
Nathan Witt
Henry Collins
Marion Bachrach
John Herrmann
Nathaniel Weyl
Donald Hiss
Hope Hale Davis
Harry Dexter White, then Director of the Division of Monetary Research in the United States Department of the Treasury, was also allegedly affiliated with the group.
Legacy
In 1958, Packer recommended "...Inquiry should also extend to the loose ends. Each of the persons named by Chambers as a member of the Ware group should be required to tell what he knows."
Such inquiry has not occurred to date, though in 2011 Thomas L. Sakmyster's book Red Conspirator about J. Peters included extensive discussion about the Ware Group.
See also
Harold Ware
J. Peters
Whittaker Chambers
Nathan Witt
John Abt
Lee Pressman
Alger Hiss
George Silverman
Victor Perlo
Hope Hale Davis
Elizabeth Bentley
References
Sources
Further reading
Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
Espionage in the United States
Activists from New York City
Members of the Communist Party USA
Lawyers who have represented the United States government
American civil servants
American spies for the Soviet Union
Communist Party USA
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4012537
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie%20Koegel
|
Debbie Koegel
|
Debbie Koegel (born February 28, 1977) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With Oleg Fediukov, she is the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist and a two-time (1999–2000) U.S. national bronze medalist.
Personal life
Koegel was born on February 28, 1977 in Norristown, Pennsylvania. She attended Schuylkill Grade School. She and Oleg Fediukov are married and have three sons – Anton, born on October 20, 2002; Alec, born on August 1, 2004; and Luka Sergei, born on September 23, 2008.
Career
Koegel began skating at age eleven at a rink near King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. She placed 15th with Michael Sklutovsky at the 1996 U.S. Championships.
Partnership with Fediukov
Koegel teamed up with Fediukov in 1996. They finished sixth with him at the 1997 U.S. Championships. Koegel/Fediukov withdrew from the 1997 Karl Schäfer Memorial after the compulsory dances; a Swiss skater sliced Koegel's left biceps in a practice accident on October 16, 1997. The duo returned to the ice in December, training at the New England Figure Skating Club in Marlboro, Massachusetts. A month later, they placed sixth at the 1998 U.S. Championships.
After winning the silver medal at the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy, Koegel/Fediukov debuted on the Grand Prix series, placing 8th at the 1998 Skate Canada International and tenth at the 1998 Trophée Lalique. They were awarded the bronze medal at the 1999 U.S. Championships. They were coached by Uschi Keszler and Robbie Kane at Ice Works FSC in Aston, Pennsylvania.
The following season, Koegel/Fediukov again received two Grand Prix invitations; they placed sixth at the 1999 Skate Canada International but had to withdraw from the 1999 Cup of Russia due to a visa problem. The duo repeated as national bronze medalists at the 2000 U.S. Championships. They withdrew from the 2001 U.S. Championships due to a knee injury that Fediukov incurred in the compulsory dance. After Koegel sustained a shoulder injury, the two decided to retire from competition.
Post-competitive career
Koegel became a real estate agent and part-time skating coach. She has coached in Pennsylvania and other locations.
Programs
(with Fediukov)
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix
With Sklutovsky
With Fediukov
References
1977 births
Living people
People from Norristown, Pennsylvania
American female ice dancers
21st-century American women
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4012542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsley%20Works
|
Worsley Works
|
Worsley Works, is a manufacturer of kits for model railway carriages and locomotives, owned and run from Worsley, near Manchester, England UK, by Allen Doherty.
Worsley Works is well known in the finescale modelling world, especially in less-popular scales, including British HO scale and 3mm-scale models along with various kits for Narrow Gauge railways, particularly OO9 and OOn3.
Assembly of Worsley Works kits, like for most other kits that comprise only etched components, is challenging. Worsley specialises in what are described as 'scratch aid' kits, indicating that the kits are not intended to build complete models in themselves, but rather to provide the essential components to assist the process of scratch building. By manufacturing only the etched brass or nickel silver components of the models, the company is able to produce a wide range of kits in many scales. They have also taken on many commissions including a Metropolitan 4-4-4T recently.
References
External links
Worsley Works – Official website.
Model railroad manufacturers
Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom
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4012556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Scared%20Stupid
|
Ernest Scared Stupid
|
Ernest Scared Stupid is a 1991 American comedy horror film directed by John Cherry and starring Jim Varney. It is the fifth film to feature the character Ernest P. Worrell. In the film, Ernest unwittingly unleashes an evil troll upon a small town on Halloween night and helps the local children fight back. It was shot in Nashville, Tennessee like its predecessors Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam, Ernest Goes to Camp, Ernest Saves Christmas, and Ernest Goes to Jail.
Due to its modest gross of $14,143,280 at the U.S. box office, Disney opted not to continue the franchise, making this the fourth and final Ernest film to be released under the Disney label Touchstone Pictures. All future Ernest films were independently produced, and following the financial failure of Ernest Rides Again, the films shifted to a straight-to-video market.
Its opening credits feature a montage of clips from various horror and science fiction films, including Nosferatu (1922), White Zombie (1932), Phantom from Space (1953), The Brain from Planet Arous (1957), The Screaming Skull (1958), Missile to the Moon (1958), The Hideous Sun Demon (1958), The Giant Gila Monster (1959), The Killer Shrews (1959), Battle Beyond the Sun (1959), and The Little Shop of Horrors (1960).
Plot
In the late 19th century, the demonic troll Trantor transforms children into wooden dolls to feast upon their energy in Briarville, Missouri. The townsfolk capture him and seal him under an oak tree, with Phineas Worrell, one of the village elders and an ancestor of Ernest P. Worrell, establishing the seal. Trantor vengefully places a curse on the Worrell family, stating that he can only be released on the night before Halloween by a Worrell. As part of the curse, every generation of Worrells will get "dumber and dumber and dumber", until the dumbest member of the family is foolish enough to release him from his earthly prison.
One hundred years later, Ernest, a sanitation worker, helps a few of his middle school friends, Kenny Binder, Elizabeth and Joey, construct a treehouse in the same tree that unknowingly contains the dormant creature, after the mayor's sons demolished their own cardboard haunted house. When Old Lady Hackmore discovers this, she angrily leaves. Following her, Ernest learns the story of Trantor and idiotically reports it to the kids. Inadvertently, Ernest releases the troll. Joey is walking home from the treehouse when he hears something rustling through the trees. Joey slowly walks and slips down in a muddy hole. Trantor grabs Joey's wrist and turns him into a wooden doll. Ernest finds Kenny's dad, Sheriff Cliff Binder, and explains the situation but Binder does not believe him. After none of the townsfolk will assist Ernest because of the upcoming Halloween party, he mounts a one-man (and one-dog) defense operation in preparation for Trantor's appearance. Meanwhile, Trantor captures a boy on a skateboard as his second victim.
Tom and Bobby Tulip, hoping to exploit Ernest, sell him various fake troll traps, but one backfires on the mayor's sons and Ernest loses his job. Ernest, Kenny and Elizabeth return to Hackmore, where they learn that only "the heart of a child, and a mother's care" can defeat the troll. Later that night, Trantor claims Elizabeth as his third victim as he sneaks into her house while she is resting on her bed.
While Kenny and his friend Gregg are walking, Trantor uses Elizabeth's voice to lure Kenny away, then takes Gregg as a fourth victim. Despite parents being upset at their missing children, Mayor Murdock and Sheriff Binder still proceed with a Halloween party at the school, believing the missing children will be there. Trantor appears there and takes the mayor's oldest son as his fifth and final wooden doll. In the ensuing fight between Trantor and Ernest, Trantor turns Ernest's dog Rimshot into a wooden doll before being repelled by soft-serve ice cream on Ernest's hands. Kenny realizes that "mother's care" refers to milk and rallies a troll-fighting team to destroy them.
Back at the treehouse, Trantor successfully summons his army of trolls while Ernest unsuccessfully tries to stop them. The townspeople show up, only for the trolls to overwhelm and beat them up. Kenny and his friends arrive and begin destroying the trolls with milk. During the fight, Trantor escapes beneath the tree where he summons the powers of the underworld, making him invincible, especially to milk. Enraged, Kenny unsuccessfully tries to destroy Trantor, who also turns Kenny into a doll. With the other townsfolk now backing him up and telling him to douse Trantor in milk, Ernest realizes that milk weakened the troll children, while unconditional love ("the heart of a child") would weaken Trantor himself. He takes Trantor and dances with him while the mob watches, overloading him with love, and finally kisses his snot-ridden nose, causing Trantor to explode.
With Trantor's destruction, Ernest is proclaimed a hero. All of the wooden dolls are restored, including those from the early 19th century, and life returns to normal. Sheriff Binder apologizes to his son for doubting him and Ernest. Ernest is happy that his dog is also back to normal.
