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4011149
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Westfall
|
Ed Westfall
|
Edwin Vernon Westfall (born September 19, 1940) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins and the New York Islanders from 1961 until 1978–79. Notable as a defensive specialist often tasked with defending against the star scorers of opposing teams, Westfall played most of his career as a right wing, although he played stints on defence in his earlier years and at centre in his later years. After his playing career ended, he became a color commentator on Islanders' broadcasts until 1998 when he retired from that position.
Playing career
He played his junior hockey with the Barrie Flyers and Niagara Falls Flyers, and started his professional career with the Kingston Frontenacs. By 1961 he joined the Bruins, although he had stints the next two years with the Frontenacs and the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League (AHL). By 1966, he was firmly ensconced on Boston's checking line.
Westfall won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 1970 and 1972. He was on the ice on Bobby Orr's famous Stanley Cup-winning goal in 1970 and also scored the second of the three fastest goals in National Hockey League (NHL) history, when the Bruins scored three goals in 20 seconds in a 1971 game with the Vancouver Canucks. During those seasons he made his reputation as a preeminent penalty killer (generally paired with centre Derek Sanderson or winger Don Marcotte), enough so that he was named to play in the All-Star Game in 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1975. Westfall scored 18 shorthanded goals for Boston during the regular season and added six more in Stanley Cup play for the Bruins. The latter mark--which he shares with Sanderson--is still the club record.
Westfall was chosen by the New York Islanders in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft. He was subsequently made the first captain of the team, a position he held until the 1976–77 season. Westfall scored the first goal in franchise history in their first game against the Atlanta Flames on October 7, 1972. Westfall was the first player to represent the Islanders in the NHL All-Star Game. His best season statistically was 1974–75, when Westfall led the Islanders into their first playoffs and all the way into the Stanley Cup semifinals, exploding in the playoffs with five goals and ten assists to cap a 22-goal, 55-point regular season.
He remained an effective scorer through the 1976–77 season, in which he was awarded the Bill Masterton Trophy for perseverance and dedication, after which he relinquished the team captaincy to Clark Gillies. His scoring declined sharply in his final two seasons, during which he spent his time on checking lines and penalty killing.
Retirement
Westfall retired having played 1226 career NHL games, scoring 231 goals and 394 assists for 625 points.
After the end of his playing days, Westfall became the Islanders' color commentator for what was then known as SportsChannel New York. He was often dubbed "18" by his confidant and broadcasting partner Jiggs McDonald because during his playing career he wore that number. He was also known by that nickname by his former Islander teammates. Westfall continued in that position until he retired in 1998. Former NHL player Joe Micheletti took his spot in the broadcast booth. He made occasional appearances on Islanders' broadcasts for several seasons after that.
Westfall was part of CTV's broadcast team for the 1984 Canada Cup tournament. He provided reports and did interviews from ice level.
On November 19, 2011, Westfall was inducted into the New York Islanders Hall of Fame. The Islanders held "Ed Westfall Night" in his honor. He and his former partner in the booth "Jiggs" McDonald called the second period in the game that night between two of his former teams, the New York Islanders and the Boston Bruins.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
Barrie Flyers players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs (EPHL) players
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Islanders announcers
New York Islanders players
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Belleville, Ontario
|
4011151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny%20Lax
|
Sunny Lax
|
Sunny Lax, born Levente Márton (; born August 6, 1986), is a Hungarian trance music and progressive house producer.
History
Sunny Lax debuted on the music scene with the 12" P.U.M.A. / Cassiopeia EP as his debut release on Anjunabeats in February 2006, which was widely played by highly esteemed DJs such as Paul van Dyk and Armin van Buuren.
Music and programming had been a major part of Levente's early life, and at the age of 13 he started producing music of his own without any prior music theory knowledge. After buying a few programming books from his pocketbook, he learnt about music software, notably the "Modeplug Tracker", and started to program his own music. He began to compete in various remix competitions in his native Hungary, performing well and boosting his self-esteem. This encouraged Levente to send one of his productions, P.U.M.A., to several music labels, where Anjunabeats agreed to sign it.
Sunny Lax's third single, "M.I.R.A.", was released on Anjunabeats on October 9, 2006. This was followed up with by "Blue Bird" on May 21, 2007.
In 2013, Sunny Lax launched his own record label "Sounds of Elysium" as a sublabel of Blue Soho Recordings, which would mainly feature progressive trance tracks. He released his single "Marvel" as the first track on the label.
Discography
Releases
2006
"P.U.M.A. / Cassiopeia" [Anjunabeats]
"M.I.R.A." [Anjunabeats]
2007
"Blue Bird" [Anjunabeats]
2008
"Miquë" [Perceptive Recordings]
Elda EP (as Acacia) [Mondo Records]
2009
"Reborn" [Anjunabeats]
"Thestral" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"The Last One" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"Jig" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"Suntear" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Deep Blue Records]
"Sair et Lec" (as Acacia) [Deep Blue Records]
"Heliotrope" [Dowalve Records]
"Elysium" [Dowalve Records]
"Release" [Red Force Recordings]
"Aurora" [AVA Recordings]
"Misgrey" [Anjunabeats]
2010
"Out of this World" (with Solex) [Anjunabeats]
"Vanesse" [Anjunabeats]
2011
"Big Fat Kiss" (as Levente Marton) [Anjunadeep]
"Always" [Monster Tunes]
"Viva La Revolución" [Black Hole/Songbird]
"Contrast" [Anjunabeats]
"Viva La Revolución / Something is Broken EP" [Songbird]
2012
"There’s Always A Way Out" (as Levente Marton) [Anjunadeep]
Spring / Hattori Hanzo EP [Enhanced/Always Alive]
"Isla Margarita / Naida" [Anjunabeats]
"Miele" [Black Hole/Songbird]
"Maono" [Songbird]
2013
Late EP [Infrasonic]
Marvel EP [Sounds of Elysium]
2014
Illogical EP [Sounds of Elysium]
"Karma" [Anjunabeats]
"Luna" [Black Hole Recordings]
"Bingo / Pyramides" [Infrasonic Recordings]
"Daenerys" [Anjunabeats]
2015
"Sonata" (with Super8 & Tab) [Anjunabeats]
"Melba" [Anjunabeats]
"See You On The Other Side" [ZeroThree]
"Enceladus" [Anjunabeats]
2016
"Black Water / Seven" (with Genix) [Anjunabeats]
"Aeons" [Anjunabeats]
"Everything's A Lie" (with Aneym) [Anjunabeats]
2017
Pequod / 86 EP" [Anjunabeats]
"Arrival" (with Genix) [Anjunabeats]
Bad Bye EP [Anjunabeats]
2018
"So Long / Obsydian" [Anjunabeats]
"Adapt Or Die / Orange Is The New Grey" [Anjunabeats]
"Counter Clockwise" with Aneym [Anjunabeats]
"Underneath My Skin" (with First State featuring Paul Aiden) [Armada Music]
2019
"Sheeverz / Alliance" [Anjunabeats]
"Moonlight / Hallucination" [Anjunabeats]
2020
"Solar Plexus / Torus" [Anjunabeats]
2021
"Delirium / Soul Seeker" [Anjunabeats]
"Praimfaya / You Can't Control Me" [Anjunabeats]
Remixes
2004
Náksi and Brunner - Budapest Száll! (Sunny Lax and Perfect Vibes Trance RMX) [Record Expressz]
2005
Dred - Csak a Hold (Trendi Trance Mix) [Dred Music]
2006
Daniel Kandi - Breathe (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Cellec & Ersa - Fridays (Sunny Lax Remix) [RealMusic Recordings]
Perfect Pitch - Innocent (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
2007
Alan M - Eleni (Sunny Lax Remix) [RealMusic Recordings]
DT8 Project - Falling (Sunny Lax Remix) [Mondo Recordings]
Angelic - Stay With Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [Mondo Recordings]
2008
Soliquid - Music Is For Rich People (Sunny Lax Remix) [Captured Music]
Jox - Killing Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [CDR]
Ehren Stowers - Hidden Depths (Sunny Lax Remix) [DJSA Records]
Myon - Albion (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Stefan Cambridge - All I Wanted (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive Recordings]
2009
Daniel Wanrooy and T.O.M. - Colorado (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Jason van Wyk - Far From Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redux Recordings]
Avenger - Pegasus (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Reii - Shocks (Sunny Lax Remix) [Lost Language]
Emotional Horizons featuring Stine Grove - Beautiful (Sunny Lax Remix) [Alter Ego]
Nitrous Oxide - Aurora (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Redstar - Long Way Home (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Sunny Lax and Nawarro presents Arcadem - Suntear (Sunny Lax Remix) [Deep Blue Records]
Poshout - Golden Sands (Sunny Lax Remix) [Timeline]
Anhken and Adrian - Intuition (Sunny Lax Remix) [Fraction Records]
Lange presents Firewall - Wanderlust (Sunny Lax Chunky and Uplifting Remixes) [Anjunabeats]
2010
Hodel and JP Bates - Mirrors (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive Recordings]
Sequentia - Mojito (Sunny Lax Remix) [Fraction Records]
Elias B - After All (Sunny Lax Remix) [Blue Soho]
Blue Tente featuring Stine Grove - Emptiness (Sunny Lax Remix) [Affective Recordings]
Majai - Emotion Flash (Sunny Lax Remix) [Hardwired]
Driving Force - Through The Years (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Vol Deeman - Colours (Sunny Lax Remix) [Harmonic Breeze Recordings]
Astuni - Dedicated (Sunny Lax Remix) [Unearthed]
Adam Nickey - Altara (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Dave Emanuel - Inner Peace (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive]
Sunset - The Blue Sky (Sunny Lax Remix) [Infrasonic Recordings]
Juventa - Sundesire (Sunny Lax Remix) [Harmonic Breeze]
2011
Nitrous Oxide - North Pole (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Tobi Atkins - Wind & Sea (Sunny Lax Remix) [Unearthed Records]
Above & Beyond featuring Richard Bedford - Thing Called Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Lior Levy - Way Down 2011 (Sunny Lax Remix) [Digital Insomnia Recordings]
Garrido & Skehan - Changing Places (Sunny Lax Remix) [Hardwired]
Super8 & Tab - Free Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2012
Christian Drost - Strangers We Are (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Nitrous Oxide - Tiburon (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2013
Guy Alexander - Ascent (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Nordan & Tetarise - Defying Gravity (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
David Farquharson - Keira (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Accendo - Ledra (Sunny Lax Remix) [Infrasonic]
CJ Daft - Resurrected (Sunny Lax Remix) [Above All]
2014
Synthea - Long Day (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
JES - High Glow (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole]
Existence - Kilimanjaro (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Jason Ross - Elements (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2015
Zaa and 3PM featuring Nay Jay - Magic (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Jack Vath and Breame - Arancini (Sunny Lax Remix) [Monster Tunes]
Rui Da Silva featuring Wesley Steed - Sunrise (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perfecto]
Aimoon featuring AxelPolo - I Think It's Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Tetarise - Angel Flare (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Miss Monique - No Fear (Sunny Lax Remix) [Freegrant Music]
2016
Thomas Hayes featuring Kyler England - Golden (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced]
Boom Jinx featuring Aruna - Light As A Feather (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Kyau vs. Albert - Made Of Sun (Sunny Lax Remix) [Euphonic]
LTN - Autumn Leaves (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Progressive]
Romix - Roulette (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
John Manz - Moments (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Ryan Farish - Stories In Motion (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole]
Solarstone - Release (Sunny Lax Remix) [Armada]
2017
Paul Oakenfold and Jordan Suckley - Amnesia (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perfecto]
Cosmic Gate and JES - Fall Into You (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Maglev and Adrian Alexander - Propagate (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
2018
Chris Giuliano - Anaerobic (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
Max Meyer and Sendr - Parallax (Sunny Lax Remix) [Freegrant]
Jan Johnston - Calling Your Name (Sunny Lax Remix) [Solar Storm]
First State and Kyler England - Everywhere (Sunny Lax Remix) [Magik Muzik]
Seven Lions featuring Fiora - Dreamin' (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
Ilan Bluestone and Sunny Lax - 43+86=129 (Sunny Lax 303 Mix) [Anjunabeats]
2019
Mitiska and Profetik featuring Julie Thompson - Blue (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ride Recordings]
2020
Jason Ross and Fiora - When The Night Falls (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
Adrian Alexander & Paul Arcane - In My Soul (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
Farius - Way Back When (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Progressive]
Bryn Liedl - Rites (Sunny Lax Remix) [Euphonic]
2021
Cold Blue - Painting Skies (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Tritonal - Slave (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Music]
Haliene - Glass Heart (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Mitis featuring Zack Gray - Hurt (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
References
External links
Official website
1986 births
Living people
People from Dunaharaszti
Trance musicians
Anjunabeats artists
Armada Music artists
|
4011159
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Mountain%20%28album%29
|
Black Mountain (album)
|
Black Mountain is the debut album by Black Mountain released by Jagjaguwar in 2005. In 2015 an expanded 16 track version was re-released.
Track listing
All songs written by Stephen McBean.
"Modern Music" – 2:44
"Don't Run Our Hearts Around" – 6:03
"Druganaut" – 3:47
"No Satisfaction" – 3:47
"Set Us Free" – 6:45
"No Hits" – 6:45
"Heart of Snow" – 7:59
"Faulty Times" – 8:34
"Bonus Track; Jonny Svenson Lives" - 10:21
Critical Reception
Pitchfork provided a mostly positive review, stating Black Mountain provided "perfect amount of tarnish to make the songs feel lived-in without burying them in fry grease."
References
See also
Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005 (#90)
2005 debut albums
Black Mountain (band) albums
Jagjaguwar albums
|
4011162
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201956%20Winter%20Olympics
|
Canada at the 1956 Winter Olympics
|
Canada competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
Canada was represented by the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, which would later represent Canada at the 1960 Winter Olympics (silver medal). The Dutchmen are the only self-contained club team to represent Canada at two different Olympics.
Group A
Top two teams advanced to Medal Round.
Canada 4-0 Germany (UTG)
Canada 23-0 Austria
Italy 1-3 Canada
Games for 1st-6th places
Canada 6-3 Czechoslovakia
USA 4-1 Canada
Canada 10-0 Germany (UTG)
Canada 6-2 Sweden
USSR 2-0 Canada
Leading scorers
Nordic combined
Events:
normal hill ski jumping (Three jumps, best two counted and shown here.)
15 km cross-country skiing
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1956, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1956 Winter Olympics
1956
Winter Olympics
|
4011165
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20continuity
|
Information continuity
|
In the healthcare industry, information continuity is the process by which information relevant to a patient's care is made available to both the patient and the provider at the right place and the right time, to facilitate ongoing health care management and continuity of care.
This is an extension of the concept of "Continuity of Care," which is defined by the American Academy of Family Physicians in their Continuity of Care definition as "the process by which the patient and the physician are cooperatively involved in ongoing health care management toward the goal of high quality, cost-effective medical care."
There is a non-Information Technology reference to "Informational continuity" — the use of information on past events and personal circumstances to make current care appropriate for each individual. This exists with "Management continuity" and "Relational continuity."
Information continuity in the information technology sense may exist alongside physical care continuity, such as when a medical chart arrives with a patient to the hospital. Information continuity may also be separate, such as when a patient's electronic records are sent to a treating physician before the patient arrives at a care site.
Creating information continuity in health care typically involves the use of health information technology to link systems using standards. Information continuity will become more and more important as patients in health care systems expect that their treating physicians have all of their medical information across the health care spectrum.
This use of this term in health information technology initiated at Seattle, Washington, at the Group Health Cooperative non-profit care system to describe activities including data sharing, allergy and medication reconciliation, and interfacing of data between health care institutions.
See also
Health care continuity
References
Health informatics
|
4011179
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Batuta%20hoax
|
Henryk Batuta hoax
|
The Henryk Batuta hoax was a hoax perpetrated on the Polish Wikipedia from November 2004 to February 2006, the main element of which was a biographical article about a nonexistent socialist revolutionary, Henryk Batuta.
History
The perpetrators of the hoax created an article about Henryk Batuta (born Izaak Apfelbaum), a fictional socialist revolutionary and Polish Communist. The fake biography said Batuta was born in Odessa in 1898 and participated in the Russian Civil War. The article was created on November 8, 2004 and was exposed as a hoax 15 months later, when it was deleted on February 5, 2006.
The article was ten sentences long while it existed on Polish Wikipedia. It gained some prominence after stories about it appeared in prominent Polish newspapers (e.g. Gazeta Wyborcza) and magazines (e.g. Przekrój), as well as a British one (The Observer).
The article also falsely claimed a street in Warsaw was named "Henryk Batuta Street", after the fictional communist official. The anonymous hoaxers who created the article, according to the press calling themselves "The Batuta Army" (), allegedly wanted to draw attention to the fact that there are still places in Poland named after former communist officials who "do not deserve the honour".
The hoax was exposed when the article was listed for deletion. Even after the article was exposed as a well-organized hoax, its perpetrators tried to convince others of its authenticity by providing false bibliographical information and even by uploading a doctored photograph of a street name "ulica Henryka Batuty" (Henryk Batuta Street). The mystification was "officially" exposed and confirmed on 9 February 2006, when the Polish daily Gazeta Wyborcza and weekly Przekrój published their articles about the hoax.
There is an "ulica Batuty" (Batuta Street) in Warsaw; however, the name comes from the Polish word "batuta", which means "conductor's baton". In this area of the Służew district, there are many street names relating to music and this is one of them. Streets named after a person in Warsaw always carry the name, not only the family name, on the plate. On the street plate for Batuta, there is no name. This should have been a signal to any careful and knowledgeable eye, seeing the picture in the fake "Henryk Batuta" entry.
Content of the hoax article
An English translation of the hoax article as it appeared on the Polish Wikipedia on 1 February 2006, when it was finally exposed as a hoax.
References
Polish
:pl:Wikipedia:SDU/Henryk Batuta
2004 hoaxes
2004 in Poland
History of Wikipedia
Internet hoaxes
Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
Wikipedia controversies
Fictional Polish people
Fictional Polish military personnel
|
4011181
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlan%20Scully
|
Marlan Scully
|
Marlan Orvil Scully (born August 3, 1939) is an American physicist best known for his work in theoretical quantum optics. He is a professor at Texas A&M University and Princeton University. Additionally, in 2012 he developed a lab at the Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative in Waco, Texas.
He has authored over 700 scientific articles, as well as standard textbooks such as Laser Physics (with W. Lamb and M. Sargent) and “Quantum Optics” (with M. S. Zubairy).
Education
Scully was born in Casper, Wyoming, where he attended public schools including Casper College, and finished his undergraduate studies at the University of Wyoming and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He received his PhD under the guidance of Willis Lamb at Yale University in 1965.
Career
After completing his graduate work at Yale University, Scully became an instructor at Yale and then proceeded to become an assistant professor at MIT, where he received early promotion to associate professor and moved to the University of Arizona to become professor before age 30. While there, he worked with Willis Lamb, Peter Franken, and others to build the Optical Sciences Center there. In 1980, he took a joint position between the Max Planck Institute für Quantenoptik and the University of New Mexico as distinguished professor. In 1992, he moved to Texas A&M, where he is now Burgess Distinguished Professor of Physics, holds the TEES Distinguished Research chair, and is director of the Center for Theoretical Physics and the Institute for Quantum Studies. In 2003, he was appointed visiting professor at Princeton University. In 2005, he accepted a joint professional appointment between Texas A&M and Princeton Universities.
The Scully-Lamb quantum theory of the laser was the first theoretical treatment which yielded the laser photon statistics, the laser linewidth, and all higher order photon correlations. It was later extended to explain behavior of the single photon maser. Most recently, Scully and coworkers have shown that the laser master equation analysis also provides a good quantitative description of fluctuations in the Bose–Einstein condensate.
The foundation of quantum mechanics is another area which Scully has made pioneering contributions. Aharonov and Zubairy in their 2005 Science article on "Time and the Quantum" describe one facet of his work as follows:
"The quantum eraser effect of Scully and Drühl dramatically underscores the difference between our classical conceptions of time and how quantum processes can unfold in time. Such eyebrow-raising features of time in quantum mechanics have been.. . described ‘as one of the most intriguing effects in quantum mechanics’.. . The quantum eraser concept has been studied and extended in many different experiments and scenarios, for example, the entanglement quantum eraser, the kaon quantum eraser, and the use of quantum eraser entanglement to improve microscopic resolution."
A rather unorthodox feature of his career is his strong combination of theoretical and experimental science. For example, Scully and colleagues were the first to make lasers oscillate without population inversion and have extended the coherent Raman spectroscopy techniques to detect anthrax type endospores. In addition, Scully is long time cattle rancher known for his research in the United States and abroad, e.g., Mongolia, into beef cattle production. This unlikely combination of activities and interests has resulted in his being dubbed the "quantum cowboy." In addition to his seven US Patents in laser physics, he holds a US Patent (5,198,222) titled "Time Release Bolus," which is a device for slowly delivering medicine or nutrients into the stomach of a cow.
Recognition
Scully is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academia Europaea, and the Max Planck Society. He has also received numerous awards including the Adolph E. Lomb Medal of the OSA in 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1990, the Charles Hard Townes Award of the OSA in 1998, the Quantum Electronics Award of IEEE in 2003, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Alexander von Humboldt Distinguished Faculty Prize, the APS Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in 2005, and has been appointed to a Harvard Loeb Lectureship. In 2011, Scully was honored with the Herbert Walther Award and in 2012 with the Frederic Ives Medal of the OSA. In December 2016, he has been elected as a Foreign Member Of Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2021, he was elected as a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences with a Chinese name 司嘉理 ().
Life
His wife Judith Bailey Scully and he have three sons: James, an American Airline captain; Robert, a writer and Caterpillar diesel mechanic; and Steven, an electrical engineer with Dallas Semiconductor. Rob (with an introduction by his father) wrote a book entitled “The Demon and the Quantum: From the Pythagorean Mystics to Maxwell's Demon and Quantum Mystery” which was published by Wiley-VCH in October 2007. The book is directed toward the layperson as well as the professional physicist and examines the connection between Maxwell's Demon and the role of the observer and quantum eraser.Marlan is a Christian.
Bibliography
Articles
Notes
External links
Faculty page at Princeton University.
Group photograph (This photograph taken at Lasers '92 includes, right to left, Marlan Scully, Willis E. Lamb, John L. Hall, and F. J. Duarte)
1939 births
Living people
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
University of Wyoming alumni
Yale University alumni
21st-century American physicists
Experimental physicists
Optical physicists
Harvard University staff
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Princeton University faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
Theoretical physicists
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
|
4011183
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rika%20Morinaga
|
Rika Morinaga
|
is a Japanese voice actress and singer represented by Mausu Promotion. She is best known for her role as Souseiseki in Rozen Maiden, Makoto "Mako-chan" in Minami-ke, and Rita Mordio in Tales of Vesperia. Morinaga is also the lead singer of the goth rock band function code();.
Filmography
Anime
2003
Saint Beast ~Seijuu Kourin Hen~ - Pinky
Wandaba Style - Sakura Haruno
2004
Rozen Maiden - Souseiseki
2005
Kamichu! - Matsuri Saegusa
Keroro Gunsou - Moguko
Transformers: Galaxy Force - Lori
Blood+ - Nahabi
Rozen Maiden ~Träumend~ - Souseiseki
2006
Inukami! - Tayune
Kiba - Mirette
Jigoku Shoujo Futakomori - Yumie Hanamura (Episode 3)
Simoun - Mamina
Chocotto Sister - Makoto Ashirai
Night Head Genesis - Naji
Crash B-Daman - Aoi Saionji
Black Lagoon - Kageyama （Second daughter）
The Wallflower - Female Student
Rozen Maiden Ouvertüre - Souseiseki
2007
Princess Resurrection - Francisca
Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight! - Former Student Council President
Kaze no Stigma - Ren Kannagi
Claymore - Claudia, Diana
Skull Man - Child
My Bride Is a Mermaid - Mawari Zenigata
Tōka Gettan Kōhi, Nero
Minami-ke - Makoto "Mako-chan"
Moetan - Ruriko
Romeo x Juliet - Elder Sister, Girl
Inukami! The Movie: Tokumei Reiteki Sōsakan Karina Shirō! - Tayune
Hiyoko no Samurai: Hiyo Zaemon - Zaemon Hiyo
2008
Kyōran Kazoku Nikki - Grim Reaper III
Clannad After Story - Child
Minami-ke: Okawari - Makoto "Mako-chan"
2009
Saki - Ikeda Kana
Tales of Vesperia: The First Strike - Rita Mordio
Minami-ke: Okaeri - Makoto "Mako-chan"
2010
Strike Witches 2 - Fernandia Malvezzi
2011
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Brown Algae
2012
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere 2 - Brown Algae
Saki Achiga-hen episode of Side-A - Ikeda Kana
2013
Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen - Souseiseki
Video games
Ar tonelico II Sekai ni Hibiku Shōjo-tachi no Metafalica - Frelia
Otome no Jijou - Mami Tachibana
Gadget Trial - Yu-ri
Summon Night: Twin Age - Ugunia
Simoun: Rose War ~Ri Mājon of Sealing~ - Mamiina
D→A：White - Kuu
Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 3 - Rita Mordio
Tales of Vesperia - Rita Mordio
Tales of VS - Rita Mordio
Torikago no Mukougawa - Doruche
Fragments Blue - Natsuon Igarashi
Blue Flow - Rachael Jealous, Tamao Igarashi, Margaret Sherman
Blue Blaster - Iris Lafayette
Marriage Royale ~Prism Story~ - Sanjoh Asahi
Monochrome - Hinamizu
Lucky Star: Ryōō Gakuen Ōtōsai - Kou Yasaka
Remember 11: The Age of Infinity - Cocoro Fuyukawa
Onihimeden ~Ayakashi Hanashi~ - Tsukiyo Amamiya
Discography
CD
Gesshoku Kageki Dan: Neverland Navigation Record
Character CD
My Bride Is a Mermaid Character Single 3 『GAP』 - Mawari Zenigata
Minami-ke Biyori - Makoto
Drama CD
Supa Supa - Chihaya Yuuki
Ekoto Isshou - Taeko Ebisawa
Kaze no Stigma - Ren Kannagi
Kamiyomi - Emperor Antoku
Zero In - Sakura Sonobe
Rozen Maiden Original Drama ~Tantei - Detektiv~ - Souseiseki
Rozen Maiden Träumend Character Drama Vol.4 - Souseiseki
Radio CD
Suigintou no Koyoi mo Ennu~i Vol.2 - Souseiseki
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Tokyo
Japanese voice actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Singers from Tokyo
21st-century Japanese women singers
Mausu Promotion voice actors
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4011188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20End%20of%20Silence
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The End of Silence
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The End of Silence is the fifth release and the third full-length album by the Rollins Band, led by former Black Flag singer Henry Rollins. The album's cover features a stylized drawing of the sun identical to the one tattooed on Rollins' back. The album's liner notes credit the artwork to California tattoo artist Rick Spellman.
In Metal Hammer's list of the top 10 albums of 1992, they describe the album as "taut, ferocious, withering" and that it is "the record that took Rollins from hardcore punk renaissance man to bona fide alt-rock icon."
Track listing
All songs written by Henry Rollins, Chris Haskett, Andrew Weiss and Sim Cain.
"Low Self Opinion" – 5:18
"Grip" – 4:50
"Tearing" – 4:58
"You Didn't Need" – 5:30
"Almost Real" – 8:03
"Obscene" – 8:50
"What Do You Do" – 7:22
"Blues Jam" – 11:46
"Another Life" – 4:39
"Just Like You" – 10:57
The album was recorded in Dover, New Jersey.
Accolades
Personnel
Rollins Band
Sim Cain – drums
Chris Haskett – guitar
Henry Rollins – vocals
Andrew Weiss – bass guitar
Theo Van Rock – engineering
Additional musicians and production
Theo Van Rock – engineering
Andy Wallace – production, engineering, mixing
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
Rollins Band albums
Albums produced by Andy Wallace (producer)
1992 albums
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4011202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrae%20%28film%29
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Tenebrae (film)
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Tenebrae (, also known as Tenebre and Unsane) is a 1982 Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento. The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal, who – while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel – becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by his novel. John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal's agent and assistant respectively, while Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders. John Steiner, Veronica Lario, and Mirella D'Angelo also feature in minor roles. The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration, and has strong metafictional elements; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work, most especially his depictions of murders of women.
After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977's Suspiria and 1980's Inferno, Tenebrae represented the filmmaker's return to the giallo horror subgenre, which he had helped popularize in the 1970s. Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticize him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work. The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento, who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae. The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had seen and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980, and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted "to kill for nothing".
Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios, Tenebrae utilized mostly modern-looking locations and sets, allowing Argento to realize his vision that the film reflects a near-future with a diminished population; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome. Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli, Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark, realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time; production designer Giuseppe Bassan created supporting environments that were cold and austere, with sharp angles and modernistic spaces. Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music, a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music.
Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes. However, in the United Kingdom, it was added to the infamous list of "video nasties" and banned from sale until 1999. The film's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane, which received a mostly negative critical reception. The original version later became widely available for reappraisal, and has come to be considered one of Argento's best films by many fans and critics.
Plot
Peter Neal, an American writer of violent horror novels, visits Italy to promote his latest work, Tenebrae. He is accompanied by his literary agent, Bullmer and his assistant, Anne. Neal is unaware that he has also been followed to Rome by his embittered ex-fiancée, Jane. Just before Neal arrived in Rome, Elsa, a young female shoplifter, was murdered with a razor by an unseen assailant. The murderer sends Neal a letter informing him that his books have inspired him to go on a killing spree. Neal is soon contacted by the police in the form of Detective Giermani and his partner, Inspector Altieri.
More killings take place. Tilde, a lesbian journalist, is murdered at her home along with her lover Marion. Maria, the young daughter of Neal's landlord, is later hacked to death with an axe after discovering the killer's lair. Neal notices that TV interviewer Cristiano Berti has an unusually intense interest in his work. That night, Neal and his Italian assistant Gianni go to watch Berti's house. Gianni approaches the house alone to get a better view and sees Berti get hacked to death with an axe. However, Gianni is unable to see the murderer's face, and returns to Neal, only to find the novelist has been knocked unconscious on the lawn.
Giermani discovers that Berti was obsessed with Neal's novels, and believes the killings will stop now that Berti is dead. However, Bullmer, who is having an affair with Jane, is stabbed to death while waiting for his lover in a public square. Gianni is haunted by the thought that he missed the importance of something he saw at Berti's house. He returns to the house and suddenly remembers that he had heard Berti confessing to his attacker: "I killed them all, I killed them all!" Before Gianni can share this detail with anyone, he is strangled to death from the back seat of his car.
Jane sits at her kitchen table with a pistol when a figure leaps through her window and hacks off one of her arms. The wound sprays blood over the kitchen walls before Jane falls to the floor. The killer continues to hack at her until she is dead, at which point Neal is revealed to be the murderer. Upon learning the details of Berti's sadistic murder spree, Neal recovered a previously repressed memory involving his murder of a girl who had sexually humiliated him when he was a youth in Rhode Island. The memory torments Neal and inflames his previously repressed lust for blood, driving him insane.
Inspector Altieri arrives at the house and Neal kills her. Giermani and Anne arrive soon afterwards; surrounded, Neal sees that he cannot escape and seemingly slits his throat in front of them. Finding the telephone out of order, Giermani and Anne go outside to report the incident from the car radio. Giermani returns to the house where he gets murdered by Neal, who had faked his own death. Neal waits inside for Anne to return, but when she opens the door, she accidentally knocks over a metal sculpture that impales and kills Neal. The horror-stricken Anne stands in the rain screaming repeatedly.
Analysis
Influences
According to the film historian and critic Bill Warren, Tenebrae is a typical example of the giallo film genre: "visually extremely stylish, with imaginative, sometimes stunning cinematography", it presents "mysterious, gruesome murders, often in picturesque locations; at the end, the identity of the murderer is disclosed in a scene destined to terrify and surprise." These narrative and visual strategies had been introduced years before Argento made his first thriller, 1970's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage—most critics point to Mario Bava's The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1963) as the original giallo.
By the time Argento made Tenebrae, he had become the acknowledged master of the genre, to the point where he felt confident enough to be openly self-referential to his own past, referencing the "reckless driving humor" from The Cat o' Nine Tails (1971) and the hero from The Bird with the Crystal Plumage. The scene in which Veronica Lario's character, Jane, returns home directly references The Bird with the Crystal Plumage with its large sculpture in the entrance hallway.
Warren and Alan Jones cite a scene where a character is killed in a public square as evoking the work of Alfred Hitchcock; Thomas Rostock agrees that the editing of the sequence is in a Hitchcockian vein, while the lighting is more influenced by Michelangelo Antonioni. The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh argues that Argento's influences for Tenebrae were far broader than just his own films or previous Italian thrillers. She refers to the strong narrative in the film as an example of "the most paranoid excesses of film noir." McDonagh suggests that Fritz Lang's Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) ("in which a man convicted of murder on false evidence ... is in fact guilty of the murder") and Roy William Neill's Black Angel (1946) ("in which a man who tries to clear a murder suspect does so at the cost of learning that he himself is the killer") both use such a similar plot twist to Tenebrae that Argento may have used them as partial models for his story.
Kim Newman and Alan Jones suggest that the mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle, Rex Stout, and Agatha Christie were all obvious influences on Tenebrae, and there are many references to these authors throughout the film. One example is the use of a quote from Sherlock Holmes in Conan Doyle's novel The Sign of Four (1890): "How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?" A variation of this quote is delivered many times in Tenebrae. Another reference is the dog attack: as something of a non sequitur, the scene is thought by Newman to be a likely nod to Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles (1901–1902). Neal is seen to be reading this novel in an early scene. The imagery in the beach flashback references the American mystery film Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), especially the scene of Eva Robin's wearing white while kneeling in the sand, which is a direct reference to Elizabeth Taylor in that film.
Themes
Critics have identified various major themes in Tenebrae. In interviews conducted during the film's production, the usually somewhat reticent Argento offered his candid views on the thematic content of the film. As biographer Maitland McDonagh noted in Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds: The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento, "Argento has never been more articulate and/or analytical than he was on the subject of Tenebrae." Film scholar William Hope considers the film to be devoid of classical narrative progression and states that the characters "lack a narrative function or purpose, existing only to be killed in a spectacular fashion, their death hardly moving the narrative on at all. Traditional cause and effect are seemingly forgotten or actively ignored". According to James Gracey, author of a book about Argento's work, with Tenebrae Argento "explores some of his most reoccurring themes and preoccupations, such as Freudian psychology, sexual deviancy, repressed trauma, voyeurism, audience spectatorship, and the fetishisation of violence and death." Water is often associated visually with Neal. In almost all his scenes his appearance is followed or accompanied by a shot of water. Later, this device is used repeatedly as a clue to the ultimate killer's identity – Neal himself.
Dark doubles
According to Argento expert Thomas Rostock, Tenebrae is filled with rhyming imagery that relates to the film's exploration of "the dual nature of [the] two active murderers" using doubles, inversions, reflections and "re-reflections". Every major character has at least one double, and the theme extends to objects, locations, actions, and events – major and minor. The doubling or mirroring of incidents and objects includes telephone booths, aircraft, homeless men, otherwise-meaningless public brawls in the background, car accidents, typewriters (literally side-by-side), keys, handkerchief, hands caught in doors and the characters themselves. Rostock cites several scenes where characters are set up in the frame with their doppelgängers – one such is the first meeting of Peter Neal and Anne with Detectives Giermani and Altieri. McDonagh notes that Argento emphasizes the doubling between Neal and Giermani: "Giermani ... is made to reflect Neal even as Neal appropriates his role as investigator ... the detective/writer and the writer/detective each belittles his other half, as though by being demeaned this inverted reflection could be made to go away." McDonagh also observes that, in what is arguably the film's most potent shock, Neal at one point really does make Giermani "go away", virtually replacing him on screen "in a shot that is as schematically logical as it is logically outrageous." Earlier, Neal killed a woman who – to his and the audience's surprise – was not Anne, but Altieri. Tenebrae itself is split almost exactly into two parts. The first half belongs to the murders of Berti; the second to those of Neal. The two are set up as mirrors of one another. Berti's killings with a razor are clinical, with "lingering sexualized aggressiveness", whereas Neal's (with an axe) are crimes of passion committed for personal reasons or out of necessity; they are swift and to the point.
Kevin Lyons observes, "The plot revolves around the audacious and quite unexpected transference of guilt from the maniacal killer (about whom we learn very little, itself unusual for Argento) to the eminently likeable hero, surely the film's boldest stroke." While noting that the device is "striking", McDonagh comments that this transmission of guilt occurs between two dark doubles who are severely "warped" individuals. She suggests that "Neal and Berti ... act as mirrors to one another, each twisting the reflection into a warped parody of the other." Berti's obsession with Neal's fiction compels him to commit murder in homage to the writer, while Neal seems to think that his own violent acts are simply part of some kind of "elaborate fiction". When the bloody Neal is confronted by Giermani immediately after having killed numerous people, Neal screams at him, "It was like a book ... a book!"
Metafiction
The moment in which the first half of the movie transitions into the second is punctuated by the rising score and camera pan to an ostensibly meaningless point of reflected light on an ornament. According to Rostock, the meaning behind this movement is clear: it marks the spot when Berti's spree ends and Neal's rampage begins. Argento uses the shift in focus to comment on the shaping of the film itself, until that moment a typical, "clichéd and remote" giallo. Neal, previously passive, begins to control what happens in his own story, which is more personal with "weight and meaning". According to Rostock, this structure allows Argento equal scope to play with the narrative while commenting upon it, all without having to deviate from the advancement of the plot. According to Kim Newman, the use of a sculpture as a weapon makes literal one of the themes of the film: "art that kills people". Rostock concurs, saying that as the film is a commentary on art, the only weapon that can end the narrative is art itself.