Cast
Jim Varney as Ernest P. Worrell, Bunny Worrell, Auntie Nelda, and others
Eartha Kitt as Francis "Old Lady" Hackmore
Austin Nagler as Kenny Binder
Shay Astar as Elizabeth
Alec Klapper as Joey
John Cadenhead as Tom Tulip
Bill Byrge as Bobby Tulip
Richard Woolf as Matt Murdock
Nick Victory as Mike Murdock
Jonas Moscartolo as Trantor
Ernie Fosselius as Trantor (voice)
Daniel Butler as Sheriff Cliff Binder
Esther Huston as Amanda Binder
Larry Black as Mayor Murdock
Denice Hicks as Elizabeth's mother
Jackie Welch as Teacher
Barkley as Rimshot
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 17% based on 6 reviews.
The horror blog A Boos/Booze Situation compared the film to Hocus Pocus which also received a poor box office showing but was cemented as a cult classic. In addition, the blog praised the scene in which a girl discovers the troll in her bed, claiming that it has a strong reputation for terrifying young viewers. Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert reviewed the film on their movie review show “Siskel & Ebert At the Movies”. Both of them gave thumbs down, calling it a film with Jim Varney “mugging his way through a dumb script.”
Ken Hanke of the Mountain Xpress (Asheville, North Carolina) wrote the film was “not good”, but that it was “kind of likable”.
Home media
The film had its first DVD release from Touchstone Home Entertainment on September 3, 2002. Mill Creek Entertainment re-released it on DVD on January 18, 2011, as part of the two-disc set Ernest Triple Feature along with Ernest Goes to Camp and Ernest Goes to Jail. Its third re-release was on May 10, 2011, as an individual film.
References
External links
1991 films
1990s comedy horror films
1990s fantasy films
1990s monster movies
American children's comedy films
American comedy horror films
American monster movies
Children's horror films
1990s English-language films
Ernest P. Worrell films
American films about Halloween
Films about trolls
Films directed by John R. Cherry III
Puppet films
Films shot in Tennessee
Touchstone Pictures films
1991 comedy films
Films set in Missouri
1990s American films
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4012559
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201924%20Winter%20Olympics
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Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. They won one gold medal, in ice hockey.
Medalists
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) chose the Toronto Granites as the 1923 Allan Cup champions to represent Canada in ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics, and W. A. Hewitt was chosen oversee the national team's finances at the Olympics. Hewitt was empowered by the CAHA to name replacement players as needed, and recruited Harold McMunn and Cyril Slater as replacements when four players from the Granites were unable to travel to the Olympics. In his weekly report to the Toronto Daily Star, Hewitt wrote that the Granites would face multiple changes in conditions compared to hockey games in Canada. He did not feel the team would be affected by playing outdoors on natural ice in the morning or afternoon, despite that the team was accustomed to playing indoors with electric lighting on artificial ice. He also felt that the larger ice surface and lack of boards around the sides of the rink would mean more stick handling and less physical play.
During the Olympics, Hewitt attended the annual meeting and elections for the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). Since its rules stated that one of the vice-presidents must be from North America, Hewitt and United States Amateur Hockey Association president William S. Haddock opted for a coin toss, which decided that Haddock was elected to the position. When the Olympics organizers wanted to select hockey referees by drawing names out of a hat, Hewitt and Haddock agreed to another coin toss to decide on the referee for the game between Canada and the United States men's national team. Hewitt feared having an inexperienced referee for the game, and his suggested to have LIHG president Paul Loicq officiate the game was confirmed by the coin toss. The Granites defeated the United States team by a 6–1 score, and won all six games played to be the Olympic gold medallists.
Group A
The top two teams (highlighted) advanced to the medal round.
Medal round
Results from the group round (Canada-Sweden and United States-Great Britain) carried forward to the medal round.
Top scorer
Speed skating
Men
All-round
Distances: 500m; 1000m; 5000m & 10,000m.
References
Sources
Olympic Winter Games 1924, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1924 Winter Olympics
1924
Olympics, Winter
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4012565
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMF%20Flanders
|
TMF Flanders
|
TMF was a Belgian pay television channel whose programming was centred towards pop music videoclips. TMF was operated by Viacom International Media Networks.
Originally an abbreviation of "The Music Factory", the channel was launched as TMF Vlaanderen in 1998, mainly due to the success of the eponymous Dutch music television channel. The station began broadcasting on October 3, 1998.
The recordings of TMF Flanders occurred mainly in the Eurocam Media Center in Lint, there was until mid-2013 also established the parent company.
History
TMF Flanders was launched on October 3, 1998. On October 5, 2015, Viacom announced that TMF will stop broadcasting om November 1, 2015. Thereby two Flemish youth channels (TMF and competitor JIM) disappeared in a short time. From November 1, 2015 Comedy Central took over the whole channel. Thereby the last TMF stopped and the brand completely disappeared.
See also
The Music Factory
References
External links
TMF Vlaanderen
Official Facebook page
Official Twitter page
Official Netlog page
Official Vimeo page
Music television channels
Television channels in Flanders
Television channels in Belgium
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2015
Music organisations based in the Netherlands
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4012574
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Hatzis
|
Guido Hatzis
|
Guido Hatzis is a Greek-Australian comic character created by Australian comedians Tony Moclair and Julian Schiller and voiced by Moclair. Guido appeared originally on Schiller and Moclair's radio program "Crud" on the Australian Radio Network Triple M. Most of Guido's comedy involves making prank calls that are usually centred on outrageous claims about his looks and abilities, Greek stereotypes, and extreme bluntness.
History
Moclair appropriated the last name "Hatzis" from friend and sometime producer of the "Crud" program, fellow broadcaster and actor Chris Hatzis; Chris Hatzis, Julian Schiller and Tony Moclair are alumni of the Breakfasters on Melbourne's 3RRR. Chris Hatzis based the character on fellow school friend Paul Catelaris aka "Pauly", a Greek man who migrated to Melbourne from Athens in the late 1980s.
In 2000, Guido also appeared in the music video "Always Be with You" by Australian band Human Nature as a guest in a nightclub with Human Nature performing, later in the video, during the performance he calls band member Phil (Burton), on his mobile phone, interrupting the performance, to tell them their dancing is terrible, and proceeds to show them humorous dance moves.
Guido Hatzis currently has a YouTube channel with more recent prank calls, an Instagram account, a Twitter account and a Facebook account.
Discography
Studio albums
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Guido Hatiz has won two awards from two nominations.
!
|-
| 2000
| Do Not Talk Over Me
| rowspan="2"| ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release
|
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| 2001
| Whatever...
|
|-
References
ARIA Award winners
Australian male comedians
Prank calling
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
|
4012580
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20P%C3%A9rez%20Alvarado
|
Miguel Pérez Alvarado
|
Miguel Pérez Alvarado (born 1979 in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain) is a Spanish poet.
Between 1997 and 2003, he studied journalism and political science in Madrid. He currently writes from Canary Islands.
His writing, whatever the genre, intends to strain thinking and language poetic nature to its mutual indistinctibility.
Following his first book in 2001 (Teoría de la Luz) he has published several poem books and essays and has edited diverse authors works. Besides, an anthology of his writings and works have been published in diverse papers such as Caliban, 2C-La Opinión de Tenerife, Cuadernos del Matemático, ABC-Cultural, Piedra y Cielo Digital, La Revue des Belles-Lettres, Revista Fogal, Cultura la Provincia y la Revista de la Academia Canaria de la Lengua.
In 2000, he was awarded the Tomás Morales Poetry Prize for his book Teoría de la luz - amor mas vivo, establishing him as one of the promising young talents of Canarian poetry.
Notes
The prize is awarded biennially by to Casa-Museo Tomás Morales in Gran Canaria to commemorate the 19th-Century Canarian poet Tomás Morales .
1979 births
Living people
People from Las Palmas
Writers from the Canary Islands
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4012583
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan%20Portuguese
|
Uruguayan Portuguese
|
Uruguayan Portuguese (, ), also known as () and Riverense, and referred to by its speakers as (), is a variety of Portuguese with heavy influence from Rioplatense Spanish. It is spoken in north-eastern Uruguay, near the Brazilian border, mainly in the region of the twin cities of Rivera (Uruguay) and Santana do Livramento (Brazil). This section of the frontier is called ("Border of Peace"), because there is no legal obstacle to crossing the border between the two countries.
The varieties of Uruguayan Portuguese share many similarities with the countryside dialects of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, such as the denasalization of final unstressed nasal vowels, replacement of lateral palatal with semivowel , no raising of final unstressed , alveolar trill instead of the guttural R, and lateral realization of coda instead of L-vocalization.
Recent changes in Uruguayan Portuguese include the urbanization of this variety, acquiring characteristics from urban Brazilian Portuguese such as a distinction between and , affrication of and before and , and other features of Brazilian broadcast media.