According to Gracey, many have compared Argento with the character of Peter Neal, speculating that he serves as an alter-ego for the director. Gracey refers to Tenebrae as a "reflexive commentary on [the director's] earlier work." The director himself saw the film in the same light, claiming it was a reaction to accusations that "[he] was a misogynist ... a criminal ... a murderer." Argento resolved to include all these aspects of his previous films into Tenebrae. A scene in which a woman criticizes the lead character's books as "sexist", featuring "women as victims, cipers, male heroes [and] macho bullshit" echoes criticisms of Argento's own work. Kim Newman calls the confrontation scene "essentially autobiographical", and refuting these accusations Argento said that his films were instead an attempt to tackle his dark side, to "let it speak". With Tenebrae in particular, he felt he was making a joke or playing a game with his critics, creating a front or mystique about himself. Rostock also believes Argento is having fun and sending up this perception. Newman agrees that Argento used Tenebrae to address his own public image, the notion that someone who creates art as "sick and twisted" as his, must himself be sick and twisted. With Tenebraes reveal that the author is the killer, Newman argues that Argento is saying, "What if I were?"
"Aberrant" sexuality
As in many of Argento's films, which allegedly tend to eroticize the murder of beautiful women, gender, sexuality, and power are major issues foregrounded by the film. The fictional novel within the film is described as being "about human perversion and its effects on society". Male and female sexual deviancy is a central theme, with the victims being sexually liberated women who the first killer – conservative TV presenter Cristiano Berti – refers to as "filthy, slimy perverts". The first victim is a sexually promiscuous shoplifter, and his next two are the lesbian reporter and her bisexual lover. Berti murders the comparatively normal Maria only because she inadvertently discovers his twisted compulsion. His "moral crusade" is inspired by – and in his mind given credibility by – Neal's novel. Neal's own motivations for becoming a killer are revealed in "Freudian flashbacks". As summarized by McDonagh, these flashbacks "expose how the misogyny evident in his books actually stems from being sexually humiliated by a beautiful woman in his youth." McDonagh also notes that Tenebrae expands on the themes of sexuality and transvestitism found in Argento's earlier films, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Cat o' Nine Tails, Four Flies on Grey Velvet (1972), and Deep Red (1975), but believes that Tenebraes "overall sensuality sets it apart from Argento's other gialli." She says that the film's sexual content and abundant nudity make it "the first of Argento's films to have an overtly erotic aspect", and further notes that "Tenebrae is fraught with free-floating anxiety that is specifically sexual in nature." Gracey notes that in several scenes the victims gaze directly into the camera, which demonstrates Argento's "preoccupation with voyeurism and spectacle".
McDonagh noted that two sexually charged flashbacks are key to understanding Tenebrae. These distinct but strongly related memory fragments are introduced repeatedly throughout the film, usually immediately following a murder sequence. Although the flashbacks are never fully explained, the first one reveals a beautiful young woman's sexual humiliation of a teenage boy, presumed to be Peter Neal. The young woman is mostly topless during this first sequence, and she humiliates the young man by jamming the heel of one of her shiny red shoes into his mouth while he is held down by a group of gleeful boys on a pale-white beach. The second flashback shows the vicious revenge-murder of the woman some time later. McDonagh notes that all of the fetishistic imagery of these flashbacks, combined with the sadistic details of the murder sequences in the main narrative, "set the parameters of Tenebraes fetishistic and fetishicized visual vocabulary, couched in terms both ritualistic and orgiastically out of control ... Peter Neal indulges in sins of the flesh and Tenebrae revels in them, inviting the spectator to join in; in fact, it dares the viewer not to do so."
Vision impairment
The protagonists in Argento's giallo films almost always suffer from vision impairment of some kind. It is these characters' chronic inability to find the missing pieces of a puzzle. The puzzle being the solution of a murder (or series of murders) that generally provides much of the films' narrative thrust. Most obviously is the blind Franco Arno (Karl Malden) in The Cat o' Nine Tails, who must use his heightened aural sense in combination with visual clues supplied to him by his niece to solve a mystery. In The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Sam Dalmas (Tony Musante) witnesses a murder attempt but admits to the police that something seems to be "missing"; as the film's surprise ending makes clear, he did not "miss" anything, but simply misinterpreted what happened in front of his eyes. In Deep Red, Marcus (David Hemmings) has a similar problem in both seeing and not seeing the murderer at the scene of the crime, and does not realize his mistake until it is almost too late. This recurring theme, according to Douglas E. Winter, creates "a world of danger and deception, where seeing is not believing".
Flanagan observes that in Tenebrae, Argento offers two characters who suffer from impaired vision. Gianni (Christian Borromeo) is an eyewitness to an axe-murder, but the trauma of seeing the killing causes him to disregard a vital clue. Returning to the scene of the crime, he suddenly remembers everything and is murdered before being able to tell anyone. Homicide detective Giermani reveals that he is a big fan of the novels of Agatha Christie, Mickey Spillane, Rex Stout, and Ed McBain, but admits that he has never been able to guess the identity of the killer in any of the books. He is similarly unable to solve the real mystery until the last corpses are piled at his feet – he cannot see Peter Neal for what he really is.
An imaginary city
In an interview that appeared in Cinefantastique, Argento noted that the film was intended as near-science fiction, taking place "about five or more years in the future ... Tenebrae occurs in a world inhabited by fewer people with the result that the remainder are wealthier and less crowded. Something has happened to make it that way but no one remembers, or wants to remember ... It isn't exactly my Blade Runner, of course, but nevertheless a step into the world of tomorrow. If you watch the film with this perspective in mind, it will become very apparent." Argento later insisted that the film was set in an imaginary city, fifteen years in the future and that the disaster the city's inhabitants were striving to forget was an atomic bomb blast. Despite Argento's claim, Maitland McDonagh observed that this vaguely science-fictional concept "isn't apparent at all" and that no critics at the time noted the underlying futuristic theme in their reviews of the theatrical release of the film. The film critic and author Kim Newman countered that in avoiding a more recognisable Rome in favour of suburbia, Argento had succeeded in giving some parts of the film an almost futuristic sheen. Argento biographer Alan Jones agreed that Argento's intention did come across in these scenes, and Newman cites the on-screen use a videophone as an attempt by Argento to place Tenebrae in the near future.
While rejecting this thematic concern as unrealized by Argento, McDonagh noted that the result of the director's experiment is a strange "architectural landscape" that becomes the "key element in differentiating Tenebrae from Argento's earlier gialli." Argento's use of unusual architectural space and so-called visual "hyper-realism" results in an enormously fake looking environment. Seizing on the director's additional comment, "... I dreamed an imaginary city in which the most amazing things happen", she notes that the film's "fictive space couldn't be less 'real'", with its "vast unpopulated boulevards, piazzas that look like nothing more than suburban American malls, hard-edged Bauhaus apartment buildings, anonymous clubs, and parking garages." The EUR district of Rome, where much of Tenebrae was filmed, was built in preparation for the 1942 World's Fair and intended by then-Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini to be a celebration of twenty years of fascism. Rostock believes that Argento used this location as an attempt to realize his theme of an imaginary city; the district gives a glimpse of a future Rome that never was, showing the city how it might have looked had fascism not fallen.
Production
Background
After completing Inferno (1980), the second in his planned Three Mothers trilogy of supernatural horror films, Argento was expected to move straight into production of its concluding chapter. The first in the trilogy, Suspiria (1977), had turned the director into what Alan Jones called "a horror superstar", but Inferno had proven a difficult follow-up. Argento had become unwell while writing the film, and his ill health continued into filming. In addition, Argento's relationship with Infernos co-producer 20th Century Fox had soured the director on "Hollywood politics", so when Inferno was not well-received upon release, Argento put the Three Mothers trilogy on hold. Inferno also flopped commercially. According to James Gracey, Argento – under pressure and feeling "the need to once again defy expectations" – returned to the giallo genre and began work on Tenebrae. Argento later stated that he wanted to "put on film a gory roller-coaster ride packed with fast and furious murders" and that he "shouldn't resist what [his] hardcore audience wanted". He added that he had also become irritated that in the years since his last giallo so many other directors had made films derivative of his own genre-defining works.
Argento said that Tenebrae was directly influenced by two distressing incidents that occurred in 1980. On a break from filmmaking after Suspirias surprise success, Argento was spending time in Los Angeles, where an obsessed fan telephoned him repeatedly, to talk about Suspirias influence on him. According to Argento, the calls began pleasantly enough but before long became more insistent, eventually menacing. The fan claimed that he wanted "to harm Argento in a way that reflected how much the director's work had affected him", and that because the director had "ruined his life", he in turn wanted to ruin Argento's. Although no violence came of the threat, Argento said he found the experience understandably terrifying and felt unable to write. At the advice of his producers, Argento fled to the coastal city of Santa Monica, where he felt safe enough to resume writing. However, after a few weeks, the fan found Argento and resumed his calls, issuing more threats. The director decided to return to Italy. Argento felt the escalating nature of the fan's threats were "symptomatic of that city of broken dreams" with its "celebrity stalkers and senseless crime". The second incident occurred during Argento's stay at The Beverly Hilton, where a Japanese tourist was shot dead in the hotel lobby. Later hearing of a drive-by shooting outside a local cinema, Argento reflected on the senselessness of the killings: "To kill for nothing, that is the true horror of today ... when that gesture has no meaning whatsoever it's completely repugnant, and that's the sort of atmosphere I wanted to put across in Tenebrae."
Casting
Argento reportedly offered the lead role of Peter Neal to Christopher Walken, but eventually, it went to Anthony Franciosa. Kim Newman felt that Franciosa's casting was fortunate, as he was capable of bringing more to the role than the script asked of him. He also believed that if Walken had been cast, it would have been more obvious that he was the killer. According to Jones and Daria Nicolodi, the relationship between Franciosa and Argento was a fractious one. In addition, Nicolodi and Argento were romantically involved at the time, but their relationship had suffered over a disputed story credit during the filming of Suspiria. Nicolodi therefore only agreed to a brief appearance in Tenebrae. By her own account, she originally asked for the small role of Jane McKerrow—which ultimately went to Veronica Lario. Nicolodi was, according to Alan Jones, cast as the woman on the beach in Neal's flashback. Conversely, Thomas Rostock states that Nicolodi was never intended for that role, only that of Jane. Transgender actress Eva Robin's was later hired to play the woman on the beach.
When the American actress who had been hired to play Anne dropped out just before the start of principal photography, Argento convinced Nicolodi to take on this larger role. Nicolodi found Anne to have a different personality than her own, and much preferred the characters she had played for Argento previously, who she said had much more personality than Anne. She said the role required little energy or imagination, but liked the novelty of playing neither killer nor victim. Newman and Alan Jones agreed that Nicolodi had very little character to play, as written. Newman added that this lack of character stretched to all the Italians in the film, and that only the American characters had discernible personalities. Nicolodi later claimed that although filming began well enough, Argento became angry when she and Franciosa bonded over playwright Tennessee Williams and their experience in theatre, leading the director to make sure their shared scenes "were an ordeal to endure". The charged atmosphere culminated with Argento reportedly telling Franciosa, "leave my woman alone!" Nicolodi said she channelled her frustrations with the situation into her character's last scene in the film, where Anne stands in the rain and screams repeatedly, continuing over the film's end credits. She had been directed to scream only a little, but knowing it was the last day of filming and her last scene to complete, Nicolodi screamed loudly and for a long time, much to Argento's and the crew's surprise. Nicolodi said the scene was her "cathartic release from the whole nightmare".
Although Tenebrae was an Italian production, most of the cast spoke their dialogue in English to increase the film's chances of success in the United States. For domestic audiences, the film was dubbed into Italian. The English-language dub retained Franciosa's, Saxon's and Steiner's natural voices. However, Nicolodi's voice was dubbed by Theresa Russell, Giuliano Gemma's was dubbed by David Graham, and most of the female voices were dubbed by Adrienne Posta. Michele Soavi – frequent Argento collaborator, second assistant director on Tenebrae and later a noted director in his own right – acted alongside Robin's in the second flashback scene. Another of Argento's collaborators, Fulvio Mingozzi cameoed as a hotel porter. In common with several other Argento films, close-ups of the killer's gloved hands were Argento's own. In the film's Italian-language dub, Argento also provided the opening voice-over, reading aloud descriptions of murderous actions from Neal's fictitious novel, Tenebrae.
Filming
Filming began on 3 May 1982 and took ten weeks shot mostly on location in Rome. Kim Newman described the Rome of Tenebrae as unlike the one showed on television and in films, with none of the usual historical landmarks. Newman and Alan Jones agreed that this was a deliberate choice made by Argento, as some of his previous films had utilized so much of recognisable Italy. Argento himself said he had wanted to show Italy was not just a museum piece; Newman said it was Argento's way of saying, "Rome is a vibrant city. It is modern." Most of Tenebraes location shooting was carried out in Rome's EUR business and residential district. The first flashback scene was filmed at the Capocotta beach, south of the city near Ostia. The shoplifting scene near the beginning of Tenebrae was filmed on location at department store La Rinascente, off Piazza Fiume. Bullmer's death in a public square was shot at a shopping precinct called "Le Terrazze" in Rome's Casal Palocco residential neighbourhood. The scene in which Neal's landlord's daughter is killed was filmed outside the home of an architect – and friend of Argento – Sandro Petti, switching to studio shots for her initial entrance into the house and back to Petti's house for the confrontation with the killer. The scene at the beginning of the film where Neal boards his flight to Rome was filmed at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York.
Giuseppe Bassan – a frequent Argento collaborator – was the film's production designer. The surroundings are given a bleached, "merciless" look, made from marble and stone façades, shiny metallic sculptures, with steel, water and glass surfaces. Some of the homes – specifically those of the lesbian couple and the first killer – are "cold, austere, brutalist" slabs of granite, and many of the interior shots feature plain white backgrounds, with characters' wearing pale-coloured clothes against them – better, Newman felt, to contrast the blood once the violence started. The studio-set scenes were filmed at Elios Studios in Rome, unlike Argento's previous films in the city, which he had filmed at Incir De Paolis. He was not able to use Elios, as the director Michelangelo Antonioni, of whom he was a huge fan, was using the studio to film Identification of a Woman (1982) at the time. The design and creation of Tenebraes special effects were supervised by Giovanni Corridori, who – with his brother Tonino – had a near-monopoly on special effects in the Italian film industry at the time. The scene in which Jane is hacked to death after having her arm cut off was filmed about eight times. Argento was not satisfied with any of the takes he had, which used a type of bicycle pump to spray fake blood from the "wound" across the white wall, so the director had Corridori place an explosive squib in the prosthetic arm – a solution which apparently satisfied Argento.
Much of Tenebrae takes place during daytime, or in harshly over-lit interiors. Except for the finale and some night scenes, the entire movie is shot with clear, cold light permeating the surroundings. The lighting and camerawork used in Andrzej Żuławski's Possession (1981) was an influence on the film's look. Although tenebr(a)e means "darkness" or "shadows" in Latin, Argento ordered cinematographer Luciano Tovoli to use as much bright light as possible. The director intended that the film be set in the near future and wanted the lighting to help create a "cold, stark and semi-futuristic look". Argento explained that this approach was also an attempt to imitate what he saw as the "realistic manner of lighting" used in television police shows. The director explained that he was adopting "a modern style of photography, deliberately breaking with the legacy of German Expressionism. Today's light is the light of neon, headlights, and omnipresent flashes ... Caring about shadows seemed ridiculous to me and, more than that, reassuring." Argento filmed half-empty streets and shops where he could, in an attempt to reflect a futuristic setting where a disaster had diminished significantly the population of his imaginary city. Tovoli used Kodak 5247 film stock (125 ASA speed rating) for daylight scenes, and Kodak 5293 (250 ASA) for night shoots. Tovoli rated both at 300 ASA to ensure controlled overexposure of the negative during filming, for the benefit of under-developing in the lab and less colour loss. The ultimate aim was for the images to be "crystal clear", and the night scenes to be awash with light.
Film scholar Richard Dyer highlights several intelligent devices used by Argento in the editing of the film, noting that interpolated sequences are sometimes punctuated by "shots of pills and the sound of running water." Steffen Hantke believes that the shock cuts in the latter part of the film are among cinema's "most brutal and stylized", and exhibit a degree of abstract expressionism. Film scholar Leon Hunt argues that the devices and themes utilized by Argento in the making of Tenebrae make it as much an example of art cinema as anything else. The initial murders are shot in a "clipped montage style", which is later revealed to be reflecting the use of a camera by the first killer to record the scene. Giuliano Gemma later said that Argento fostered an improvisational atmosphere on set. One example he gave was the scene where his character bends to pick up some evidence from the floor, only to reveal Neal behind him having perfectly matched his position relative to the camera. This moment was not scripted but resulted from Argento's noticing the actors' similar build while they were stood, one behind the other in front of him.
Crane shot
Gracey refers to the film's cinematography as "nothing short of astounding", and cites a particular example as highlighting Argento's "passion for technical prowess and breathtaking visuals". Influenced by the penultimate shot in Antonioni's The Passenger (1975), on which Tovoli had also been the cinematographer, one of Tenebraes main setpieces is the murder of the lesbian couple. To introduce the scene, Argento and Tovoli employed the use of a Louma crane to film a several minutes-long tracking shot. Owing to its extreme length, the tracking shot ended up being the most difficult and complex part of the production to complete. It required a maze of scaffolding to be built around the outside of the home. Argento captured all the footage he needed in two takes, but insisted on filming ten more. The scene, which lasts for two-and-a-half minutes on-screen, took three days to shoot. It marked the first time the Louma crane had been used in an Italian production; the crane itself had to be imported from France. According to Gracey, the camera performs "aerial gymnastics", scaling the victims' house in "one seamless take, navigating walls, roofs, and peering in through windows, in a set piece that effortlessly exposes the penetrability of a seemingly secure home". Newman and Jones said that although this type of crane shot became commonplace later, at the time it was "truly ground-breaking" in the way the camera seemingly crawled over the walls and up the building – not quite from the killer's viewpoint. Patrick McAllister of Scifilm said the sequence should be considered "one of the most memorable moments in cinema". According to McAllister, Tenebraes distributor begged Argento to cut the shot down because it was "meaningless". Newman and Jones agreed that the shot added nothing to the film's plot, but called it "meaninglessly brilliant".
Title
Some European publicity materials for the film, including posters and lobby card sets, advertised the film as Tenebre, and the 1999 Anchor Bay DVD release uses that same title. However, on the print itself, during the opening credits, the title is clearly Tenebrae. In addition, the title of Neal's latest book in the film is shown in closeup as being Tenebrae. In a lengthy interview with Argento conducted by Martin Coxhead that appeared in two issues of Fangoria in 1983 and 1984, the title was always referred to as "Tenebrae". Early on in production, the film was referred to as Under the Eyes of the Assassin, which was later used as one of the poster taglines. In Japan, the film was released as Shadows, and in the United States it was titled Unsane in its initial – heavily edited – incarnation.
Soundtrack
The Italian rock band Goblin had provided the scores for two of Argento's previous films, Deep Red (1975) and Suspiria (1977), but the director had employed English composer Keith Emerson for his foray outside of the giallo subgenre, 1980's Inferno. Goblin had disbanded that year, but in 1982 Argento asked three of the band's former members – Claudio Simonetti, Fabio Pignatelli, and Massimo Morante – to work on Tenebrae. Owing to their history together, Simonetti felt it appropriate that Argento's return to giallo films should use the core members of Goblin. The resulting synth-driven score was credited to "Simonetti-Pignatelli-Morante", as Goblin's former drummer owned the rights to use the band's name.
Tenebraes score is very different from those the band had produced for Argento previously. The early 1980s had seen Simonetti experimenting with dance music, and he decided on a more electronic sound for Tenebrae. Simonetti described the score as an electronica/rock hybrid, with the main theme including disco elements. So it would not be difficult to accommodate Argento's preference for long takes, Simonetti, Pignatelli and Morante made sure to play each song for 3–4 minutes. Recording the score, Simonetti used the Roland Jupiter-8, Roland Vocoder Plus and Minimoog synthesizers, as well as a piano, electric piano, the Oberheim DMX drum machine, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and Roland MC-4 music sequencer. Pignatelli played bass and fretless guitar, while Morante played electric and acoustic guitar.
While the soundtrack is not as well regarded as Goblin's earlier scores for Deep Red, Suspiria, or Dawn of the Dead (1978), Tim Lucas felt it "... so fused to the fabric of the picture that Tenebrae might be termed ... a giallo musicale; that is, a giallo in which the soundtrack transcends mere accompaniment to occupy the same plane as the action and characters." Writers David Kerekes and David Slater were also favorable to the score; writing that the film "bristles with arresting imagery and a cracking musical score from ex-members of Goblin". Simonetti felt the score was good, but that it was only a "medium"-level success. However, it did enjoy a second wave of popularity being remixed in clubs. The album has had multiple reissues in numerous countries since its original release in 1982 on the Italian Cinevox label. The album was also released by Waxwork Records on a double LP that included the complete score by Goblin in 2018.
Release
Original reception and censorship
Tenebrae had a wide theatrical release throughout Italy and mainland Europe, something Argento very much needed after having suffered major distribution problems with his previous film, Inferno. Released on 27 October 1982, Tenebrae saw modest success at the box office in Italy and Europe, but it did not perform as well as some of Argento's previous films. In Italy, Tenebrae had been released with a VM18 rating, meaning it could not be seen legally by persons under the age of eighteen. Argento had desired a VM14 rating, both to attract a younger audience and to increase the film's chances of commercial success. Tenebrae features scenes of female homosexuality; attitudes towards homosexuality in Italy were fairly conservative at the time, and Argento said he wanted to "recount this subject freely and in an open manner, without interference or being ashamed". The VM18 rating upset him, as he believed it was a result of the sexual diversity on display rather than the film's violence.
One of the film's most excessively violent scenes features the death of Neal's ex-wife, Jane (played by Veronica Lario). This scene was one which suffered the most from cuts when the film was first released in Italy. The original scene featured Jane's arm being cut off at the elbow; blood sprays from the wound onto white walls until the character falls to the floor. After a back-and-forth between Argento and Italian censors (at the time a panel of judges), the scene was first trimmed from showing an "immense" spray to a small one, then a smaller one still. For TV broadcasts, the scene was cut to insignificance in the 1990s, when Lario married future Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. According to Alan Jones, Berlusconi "did not want the public seeing [Lario] so explicitly murdered, even if it was in a film by his country's premier horror expert". For a few years, it was impossible to legally see the uncensored version of the film in Italy, as prints were withdrawn altogether. A later DVD release did become available, with the scene restored.
Averaging a murder every ten minutes, Tenebrae ranks as one of Argento's most violent films. In the United Kingdom, the film was shorn of five seconds from the arm severing scene by the British Board of Film Classification before its theatrical release, on 19 May 1983. The advertising campaign for Tenebrae featured posters and a soundtrack sleeve depicting a woman with her throat cut, blood dripping from the wound. According to Jones, who worked for Tenebraes distributor at the time, in the UK the posters had to be recalled after the London Underground refused to run them. New posters were issued that replaced the image of the wound and blood with a red ribbon. A similar change was made to the soundtrack sleeve.
In the United States the film remained unseen until 1984, when Bedford Entertainment briefly released a heavily edited version under the title Unsane. It was approximately ten minutes shorter than the European release and was missing nearly all the film's violence, which effectively rendered the many horror sequences incomprehensible. Also, certain scenes that established the characters and their relationships were excised, making the film's narrative difficult to follow. This version of Tenebrae received nearly unanimously negative reviews.
Home media and "video nasty" list
Tenebrae has been released on home media in many different versions in numerous territories. In 1983, when the VHS edition was released in the United Kingdom, it was short by about four seconds.<ref name="censor">{{cite web|url=http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=382304|author=Staff|date=2 June 2014|title=Tenebre (aka Tenebrae)|publisher=Movie-Censorship.com|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> However, the film soon found itself included in a list of thirty-nine so-called "video nasties" that were successfully prosecuted and banned from sale in UK video stores under the Video Recordings Act 1984. Deemed harmful to audiences, "video nasties" were strongly criticized for their violent content by the press, social commentators and various religious organizations. Speculating in 2011, Thomas Rostock said that the higher-than-usual murder count for an Argento film was partially responsible, while James Gracey believed it was perhaps "the highly sexualized presentation of its violent content". He went on to say, "Of all the titles placed on the video nasty list, Tenebrae is perhaps the most misunderstood and undeserving of the grimy status it gained through its association with the whole debacle." Kim Newman agreed that Tenebraes reputation as a "video nasty" was unwarranted, saying that none of the on-screen deaths are as gory or lingering as those in Argento's previous films. He also believed Tenebrae would eventually be remembered on its own merits, rather than as part of the "video nasties" list. Nevertheless, the ban lasted until 1999, when Tenebrae was legally released on videotape with one second of footage removed in addition to the previously censored five. In 2003, the BBFC reclassified the film and passed it without any cuts. In Germany, the release was strongly cut, and reportedly seized by the authorities.
The film has since been released on DVD in the US, mostly uncut save for approximately twenty seconds of extraneous material. Tenebrae received an initial DVD release in March 1999 from Anchor Bay Entertainment, with a re-release in May 2008. The Anchor Bay release, though presented as "uncut" was not the fully restored version of the film. A DVD German release by Raptor was also missing about one-and-a-half seconds of material. In June 2011, Arrow Films issued a special edition on DVD, but although the image quality was far better than in previous DVD releases, this version was "heavily lambasted" for carrying a transfer of the film that had visible noise and "distorted audio". In 2013, Arrow released a Blu-ray edition that corrected the audio and video problems. Additional corrections were made to the transfer and released by Synapse Films in 2016, as a steelbook edition limited to 3000 copies. The Arrow & Synapse DVD and Blu-ray releases are "completely uncut".
Later receptionTenebrae has since become regarded as among Argento's best films by many fans and critics, with some calling it his last great film. AllMovie refers to the film as "one of Dario Argento's best thrillers". In her 1994 book on the director, Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds: The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento, Maitland McDonagh maintains that Tenebrae is "in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made." Richard Dyer, writing for the Directory of World Cinema: Italy, describes the film as a "tease", one which is "perhaps the apotheosis of one of the core pleasures of detective fiction: being outwitted, wrong-footed, led up the garden path". Dyer believes that the degree of lighting used in the film is unsurpassed. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine said that Tenebrae "is a riveting defense of auteur theory, ripe with self-reflexive discourse and various moral conflicts. It's both a riveting horror film and an architect's worst nightmare." Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club noted "... Argento makes some points about the intersection of art, reality, and personality, but the director's stunning trademark setpieces, presented here in a fully restored version, provide the real reason to watch." Almar Haflidason, in a review for BBC Online, opined, "Sadistically beautiful and viciously exciting, welcome to true terror with Dario Argento's shockingly relentless Tenebrae." Tim Lucas in Video Watchdog said, "Though it is in some ways as artificial and deliberate as a De Palma thriller, Tenebrae contains more likeable characters, believable relationships, and more emphasis on the erotic than can be found in any other Argento film." Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict wrote, "Tenebre is a straight-up giallo in the old-school tradition. It may have been filmed in 1982, but it comes straight out of the '70s tradition. We've got all the usual suspects, including a writer for a main character, lots of killer-cam point of view, some crazily over the top kills, and approximately seventy-two twists before all is revealed ... For fans of Argento's earlier giallo, this is a must-see."
Not all the recent critical reaction to Tenebrae has been positive. Geoff Andrew of Time Out thought that the film was "unpleasant even by contemporary horror standards". John Kenneth Muir, author of Horror Films of the 1980s, considers the film to be far inferior to Suspiria, but acknowledges that it was so "unremittingly gory" that it justified its US title of "Unsane". John Wiley Martin, although evaluating the film as a "technically mesmeric" one, felt that thematically it was a "disappointingly retrograde step" for Argento. Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com called it a "gory but not particularly effective Argento horror flick", while Dennis Schwartz of Ozus' World Movie Reviews dismissed it as "trash". Gary Johnson, editor of Images, complained, "Not much of Tenebre makes much sense. The plot becomes little more than an excuse for Argento to stage the murder sequences. And these are some of the bloodiest murders of Argento's career." In 2004, Tim Lucas re-evaluated the film and found that some of his earlier enthusiasm had dimmed considerably, noting that, "Tenebre is beginning to suffer from the cheap 16 mm-like softness of Luciano Tovoli's cinematography, its sometimes over-storyboarded violence (the first two murders in particular look stilted), the many bewildering lapses in logic ... and the overdone performances of many of its female actors".
Legacy
Coming at the tail end of the giallo cycle, Tenebrae does not appear to have been as influential as Argento's earlier films. Douglas E. Winter, however, has commented that Tenebraes Louma crane sequence has been stylistically influential, pointing to its use in Brian De Palma's The Untouchables (1987). In addition, towards the end of the film, with Neal supposedly dead, the camera faces Detective Giermani directly. When he stoops to pick up some evidence from the floor, Neal is revealed to be stood behind him, their silhouettes having perfectly matched in the shot. Alan Jones cited Tenebrae as the first film to use this specific type of camera blocking, and believes it to have been copied and referenced deliberately by later filmmakers. One such example, discussed as an unacknowledged "steal" from Tenebrae, is De Palma's "surprise reveal" of John Lithgow standing behind a victim in Raising Cain (1992). Robert Zemeckis's What Lies Beneath (2000) also contains a similar moment, although Zemeckis has denied familiarity with Italian movies.
The final death scene in Tenebrae – where Neal is accidentally impaled by a sculpture – is directly referenced in Kenneth Branagh's Hitchcockian murder mystery Dead Again'' (1991). Kim Newman maintains that Branagh's film imitates the sequence so entirely – with Derek Jacobi being pierced by the sculpture – that Branagh must have included the reference deliberately. The next moment, where Nicolodi screams repeatedly in the rain, was cited by Asia Argento (Nicolodi's daughter with Dario Argento) as the moment that inspired her to become an actress.
See also
List of Italian films of 1982
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
1982 films
1982 horror films
1982 LGBT-related films
1980s psychological thriller films
Italian horror films
Italian thriller films
English-language Italian films
1980s Italian-language films
Films directed by Dario Argento
Films about writers
Films about novels
Films set in Rome
Films shot in Rome
Films set in Rhode Island
Films shot in New York City
Films set in Queens, New York
Films scored by Goblin (band)
Giallo films
Italian serial killer films
Italian LGBT-related films
LGBT-related horror films
Articles containing video clips
Films with screenplays by Dario Argento
Self-reflexive films
Video nasties
Censored films
Titanus films
1980s exploitation films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fictional%20secret%20agents
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List of fictional secret agents
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This is a list of fictional secret agents .
Books
Agent X.323 in series of novels "Espion X.323" by Paul D'Ivoi
Alec Leamas in John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
Alex Rider, young "informal" MI6 agent in Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series. The series also includes Alan Blunt, head of Tamara Knight
Ali Imran in Imran Series
Basil Argyros in the Harry Turtledove short story series collected in Agent of Byzanium
Basil St. Florian, the main protagonist of Stephen Hunter's 2021 novel Basil's War
Blackford Oakes is a Central Intelligence Agency officer, spy and the protagonist of a series of novels written by William F. Buckley
Carl Hamilton, Swedish secret agent from the Books of Jan Guillou
Daniel Marchant, MI6 agent in Dead Spy Running and Games Traitors Play by Jon Stock
David Shirazi in Joel C. Rosenberg's The Twelfth Imam
Drongo in Chingiz Abdullayev's books
Emily Pollifax in Dorothy Gilman's books
George Smiley in the novels of John le Carré
Hal Ambler, in The Ambler Warning by Robert Ludlum
Jack Ryan, in The Hunt for Red October and Patriot Games by Tom Clancy
James Adams from the Robert Muchamore's CHERUB series
James Bond in Ian Fleming's books, which also include CIA agent Felix Leiter. See List of James Bond allies for a complete list of 00-agents and secret agents found throughout Fleming's books
James Wormold in Graham Greene's Our Man in Havana
Jane Blonde, in the Jane Blonde series by Jill Marshall
Jason Bourne in the Bourne books by Robert Ludlum
Jerry Cornelius in Michael Moorcock'''s books and short-stories
John Craig in James Munro's books
John Morpurgo in books by William Garner
Scot Harvath in the novels of Brad Thor.
Johnny Fedora in Desmond Cory's books
Kimberly Ouellette in the novel Blood Poppy by Jay Black
Lemmy Caution, in Peter Cheyney's novels
Masud Rana, a major and BCI (Bangladesh Counter Intelligence) agent (codename-MR9) portrayed in the Masud Rana series by Qazi Anwar Hussain
Matt Helm, in Donald Hamilton's books
Michael Jagger in books by William Garner
Mitch Rapp, CIA agent in counterterrorism unit known as the "Orion Team" in books by Vince Flynn
Modesty Blaise, from the books by Peter O'Donnel
Nancy Drew in Carolyn Keene's books
Nick Carter-Killmaster (books)
Normanby - in P G Dixon's 2021 book "Normanby"
Paul Kagan in David Morrell's 2008 novel The Spy Who Came for ChristmasPenelope St. John-Orsini, in The Baroness novels by Paul Kenyon
Peter Pettigrew the pet rat of Ron Weasly in Harry Potter working for Lord VoldemortPhilip McAlpine in four novels by Adam DimentPhilip Quest in four novels by Peter Townend
Quiller in the series of thrillers by Elleston Trevor, writing as Adam Hall
Sam Durell in Edward S. Aarons' books
Sam Fisher in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell books
Scorpion from Andrew Kaplan's book
Sean Ryan, ex-IRA member who features in series of novels by Brian Cleeve
Severus Snape, an agent provocateur, informant, and double agent working for Dumbledore
Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's books
Simon Templar, "The Saint", from the Leslie Charteris novels and subsequent adaptations
Six in the Agent Six of Hearts series by Jack Heath
Stephen Metcalfe in The Tristan Betrayal by Robert Ludlum
Switters in Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates by Tom Robbins
The Hardy Boys in Franklin W. Dixon's books
The Secret Seven written by Enid Blyton (four child detectives)
Tiger/Avinash Singh Rathode, from Bollywood film Ek Tha Tiger
Tim Donohue, British secret agent from the book The Constant Gardener by John le Carré
Wyman Ford, from books by Douglas Preston
Comics
Abbey Chase
Anacleto, agente secreto, Spanish secret agent in the comic series of the same name
Captain Francis Blake
Derek Flint
Dick Tracy
Dynamo, Thunder Agents
Jimmy Olsen
John Stone, agent of S.T.O.R.M. in Wildstorm's comic PlanetaryKGBeast in DC Universe
Lord Peter Flint in WarlordLorraine Broughton in The Coldest City graphic novel
Modesty Blaise
Mortadelo and Filemón Pi, Spanish secret agents of the T.I.A.
Slylock Fox
Sarge Steel is a detective/spy character published by Charlton Comics during the 1960s. As he was published during the time of Charlton's Action Heroes line of superheroes, and had loose ties to some, he is sometimes included with that group. He was purchased by DC Comics along with the other "Action Heroes".
King Faraday, featured in DC Comics. Faraday first appeared in Danger Trail #1 (July 1950), and was created by Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino.
Amanda Waller appears in comic booklets in the DC Comics universe. The character first appeared in the Legends # 1 issue of November 1986, and was created by writers John Ostrander and Len Wayne and illustrator John Byrne.
Spy vs Spy
Twilight (alias Loid Forger), Nightfall (Fiona Frost), Daybreak, from Spy × Family Marvel
Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
Black Widow (Yelena Belova)
Clive Reston
Jimmy Woo
Maria Hill
Bucky
Richard and Mary Parker
Peter Parker
Pete Wisdom
Sharon Carter
Elektra Natchios
Nick Fury
Television/film
Aaron Cross from The Bourne Legacy, a spin-off film from the Jason Bourne trilogy.
Adam Carter in Spooks Agent 13 from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent 44 from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent 99 from the 1960s Spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent Double 0-0 from Phineas and Ferb Agent Flemming from Beavis and Butthead Do America Agent J from the movies Men in Black (film), Men in Black II Agent K from the movies Men in Black (film), Men in Black II Agent Larabee from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent Six from Generator Rex Agent Smith of The Matrix (franchise)
Alec Leamas, in John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Alexander Scott, from the TV series I Spy Allen Gamble and Terry Hoitz, from the movie The Other Guys Amos Burke, from TV series Burke's Law Annie Walker from the USA original series Covert Affairs Austin Powers from the Austin Powers Movies
Bob Ho in The Spy Next Door Blain Whitaker in "MI High"
Brianna Kelleher in Access Denied Bullwinkle J. Moose and Rocky the Flying Squirrel from The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle Burt Macklin in Parks and Recreation (TV series) Callan in Callan (TV series)
Cammie Morgan, from I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You Carl The Intern from Phineas and Ferb Charles Hood, in five novels by James Mayo
Charles Vine in Licensed to Kill (1965 film)/The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World, Where the Bullets Fly, Somebody's Stolen Our Russian Spy Chuck Bartowski from the television series Chuck Cobra Bubbles from Lilo and Stitch Cody Banks from the movie Agent Cody Banks Cool McCool, from the cartoon of the same name
Craig Stirling, Richard Barrett and Sharron McCready from the 1960s series, The Champions Darius Stone (Ice Cube) in XXX: State of the Union David Percival from Atomic Blonde Derek Flint, In Like Flint, Our Man Flint Dirk Bannon, Talia Bannon née Knockemoff, Spike Bannon, Elle Bannon and Boris Bannon from My Spy Family TV series
Dudley Puppy and Kitty Katswell from T.U.F.F. Puppy Elihu 'Sam' Nivens in The Puppet Masters Elim Garak from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Energy Management Center from Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters Erik Heller from the 2011 film Hanna and the 2019 TV series of the same name Ethan Hunt in the Mission Impossible film series
Evelyn Salt in Salt Father Unwin from The Secret Service FDR Foster in This Means War Felicity Sarah Flint in the webcomics Basil Flint, P.I. and Felicity Flint, agent from H.A.R.M.
Miss Froy, in Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 film The Lady Vanishes George Smiley from John le Carré's novels
Ginger Cat from Talking Friends Gru and Lucy from Despicable Me 2 Hans Kloss/J-23 in Stawka większa niż życie (Stakes Larger Than Life)
Harry Palmer from The Ipcress File, Funeral in Berlin, and Billion Dollar Brain based on novels by Len Deighton
Harry Tasker in True Lies Hymie the CONTROL robot from the 1960s Spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Howard Finch from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest Irina Derevko from Alias Jack Bauer in the Fox TV series 24 Jack Burns, an agent of Sector 7 in the 2018 film Bumblebee Jake Peralta, Rosa Diaz, Charles Boyle, Amy Santiago, and Terry Jeffords from Brooklyn Nine-Nine James Bond in the movies based on Ian Fleming's novels, which also include CIA agent Felix Leiter. See List of James Bond allies for a complete list of 00 agents and secret agents found throughout the movies.
Jason Bourne from Bourne trilogy based on the novels by Robert Ludlum
Jerry Lewis from Totally Spies. Head of WOOHP.
Jill Munroe from Charlie's Angels John & Jane Smith, from Mr. and Mrs. Smith John Casey from the television series Chuck John Drake in Danger Man John Steed, Cathy Gale Emma Peel and Tara King in The Avengers John Reese from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest.
John Steed, Mike Gambit and Purdey in The New Avengers June Stahl from Sons of Anarchy Kelly Robinson, from the TV series I Spy Kelvin Inman in Lost Kim Possible, from the TV series Kim Possible Lance Sterling from the film Spies in Disguise Lancelot Link "Lancelot Link: Secret Chimp"
Leon S Kennedy, from Resident Evil 4 Lorraine Broughton from Atomic Blonde Luther Sloan from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Lyla Lolliberry in Phineas and Ferb MacGyver from MacGyver Martin Rauch (codename Kolibri) from "Deutschland" series (Deutschland 83, Deutschland 86, Deutschland 89)
Mater, Finn McMissile and Holley Shiftwell from Cars 2 Matt Helm from The Silencers (1966), Murderer's Row (1966), The Ambushers (1967), The Wrecking Crew (1969)
Matt in Death Note Maxwell Smart from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart McGruff the Crime Dog
Michael 'Desolation' Jones from Desolation Jones Michael Westen from the USA original series Burn Notice Mike Traceur, also known as Michael, Mike, Knight from the 2008 Knight Rider Michael Knight, played by David Hasselhoff in the original Knight Rider series
Mr. Black and Mr. White from Johnny Test Mr. Verloc in Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent Mylene Hoffman, from the anime 009-1 Nikita, Michael, Birkoff, Walter, Madeline, Paul of Section 1 La Femme Nikita Number Six in The Prisoner Paul Janson in The Janson Directive Perry the Platypus from Phineas and Ferb (TV show).
Peter the Panda from Phineas and Ferb Phil Coulson of Marvel Cinematic Universe
Philip and Elizabeth Jennings of The Americans Pinky the Chihuahua from Phineas and Ferb The Protagonist from Tenet Rouge the Bat, a secret agent for GUN in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
Russ Cargill from The Simpsons Movie Sam in Spynet Sam, Clover and Alex and others from Totally Spies.
Sameen Shaw from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest.
Sarah Walker from the television series Chuck Scarecrow (Lee Stetson) in Scarecrow and Mrs. King Secret Squirrel and Morocco Mole
Several OWCA members in Phineas and Ferb Shadow the Hedgehog, a secret agent for GUN in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
Special Agent Oso
Stan Smith from the animated series American Dad! Sterling Archer from the animated series Archer Sydney Bristow in Alias The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 1960s TV show; Napoleon Solo and Illya Kuryakin
Tobin Frost and Matt Weston, the main characters in the 2012 film Safe House Tom Quinn in Spooks Tony Almeida in the Fox TV series 24 Tuck Henson in This Means War Twilight in Spy × Family Vesper Lynd from Casino Royale Xander Cage (Vin Diesel) in xXx Ziva David from NCIS Bill Cunningham from The Enid Blyton Adventure Series
Video games
Ada Wong, from the videogame series Resident EvilAgent 47, from the videogame series HitmanAgent Blackbird, Boxer, Deacon, Desdemona, Doctor Carrington, Drummer Boy, Dutchman, Father Clifford, Glory, Helena, Herbert Dashwood, Highrise, Liam "Patriot" Binet, Manya Vargas, Maven, Mister Tims, P.A.M., Ricky Dalton, Songbird, Tinker Tom, Tommy Whispers, Tulip, Victoria Watts, and the Sole Survivor (optional-if you join the Railroad organization) from Fallout 4Agents Sasha Nein and Milla Vodello from PsychonautsAlexi Dravic from Alpha ProtocolBig Boss, from the videogame series Metal GearBishop and Shiela from the PS2 video game Spy FictionBooger Hasenpfeffer from Webkinz
Cate Archer from No One Lives ForeverCole Phelps from L. A. NoireDavid Wolf from Secret AgentDesmond from Fallout 3Director from Club Penguin (EPF)
Dot (D.) from Club Penguin (EPF)
G. from Club Penguin (EPF)
Gabriel Logan from Syphon FilterGoober Hasenpfeffer from Webkinz
Iron Bull from Dragon Age: InquisitionJC Denton from Deus ExJet Pack Guy from Club Penguin (EPF)
Joanna Dark in the Nintendo 64 video game Perfect DarkMichael Thorton from Alpha ProtocolMax Payne from the videogame series Max PayneNatalya Ivanova from Destroy All Humans 2Leliana (Sister Nightingale) from the Dragon Age series.
Norman Jayden, from Heavy RainPP from Club Penguin (EPF)
Raiden, from the videogame series Metal GearRevolver Ocelot, from the videogame series Metal GearRookie from Club Penguin (EPF)
Russell Adler from Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War
Sam Fisher, from the videogame series Splinter CellSolid Snake, from the videogame series Metal GearSpy Fox, from the videogame series Spy FoxSteve Haines, Dave Norton, and Andreas Sanchez from Grand Theft Auto VTallis from Dragon Age II: Mark of the AssassinThe Spy from Team Fortress 2Luciel Choi from Mystic MessengerVanderwood from Mystic MessengerUnited Liberty Paper Contact and Karen Daniels from Grand Theft Auto IVKyle Crane from Dying LightRadio dramas
Jason Whittaker from Adventures in OdysseyParodies of secret agents
Agent 327
Austin Powers
Boris and Natasha from Rocky and BullwinkleBrandon Scofield in The Matarese Circle and The Matarese CountdownDerek Flint from Our Man Flint and In Like FlintDesmond Simpkins from Carry On SpyingI SpyJane Blonde
Johnny English
Joonas G. Breitenfeldt from Agent 000 and the Deadly CurvesLego Agents
Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 from Get Smart, 1960s TV show
Perry the Platypus from the cartoon Phineas and FerbOSS 117
Secret Squirrel, a cartoon character
Spy Kids
Spy vs. Spy
Sterling Archer, from the animated series Archer''
See also
Government
Emergency
Police
United States Border Patrol
SWAT
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Central Intelligence Agency
List of fictional secret police and intelligence organizations
List of fictional espionage organizations
MI5
Police Officer
Spy Agent
Spy fiction
Spies, List of fictional
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4011242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
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Hungary at the 2006 Winter Olympics
|
Hungary competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Sprint
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Short track speed skating
Key: 'ADV' indicates a skater was advanced due to being interfered with.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics
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4011250
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20Xi%20Nu
|
Delta Xi Nu
|
Delta Xi Nu Multicultural Sorority, Inc. () is a sorority that was established at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas.
National Multicultural Greek Council
Delta Xi Nu Multicultural Sorority, Inc. was inducted into the NMGC in Fall 2016. After completing the requirements, the organization became part of the NMGC umbrella. Becoming part of a multicultural Greek council on a national level allows the organization to work alongside other like-minded multicultural Greek organizations and make a larger impact in the community.
Undergraduate Chapters & Associate Chapters
The chapter list of Delta Xi Nu. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters in italics.
Alpha Chapter - Texas A&M University (1997)
Beta Chapter - Tulane University (2001)
Gamma Chapter - Colorado State University (2004)
Delta Chapter - University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (2005-20xx)
Epsilon Chapter - Sam Houston State University (2006)
Zeta Chapter - University of Texas at Arlington (2006-20xx)
Eta Chapter - University of the Incarnate Word (2008-20xx)
Theta Chapter - Our Lady of the Lake University (2009)
Iota Chapter - University of Texas at San Antonio (2009)
Kappa Chapter - University of Houston–Clear Lake (2012)
Lambda Chapter - Texas State University (2013)
Mu Chapter - University of Missouri (2014)
Nu Chapter - Texas A&M International University (2014)
Xi Chapter - Lamar University (2014)
Omicron Associate Chapter - Western Michigan University (2015-20xx)
Pi Associate Chapter - Central Methodist University (2016-20xx)
Rho Associate Chapter - University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2018)
Sigma Associate Chapter - Centenary University (2018)
Tau Associate Chapter - Colorado College (2020)
Upsilon Associate Chapter - University of Texas at Austin (2021)
Phi Associate Chapter - Auraria Campus (2021)
The sorority's Omega chapter is reserved as a memorial to those sisters who have died.
Graduate chapters
Houston alumnae chapter, (2015)
Dallas/Fort Worth alumnae chapter, (2015)
New Orleans alumnae chapter, (2015)
References
"M.I.S.S., Delta Xi Nu to host cultural festival, spread diverse customs with food, activities" The Houstonian
"Multicultural Greek Council showcases their chapters, recruits students" The Houstonian
"Greek Week meets Red Bull" The Collegian
"Delta Xi Nu sorority to give AIDS the boot Wednesday" The Shorthorn
"Sorority Partners with city to clean up Fish Creek" The Shorthorn
"Delta Xi Nu to host Unity Dinner" The Battalion
"Delta Xi Nu hosts International Women's Day" The Signal
External links
National Website
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
Student organizations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Texas
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4011260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar%20language
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Tubar language
|
Tubar or Tubare, is an extinct language of southern Chihuahua, Mexico that belonged to the Uto-Aztecan language family.
Morphology
Tubar is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
References
http://www.native-languages.org/tubar.htm
Agglutinative languages
Southern Uto-Aztecan languages
Extinct languages of North America
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4011263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfunction%20Junction
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Malfunction Junction
|
Malfunction Junction is a common nickname for a number of highway interchanges, especially ones that are poorly designed, dangerous, and/or suffer from severe traffic congestion:
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 240 and Interstate 55 in Memphis, Tennessee.
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration at Interstate 20/Interstate 59 and Interstate 65 in Birmingham, Alabama. It was closed for renovation on January 21, 2019
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 4 and Interstate 275 in Tampa, Florida
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 26 and Interstate 40 in Asheville, North Carolina
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration among Interstate 75, State Route 4 and local streets in Dayton, Ohio
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 26 and Interstate 20 near Columbia, South Carolina
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration between Interstate 40 and Interstate 75 adjacent to downtown Knoxville, Tennessee
Malfunction Junction, former configuration of the Tom Moreland Interchange near Atlanta, Georgia
See also
"Conjunction Junction", animated educational short from the Schoolhouse Rock! series, for which the phrase is a play on words
Dead Man's Curve
Spaghetti junction
Road interchanges in the United States
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4011279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamel
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Malamel
|
Malamel is a village in Pathanapuram Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India. This village is situated between Anchal and Valakom by-pass road. In Malayalam language Malamel means, "Top of the hill".
Rock Temples
At Malamel, there is a huge rock on which there is a famous Shiva Temple. Temple festival is held on 3 December. The temple has 5 doors and is considered to be divine and ancient because of the close proximity of Jadayupara (Chadayamangalam) (the rock that Jadayu carried on his wings). It has also a cave at extreme left of the temple, into which a British Adventurer in the year 1946, tried in vain to venture, and which leads to the Kulathupuzha Forest. This cave is believed to be a haven for very venomous snakes.
Famous temples like Arackal Devi Temple and Perumannur Devi Temple are nearby. Kottarakara Sree Mahaganapathy Kshethram is 12 km away.
Kottarakara and Punalur are the towns nearest to the village.
References
External links
Malamel Shiva Kshethram (Temple) at Google Maps
Villages in Kollam district
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4011283
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Arias
|
Francisco Arias
|
Francisco Arias (1533 – 15 May 1605) was a Spanish Catholic author, known as a writer of ascetical treatises.
Arias was born in Seville and joined the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty-six. He studied at the University of Alcalá, and was later professor of scholastic theology at Córdoba, and professor of moral theology at the , Trigueros. He also served as rector of the colleges at Trigueros and Cádiz.
Arias was commonly regarded as a saint, and was known for his gift of prayer and his spirit of penance. He was especially devoted to the care of blacks, Moors, and the inmates of hospitals and prisons. Arias was held in high esteem by John of Avila, and his works are recommended by St. Francis of Sales in his Introduction to a Devout Life.
Works
Spiritual Profit
Treatise on the Rosary
Imitation of Our Lady
Imitation of Christ
Mental Prayer
The Use of the Sacraments
The Promises of God
The Turpitude and Grievousness of Sin
References
External links
Full text of "The Charity of Jesus Christ" (archive.org)
Full text of "Tractatus de Rosario de B. Virginis Mariae" (Google Books)
Full text of "De imitatione beatiss. virginis Mariae" (Google Books)
Full text of "De imitatione Dominae Nostrae gloriosae Virginis et Dei parae Mariae" (Google Books)
People from Seville
1533 births
1605 deaths
16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
16th-century Spanish Jesuits
University of Alcalá alumni
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4011284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201952%20Winter%20Olympics
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Canada at the 1952 Winter Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The tournament was run in a round-robin format with nine teams participating.
Canada 15-1 Germany FR
Canada 13-3 Finland
Canada 11-0 Poland
Canada 4-1 Czechoslovakia
Canada 11-2 Switzerland
Canada 3-2 Sweden
Norway 2-11 Canada
Canada 3-3 USA
Top scorers
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1952, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1952 Winter Olympics
1952
Olympics
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4011303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
|
Iceland at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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Iceland competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. All five members of the team competed in alpine skiing.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics
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4011304
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Young%20%28ice%20hockey%29
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Tim Young (ice hockey)
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Timothy Michael Young (born February 22, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Minnesota North Stars, Winnipeg Jets and Philadelphia Flyers.
Playing career
As a youth, Young played in the 1967 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team.
Junior hockey
Young began his junior hockey career with the Ottawa 67's of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) in 1973–74. Young had a very solid rookie season, earning 106 points in 69 games, helping the 67's to the playoffs. In seven playoff games, Young had five points. After the season, Young was drafted by the New England Whalers in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft with the 13th overall pick.
Rather than join the Whalers, Young returned to Ottawa for the 1974–75 season, in which he led the league with 106 assists, and the second highest point total at 163, behind only Bruce Boudreau of the Toronto Marlboros. In the playoffs, Young had seven points in five games as the 67's lost to the Sudbury Wolves in the first round. Young was then selected 16th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1975 NHL Entry Draft. He would not stay a King for long, as on August 15, 1975, the Kings traded Young to the Minnesota North Stars for Minnesota's second round choice in the 1976 NHL Entry Draft.
Professional career
Minnesota North Stars
Young began the 1975–76 season with the New Haven Nighthawks of the American Hockey League (AHL), earning 20 points in 13 games before being called up to the North Stars. He had a solid rookie season in Minnesota, earning 51 points in 63 games to lead the team in scoring. The North Stars failed to reach the playoffs.
Young had a breakout season in 1976–77, as he once again led the North Stars in scoring with a career high 95 points, as he scored 29 goals with 66 assists, and played in the 30th National Hockey League All-Star Game. Young helped the North Stars reach the preliminary round of the playoffs, however, Minnesota was swept in two games by the Buffalo Sabres. Young had a goal and an assist in the series.
The 1977–78 season saw Young's numbers slip, as he recorded 58 points in 78 games, and finished second in team scoring. Minnesota struggled throughout the season, and failed to make the post-season. The 1978–79 season was more of the same, as Young had 56 points in 73 games, as Minnesota once again missed the playoffs. The highlight of Young's season came on January 15, 1979 when he scored five goals in a game at the New York Rangers. It was his first career hat trick and he also added an assist for a six-point night.
In 1979–80, Young had his highest point total since 1976-77, as he earned 74 points in 77 games, helping the North Stars to a record over .500 for the first time since he joined the team, and a playoff berth. In the post-season, Young had seven points in 15 games, as Minnesota lost in the third round to the Philadelphia Flyers.
Young continued to play good hockey in the 1980–81 season, as he had 66 points in 74 games to finish second in team scoring, as Minnesota made the playoffs again. The North Stars had a long playoff run, advancing to the 1981 Stanley Cup Finals, before losing to the powerful New York Islanders in five games. Young missed some time in the playoffs, however, he had a strong playoff performance, earning 17 points in only 12 games.
Young had an injury plagued 1981–82 season, a season in which he was named captain of the North Stars, appearing in only 49 games, in which he earned 41 points. In the playoffs, Young had two points in four games. In 1982-83, Young stayed relatively healthy, as he played in 70 games, earning 53 points, however he appeared in only two playoff games, earning two assists.
On August 3, 1983, the North Stars traded Young to the Winnipeg Jets for Craig Levie and Tom Ward.
Winnipeg Jets
In Young's only season in Winnipeg in 1983–84, he appeared in only 44 games, earning 34 points, as the Jets snuck into the playoffs. Young appeared in only one playoff game, earning an assist.
On October 16, 1984, Young was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for future considerations.
Philadelphia Flyers
Injuries continued to take a toll on Young's career, as he split the 1984–85 season between Philadelphia and the Hershey Bears of the AHL. In 20 games with the Flyers, Young had eight points before finishing the season with the Bears. Young was productive with Hershey, earning 48 points in 49 games, however, he decided to retire at the conclusion of the season at the age of 30.
Career statistics
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Minnesota North Stars players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New England Whalers draft picks
New Haven Nighthawks players
Ottawa 67's players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
World Hockey Association first round draft picks
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4011307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20of%20Bombay
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Star of Bombay
|
The Star of Bombay is a 182-carat (36.4-g) cabochon-cut star sapphire originating in Sri Lanka. The violet-blue gem was given to silent film actress Mary Pickford by her husband, Douglas Fairbanks. She bequeathed it to the Smithsonian Institution. It is the namesake of the popular alcoholic beverage Bombay Sapphire, a British-manufactured gin.
Description
The Star of Bombay is a 182 carat (36.4-g) cabochon-cut star sapphire. According to Southern Jewelry News, "The Star of Bombay sapphire belongs to the mineral species corundum. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace amounts of transition elements like vanadium or chromium result in different colors in the crystal. The Star of Bombay’s violet-blue color is caused by the presence of titanium and iron giving the blue tint, and vanadium contributing to its violet back color."
History
The Star of Bombay originates from Sri Lanka and is one of the largest star sapphires which have names unrelated to their origin, the other being the Star of India.
It is the namesake of the popular alcoholic beverage Bombay Sapphire, a British-manufactured gin. The gem was first acquired by Trabert & Hoeffer Inc. of Park Avenue in New York City and was set in a platinum ring. It is believed that the ring was purchased by Douglas Fairbanks, a famous silent film movie star and that he would give the ring to Mary Pickford. A 1935 advertisement for the Star of Bombay had it listed at 60 carats and did not include information on its origins and described it as "In all the world the only one".
In 1979, Mary Pickford died and bequeathed the Star of Bombay, to the Smithsonian Museum. Edward Stotsenberg of the Mary Pickford Foundation called the Smithsonian and a representative was sent out to examine the stone. According to Stotsenberg, the representative stated that the Star of Bombay was much brighter than other stones and pried it from the clasps and returned to the Smithsonian with it. The gem is currently displayed in the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals.
See also
Star of India (gem)
Star of Artaban
Star of Asia
List of individual gemstones
List of sapphires by size
References
Individual sapphires
Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Gems of Sri Lanka
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4011315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver%20Dam%20Mountains%20Wilderness
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Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
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The Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness is a wilderness area located in northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah, USA, within the arid Colorado Plateau region. The jagged mountains and gently sloping alluvial plain of the Beaver Dam Mountains straddle the border between the two states. The Wilderness contains some of the lowest elevation land in Utah, and includes a section of the Virgin River Gorge. The area comprises some , of which in Arizona and approximately in Utah. The area was designated Wilderness by the U.S. Congress in 1984 and is administered by the Bureau of Land Management.
The Mojave Desert landscape of the Beaver Dam Mountains features multitudes of Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia). Notable wildlife include desert bighorn sheep, the threatened desert tortoise, and large numbers of raptors. South of Beaver Dam lies the Paiute Wilderness, on the other side of the Interstate 15 corridor and lying partially inside Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.
See also
Arizona Strip
List of Arizona Wilderness Areas
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
National Wilderness Preservation System
Beaver Dam Wash
Wilderness Act
References
Other sources
Lynna P. Howard, Utah's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide (Westcliffe Publishers, 2005)
Bill Cunningham & Polly Burke, Wild Utah: A Guide to 45 Roadless Recreation Areas (Falcon Publishing, 1998)
External links
Wilderness.net: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
BLM Arizona: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
The American Southwest: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
Wilderness areas of Arizona
Wilderness areas of Utah
Protected areas of Mohave County, Arizona
Protected areas of Washington County, Utah
Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Arizona
Colorado Plateau
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4011320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Octoroon
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The Octoroon
|
The Octoroon is a play by Dion Boucicault that opened in 1859 at The Winter Garden Theatre, New York City. Extremely popular, the play was kept running continuously for years by seven road companies. Among antebellum melodramas, it was considered second in popularity only to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).
Boucicault adapted the play from the novel The Quadroon by Thomas Mayne Reid (1856). It concerns the residents of a Louisiana plantation called Terrebonne, and sparked debates about the abolition of slavery and the role of theatre in politics. It contains elements of Romanticism and melodrama.
The word octoroon signifies a person of one-eighth African ancestry. In comparison, a quadroon would have one quarter African ancestry and a mulatto for the most part has historically implied half African ancestry.
The Oxford English Dictionary cites The Octoroon with the earliest record of the word "mashup" with the quote: "He don't understand; he speaks a mash up of Indian, French, and Mexican." Boucicault's manuscript actually reads "Indian, French and 'Merican." The last word, an important colloquialism, was misread by the typesetter of the play.
Plot
Act I
George Peyton returns to the United States from a trip to France to find that the plantation he has inherited is in dire financial straits as a result of his late uncle's beneficence. Jacob McClosky, the man who ruined Judge Peyton, has come to inform George and his aunt (who was bequeathed a life interest in the estate) that their land will be sold and their slaves auctioned off separately. Salem Scudder, a kind Yankee, was Judge Peyton's business partner; though he wishes he could save Terrebonne, he has no money.
George is courted by the rich Southern belle heiress Dora Sunnyside, but he finds himself falling in love with Zoe, the daughter of his uncle through one of the slaves. Dora, oblivious to George's lack of affection for her, enlists Zoe's help to win him over. McClosky desires Zoe for himself, and when she rejects his proposition, he plots to have her sold with the rest of the slaves, for he knows that she is an octoroon and is legally part of the Terrebonne property. He plans to buy her and make her his mistress.
Act II
McClosky ,intercepts a young slave boy, Paul, who is bringing a mailbag to the house which contains a letter from one of Judge Peyton's old debtors. Since this letter would allow Mrs. Peyton to avoid selling Terrebonne, McClosky kills Paul and takes the letter. The murder is captured on Scudder's photographic apparatus. Paul's best friend, the Indian Wahnotee, discovers Paul's body; he can speak only poor English, however, and is unable to communicate the tragedy to anyone else.
George and Zoe reveal their love for each other, but Zoe rejects George's marriage proposal. When George asks why, Zoe explains that she is an octoroon, and the law prevents a white man from marrying anyone with the smallest black heritage. George offers to take her to a different country, but Zoe insists that she stay to help Terrebonne; Scudder then appears and suggests that George marry Dora. With Dora's wealth, he explains, Terrebonne will not be sold and the slaves will not have to be separated. George reluctantly agrees.
Act III
George goes to Dora and begins to propose to her; while he is doing so, however, he has a change of heart and decides not to lie to her. He and Zoe admit to their love of each other; a heartbroken Dora leaves. The auctioneer arrives, along with prospective buyers, McClosky among them. After various slaves are auctioned off, George and the buyers are shocked to see Zoe up on the stand. McClosky has proved that Judge Peyton did not succeed in legally freeing her, as he had meant to do. Dora then reappears and bids on Zoe – she has sold her own plantation in order to rescue Terrebonne. McClosky, however, outbids her for Zoe; George is restrained from attacking him by his friends.
Act IV
The buyers gather to take away the slaves they have purchased on a steamship. They have realized that Paul is missing, and most believe him dead. Wahnotee appears, drunk and sorrowful, and tells them that Paul is buried near them. The men accuse Wahnotee of the murder, and McClosky calls for him to be lynched. Scudder insists that they hold a trial, and the men search for evidence. Just as McClosky points out the blood on Wahnotee's tomahawk, the oldest slave, Pete, comes to give them the photographic plate which has captured McClosky's deed. The men begin to call for McClosky to be lynched, but Scudder convinces them to send him to jail instead.
Act V
The men leave to fetch the authorities, but McClosky escapes. Stealing a lantern, he sets fire to the steamship that had the slaves on board. Wahnotee tracks him down and confronts him; in the ensuing struggle, Wahnotee kills McClosky. Back at Terrebonne, Zoe returns but with a sad heart, as she knows that she and George can never be together. In an act of desperation she drinks a vial of poison, and Scudder enters to deliver the good news that McClosky was proven guilty of murdering Paul and that Terrebonne now belongs to George. Despite the happiness Zoe stands dying and the play ends with her death on the sitting-room couch and George kneeling beside her.
Alternative endings
When the play was performed in England it was given a happy ending, in which the mixed-race couple are united. The tragic ending was used for American audiences, to avoid portraying a mixed marriage.
Adaptations
The play was adapted by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins as An Octoroon in 2014.
References
External links
A four-act version of the play
Plays by Dion Boucicault
1859 plays
Plays about race and ethnicity
Plays set in Louisiana
Plays about slavery
Works about American slavery
Plays based on novels
Irish plays adapted into films
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4011324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20%26%20Space%20Forces%20Association
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Air & Space Forces Association
|
The Air & Space Forces Association (AFA) is an independent, 501(c)(3) non-profit, professional military association for the United States Air Force and United States Space Force that educates the American public on air and space power, advocates for the Air and Space Forces, and provides support for Airmen, Guardians, and their families. It is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.
AFA publishes Air Force Magazine and the Daily Report. It also runs the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies and conducts social networking, public outreach, and national conferences and symposia. It sponsors professional development seminars and has an awards program. AFA has a scholarship program for Air Force active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve members and their dependents. It also provides grants to promote science and math education at the elementary and secondary school level.
Founded in 1946 as the Air Force Association, the organization renamed itself in April 2022. It continued to use the abbreviation AFA.
Mission
The Air & Space Forces Associations' mission is "to educate the public about air and space power, to advocate for the world's most capable, most lethal, and most effective Air and Space Forces, and to support Airmen, Guardians, and their families."
History
Advocating for air force independence
Even before the end of World War II, General of the Army Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, was beginning to consider establishing an organization for the three million airmen under his command who would become veterans after the war ended. This organization was not only intended to serve as a veterans' organization, but also be an advocacy group for airpower.
In August 1945, Arnold asked Edward Peck Curtis to build the Air Force Association. Currently an executive at Eastman Kodak, Curtis retired from the Army Air Forces in 1944 as a major general and was a World War I flying ace. The first meeting occurred on 12 October 1945 in New York City. Aside from Curtis, the twelve founders were John S. Allard, Everett Richard Cook, who retired from the Army Air Forces in 1945 as a brigadier general and was a World War I flying ace, Jimmy Doolittle, who was a Army Air Forces lieutenant general and Medal of Honor recipient for flying the Doolittle Raid, W. Dearing Howe, Rufus Rand, Sol Rosenblatt, Julian Rosenthal, James Stewart, an actor and Army Air Forces colonel, Lowell P. Weicker, Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, an Army Air Forces colonel, and John Hay Whitney, an Army Air Forces intelligence officer.
While the group decided on the Air Force Association as the name, which was shared with an earlier group founded by Billy Mitchell, rejected names included the:
Air Force Legion
Air Force League
Air Force Veterans Association
Air Force Council
Air Force Veterans Federation
Air Force Veterans Alliance
National Legion of Air Force Veterans
National League of Air Force Veterans
National Association of Air Force Veterans
National Federation of Air Force Veterans
National Fraternity of Air Force Veterans
National Council of Air Force Veterans
United League of Air Force Veterans
United Federation of Air Force Veterans
United Association of Air Force Veterans
United Council of Air Force Veterans
United Alliance of Air Force Veterans
American Air Force Veterans
American Veterans of the Air
American Veterans of the Air Force
Air Force Alumni Association
Consensus quickly formed that Jimmy Doolittle should be the first president, and in a January 1946 press conference, Doolittle announced the establishment of the Air Force Association. The Air Force Association was to be organized on a grass-roots structure, composed of local, state, and regional affiliates. AFA also would publish a national magazine on airpower topics and sponsor educational programs to inform the public on airpower developments.
The Air Force Association was incorporated on 4 February 1946 in Washington D.C. While the association did not have significant cash reserves, relying on additional donations from members, it had a significant platform, being featured in The New York Times and other news media. In August 1946, the Air Force Association organized a coast-to-coast radio broadcast featuring Jimmy Stewart, who was made a vice president of the organization, and Ronald Reagan, who was a Hollywood actor and Army Air Force captain and AFA charter member.
The Air Force Association made good on its promise to publish an airpower magazine in July 1946, when the Army Air Forces transferred ownership of Air Force Magazine, its official journal, to the association. While Hap Arnold was Chief of Information for the Army Air Service, he was the editor of the service's monthly newsletter which grew into Air Force Magazine. As commanding general of the Army Air Forces, Arnold ordered "a first-class, slick-paper magazine—highly readable—the best of its kind—with worldwide circulation" be produced for its airmen.
Public outreach was also made a priority, with Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Carl Spaatz telling delegates at AFA's first national convention in 1947 that "public support is as essential to effective airpower as industries, airplanes, and airmen." By the end of the Air Force Association's first year, it had incorporated 152 local squadrons, or chapters, in forty-five states.
On 18 September 1947, the Department of the Air Force was established and the Army Air Forces became the U.S. Air Force. Air Force Magazine declared that it was "The Day Billy Mitchell Dreamed Of." At its first AFA National Convention in Columbus, Ohio, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower declared "the creation of the United States Air Force as an independent entity recognizes the special capabilities of airpower."
The Air Force's advocate
Despite independence, however, the Air Force's place was not assured. Following Allied victory, the U.S. Armed Forces began post-war demobilization and their strength began to draw down. In their first statement of policy in 1948, the Air Force Association warned "while recognizing that peacetime airpower is expensive, we know that wartime airpower is far more costly" and began campaigning for a seventy-group Air Force, which was also called for by a special presidential commission.
Dwindling budgets also increased interservice rivalry. In 1946, leadership of the U.S. Navy attempted to kill the Convair B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber, instead advocating for carrier aviation. In part due to the advocacy of the Air Force Association, the Revolt of the Admirals was unsuccessful and the B-36 Peacemaker went into full service.
The Air Force Association maintained a very close relationship with Hollywood, which enabled it to directly communicate the need for airpower to the public. At AFA's second national convention, it held "Operation Wing Ding" at Madison Square Garden and featured the talents of its own vice president Jimmy Stewart, Bob Hope, Marlene Dietrich, Lena Horne, Clark Gable, Dinah Shore, Jack Dempsey, Jerry Colonna, Jane Froman, Carmen Miranda, Margaret O'Brien, Walter Pidgeon, Herb Shriner, Gypsy Rose Lee, Joe E. Brown, Jinx Falkenburg, and The Rockettes. The performance was lauded as "the greatest show ever put on in Madison Square Garden" by John Kilpatrick, the president of the venue.
In 1950, the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps' Arnold Air Society honors society affiliates with the Air Force Association and in 1953, the Air Reserve Association merges into the AFA. In May 1959, right before the first graduation at the United States Air Force Academy, AFA sponsored its first outstanding squadron dinner, which would later become a highlighted event for the association.
The Air Force Association embraced the arrival of the jet age, sponsoring four national Jet Age Conferences starting in 1956. The same year, Air Force Magazine published an article on Strategic Air Command which got national attention when Arthur Godfrey told his primetime audience on CBS to read it. On 1 May 1956, the Air Force Association Foundation, soon renamed the Aerospace Education Foundation, is established to manage its education programs.
At its 1956 National Convention, the Air Force Association, in partnership with the Air Force, inaugurates its Outstanding Airman of the Air Force program to recognize enlisted airmen. This level of cooperation continued with the 1957 "Golden Anniversary" issue of Air Force Magazine, which marked fifty years since the establishment of the Army Signal Corps' Aeronautical Division in partnership with the Air Force Historial Research Division.
The Air Force Association marked 1959 with the World Congress of Flight in Las Vegas. Featuring aircraft from fifty-one foreign nations, the World Congress of Flight was the first international, and the largest, air and space show in the United States and was televised by NBC to over forty million viewers and covered in Life magazine.
In 1963, the Air Force Association became the focus of ire from the Department of Defense when it adopted a statement of policy opposing the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, infuriating Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Under political pressure, Secretary of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert withdrew from his attendance at the AFA National Convention, however Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay still attended.
The following year, in 1964, the Air Force Association's Airmen's Council asked the Air Force to establish a "Sergeant Major of the Air Force," mirroring the position of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps as the senior enlisted advisor, but is turned down. However, in 1967 the Air Force establishes the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force to serve in the same role. In 2020, less than a year after its established, the U.S. Space Force creates the Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force to advocate for enlisted guardians.
In 1967, the Aerospace Education Foundation and the United States Office of Education test using Air Force technical training courses in Utah public schools. Project Utah's success paves the way for the Community College of the Air Force's establishment. The two organizations also hold the first National Laboratory for the Advancement of Education.
In October 1969, Air Force Magazine publishes "The Forgotten Americans of the Vietnam War" as its cover story, generating national awareness of the issue of Prisoners of War during the Vietnam War. The article was republished as the lead in Reader's Digest, read on the floor of the United States Congress, and entered into the Congressional Record six times. AFA's advocacy resulted in its national president being a special guest at the White House's tribute for returning prisoners of war in 1971.
In 1988, the Air Force Association and Aerospace Education Foundation publish a series of two white papers, "Lifeline in Danger," followed by "Lifeline Adrift" in 1990," raising concern about issues with the United States defense industry. In 1991, the Aerospace Education Foundation and USA Today jointly run the "Visions of Exploration" program to educate public school students on twenty-first century issues.
In 1992, the Air Force Association establishes the United States Air Force Memorial Foundation, however construction will not begin until 2004 and it will not be dedicated until 2006. The dedication is attended by President George W. Bush, an Air Force veteran.
In 1994, Air Force Magazine publishes a special report on the National Air and Space Museum's plans to display the Enola Gay B-29 Superfortress bomber, which dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima. AFA accused the National Air and Space Museum's display plans as politically rigged, lacking balance and historical context. The outcry from Congress, the news media, and public forced to National Air and Space Museum to modify its display plans.
The Air and Space Forces' advocate
While supporting the Air Force, the Air Force Association also advocated for its space and cyber programs.
In 2009, AFA established the CyberPatriot program to prepare high school students in careers in cybersecurity or other STEM fields. In 2013, CyberPatriot becomes an international program, expanding to the United Kingdom, Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Japan.
In 2014, the Secretary of the Air Force requested that the Air Force Association create a similar program to CyberPatriot that was space-focused, with AFA creating the StellarXplorers STEM education program built on orbit determination, spacecraft design, and launch vehicle operations.
In 2013, the Mitchell Institute for Airpower Studies was renamed the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies and in 2016, the Air Force Association's Air and Space Conference was renamed the Air, Space, and Cyber Conference.
Following the 2019 establishment of the U.S. Space Force, the Air Force Association positioned itself to continue supporting the new service, updating its mission statement to include the USSF and Guardians in April 2020. On April 7, 2022, the Air Force Association renamed itself the Air & Space Forces Association to better represent the United States Space Force.
Following the Space Force's establishment, the Air Force Association called for the Department of the Air Force to rename into the Department of the Air and Space Forces, integrate the National Reconnaissance Office into the U.S. Space Force, and called for the development of crewed and uncrewed combat spaceplanes for the new service.
Organization
AFA is divided into three geographic areas, comprising 14 regions, each led by a region president.
Predominantly a volunteer organization, the association has more than 200 chapters in 49 states (Maine is the only state without a chapter) and other countries including the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan, Okinawa, and the Republic of Korea. As of 30 June 2010, AFA had a membership of 117,480 of whom 37% (43,954) are life members (permanent membership), organized into local chapters. There has been a 23-year trend of declining regular membership, but increasing life membership. AFA membership in 2010 included 15% on active duty military and 70% retired or former military.
Programs
As part of its education mandate the association publishes Air Force Magazine and the online electronic news brief Daily Report. Air Force Magazine began in September 1918 as the D.M.A. Weekly News Letter, originally published by the Information Branch of the Division of Military Aeronautics, and changed names several times, becoming Air Force Magazine in January 1943. The Air Force Association assumed responsibility for its publication and content beginning in October 1946.
AFA hosts professional development conferences which feature speakers, workshops, trade shows and presentations by Air Force and national defense leaders. The organization has a public policy and research arm, the Mitchell Institute for Airpower Studies run by director Dr. Rebecca Grant. AFA runs CyberPatriot, a national youth cyber education program that promotes student interest in cyber security and other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career fields. The "Visions of Exploration" program has its members distribute educational materials to schools and concerned citizens. This is done in part through a joint multi-disciplinary science, math and social studies program with USA Today.
The Arnold Air Society is a university level arm of the organization.
As part of its support programs AFA provides more than $1.5 million in scholarships, grants, and awards. AFA's educational programs and scholarships are intended to encourage Air Force members to continue their education, provide funds to Air Force spouses working towards a degree, and administer grants that develop programs promoting math and science skills among young people.
AFA was a key organization in building the United States Air Force Memorial and continues to be involved in its day-to-day operations.
See also
Space Force Association
References
External links
Non-profit organizations based in Arlington, Virginia
United States military associations
United States military support organizations
American veterans' organizations
United States Air Force
United States Space Force
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4011331
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary%20early%20Chola%20kings
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Legendary early Chola kings
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The legendary early Chola kings are recorded history of early Chola rulers of Sangam period in Tamil literature and Sangam literature. The other source of early Chola history is found in the inscriptions left by later Chola kings.
Sources of early Chola history
The genealogy of the Chola kings as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of kings for whom no verifiable historic evidence survives. Many versions of this lineage exist. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as Periyapuranam, semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscriptions and left by medieval Cholas.
Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a strong evidentiary basis and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are identical. Some historians consider these lists as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.