History
The origin of Portuguese in Uruguay can be traced back to the time of the dominion of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, and the Empire of Brazil. In those times, the ownership of those lands was not very well defined, passing back and forth from the hands of one crown to the other. Before its independence after the Cisplatine War in 1828, Uruguay was one of the provinces of the Empire of Brazil.
Portuguese was the only language spoken throughout northern Uruguay until the end of the 19th century. To assure the homogeneity of the newly formed country, the government made an effort to impose the Spanish language into lusophone communities through educational policies and language planning, and bilingualism became widespread and diglossic.
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants
See also
Differences between Spanish and Portuguese
References
Bibliography
CARVALHO, Ana Maria. Variation and diffusion of Uruguayan Portuguese in a bilingual border town, by Ana Maria Carvalho, University of California at Berkeley USA. (PDF)
Douglas, Kendra. 2004. Uruguayan Portuguese in Artigas: Tri-dimensionality of transitional local varieties in contact with Spanish and Portuguese standards. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Ph.D. dissertation.
(PDF)
Nicolás Brian, Claudia Brovetto, Javier Geymonat, Portugués del Uruguay y educación bilingüe
[Contains a section on Portuñol].
External links
Page about Uruguayan Portunhol (in Portuguese) at Unicamp - University of Campinas, São Paulo (in Portuguese)
Adolfo Elizaincín website
Portuñol, a new language that is gaining popularity among people who live close to the borders of Brazil and its neighboring Spanish-speaking countries
Portuguese dialects
Portuguese language in the Americas
Languages of Uruguay
Languages of Brazil
Rivera Department
Brazil–Uruguay border
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4012604
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadira%20%28actress%29
|
Nadira (actress)
|
Florence Ezekiel (5 December 1932 – 9 February 2006), known professionally as Nadira, was an Indian actress who worked in the Hindi film industry. She appeared in films from the 1950s and 1960s, including Aan (1952), Shree 420 (1955), Pakeezah (1972), and Julie (1975), which won her the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award.
Early life
Ezekiel was born on 5 December 1932 in Baghdad, Iraq, into a Baghdadi Jewish family. When she was an infant, her family migrated from Baghdad to Bombay in search of business opportunities. She had two brothers, one of whom lives in the United States and another in Israel. Ezekiel never married.
Career
Ezekiel's first appearance in cinema was in the 1943 Hindi-language film Mauj when she was 10 or 11 years of age.
Her first major opportunity came from Sardar Akhtar, wife of film director Mehboob Khan, in the film Aan (1952); her role as a Rajput princess in the film marked her rise to cinematic prominence. In 1955, she played a rich socialite named Maya in Shree 420. She played pivotal roles in a number of films such as Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960), Pakeezah (1972), Hanste Zakhm (1973), and Amar Akbar Anthony (1977); she worked alongside Shammi Kapoor in Sipahsalar (1956). She was often cast as a temptress or vamp, and played opposite the chaste heroines that were favoured at the time by the Hindi film industry.
Ezekiel won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 1975 film Julie. During the 1980s and 1990s, she entered a new phase of her career, playing elderly women as a supporting actress. Her last role was in the film Josh (2000). Due to her Western attire, her character in most of her critically acclaimed movies was Christian or Anglo-Indian.
She was among the highest-paid actresses during her career, and was one of the first Indian actresses to own a Rolls-Royce.
Personal life
In her later years, Ezekiel lived alone in Mumbai, India, as many of her relatives had moved to Israel. In the last three years before her death, she had been residing in her condominium with only a housekeeper assistant. On 24 January 2006, she suffered a cardiac arrest and was admitted to a hospital in a semi-comatose state; she had multiple existing health problems, including tubercular meningitis, alcoholic liver disorder, and paralysis.
Ezekiel died on 9 February 2006, at the age of 73, at the Bhatia Hospital in Tardeo, Mumbai, following a prolonged illness. , she is survived by two brothers who each live in the United States and Israel.
Filmography
References
External links
2006 deaths
1932 births
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Indian film actresses
Indian Jews
Jewish actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Baghdadi Jews
Mizrahi Jews
Filmfare Awards winners
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4012610
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharizdun
|
Tharizdun
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In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, Tharizdun () is the god of Eternal Darkness, Decay, Entropy, Malign Knowledge, Insanity, and Cold. He originated in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting but has since also appeared in other settings.
He was imprisoned ages ago by a coalition of deities to prevent the destruction of existence itself. Although imprisoned, Tharizdun still has a degree of his original multiverse-threatening power. His holy symbols are a dark spiral rune and a two-tiered inverted ziggurat known as an obex. His holy number is 333.
Publication history
Created by Gary Gygax based on Robert J. Kuntz's dark god "Tharzduun", Tharizdun first appeared in the module Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun. He would later appear in Gygax's series of Gord novels. Writer Michal Tresca speculated that Tharizdun might have been inspired by Clark Ashton Smith's Demon Lord and ruler of the Seven Hells, Thasaidon, who appeared first in The Tomb-Spawn, Weird Tales, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 1934.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)
Tharizdun's existence was first revealed in the module The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun (1982), by Gary Gygax. Tharizdun was subsequently detailed in the World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting (1983).
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)
Tharizdun was one of the deities described in the From the Ashes set (1992), for the Greyhawk campaign, and appeared again in Greyhawk: The Adventure Begins (1998).
His role in the cosmology of the Planescape campaign setting was described in On Hallowed Ground (1996).
Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000–2003)
Tharizdun's role in the 3rd edition Greyhawk setting was defined in the Living Greyhawk Gazetteer (2000).
He was a central figure in the module Return to the Temple of Elemental Evil (2001).
Tharizdun was one of the deities detailed in Dragon #294 (2002), in the article "Beings of Power: Four Gods of Greyhawk."
Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition (2003–2007)
Tharizdun's priesthood is detailed for this edition in Complete Divine (2004). Details of his worship by various aberrations was detailed in Lords of Madness (2005).
Tharizdun's prison dimension was detailed in Dragon #353 (2007).
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008–2014)
Tharizdun appears as one of the deities described in the Dungeon Master's Guide (2008) for this edition. He is rarely referred to by name and usually referred to as the Chained God. The other gods imprisoned him after he used a shard of pure evil to create the Abyss. Tharizdun is worshiped mostly by rogue drow, genasi cultists and elementals, who call him the Elder Elemental Eye, falsely believing that he is a primordial and not a god. Unlike earlier editions, he has no particular affinity for aberrations and his alignment is Chaotic Evil, rather than Neutral Evil.
Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition (2014–present)
Tharizdun is mentioned twice in the Player's Handbook (2014). He is listed as an example Otherworldly Patron for warlocks who make a pact with a Great Old One. He is then listed under the Greyhawk pantheon as Tharizdun, god of eternal darkness, Chaotic Evil, with the Trickery suggested Domain and either a dark spiral or inverted ziggurat as his holy symbols. Tharizdun is also mentioned in the Dungeon Master's Guide (2014), this time listed as a member of the Dawn War pantheon in the Nentir Vale setting and is listed as Tharizdun, god of madness, Chaotic Evil, with the Trickery suggested Domain and a jagged counter-clockwise spiral listed as his holy symbol.
In the adventure module Princes of the Apocalypse (2015), the four different elemental cults are attempting to release Tharizdun.
Tharizdun is listed as one of the elder evils in Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes (2018). Tharizdun is listed as a member of the Betrayer Gods for the Exandria setting in the sourcebook Explorer's Guide to Wildemount (2020) where he is also known as the Chained Oblivion. His provinces are darkness and destruction.
Fictional description
Tharizdun was described in Dragon #294 as a pitch-black, roiling, amorphous form. As the Dark God, he is described as an incorporeal wraithform, black and faceless. Gary Gygax described Tharizdun as a "primordial deity, that of matter at rest and decay of energy, viz. entropy."
Tharizdun has been depicted on the cover of Gygax's Gord the Rogue novel Come Endless Darkness as a huge, bald, humanoid man, with claws, greenish-black skin, and pointed ears. Gygax said that in the Gord novels, "the worst and most terrible of Tharizdun's forms could come into full power and attack".
Tharizdun's "free" holy symbol is a "black sun with variegated rays". His second holy symbol of an inverted ziggurat indicates that the work of those who bound him would be overturned, according to Gygax.
Other aspects
Tharizdun is sometimes worshiped as an entity called the Elder Elemental Eye (a being similar to Ghaunadaur), but few of these worshipers recognize the two as being the same entity. Gygax himself indicated that the two creatures were separate beings. The Elder Elemental God is described as a huge, mottled, tentacled being, or as a pillar of vast elemental force with a body of burning magma, radiating steam.