Origin of Cholas and Literary sources
Typical hero and demi-gods found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the genealogies incorporated into the copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the Kilbil Plates which give fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of Karikala, Perunarkilli and Kocengannan. The Thiruvalangadu Plates swells this list to forty-four, and the Kanya Plates lists fifty-two.
The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the Solar dynasty. The Puranic sources speak of a Chola king, a supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya, whose devotion brought the river Kavery into existence.
The story of king Manu Needhi Cholan tells of how he sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a calf. He was called thus because he followed the rules of Manu; his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be "Ellalan" according to Maha vamsam who was attributed with a similar story. King Shibi rescued a dove from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter and was also part of the legends. King Shivi was also called Sembiyan, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.
Sangam period Chola rulers
The Chola kings of the Sangam period and the life of people contributed much to Tamil cultural wealth. The Sangam literature is full of legends about Chola kings. However, no evidentiary basis supports this list of Kings either by way of inscriptions or by way of literary evidence (even in Sangam literature). The dates of accession are approximate interpolation of the Chronological standpoints in Tamil history.
List of Sangam Chola rulers till 250s CE–
Genealogy from Chola inscriptions
The genealogy of the Chola family conveyed by the Thiruvalangadu copperplate grant consists of names that corroborate the historic authenticity of legends.
Manu
Ikshvaku
Vikukshi
Puranjaya
Kakutstha
Kakshivat
Aryaman
Analapratapa
Vena
Prithu
Dhundhumara
Yuvanasva
Mandhata
Muchukunda
Valabha
Prithulaksha
Parthivachudamani
Dirghabahu
Chandrajit
Sankriti
Panchapa
Satyavrata
Rudrajit
Sibi
Marutta
Dushyanta
Bharata
Cholavarman
Rajakesarivarman
Parakesarin
Chitraratha
Chitrasva
Chitradhanvan
Suraguru (Mrityujit)
Chitraratha
Vyaghraketu
Narendrapati
Vasu (Uparichara)
Visvajit
Perunatkilli
Karikala
Kochchengannan
See also
Tamilakam
Chola Empire
History of India
List of Tamil monarchs
History of Tamil Nadu
History of South India
Timeline of Indian history
Chronology of Tamil history
References
Chola dynasty
Empires and kingdoms of India
Dynasties of India
Chola
Hindu dynasties
Tamilakam
Tamil empires and kingdoms
Chola kings
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4011340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
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India at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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India sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was the nation's seventh appearance in a Winter Olympic Games. The Indian delegation consisted of four athletes, two in alpine skiing, one in cross-country skiing, and one in luge. Their best performance in any event was 25th by luger Shiva Keshavan in the men's singles.
Background
The Indian Olympic Association was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1926. However, by this time, they had already competed in three Summer Olympic Games, in 1900, 1920, and 1924. India has participated in every Summer Olympics since 1920. The nation did not make its first Winter Olympics appearance until the 1964 Winter Olympics. With India missing the Winter Olympics from 1972–1984 and in 1994, Turin marked India's seventh appearance at a Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics were held from 10–26 February; a total of 2,508 athletes representing 80 National Olympic Committees took part. The Indian delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two in alpine skiing, one in cross-country skiing, and one in luge. Alpine skier Neha Ahuja was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Neha Ahuja was 24 years old at the time of these Olympics, and was making her Olympic debut. On 22 February, she competed in the women's slalom, finishing her first run in 55.45 seconds, and her second in 1 minute and 0.71 seconds. Her combined time was 1 minute and 56.16 seconds, placing her last among the 51 competitors who finished both legs of the race; the gold medal was won by Sweden Anja Pärson in 1 minute and 29.04 seconds; the silver was taken by Austrian Nicole Hosp and the bronze by her fellow Austrian Marlies Schild. On 24 February, Ahuja took part in the women's giant slalom, finishing her first run in 1 minute and 15.59 seconds and her second in 1 minutes and 25.72 seconds. Her total time was 2 minutes and 41.31 seconds, putting her in 42nd place out of 43 classified finishers. The gold medal was won by Julia Mancuso of the United States in 2 minutes and 9.19 seconds; the silver by Tanja Poutiainen of Finland, and the bronze was won by Swede Anna Ottosson.
Hira Lal was 25 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was also making his Olympic debut. He competed in the men's giant slalom on 20 February, but did not finish the first run. The gold medal in this race was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria, the silver was taken by Joël Chenal of France, and the bronze was won by a second Austrian, Hermann Maier.
Cross-country skiing
Bahadur Gupta was 29 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and making his only Olympic appearance. In the qualifying round of the men's sprint on 22 February, he finished the race with a time of 2 minutes and 43.30 seconds, and he was 78th out of 80 competitors to finish. Only the top 30 qualified for the next round, and Gupta was eliminated, the slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 20.46 seconds. The gold medal was eventually won by Björn Lind of Sweden, the silver by Roddy Darragon of France, and the silver by Thobias Fredriksson, also of Sweden.
Luge
Shiva Keshavan was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his third Olympic appearance, after representing India at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. The men's singles was held on 11–12 February, and was held over four runs, two runs on each day. The final placement was determined by adding up all the run times for each athlete. On the first day, Keshavan finished the first run in a time of 53.729 seconds, and the second in 52.972 seconds. Overnight, he was in 29th place out of 36 competitors. The next day, he posted run times of 52.696 seconds and 52.540 seconds. Overall, the sum of his run times was 3 minutes and 31.937 seconds, which meant he finished in 25th place out of 35 lugers who completed all four runs. The gold medal was won by Armin Zöggeler of Italy in a time of 3 minutes and 26.088 seconds; the silver medal was taken by Albert Demchenko of Russia, and the bronze by Mārtiņš Rubenis of Latvia. Keshavan would go on to represent his country at the 2010, 2014, and the 2018 Winter Olympics.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics
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4011349
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.O.%20Beast
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K.O. Beast
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K.O. Beast, known in Japan as , is an anime series.
History
In 1993-1994, Anime UK, a British-based magazine, brought the first three episodes to the UK market on its own label (this was Anime UK'''s only release).
It was released in America by Right Stuf Inc. The American version made references to Pokémon due to the voice cast having also worked for the dub of Pokémon.
Story
The series is set in the distant future in which the Earth is split in two. The southern hemisphere is placed in another dimension while the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere are able to morph into beast-like humanoids. Eventually the humans of the southern hemisphere, led by Uranus, attack the Beasts.
The Three Beasts, Wan Derbard (Wan Dabadadatta) of the Tiger Tribe, Bud Mint (Baado Mint) of the Bird Tribe, and Mei Mer (Mei Mah) of the Mermaid Tribe, are taken prisoner along with Mei Mer's companion Tuttle Millen (Mekka Mannen, also of the Mermaid tribe), but manage to escape thanks to a little girl named Yuuni Charm Password. Together they seek Gaia, which they believe to be a fabulous treasure, but they are pursued by Uranus's minions : V-Darn the vicious mage-knight, V-Sion the warrior woman and Akumako, V-Darn's sadistic imp-like partner.
Characters
The series has three main characters:
Wan - the male leader who dresses in red
Bud Mint - the male loner
Mei Mer - the female.
To these are added the child Yuni, who is female, and a bulky male Tuttle (so-written in the English subtitles) to complete a typical five-character adventure team. All but Yuni are "beasts" who usually appear in anthropomorphic form but who can easily shapeshift. For instance, when Wan becomes angry or sneezes, he turns into a tiger, though he still wears his trousers, as does Bud, who becomes a rooster when he is frightened or disgusted. Mei Mer's legs are replaced by a porpoise's tail; Tuttle becomes a sea turtle, his cumbersome body becoming an armored sphere. The first three are heroes of their tribes of beasts, each committed to protecting a magical statue of their tribe, which are called "Jinn." Each has a stereotypical childish desire: Wan is hungry, Bud Mint wants girls, Mei Mer wants wealth. In addition, Bud often begins his responses with English expletives or sayings. The joke is that the symbol of the US is the eagle, but he is a chicken.
Their enemies are the human beings V-Darn and V-Sion, whose names involve a pun on the Japanese word for "beautiful," namely bi for v'', and the story begins with all heroes captured and taken to the enemy stronghold, and the three statues taken.
Voice cast
References
External links
1992 anime OVAs
1993 anime OVAs
Environmental television
Gainax
Mecha anime and manga
Post-apocalyptic anime and manga
Television series about shapeshifting
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4011351
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese%20Huber
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Therese Huber
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Therese Huber (7 May 1764 – 15 June 1829) was a German author. She was one of the so-called , a group of five academically active women during the mid-18th and early 19th centuries. The group consisted of daughters of academics at Göttingen University; Huber was noteworthy among them, alongside Meta Forkel-Liebeskind, Caroline Schelling, Philippine Engelhard, and Dorothea Schlözer.
Life
Therese Huber was born Marie Therese Heyne in Göttingen as daughter of the influential classical philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne and his first wife Therese (1730-1775), the daughter of lutenist and composer Sylvius Leopold Weiss. She married traveller and ethnologist Georg Forster in 1785. They lived in Wilno 1785–1787 and in Göttingen and Mainz 1788–1792 and had three children, but an unhappy marriage. After Forster had left Mainz for Paris as representative of the Mainz Republic, she and her lover Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, who had been living with the Forsters in Mainz, moved to Neuchâtel, living under difficult conditions there. She and Forster met for the last time in 1793, when he agreed to a divorce. However, Forster died soon after, and she married her lover. After his 1804 death, she moved in with her daughter in Ulm. Huber died in 1829 in Augsburg. The most notable of her ten children, four of which survived to adulthood, was social reformer Victor Aimé Huber. She had a long and regular correspondence with her unmarried daughter Therese Forster, who edited Georg Forster's complete works in 1843.
Works
Huber's main work consists of novels, novellas, and travel reports, at first published under her husband Ludwig's name. However, she was also working as an editor of the Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände (Morning paper for the educated classes), as translator, and as essayist. Furthermore, she wrote over 4500 letters to many important contemporaries, about a wide range of topics. Later in her life, Huber edited the works and letters of both of her husbands. Her novel, Abentheuer auf einer Reise nach Neu-Holland [Adventures on a Voyage to New Holland] was serialized in the 1793-1794 issues of the German women's magazine, Flora: part of the tale was set in Norfolk Island, which thus made its first appearance in a work of fiction. Georg Forster had been one of the party of the first Europeans ever to set foot on Norfolk Island when it was discovered in October 1774 during James Cook's second voyage, and Therese had drawn on his description of it in his Reise um die Welt.
Publications
(in German)
Therese Huber's published works as cited by An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers.
Emilie von Varmont. Eine Geschichte in Briefen, 1794.
Der Trostlose, comedy, 1794.
Drei Weiber, 1795.
Adele von Senange, 1795.
Die Familie Seeldorf. Eine Geschichte, 1795.
Luise. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Konvenienz, 1796.
Erzählungen 3 volumes, 1801–1802.
Bemerkungen über Holland, 1811.
Hannah, der Herrenhuterin Deborah Findling, 1821.
Jugendmuth, 1824.
Ellen Percy, oder Erziehungdurch Schicksale, 1827.
Die Ehelosen, 1829.
Erzählungen 6 volumes, 1830–1833.
Die Weihe der Jungfrau bei dem Eintritt in die größere Welt, 1831.
Die Geschichte des Cevennenn-Kriegs, 1834.
Other Publications
Abentheuer auf einer Reise nach Neu-Holland. "Teutschlands Töchtern geweiht", Tübingen 1793; English translation by Rodney Livingstone, Adventures on a Journey to New Holland, edited by Leslie Bodi, Melbourne 1966.
L. F. Hubers sämtliche Werke seit dem Jahr 1802, nebst seiner Biographie. Bd. 1–2. Tübingen 1806–10, +Fortsetzungen 1819.
Johann Georg Forsters Briefwechsel. Nebst einigen Nachrichten von seinem Leben (2 Bände), Leipzig 1829.
References
Leslie Bodi: "Adventures on a Journey to New Holland" and "The Lonely Deathbed". Two novels of Therese Huber as documents of their time. Introduction to the English edition of these novels, Melbourne 1966. Also in Literatur, Politik, Identität — Literature, Politics, Cultural Identity. Österreichische und internationale Literaturprozesse vol. 18, ed. by Herbert Arlt, Röhrig Universitätsverlag, St. Ingbert 2002.
Sabine Dorothea Jordan: 'Ludwig Ferdinand Huber(1764–1804). His Life and Works.' (Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik, No.57). Stuttgart: Akademischer Verlag Hans-Dieter Heinz, 1978.
External links
Eine kurze Biografie
Eine ausführliche Biografie
Die "Urmutter der Journalistinnen"
Die Briefausgabe Therese Huber (3 von 9 Bänden).
Carola Hilmes: Georg Forster und Therese Huber: Eine Ehe in Briefen
A selection of works by Huber in the Sophie database
1764 births
1829 deaths
Writers from Göttingen
German travel writers
German women writers
German women novelists
Women travel writers
18th-century German journalists
19th-century German journalists
Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände editors
Harold B. Lee Library-related rare books articles
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4011352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Wharram
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Kenny Wharram
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Kenneth Malcolm Wharram (July 2, 1933 – January 10, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League, all with the Chicago Black Hawks, wearing number 17. He won a Stanley Cup in 1961.
Early life and career
Wharram started his hockey career with his hometown team the North Bay Black Hawks in 1949 before switching the next season to the Galt Black Hawks for whom he played three seasons. He played one match for the Galt team's parent club the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951 before returning for another season to Galt. He played 29 matches for the Hawks in 1953–54 but spent an equal amount of time at the Quebec Aces in the Quebec Hockey League before joining the American Hockey League Buffalo Bisons in 1954. Under the training of Bisons' coach Harry Watson he enjoyed four productive seasons, made the AHL's second all star team in 1955, and returned to Chicago to stay in 1958.
The Scooter Line
Wharram still seemed to struggle to find a spot on the Hawks until he was teamed on a line with Stan Mikita. Mikita and Wharram meshed well together and Wharram's production - attributable to his considerable speed and puck-handling skills - soared. He would have seven straight seasons scoring 20 or more goals.
All that was needed was a left winger, and the Hawks got one in veteran Ted Lindsay, then near the end of his career. It would be Lindsay, Mikita and Wharram who formed the original Scooter Line. After Lindsay retired, Ab McDonald assumed the honors, and it would be this version of the Scooter Line in force when the Hawks won the 1961 Stanley Cup. After McDonald was traded to the Boston Bruins, Doug Mohns was placed in the left wing spot.
Sudden retirement and death
Wharram was attending the Black Hawks' training camp on September 16, 1969 when he noticed he was having chest pains. He was quickly sent to a hospital intensive care unit where he was diagnosed with myocarditis. Wharram's condition worsened to the point where he needed to be trained how to stay awake. The process took weeks, and while Wharram's life was eventually out of danger, the stress of playing hockey made a comeback out of the question. He officially retired in September 1970 and settled down in North Bay as a carpenter. He was inducted to the North Bay Hall of Fame in 1980. Wharram died on January 10, 2017 at the age of 83.
Career statistics
References
Legends of Hockey article on Ken Wharram
External links
1933 births
2017 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Galt Black Hawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Sportspeople from North Bay, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
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4011366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper%20Takeover
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Grasshopper Takeover
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Grasshopper Takeover (also known as GTO) were a band from Omaha, Nebraska, United States. They were formed in December 1995. Its members were Bob Boyce (Vocals, Drums), Curtis Grubb (Vocals, Guitar), James McMann (Bass), and they were later joined by Michael Cioffero (Guitar). They released five full-length CDs and three EPs. Their last EPs "Hear No Evil" and "See No Evil" were part of a three disc collection that was never completed.
Prior to Grasshopper Takeover, Grubb and Boyce were both in a band called Kind.
Since Grasshopper Takeover, Boyce and McMann have worked with their band, "Two Drag Club," performing primarily in the Omaha Area. Grubb owns a recording studio, and Cioffero went on to pursue a doctorate in classical guitar.
In August 2003, GTO played at the Paris Las Vegas for VH1's Summers End Concert. Having qualified for the event via a national online competition, sponsored by Budweiser, GTO played in a showcase with several other bands. The show was headlined by The Donnas and the Goo Goo Dolls.
Members
Curtis Grubb - vocals, guitar (1995-)
Bob Boyce - drums, vocals (1995-)
James McMann - bass (1995-)
Ben Zinn - guitar (2005-present)
Former members
Tyler Owen - guitar
Michael Cioffero - guitar (2003-2005)
Discography
CDs:
Grasshopper Takeover - 1997
Gaia - 1998
International Dance Marathon - 2000
The Green Album - 2001
Elephant Dreams - 2003
EPs
Echo Park - 1999
Hear No Evil - 2003
See No Evil - 2005
Speak No Evil - N/R
External links
The Official Grasshopper Takeover Website (no longer maintained)
Rock music groups from Nebraska
Musical groups from Omaha, Nebraska
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4011387
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
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Iran at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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Iran competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Two athletes represented Iran in the 2006 Olympics, one in alpine skiing and one in cross-country skiing. During the opening ceremonies, the Iranian delegation entered to the 1980 disco song "Funkytown."
Competitors
Results by event
Skiing
Alpine
Men
Cross-country
Men
References
External links
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics
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4011391
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201948%20Winter%20Olympics
|
Canada at the 1948 Winter Olympics
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Canada competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Of the 28 athletes participating only 8 did not receive any medals. While the men's hockey medal is counted as one, each of the 17 players received individual medals. The pairs figure skating counted as a single medal.
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's combined
The downhill part of this event was held along with the main medal event of downhill skiing. For athletes competing in both events, the same time was used (see table above for the results). The slalom part of the event was held separate from the main medal event of slalom skiing (included in table below).
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The tournament was run in a round-robin format with nine teams participating.
* United States team was disqualified. Only eight teams are officially ranked.
Canada 3-1 Sweden
Canada 3-0 United Kingdom
Canada 15-0 Poland
Canada 21-1 Italy
Canada 12-3 USA
Canada 0-0 Czechoslovakia
Canada 12-0 Austria
Canada 3-0 Switzerland
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event, meaning that athletes competing here were skiing for two disciplines at the same time. Details can be found above in this article, in the cross-country skiing section.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below. Athletes would perform three jumps, of which the two best jumps (distance and form) were counted.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1948, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1948 Winter Olympics
1948
Olympics
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4011393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight%20aircraft%20%28United%20States%29
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Ultralight aircraft (United States)
|
Ultralight aircraft in the United States are much smaller and lighter than ultralight aircraft as defined by all other countries.
In the United States, ultralights are described as "ultralight vehicles" and not as aircraft. They are not required to be registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
United States definition of "ultralight"
Regulation of ultralight aircraft in the United States is covered by the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14 (Federal Aviation Regulations), Part 103, or 14 CFR Part 103, which defines an "ultralight" as a vehicle that:
has only one seat
Is used only for recreational or sport flying
Does not have a U.S. or foreign airworthiness certificate
If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds
If powered:
Weighs less than 254 pounds (115 kg) empty weight, excluding floats and safety devices
Has a maximum fuel capacity of 5 U.S. gallons (19 L)
Does not exceed 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph) calibrated airspeed at full power in level flight
Has a power-off stall speed which does not exceed 24 knots (45 km/h; 28 mph) calibrated airspeed or less
Certification
Ultralight vehicles and their component parts and equipment are not required to meet the airworthiness certification standards specified for aircraft or to have certificates of airworthiness.
Operators of ultralight vehicles are not required to meet any aeronautical knowledge, age, or experience requirements or to have airman or medical certificates.
Ultralight vehicles are not required to be registered or to have registration markings.
Operations
Ultralight vehicle cannot be flown except between the hours of sunrise and sunset.
Ultralight vehicles may be operated during the twilight periods 30 minutes before official sunrise and 30 minutes after official sunset or, in Alaska, during the period of civil twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if:
The vehicle has an operating anti-collision light visible for at least 3 statute miles
Flight can only take place in uncontrolled airspace
Ultralight vehicles cannot be flown over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons.
Weight allowances can be made for amphibious landing gear, and ballistic parachute systems.
In the United States, while no certification or training is required by law for ultralights, training is strongly advised.
See also
Ultralight aviation
Ultralight trike
References
United States ultralight aircraft
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4011395
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
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Richard Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. Krajicek was originally unseeded, but replaced seventh seed Thomas Muster in the draw when Muster withdrew from the tournament. Washington became the first male major finalist of Black descent since Yannick Noah in the 1983 French Open, and the first at Wimbledon since Arthur Ashe in 1975.
Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion, but was defeated by Krajicek in the quarterfinals. It would be his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000.
For the first time since the 1990 French Open, none of the four semifinalists had previously won a major title. Of the four, only Todd Martin had contested a major final before.
An unusual number of top seeds were eliminated early, including 1992 champion Andre Agassi (No. 3), reigning French Open champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov (No. 5), Michael Chang (No. 6), and 1993 finalist Jim Courier (No. 9): all in the first round. Three-time champion Boris Becker, seeded second, was eliminated in the third round when he withdrew from his match with Neville Godwin with a wrist injury.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (third round, retired)
Andre Agassi (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (first round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Thomas Muster (withdrew)
Jim Courier (first round)
Thomas Enqvist (second round)
Michael Stich (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (third round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Todd Martin (semifinals)
Marc Rosset (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (first round)
Cédric Pioline (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (champion)
Thomas Muster withdrew due to injury. His spot was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Richard Krajicek, who was made a seed without being numbered. Although Krajicek was shown as unseeded in the official souvenir programme during the championships, the committee ruled that he was seeded throughout and this is reflected in the final issue of the programme. He was indeed replaced by lucky loser Anders Järryd in the main draw.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles
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4011398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea
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Cadmea
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The Cadmea, or Cadmeia (Greek: Καδμεία, Kadmía), was the citadel of ancient Thebes, Greece, which was named after Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes. The area is thought to have been settled since at least the early Bronze Age, although the history of settlement can only be reliably dated from the late Mycenaean period (c. 1400 BC).
Classical period
In the classical and the early Hellenistic periods, the Cadmea served a similar purpose to the Acropolis of Athens; many public buildings were situated there, and the assemblies of Thebes and the Boeotian Confederacy are thought to have met there. During the Spartan (382–379/2 BC) and Macedonian occupations of Thebes, foreign garrisons were stationed on the Cadmea. Phoebidas was the Spartan general responsible for the unauthorized seizure of the citadel of Cadmea in 382 BC, in violation of the Peace of Antalcidas in place then.
Destruction and rebuilding
The Cadmea was destroyed in 335 BC by Alexander the Great, who razed the city of Thebes as a warning to other Greek cities contemplating revolt against his rule. Cassander, the Macedonian general who inherited the Greek territorial possessions of Alexander after his death, rebuilt the Cadmea in 316 BC.
Alternative meaning of cadmea
Cadmea is also an ancient name for calamine or zinc carbonate. Combined with copper, it was used in ancient times for the production of brass, as mentioned, for instance, by the Roman author, Pliny the Elder. The element, cadmium (Cd), was, in 1817, first isolated from an impurity in calamine; hence, the name, cadmium.
References
Ancient Greek buildings and structures
Hellenistic architecture
Thebes, Greece
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4011408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Walter
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Ryan Walter
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Ryan William Walter (born April 23, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League. He was also an assistant coach with the Vancouver Canucks, head coach of the Canadian National Women's hockey team, a hockey broadcaster and president of the Abbotsford Heat of the American Hockey League.
Early life
Walter was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, but grew up in Burnaby, British Columbia. As a youth, he played in the 1971 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Burnaby.
NHL career
Walter was drafted second overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft. At the time the Capitals named him as team captain in his second season, he was the youngest player in the history of the NHL to hold that position. Walter was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in a blockbuster trade in 1982. He went to Montreal along with Rick Green in exchange for Doug Jarvis, Rod Langway, Craig Laughlin and Brian Engblom. Walter's name is engraved on the Stanley Cup, which the Canadiens won in 1986 though Walter was injured for most of the playoffs. In the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals, he scored in the second overtime period of game three to give the Canadiens a 2–1 series lead. However, the Calgary Flames came back to win the series and the Cup. In 1991, he signed as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks, where he played the final two seasons of his career and won the Budweiser NHL Man of the Year Award in 1992. He was known as a tough, hard-working player who was excellent in the face-off circle. Walter also served as vice president of the NHLPA.
Broadcasting career
From 1993–94 until 1997–98, he worked for TSN as the network's secondary hockey colour commentator. In this role, he worked on NHL, CHL, and IIHF broadcasts. He worked five Memorial Cups, one World Junior Hockey Championship, and four World Hockey Championships. From 1996–97 until 2001–02, he was the colour commentator on Vancouver Canucks television broadcasts on BCTV, Rogers Sportsnet and VTV. He also occasionally filled in on radio when Tom Larscheid had football duties. In these roles, he was teamed up with, at various times, Jim Robson, Jim Hughson and John Shorthouse.
Coaching career
On June 17, 2008, Walter was named an assistant coach to Alain Vigneault of the Vancouver Canucks. He was relieved of his duties after the 2009–10 season. On September 21, 2010, Walter was named head coach of Canada's women's hockey team which won the gold medal at the 2010 Four Nations Cup.
Front office
Walter served as the president of the Abbotsford Heat of the American Hockey League, which was the minor-league affiliate of the Calgary Flames from 2011 to 2014.
Personal life
Walter is a motivational speaker, author and leadership expert, using his experiences in hockey to relate to business and success.
Walter also had a cameo appearance in the movie Miracle, playing the referee in the game between the US and USSR in Lake Placid and was hired by Disney to be a hockey expert for the movie. He was also hired as a hockey expert for both seasons of Making the Cut: Last Man Standing, a Nike hockey commercial, and played himself on an episode of the Canadian animated television series Being Ian.
Walter and his wife, Jennifer have three sons who are also hockey players. His oldest son, Ben, was drafted by the Boston Bruins and played 24 games in the NHL. Joey played with the Langley Chiefs of the BCHL and the Trinity Western University Spartans, and his other son, Ryan Jr., played for the TWU Titans in 2006-07 and 2007–08 as well as the Liberty University club hockey team.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
WCHL First All-Star Team – 1978
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1958 births
Calgary Wranglers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kamloops Chiefs players
Langley Lords players
Living people
Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Seattle Breakers players
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Sportspeople from New Westminster
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks announcers
Vancouver Canucks coaches
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals captains
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Calgary Flames announcers
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4011424
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Akkari
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Ahmed Akkari
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Ahmed Akkari (born 1978 in Lebanon) () is a Danish political activist who became known for his involvement
in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. Widely called an "Imam" in the media, he himself denied being one. He was a co-author of the Akkari-Laban dossier, which played a major role in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy by bringing the issue to the attention of influential decision-makers in the Middle East. In 2013 he distanced himself from his former position and in June 2020 became one of the founders of the political party New Centre-Left.
Early years
Ahmed Akkari was born in Lebanon in 1978. In 1985 the Akkaris family came to Denmark, where they obtained asylum, but returned to Lebanon in 1990. Upon their return to Denmark a year later they found they did not qualify as refugees again, because the Lebanese Civil War was over. With the support of some Danish local media, which featured young Ahmed as a model immigrant, they were granted a humanitarian residency permit in 1994. Ahmed Akkari subsequently went to high school and trained as a teacher in Århus. He became a Danish citizen in 2005 which made him eligible to be evacuated from Lebanon again in 2006.
Legal matters
In 2001 Ahmed Akkari was sentenced to 40 days in prison for beating an 11-year-old schoolboy on 3 November 2000 because the boy had allegedly been bullying Akkari's little sister. The sentence was suspended because Akkari was a first-time offender. Akkari, who was studying to be a teacher at the time, was present that day at Muslim private school Lykkeskolen in Aarhus where he was working as an apprentice teacher. According to sources at the school quoted in Ekstra-Bladet, his 11-year-old sister was playing with a boy from her class and the boy accidentally pulled her headscarf off. Akkari sought out the boy, pulled his ear drawing blood, and threw him to the ground kicking him several times.
Cartoons controversy
During the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Akkari acted as a spokesman of the Danish-based European Committee for Prophet Honouring
and spokesman of the Islamisk Trossamfund (Islamic Society in Denmark).
Controversial statements
In a documentary published by French television channel France 2 on 23 March 2006, Akkari was recorded - using a hidden camera - in conversation with Sheikh Raed Hlayhel (who was the head of the delegation to disseminate the "Akkari-Laban dossier"). Akkari made a statement which can be interpreted as an implicit death threat against Naser Khader, who is a moderate Muslim and, at the time, a member of the Danish parliament for the Social Liberal Party. According to the footage Akkari said: "...If Khader becomes minister of integration, shouldn't someone dispatch two guys to blow up him and his ministry?...".
The comment was disputed. In the Arabic-French translation, Akkari calls for an attack on the ministry, but in two Arabic-Danish translations, Akkari merely states the possibility of such an attack. TV2's Arabic-Danish translation says "...If he (Khader) becomes minister of integration, isn't it possible that a couple (of people) would come to blow up him and his ministry?...".
A fellow party member from Khader's party Elsebeth Gerner Nielsen reported Ahmed Akkari to the police. Ahmed Akkari initially denied the statements, but later apologized and stated it was meant as a joke. The following day, 24 March 2006, Islamisk Trossamfund announced that Ahmed Akkari was no longer spokesman for the organization; Akkari denied this.
Apology
In July 2013 Akkari distanced himself from the actions he took as an Imam in promoting fundamentalism. He stated that he had come to see the value of free speech, and apologized for his behavior during the Muhammad crisis. He also met with the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard and apologized in person.
References
1978 births
Living people
People associated with the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Lebanese emigrants to Denmark
Former Muslim critics of Islam
Danish critics of Islam
Former Muslims turned agnostics or atheists
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4011428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Crawford%20Young
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M. Crawford Young
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Merwin Crawford Young (November 7, 1931 – January 22, 2020) was an American political scientist and professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Education
He received his B.A. from the University of Michigan and his PhD from Harvard in 1964, where his advisor was the famed scholar Rupert Emerson, the only person ever to serve as president of both the African Studies Association and the Asian Studies Association.
Academic career
Young became an assistant professor at Wisconsin in 1963, and published his first major work, Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. He became prominent as the author in 1976 of the highly influential The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, which was awarded the Herskovits Prize by the African Studies Association. His 1994 book, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, won the Lubbert Prize from the American Political Science Association as the best book written that year in the field of Comparative Politics.
He held chairmanship of the UW–Madison political science department twice (1969–72; 1984–87), and was between 1973-75 Dean of the Faculty of Social Science at the Université Nationale du Zaire. Young served as president of the African Studies Association in 1983. He retired in 2001 as a full professor but remained active in his field, publishing "The End of the Postcolonial State in Africa?" in the journal African Affairs in 2004.
His work's emphasis
Young's primary contributions to political science have come from his work on the Zairian (and later, African) state and on the politics of cultural identity in the third world, which was theoretically innovative and presaged the contemporary "instrumentalist" and "constructivist" approaches to political identity.
Select publications
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence, 1965
Issues of Political Development (with Charles Anderson and Fred von der Mehden), 1967
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, 1976, University of Wisconsin Press
Cooperatives and Development: Agricultural Politics in Ghana and Uganda (with Neal Sherman and Tim Rose), 1981
Ideology and Development in Africa, 1982, Yale University Press
The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (with Thomas Turner), 1985, University of Wisconsin Press
The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?, 1993, University of Wisconsin Press
The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, 1994, Yale University Press
The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010, 2012, University of Wisconsin Press
See also
Lewis H. Gann, American political scientist focused on Africa and active in the 1960s and 1970s
References
https://www.polisci.wisc.edu/people/person.aspx?id=1094
1931 births
2020 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American political scientists
American Africanists
Historians of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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4011444
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Gansey
|
Mike Gansey
|
Michael Gansey (born December 21, 1982) is an American professional basketball executive and former player who is currently the general manager for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He previously served as assistant general manager for the Cavaliers and general manager for the Cavaliers' NBA G League affiliate, the Canton (now Cleveland) Charge.
High school career
Gansey, who grew up in the Cleveland, Ohio suburb of Olmsted Falls, was a three-time All-State player at Olmsted Falls High School, including first-team honors in his final two years. He is the school's all-time leading scorer at 1,909 points for his career. In his senior season, he averaged 27.2 points, 10.5 rebounds, 3.2 assists, and 3.3 steals per game, and was named the state's Division II Player of the Year, finishing second in Mr. Basketball voting behind LeBron James. He then began his college career at St. Bonaventure University.
College career
St. Bonaventure (2001–2003)
In Gansey's freshman season of 2001–02, he averaged 8.3 points and 4.7 rebounds, mainly coming off the bench, and was named to the all-newcomer team in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The following season (2002–03), he became a regular starter, averaging 13.9 points and 5.0 rebounds, and also shooting just over 40% from three-point range. However, the St. Bonaventure basketball program would be rocked by an academic scandal during that season, when it was revealed that a junior-college transfer had been admitted to the university by virtue of a welding certificate. With NCAA sanctions hanging over the program, several players, including Gansey, jumped ship immediately after that season. Once he announced his intention to transfer, he was pursued especially hard by WVU coach John Beilein, who was coaching in the A-10 at Richmond during Gansey's freshman year at St. Bonaventure. Gansey would enroll at West Virginia University.
West Virginia (2003–2006)
After sitting out the 2003–04 season as required under NCAA transfer rules, Gansey entered the Mountaineers' starting lineup. During the summer of 2004, the team toured Europe (all Division I teams are allowed one offseason overseas trip every four years); Gansey scored 22 points in his first game as a Mountaineer, against the Netherlands national team. He went on to lead the Mountaineers in scoring on the tour at 15.5 points per game.
In his first season at WVU, he averaged 12.0 points and 5.1 rebounds, leading the team in rebounds and becoming a crowd favorite for his hustling play. During a strong late-season run, Gansey and teammate Kevin Pittsnogle were the main keys to turning the Mountaineers from an NCAA tournament "bubble team" to a regional finalist that lost its bid for the Final Four in overtime against Louisville. During the offseason, Gansey played on the gold medal-winning USA team at the World University Games in Turkey.
The 2005–06 season promised to be a big season for the Mountaineers, who were returning four of their starting five and virtually all their roster. As the Mountaineers were reaching heights in the national rankings they had not seen since the early 1980s and gaining a level of national publicity they had last seen in the days of Jerry West in the late 1950s, Gansey stepped up his game to a new level. As of February 9, 2006, he was averaging 18.5 points while taking fewer than 12 shots per game, and adding 5.5 rebounds per game. More remarkably, Gansey was shooting 59.7% from the field, making him the only player in NCAA Division I under 6'5" (1.96 m) in the top 50 in the nation in field-goal percentage. WVU made the Sweet 16 of the 2006 NCAA Tournament before losing to the Texas Longhorns on a buzzer-beating 3 pointer.
Gansey had the 18th highest career scoring average at WVU (14.35), the ninth best field goal percentage in a career (52.6%), the third best 3-point field goal percentage in a career (39.4%), the seventh most steals per game in a career (1.75) and the 12th most minutes per game in a career (32.12). Gansey was named First-team All Big-East as well as an AP Honorable Mention All-American. He was one of ten finalists for the Oscar Robertson Award, a finalist for the Wooden Award, as well as a finalist for the Naismith Trophy.
Professional career
Although it was speculated that he may get drafted as high as late first round in the 2006 NBA Draft, Gansey, along with his West Virginia teammate Kevin Pittsnogle, went undrafted. He signed as an undrafted free agent with the Miami Heat in July 2006, and played in summer league games, but was waived before the season. Mike was waived after having a life-threatening staph infection that limited his play.
Gansey played for the Los Angeles Clippers on their 2007 NBA Vegas Summer League team. After the summer league was over, he signed a contract for the 2007–08 season with the Italian team Indesit Fabriano.
On September 24, 2008, Gansey was selected by the Erie BayHawks with the first overall pick in the 2008 NBA D-League expansion draft. However, he went to Germany and played for Eisbaren Bremerhaven in the top division of the BBL.
On November 5, 2009, Gansey was drafted by Idaho Stampede in the 2009 D-league draft. In 2009–10, he played in Chengdu, China, during the NBA China Challenge. Later in the season, he signed with Ciudad de La Laguna Canarias of the LEB Oro.
Executive career
On April 13, 2017, Gansey was named the NBA Development League's Basketball Executive of the Year, as selected by his fellow NBA G League basketball executives. As general manager of the Canton Charge, Gansey presided over a Charge team that amassed a 29–21 regular season record, securing Canton's sixth-consecutive trip to the NBA D-League postseason as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference. Hired as the team's general manager prior to the 2015–16 season, Gansey held a leadership role in the Charge's front office since 2012.
On July 26, 2017, Gansey was promoted to assistant general manager of the Cleveland Cavaliers, serving under GM Koby Altman.
On February 23, 2022, Gansey was promoted to general manager of the Cavaliers, serving under president of basketball operations Koby Altman.
Personal life
One of Gansey's brothers, Steve Gansey, played NCAA Division II basketball for the Ashland Eagles, after playing his freshman and sophomore years with the Division I Cleveland State Vikings.
References
External links
Official WVU profile
ESPN profile
Story on this season's WVU team, with information about Gansey
Forde The remmergence of the white player
Forde: America's accidental powerhouse
Katz: Cardiac kids
Katz: No quit pro quo
Gansey's late free throws lift West Virginia
1982 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Anaheim Arsenal players
Basketball players from Cleveland
CB Canarias players
Eisbären Bremerhaven players
Erie BayHawks (2008–2017) players
Fabriano Basket players
Idaho Stampede players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Cleveland
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball players
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball players
People from Olmsted Falls, Ohio
American men's basketball players
Universiade medalists in basketball
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade
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4011451
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornplanter%20State%20Forest
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Cornplanter State Forest
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Cornplanter State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #14. The main office is located in North Warren in Warren County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is named for Chief Cornplanter of the Seneca Nation, one of the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy.
The forest is found on in Crawford, Forest, and Warren Counties. The district also covers Erie and the northern part of Venango Counties.
History
Cornplanter State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. The clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Neighboring state forest districts
Lake Erie is to the north and the U.S. state of Ohio is to the west
Susquehannock State Forest (east)
Elk State Forest (southeast)
Clear Creek State Forest (south)
Nearby state parks
No state parks are found within the state forest, but five are found within District #14:
Chapman State Park (Warren County)
Erie Bluffs State Park (Erie County)
Oil Creek State Park (Venango County)
Presque Isle State Park (Erie County)
Pymatuning State Park (Crawford County)
Natural areas
Anders Run Natural Area: a natural area protecting of old-growth forest.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas of Forest County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Warren County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Erie County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Venango County, Pennsylvania
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4011456
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%20State%20Forest
|
Elk State Forest
|
Elk State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #13. The main offices are located in Emporium in Cameron County, Pennsylvania.
The forest is located on , chiefly in Cameron and Elk counties, with small parts of the forest also in Clinton, McKean and Potter counties.
History
The history of Elk State Forest is very similar to that of the other state forests in Pennsylvania. The land was primarily acquired from lumber companies during the early 20th century. Vast stands of old-growth forest had been harvested by the lumber companies during the mid-to-late 19th century. The earliest lumbering operations harvested the largest of the white pines for use in the shipbuilding industry. The tall and straight timbers were ideally suited for use as ships masts and spars. The logs were lashed together with rope and floated down the tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River and into the river on their way to the shipyards of Baltimore. Once the white pines were gone the lumbermen turned to the hemlock for use as lumber. Sawmills and lumber camps sprang up throughout what is now Elk State Forest. Much of the timber was floated down Driftwood Branch, First Fork and Bennett's Branch to the West Branch Susquehanna River and into the Susquehanna Boom near Williamsport. The lumber era in the area of Elk State Forest lasted until 1915 when the last raft was floated down the Driftwood Branch.
The departure of the lumber companies left a forest that was described as a vast wasteland of tree stumps and dried treetops. Sparks cast off by passing steam trains ignited wildfires that slowed the growth of the thriving second growth forest of hardwoods that is now Elk State Forest. The formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was key to the revitalization of the forests of Elk State Forest. The young men of the CCC cleared the forest and streams of the dried underbrush that was the fuel for the devastating wildfires. Nine CCC camps spread throughout the forest worked to build roads, trail and bridges throughout Elk State Forest. They also fought the periodic wildfires. On October 19, 1938, during a wildfire near Pepperhill to the north of Sinnamanhoning, eight young men from the CCC lost their lives when they were trapped on a steep hillside while fighting the raging fire. The Wayside Memorial Spring south of Emporium on Pennsylvania Route 120 in Bucktail State Park Natural Area is maintained as an honor to the men who lost their lives battling forest fires for the CCC.
Elk herd
Elk State Forest is named for the animal elk (wapiti). Although native to Pennsylvania and the area, the last wild elk in Pennsylvania was killed in 1867 near Ridgway. Elk from the Rocky Mountains were reintroduced to the area between 1913 and 1926 and the herd today has over 600 animals. This is up from a low of just 35 elk counted in the 1970s. Their range is mostly in southeastern Elk and southwestern Cameron counties. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is responsible for maintaining the elk herd in Elk State Forest and the surrounding area. In an effort to keep the herds away from agricultural areas the game commission maintains the forest in a way that suits the feeding needs of the elk. Scattered tracts of trees in the forest have been sold to lumber companies. The forest that grows in place of the harvested timber provides a variety of browse that is needed by the elk. The game commission also maintains sections of grassy areas in various locations throughout Elk State Forest providing further variety in feed for the elk.
Visitors to Elk State Forest may chance upon an elk especially during the mating season which occurs in September and October. All visitors are encouraged to keep a safe distance from any elk, but especially the bull elk who can be very dangerous during the rutting season.
Neighboring state forest districts
Susquehannock State Forest (north)
Sproul State Forest (east)
Moshannon State Forest (south)
Clear Creek State Forest (southwest)
Cornplanter State Forest (west)
Nearby state parks
Elk State Park
Bucktail State Park Natural Area
Sizerville State Park
Sinnemahoning State Park
Natural Areas and Trails
Elk State Forest is home to the Quehanna Wild Area (), as well as Johnson Run Natural Area (), Lower Jerry Run Natural Area (), Pine Tree Trail Natural Area (), Bucktail State Park Natural Area (), and Wykoff Run Natural Area ().
Major hiking trails in Elk State Forest include the Bucktail Path and the Quehanna Trail. Other trails include the Fred Woods Trail and the Elk Trail.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas established in 1900
Protected areas of Cameron County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Clinton County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Elk County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of McKean County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Potter County, Pennsylvania
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4011457
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes%20State%20Forest
|
Forbes State Forest
|
Forbes State Forest is a Pennsylvania state forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #4. The main offices are located in Laughlintown in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Mount Davis, the highest peak in Pennsylvania, is located in the forest.
The forest was named in honor of General John Forbes. It includes 20 separate tracts of land and covers over that stretch across Fayette, Somerset, and Westmoreland Counties. The designated forest tracts generally follow one of the area's dominant terrain features, Laurel Ridge, part of the Laurel Highlands.
History
Forbes State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives of the Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Facilities
In order to accommodate visitors, the state has allowed the development of 9 areas within Forbes. This includes 6 State Parks and 3 State Forest Picnic Areas. The remainder of the area is undeveloped except for hiking trails maintained by the state. These are generally closed to vehicles but open to hiking, cross-country skiing, hunting, and fishing. Several portions of what is now designated as part of the Forbes State Forest had previously been either developed or commercially exploited through logging through the early-to-mid-20th century. These areas have been allowed, and sometimes encouraged, to return to their natural state.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. states of Maryland and West Virginia are to the south and west, respectively
Clear Creek State Forest (north)
Gallitzin State Forest (northeast)
Buchanan State Forest (east)
Nearby state parks
Kooser State Park
Laurel Hill State Park
Laurel Mountain State Park
Laurel Ridge State Park
Laurel Summit State Park
Linn Run State Park
Ohiopyle State Park
Natural features
Forbes State Forest lies within the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion. It also includes a number of important natural features and points of interest:
Roaring Run Natural Area
This tract of was acquired by the State of Pennsylvania in 1975. After previous development and logging, this portion of the west slope of Laurel Ridge is currently undergoing reforestation. It is compromised largely of second and third growth mixed mesophytic forest. Roaring Run feeds into Indian Creek, which is a tributary of the Youghiogheny River.
Mt. Davis Natural Area
Mt. Davis is the highest point in Pennsylvania. The area eventually drains into the Casselman River, a part of the Mississippi River watershed (via the Youghiogheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers). One of the natural attractions of the area is the presence of small concentric stone rings which result from frost heaving in small patches of earth which are softer than the ground surrounding them. Frost causing the patches to be pushed up higher than their surroundings is followed by the effects of natural erosion which results in stones sliding to the bottom of the protrusion and forming ring-like patterns at the base.
Spruce Flats Wildlife Management Area
This Wildlife Management Area covers , with a focal point on the of the Spruce Flats Bog which formed in a natural depression atop Laurel Ridge. The area had previously passed through the successional sequence from open water to (eventually) forest. This process was actually reversed in the early part of the 20th century by a combination of clear-cutting the forest, and fires which burned away much of the forest floor. This resulted in a return to the swamp or bog stage of development, and the area is now slowly proceeding back into the forest stage. The bog currently hosts a large community of cranberry, pitcher plant, sundew, and cotton grass.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
External links
www.stateparks.com: Forbes State Forest
Pennsylvania state forests
Laurel Highlands
Protected areas of Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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4011461
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallitzin%20State%20Forest
|
Gallitzin State Forest
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Gallitzin State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #6. The main offices are located in Ebensburg in Cambria County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The forest is located on in two tracts. The largest tract of is the Babcock Division in northern Somerset and northwestern Bedford Counties. The other, smaller tract of is in northern Cambria and Indiana Counties. District #6 also includes Blair County.
Gallitzin State Forest was named to honor Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin. Gallitzin was a Roman Catholic priest and is called The Apostle of the Alleghenies for his pioneering mission work in the area in the early 19th century.
History
Gallitzin State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. The clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Environment
Gallitzin State Forest protects part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion. The forest is located at the western edge of the Allegheny Plateau, at elevations of about 2400 feet (730 m) above sea level. This is in the lower reaches of an alpine-type climate, and species such as birch trees, more common further north in New England and Canada, may be found in the forest.
Nearby state parks
Blue Knob State Park
Laurel Ridge State Park
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas of Bedford County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Somerset County, Pennsylvania
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4011464
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear%20Creek%20State%20Forest
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Clear Creek State Forest
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Clear Creek State Forest (formerly Kittanning State Forest) is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #8. The main offices are located in Clarion in Clarion County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Until August 2007, it was named Kittanning State Forest.
The forest is located on a total of in three tracts: in northern Jefferson County; in southern Venango County; and in southern Forest County. District #8 also includes Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Clarion, Jefferson, Lawrence, and Mercer Counties.
Clear Creek State Forest is managed under the "Multiple Use Management" system. The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation of Natural Resources considers many different uses for the forest land and places top priority on the most important use for any given area. Clear Creek State Forest is currently open for recreational purposes such as hunting, fishing, hiking and mountain biking. Several timber, oil and gas companies use the natural resources of the forest. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is responsible for wildlife management in Clear Creek State Forest.
History
Clear Creek State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests.
Conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
The first parcel of land that was to become Clear Creek State Forest was purchased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for $6,880. The original purchase of was purchased in 1919 at the end of the lumber era that swept throughout the mountains of Pennsylvania. The state continued to purchase land throughout the 20th century with the last acquisition taking place in 1980. Most of the land was acquired from large scale lumbering corporations. These lumber businesses stripped the old growth forest that once spread over most of Pennsylvania. They began lumbering on a large scale in 1883 when the first sawmills were constructed in the area along the many creeks that drained the Allegheny Plateau. The lumbermen harvested the hemlock and white pine trees on an almost exclusive basis. The logs of hemlock and pine were lashed together in rafts and floated down the Clarion River and into the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh. The lumber companies also built three logging railroads in the area to get the lumber out of the mountains and on to the cities of Western Pennsylvania.
The lumbering operations left behind what has been described as a "barren wasteland" of stumps and dried treetops. The sparks cast off by passing steam trains set off massive forest fires. These fires slowed the development of the second growth forest that now covers Clear Creek State Forest. The forests have largely regrown with the hemlock and white pine trees being replaced with thriving populations of various hardwood trees.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. state of Ohio is to the west
Cornplanter State Forest (north)
Elk State Forest (northeast)
Moshannon State Forest (east)
Gallitzin State Forest (southeast)
Forbes State Forest (south)
Nearby state parks
Clear Creek State Park
Cook Forest State Park
References
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas established in 1919
Protected areas of Forest County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Venango County, Pennsylvania
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4011472
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice%20Neaud
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Fabrice Neaud
|
Fabrice Neaud (born December 17, 1968, in La Rochelle) is a French comics artist. He got his baccalaureate in literature (option graphic arts) in 1986. He studied philosophy during two years. Then he entered an art school and studied there four years. In 1991 he quit the school. For four years he had been looking for a job, making a living on various works.
He is a co-founder of the Ego comme X association. In 1994, the first number of the Ego comme X magazine was released. In it, Fabrice Neaud published his first works. It was the beginning of his Journal (which is a diary in comics), an ambitious autobiographical project. The first volume of the Journal was released in 1996. It got a prize Alph'art (best work by a young artist) in Angoulême in 1997.
Fabrice Neaud keeps on drawing his Journal. Three more volumes have been published between 1998 and 2002. He published also many short stories in Ego comme X, Bananas and other magazines. Some of his works have been translated into Italian and Spanish. A reviewer notes, "But Neaud isn't a simple diarist: he's also an artist concerned with various problems of our society, including homophobia and gay life in small towns." His works have been the subject of academic papers.
Books
Journal, Ego comme X :
Février 1992 – septembre 1993, 1996.
Septembre 1993 – décembre 1993, 1998.
Décembre 1993 – août 1995, 1999.
Les Riches Heures, 2002.
12 pages in Neaud/Squarzoni/Mussat, Ego comme X/La Maison des auteurs, 2004, free book with Xavier Mussat and Philippe Squarzoni. Out of print. Free online (in French).
« La Cité des arbres », in Japon, Casterman, coll. « Écritures », 2005.
Alex et la vie d'après, story by Thierry Robberecht about AIDS. Free book edited by Ex Aequo, Bruxelles, 2008. Free pdf or online (in French).
Émile, 32 pages story, in Ego comme x n°7 (2000). Free online in French and in English.
Nu Men, Quadrants :
Guerre urbaine (2012)
Quanticafrique (2013)
References
External links
ego comme x, publisher of the Journal
Fan Site
one-hour video of a conference by Fabrice Neaud
Émile, short story, free English version online
1968 births
Gay artists
LGBT comics creators
LGBT artists from France
Living people
French comics artists
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4011489
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Penn%20State%20Forest
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William Penn State Forest
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William Penn State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #17. The main offices are located in Elverson in Chester County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The forest is named for William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. It was originally named "Valley Forge State Forest", for the camp at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War. Valley Forge State Park was the first state park in Pennsylvania, and the headquarters of the state forest were located there as well. The state park was transferred to the National Park Service and became a federal park in 1976 for the American Bicentennial. The state forest retained the Valley Forge name for thirty one years.
After the July 1, 2005, realignment of Pennsylvania State Forest Districts, what was then Valley Forge State Forest and District #17 acquired the northern parts of Berks and Lehigh Counties from Weiser State Forest and District #18. In August 2007, "In a bid to eliminate public confusion over the name of the federal park and the state forest district, the Bureau of Forestry renamed the Valley Forge State Forest District in honor of one of Pennsylvania's first conservationists -- William Penn."
William Penn State Forest is located on in six tracts: in Lancaster County; on Little Tinicum Island in the Delaware River in Delaware County; and of the Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in Chester County. Also included are the David R. Johnson Natural Area in Bucks County and the Gibraltar Hill and George W. Wertz Tracts in Berks County. District #17 also includes Berks, Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, Northampton, and Philadelphia counties.
History
William Penn State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
The first parcel of land that became William Penn State Forest was acquired in 1935 when the state bought of land in Lancaster County from the heirs of the Cornwall Iron Furnace fortunes. The first contained the Cornwall fire tower which was built in 1923. The second land acquisition did not take place until November 1982 when Little Tinicum Island in the Delaware River was purchased at a cost of $100,000. In December 1982 a second tract of land was purchased. The Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens, consisting of , were purchased for $239,500 with financial aid from the Nature Conservancy. Both Little Tinicum Island and the Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens are home to unique ecological habitats.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. states of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland are to the east, south and southwest, respectively
Delaware State Forest (north)
Michaux State Forest (west)
Weiser State Forest (northwest)
Nearby state parks
Although no state parks are located within William Penn State Forest, there are fifteen state parks in District #17:
Delaware Canal State Park (Bucks and Northampton Counties)
Evansburg State Park (Montgomery County)
Fort Washington State Park (Montgomery County)
French Creek State Park (Berks County)
Marsh Creek State Park (Chester County)
Neshaminy State Park (Bucks County)
Nockamixon State Park (Bucks County)
Nolde Forest Environmental Education Center (Berks County)
Norristown Farm State Park (Montgomery County)
Ridley Creek State Park (Delaware County)
Benjamin Rush State Park (Philadelphia County)
Ralph Stover State Park (Bucks County)
Susquehannock State Park (Lancaster County)
Tyler State Park (Bucks County)
White Clay Creek Preserve (Chester County)
See also
Philadelphia Lazaretto
References
Alt URL
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in West Nottingham Township.
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in Tinicum Township.
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in Penn Township as an unlabeled green area, north of Interstate 76 and on a road in Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 156.
River islands of Pennsylvania
Valley Forge State Forest
State Forest
Protected areas established in 1935
Protected areas of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Carbon County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
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4011524
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Type%20System
|
Common Type System
|
In Microsoft's .NET Framework, the Common Type System (CTS) is a standard that specifies how type definitions and specific values of types are represented in
computer memory. It is intended to allow programs written in different programming languages to easily share information. As used in programming languages, a type can be described as a definition of a set of values (for example, "all integers between 0 and 10"), and the allowable operations on those values (for example, addition and subtraction).
The specification for the CTS is contained in Ecma standard 335, "Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) Partitions I to VI." The CLI and the CTS were created by Microsoft, and the Microsoft .NET framework is an implementation of the standard.
Functions of the Common Type System
To establish a framework that helps enable cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution.
To provide an object-oriented model that supports the complete implementation of many programming languages.
To define rules that languages must follow, which helps ensure that objects written in different languages can interact with each other.
The CTS also defines the rules that ensures that the data types of objects written in various languages are able to interact with each other.
The CTS also specifies the rules for type visibility and access to the members of a type, i.e. the CTS establishes the rules by which assemblies form scope for a type, and the Common Language Runtime enforces the visibility rules.
The CTS defines the rules governing type inheritance, virtual methods and object lifetime.
Languages supported by .NET can implement all or some common data types…
When rounding fractional values, the halfway-to-even ("banker's") method is used by default, throughout the Framework. Since version 2, "Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding" (round halves away from zero) is also available by programmer's option.
it is used to communicate with other languages
Type categories
The common type system supports two general categories of types:
Value types Value types directly contain their data, and instances of value types are either allocated on the stack or allocated inline in a structure. Value types can be built-in (implemented by the runtime), user-defined, or enumerations.
Reference types Reference types store a reference to the value's memory address, and are allocated on the heap. Reference types can be self-describing types, pointer types, or interface types. The type of a reference type can be determined from values of self-describing types. Self-describing types are further split into arrays and class types. The class types are user-defined classes, boxed value types, and delegates.
The following example written in Visual Basic .NET shows the difference between reference types and value types:
Imports System
Class Class1
Public Value As Integer = 0
End Class 'Class1
Class Test
Shared Sub Main()
Dim val1 As Integer = 0
Dim val2 As Integer = val1
val2 = 123
Dim ref1 As New Class1()
Dim ref2 As Class1 = ref1
ref2.Value = 123
Console.WriteLine("Values: {0}, {1}", val1, val2)
Console.WriteLine("Refs: {0}, {1}", ref1.Value, ref2.Value)
End Sub 'Main
End Class 'Test
The output of the above example
Values: 0, 123
Refs: 123, 123
Boxing and unboxing
Boxing
Converting value types to reference types is also known as boxing. As can be seen in the example below, it is not necessary to tell the compiler an Int32 is boxed to an object, because it takes care of this itself.
Int32 x = 10;
object o = x ; // Implicit boxing
Console.WriteLine("The Object o = {0}",o); // prints out "The Object o = 10"
However, an Int32 can always be explicitly boxed like this:
Int32 x = 10;
object o = (object) x; // Explicit boxing
Console.WriteLine("The object o = {0}",o); // prints out "The object o = 10"
Unboxing
The following example intends to show how to unbox a reference type back to a value type. First an Int32 is boxed to an object, and then it is unboxed again. Note that unboxing requires explicit cast.
Int32 x = 5;
object o1 = x; // Implicit Boxing
x = (int)o1; // Explicit Unboxing
See also
.NET Framework
Blittable types
Common Language Infrastructure
References
External links
Microsoft developer's guide describing the CTS
Built-in types in the .NET Framework
Common Language Infrastructure
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4011525
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses%20of%20Saint%20Mark
|
Horses of Saint Mark
|
The Horses of Saint Mark (), also known as the Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of the Hippodrome of Constantinople, is a set of bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga (a four-horse carriage used for chariot racing). The horses were placed on the facade, on the loggia above the porch, of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, northern Italy after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. They remained there until looted by Napoleon in 1797 but were returned in 1815. The sculptures have been removed from the facade and placed in the interior of St Mark's for conservation purposes, with replicas in their position on the loggia.
Origins
The sculptures date from classical antiquity and have been implausibly attributed to the 4th century BC Greek sculptor Lysippos. A date in the 2nd or 3rd century AD is considered far more likely; the famous Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome (c. 175 AD) provides a point of comparison. However, some scholars do claim the naturalistic rendering of the animals and technical expertise in execution point to a Classical Greek origin. They were probably created to top a triumphal arch or some other grand building, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus Severus. They may originally have been made for the Eastern capital of Constantinople, and certainly reached there later.
Although called bronze, analysis suggests that, as they are at least 96.67% copper, they should be seen as an impure copper rather than bronze. The relatively low tin content increased the casting temperature to 1200–1300 °C. The high purity copper was chosen to give a more satisfactory mercury gilding.
History
It is certain that the horses, along with the quadriga with which they were depicted, were long displayed at the Hippodrome of Constantinople; they may be the "four gilt horses that stand above the Hippodrome" that "came from the island of Chios under Theodosius II" mentioned in the 8th- or early 9th-century Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai. They were still there in 1204, when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. The collars on the four horses were added in 1204 to obscure where the animals' heads had been severed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice. Shortly after the Fourth Crusade, Doge Enrico Dandolo sent the horses to Venice, where they were installed on the terrace of the façade of St Mark's Basilica in 1254. Petrarch admired them there.
In 1797, Napoleon had the horses forcibly removed from the basilica and carried off to Paris, where they were used in the design of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel together with a quadriga.
In 1815, following the final defeat of Napoleon, the horses were returned to Venice by Captain Dumaresq. He had fought at the Battle of Waterloo and was with the Coalition forces in Paris where he was selected, by the Emperor of Austria, to take the horses down from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and return them to St Mark's in Venice. For the skillful manner in which he performed this work, the Emperor gave him a gold snuff box with his initials in diamonds on the lid.
The horses remained in place over St Mark's until the early 1980s, when ongoing damage from air pollution forced their replacement with exact copies. Since then, the originals have been on display just inside the basilica.
Image gallery
References
External links
Byzantium 1200 Hippodrome Boxes shows the location of the horses until 1204.
Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Hippodrome of Constantinople
Bronze sculptures in Italy
Horses in art
Hellenistic and Roman bronzes
Statues in Italy
St Mark's Basilica
Works looted by the Fourth Crusade
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4011554
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20M%C3%A9ndez
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Rafael Méndez
|
Rafael Méndez (March 26, 1906 – September 15, 1981) was a Mexican virtuoso solo trumpeter. He is known as the "Heifetz of the Trumpet."
Early life
Méndez was born in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico to a musical family. As a child, he performed as a cornetist for guerrilla leader Pancho Villa, becoming a favorite musician of his and required to remain with Villa's camp.
Career
Before music
Méndez emigrated to the US, first settling in Gary, Indiana, at age 20 and worked in steel mills. He moved to Flint, Michigan and worked at a Buick automotive plant as he established his musical career.
In music
From 1950 to 1975, Méndez was a full-time soloist. At his peak he performed about 125 concerts per year. He was also very active as a recording artist. By 1940, he was in Hollywood, leading the brass section of M-G-M's studio orchestra. He contributed to the films Flying Down to Rio and Hondo, among others.
Méndez was legendary for his tone, range, technique and unparalleled double tonguing. His playing was characterized by a brilliant tone, wide vibrato and clean, rapid articulation. His repertoire was a mixture of classical, popular, jazz, and Mexican folk music. He contributed many arrangements and original compositions to the trumpet repertoire. His Scherzo in D minor is often heard in recitals, and has been recorded by David Hickman.
He is regarded as the popularizer of "La Virgen de la Macarena", commonly known as "the bullfighter's song", to US audiences. Perhaps his most significant if not famous single recording, "Moto Perpetuo", was written in the nineteenth century by Niccolò Paganini for violin and features Mendez double-tonguing continuously for over 4 minutes while circular breathing to give the illusion that he is not taking a natural breath while playing.
Personal life
Rafael Méndez married Amor Rodriguez after meeting her in Detroit. They had twin sons, both now surgeons; Dr. Rafael G. Méndez, Jr. and Dr. Robert Méndez, and five grandchildren.
Méndez suffered from serious asthma-related problems by the late 1950s which caused increasing difficulty performing at his level of performance. After an injury at a baseball game in Mexico in 1967 caused additional deterioration, he retired from performing in 1975, but continued to compose and arrange.
He died at his home in Encino, California on September 15, 1981.
Honors, awards and legacy
Arizona State University's music building houses the Rafael Méndez Library which was dedicated and opened on June 11, 1993. The library holds 300 manuscripts and almost 700 compositions and arrangements by Méndez, as well as hundreds of images, articles and recordings. It also has an online counterpart.
In 2006, the Los Angeles Opera paid tribute to Rafael Mendez by performing a work based on his life. A reviewer in The Los Angeles Times believed that Mendez "has been called the greatest trumpet player of all time."
Discography
Concerto for Méndez
Love and Inspiration
Magnificent Méndez
Méndez in Madrid
Méndez Plays Arban'Rafael Méndez & Laurindo Almeida TogetherRafael Méndez (unplayed 4 disc set)Rafael Méndez and His Orchestra'
The Magic Trumpet of Rafael Méndez
The Majestic Sound of Rafael Méndez
The Singing Trumpet
The Trumpet Virtuosity of Rafael Méndez
Trumpet Extraordinary (1957)
Trumpet Showcase
Trumpet Solos Extraordinary
Trumpet Spectacular
References
External links
Rafael Méndez Online Library at Arizona State University with free mp3 sound clips
Rafael Méndez recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1906 births
1981 deaths
Mexican artists
Mexican composers
Mexican male composers
Mexican music arrangers
People from Jiquilpan, Michoacán
Musicians from Michoacán
Mexican trumpeters
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century composers
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century male musicians
Decca Records artists
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4011589
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailea%20Norvind
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Nailea Norvind
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Nailea Norvind (born 16 February 1970) is a Mexican theater, television and film actress.
She appeared in the critically acclaimed 1987 film Gaby: A True Story. She also lent her voice to play Princess Kida in the Spanish dubbing of Atlantis: The Lost Empire. Most remembered for her role as the villain Leonor in the telenovela Quinceañera, she was nominated for the Ariel Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2012 for her role as Nina in the film La Otra Familia.
Biography
Nailea Norvind is the daughter of Norwegian-born psychosexual counselor, dominatrix, writer, producer, director and former actress Eva Norvind, who was in turn the daughter of a Russian prince, Paulovic Chegodayef Sakonsky, and a Finnish sculptor, Johanna Kajanus. Norvind became estranged from her mother when she was 12; they were reunited to search for her unknown Dutch father on the Dutch program Spoorloos on 2 February 2004. Norvind has two daughters of her own: Naian and Tessa Ía González Norvind, the last appearing at 17 years of age in her first movie Después de Lucía, a 2012 Mexican film by Michel Franco which won the Un Certain Regard prize at the Cannes Film Festival.
Norvind began her acting career at the age of 6 in a theatre production of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, and in television on the telenovela Chispita. Norvind's break came in at the age of 17 in 1987 with the role of Leonor Gutiérrez on the El Canal de las Estrellas telenovela Quinceañera. The same year, she participated in the film Gaby: A True Story. After a few small roles in several other telenovelas, she made Cuando llega el amor and then took a break from television. She returned eight years later in the telenovela Preciosa. She also appeared as herself in Didn't Do It for Love, a documentary about her mother directed by Monika Treut.
In 2006, Norvind completed the film that her mother had been directing and producing at the time of her death in May of that same year, titled Born Without, a documentary about severely handicapped Mexican actor and musician Jose Flores, who was born without arms and other limbs, yet supports his large family by playing the harmonica at various venues throughout Mexico.
Norvind is openly bisexual.
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Mexican child actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican voice actresses
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Actresses from Mexico City
Mexican people of Norwegian descent
Mexican people of Russian descent
Mexican people of Finnish descent
Mexican people of Dutch descent
People from Mexico City
Norvind family
Bisexual actresses
LGBT actors from Mexico
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4011602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
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Ireland at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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Ireland sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Ireland's fourth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The Irish delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two alpine skiers, one cross-country skier, and one skeleton racer. The best performance by any Irish competitor at these Olympics was 20th, by David Connolly in the men's skeleton race.
Background
The Olympic Council of Ireland was first recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1921. With the exception of the 1936 Summer Olympics they have entered a team in every Summer Olympic Games since. However, Ireland did not join Winter Olympics competition until the 1992 Winter Olympics, and Turin was marking their fourth appearance at a Winter Games, having skipped the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics. The Irish delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two alpine skiers, one cross-country skier, and one skeleton racer. All four of Ireland's athletes at Turin were first-time Olympians. Alpine skier Kirsten McGarry was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and cross-country skier Rory Morrish was selected as the flag bearer for the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Thomas Foley was 26 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. His only event, the men's giant slalom, was held on 20 February. He finished the first run in a time of 1 minute and 28.28 seconds, and the second in 1 minute and 29.14 seconds. His combined time was 2 minutes and 57.42 seconds, good for 31st place out of 41 competitors who finished both legs of the race. The gold medal was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria in a time of 2 minutes and 35 seconds, the silver medal was taken by Joël Chenal of France and the bronze by Austrian Hermann Maier.
Kirsten McGarry was 20 years old at the time of these Olympics, and would later represent Ireland again at the 2010 Winter Olympics. She described herself as "very nervous" coming into the Olympics. She was scheduled to compete in the women's super-G but ultimately did not start the race, as the weather conditions were poor and the Super-G was not considered her best discipline. The gold medal was won by Austrian Michaela Dorfmeister, the silver by Croatian Janica Kostelić and the bronze was taken by Austrian Alexandra Meissnitzer. On 22 February, she did compete in the
women's slalom, posting run times of 49.64 seconds and 52.79 seconds. Her combined time of 1 minute and 42.43 seconds put her in 42nd place, out of 51 competitors who finished both legs of the race; the gold medal was won by Sweden's Anja Pärson in 1 minute and 29.04 seconds, the silver and bronze medals were taken by two Austrians, Nicole Hosp and Marlies Schild. She also participated in the women's giant slalom on 24 February. She posted a first run time of 1 minute and 8.19 seconds and completed her second run in 1 minute and 14.68 seconds. McGarry's total time was 2 minutes and 22.87 seconds, which was good for 32nd place out of 43 classified finishers. Gold was won by Julia Mancuso of the United States in 2 minutes and 9.19 seconds, silver by Tanja Poutiainen of Finland, and bronze was taken by Sweden's Anna Ottosson.
Cross-country skiing
Rory Morrish was 38 years old at the time of these Olympics. He came to the sport of cross-country skiing after previously competing at the world championships in ski-orienteering. In the men's 15 kilometre classical he finished with a time of 50 minutes and 28.1 seconds, which saw him ranked 87th out of 96 classified finishers. The gold medal was won by Estonia's Andrus Veerpalu in 38 minutes and 1.3 seconds, the silver was won by Lukáš Bauer of the Czech Republic and bronze by the German Tobias Angerer.
Skeleton
David Connolly was 25 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. In the men's skeleton held on 17 February, he finished his first run in 59.97 seconds, and his second in one minute flat. His total time of 1 minute and 59.97 seconds put him in 20th place out of 27 competitors in the event. The gold medal was won by Canada's Duff Gibson in 1 minute and 55.88 seconds, the silver by fellow Canadian Jeff Pain, and the bronze was taken by Gregor Stähli of Switzerland.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics
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4011609
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20United%20States%20presidential%20and%20vice-presidential%20candidates
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List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates
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The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
History
While many historians and authors agree that Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for president, some have questioned the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35, but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue. The presidential inauguration was in March 1873, while Woodhull didn't turn 35 until September of that year.
The first woman to receive votes at a national political convention for president or vice president was Quaker activist and orator Lucretia Coffin Mott who received 6% of the votes in the first ballot for the vice president nomination at the 1848 convention of the Liberty Party.
Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first female candidate for a major party's nomination. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries, and came in second in the Illinois primary, receiving 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.
Charlene Mitchell was the first African American woman to run for president, and the first to receive valid votes in a general election, in 1968. She qualified for the ballot in two states as the nominee of the Communist Party USA, winning 1,075 votes.
In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party's presidential nomination, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination. During this primary, Chisholm won the New Jersey primary, becoming the first woman or African American to win a primary in any state. This would not be repeated by another woman for 36 years, in 2008.
Also in 1972, Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate, became the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride. In the 1988 presidential election, Lenora Fulani became the first woman to achieve ballot access in all fifty states. Fulani was also the first African American to do so. Three of her running mates, Joyce Dattner, Mamie Moore (also African American), and Wynonia Burke, also achieved ballot access separately in varying numbers out of the 50 states.
The first woman to become a major party nominee for vice president was Democrat Geraldine Ferraro, in 1984. The second, and first Republican, was Sarah Palin, in 2008.
In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Senator Hillary Clinton of New York became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide. Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history.
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party primaries, and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016. As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate, and later the first to carry a state in a general election. Despite losing the election, Clinton became the first woman to win the popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million votes to Donald Trump's 63 million.
The Green Party has run a female candidate three times, Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016. Stein is currently the female candidate with the third-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.5 million votes in 2016.
Prior to the 2020 United States presidential election cycle, only five women throughout history had made it to a major party's primary debate stage: Democrats Shirley Chisholm (in 1972), Carol Moseley Braun (in 2004), and Hillary Clinton (in 2008 and 2016), and Republicans Michele Bachmann (in 2012) and Carly Fiorina (in 2016); there had never been more than one woman on the debate stage at one time, and there had never been more than two women running per party at one time. In the 2020 presidential election cycle, a record-breaking six women ran for president in the Democratic Party: Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Senator Kamala Harris of California, Senator Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii, and author Marianne Williamson. The initial night of the first Democratic primary debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, marked a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night.
Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian Party's presidential candidate for the 2020 election, and is the first woman to be nominated by that party. Jorgensen is currently the female candidate with the second-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.9 million votes in 2020.
Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States. She is the United States' first female vice president and the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history. She is also the first Asian-American and the first African-American vice president.
On November 19, 2021, Harris became the first woman to serve as acting president of the United States, when President Joe Biden invoked the third section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment before undergoing a routine medical procedure. Harris was acting president from 10:10 a.m. until 11:35 a.m.
Presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
General election candidates by popular vote
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.
† Popular vote winner
Primary election candidates
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes.
Party nominee
All candidates
Party nominees
Not nominated by party
Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.
Vice-presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
Elected Vice President
By popular vote
This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.
Elected Vice President
All candidates
Party nominees
Not nominated by party
See also
List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
List of female governors in the United States
Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States")
References
External links
Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.
Female vice-presidential candidates
Lists of American female politicians
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4011614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta%27s%20Fountain
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Lotta's Fountain
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Lotta's fountain is a fountain at the intersection of Market Street, where Geary and Kearny Streets connect in downtown San Francisco, California.
It was commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree in 1875 as a gift to the city of San Francisco, and would serve as a significant meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
History
The cast-iron fountain, commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree as a gift to the city, was dedicated September 9, 1875. During its centennial it was designated both a San Francisco Designated Landmarks and the U.S National Historic Places.
A plaque commemorates its role as a meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Another plaque mentions the opera soprano Luisa Tetrazzini, who gave a memorable performance for the people of San Francisco at the fountain on Christmas Eve, 1910, after legal difficulties prevented her from appearing on stage. The bronze column was added in 1916 to match the height of new lights being installed along Market Street.
In 1974 it was relocated from its original location at 3rd, Market and Kearny during the renovation of Market Street. In 1999 the fountain was refurbished to its 1875 appearance, repainted a metallic gold-brown. Its lion's-head spigots flow during daytime hours.
In 1919, a commemoration of the earthquake was started that still occurs annually. The South of Market Boys, a fraternal drinking organization, hung a wreath on the fountain. Since then, survivors of the earthquake gathered at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 at the intersection. After the 2015 anniversary, the last two survivors of the earthquake died. In 2016, more than 200 participants, many in period costuming, gathered to commemorate victims of the earthquake and to draw attention to earthquake preparedness.
See also
List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
References
Sources
O'Brien, Robert This is San Francisco Chronicle Books 1994, reprint from 1948
External links
Lotta Crabtree
Lotta Crabtree, Fairy Star of the Gold Rush
"Lotta's Legacy," by J. Kingston Pierce
"Lotta's Fountain," Atlas Obscura
Fountains in California
Financial District, San Francisco
Market Street (San Francisco)
1906 San Francisco earthquake
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Relocated buildings and structures in California
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4011625
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles%20video%20games
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List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games
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The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games have been produced since 1989, largely by Japanese video game manufacturer Konami.
Earlier games were mostly based on the 1987 TV series, with elements borrowed from the movies, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, action figures and the original Mirage comic books and role-playing books. Several games released in the 2000s were based on the 2003 TV series and the 2007 film. A number of games released in the following decade have been based on the 2012 TV series, the 2014 film, and Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
, the first eleven TMNT video games had sold units worldwide, earning nearly in sales revenue.
List
See also
List of video games based on comics
References
Further reading
"Free Fan-Made Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Game Is A Fun Throw-Back", Kotaku
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Windows games
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Android (operating system) games
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Video games about ninja
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Video game franchises introduced in 1989
Video games
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4011634
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20rhetoric
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Cognitive rhetoric
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Cognitive rhetoric refers to an approach to rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy as well as a method for language and literary studies drawing from, or contributing to, cognitive science.
History
Following the cognitive revolution, cognitive linguists, computer scientists, and cognitive psychologists have borrowed terms from rhetorical and literary criticism. Specifically, metaphor is a fundamental concept throughout cognitive science, particularly for cognitive linguistic models in which meaning-making is dependent on metaphor production and comprehension.
Computer scientists and philosophers of mind draw on literary studies for terms like "scripts", "stories", "stream of consciousness", "multiple drafts", and "Joycean machine". Cognitive psychologists have researched literary and rhetorical topics such as "reader response" and "deixis" in narrative fiction, and transmission of poetry in oral traditions.
Composition
Rhetoric is a term often used in reference to composition studies and pedagogy, a tradition that dates back to Ancient Greece. The emergence of rhetoric as a teachable craft (techne) links rhetoric and composition pedagogy, notably in the tradition of Sophism. Aristotle collected Sophist handbooks on rhetoric and critiqued them in Synagoge Techne (fourth century BCE).
In Ancient Rome, the Greek rhetorical tradition was absorbed and became vital to education, as rhetoric was valued in a highly political society with an advanced system of law, where speaking well was crucial to winning favor, alliances, and legal rulings.
Cognitive rhetoricians focusing on composition (such as Linda Flower and John Hayes) draw from the paradigm, methods, and terms of cognitive science to build a pedagogy of composition, where writing is an instance of everyday problem-solving processes. Colleagues at Carnegie Mellon, Flower and Hayes conducted studies on problem-solving in writing using think-aloud protocols where subjects talk as they solve a problem showing what is happening in their minds while writing.