Fictional history
Some say that Tharizdun originated in the Far Realm or in a previous universe. Tharizdun was imprisoned eons ago by the forebears of those beings known as the Great Powers, although it is said that Pelor was also involved. It's said that both good and evil deities worked together to ensure his imprisonment. As the Dark God, he is credited with the corruption of the Seelie Court. Through the Scorpion Crown, he is said to have destroyed the ancient kingdom of Sulm.
Tharizdun was imprisoned long ago, but his prison may weaken at times, allowing his influence to creep out into the worlds beyond. Tharizdun's temple in the Yatils is thought to have been originally defeated with the aid of the legendary Six from Shadow.
Artifacts
Tharizdun has many known artifacts. "One" that is known is actually many: a collection of gems known as the 333 Gems of Tharizdun. Their current location is unknown, but it is certain that the collection was split up long ago. Other artifacts associated with Tharizdun include the horn known as the Wailer of Tharizdun, the thermophagic sword Druniazth, and the Spear of Sorrow. The Scorpion Crown was gifted by him to the last king of Sulm. Still another artifact, the Weeping Hexagram, is in the hands of the Scarlet Brotherhood.
In Gary Gygax's Gord the Rogue Series, there were a set of three artifacts known as the Theoparts, which, combined, could free Tharizdun. Each Theopart represented one of the shades of evil (i.e., neutral, lawful, or chaotic.)
Realm
The Demiplane of Imprisonment is hidden somewhere in the depths of the Ethereal Plane, resembling a swollen, crystalline cyst nearly a mile in diameter. The ethereal substance surrounding the demiplane boils with the dreamscapes of Tharizdun's worshipers and others whose dreams the dark god invades. Within the prison, Tharizdun dreams of a multiverse where his goals succeeded, where he destroyed all of Creation and rebuilt it in his own foul image. The binding magic is less concerned with preventing his escape - which he could accomplish with ease should he discover the truth - but to prevent any outside source from informing him otherwise.
Relationships
It is believed that Tharizdun has no allies, given his desire to destroy the entire universe. Should he ever escape from his prison, it is thought that even the most evil of deities would work with their good counterparts to return Tharizdun to his prison. However, the Dark God has been known to work his will secretly by employing various demons (with or without their knowledge) to do his bidding. Examples of fiends so used include Iuz and Zuggtmoy, and the Princes of Elemental Evil.
On Oerth, Tharizdun is particularly opposed by Pelor and Boccob.
Shothragot
Tharizdun created an avatar called Shothragot at the time of the Twin Cataclysms. The avatar was thought to have been destroyed, but in reality it only went into dormancy. Recently freed, Shothragot hopes to collect the 333 gems of Tharizdun and set its master free.
Fourth Edition
In the Fourth Edition Monster Manual, Tharizdun is described as creating the Abyss and the demons that live there by corrupting a portion of the elemental chaos using a shard of pure evil. For this, all the other gods (good, unaligned and evil alike) banded together to seal him away. Fourth Edition's Dungeon Master's Guide states that Tharizdun is not mentioned by name in the Player's Handbook or in the Monster Manual due to the fact that his existence is not widely known to mortals. Those who do know of Tharizdun refer to him euphemistically as the Chained God. Most of Tharizdun's followers are elementals or have ties to elementals, and refer to him as the Elder Elemental Eye. The majority of the Elder Elemental Eye's cultists (including Tharizdun's exarchs) don't even know he is a god, thinking him instead to be a powerful primordial. The 4th edition Tharizdun is not associated with aberrations, and the location of his prison is not known.
In the Dungeons and Dragons Novel Series "Abyssal Plague", Tharizdun's prison is revealed to be a universe that has long since been destroyed by that realm's own version of the Abyss known as the Voidharrow. Mildly intelligent and with the ability to corrupt and warp living creatures, the Voidharrow spent eternity alone in this realm of utter destruction until Tharizdun was imprisoned there by the other gods for his creation of the abyss. The reason behind this realm as the prison in which he would be trapped was to leave him in a realm just like the one he would have turned the multiverse into if he had been able to; with all of his power intact, he would have nothing to destroy and an infinite amount of time to lay out an infinite number of plans to free himself, only for him to have no way of implementing any of them.
Fictional dogma
Tharizdun's doctrine is to destroy all and everything encountered.
Scriptures
Most of Tharizdun's ancient scriptures are long lost. The only one known to remain is the Lament for Lost Tharizdun, penned by his "last cleric," Wongas.
Worshippers
Tharizdun's worshipers are often insane. Their ultimate goal is to free their dark deity from his prison. He is rumored to be worshiped by the Scarlet Brotherhood, though these followers are actually a splinter sect of the organization known as the Black Brotherhood or The Blackthorn. The elemental cults in the original Temple of elemental evil believed they were worshiping the destructive powers of the elements themselves, with a few believing their patron was Zuggtmoy; however, only a few knew that Tharizdun was the cults' true patron.
Tharizdun is sometimes worshiped by nonhuman aberrations such as aboleths, neogi, and grell.
Clergy
Like his lay worshipers, many of Tharizdun's priests are mad. Those who are not mad believe that they will reap great rewards and privileges for their aid in freeing him. All of his clerics are extremely secretive and trust only fellow cultists. They lead foul rituals, including human sacrifice, and search ancient sites for clues to freeing their deity. Due to Tharizdun's imprisonment, his priests must remain in contact with a site or object holding some of the Dark God's power in order to use their magic. Their favored weapon is the "spiral of decay," a bizarre weapon about which little is known. Those priests who follow Tharizdun's Elder Elemental Eye aspect have used a weapon known as a "tentacle rod" (a rod topped with animate tentacles), but it is unknown if this is the same object.
Temples
Tharizdun's temples (often in the shape of black ziggurats) are usually hidden, due to necessity. Known places of worship include an ancient temple located in the Yatil Mountains, as well as a more recently discovered temple in the Lortmils, near the Kron Hills. Although not many people in the Flanaess are aware that Tharizdun exists, it is said that public knowledge of one of his ziggurats would be enough to "raise an army of paladins".
Reception
Tharizdun was #4 on CBR's 2020 "Dungeons & Dragons: 10 Endgame Bosses You Need To Use In Your Next Campaign" list — the article states that "What's interesting is that all of Tharizdun's followers and subjects are insane. DMs can easily make a horror insane asylum-type of adventure where deep within the institution's underbelly is a cult threatening the world by summoning and freeing Tharizdun. That ought to be full of mystery and they don't even have to kill Tharizdun, just send him back to prison".
Riley Trepanier, for GameRant, highlighted Tharizdun as a deity for players to oppose in 5th Edition. She wrote, "This elder interloper god, sometimes known as The Elder Elemental Eye, features in the Princes of the Apocalypse module as a mostly-forgotten god locked away in a prison from the Greyhawk setting, as opposed to the Forgotten Realms. [...] With such a powerful combination of powers, Tharizdun is another deity that could easily turn out to be a major reckoning for the most overconfident of parties".
In other media
In 2019, Matthew Mercer incorporated a cult dedicated to freeing Tharizdun as a major antagonist in the second campaign of Critical Role, a Dungeons & Dragons web series.
References
Further reading
Games
Holian, Gary. "Paladins of Greyhawk." Dragon #306. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2003.
Lee, Robert. "The Cradle of Madness." Dungeon #87 (Paizo Publishing, 2001).
Reynolds, Sean K. "Core Beliefs: Boccob." Dragon #338. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2005.
Living Greyhawk Journal no. 3 – "Gods of Oerth"
Player's Guide to Greyhawk
The Temple of Elemental Evil
Novels
Gygax, Gary. Come Endless Darkness (New Infinities, 1988).
Gygax, Gary. Dance of Demons (New Infinities, 1988).
External links
Conforti, Steven, ed. Living Greyhawk Official Listing of Deities for Use in the Campaign, version 2.0. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2005. Available online:
Schwalb, Robert J. "Elder Evils: Shothragot." Dragon #362. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2008. Available online:
"The Essence of Evil." Dungeon #152. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2007. Available online:
"Shadow of Shothragot: The Price of Survival." Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2007. Available online:
Dungeons & Dragons deities
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4012611
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Leslie%20Foster
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John Leslie Foster
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John Leslie Foster, FRS (c. 1781 – 10 July 1842) was an Irish barrister, judge and Tory Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament.
In 1830 he was appointed a Baron of the Court of Exchequer of Ireland.
He was the son of William Foster, Bishop of Clogher (1744-1797) and nephew of John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin and St John's College, Cambridge.
Early life
After his father's death while he was about sixteen, his uncle, John Foster, oversaw his further education, encouraged him to travel and employed him (presumably part-time) as his private secretary (in an office for the loss of which he was later compensated on the Union with Great Britain with an annuity of £10 5s).