Janet Emig explored elements of the writing process and the relationship between process and product. Building upon cognitive theories of transactional and experiential learning by John Dewey and Jean Piaget, Emig's contribution to cognitive rhetoric is her differentiation between speech acts and writing acts. Because speaking and writing are different ways of performing linguistic functions, Emig argues that the process of speaking and the process of writing result in differing means of expression. One issue Emig points out is that writing can be a sort of trap since the writer becomes a participant in the event through their writing. Another issue Emig identifies involves the way the structure of writing can shape how an event is presented by the writer. This structure becomes a conflict, Emig asserts, because writing should be dictated by the writer's experience—not the form.
Patricia Bizzell juxtaposes writing and thinking to illustrate problems between form and convention. Bizzell identifies two theoretical positions: (1) inner-directed theorists approach writing instruction by focusing on style and conventions, and (2) outer-directed theorists believe these language functions are innate. The inner-directed theory is where students use what they know and apply it to a writing situation (thinking process). The outer-directed theory argues forms can’t be taught because how writers choose language may be different depending on the rhetorical situation of the writing task or objective (social process). According to Bizzell, students participate in a variety of discourse communities, and writers are limited by the writer’s ability to define the rules which exist in that particular discourse. Bizzell calls for a more flexible process that considers where the writer is at in their process and argues that the writer should use what they know to apply to the task; then, go back and figure out what they don’t know—adapting their task to the situation.
James A. Berlin has argued that by focusing on professional composition and communications and ignoring ideology, social-cognitive rhetoric—which maps structures of the mind onto structures of language and the interpersonal world—lends itself to use as a tool for training workers in corporate capitalism. Berlin contrasts social-cognitive rhetoric with social-epistemic rhetoric, which makes ideology the core issue of composition pedagogy.
Language and literary studies
Cognitive rhetoric offers a new way of looking at properties of literature from the perspective of cognitive science. It is interdisciplinary in character and committed to data and methods that produce falsifiable theory. Rhetoric also offers a store of stylistic devices observed for their effect on audiences, providing a rich index with distinguished examples available to researchers in cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive science.
For Mark Turner (a prominent figure in cognitive rhetoric), narrative imaging is the fundamental instrument of everyday thought. Individuals organize experience in a constant narrative flow, starting with small spatial stories. Meaning is fundamentally parabolic (like a parable): two or more event shapes or conceptual spaces converge (blending) in the parabolic process, generating concepts with unique properties not found in either of the inputs. This process is everyday: anticipating that an object you are headed toward will make contact with you is a parable whereby you project a spatial viewpoint. Such narrative flow is a highly adaptive process, crucial for planning, evaluating, explaining, as well as recalling the past and imagining a future. Thus, literary processes have adaptive value prior to the emergence of linguistic capability (modular or continuous).
Related work
Brain imaging
Perception
Rhetorical figures
Rhetorical stylistics
Key terms
Binding
Cognitive instability
Conceptual blending
Conceptual metaphor
Projection
Notable researchers
Cognitive rhetoric
Ellen Spolsky
George Lakoff
Mark Johnson
Mark Turner
Raymond Gibbs
Reuven Tsur
Todd Oakley
Social-cognitive rhetoric
John Hayes
Linda Flower
Social-epistemic rhetoric
James A. Berlin
Cognitive poetics
Reuven Tsur
See also
Cognitive historicism
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive philology
Cognitive poetics
Cognitive science
References
Bibliography
Cognitive rhetoric
Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Rhetoric in the Age of Cognitive Science". The Viability of Rhetoric. Graff, Richard. ed. New York: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Gibbs, Raymond. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Jackson, Tony. "Issues and Problems in the Blending of Cognitive Science, Evolutionary Psychology, and Literary Study." Poetics Today, 23.1 (2002) 161-179.
Jackson, Tony. "Questioning Interdisciplinarity: Cognitive Science, Evolutionary Psychology, and Literary Criticism". Poetics Today, 21: 319-47.
Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Turner. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Lakoff, George. "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought, 2nd ed. Ed. Andrew Ortony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Oakley, Todd. "From Attention to Meaning: Explorations in Semiotics, Linguistics, and Rhetoric." European Semiotics Series, Volume 8. Lang Verlag, 2009.
Parrish, Alex C. Adaptive Rhetoric: Evolution, Culture, and the Art of Persuasion. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Pinker, Stephen. Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Richardson, Alan. "Literature and the Cognitive Revolution: An Introduction." Poetics Today, 23.1 (2002) 1-8.
Shen, Yeshayahu. "Cognitive Aspects of Metaphor". Poetics Today, 13.4: 567-74.
Tomascello, Michael. "Language Is Not an Instinct." Cognitive Development, 10 (1995): 131-56.
Turner, Mark. Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, and Criticism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
Turner, Mark. Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Cognitive rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy
Berlin, James. "Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class". College English, 50.5 September 1988: 477-494.
Bruner, Jerome S. The Process of Education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
Bruner, Jerome S., R.R.Oliver and P.M. Greenfield et al. Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: John Wiley, 1967.
Christensen, Francis. Notes Toward a New Rhetoric: Six Essays for Teachers. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
Flower, Linda and John R. Hayes. "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing." College Composition and Communications, 32 (1981): 365-87.
Flower, Linda. Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing. 2nd Ed. San Diego: Harcourt, 1985.
Flower, Linda. The Construction of Negotiated Meaning: A Social Cognitive Theory of Writing. Carbondale and Edwardsvill: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.
Hayes, John R. and Linda Flower. "Cognitive Processes in Revision." In Rosenberg (ed.), Advances In Applied Psycholinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Shor, Ira. Critical Teaching and Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Tsur, Reuven. "The Place of Nonconceptual Information in University Education with Special Reference to Teaching Literature". Pragmatics & Cognition, 17 (2009): 309–330.
Tsur, Reuven. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1992.
External links
Cognitive rhetoric
Mark Turner's homepage
Reuven Tsur's homepage
Tim Roher's "Annotated Bibliography of Metaphor and Cognitive Science"
Cognitive rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy
Linda Flower's homepage
Rhetoric
Cognitive science
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4011648
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Indian%20Universities
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Association of Indian Universities
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Association of Indian Universities (AIU) is an organisation and association of major universities in India. It is based in Delhi. It evaluates the courses, syllabi, standards, and credits of foreign Universities pursued abroad and equates them in relation to various courses offered by Indian Universities.
The AIU is mainly concerned with the recognition of Degrees/Diplomas awarded by the Universities in India, which are recognized by the UGC, New Delhi, and abroad for the purpose of admission to higher degree courses in Indian Universities. The AIU is also an implementing agency for the agreements signed under the Cultural Exchange Programmes executed between India and other countries in the field of education, insofar as it relates to the recognition of foreign qualifications (except for medicine and allied courses).
See also
National Assessment and Accreditation Council
National Institute of Open Schooling
Department of Higher Education
Medical Council of India
Council of Architecture
References
College and university associations and consortia in Asia
Educational organisations based in India
Consortia in India
1925 establishments in India
Organizations established in 1925
Organisations based in Delhi
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4011649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Elof%20Ihre
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Albrecht Elof Ihre
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Baron Albrecht Elof Ihre (6 October 1797 – 9 August 1877) was a Swedish diplomat and politician who served as Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1840-1848 (acting 1840-1842).
Ihre was employed in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 1823, serving as secretary of the Swedish legation in Constantinople from 1824, and chargé d'affaires there from 1827. He was appointed state secretary for foreign affairs in 1831. Ihre became Swedish Minister of Ecclesiastical affairs from 1840, and also served as acting Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1840–1842, and was Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1842–1848.
Ihre, who was a grandson of the philologist Johan Ihre, was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1842, was awarded the title of baron in 1843 and a knighthood of the Order of the Seraphim in 1846. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1849, having previously declined twice, but did not take his seat and resigned from the Academy in 1859.
References
Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 19 (1971-1973), p. 760.
1797 births
1877 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Swedish politicians
Swedish diplomats
Swedish nobility
Members of the Swedish Academy
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
|
4011655
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Indreb%C3%B8
|
Adolf Indrebø
|
Adolf Oliverson Indrebø (7 February 1884 – 5 December 1942) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He hailed from Førde, but moved to Oslo as a student. He was a member of Oslo city council from 1917 to 1934, serving as mayor from 1929 to 1931.
In 1935, during the cabinet Nygaardsvold, he was appointed Minister of Finance. He held this post one year. He was also head of the Ministry of Defense, briefly in 1935.
References
Adolf Indrebø at NRK Sogn og Fjordane County Encyclopedia
1884 births
1942 deaths
People from Førde
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Mayors of Oslo
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Place of death missing
|
4011678
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manalo
|
Manalo
|
Manalo is a Tagalog-language surname meaning "to win". Notable people with the surname include:
Iglesia ni Cristo
Felix Manalo (1886–1963), founder of the Iglesia ni Cristo organization, Executive Minister from 1914 to 1963
Eraño G. Manalo (1925–2009), Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo from 1963 to 2009
Angel Manalo, son of Eraño Manalo, involved in 2015 Iglesia ni Cristo leadership controversy
Tenny Manalo (born 1937), widow of Eraño Manalo, involved in 2015 Iglesia ni Cristo leadership controversy
Eduardo V. Manalo (born 1955), current Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo
Others with the surname
Bianca Manalo (born 1987), Filipina actress and 2009 Binibining Pilipinas-Universe winner
Enrique Manalo (1952) Ambassador of the Philippines
Jay Manalo (born 1973), Filipino actor
Jesulito (Jess) Manalo, Lawyer, Ambassador and House Representative for ANGKLA
John Manalo (born 1995), Filipino actor
Jose Manalo (born 1966), Filipino actor and comedian
Juslyn Manalo, Daly City, California’s first Filipina-American mayor
Marlon Manalo (born 1975), Filipino pool player
Nichole Manalo, Filipina actress and 2009 Binibining Pilipinas-Globe winner
Rosario Manalo (born 1935) Ambassador of the Philippines and Academic
Victoria Manalo Draves (born 1924), American competition diver
References
Tagalog-language surnames
|
4011681
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri%20Ingebrigtsen
|
Guri Ingebrigtsen
|
Guri Helene Ingebrigtsen (19 May 1952 – 5 January 2020) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
Ingebrigtsen was born in Værøy. In the 1970s she was a member of the leftist Workers' Communist Party (AKP). In 1986, she worked in the Afghanistan Committee, giving medical aid. She was a graduate in medicine from the University of Oslo in 1982, having minored in criminology in 1976. Among several medicine-related jobs, she was a researcher at the University of Oslo from 1987 to 1996.
From 1996 to 1997, during the cabinet Jagland, she was appointed political advisor to the Minister of Health and Social Affairs. From 2000 to 2001, during the first cabinet Stoltenberg, she headed the same Ministry.
On the local level Ingebrigtsen was a member of Vestvågøy municipal council from 1995 to 1999, and then served as mayor from 1999 to 2007.
On 5 January 2020, Ingebrigtsen died from cancer at the age of 67.
References
1952 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Norway
People from Værøy
People from Vestvågøy
Government ministers of Norway
Mayors of places in Nordland
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
University of Oslo alumni
University of Oslo faculty
20th-century Norwegian physicians
Norwegian women physicians
Women mayors of places in Norway
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Women government ministers of Norway
|
4011682
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Keating
|
Phil Keating
|
Phillip Keating is a national correspondent for the Fox News Channel based in the Miami bureau. During his career at Fox, Keating has covered breaking news stories including the death of Anna Nicole Smith, Caylee Anthony, and the trial of Jose Padilla.
He covers NASA stories for Fox News, including NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the new Constellation program. Previously, he reported for the syndicated magazine show Geraldo Rivera on the Fox News channel-produced program Geraldo At Large. Before this, he was a correspondent in the Fox News Channel's Dallas bureau. Keating joined FOX after working at Denver's KUSA and KDVR.
References
1968 births
American television journalists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fox News people
American male journalists
|
4011689
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern%20Clevenger
|
Vern Clevenger
|
Vern Clevenger (born 1955 in Oakland, California) is a noted climber and landscape photographer. He made the first ascent of Cholatse in 1982. He lives in Mammoth Lakes, California with his wife and two children, Dylan and Sabrina. On April 13, 1977, Clevenger was arrested looting the crashed wreckage of a drug-smuggling airplane in Yosemite National Park. These efforts paid off with his first Nikon camera system. Clevenger shows his work at the Clevenger Gallery and Studio, in Mammoth Lakes, California, assisted by his wife Margaret, son Dylan, and daughter Sabrina.
References
American mountain climbers
American photographers
1955 births
Living people
People from Mammoth Lakes, California
|
4011691
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20telluride
|
Mercury telluride
|
Mercury telluride (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group of semiconductor materials. Alternative names are mercuric telluride and mercury(II) telluride.
HgTe occurs in nature as the mineral form coloradoite.
Physical properties
All properties are at standard temperature and pressure unless stated otherwise. The lattice parameter is about 0.646 nm in the cubic crystalline form. The bulk modulus is about 42.1 GPa. The thermal expansion coefficient is about 5.2×10−6/K. Static dielectric constant 20.8, dynamic dielectric constant 15.1. Thermal conductivity is low at 2.7 W·m2/(m·K). HgTe bonds are weak leading to low hardness values. Hardness 2.7×107 kg/m2.
Doping
N-type doping can be achieved with elements such as boron, aluminium, gallium, or indium. Iodine and iron will also dope n-type. HgTe is naturally p-type due to mercury vacancies. P-type doping is also achieved by introducing zinc, copper, silver, or gold.
Topological insulation
Mercury telluride was the first topological insulator discovered, in 2007. Topological insulators cannot support an electric current in the bulk, but electronic states confined to the surface can serve as charge carriers.
Chemistry
HgTe bonds are weak. Their enthalpy of formation, around −32kJ/mol, is less than a third of the value for the related compound cadmium telluride. HgTe is easily etched by acids, such as hydrobromic acid.
Growth
Bulk growth is from a mercury and tellurium melt in the presence of a high mercury vapour pressure. HgTe can also be grown epitaxially, for example, by sputtering or by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.
Nanoparticles of mercury telluride can be obtained via cation exchange from cadmium telluride nanoplatelets.
See also
Cadmium telluride
Mercury selenide
Mercury cadmium telluride
References
External links
Thermophysical properties database at Germany's Chemistry Information Centre, Berlin
Mercury(II) compounds
Tellurides
II-VI semiconductors
Zincblende crystal structure
|
4011700
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld%20Stub%20Irgens
|
Kjeld Stub Irgens
|
Kjeld Stub Irgens (23 May 1879 – 26 August 1963) was a Norwegian politician during the German occupation of Norway.
Early life
He was born in 1879 to vicar Jens Stub Irgens and his wife Sophie Cathinka, née Altschwager. He had several brothers and sisters. He was a distant relative of eighteenth-century bishop Ole Irgens and politicians Ole and Johannes Irgens.
Seafaring career
A sea captain by profession, Irgens had received his education in the Royal Norwegian Navy, which he left with the rank of First Lieutenant () in 1903. From 1913 onwards Irgens worked for the Norwegian America Line (NAL) shipping company, in 1918 assuming command of the NAL's 12,977 GRT passenger ship SS Stavangerfjord. In 1921 Irgens purchased the island of Ravnøy in Vestfold on behalf of the crew of Stavangerfjord, as a holiday resort at which to spend time with their families after spending long periods of time at sea. The 270-decare property, located between the island of Nøtterøy and Stokke on the mainland, was bought at a price of 10,000 Norwegian kroner and later transferred to the Norwegian America Line. The shipping company remained in ownership of the island until 1983 when it was sold on to the Holiday Resort Ravnøy Foundation ().
World War II
Negotiations during the German invasion
He was not involved with the Norwegian Nazi party, Nasjonal Samling, before the Second World War reached Norway in 1940. However, he was married to a sister of Albert Viljam Hagelin, a leading member of Nasjonal Samling, and one day after the German invasion he was summoned by Hagelin and Vidkun Quisling to Hagelin's suite at the Hotel Continental in Oslo. Here, he was asked to persuade King Haakon VII to abdicate and to name Quisling as Prime Minister. Together with Curt Bräuer he traveled to Elverum to negotiate, but his efforts proved fruitless. On his way to Elverum Irgens encountered some members of the Storting at Hamar Station, stating his intention to meet with the King. Irgens arrived at Elverum late in the evening of 10 April, being allowed to sleep in Minister Hjelmtveit's bed for a few hours before seeing the King the next morning. The meeting led nowhere, as the final Norwegian decision to resist the invasion had already been taken the previous day. The Norwegian government refused Quisling's demands and vowed to resist the German invasion as long as possible.
Collaborationist minister
When Reichskommissar Josef Terboven formed a cabinet on 25 September 1940, Irgens accepted the position as provisional Minister of Shipping. The Ministry of Shipping was a government ministry established specifically for Irgens on the insistence of Terboven, as Irgens was considered close to Haakon VII. Because of Irgens' relations with the exiled Norwegian king Terboven strongly wished to include him in his administration. At the same time he enrolled as a party member of Nasjonal Samling. From the beginning of Irgens' work at the Ministry of Shipping he successfully defended the part of the Norwegian merchant fleet left in the occupied country against German attempts at taking the ships as prizes. As of September 1941 his position was no longer provisional. On 1 February 1942 Quisling was allowed by the occupants to form his own cabinet; Irgens continued as Minister of Shipping. He was removed on 12 June 1944 together with Eivind Blehr for emphasizing Norwegian nationalism rather than Pan-Germanic national socialism. Irgens had also come under criticism for hesitating to accept members of Nasjonal Samling joining his ministry. At the same time the Ministry of Shipping ceased to exist.
Post-World War II
As part of the legal purge in Norway after the war, in 1945, Irgens was sentenced to seven years of forced labour. The case was taken to the Supreme Court in 1946, where the sentence was increased to fifteen years. He died in 1963.
References
Bibliography
1879 births
1963 deaths
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Royal Norwegian Navy personnel
Steamship captains
Government ministers of Norway
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway
|
4011704
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warley
|
Warley
|
Warley may refer to:
Places in the United Kingdom
Essex
Warley, Essex
Great Warley
Little Warley
Warley Hospital
West Midlands
Warley, West Midlands, a neighbourhood centred on the towns of Oldbury and Smethwick
Warley (UK Parliament constituency), current
County Borough of Warley, a former local authority
Warley High School, a former comprehensive school
West Yorkshire
Warley Town
Ships
HMS Calcutta, the East Indiaman Warley, built in 1788 and sold to the Royal Navy in 1795
Warley (1796 ship), an East Indiaman, launched in 1795, participated in Nathaniel Dance's victory at the Battle of Pulo Aura
People
Warley (footballer, born 1978), full name Warley Silva dos Santos, Brazilian football forward
Warley Oliveira (born 1989), Brazilian football forward
Warley (footballer, born 1999), full name Warley Leandro da Silva, Brazilian football wing-back
See also
Warleigh
Warley East (UK Parliament constituency), former
Warley West (UK Parliament constituency), former
|
4011717
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn%20Isaksen
|
Finn Isaksen
|
Finn Trond Isaksen (26 April 1924 – 29 September 1987) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party who served as Minister of Agriculture from 1983 to 1985.
References
1924 births
1987 deaths
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
|
4011726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Jacobsen
|
Oscar Jacobsen
|
Oscar Jacobsen (1 January 1850 – 6 August 1902) was a Norwegian engineer and politician for the Liberal Party.
Personal life
He was born in Vågå as the son of Johanne Georgine Jørgensen and her husband Nils Lauritz Severin Jacobsen. He had several brothers, among them Albert Marius Jacobsen, father of Rolf Jacobsen. Both Albert and Rolf would serve as national politicians.
In 1875 Oscar Jacobsen married Laura Sofie Fredrikke Dahl. The couple had several children, mostly girls.
Career
An engineer by education, he worked in the Norwegian State Railways.
He served in the cabinet Sverdrup as Minister of Labour from 5 March 1888 to 12 July 1889. From 28 August to 30 September 1888 he was also Minister of Interior.
References
1850 births
1902 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people
|
4011733
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Game
|
After the Game
|
After the Game is a 1997 neo-noir drama/mystery film directed by Brewster MacWilliams and starring Frank Gorshin, Stanley DeSantis, Sam Anderson, Mike Genovese, Susan Traylor, and Robert Dubac. It is produced by Robert Peters and Roy Winnick. The screenplay was written by Brewster MacWilliams.
The film explores the themes of poker, revenge, deceit, lust and greed, and explores karma and the afterlife.
The DVD, titled The Last Hand, was issued in 2004.
Premise
Aging gambler Benny Walsh (played by Gorshin) dies in a suspicious car crash after the biggest poker win of his life. His son, Clyde (played by Dubac), comes to the Nevada town in search of answers. He discovers that each of his father's gambling buddies had ample reason to see him dead.
Cast
Frank Gorshin as Benny Walsh
Stanley DeSantis as Frank Bertini
Sam Anderson as Jimmy Walsh
Mike Genovese as Sam Kowalski
Susan Traylor as Veronica Kowalski
Richard Lineback as Slim, the Bartender
Donna Eskra as Dolly
Robert Dubac as Clyde Walsh
Lou Rawls as Morgue Attendant
Daniel Zacapa as Detective Garcia
Hudson Leick as Grace
External links
After the Game at the Internet Movie Database
1997 films
American neo-noir films
1990s mystery drama films
American mystery drama films
Gambling films
1997 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
|
4011739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Jacobsen%20%28politician%29
|
Rolf Jacobsen (politician)
|
Rolf Jacobsen (30 November 1865 – 22 February 1942) was a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Liberal Party. He was a mayor of Narvik, two-term member of the Parliament of Norway as well as Minister of Defence from 1924 to 1926.
Personal life
He was born in Fredrikstad as the son of military officer and politician Albert Marius Jacobsen (1838–1909) and his wife Hansine Fredrikke Schøyen (1838–1915). His uncle Oscar Jacobsen was a politician too. He had one older brother.
Career
Rolf Jacobsen enrolled as a student in 1881, and graduated as cand.jur. in 1885. From 1885 to 1890, Jacobsen was an attorney in Nordre Gudbrandsdalen, working under district stipendiary magistrate Walter Scott Dahl. Jacobsen served as acting district stipendiary magistrate for a total of three years, while Dahl was a member of Parliament. Jacobsen then moved to Kristiania to work as a lawyer. From 1893 to 1903, he was a barrister, with access to Supreme Court cases. In 1903, he was appointed as district stipendiary magistrate in Steigen.
While stationed here he served as mayor of Narvik from 1910 to 1912. He was also a member of the board of the savings bank from 1904 to 1906, chaired the school board from 1911 to 1912 and acted as deputy chair of Narvik Harbour during the same period. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1913 and 1916, representing the constituency of Nordre Salten. In 1917, he was appointed district stipendiary magistrate in Vinger and Odal. He was a member of Vinger municipal council from 1919 to 1925 and 1928 to 1936, and chaired the county chapter of the Liberal Party in 1929.
On 25 July 1924, he was appointed Minister of Defence in the Mowinckel's First Cabinet. He lost the job when Mowinckel's First Cabinet fell in March 1926. Having taken a hiatus from the job as district stipendiary magistrate during this period, he subsequently returned to this post. He left the magistrate in 1936 to become a lawyer in Oslo.
Jacobsen was also active in the temperance movement.
References
1865 births
1942 deaths
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Nordland
Hedmark politicians
19th-century Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian temperance activists
People from Fredrikstad
Defence ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
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4011766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford%20Lindsey%20Molesworth
|
Guilford Lindsey Molesworth
|
Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth (1828–1925) was an English civil engineer.
Biography
Early years
Molesworth was born in Millbrook, Hampshire and was the son of John Edward Nassau Molesworth, Vicar of Rochdale who was a great grandson of Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth. Sir Guildford's great niece was Margaret Patricia Molesworth (1904–1985), the grandmother of Sophie, Countess of Wessex.
Molesworth was educated at the College for Civil Engineers at Putney, apprenticed under Mr Dockray in the London and North Western Railway, and under Sir William Fairbairn at Manchester.
Career
He became a chief assistant engineer of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, but soon resigned to conduct the constructions at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, during the Crimean War. He received the Watt Medal and the Manby premium in 1858 from the Institution of Civil Engineers for his paper on Conversion of Wood by Machinery. He returned to London for a number of years, worked at his profession, then went to Ceylon in 1859 and in 1862 became chief engineer of the government railways in Ceylon. From 1871 to 1889 he was consulting engineer to the Indian government with regard to State railways. In May 1888, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).
He received medals from the British Government for his services during the Afghan War and the Burma War, and was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1904.
Gauge
Molesworth was consulted on a number of occasions on the suitability of adopting a narrow gauge rather than a broad one. He was generally against the narrow gauge as he regarded the cost savings as illusory. His broad gauge line to Kandy is proof that this gauge is practicable in steep mountains.
Bibliography
He published the Molesworth's Pocket Book of Engineering Formulae. This useful little volume contained formulas and details on many engineering related subjects. The first edition was published in November 1862 and ran to over thirty editions (The twenty-eighth edition was published in 1921).
His other works include:
State Railways in India (1872)
Metrical Tables (1880; fourth edition, 1909)
Imperialism in India (1885)
Silver and Gold (1891)
Our Empire under Protection and Free Trade (1902)
Economic and Fiscal Facts and Fallacies (1909)
Indian Railway Policy (1920)
References
External links
1828 births
1925 deaths
British railway civil engineers
English non-fiction writers
British people of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
British people of the Crimean War
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Engineers from Southampton
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Railway officers in British India
English male non-fiction writers
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4011776
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer%20Diamond
|
Oppenheimer Diamond
|
The Oppenheimer Diamond, a nearly perfectly formed yellow diamond crystal, is one of the largest uncut diamonds in the world, and measures approximately 20 × 20 millimeters. It was discovered in the Dutoitspan Mine, Kimberley, South Africa, in 1964. Harry Winston acquired the stone and presented it to the Smithsonian Institution in memory of Sir Ernest Oppenheimer.
See also
List of diamonds
References
External links
Oppenheimer Diamond at the Smithsonian, with better closeup photos
Another view
Third closeup
Oppenheimer family
Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Diamonds originating in South Africa
1964 in South Africa
Yellow diamonds
Individual diamonds
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4011778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellhound%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Hellhound (disambiguation)
|
In mythology, a hellhound is a demonic dog.
Hellhound may also mean:
Hellhound (comics), a DC Comics character
Hellhound Records, a German doom metal record label
Hellhound, a series of poster booklets in the Galgrease manga series
MEI HELLHOUND, a high-explosive 40mm round fired by the Milkor MGL grenade launcher
Hellhounds (film), a 2009 Canadian horror film
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4011782
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar%20Jahn
|
Gunnar Jahn
|
Gunnar Jahn (10 January 1883 – 31 January 1971) was a Norwegian jurist, economist, statistician, politician for the Liberal Party and resistance member. He held several important positions, such as Norwegian Minister of Finance and Customs from 1934 to 1935 and in 1945, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1941 to 1966 and Governor of the Central Bank of Norway from 1946 to 1954.
Life and work
He was born in Trondheim, the son of director Christian Fredy Michael Jahn (1837–1914) and Elisabeth Wilhelmine Wexelsen (1853–1930). He was a grandson of Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen, a grandnephew of Marie Wexelsen and a first cousin of Per Kvist. He finished his secondary education at Trondheim Cathedral School in 1902 graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.jur. degree in 1907. He worked as a deputy judge in Lofoten before enrolling at the university again; he graduated in economics in 1909. He was hired in Statistics Norway in 1910. In April 1911 he married Martha Larsen Jahn.
From 1913 he was a teacher at Kristiania Commerce School and the university, jobs he left in 1918 and 1920 respectively. From 1917 to 1919 he worked in Rasjoneringsdirektoratet, and from 1919 to 1920 he was the director there. In 1920 he became director of Statistics Norway. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1927. From November 1934 to March 1935 he was the Minister of Finance and Customs in Mowinckel's Third Cabinet. He became a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 1937, and chairman from 1941 to 1966.
In 1940 he was a member of the Administrative Council, which tried to maintain Norwegian political governance despite the German invasion and occupation of Norway. He marked himself as a strong proponent of resistance to Germany, and was a member of the central leadership of the resistance: "Kretsen" and Hjemmefrontens Ledelse. He was arrested by the Nazi authorities on 25 October 1944, and incarcerated at Akershus Fortress until 8 December. He was then sent to Grini concentration camp, where he sat until the liberation of Norway.
After the German surrender, he saw himself as a candidate to become Prime Minister of Norway, but Hjemmefrontens Ledelse chose Paal Berg as their candidate. He instead became Minister of Finance and Customs of the Norwegian interim government, Gerhardsen's First Cabinet, on 25 June. He remained so until 4 November the same year, and also served on the Board of Governors in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund in 1945. He then headed the Central Bank of Norway from 1946 to 1954. He presided over the International Statistical Institute from 1947 to 1951, and was an honorary member. As the Chairman of the Nobel Committee, he delivered the Presentation Speech to The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 to the Quaker Friends Service Council (British) and American Friends Service Committee (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1947/press.html). He was also a member of the Liberal Party's national board for some time. He died in January 1971 in Oslo.
References
External links
A collection of digitized materials related to Jahn's association with Linus Pauling.
Presentation Speech to The Nobel Peace Prize 1947.
1883 births
1971 deaths
Politicians from Trondheim
Norwegian jurists
Norwegian economists
Norwegian statisticians
University of Oslo alumni
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Governors of the Central Bank of Norway
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian resistance members
Grini concentration camp survivors
Chairpersons of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School
|
4011785
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-score
|
F-score
|
In statistical analysis of binary classification, the F-score or F-measure is a measure of a test's accuracy. It is calculated from the precision and recall of the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all positive results, including those not identified correctly, and the recall is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples that should have been identified as positive. Precision is also known as positive predictive value, and recall is also known as sensitivity in diagnostic binary classification.
The F1 score is the harmonic mean of the precision and recall. The more generic score applies additional weights, valuing one of precision or recall more than the other.
The highest possible value of an F-score is 1.0, indicating perfect precision and recall, and the lowest possible value is 0, if either the precision or the recall is zero.
Etymology
The name F-measure is believed to be named after a different F function in Van Rijsbergen's book, when introduced to the Fourth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-4, 1992).
Definition
The traditional F-measure or balanced F-score (F1 score) is the harmonic mean of precision and recall:
.
Fβ score
A more general F score, , that uses a positive real factor , where is chosen such that recall is considered times as important as precision, is:
.
In terms of Type I and type II errors this becomes:
.
Two commonly used values for are 2, which weighs recall higher than precision, and 0.5, which weighs recall lower than precision.
The F-measure was derived so that "measures the effectiveness of retrieval with respect to a user who attaches times as much importance to recall as precision". It is based on Van Rijsbergen's effectiveness measure
.
Their relationship is where .
Diagnostic testing
This is related to the field of binary classification where recall is often termed "sensitivity".
Dependence of the F-score on class imbalance
Precision-recall curve, and thus the score, explicitly depends on the ratio
of positive to negative test cases.
This means that comparison of the
F-score across different problems with differing class ratios is
problematic. One way to address this issue (see e.g., Siblini et al,
2020
) is to use a standard class ratio when making such comparisons.
Applications
The F-score is often used in the field of information retrieval for measuring search, document classification, and query classification performance. Earlier works focused primarily on the F1 score, but with the proliferation of large scale search engines, performance goals changed to place more emphasis on either precision or recall and so is seen in wide application.
The F-score is also used in machine learning. However, the F-measures do not take true negatives into account, hence measures such as the Matthews correlation coefficient, Informedness or Cohen's kappa may be preferred to assess the performance of a binary classifier.
The F-score has been widely used in the natural language processing literature, such as in the evaluation of named entity recognition and word segmentation.
Properties
The F1 score is the Dice coefficient of the set of retrieved items and the set of relevant items.
Criticism
David Hand and others criticize the widespread use of the F1 score since it gives equal importance to precision and recall. In practice, different types of mis-classifications incur different costs. In other words, the relative importance of precision and recall is an aspect of the problem.
According to Davide Chicco and Giuseppe Jurman, the F1 score is less truthful and informative than the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) in binary evaluation classification.
David Powers has pointed out that F1 ignores the True Negatives and thus is misleading for unbalanced classes, while kappa and correlation measures are symmetric and assess both directions of predictability - the classifier predicting the true class and the true class predicting the classifier prediction, proposing separate multiclass measures Informedness and Markedness for the two directions, noting that their geometric mean is correlation.
Difference from Fowlkes–Mallows index
While the F-measure is the harmonic mean of recall and precision, the Fowlkes–Mallows index is their geometric mean.
Extension to multi-class classification
The F-score is also used for evaluating classification problems with more than two classes (Multiclass classification). In this setup, the final score is obtained by micro-averaging (biased by class frequency) or macro-averaging (taking all classes as equally important). For macro-averaging, two different formulas have been used by applicants: the F-score of (arithmetic) class-wise precision and recall means or the arithmetic mean of class-wise F-scores, where the latter exhibits more desirable properties.
See also
BLEU
Confusion matrix
Hypothesis tests for accuracy
METEOR
NIST (metric)
Receiver operating characteristic
ROUGE (metric)
Uncertainty coefficient, aka Proficiency
Word error rate
LEPOR
References
Statistical natural language processing
Evaluation of machine translation
Statistical ratios
Summary statistics for contingency tables
Clustering criteria
de:Beurteilung eines Klassifikators#Kombinierte Maße
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4011792
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique%20Meirelles
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Henrique Meirelles
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Henrique de Campos Meirelles (born 31 August 1945) is a Brazilian economist and former Minister of the Economy and an executive of the Brazilian and the international financial sectors and former president of Central Bank of Brazil (Portuguese: Banco Central do Brasil) where he remained in office from 2003 to 2011. He chairs J&F's board of directors, company that owns Banco Original, JBS and Vigor, among others. He is also a member of the board of directors of Azul Brazilian Airlines.
Meirelles was the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)'s candidate for president of Brazil in the 2018 elections.
Biography
Meirelles, is the son of Hegesipo de Campos Meirelles, former attorney of Banco do Estado de Goiás and Diva Silva de Campos, a wedding gown designer.
He left the city of Goiania to study civil engineering at the School of Engineering of the University of São Paulo (Portuguese:Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo) in São Paulo, where he graduated in 1972.
In 1974, he completed an MBA in Business Administration from Coppead Institute at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese:Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), UFRJ.
His career began in 1974 at BankBoston, where he worked for 28 years, with national and international operations.
In 1984, with appointment by a BankBoston board member, Meirelles attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. Meirelles also received an honorary title as doctor by Bryant College.
In July of that year, with his return to Brazil, Meirelles was appointed president of BankBoston in Brazil, a position he held for 12 years.
In 1996, Meirelles moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and assumed the position of President and COO of BankBoston worldwide. He held the position until 1999.
In 1999, BankBoston Corporation merged with Fleet Financial Group, forming FleetBoston Financial. Henrique Meirelles became president of FleetBoston Financial's Global Banking.
While in the United States, Meirelles was one of the most popular members of Bill Clinton's court case.
In 2002, Meirelles retired and returned to Brazil.
With a youth marked by public performances, when he was part of the student movement in Goiânia and led strikes against bus ticket and school supply prices, influenced by a political family – his grandfather was mayor of Anápolis three times, his father occupied roles in the State Secretariat of Goiás twice, and an uncle who was Governor – from then on Meirelles started his political career, to which he dedicated himself from 2002 to 2014.
In 2012, at the invitation of the president of JBS's board of directors, Joesley Batista, Henrique Meirelles took on the Advisory Board of J&F, the holding company that controls 7 companies, including JBS, the world's largest meat company. The J&F Group has a total revenue estimated at R$65 billion.
Considered one of the most respected figures in the Brazilian business environment, in early 2012, Meirelles received 12 job offers from the private sector, among them was the presidency of Barclays and Goldman Sachs banks in Brazil.
Political career
In 2002, Meirelles ran for congressman in Goiás with the political party PSDB and was elected with the largest number of votes in the state – 183,000 votes.
His electoral success and the support of the international financial market received throughout his professional career in the private sector, caused Meirelles to be appointed by President Lula to the office of president of Brazil's Central Bank – Banco Central do Brasil (BCB). In 2003, Meirelles resigned as congressman in Goiás and left PSDB to become president of BCB. Meirelles led Banco Central do Brazil during the eight years of President Lula's administration and, in November 2010, he announced his departure.
In 2005, he was the first president of the CBC to formally obtain the status of State Secretary.
In early 2010, Meirelles ruled out a possible candidacy as governor of Goiás with the democratic party PMDB, at the request of President Lula who asked him to devote himself to the control of Banco Central until the date when he had to leave the role in order to run for elective office in early April 2011.
In 2011, three months after the announcement of his departure from the leadership of BCB, and at the invitation of President Dilma Rousseff, Meirelles took office in the Public Olympic Council. His function, with a 4-year term, was to coordinate all investments for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. With a budget of R$30 million, Meirelles acted with autonomy in the coordination of federal, state and municipal construction work until 2014.
In 2014, Meirelles was invited by the PMDB candidate to the government of SP, Paulo Skaff, to compete in the Senate in their political platform. Meirelles denied the request.
In 2015, Meirelles was replaced by businesswoman Luiza Trajano at the Public Olympic Council.
Also in 2015, there were rumors that Meirelles would have been appointed by former President Lula to be Secretary of Finance during the 2nd term of President Dilma Rousseff's administration, starting in January 2015. This was not achieved and Joaquim Levy took the office.
In mid-2015, following internal dissension in the executive power and friction in Congress, rumors re-emerged that Henrique Meirelles could be a strong possibility of replacing finance secretary Joaquim Levy, head of the Ministry of Finance.
When Michel Temer became the interim president, in May 2016, Henrique Meirelles was nominated Minister of Finance and Social Security.
Meirelles's party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement, announced in May 2018 his pre-candidacy for the presidency of Brazil. On 2 August 2018, he officially became the party's candidate for president.
Management at Banco Central do Brasil
With operations during the eight years of Lula's government (2003–2010), Meirelles was the President of Brazil's Central Bank (BCB) who held the longest office.
His management at Banco Central began at a time when the country's economy was in crisis. With an inflation of 12.5% per year, an actual interest rate of 18.5%, international reserves of US$38 billion – considered low – and the dollar exchange rate at almost R$4.00.
His first step was to make Copom (Monetary Policy Committee of Banco Central) raise interest rates. Throughout his office term, Meirelles was pressured to *accelerate the decrease of interest rates. Members of the government and outside members claimed that the country could have a larger growth rate with a higher inflation.
Meirelles presented inflation rates within the target set by the National Monetary Council in every year of his tenure, except in 2003, when there was a "deterioration of expectations." because of a market reaction to Lula's lead in the presidential race.
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), – Henrique Meirelles' management period was the one with the longest growth cycle in the country's recent history, with a rate of 3% per year for more than 60 months.
In 2003, the internal growth was 1.1%. In 2004, it increased to 5.7%. In 2005, 2006 and 2007, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) increased, respectively: 3.2%, 4% and 6.1%. In 2008, the Brazilian economy grew 5.1%.
In 2004, inflation rates measured by the IPCA – National Index of Prices and Ample Consumers – had receded to 7.6% and in 2005 to 5.69%. In 2006, the IPCA totaled 3.14% and in 2008, linked to the strong economic growth, it increased to 5.9%. In 2005, Meirelles was the first president of BCB to formally obtain the status of Secretary of State.
At the end of his tenure, Meirelles presented a growth in the country's economy that went from R$38 billion to R $280 billion. According to experts, this was a major factor that helped the country go through the international crisis of 2008 and 2009 without major consequences.
According to Gustavo Franco, CEO of Rio Bravo, in an interview by Época, the country's stability and defense during the international crisis of 2009 is directly linked to Henrique Meirelles, head of Banco Central, whose work helped maintain the country's course, avoiding the destabilization of the economy.
At the end of his two mandates in 2009, Henrique Meirelles was credited responsible for reducing inflation by half and interest rates to the lowest level in history.
Operations in J&F Holding
Meirelles was invited by Joesley Batista to chair the board of directors at J&F, the holding company that controls JBS, Original Bank, Vigor Alimentos, Brazil Eldorado (pulp and paper), Flora Higiene Pessoal, Floresta Agropecuária and Canal Rural.
Batista entrusted Meirelles with the task of professionalizing the company by creating more independent decision-making mechanisms. Meirelles was also delegated the responsibility of expanding inside and outside the country, by demanding results from the executives and defining strategies aimed at opening the company's capital in the future.
With the announcement of Meireles' arrival, JBS's shares rose by 4.4%. J&F Group ended the year 2011 with a turnover of R$65 billion, around 145 thousand employees and businesses in more than 22 countries.
In 2015, Original Bank, one of the companies belonging to J&F had R$4.6 billion in total assets, which put it in 57th place as the largest bank in the country.
Original Bank initiated in 2015 a project led by Meirelles to transform it in a 100% digital bank, where there will be no branches and all services will be offered through their website.
Other positions
Chairman of J&F Investimentos.
Board member of Lloyd's of London.
Member of the board of directors of Azul Brazilian Airlines.
Advisor of the dean of John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
Advisor of the dean of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge.
Advisor of the Latin American Studies Center at Washington University.
Chairman of the Society for Revitalization of the City of São Paulo.
Founder and President of the Brazilian Association of Leasing Companies.
Member of FTI Consulting.
President of the Association "Viva o Centro" that advocates for the revitalization of the downtown area of São Paulo.
President Emeritus of the Brazilian Association of International Banks.
Director of the São Paulo Chamber of Commerce.
Board member of educational institutions such as Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Sloan School of Management at MIT, Carroll School of Management at Boston College, New England Music Conservatory and the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.
Member of the Inter-American Dialogue
Personal life
Meirelles is considered to be restless and a workaholic. He sleeps only five hours per night and performs late-night meetings.
In the 1960s, Meirelles participated in one of the first courses at the Interlagos Racetrack (Portuguese: Autódromo de Interlagos) where he acquired race driver skills.
Controversy
Paradise Papers
In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.
Awards and honors
Brazilian of the Year in Economy – IstoÉ magazine.
Best Central Banker of the Americas – The Banker magazine, London.
Best Banker in Latin America of 2006
2008 – Bravo Awards – Financier of the Year.
2008 – Emerging Market Awards – Best Central Banker for Latin America
2010 – Personality of the Year – Prêmio Lide
References
External links
Azul Brazilian Airlines website
Original Bank website
Public Olympics Council website
Eldorado Brasil website
Flora website
Canal Rural website
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1945 births
Brazilian economists
Chief operating officers
Living people
People from Goiás
University of São Paulo alumni
Finance Ministers of Brazil
Government ministers of Brazil
Presidents of the Central Bank of Brazil
Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) politicians
People named in the Paradise Papers
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4011806
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmini
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Padmini
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Padmini, Sanskrit for "She who sits on the lotus", a reference to the Hindu goddess Lakshmi, may refer to:
People
Given name
Rani Padmini (fl. 13th/14th centuries), Rani of the Mewar kingdom
Padmini (actress) (1932–2006), Indian actress and Bharathanatyam dancer
Padmini Chettur (born 1970), Indian dancer
Padmini Devi (born 1943), titular Rajmata of Jaipur, India
Padmini Dian (born 1986), Indian politician
Padmini Kolhapure (born 1965), Indian actress and singer
Padmini Murthy, Indian-American physician
Padmini Prakash, Indian news anchor, actress, and transgender rights activist
Padmini Priyadarshini (1944–2016), Indian actress, dancer and choreographer
Padmini Rout (born 1994), Indian chess player
Padmini Swaminathan, Indian feminist economist
Padmini Thomas, Indian track athlete
Surname
Divya Padmini, Indian actress
Kumari Padmini (died 1980), Indian actress
Kutty Padmini (born 1956), Indian actress
Rani Padmini (actress) (1962–1986), Indian actress
T. K. Padmini (1940–1969), Indian painter
Other uses
Padmini (film), an Indian Malayalam-language biographical film about T. K. Padmini
Premier Padmini, an automobile manufactured in India 1964–2001
Padmini Pictures, an Indian film production company cofounded by B. R. Panthulu
See also
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4011814
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv%20culture
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Kyiv culture
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The Kyiv culture or Kiev culture is an archaeological culture dating from about the 3rd to 5th centuries, named after Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. It is widely considered to be the first identifiable Slavic archaeological culture. It was contemporaneous to (and located mostly just to the north of) the Chernyakhov culture.
Settlements are found mostly along river banks, frequently either on high cliffs or right by the edge of rivers. The dwellings are overwhelmingly of the semi-subterranean type (common among earlier Celtic and Germanic and later among Slavic cultures), often square (about four by four meters), with an open hearth in a corner. Most villages consist of just a handful of dwellings. There is very little evidence of the division of labor, although in one case a village belonging to the Kiev culture was preparing thin strips of antlers to be further reworked into the well-known Gothic antler combs, in a nearby Chernyakhov culture village.
The descendants of the Kyiv culture — the Prague-Korchak, Penkovka and Kolochin cultures — established in the 5th century in Eastern Europe. There is, however, a substantial disagreement in the scientific community over the identity of the Kyiv culture's predecessors, with some historians and archaeologists tracing it directly from the Milograd culture, others, from the Chernoles culture (the Scythian farmers of Herodotus) through the Zarubintsy culture, still others through both the Przeworsk culture and the Zarubintsy culture.
References
Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe
Iron Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
Archaeological cultures in Belarus
Archaeological cultures in Russia
Slavic archaeological cultures
Goths
Migration Period
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4011823
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Turnbull%20Thomson
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John Turnbull Thomson
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John Turnbull Thomson (10 August 1821 – 16 October 1884) was a British civil engineer and artist who played an instrumental role in the development of the early infrastructure of nineteenth-century Singapore and New Zealand. He lived the last 28 years of his life in New Zealand, and prior to that fifteen years in the Malay Straits and Singapore.
Biography
Thomson was born at Glororum, Northumberland, England, the third child of Alexander Thomson and his wife, Janet, née Turnbull. After his father was killed in a hunting accident in 1830, the young Thomson and his mother went to live in Abbey St. Bathans, Berwickshire. He was educated at Wooler and Duns Academy, later spending some time attached to Marischal College, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh University before studying engineering at Peter Nicholson's School of Engineering at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Thomson arrived in the Malay Straits in 1838 and was employed by the East India Survey. In 1841 he was appointed Government Surveyor at Singapore and in 1844 became Superintendent of Roads and Public Works.
He was responsible for the design and construction of a number of notable engineering works including bridges, roads, and hospitals. He conducted the allotment survey of Singapore, the topographical survey of the island of Singapore and its dependencies, and the marine survey of the Straits of Singapore and the east coasts of Johore and Penang. His outstanding achievement was the erection of the Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca.
In 1853 his health failed and he returned to England, where he studied modern engineering techniques, and travelled widely through Britain and the Continent inspecting engineering works. Early in 1856 he emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked as Chief Surveyor of the Otago Province until 1873. From 1876 until 1879 he was Surveyor-General of New Zealand. He was also the original surveyor of the city of Invercargill.
Legacy in Singapore
During his government service in Singapore, Thomson was responsible for many projects:
Thomson's 1852 report on Singapore's water supply led in 1862 to approval of the Thomson Reservoir, now MacRitchie Reservoir.
He made an elaborate survey of the Straits of Singapore, in conjunction with Captain Congalton who was largely responsible for clearing pirates from Malayan waters. He also surveyed Keppel Harbour. In 1829, he surveyed the Tombs of the Malayan Princes.
He carried out repairs and lowering of the Coleman Bridge.
He was the architect and builder of:
Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca,
Hajjah Fatimah Mosque,
the spire for the St. Andrew's Cathedral,
Dalhousie Obelisk, a monument,
European Seaman's Hospital,
the first bridge across the Kallang River, known as Thomson Bridge, and
Tan Tock Seng Hospital at Serangoon Road.
Several extant places, roads and buildings in Singapore are named after J.T. Thomson. These include:
Area
Thomson, a region in central Singapore
Roads
Thomson Road, the arterial road that runs through the Thomson area
Jalan Lembah Thomson
Old Upper Thomson Road
Thomson Close
Thomson Green
Thomson Heights
Thomson Hill
Thomson Hills Drive
Thomson Ridge
Thomson Terrace
Thomson View
Thomson Walk
Upper Thomson Road
Amenities
Thomson Medical Centre
Thomson/Whitley Park
Legacy in New Zealand
From 1856 until 1858 Thomson surveyed and explored large sections of the interior of the South Island, covering most of the southern half of the island. Many names in the area bear witness to Thomson's Northumbrian background, though there is a widespread belief that the naming of many places was through a disagreement with the New Zealand surveying authorities. It has long been suggested that Thomson originally intended to give Māori names to places, but these names were refused. Thomson gave Northumbrian names to many places. Though unconfirmed, he may have named the town of Middlemarch after the Middle March region of his native Northumberland, although another theory suggests the surveyor's wife was reading the George Eliot novel of the same name. Sometimes he gave places a form of the Northumbrian name for an animal, as with names such as Kyeburn, Gimmerburn, Hoggetburn, and Wedderburn. The area where those places are found has been referred to as "Thomson's Barnyard".
Thomson was a founder of the Otago and Southland Institutes of New Zealand, to which he contributed numerous papers on scientific subjects including ethnological studies. Through his knowledge of Hindustani and Malay, he became interested in comparative linguistics and developed a theory of racial diffusion based on philological evidence.
He was also a keen amateur painter of landscapes, working mostly in oils. From a topographical viewpoint his paintings are of great interest today.
Thomson married Jane Williamson of Dunedin at "Kaikorai Bank", Dunedin on the 7 October 1858. He died at his home in Invercargill on 16 October 1884. By marriage he was related to the Hall-Jones family, whose number included William Hall-Jones, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand.
Thomson was responsible for the planning of the city of Invercargill in Southland, New Zealand and his mausoleum is in the St. John's Cemetery in Waikiwi, Invercargill. He surveyed many South Island towns prior to development. His descendants have written numerous books which contain authoritative information on his life in New Zealand. Thomson's great-grandson, John Hall-Jones, was a historian specializing in the history of southern New Zealand.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press,
Further readings
John Turnbull Thomson, Extracts from a journal: kept during the performance of a reconnaissance survey of the southern districts of the province of Otago, New Zealand, s.n., 1858.
John Turnbull Thomson, Sketch of the Province of Otago: A Lecture, Being One of the Series Delivered at Dunedin, W. Lambert "Otago Colonist" Office, 1858.
John Turnbull Thomson, An Outline of the Principles and Details Connected with the Colonial Survey of the Province of Otago, Otago Witness, 1891.
William Thomas Locke Travers, Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell, Richard Taylor, Fraser (Capt.), Gilbert Mair, W. D. Campbell, Johann Friedrich Heinrich Wohlers, James West Stack, A. C. Baines, William Colenso, John Turnbull Thomson, Julius von Haast, The Māori, 1871.
John Turnbull Thomson, An Exposition of Processes and Results of the Survey System of Otago, Henry Wise & Company, 1875.
John Turnbull Thomson, Exploration and Travel in New Zealand, Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 1878.
John Turnbull Thomson, On the Cleansing of Towns, 1879.
John Turnbull Thomson, Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori, Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1871.
John Turnbull Thomson, Rambles with a Philosopher, Or, Views at the Antipodes, Mills, Dick & Company, 1867.
Singapore site about Thomson in English https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_818_2005-01-22.html
External links
1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
New Zealand public servants
New Zealand surveyors
1821 births
1884 deaths
People of British Singapore
Settlers of Otago
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
History of Otago
Burials at St John's Cemetery, Invercargill
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4011827
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunder%20Anton%20Johannesen%20Jahren
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Gunder Anton Johannesen Jahren
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Gunder Anton Johannesen Jahren (8 August 1858 – 20 May 1933) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was Minister of Agriculture 1920–1921. He also represented Østfold in the Norwegian Parliament from 1903 to 1930, and became president of the legislature in 1925.
References
1858 births
1933 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Presidents of the Storting
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4011833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%20Silver
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Burton Silver
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Burton Silver (born 1945) is a New Zealand cartoonist, parodist, and writer, known for his comic strip Bogor and the best-selling book Why Paint Cats. He lives in South Wairarapa, New Zealand.
Biography
Silver was born in 1897 and attended Wellington College, later completing a B.A. at Victoria University of Wellington in psychology and sociology and Asian Studies. He worked initially as a boilermaker's assistant on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia and later as safari guide based in Darwin. Returning to NZ he developed and sold short skis, the Fiessen Resin 120 before travelling in Asia where he worked briefly as an advisor to the Indian High Altitude Warfare school in Gulmarg. At London’s Tulse Hill School in the UK he taught English as a second language.
His best-known cartoon series, Bogor, was written for the Listener Magazine and featured a lone woodsman and the forest animals that were his only companions (especially a hedgehog). An earlier cartoon, OB (written under the pseudonym "Roux"), had as its main characters a bird, a snake, and a rock, and was initially inspired by Silver's time spent in the Australian outback. Bogor first appeared in the Listener in 1973, and was New Zealand's longest-running published cartoon series.
He is well known in New Zealand for his spoof Country Calendar television programs like The Radio Controlled Sheep Dog, Rural Music, Non Stress Farming and Rural Fashions.
He is known internationally for his humorous cat art books (created in collaboration with painter and photographer Heather Busch: Why Cats Paint, Why Paint Cats, and Dancing with Cats, and the Museum of Non Primate Art, (monpa.com), as well as his spoofs Kokigami: The Intimate Art of the Little Paper Costume (Japanese paper decoration for the tumescent male genitalia, also in collaboration with Heather Busch), and The Naughty Victorian Hand Book: The Rediscovered Art of Erotic Hand Manipulation (with illustrator Jeremy Bennett). Other books include What Bird Did That? A Driver's Guide to Some Common Birds of North America (co-authored with Peter Hansard), The Kama Sutra for Cats (illustrated by Margaret Woodhouse) and Versability, a poetry game similar to Dictionary, where players create new lines for poems rather than new meanings for words (co-authored by his wife Melissa da Souza). His most successful book to date is Why Cats Paint that has sold over 750,000 copies worldwide. He has over one million books in print and been interviewed about them on television in the USA, Germany, and the UK. (The Daily Show, Jon Stewart, "The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing.")
One of his inventions is the sport of GolfCross, played on a golf course with aerial goal-nets and a golf ball in the shape of a rugby ball. There are Golfcross courses in France, Germany, Argentina, Scotland, England, Ireland, and New Zealand.
Silver's last project (co-authored with Martin O'Connor) was a relationship book titled "Everything He Hasn't Told You Yet: A New Way to Get Men talking About Stuff That Matters". The book uses the Scenario Method that works by putting a man at the center of hypothetical situations thus allowing him to share what he really thinks and feels. Everything He Hasn't Told You Yet was released in the United States in October 2007. The book received a starred review in the Library Journal (US).
Silver has also developed "The Fringe Games" (Fringe Games-Christchurch, New Zealand) which is an international festival of new and experimental sports designed to run in conjunction with the Olympic Games.
He lives with his wife near Martinborough in New Zealand and is currently working on a novel.
References
External links
Burton Silver's page at publisher Ten Speed Press
A gallery of all the covers of the Bogor collections
A gallery of phonecards released by Telecom New Zealand featuring Bogor's hedgehog
Museum of Non Primate Art
New Zealand GolfCross
Kokigami!
Review, Why Paint Cats?
Fringe Games
Burton Silver, Writer, Inventor at NZ On Screen
The weird and beautiful Bogor
People educated at Wellington College (New Zealand)
Parodists
New Zealand cartoonists
Living people
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
New Zealand comics artists
1945 births
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4011834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts%20Cukurs
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Herberts Cukurs
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Herberts Cukurs (17 May 1900 – 23 February 1965) was a Latvian aviator and deputy commander of the Arajs Kommando, which was involved in the mass murder of Latvian Jews as part of the Holocaust. Although Cukurs never stood trial, multiple eyewitness accounts credibly link him to war crimes. He was assassinated by operatives of the Israeli intelligence service (Mossad) in 1965.
The Mossad agent "Künzle", who killed Cukurs, and the journalist Gad Shimron wrote a book, The Execution of the Hangman of Riga in which they called Cukurs the "Butcher of Riga," and the term was later picked up by several sources.
Aviation pioneer
As a pioneering long-distance pilot, Cukurs won national acclaim for his international solo flights in the 1930s (Latvia-Gambia and Riga-Tokyo). He was awarded the Harmon Trophy for Latvia in 1933, and was considered a national hero, in analogous fashion to Charles Lindbergh.
Cukurs built at least three aircraft of his own design. In 1937 he made a tour visiting Japan, China, Indochina and India, flying the C 6 wooden monoplane "Trīs zvaigznes" (registration YL-ABA) of his own creation. The aircraft was powered by a De Havilland Gipsy engine.
Cukurs also designed the Cukurs C-6bis prototype dive bomber in 1940.
Participation in the Arajs Kommando
During the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941, Cukurs became a member of the notorious Arajs Kommando, which was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity under the direction of the SD, the Nazi security and intelligence service.
In his book The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1945, Latvian historian Andrew Ezergailis writes that Cukurs played a leading role in the atrocities that were committed in the Riga ghetto in conjunction with the Rumbula massacre on 30 November 1941. After the war, surviving witnesses reported that Cukurs had been present during the ghetto clearance and fired into the mass of Jewish civilians.
According to eyewitness sources, Cukurs was the most recognizable Latvian SD man at the scene of the Rumbula massacre. Ezergailis states that "although Arājs' men were not the only ones on the ghetto end of the operation, to the degree they participated in the atrocities there, the chief responsibility rests on Herberts Cukurs' shoulders." Cukurs was described as follows:
Later, Ezergailis retracted these interpretations, saying that in light of new documents, it would be wrong to claim that Cukurs had participated in the Rumbula shooting or the burning of the Riga synagogue. During interviews with the press, Ezergailis stated that there is no evidence that Cukurs had been at the pits at Rumbula, and that it has not been proven that Cukurs was "the most eager shooter of Jews in Latvia".
According to another account, Cukurs also participated in the Burning of the Riga synagogues. According to Bernard Press in his book The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Cukurs burned the synagogue on Stabu Street, but only after dragging Jews out of the neighboring houses and locking them inside:
Time magazine reported at the time of Cukurs' death in 1965 that his crimes included the Riga synagogue fire, the drowning of 1,200 Jews in a lake; and his participation in the 30 November 1941 murder of 10,600 people in a forest near Riga. Multiple eyewitnesses said they saw Cukurs snatching infants from the arms of their mothers and shooting them.
Postwar flight and assassination
Cukurs retreated to Germany with German forces.
After the war, Cukurs emigrated to Brazil via the ratlines. The Brazilian Consulate in Marseille issued the visa for permanent residency on 18 December 1945. The visa did not list his wife's name, but it identified three minor children: Gunārs, Antinea and Herberts.
Once in Brazil, Cukurs established a business in São Paulo, flying Republic RC-3 Seabees on scenic flights. While living in South America, he neither hid nor tried to conceal his identity.
Cukurs is now known to have been assassinated by Mossad agents, who persuaded him to travel to Uruguay under the pretense of starting an aviation business, after it was learned that he would not stand trial for his participation in the Holocaust. An acquaintance named "Anton Künzle", in reality the disguised Mossad agent Yaakov Meidad who had taken part in the capture of Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960, cabled Cukurs from Montevideo. He was invited to a house in a remote suburb of the city that had just been rented by a man from Vienna. Inside, he was ambushed by a group of men.
Cukurs fought back violently against his attackers. One man later said, "He fought like a lion." At one point, Cukurs bit the finger of one of the hitmen so hard it was nearly severed. Ultimately, however, Cukurs was overwhelmed. He was subdued after one of the men hit him in the head with a hammer. Now helpless, Cukurs started pleading with the men to let him speak before they did anything else. He got no response, and was promptly shot in the head twice with a suppressed automatic pistol, killing him instantly. His body, found in a trunk on 6 March, had several gunshot wounds elsewhere, and his skull was shattered. Next to his body, several documents were left pertaining to his involvement in the murder of Jews in the Riga Ghetto.
Media outlets in South America and Germany received a note stating:
The note was initially dismissed as a prank, but then police were notified and the body was discovered.
Legacy and controversy
American-born Israeli historian and Nazi hunter Efraim Zuroff has pointed out that the fact that Cukurs was not prosecuted has allowed for what he believes are "attempts by right-wing nationalists and his family to totally exonerate Cukurs and by other Latvians to question or diminish his individual culpability" and "to restore him to hero status in Latvia and whitewash his massive guilt".
In 2004 postal envelopes with the image of Cukurs were issued and distributed by National Power Unity, a far-right nationalist political party in Latvia. The act was condemned by Yad Vashem, as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia Artis Pabriks in a statement saying that "those who produced such envelopes in Latvia evidently do not understand the tragic history of World War II in Latvia or in Europe". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Cukurs was "guilty of war crimes", and that he "took part in the activities of the notorious Arajs Kommando, which participated in the Holocaust and was responsible for the killing of innocent civilians. The General Prosecutor's Office of Latvia has twice rejected the exoneration of Herberts Cukurs".
In summer of 2005 an exhibition titled "Herberts Cukurs: The Presumption of Innocence" was organized in Liepāja by K@2, a culture and art NGO run by Swedish documentary director Carl Biorsmark. One of the exhibition rooms featured testimonies and witness accounts both accusing and exonerating Cukurs, while another showed portrait of Cukurs, his supposed killer Anton Künzle and a photo of Cukurs' corpse. Biorsmark commented on the exhibition saying, "This is what artists have to do – stay in the middle and raise question marks," The exhibition faced heavy criticism from various pundits, as well as the Latvian Jewish community who called it an attempt to rehabilitate a war criminal.
Episode 1 of National Geographic's 2009 series Nazi Hunters recreated Mossad's assassination operation of Cukurs.
On 11 October 2014, a musical Cukurs. Herberts Cukurs, produced by Juris Millers, premiered in Liepāja. "We are not Herbert Cukurs' advocates and we are not his judges," Millers said at the premiere, "I hope this performance will make you think." Another performance initially scheduled for 17 March, the day after the Remembrance day of the Latvian legionnaires, was postponed in fear of "serious provocations". The musical was criticised by Zuroff tweeting he was "utterly disgusted" by it, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the musical a "vivid example" of open manifestations of neo-Nazism that he alleged had become "routine" in Latvia and other Baltic countries. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs said the production “is not in good taste” and "cannot, in any way, be supported", but defended the producer's right to free speech.
In 2020 Stephan Talty published an account of the Mossad's hunt for Cukurs, titled The Good Assassin: How a Mossad Agent and a Band of Survivors Hunted Down the Butcher of Latvia.
Notes
References
Angrick, Angrej, and Klein, Peter, The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944, Berghahn Books, 2009 ; originally published as Die „Endlösung“ in Riga., Darmstadt 2006,
Ezergailis, Andrew, The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944—The Missing Center, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996
Goñi, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina, Granta, New York 2002
Kaufmann, Max, Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands (The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia (all references in this article are to page numbers in the on-line edition)
Künzle, Anton, Shimron, Gad, and Massad, Uriel, The Execution of the Hangman of Riga: The Only Execution of a Nazi War Criminal by the Mossad, Mitchell, Valentine & Co., 2004
Michelson, Max, City of Life, City of Death: Memories of Riga, University Press of Colorado (2001)
Press, Bernard, The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Northwestern University Press, 2000
External links
Herbert Cukurs' flight to Gambia, 1933-1934, historical information and images.
Herbert Cukurs' flight to Tokyo, 1936-1937, historical information and images.
Herberts Cukurs and his airplanes in Brazil
Collection of photos related to Herberts Cukurs
Kidon. Los Verdugos del Mossad related to killing of Herberts Cukurs
1900 births
1965 deaths
1965 murders in Uruguay
Latvian military personnel of the Latvian War of Independence
Assassinated military personnel
Assassinated Latvian people
Military personnel from Liepāja
People from Courland Governorate
Latvian murder victims
People murdered in Uruguay
Deaths by firearm in Uruguay
Holocaust perpetrators in Latvia
Latvian aviators
Arajs Kommando personnel
Latvian expatriates in Uruguay
World War II pilots
Riga Ghetto
Nazis in South America
People killed in Mossad operations
Extrajudicial killings
Murderers of children
Executed mass murderers
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4011838
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing%20tone
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Ringing tone
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Ringing tone (audible ringing, also ringback tone) is a signaling tone in telecommunication that is heard by the originator of a telephone call while the destination terminal is alerting the receiving party. Audible ringing is typically a repeated tone that is not necessarily synchronous with the cadence of the power ringing signal that is sent to the called party.
Audible ringing is usually generated in the switching system closest to the calling party, especially when under the control of strict implementations of Signalling System No. 7 and the Customized Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) signaling system. It may also be generated in the distant switch, transmitted in-band, so that in analog networks the caller could monitor the quality of the voice path of the connection before the call is established. Remote call progress indication permits customized tones or voice announcements by a distant switch in place of the ringing tone.
The ringing tone is often also called ringback tone. However, in formal telecommunication specifications that originate in the Bell System in North America, ringback has a different definition. It is a signal used to recall either an operator or a customer at the originating end of an established telephone call. It is also needed for coin-telephone lines to ring the telephone when the customer has hung up prematurely, for example to collect required overtime charges.
National characteristics
Europe, Asia, and Latin American
Many European, Asian, and Latin American countries countries use tones which follow the recommendation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Almost all of these tones are 425 Hz; France uses 440 Hz. Typically, the pattern is 1 second of tone followed by 3 to 5 seconds of silence.
Japan
In Japan, the standard audible ringing tone is a repeating 1-second tone with a 2-second pause between. The tone has a frequency of 400 ± 20 Hz, and the amplitude modulation is 15 to 20Hz.
North America, South Korea
In North America (excluding Mexico, Central America and parts of the Caribbean), the standard audible ringing tone is a repeated cadence of a two-second tone and four seconds of silence. The signal is composed of the frequencies and .
United Kingdom, Ireland, some Commonwealth nations
In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and some Commonwealth nations, it is a double ring.
For most countries, this consists of a 0.4-second pulse, a 0.2-second pause, a 0.4-second pulse, and a 2-second pause.
In many cases the pulse is made by mixing a 400 Hz and 450 Hz sine wave.
This more precise tone was adopted in Britain and Ireland when digital switching was introduced in 1980-1981 and was also adopted in New Zealand.
Historically, non-digital systems used the same ringing cadence, but used several different tones depending on the type of equipment in use. For example, in Ireland 425 Hz and 475 Hz - tone, creating a 50 Hz beat frequency was used on crossbar switches was common on Ericsson ARF crossbar switches, and various ringing tones were used by different types of exchanges in the U.K. network. As the networks became completely digital, these tones variations disappeared.
Australia uses up to three different combinations of frequencies. The example shown is created by mixing 400, 425, and 450 Hz sine waves.
Some countries use other tones in the same cadence, e.g. a single 425Hz tone, such as in Malaysia, or other combinations of tones.
Variations are also found in private office PABX and VoIP systems.
There is no single standard for this double-beat tone, rather countries that were influenced by British GPO standards in the early 20th century adopted similar ringing signals.
They do not share any technical similarities, commercial relationships or common regulatory frameworks in network development.
Most of these countries are in the Commonwealth but some, notably Ireland, are not and some Commonwealth countries use other tones, for example: Canada has always used the North American tone plan.
India
In India, the ringing tone is called caller ringback tone (CRBT), which varies with different network operators.
Personalized ringing tones
Some telecommunication carriers have offered a service called of ringback tones, which play a song of the subscriber's choice in lieu of the standard ringing tone.
Patents for personalized ringing tone delivery systems were first filed in Korea by Kang-seok Kim (10-1999-0005344) in October 1999 and in the United States by Mark Gregorek et al. (U.S. patent 5,321,740), and Neil Sleevi (U.S. patent 4,811,382). The first functional ringing tone replacement system was invented by Karl Seelig (U.S. patents 7,006,608 and 7,227,929). In 2001, Seelig's prototype was described in the Orange County Register and the Economist Magazine. Onmobile Global Ltd. India filed a patent entitled Method and system for customizing ringing tone in an inter-operator telecommunication system on Nov, 18 2010.
The first US national carrier offering this service was Verizon Wireless in 2004. Because of low sales, AT&T stopped offering ringback tones in 2014.
Ringback music
Also known as caller tunes in some countries, such as India, ringback music is a service offered by mobile network operators to permit subscribers to select music or even install personalized recorded sounds for audible ringing.
Ringback advertising
Ringback tone advertising (AdRBT) was introduced using a range of models in several commercial markets in 2008. In America, Ring Plus offered the first interactive advertisement platform. In Turkey, 4play Digital Workshop launched 'TonlaKazaan' AdRBT with Turkcell, and Xipto AdRBT launched in the United States with Cincinnati Bell wireless; OnMobile launched an Ad-supported Music RBT program in India with Vodafone. 4Play Digital workshop accumulated several hundred thousand users of their service in the first few months of commercial deployment, and received an innovation award in February 2009 at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. AdRBT typically rewards the caller or the called party with discounted Music RBT service, free minutes, cash, or other rewards in return for accepting advertising messages integrated with Music Ringback, or for selecting advertisements instead of music as a personalized advertising ringback.
In May 2011, Adfortel started the first ad-sponsored calling service in Austria with Orange, with users hearing a targeted advertisement instead of the regular waiting ring tone.
A Juniper Research report released in January 2011 predicts that ringback tone advertising will reach $780 million annually by 2015.
Interactive reverse ringing tone
Interactive reverse ringback tones (IRRBT) are the same as normal ringback tones but have interactive functionalities and are targeted to the person who configures the tone. IRRBTs are heard on the telephone line by the caller who sets the IRRBT while the phone they are calling is ringing.
Unlike the RBT, the IRRBT is often generated in the nearest switch and transmitted in-band, so the IRRBT will take precedence if both are configured.
Social network ringback tones provide interactive social network content to subscribers. Mixcess is the first platform (social network) using IRRBTs in the United States. The IRRBT was developed by Ring Plus, Inc. (U.S. Patent No. 7,227,929 invented by Karl Seelig, et al.). The IRRBT can be used to share videos, music and messages from friends.
See also
Ringtone
Dial tone
Busy signal
Off-hook tone
Reorder tone
References
Telephony signals
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4011844
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrols%20Restaurant%20Group
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Carrols Restaurant Group
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Carrols Restaurant Group is an American franchisee company and is the largest Burger King franchisee in the world; Carrols owns and operates over 1,000+ Burger Kings, and 55 Popeyes restaurants. The company has operated Burger Kings since 1976 in locations across 23 U.S. states.
The company formerly owned the restaurant chains Pollo Tropical, Taco Cabana, and Carrols.
The original Carrols chain ceased operations in the United States in the mid-1970s. The last unaffiliated Carrols Restaurants existed in Finland. The chain was eventually bought out by another Finnish fast-food chain, Hesburger. In 2012, Hesburger announced that the brand Carrols would be discontinued, and on the 29th of May, 2012, the last Carrols (in Oulunkylä) was renamed Hesburger.
History
An offshoot of the Tastee-Freez company, Carrols was named after the Tastee-Freez co-owner Leo Marantz's daughter, Carol.
Herb Slotnick bought the franchise rights for the New York area and started opening restaurants in the Syracuse, New York area in the early 1960s. They expanded over the years throughout New York State. During the 1960s, a yellow slug character served as Carrols' first mascot, replaced in 1974 by a young blonde boy wearing a tweed suit and a Fedora hat.
Most Carrols restaurant locations were converted to Burger King franchises in 1975, with less profitable stores shuttered. After the conversion, the Carrols brand was only found overseas in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Russia -- except for two stores: one on Roosevelt Avenue in Carteret, New Jersey, which closed in the late 1970s; and a single franchisee-owned store in Batavia, New York. Both of these latter two stores operated under the Carrols name into the 1980s, before closing.
The Finnish group Carrols opened up several locations in St Petersburg, Russia in the mid-to-late 1990s. In 1998 it opened its first operation in Moscow located at the then-new Ohotni Riad Mall. Because of the 1998 Russian financial crisis, the operations did not generate enough sales for Carrols, and by 2000 all Carrols outlets in Russia had been closed.
The Finnish restaurant company Hesburger started to buy out the last existing Carrols locations in Helsinki, Finland in the mid-2000s.
On December 9, 2005, Carrols Holdings and Mimi's Café was filed for offerings.
In February 2011 the company announced it was divesting itself of its two Central American-themed chains, Taco Cabana and Pollo Tropical, in a spin-off aimed at helping the company focus on its core Burger King operations. The sale of the two chains, collectively called the Fiesta Restaurant Group, was completed in May 2012.
On February 20th 2019, Nation's Restaurant News reported that Carrols is to merge with Cambridge Franchise Holdings LLC in a deal worth 238 million dollars, which adds 55 Popeyes and 166 Burger Kings to Carrols' portfolio. Those restaurants will be in the southern United States "structured as a tax-free merger". Carrols will give Cambridge around 7.36 million common shares. Also included in the deal, Cambridge will get 9% of Carrols preferred stock.
On February 22, 2022, Nation's Restaurant News reported that Carrols has named a new CEO, former McDonald's executive Paulo Pena, effective April 1, 2022. Then-current CEO Dan Accordino will retire.
Burger King
In June 2012, Carrols acquired 278 Burger King locations from Burger King for approximately $150 million. In exchange, the Burger King parent, Burger King Corporation took a 28.9% stake in the company. The transaction involved a line of credit that would be used by Carrols to renovate more than 450 of its stores.
Theaters
Beginning in the early 1970s, Carrols owned and operated the CinemaNational movie theater chain, until their sale to Mid-States Theaters and USA Cinemas in the early and mid-1980s. The theaters were concentrated in central New York State, but there were locations as far away as Wisconsin, Idaho and California. The chain consisted mostly of large single-screen locations that had been purchased from companies like Kallet, Hallmark and Dipson Theaters, along with new locations that were built by Slotnick. CinemaNational also built some triple-screen multiplex locations in sites like the Penn-Can Mall in Cicero, New York, and the Fayetteville Mall in Fayetteville and Evansville Indiana.
References
External links
Official site
Burger King
Companies based in Syracuse, New York
Restaurants established in 1960
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants in New York (state)
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4011849
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klabat%20University
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Klabat University
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Klabat University is a Christian institution of higher learning. It was established on 7 October 1965 by Gereja Masehi Advent Hari Ketujuh (GMAHK). (GMAHK is the official name for the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Indonesia.) At present, the university is run by Yayasan Universitas Klabat under the care of Uni Konfrens Indonesia Kawasan Timur (UKIKT) or the East Indonesia Union Conference (EIUC) of the SDA.
It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.
Location
Klabat University is in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, in Airmadidi, a town near Manado city. Manado is the capital of North Sulawesi province. The university can be reached by public vehicles and takes about 30 minutes from Manado and the airport. The distance between Manado and Mount Klabat College is approximately 25 km.
Faculties
Klabat University consists of the following faculties:
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Science, Education, and Teaching
Faculty of Agriculture
Faculty of Computer Science
Faculty of Nursing
Secretarial Academy
Management Postgraduate Studies
Theology Postgraduate Studies
Ethical code
The teaching-learning process in the college is conducted in a religious environment. Christian values are respected and implemented by the institution.
See also
List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities
Seventh-day Adventist education
References
External links
Universitas Klabat
Universitas Klabat, 4International Colleges & Universities.
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Universities in Indonesia
Universities in North Sulawesi
Private universities and colleges in Indonesia
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4011855
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matfield
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Matfield
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Matfield is a small village, part of the civil parish of Brenchley and Matfield, in the Tunbridge Wells borough of Kent, England. Matfield was awarded the title of Kent Village of the Year in 2010.
Buildings and amenities
St Luke's Church, Matfield, is a Grade II listed building, constructed in the years 1874–76. The churchyard contains the grave of the sculptor Theresa Sassoon. Mrs Sassoon planted a tree on Matfield green to commemorate the end of World War I; the tree was blown down in the hurricane of 1987 and had to be replaced.
Matfield currently has a butcher's and grocery store. Following the closure of The Wheel Wright's Arms in 2017, the village now only has two pubs, The Star and a gastropub, The Poet at Matfield, which was formerly known as the Standing's Cross. This unusual name lasted for over 150 years from the earliest days of the pub. It was so named as, in the 1840s, John Standing ran an alehouse in his cottage and served his customers homebrew from barrels in his front room. However, he had problems with his cellar which flooded whenever it rained. So, he sold his house and moved across the road into a bakery – converting it into Matfield’s new alehouse. The pub was creatively named to celebrate this event, hence ‘Standing’s Cross’. More recently the pub was renamed to ‘The Poet’ in commemoration of the World War One poet, Siegfried Sassoon, who was born in the village.