Taking advantage of a respite in hostilities between Britain and France thanks to the Treaty of Amiens, he visited Paris in April 1802 where he attended a levée, was presented to Napoleon and noted that the splendour of the court of the Tuileries was "much greater than ever was the old court of France".
His travels continued later that year when he set out in July on a tour of Europe encompassing Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Prussia, the Black Sea and Constantinople before returning to Dublin in September 1803.
Family
On 9 August 1814 he married Letitia Vesey-Fitzgerald, daughter of James Fitzgerald, with whom he had five sons and a daughter, including the Australian politician, John Foster Vesey-Fitzgerald.
In the summer of 1814 he acquired his family seat at Rathescar, Co. Louth, an estate where his uncle, John Foster had lived in the 1770s and where John Leslie Foster undertook substantial repairs and alterations.
Career
John Leslie Foster was called to the Bar in Ireland in 1803 and was sometime a member of Lincoln's Inn.
In 1804 he published an Essay on the Principles of Commercial Exchanges, particularly between England and Ireland.
He was one of the Commissioners appointed in September 1809 to the commission for improving the Bogs of Ireland.
Between 1807 and 1812 he represented Dublin University, having first contested the seat in 1806.
He returned to the bar in 1812, but in 1816 was brought back to Parliament at the instigation of the government as member for Sir Leonard Holmes's borough of Yarmouth on the Isle of Wight.
At the 1818 general election, he was elected for both Lisburn and Armagh City. He chose to sit for the latter constituency and served from 1818 to 1820.
From April 1818 until its abolition in 1826, he was Counsel to the Commissioners of the Irish Board of Customs and Excise.
Between 1824 and 1830 he was the MP for County Louth, and from 1825 was a director of the Drogheda Steam Packet Company. He also acted as Mayor of Drogheda during this period.
On 24 June 1824, he was appointed to the Royal Commission for inquiring into the nature and extent of the Instruction afforded by the several Institutions in Ireland established for the purpose of Education where he served with the other Commissioners: Thomas Frankland Lewis, William Grant, James Glassford and Anthony Richard Blake. In this office Foster is reported by the Roman Catholic politician and barrister, Richard Lalor Sheil, to have taken the part of “a knight-errant against popery” whose “object was to bring out whatever was unfavourable to the Catholic Priesthood; while [his fellow Commissioner] Mr Blake (himself a Roman Catholic) justly endeavored to rectify the misconstructions of his brother inquirer”.
Co. Louth Election – 1826
At the Co. Louth Election in August 1826 John Leslie Foster was knocked down to second place in the two-seat constituency by Alexander Dawson, a candidate put up by O’Connell's ascendant Catholic Association.
After the turbulent election John Leslie complained to his sister that: ‘the priests attacked me in all their Chapels … they made it distinctly a matter of Eternal Damnation to vote for me & an atonement for Sin to vote against me’. The Catholic Association had already gained success in Co. Waterford and this election was a precursor to their further success two years later in Co. Clare.
Catholic Emancipation
Although John Leslie Foster was (as he assured the House of Commons in February 1829) ‘no Orangeman’, he was a persistent opponent to Catholic Emancipation. His speech opposing Henry Grattan's 1812 Catholic Relief Bill was published as a pamphlet in 1817. However, following the election of O’Connell as MP for Co. Clare in July 1828, it became clear to Peel and the government that continued opposition was unsustainable. Foster was eventually brought round to support the Emancipation Bill once proper safeguards had been offered.
On 25 January 1829, Lord Ellenborough, Henry Goulburn, J. C. Herries, William Vesey-Fitzgerald, Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, John Henry North, John Leslie Foster, John Doherty and George Dawson (Peel's brother-in-law) met at Peel's to discuss the matter. If Emancipation was to be granted, a concession was needed and the Forty-Shilling Freeholders' Bill was brought forward. Lord Ellenborough recorded that ‘Peel told us he had seen [John] Leslie Foster who was for a settlement, but strongly against paying the Roman Catholic clergy. He will therefore support the [Roman Catholic Relief] Bill. … Foster [is] consulting with the cabinet how Catholic emancipation may best be brought about!’
On 30 March 1829, when the 1829 Roman Catholic Relief Bill received the Royal Assent, Foster's concession, the Forty Shilling Freeholders’ Bill was also approved. This was the ‘security’ that John Leslie Foster, John Henry North and William Vesey Fitzgerald had helped to frame, but although intended to prevent ‘the freeholder from being the tool of the landlord, or the slave of the priest’, it turned out to be an ineffective and unpopular measure.
Court of Exchequer of Ireland
Foster did not stand at the 1830 general election as it had long been agreed by Peel and Leveson-Gower that, following the abolition of his post as Counsel to the Revenue in January 1828, his claims to promotion were ‘very much superior’ to any others and,
following his retirement from politics, John Leslie Foster was appointed as a Baron of the Court of Exchequer of Ireland on 16 July 1830. He later moved to the Court of Common Pleas and died while on circuit at Cavan on 10 July 1842.
He served as Treasurer of King's Inns from 1832 to 1833 and from 1838 to 1839.
References
External links
1781 births
1842 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Armagh constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Louth constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
Politicians from County Louth
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Tory members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's Inns
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4012638
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten%20Fredgaard
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Carsten Fredgaard
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Carsten Fredgaard (born May 20, 1976) is a former Danish professional football player.
His position was on the left, mainly as midfielder, but could also act both as a fullback or a winger. He has played for a number of clubs in Danish and English football, winning two Danish Superliga titles with F.C. Copenhagen and the 2006 Danish Cup with Randers FC. He has played a single game for the Denmark national team, and has represented his country 13 times on the various national youth squads.
Biography
Fredgaard started his senior career with Lyngby Boldklub, whom he represented on the national under-19 and under-21 national teams. He made his debut in the Danish Superliga championship on September 3, 1995. He scored 16 goals in 31 games during the 1998-99 Superliga season, which prompted English club Sunderland AFC to offer Lyngby a £ 1,500,000 million transfer deal.
Fredgaard signed his first full-time professional contract at age 22, when he moved to Sunderland on March 24, 1999. While at Sunderland, he played his only Denmark national team game in August 1999. His time at Sunderland was not successful, earning the undeserved nickname Chocolate Fireguard, bringing only a single appearance in the Premier League. Despite some impressive League Cup showings that saw him score two brilliant goals against Walsall (his only goals for the club), and in the next round complete a perfect cross for a Danny Dichio goal, Fredgaard failed to force his way into the first-team, making just one appearance in the league as a substitute away to Chelsea. On February 9, 2000, he was loaned out to Division One side West Bromwich Albion. Back at Sunderland for the 2000-01 season, he was once more loaned out to a Division One team on November 17, 2000, this time playing two months for Bolton Wanderers.
In July 2001, Fredgaard moved back to Denmark, as F.C. Copenhagen (FCK) bought him in a £500,000 transfer deal. Unable to hold down a place in the starting line-up in FCK's championship-winning 2002-03 Superliga season, Fredgaard went on loan to fellow Superliga teams FC Nordsjælland and Randers FC. He played one game as FCK won the 2005-06 Superliga championship. When his contract expired in January 2006, he moved to second-tier Danish 1st Division club Randers FC on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract. He was named "Man of the Match" as Randers won the 2006 Danish Cup, and he helped the club win promotion to the Superliga for the 2006-07 Superliga season. In July 2009, he moved on to 1st Division club Akademisk Boldklub.
Honours
Danish Superliga: 2003, 2006
Danish Cup: 2006
References
External links
Danish national team profile
Danish Superliga statistics
1976 births
Akademisk Boldklub players
Association football midfielders
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Danish expatriate footballers
Danish footballers
Danish Superliga players
Denmark international footballers
Denmark under-21 international footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
F.C. Copenhagen players
FC Nordsjælland players
Living people
Lyngby Boldklub players
Premier League players
Randers FC players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
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4012640
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Limits%20%282%20Unlimited%20album%29
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No Limits (2 Unlimited album)
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No Limits, sometimes No Limits!, is the second studio album by Belgian/Dutch Eurodance band 2 Unlimited, released in May 1993. The album yielded five singles, including "No Limit", which reached number one in many European charts. The album went platinum in several countries.
Background
2 Unlimited had limited success in 1992 with their debut album, Get Ready!. It had produced four hit singles, but the album had not performed well commercially, peaking at just #37 in the UK Albums Chart. At the time, many Eurodance acts were able to produce hit singles but were unable to capitalize on this with a commercially successful album. 2 Unlimited, however, broke the mold.
At the end of 1992, 2 Unlimited were still only known amongst those who followed chart music at the time. With the first single released from this album, "No Limit", this changed. It went to number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in early February (competing with "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston), and spent five weeks there. This exposure led to them being parodied by the mainstream media with the television series Spitting Image parodying the track as "No Lyrics" due to its repetitive lyrical content. The second single from the album, "Tribal Dance", was released in 1993, followed by this album soon afterwards.