Geography
Matfield is located around southeast of Royal Tunbridge Wells and south of Paddock Wood.
The village grew up around its village green, which is the largest in Kent. The village green features a large pond at its northern end. Overlooking the green is the grade I listed Matfield House, a Georgian building with a stable block and coachhouse at the rear. The green is used for events such as the annual village fete and by Matfield Cricket Club for home matches.
Notable people
Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967), poet, was born in Matfield.
Theresa Thornycroft (1853–1946), sculptor, lived in Matfield.
Frank Marchant (1864–1946), cricketer and captain of Kent County Cricket Club, born in Matfield House.
Alan Watt (1907–74), cricketer, lived in Matfield
Harrison Weir (1824–1906), artist, lived in Matfield.
References
External links
Matfield
Matfield House
Stained Glass Windows at St. Luke, Matfield, Kent
Pub Restaurant The Poet at Mat Villages in Kent field
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4011856
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Jensen%20%28politician%29
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Christian Jensen (politician)
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Christian Jensen (14 April 1823 - 3 September 1884) was a Norwegian politician.
He served as County Governor of Kristians Amt (Oppland) from 1859 to 1869. While stationed here, he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1862, 1865 and 1868. After a hiatus he was a deputy representative during the term 1874–1877, and re-elected for a final term in 1877. He was then burgomaster in Kristiania.
He was then brought in as a part of the executive branch of government. He was appointed Minister of Auditing on 13 October 1879. On 1 December 1880 he was also appointed Minister of Justice and the Police. On 21 December he left as Minister of Auditing. He was then a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from September 1881 to 31 August 1882. The day after that he was appointed Minister of the Interior. Exactly one year after that he left this position to become Minister of Justice and the Police for a second time. He finally left government on 25 March 1884.
References
1823 births
1884 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
County Governors of Norway
Members of the Storting
Oppland politicians
Ministers of Justice of Norway
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4011861
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala%20Lumpur%20Inner%20Ring%20Road
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Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road
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Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road is an urban and municipal ring road system of Kuala Lumpur consisting of Jalan Sultan Ismail (Jalan Treacher), Jalan Imbi, Jalan Shaw and Federal Route 1 (Jalan Kuching, Jalan Sultan Hisamuddin (Victory Avenue), Jalan Kinabalu and Jalan Maharajalela (Jalan Birch)). Kuala Lumpur's district of shopping complexes, the Golden Triangle, is located within the ring road.
Features
Jalan Kinabalu Flyover was the first flyover in Malaysia built since independence. It was opened in August 1965.
Overhead monorail track along Jalan Sultan Ismail, Jalan Imbi and Jalan Hang Tuah.
Developments
Edinburgh flyover
Construction began in late 2007 and was completed in the end of 2009. The project is led by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)).
Jalan Pudu-Hang Tuah intersections
The 114-year-old Pudu Prison's wall between Jalan Pudu and Jalan Hang Tuah was demolished on 20 June 2010 by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)) to make way for a road expansion and tunnel project on Jalan Pudu. In February 2022 it got replaced to Bukit Bintang City Centre.
Section between Raja Chulan and Imbi
The section of the Inner Ring Road between Raja Chulan and Imbi intersections was changed to one-way road in 2007 because of the opening of the SMART Tunnel and the Sultan Ismail–Kampung Pandan Link. As a result, motorists travelling in clockwise direction are diverted to Jalan Raja Chulan and Jalan Imbi. However, the road divider along the section remained intact to retain the support of the overhead KL Monorail tracks. As a result, motorists travelling at the wrong side of the road may tend to cross illegally to the other carriageway, exposing them to risks of accidents.
Lists of junctions and interchanges
See also
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2
Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim
Ring roads in Malaysia
Highways in Malaysia
Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley
Roads in Kuala Lumpur
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4011862
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Riddervold%20Jensen
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Nils Riddervold Jensen
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Nils Riddervold Jensen (22 March 1863 – 8 January 1938) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Kristiania as a son of dean Peter Andreas Jensen (1812–1867) and Mette Marie Riddervold (1827–1895). He was a maternal grandson of politician Hans Riddervold. He was a brother of Anne Marie Riddervold Jensen, who married Finn Lützow-Holm. He was also a first cousin of attorney Hans Riddervold, who in turn was the father of Hans Julius Riddervold.
He took his examen artium in 1881 and the cand.theol. degree in 1887. He spent his entire career, from 1887 to 1924, as a teacher in Tønsberg; from 1912 to 1919 as headmaster. He was also the auditor for the local savings bank from 1896 to 1928.
He was a member of Tønsberg city council from 1898 to 1931, serving as deputy mayor from 1901 to 1904. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Tønsberg in 1903. After not being re-elected after three years, he did return and was elected to a second and third term in 1909 and 1915 respectively. From June 1920 to June 1921 he was the Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs in Bahr Halvorsen's First Cabinet.
References
1863 births
1938 deaths
Politicians from Tønsberg
Heads of schools in Norway
Vestfold politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4011878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Jensen%20%28bishop%29
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Otto Jensen (bishop)
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Otto Jensen (11 September 1856 – 26 February 1918) was a Norwegian bishop and politician. He was Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1906 to 1907 and bishop of Hamar from 1917 to 1918.
He was born in Kongsberg as the son of sexton Even Jensen and his wife Inger Margrethe Berggrav. He enrolled as a student in 1874, and graduated in 1879 with the degree cand.theol. In 1880 he was hired as a school teacher in Kristiania. He left the city to become a high school teacher in Stavanger in 1883. From 1889 to 1899 he was a curate in Berg i Smaalenene; he subsequently returned to Stavanger to hold the same position there. In 1898 he had taken the doctorate at the University of Kristiania.
In 1906, Jensen left Stavanger for good as he was hired as a vicar in Skjeberg. However, already on 27 January the same year he was Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs, replacing Christoffer Knudsen in the cabinet Michelsen. This was a coalition government, and Jensen was an independent. Jensen lost his job on 22 October 1907, when the cabinet Michelsen fell. He returned to the vicarship in Skjeberg. In Skjeberg he was a member of the local school board; he had chaired the school board while living in Stavanger. In 1912 he was hired as dean in the Diocese of Kristiania. In 1917 Jensen was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Hamar. He held this position until his death.
Otto Jensen was the father of Eivind Berggrav, who became a bishop too, and through him the grandfather of Dag Berggrav who became a civil servant and sports administrator.
References
1856 births
1918 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Bishops of Hamar
20th-century Lutheran bishops
People from Kongsberg
Ministers of Education of Norway
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4011890
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent%20classification
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Patent classification
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A patent classification is a system for examiners of patent offices or other people to categorize (code) documents, such as published patent applications, according to the technical features of their content. Patent classifications make it feasible to search quickly for documents about earlier disclosures similar to or related to the invention for which a patent is applied for, and to track technological trends in patent applications.
Searches based on patent classifications can identify documents of different languages by using the codes (classes) of the system, rather than words. Patent classification systems were originally developed for sorting paper documents, but are nowadays used for searching patent databases.
The International Patent Classification (IPC) is agreed internationally. The United States Patent Classification (USPC) is fixed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The Derwent classification system is fixed by an enterprise. The German Patent Classification (DPK) was fixed by the German Patent Office (Deutsches Patentamt).
In October 2010, the European Patent Office (EPO) and USPTO launched a joint project to create the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) in order to harmonise the patent classifications systems between the two offices. CPC from 2013 replaces the European Classification (ECLA), which was based on the IPC but adapted by the EPO.
See also
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention
External links
Patent classification by the British Library (archived page)
Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)
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4011891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Bromley
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Great Bromley
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Great Bromley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It lies south of Manningtree and east of Colchester and includes the hamlets of Balls Green, Hare Green and Bromley Cross. The A120 trunk road (with the A133 as a spur off it) cuts right through the middle of the parish.
History
Ancient burial mounds have been found in and around Great Bromley.
The village church dates from the 14th and 15th centuries and is dedicated to Saint George but is sometimes referred to as the "Cathedral of the Tendring Hundred."
The village and the surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, had residents who were seething with Puritan sentiment during the early and middle years of the 17th century. By 1635, brothers Gregory and Simon Stone had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the wave of emigration that occurred during the Great Migration. They settled in Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts respectively.
During the interwar period, the Hall was the home of the wealthy brewer Sir Percy Crossman. Its grounds included a 500-yard-long lake, with two small islands and surrounded by woodland, which still exists and is used by a local angling club. Sir Percy built a Village Hall next to a cricket pitch in about 1923; in 1946 the building and associated land was conveyed as a gift to the village by his son, Douglas Peter Crossman.
The Church includes a monument to three sons from the Hanson family, owners of the Hall, one of whom died in battle in Catalonia fighting Napoleon's forces in Spain, one in the Navy, and one on a ship of the East India Company.
In the Second World War, Great Bromley Church suffered bomb damage on three occasions, to windows on the east and north sides.
Between 1936 and 1939, AMES 24, one of the earliest Chain Home radar stations, was built in the area of Honeypot Lane and Hilliards Road. By 1941 it consisted of 3 358-foot steel, 4 247-foot wooden, and 2 120-foot reserve wooden towers – locally known as "the Pylons". The station was operational from the 1938 Czech Crisis onwards, and operated right through the war, plotting German aircraft during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, and later the V2 rockets. In 1941 and 1942 it was also the first "Gee" Bomber Command HQ and monitoring station, helping to guide the RAF to Lübeck and Cologne. The Great Bromley RAF staff reached over 250 at its peak, some staying at the Lodge and in a camouflaged "B Site" nearby localled called "Bromley Camp". AMES 24 was near-missed by German bombs and mines on several occasions, but was not hit. Between 1940 and 1942 the station was defended by up to 100 soldiers, 3 Bofors, and several machine guns. Two guardhouses and three concrete tower bases still be seen on the two main sites.
After the war, the old radar T (Transmitter) Site in Hilliards Road was used by Marconi for important radio and television tests, for Police, Fire Brigade and Civil Defence radio relay, and as a radio relay link between the US Air Force in England and Germany. A small party of American airmen lived locally in order to man the radio trailers. In 1982 CND staged two anti-nuclear demos at the USAF facility, without damage or arrests.
Today
In 2006, the church of St. George received a £2,000 grant from the Friends of Essex Churches Trust to repair the building's windows.
References
External links
Great Bromley village website
Great Bromley Parish Council
Great Bromley Village Hall
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1882
Friends of Essex Churches Trust website
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring
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4011895
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%20coastal%20plain
|
Israeli coastal plain
|
Israeli coastal plain (, Mishor HaḤof) is the coastal plain along Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, extending north to south. It is a geographical region defined morphologically by the sea, in terms of topography and soil, and also in its climate, flora and fauna. It is narrow in the north and broadens considerably towards the south, and is continuous with the exception of the short section where Mount Carmel reaches almost all the way to the sea. The Coastal Plain is bordered to the east by – north to south – the topographically higher regions of the Galilee, the low and flat Jezreel Valley, the Carmel range, the mountains of Samaria, the hill country of Judea known as the Shephelah, and the Negev Mountains in the south. To the north it is separated from the coastal plain of Lebanon by the cliffs of Rosh HaNikra, which jut out into the sea from the Galilee mountains, but to the south it continues into the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.
The plain can be conventionally divided into a number of areas: the Northern Coastal Plain borders the Galilee in its northern part, and the Jezreel Valley in its southern part between Akko and Haifa, where it is also called the Plain of Zebulon; Hof HaCarmel, or the Carmel Coastal Plain, runs along the Mount Carmel range; the Sharon Plain continues down to northern Tel Aviv; the Central Coastal Plain stretches from Tel Aviv to the northern limit of the Gaza Strip, with the Nahal Shikma stream as its limit- there Israel's access to the Mediterranean ends, so that the so-called Israeli Southern Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev, actually consists of the hinterland of the Strip. For its entire length, the plain has sandy beaches and a Mediterranean climate.
Physical geography
The area was historically fertile in Biblical times, some of it being continually farmed ever since, although much turned over time into swampland, having to be converted back by Zionist pioneers. Today, the area is the center of the country's citrus farms, and contains some of the country's most successful agricultural settlements. The plain has soils made of two sorts of thick river deposits; one dark and heavy – ideal for growing field crops, and the other thin and sandy – ideal for growing citrus fruits.
Despite its length, the plain is only crossed by two significant rivers; the Yarkon, which is long flowing from the Petah Tikva area into the Mediterranean, and the Kishon which is long, flowing into the Gulf of Acre north of Haifa.
Human geography
About 57% of Israel's population lives in the coastal plain, much of them in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area (Gush Dan) and Haifa metropolitan area. It is the most predominantly Jewish geographical region of Israel and accordingly the most predominantly Jewish region in the world, as Jews make up over 96% of the population in this region compared to 75% in the Negev, 70% in the Israeli portion of the Judean Mountains, and only 50% in the Galilee, and the Golan Heights.
About 4,320,000 people live on the Israeli Coastal Plain (57% of the total Israeli population of 7,600,000). 4,200,000 million of them are Jews (97.2%), and 120,000 are Israeli Arabs. This accounts for approximately one-third of the world Jewish population, and almost three-quarters of Israeli Jews.
The Israeli Coastal Plain has been populated for thousands of years, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) village of Atlit-Yam dating back some 9000 years. The PPNB village was swallowed by the sea due to a rise in sea level caused by the melting glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age. Recent research has concluded that 5,500 years ago, during the Bronze Age, the Coastal Plain was a populated commercial and settlement center, and it is thought that at this time climate change led to the flooding of the area and the creation of many swamps, forcing a shift in human settlement patterns. Settlements are thought to have been spread across the plain, from Gaza up to the Galilee, with the land being an important trade route for the Egyptians.
Regions
The coastal plain includes the following geographical regions (from north to south):
Northern Coastal Plain
The Northern Coastal Plain or Plain of Asher stretches from Israel's third-largest city, Haifa, northwards to Rosh HaNikra on the Israel-Lebanon border. It separates the Western Galilee and the Jezreel Valley from the Mediterranean. Its southern segment borders the Jezreel Valley and is – rather unfittingly – known as the Plain of Zebulun. It is a fertile region containing the city of Nahariya and many moshavim and kibbutzim. There are many small islands and islets off the coast in this region. Often regarded as a separate region is the Acre coastal plain, which is crowded with urban areas including Acre and the northern suburbs of Haifa, known as the Krayot, as well as more agricultural areas.
Hof HaCarmel
The Hof HaCarmel (lit. "Carmel Coast") region is the Northern Coastal Plain section stretching along the Mount Carmel range, from Haifa (more exactly: Rosh HaCarmel, the Mount Carmel cape that reaches almost all the way to the sea), down to Nahal Taninim south of Zikhron Ya'akov. The soil of the Hof HaCarmel plain is rich and apart from the main city of Haifa in the north, most settlement here is made up of farming communities. The Hof HaCarmel Regional Council is an administrative unit which largely, but not fully, corresponds to the Hof HaCarmel geographic region.
Sharon Plain
The Sharon plain is the next stage down the Coastal Plain, running from Nahal Taninim (Zikhron Ya'akov) to Tel Aviv's Yarkon River. This area is Israel's most densely populated, containing a number of large towns and cities including Netanya and Herzliya as well as smaller communities inland.
Central Coastal Plain
The Israel's Central Coastal Plain also known as Judean Coastal Plain, is running from northern Tel Aviv's Yarkon River to the northern tip of the Gaza Strip marked by , the Central Coastal Plain contains cities such as Bat Yam, Rishon LeZion, Ashdod and Ashkelon, as well as agricultural communities.
Southern Coastal Plain
The Southern Coastal Plain extends around the Gaza Strip and is also known as the Negev Coastal Plain. The Israeli Coastal Plain includes a fraction of Negev Coastal Plain south of the Shikma Stream, while much of the Negev Coastal Plain is included within the Gaza Strip. Geographically, the Negev Coastal Plain is the southern extension of the Judean Coastal Plain (Central Israeli Coastal Plain), and in terms of geology, hydrology, fauna and flora.
The Israeli Southern Coastal Plain is divided into two subdivisions:
the Besor region, a savanna-type area with a relatively large number of communities, in the north
the Agur-Halutza region in the south which is very sparsely populated.
See also
List of beaches in Israel
References
Regions of Israel
Plains of Israel
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4011902
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd%20Halvorsen%20Johannessen
|
Sigurd Halvorsen Johannessen
|
Sigurd Halvorsen Johannessen (28 July 1881 – 6 May 1964) was a Norwegian acting councillor of state in the NS government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941, and a minister 1941–1942.
References
1881 births
1964 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
|
4011912
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemi%20Chiba
|
Chiemi Chiba
|
is a Japanese actress and voice actress affiliated with Umikaze. She made her singing debut on April 7, 1993 as a member of the J-Pop group Aurora Gonin Musume. She is best known for her roles from the anime series as Yuzuriha Nekoi in Tsubasa Chronicle, Hinako in Sister Princess, Doremi Harukaze in Ojamajo Doremi, Nanaka Kirisato in Nanaka 6/17, Wanya in UFO Baby and Kyoko Kirisaki in Black Cat. She announced on February 25, 2013 that she had gotten married.
Filmography
Television animation
1998
Verda Tanko He Mo-su – Micah
Chosoku Spinner – Rian Yumemiya
1999
Space Pirate Mito – Konabi
Hoshin Engi – Kibi
Aoi & Mutsuki: A Pair of Queens – Konabi
Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Zoids – Merrian
2000
Mon Colle Knights – Adventurers Pocket
Pilot Candidate – Saki Mimori
Daa! Daa! Daa! – Wannya
Ojamajo Doremi Sharp – Doremi Harukaze
Gate Keepers – Saemi Ukiya
Tottoko Hamtarō Dechu – Ponytail-chan
2001
Mo~tto! Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Mobile Angel: Angelic Layer – Arisu Fujisaki
Sister Princess – Hinako
2002
Ojamajo Doremi Dokka~n! – Doremi Harukaze
Mirmo de Pon! – Akumi
The Twelve Kingdoms – Kei-Kei
Asobotto Senki Goku – Marie
Sister Princess: Re Pure – Hinako
Galaxy Angel A – Hariu Framboise
2003
Nanaka 6/17 – Nanaka Kirisato
Kaleido Star – Lucy
Zatch Bell – Natsuko
Di Gi Charat Nyo – Housekeeper
Dokkoida?! – Hinako
Requiem from the Darkness – Orikudon
Rockman EXE Axess – AquaMan
2004
Legendz: Yomigaeru Ryuuou Densetsu – Anna
Duel Masters Charge – Imelda
Sweet Valerian – Lycorine
Pocket Monsters – Erica
Rockman EXE Stream – AquaMan
2005
Ah! My Goddess (Ex)
Black Cat – Kyoko Kirisaki
MÄR – Emokis
Odenkun – Tamago-chan
Tsubasa Chronicle – Yuzuriha Nekoi
Rockman EXE Beast – AquaMan
Mushi-Shi – Akoya
2006
Hime-sama Goyojin – Karen
Rockman EXE Beast+ – AquaMan
2007
Hatarakids My Ham Gumi – Sylvie
2008
Noramimi – Mai
Duel Masters Cross – Imelda
Monochrome Factor – Sarasa Nishikiori
Kyōran Kazoku Nikki – DojiDevil
Hakushaku to Yōsei – Merrow Girl
To Love-Ru – Magical Kyoko (ep. 10,20), Mio Sawada
2009
Marie & Gali – Marika
Gokujō!! Mecha Mote Iinchō – Temo Temo
2010
Marie & Gali ver. 2.0 – Marika
Motto To Love-Ru – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
Star Driver – Benio Shinada / Scarlet Kiss
2012
To Love-Ru Darkness – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
2013
Rozen Maiden – Zurückspulen (Kirakishou/Schnee Kristall)
Walkure Romanze – Fiona Beckford
2015
To Love-Ru Darkness 2nd – Mio Sawada
2016
Tiger Mask W – Ruriko Yamashina
2017
Kirakira PreCure a la Mode – Bibury
OVA
1998
Getter Robo: Armageddon – Operator
2004
Ojamajo Doremi Naisho – Doremi Harukaze
2005
Majokko Tsukune-chan – Kokoro
Theatrical animation
2013
Star Driver the Movie – Benio Shinada
2020
Looking for Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Video games
1994
Sotsugyō Shashin/Biki – Ayumi Tachibana
2001
True Love Story 3 – Madoka Onodera
Kaenseibo – Kyoko Kiyono
Doki Pretty League Lovely Star – Aika Takagamine
2006
Black Cat ~Angel Clockwork~ – Kyoko Kirisaki
2008
To LoveRu: Waku Waku! Rinkangakkou-Hen – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
2011
Star Driver: Kagayaki no Takuto - Ginga Bishounen Densetsu – Benio Shinada
Yuki Aoyagi in Cosplay Senshi Cutie Knight
Kenka Gurentai
Marusō Kaizō Jidōsha Kyōshūjo 1 & 2
Photobooks
"Mizen" (1994, Bunkasha)
Dubbing
Barney & Friends - Baby BopSofia the First - Princess Vivian
References
External links
Official agency profile
Chiemi Chiba at Ryu's Seiyuu Info
1975 births
Living people
Japanese stage actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Voice actresses from Saitama Prefecture
People from Kawaguchi, Saitama
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4011916
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%20Wheels
|
19 Wheels
|
19 Wheels was an American alternative rock band from East Lansing, Michigan. It was founded by Chris Johnston (vocals, guitar), Scott Owens (guitar), Tim Marzorati (bass); drummer Rob Dickey joined in 2000.
History
The group was initially known as Hannibals before changing their name to Nineteen Wheels.
The group first attracted attention with their 1996 EP, The Tempermill Recordings, which led to a spot touring on the ESPN Extreme Games Tour in 1996. They later signed to Aware Records for their 1997 release, Six Ways from Sunday. After Aware entered into a joint venture with Columbia, Six Ways from Sunday was reissued in an "amended version" in October of 1997. This amended version featured an additional album track and was identified by the predominantly red cover, as opposed to the blue cover on the original release. In a review of the album, Allmusic noted, "The band maintains a muscular, tight sound throughout, thanks in large part to superb bass and drum work."
19 Wheels' album, Sugareen, was self-released, and was produced by another Michigan local, Donny Brown of the band Verve Pipe. It sold over 14,000 copies. They followed this up with the EP Jawbreaker in 2004, produced by Bob Ezrin.
While working with Ezrin, the group members questioned whether they would continue working together. By this time, several had wives and families, had taken steady jobs, and had moved to different parts of the state of Michigan; Owens and Marzorati were still living near Lansing, while Johnston had moved to Ferndale and Dickey to Grand Rapids. Late in 2005, they decided to break up, releasing one final EP and playing their final show on November 25, 2005 at The Intersection in Grand Rapids.
19 Wheels' track "Reactor" was featured on Ford's website for the new 2010 Ford Fusion.
Members
Chris Johnston - vocals, guitar
Scott Owens - guitar
Tim Marzorati - bass
Rob Dickey - drums
Discography
The Tempermill Recordings (1996, EP, CD)
Six Ways from Sunday - Aware Records (1997 LP, CD)
Sugareen - Self released / Standard (2000 LP, CD)
Jawbreaker - Self released / Standard (2004 LP, CD)
This is the Life - Self released / Standard (2005 EP, CD)
References
Lansing, Michigan
Musical groups from Michigan
American alternative rock groups
1990 establishments in Michigan
|
4011930
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment%20decisions
|
Investment decisions
|
Investment decisions are made by investors and investment managers. These decision are made based on the finding of analysis tools based on data available about the companies.
Investors commonly perform investment analysis by making use of fundamental analysis, technical analysis and gut feel.
Investment decisions are often supported by decision tools. The portfolio theory is often applied to help the investor achieve a satisfactory return compared to the risk taken.
Investment decision biases
Bad decisions are often followed by a feeling of investor's remorse.
See also
Behavioral finance
Cognitive bias
Relative strength
Ratio analysis
References
Investment
|
4011941
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Potter
|
Cherry Potter
|
Cherry Potter is a film writer, cultural commentator and psychotherapist.
She is the author of three film books:
Image, Sound and Story, the art of telling in film (Secker and Warburg, 1990),
Screen Language: From writing to film making (Methuen, 2001),
I Love You But…Seven Decades of Romantic Comedy (Methuen, 2002),
She also writes on film, culture and relationships for The Guardian.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British journalists
British screenwriters
British television writers
British non-fiction writers
British women television writers
|
4011943
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Lerche%20Johansen
|
Jacob Lerche Johansen
|
Jacob Lerche Johansen (1818–1900) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs for several periods between 1872 and 1884, as well as member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm several times during the same period.
He was a brother of civil servant Jochum Johansen.
References
1818 births
1900 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians
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4011949
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Strand%20Johansen
|
Johan Strand Johansen
|
Johan Strand Johansen (3 February 1903 in Åfjord - 12 February 1970 in Moscow) was Norwegian Minister of Labour in 1945. From 1945-1949 and later from 1954-1957 he represented the Communist Party of Norway in the Parliament of Norway. His importance to posterity has been intimately tied to the dramatic split of the Communist Party in 1949, the so-called Furubotn purge.
Early work and political career
In 1924 he became a journalist in the party daily newspaper Ny Tid in Trondheim, and starting that same year and until 1928 he was the secretary for the Young Communist League. In 1930 he became editor of Hardanger Arbeiderblad in Odda, and from 1931 his base was in Oslo, as a co-worker of the Arbeideren and as a member of the central board of the party. He was the representative of the central board on the strike rally which was later to become the Skirmish of Menstad, and in its aftermath he was given a prison sentence.
Concentration camp and post-war politician
Strand Johansen was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941 and spent a major part of the war in Sachsenhausen. In 1945 he became part secretary, and at the same time he was elected to the Storting, becoming one of two NKP representatives in the coalition government. He was a central figure in the failed coalition negotiations with the Labour Party the same year.
The Furubotn purge
"The Furubotn purge" (Furubotn-oppgjøret) is the term that has been applied to the turbulent split of the Norwegian Communist party in 1949. Strand Johansen, who was the main organizer of NKP's election campaign in 1949, was central also in the internal conflict that ensued and headed the faction that opposed Peder Furubotn – the "Løvlien faction" as it was named after party chairman Emil Løvlien. In the book Fiendebilde Wollweber (Enemy picture Wollweber) by Norwegian historian Lars Borgersrud, Strand Johansen is portrayed as a vitriolic opponent of the Furubotn faction. The conflict climaxed on 26 October 1949, when Strand Johansen together with five or more people showed up in the party offices in Klingenberggata 4 and kicked out Furubotn's supporters. The purge began six days prior when he had initiated the move against Furubotn at a meeting of trustees of the Oslo party, levelling against the supporters of Peder Furubotn fierce accusations of factionalism and of having set up an illegitimate party leadership – "the second center". In the following days the attacks continued during other party meetings, and on 25 October the central board decided to investigate the accusations and present them to the leadership of Cominform. In the meantime all individuals that had been accused by Strand Johansen would resign from their positions and a new central board was to be constituted. After the removal of Furubotn's people on 26 October, assisted by among others Asbjørn Sunde and Ragnar "Pelle" Sollie, Strand Johansen saw to it that Furubotn was excluded by the newly constituted central board which contained no supporters of Furubotn. Both during this commotion and during the next parliamentary campaign in 1953 witnesses described Johansen as mentally disturbed, initially as a natural reaction of disappointment at the obliteration of the communist representation in the parliament. In 1953 it was even suggested that Johansen should be sent off, either to the countryside or «exported» to the USSR. Asbjørn Sunde even suggested that Johansen be assassinated but received no support for such a drastic measure. Hans I. Kleven who himself was excluded from the party in the purge but was later invited back and went on to become its leader in the 1980s, has characterized Strand Johansen as a "sick, yes, a hysterical person," attributing these traits to the concentration camp period.
Exit politics
In 1953 he was elected deputy chairman of the party, but he resigned in 1955 after having been sent off to Moscow for a spa treatment. He remained in Moscow until his death, and he did not have any political role after 1955.
References
1903 births
1970 deaths
People from Åfjord
Norwegian people imprisoned abroad
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Sør-Trøndelag politicians
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Norway
Norwegian expatriates in the Soviet Union
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian politicians
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4011951
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%20%28video%20game%29
|
Fate (video game)
|
Fate is a 2005 single-player action role-playing game originally released for the PC by WildTangent. Fate was released for the PC Steam client on December 12, 2013. Three sequels — titled Fate: Undiscovered Realms, Fate: The Traitor Soul and Fate: The Cursed King — were released in 2008, 2009 and 2011 respectively.
Gameplay
Fate is a fantasy action role-playing game. This type of game is also known as a dungeon crawler, in which the player takes their character through progressively difficult levels of a dungeon, fighting monsters, completing quests, collecting valuable items and gold, and improving the character's attributes and skills along the way. The dungeon in Fate has a randomized layout for each level; treasures found within each level are randomized, as are the number and type of monsters. Fate is rendered fully in 3D, allowing the player to zoom in and out of the action as necessary; however, the camera cannot be rotated.
There appears to be an effectively indefinite number of levels to the dungeon.
The player is accompanied by a pet, which can initially be chosen as a dog (specifically, a terrier) or a cat. This pet fights on behalf of the player, can carry items, and can be sent back to town in order to sell unwanted findings (though it cannot collect rewards for fetch quests). If the pet's Health Points are driven down to zero (due to blows or damaging spells from enemies) it does not die, but merely flees the fight. Hence, the game's introduction describes the pet as invincible since it cannot be killed. It will still follow the character, but it won't fight until it regains some health. To fully heal their pet, the player can send it back to town, feed it healing potions or charms, or make it drink from a health fountain. The player can also transform the pet into various (and more powerful) creatures by feeding it fish, which can be caught in fishing holes found throughout the game or purchased from vendors. The time of the transformation depends on the 'size' of the fish, but a flawless fish makes the transformation permanent until the pet is fed a different fish. A "Dogfish" will make the pet return to its original form.
It is also possible to get rare items from fish. A patient player who takes time to fish can make their character very wealthy and obtain top-notch gear. There is a fishing hole in the town; by selling fish that the player catches, the player can get money for purchasing better gear before braving the dungeon. The deeper the character is in the dungeon, the better items and more powerful pet transformations they can find while angling.
Player characters
When the character gains enough experience points, they are promoted to the next character level and given five Attribute points as well as two Skill points. Increasing the four attributes (Strength, Dexterity, Vitality and Magic) allow the character to wield stronger weapons, armor and magical spells, while Skills denote proficiency at certain things (Sword Skill, Charm Magic Skill, Critical Strike Skill, etc.—there are a total of 15 different Skills). There are no set character classes in Fate, allowing maximum customization. Additionally, the player is rewarded with Fame points for completing side-quests and defeating enemy bosses, which contribute to the gaining of Fame levels. Four Skill Points are awarded for gaining a Fame level. Elite and Legendary items cannot be used until the player is at a certain Fame level. Certain items (i.e., weapons, armor, and jewelry) contain sockets, into which the player can put special gems in order to customize the item. Having sockets does not create higher requirements for using an item, although they make the item more valuable. Finally, a denizen of Grove, specifically a minstrel, can be paid to increase the character's Fame, "allowing savvy players to buy Skill points."
Non-player characters and quests
Several townspeople of Grove offer randomized side-quests to the player. These are sometimes called fetch quests (retrieving a valuable item from the dungeon), though they often require the player to kill off all enemies of a certain type on a certain level of the dungeon or dispatch an enemy boss. Upon completion of a side-quest, the player can return to the townsperson who gave it to them, and receive a reward of Fame Points, Experience Points and gold.
Sometimes a valuable item is also given as part of the reward for completing a side-quest. In the case of a fetch quest, players can always decide if they want to keep the item they were sent to retrieve or if the potential rewards for turning it in to the quest giver are more important. To keep an item from a fetch quest, the player must cancel the quest in the quest book.
Other non-player townspeople include vendors, who sell arms, armor, potions, etc.
In addition to the various vendors and quest givers in the town, there is also a Healer, who will bring the character's and his/her pet's Health Points up to full capacity free of charge, and an Enchanter who, for a fee, will try (sometimes unsuccessfully) to add an enchantment or a socket to an item of the player's choosing. However, once in a while, he will accidentally delete all of the item's enchantments or even put a curse on the item, reducing its usefulness.
Sometimes a vendor will appear in the dungeon. Vendors have neutral status in the game, so enemies won't attack them. The player's character cannot be attacked by enemies while engaged in buying or selling with a vendor. Vendors who appear in the dungeon are Pikko the Fisherman (who will sell fish and fishing poles) and Getts the Traveler (who will sell miscellaneous items).
Death
If at any point in the game the character dies (Health Points driven down to zero) the death is not permanent. The personification of Fate appears, who resembles the Grim Reaper. Fate offers the player three choices: first, the character can be brought back to life at the spot where they fell, in exchange for a portion of their Experience Points and Fame Points. Second, they can be brought back to life and transported to a nearby level (one or two levels up or down) in exchange for a portion of the cuoyt spot where his/her character fell before the dungeon level regenerates, his/her gold will be waiting in a pile for them to pick up. (If the character stays out of a previously visited dungeon level for 20 minutes on the game clock, the level will be automatically refreshed with all new monsters and treasure, although the dungeon layout stays the same. Therefore, if the character died on that level and doesn't make it back within 20 minutes, any gold they left there when they died will be gone permanently. The 20-minute rule does not apply if the character has a portal to that level, since one end of the portal is constantly occupying the level. However, if the character has died and been transported three levels up, there will be no portal.) If none of these three options is to the player's liking, they may choose Quit and the character is effectively transported back in time to the last occasion the game loaded. However, the death is still recorded in the character's journal.
Retirement
If the player completes the main quest they received at the beginning of the game, they are given the option to retire the current character and start play over again with a descendant of the first character. The descendant gets various perks and bonuses, including one item that is handed down from its ancestor. If this family heirloom has any magical enchantments on it, they will be augmented by 25% every time the item is passed down. If a weapon or piece of armor is passed down, its damage done or defensive capabilities will be increased as well. If a player chooses not to retire, they can advance their characters and go as deep into the dungeon as they like.
Plot
The game starts in the town of Grove, where on the outskirts of town the ancient Dungeon Gate leads would-be adventurers to multiple levels of fame, fortune, and death. The player assumes the role of one of these adventurers, and is assigned a randomized quest at the beginning of the game that will take them to approximately the 40th-50th level of the dungeon. Along the way, randomized side-quests are made available to the player by the townspeople of Grove. Eventually, the player completes the primary quest by defeating the randomized boss monster.
Development
Designer and programmer Travis Baldree intended Fate to combine elements from games like Diablo and NetHack and make them accessible to a casual gaming audience, while also maintaining a level of appeal to hardcore gamers. He eschewed a grim and gritty style, in favor of a more inviting atmosphere. Although Baldree had considered the idea for several years, production of the game began in October 2004, with a total development time of about five months.
Fate offers no multiplayer elements. Multiplayer was considered, but the developers could not add it because of the game's extremely short development time.
Based on his work on Fate, Baldree was hired by Flagship Studios. By 2006 he headed a Seattle-based offshoot of the studio, developing Mythos, an online action role-playing game, with a group that included several members of the Fate team. He went on to co-found Runic Games with Max Schaefer and Erich Schaefer, two of the creators of Diablo.
Music
The score for the in-game town of Grove takes from Western classical guitar and Middle Eastern influences much as the Diablo series does. This part of the soundtrack follows a traditional Irish theme, and includes "Captain O'Kane" by famed Irish composer Turlough O'Carolan. Other notable tracks with Celtic influence include "The Clergy's Lamentation", "Good Morning to Your Nightcap" and "Behind the Haystack". "Captain O'Kane" and "The Clergy's Lamentation" are recordings by Ensemble Galilei available on the album Music in the Great Hall: Instrumental Music from the Ancient Celtic Lands, another version of "The Clergy's Lamentation" is performed by harpist Sue Richards taken from the album Grey Eyed Morn, "Good Morning to Your Nightcap" and "Behind the Haystack" are from Karen Ashbrook's album Hills of Erin.
The serene music of Grove is contrasted by a mixture of junglelike woodwinds, frantic percussion, and ominous ambient effects heard in the game's dungeon. This portion of the soundtrack is original in composition and credited to sound engineer Marc Pospisil and developer Travis Baldree.
Narration
Actor Henry Dardenne is the game's narrator. He narrates the introduction sequence that details the plot of the game, as well as a variety of notifications during gameplay.
Community Content
The Fate community creates a variety of mods for other players to use. Fates developers have released tools to aid in the creation of mods and over one hundred mods exist in a community database. Mods for Fate range from simple potions and weapons to new spells and town make-overs. The community has created tutorials for creating new weapons, armor, spells, monsters, and other such items. One pitfall of these activities is the stability of the game; for this reason, it is recommended that the original game files be backed up prior to the installation of any third-party changes.
Merchandising
In December 2021, the owners of the Fate franchise's Facebook and Twitter accounts utilized reaction polls to determine which Fate character the community favored most. The most voted upon was Fate personified as shown on the game’s cover, and a limited edition plush of this character was later released by WildTangent as merchandise on July 15th, 2022. This was announced on the Steam page for the game, and the plush was successfully funded via a Makeship crowdfunding campaign.
Reception
Fate was positively received by critics, garnering an average review score of 80% at GameRankings and a score of 80/100 at Metacritic.
Greg Kasavin of GameSpot called it "a high-quality game that delivers well on a concept that isn't ambitious but is well known for being fun and addictive," while pointing out its strong resemblance to Blizzard Entertainment's Diablo. Writing for GameSpy, William Abner praised the game as "elegantly designed" and singled out the charm and personality of the game's graphics and pet animations. Both reviewers cited Fate's low price as a selling point but criticized its lack of multiplayer features.
The editors of Computer Games Magazine presented Fate with their 2005 "Best Role-Playing Game" award. It was a runner-up for their list of the year's top 10 computer games. Fate was also a finalist for PC Gamer USs "Best Roleplaying Game 2005" and "Best Value 2005" awards, which ultimately went to Dungeon Siege II and Guild Wars, respectively.
References
External links
Fate official portal
Role-playing video games
Windows games
Action role-playing video games
Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
Video games using procedural generation
WildTangent games
MacOS games
2005 video games
Dungeon crawler video games
Video games about cats
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in the United States
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