Album name and artwork
Like all the studio albums by the band, the title of the album was a modification of the title of the lead single to be taken from it. The artwork for the UK cover was designed by Julian Barton and David Howells. As with all 2 Unlimited releases, most other territories featured a different album cover to the UK edition of the album. Unlike their previous album in the UK, where many of the tracks featured on it were instrumental, the artwork to this album featured band members Ray and Anita on the front cover.
Writing and composition
For the debut album, Get Ready!, most of the writing had been done by Wilde and de Coster, with some input from Ray Slijngaard and other featured writers. For No Limits!, both Ray and Anita had much more input into the song writing process compared to the previous album. Anita has writing credits on seven of the album's fourteen songs and Ray has writing credits on ten of them.
United Kingdom release
The United Kingdom version of No Limits, which was released on the PWL Continental label, is largely an instrumental album, having Ray Slijngaard's rap verses removed. The decision to do this was made by Pete Waterman, owner of the PWL record label. Waterman was also responsible for the removal of Slijngaard's rap verses from 2 Unlimited's single releases of Get Ready For This, Twilight Zone, Workaholic, The Magic Friend, No Limit, Tribal Dance and Faces.
This led to 2 Unlimited being mocked in the UK media, leading to nicknames like 2 Untalented, and Spitting Image's parody “There’s no lyrics”, along with ribbing by BBC Live & Kicking.
Critical reception
Despite its commercial success, at the time the album was panned by the critics, especially in the UK. But European magazine Music & Media gave a positive review, writing, "Those for whom "techno" is a pet hate always say "just push the button and out rolls another techno tune." It's not that simple of course, although this Dutch male/female duo has the gift to make you believe they do their thing in only two minutes. But isn't simplicity the hardest thing to achieve? Like a juke box this 16-track album is stuffed with potential singles, such as the extremely poppy The Power Age and Maximum Overdrive with a racing car breaking all speed limits." In Smash Hits, reviewer Mark Frith described the album as an "across the board techno splurge" and stated that this album contained clues as to why the band were unpopular in "elite dance circles". In the review of the single "Maximum Overdrive", the magazine reiterated that the band were, "not hard or imaginative and they have no credibility in dance circles."
The AllMusic review stated that beyond "No Limit" and "Let the Beat Control Your Body", there was little to recommend this album. Toby Anstis stated in his review of "Faces" that he "thought the album sounded all the same". Nonetheless, the band won the Best Dance Act award in Smash Hits that year as well as the World Music Award for Benelux.
Retrospective reviews of this album and the band in general have been more favourable. Only three years after the band split, they were described in a Guinness World Records publication as "spectacular" with the sound of "No Limit" being compared to "the sound giant dinosaurs might make stomping on cities". Their entry then goes on to describe their choruses as "chant-worthy" and that the singles from this album "ravaged hearts and minds across the globe", ending with the statement that they "linger forever in the hearts of true music lovers".
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Singles
Writing credits
The following personnel all have writing credits on this album.
Phil Wilde
Jean-Paul de Coster
Ray Slijngaard
Anita Dels
Filip Martens
Xavier de Clayton
Peter Bauwens
Michael Leahy
Jan Voermans
Bieman
References
1993 albums
2 Unlimited albums
Byte Records albums
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4012642
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnaceface
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Furnaceface
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Furnaceface was a Canadian punk indie rock band formed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada which was active from 1989 to 2000. The group consisted of vocalist and guitarist Pat Banister, vocalist and bassist Slo' Tom Stewart, and drummer Dave Dudley. In 1993, Furnaceface won the Canadian Music Video Association Award for best independent video for "About to Drown" from Just Buy It., and another one a couple of years later for Best Editing for "How Happy Do You Want to Be?" from This Will Make You Happy.
History
The band, formed in Ottawa in 1989, consisted of vocalist and guitarist Pat Banister, vocalist and bassist Slo' Tom Stewart and drummer Dave Dudley. Furnaceface evolved out of Fluid Waffle, which also included guitarist and vocalist Steve D'Annunzio. Furnaceface started playing shows late in 1989 and released their first single, "Sucked into Drugland," on Skull Duggery Records. After releasing this and the "New Pad" single, they toured across the U.S. and Canada. Their first full-length release was the Let It Down cassette, which was recorded by Andrew McKean, mixed by Marty Jones, and released in 1990. Jones recorded their second cassette in 1991, Just Buy It., and went on to engineer all the Furnaceface releases. After the first national tour for "Just Buy It" Jones (as "Smarty Moans") joined the group as a fourth member playing keyboard and guitar. After the original cassette version of Just Buy It. was released, Furnaceface signed to Cargo Records to release a remixed (by Bob Wiseman of Blue Rodeo fame) and re-sequenced version of the album on CD and cassette.
Furnaceface also released their next two albums, This Will Make You Happy (1994) and unsafe@anyspeed (1996), with Cargo. Around the time of Just Buy It.'s re-release, Furnaceface decided to start a festival, called Furnacefest, to promote local bands as well as larger acts. In 1995, after two years of performing with the group, Marty Jones decided to leave the band to concentrate on being a producer and co-running Sound of One Hand Studios. After Cargo Canada folded, Furnaceface would release a fifth and final album in 1999 titled And the Days are Short Again… on their own label Upright Records, which had the single "Heartless" on it. Around 1999, Pat Banister moved to Vancouver to work as an art director in the film industry. In Banister's absence, Dave Dudley and Tom Stewart have joined with Blake Jacobs of Hot Piss to create Manpower, who perform occasionally around Ottawa. The last Furnaceface recording released to date was 2000's Clobbering Time, a compilation CD of songs from their out-of-print pre-Days releases, from two songs from Let It Down released on CD at last to their cover of the Jam's "But I'm Different Now," the B-side of the "Biff, Bang, Pow!" single.
Other area musicians, including Ian Tamblyn and Jim Bryson have also contributed as guest musicians. During a live performance in 1997 Slo' Tom received burns due to an onstage pyrotechnic effect; the show was halted but the musician made a full recovery with no scarring. Tom also performs occasionally as a country & western singer under the name "Slo' Tom". His band, called Slo' Tom & The Horseshit Heroes (Jim Bryson, Dave Dudley, Geoff Taylor and Graham Collins) released an album, Liquor’s My Lover. He has since released three more albums: "Musta Been A Pretty Good Night" (2013)"I'm Sick" (2014) and "Down In A Government Town" (2017).
Music
Their music includes everything from heavy riffs to classic pop as well as ska, punk, rockabilly, dance and 60's garage. Their lyrics can be humorous, as in "I’m Getting Fat," and "Too Many Nuts." They also have lyrics that comment on local and global issues such as "Nobody to Vote For," a commentary on the 1993 Canadian federal election, and "We Love You, Tipper Gore" about the Parents Music Resource Center and the censorship debate in the 1980s.
Videos
In 1993, Furnaceface won the Canadian Music Video Association Award for best independent video for "About to Drown" from Just Buy It., and another one a couple of years later for Best Editing for "This Will Make You Happy" (which Dave Dudley's daughter appears in) from This Will Make You Happy. The other videos they released were "I Don't Think," "She Thinks She's Fat," "If You Love Her (Would You Buy Her a Gun?)", "Slip & Stumble" (shot in the rough waves of various beaches in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico) "Biff, Bang, Pow!" (a cover of the Creation song), "Ode to Grant Hart" and "Heartless." They also made a video for "In Love with the Lie," but only released it in RealMedia format on their now-defunct official website.
Discography
Singles and EPs
"Sucked into Drugland" 7" single (1990)
"New Pad" 7" single (1990)
"Nobody to Vote For" CD single (1993)
"You Poison My Cup" 12" single (1995)
"Overcome" 7" single (1995)
"Biff, Bang, Pow!" 7" single (1997)
Albums
Let it Down cassette (1991)
Just Buy It. (cassette, 1992; CD, 1993)
This Will Make You Happy CD (1994)
unsafe@anyspeed CD/cassette (1996)
And the Days Are Short Again... CD (1999)
Compilations
Clobbering Time CD (compilation, 2000)
See also
Music of Canada
Canadian rock
List of Canadian musicians
List of bands from Canada
:Category:Canadian musical groups
References
External links
Furnaceface: homepage@anyspeed
Crudsound: Soundtech for Furnaceface
The Ruckus: revisiting furnaceface with Tom Stewart, recorded September 2009
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Canadian alternative rock groups
Canadian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Ottawa
1989 establishments in Ontario
1999 disestablishments in Ontario
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4012658
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Massuet
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René Massuet
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René Massuet (13 August 1666 – 11 January 1716) was a French Benedictine patrologist, of the Congregation of St. Maur.
He was born at St. Ouen de Mancelles in the diocese of Évreux, and made his solemn profession in religion in 1682 at Notre Dame de Lire, and studied at Bonnenouvelle in Orléans, where he showed more than ordinary ability. After teaching philosophy in the Abbey of Bec, and theology at St. Stephen's, in Caen, he attended the lectures of the university and obtained the degrees of bachelor and licentiate in law.
After this he taught a year at Jumièges and three years at Fécamp. He spent the year 1702 in Rome in the study of Greek. The following year he was called to St. Germain des Prés in Paris and taught theology there to the end of his life.
His principal work, which he undertook rather reluctantly, is the edition of the writings of St. Irenaeus, Paris, 1710. An elegant edition of these writings had appeared at Oxford, 1702, but the editor John Ernest Grabe was less intent on an accurate rendering of the text than on making Irenaeus favour Anglican views. Massuet enriched his edition with valuable dissertations on the heresies impugned by St. Irenaeus and on the life, writings, and teaching of the saint.
He also edited the fifth volume of the Annales Ordinis S. Benediciti, of Jean Mabillon, with some additions and a preface inclusive of the biographies of Mabillon and Thierry Ruinart. We owe him, moreover, a letter to John B. Langlois, S.J., in defence of the Benedictine edition of St. Augustine, and five letters addressed to Bernard Pez found in J. G. Schelhorn's Amoenitates Literariae. He left in manuscript a work entitled Augustinus Graecus, in which he quotes all the passages of St. John Chrysostom on grace.
References
1666 births
1716 deaths
17th-century French people
18th-century French people
French Benedictines
People from Eure
University of Caen Normandy alumni
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4012684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Oliver
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Graham Oliver
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Graham Oliver (born 6 July 1952) is an English guitarist who was born in Mexborough, South Yorkshire. He was a founder member in the heavy metal band Saxon from 1976 to 1995.
Career
Oliver was a budding guitarist while working in a factory in the mid-1970s, but gave up after losing the tip of his index finger in an accident with a door, and sold his prized 1962/63 Fender Stratocaster (he would attempt to track down the guitar 40 years later). He was, however, encouraged by future bandmate Paul Quinn to learn to play again.
Oliver was originally a member of the band SOB, which formed in 1970. SOB played its first shows in 1970 under the name Blue Condition and toured extensively from 1970 to 1975, also in Germany and the Netherlands. The other members were future Saxon bassist Steve Dawson, Steve Firth on vocals and drummers David Bradley, John Hart, Cowley and John Walker.
The band merged in November 1975 with another local band (Coast) to become first Son of a Bitch and from 1978 Saxon, with whom Oliver played from the start and until 1995, as guitarist during a period in which the band had five top 20 albums in the UK.
After being fired from Saxon in 1995, he initially reformed his old band Son of a Bitch with former Saxon bassist Steve Dawson and drummer Pete Gill. Son of a Bitch released the album Victim You with Thunderhead singer Ted Bullet. Bullet and Gill left the band after the release of the album. They were replaced by the vocalist John Ward, and another former member of Saxon, Nigel Durham on drums.
In 1999, Oliver and Dawson trademarked the name 'Saxon', claiming they had exclusive rights to it, and attempted to stop Saxon singer Biff Byford from using the name. The trademark claim was overturned after it was ruled to be in bad faith, setting a legal precedent for ownership of a band name. Oliver and Dawson changed the name of the band to Oliver/Dawson Saxon, and undertook a British tour with Ronnie James Dio. Graham also duetted with Doug Aldrich on "Rainbow in the Dark" on the last gig at Plymouth.
Oliver has also released the solo album End of an Era in 2001. Five of the tracks were written and performed by the rock indie band Bullrush, with whom Graham Oliver's son Paul played drums, along Steve Tudberry and Scott Howitt. Also appearing on the album were Pete Gill, Steve Dawson, Kev Moore, Paul Johnson, Phil Hendriks, Richard Spencer and Chris Archer.
Since 2002, Oliver has played with former Marc Bolan session musician Paul Fenton, touring under the banner "Mickey Finn's T-Rex" and formerly "T. Rex (A Celebration of Marc and Mickey)". This opportunity materialised after Oliver played "Get It On" with Rolan Bolan at a show in Bradford.
Oliver suffered a stroke in January 2010, leaving him without feeling in one arm for several weeks.
In 2011, Oliver joined pupils at Mexborough School in their production of the Ben Elton musical We Will Rock You.
In 2012 guitar manufacturer "Vintage" collaborated with Graham to produce two signature guitars based on his famous Gibson SG and Flying-V guitars. The 'SG' model Vintage VS6GO and the 'V' model Vintage V60GO.
Oliver and Steve Dawson wrote the book Saxon Drugs and Rock and Roll - The Real Spinal Tap, published by Tomahawk Press in 2012, with a foreword by Harry Shearer (who drew inspiration for Spinal Tap from his time on tour with the band in 1982).
As of 2017, Oliver was still playing in Oliver/Dawson Saxon. He is also an authority on Yorkshire ceramics.
Discography
Saxon
Studio albums
(1979) Saxon
(1980) Wheels of Steel
(1980) Strong Arm of the Law
(1981) Denim and Leather
(1983) Power & the Glory
(1984) Crusader
(1985) Innocence Is No Excuse
(1986) Rock the Nations
(1988) Destiny
(1990) Solid Ball of Rock
(1992) Forever Free
(1995) Dogs of War[Dose not play on album]
Live albums
(1982) The Eagle Has Landed
(1989) Rock 'n' Roll Gypsies
(1990) Greatest Hits Live!
(1999) BBC Sessions
(2000) Live at Buxted Lodge 1980
Son of a Bitch
(1996) Victim You
Oliver/Dawson Saxon
(2000) Re://Landed
(2003) It's Alive
(2003) The Second Wave: 25 Years of NWOBHM
(2012) Motorbiker
Solo
(2001) End of an Era
Collaborations and guest appearances
Oliver has made a handful of guest appearances with Barnsley comedy band The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican
(2010) Strong Arm Of The Law (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican - on the album 'Cpl Kipper's Barnsley Trades Club Turn')
(2013) Jump Ararnd (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican, Eliza Carthy, Mike Harding, Maartin Allcock and Hugh Whitaker)
(2013) Ace Of Spades (a folk-rock cover of Motörhead's 80's hit, with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican - on The Bar-Stewards' Big 7-Inch)
(2014) The Devil Went Darn To Barnsley (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican, Eliza Carthy, Mike Harding, and Maartin Allcock)
(2017) Crosstarn Traffic (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican - on the album 'Ave It: Bold As Brass)
(2017) Wheels Of Steel (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican - hidden track on the album 'Ave It: Bold As Brass)
(2019) Place Of Spades (with The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican - on the album of the same name.
References
External links
English heavy metal guitarists
Saxon (band) members
Living people
People from Mexborough
1952 births
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4012685
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Knox
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George Knox
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The Honourable George Knox PC, FRS (14 January 1765 – 13 June 1827), was an Irish Tory politician.
Knox was the fifth son of Thomas Knox, 1st Viscount Northland. In 1790, Knox entered the Irish House of Commons for Dungannon. Subsequently, he sat for Dublin University until the Act of Union in 1801. Thereafter Knox sat as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and represented Dublin University from 1801 to 1807. He was also elected for Dungannon in 1801 and 1806, but chose to represent Dublin University both times.
Notes
References
1765 births
1827 deaths
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Tyrone constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
Younger sons of viscounts
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Commissioners of the Treasury for Ireland
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Tyrone constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for Dublin University
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4012687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Delgr%C3%A8s
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Louis Delgrès
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Louis Delgrès (2 August 1766 – 28 May 1802) was a leader of the movement in Guadeloupe resisting reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of slavery by Napoleonic France in 1802.
Biography
Delgrès was mulatto, born free in Saint-Pierre, Martinique. A military officer for Revolutionary France experienced in the wars with Great Britain, Delgrès took over the resistance movement from Magloire Pélage after it became evident that Pélage was loyal to Napoleon. Delgrès believed that the "tyrant" Napoleon had betrayed both the ideals of the Republic and the interests of France's colored citizens, and intended to fight to the death. The Jacobin government had granted the slaves their freedom, in Guadeloupe and other French colonies, but Napoleon attempted to reinstate slavery throughout the French Empire in 1802.
The French army, led by Richepanse, drove Delgrès into Fort Saint Charles, which was held by formerly enslaved Guadeloupians. After realizing that he could not prevail and refusing to surrender, Delgrès left roughly 1000 men and some women.
At the Battle of Matouba on 28 May 1802, Delgrès and his followers ignited their gunpowder stores, committing suicide in the process, in an attempt to kill as many of the French troops as possible.
Legacy and honours
In April 1998, Delgrès was officially admitted to the French Panthéon, although the actual location of his remains is unknown. Delgrès' memorial is opposite that of Toussaint Louverture, leader of the Haitian Revolution, the location of whose remains is also a mystery.
Located near the Fort Delgrès, in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, a memorial bust of Delgrès was erected during the bicentennial of the rebellion, in 2002.
The contemporary French Caribbean blues trio Delgres is named after Delgrès.
See also
La Mulâtresse Solitude
History of Guadeloupe
Colonialism
Siege of Masada (a similar mass suicide)
References
External links
Louis Delgrès Le souffle de la liberté
1766 births
1802 deaths
People from Saint-Pierre, Martinique
19th-century French politicians
French abolitionists
19th century in Guadeloupe
History of Guadeloupe
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4012691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20red%20flying%20fox
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Little red flying fox
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The little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus) is a megachiropteran bat native to northern and eastern Australia. The species weighs about half a kilogram, one US pound, and is the smallest species of Pteropus in mainland Australia. P. scapulatus occurs at the coast and further inland, camping and flying to the tropical to temperate regions that provide them with an annual source of nectar. They exhibit an unusual method of obtaining drinking water during dry periods, skimming a stream's surface to gather it onto their fur while they are in flight.
Taxonomy
The first description was published by Wilhelm Peters in 1862, as a 'new species of flederhund from New Holland'. The type specimen was collected at Cape York peninsula. The population gives its name to the scapulatus species group', as recognised by authors in the late twentieth century.
Pteropus scapulatus is well known and referred to by many names, these include the 'collared' flying-fox or fruit-bat, the reddish fruit-bat and little reds.
Description
A flying mammal of the pteropodid family, frugivorous bats with simple dog-like heads, often found roosting closely together in large numbers. The characteristic absence of a tail distinguishes these 'flying-foxes' from other bats in Australia. The wing is extended with a forearm measuring 120 to 150 millimetres in length, the head and body combined is 125 to 200 mm. The length from the tip to base of the ear is 29 to 40 mm, and these are quite prominent for an Australian 'flying-fox'. A measured weight range of 300 to 600 grams, gives the species an average mass of 450 grams.
The colour of the pelage is reddish brown, the short fur appearing over most of the body and more sparsely at the lower part of the leg. The fur at the head is a dark to light shade of grey. Creamy-white hair may appear at the shoulders, or a pale yellowish patch found between these. The patagium of the wing is a pale brown colour, and somewhat translucent while the bat is in flight.
Pteropus scapulatus emits an abrupt 'yap' sound, accompanied by a variety of screeches, squeals and twittering noises, voiced at a high-pitch. They resemble other species found in Australia, the bare legs, reddish fur colour, and the paler near-transparent wings distinguish it from the grey-headed species Pteropus poliocephalus, and the larger and black fruit-bat Pteropus alecto. Their appearance closely resembles Pteropus macrotis, which occurs at and north of Boigu Island.
Behaviour
The largest range of all the species, extending further inland than the others of the family, Pteropus scapulatus will also decamp and roam widely to increase their food availability. The primary source of food for this species is obtained from Eucalyptus and Corymbia blossoms.
Their diet consists of nectar and pollen of these eucalypts and is responsible for the much of their pollination, the irregular flowering periods induce the camps to forage in new areas.
The nectar of Melaleuca species is also favoured, and they are attracted to other native and cultivated fruiting trees. P. scapulatus camps may become large groups of tens of thousands, with records of some colonies of over one hundred thousand individuals. This species gives birth 6 months later than the other mainland flying fox species, in April and May, this may be to avoid exposing a newborn to the high temperatures of the northern austral summer.
The populous and conspicuous camps of P. scapulatus attract a number of larger predators. including both terrestrial and aerial hunters.
The sea eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster will capture these bats in flight as they leave their roosts.
The snake species Morelia spilota is frequently found as a resident at these camps, lazily selecting an individual from the apparently unconcerned group at a branch. The bat is seized in the jaws and encircled by the python's body, then swallowed head first to be digested over the next week.
The arid climate in parts of the range will prompt the species to seek water in the late afternoon, and this provides an opportunity for freshwater crocodile species Crocodylus johnstoni found across the Top End and northern parts of the continent.
A National Geographic Channel special program (World's Weirdest: Flying Foxes) documents that the little red flying fox will skim the surface of rivers, then lap the water from their fur; this can put them in within reach of the crocodiles snapping in the air.
The 'freshies', as these crocodilians are locally known, will also place themselves beneath the overhanging roosts of this species, and employ a strategy of thrashing at the shoreline to induce panic and aerial collisions.
The species are quick and adept swimmers, presumably due to the advantages in surviving and escaping immersion in water.
Larger camps are formed during the breeding period, around October to November, and reduce in size as the birthing period approaches, during March to April. Females start to form separate maternity colonies as gestation advances, and they may join other Pteropus species at their roosts, the births occur in April to May after the dispersal of the larger camp. When the camp regroups later in the year the juveniles gather at their own roosts, joining the breeding camp at the next season when they have become sexually mature.
The habitat of roost sites is often composed of wet understorey which provides a temperate microclimate. The 'little reds' will seek to roost closely with others, their combined weight may break branches as they join the camp at a tree. The species is susceptible to heat stroke, and many individuals die when suitable roost sites are unavailable. The disturbance to camps by human intervention during hot weather may cause the deaths of thousands of these bats.
Distribution and habitat
Pteropus scapulatus has a wide distribution range across the north and east of Australia, occupying coastal and sub-coastal regions. The western extent is restricted to coastal areas of northwest Australia, as far south as Shark Bay, and through the tropical and subtropical areas of the north and east to New South Wales and Victoria. The species is only occasionally found extending their range to the southeast of South Australia. The appearance of P. scapulatus in New Zealand is regarded as accidental.
The range of the Australian pteropodid bats is bounded by areas of lower rainfall and more temperate climate, this species and the other flying-foxes are absent from the south and west of the continent.
The camps of P. scapulatus are found close to streams, they leave these at night to forage in woodland and forests in temperate to tropical regions.
A well known colony exists at the Mataranka Hot Springs, an attraction that has also been discouraged from inhabiting the site for the odour of their camps.
Colonies of P. scapulatus are recognised as important contributors to woodland ecology, acting as a major pollinator of trees that provide nectar at night.
The eucalypts and other trees of riparian zones in the Murray Darling Basin will also be visited in productive seasons.
During the austral summer, colonies join the diverse species of bats around the Brisbane cityscape to feed on the blossoms of the pink bloodwood Corymbia intermedia.
Along the Brisbane River they share many roost sites with the grey-headed fruit-bat, P. poliocephalus, most notable of these is the Indooroopilly Island, known to be an old bat campsite, whose occupants are seen flying around the area after dusk. They also occupy a well established colony at Ipswich, Queensland, close to that state's capital.
Public perception
This species of flying fox hangs in a different way from other mainland species. The larger species tend to hang an arm's length apart, but the little reds tend to clump together so they may hang in groups of 20 or more animals on an individual branch. So, these animals are associated with significant canopy and branch damage in camps where they reside. They also tend to appear in very large numbers (20,000 or more) and the footprint of a camp can expand rapidly for the several weeks or months they remain at a site. Their large numbers and the damage they cause to a camp site mean they are not very popular animals.
The opportunity presented by cultivated fruit trees to wandering little reds may encourage them to return in large numbers if the regular foods are not available, resulting in damage to fruit and trees; for this reason they have been perceived as a pest species by orchardists.
Negative public perception of the species has intensified with the discovery of three recently emerged zoonotic viruses that are potentially fatal to humans: Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), and Menangle virus. There are few records of human fatality resulting from interaction with bats, limited to the rare and deadly incidence of ABLV, and their parasites find human hosts unsuitable.
Conservation
The animals are nomadic and difficult to track, as they tend not to live in urban areas. No accurate method in use currently can estimate the population to determine if it is stable or in decline. The species is very likely to be affected by the same factors that have seen the grey-headed flying fox and spectacled flying fox listed as threatened, that is, the destruction of foraging areas and roosting habitat.
A new bridge built near Noosa Heads was skirted over by the species leaving a nearby roost, resulting in fatal collisions with motor vehicles travelling across it; a sign warning motorists at the Monks Bridge displays an image of the bat and has subsequently reduced the number of incidents.
References
Further reading
Speare, Rick, et al. (1997). "Australian bat lyssavirus infection in three fruit bats from north Queensland." Comm Dis Intell 1997; 21:117–120. Downloadable pdf at:
External links
ARKive – images and movies of the little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus)
Wellington Zoo, Little Red Flying-Fox
Bats of Australia
Mammals of Western Australia
Mammals of South Australia
Mammals of the Northern Territory
Mammals of Queensland
Mammals of New South Wales
Mammals of Victoria (Australia)
Pteropus
Mammals described in 1862
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters
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