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4013843
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore%20Muti
|
Ettore Muti
|
Ettore Muti (2 May 1902 – 24 August 1943) was an Italian aviator and Fascist politician. He was party secretary of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, or PNF) from October 1939 until shortly after the entry of Italy into World War II on 10 June 1940.
World War I and Fiume
Born in Ravenna, Romagna, Muti was banned from any school in the country at age 13, after punching one of his teachers. The next year, he ran away from home in order to fight in World War I, but was recovered and returned by the Carabinieri. At 15, a new attempt was successful, and Muti joined the famed Arditi.
On the front, Muti distinguished himself through feats of audacity. His detachment of 800 men was ordered to establish a bridgehead under enemy fire: it managed to do so, but was only left with 23 members at the end of the day. Gabriele D'Annunzio benefited from Muti's services during his seizing of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) in September 1919-January 1921; he gave Muti the lasting moniker Gim dagli occhi verdi ("Green-Eyed Jim"). In fact, Muti was rarely involved in fighting over Fiume, being more likely to engage in flamboyant stunts. D'Annunzio told Muti: "You are the expression of Superhuman values, a weightless impetus, a boundless offering, a fistful of incense over the embers, the scent of a pure soul".
Between the world wars
During this time, Muti met Benito Mussolini, for whom he developed a lasting fascination. A Fascist as soon as the Fiume episode came to an end, he was arrested on several occasions. On 29 October 1922, he was head of the squad that occupied Ravenna City Hall during the March on Rome. After the taking over of the state, Ettore Muti made a career in the Blackshirts, organized as the "Voluntary State Security Militia" (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN).
His life remained adventurous: a womanizer and entertaining host, Muti cruised in speeding cars or on his Harley Davidson. In 1926 he married Fernanda Mazzoti, the daughter of a banker, and, in 1929, fathered his only child Diana. He escaped an assassination attempt carried out by a left-wing activist on 13 September 1927, but was shot twice in his abdomen and arm, as a result. His survival was uncertain for a period of time, and he was left with a 20 cm scar.
He joined the Regia Aeronautica (Italian air force), developing a passion for aircraft - he accepted demotion to lieutenant, according to the practical requirements of the service. He flew during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in 1935-1936, where his skills as a pilot earned him a Silver Medal of Military Valor.
In 1936 he returned to Italy, but left soon after as a volunteer on Francisco Franco's side in the Spanish Civil War, fighting under the pseudonym Gim Valeri. He led a squadron of bombers over Republican ports, winning several silver medals, and, in 1938, a Gold Medal of Military Valor. He returned with the new moniker Cid alato ("The Winged El Cid") and the prestigious Military Order of Savoy. Later in 1938, he left for Italian-influenced Albania, staying on through its full occupation by the Italians in 1939 (and winning another medal).
In World War II
Upon his return, Muti was awarded the PNF party secretary position replacing Achille Starace. He was awarded this position based on the intervention of his friend Galeazzo Ciano. However, Muti disliked this inactive duty, and profited from the outbreak of the war to return in the military. As a lieutenant colonel, Muti participated during the Italian invasion of France, during the long-range bombing of Haifa and Bahrain, and during the Battle of Britain. However, his hasty departure from his party secretary position made him lose the friendship of both Ciano and Mussolini.
In 1943, Muti joined the military intelligence service. On 25 July, the day of the pro-Allied coup d'état in the Grand Council of Fascism, Muti was in Spain, trying to obtain the radar set of a United States aircraft that had crashed on neutral territory. He returned to Rome on 27 July, and remained in his private villa. On the night of 23–24 August, a group of Carabinieri entered his residence and placed him under arrest. They all left through a pine forest surrounding the area, and the following moments are still mysterious. The official communiqué stated:
Following an investigation into major irregularities in the administration of a state-associated entity, during which the implication of the ex-secretary of the dissolved fascist party, Ettore Muti, has become apparent, the Carabinieri military corps proceeded in Muti's arrest at Fregene, near Fiumicino (then part of the comune of Rome), on the night of 23–24 August. As they led him to their barracks, the escort was shot at with several rounds from the forest. In the momentary disturbance, he attempted to run away, but, after being shot at and wounded by the Carabinieri, he died.
The major irregularities mentioned were never clarified, nor were the identities of shooters in the forest. In the dramatic gunfight, Muti was the only one hit: his cap displayed two holes, one in the back of the head, the other in front. Other circumstances point as well towards a political execution, with Ettore Muti as the first victim in the violence that engulfed Italy for the next two years. Pietro Badoglio, the leader who had deposed Mussolini, defined Muti as "a menace" in a letter he had previously sent to the head of the local police: it is likely that Muti was informed about the role of Badoglio in the catastrophic Italian defeat of Caporetto, a role that Badoglio in the years after World War I had tried to hide.
After his death, Muti became the main hero of Italian Fascist regime (revived in northern Italy with help from Nazi Germany, as the Italian Social Republic). His name was given to an autonomous Police Legion stationed in Milan and to one of the most feared Black Brigades units.
References
External links
1902 births
1943 deaths
People from Ravenna
Italian aviators
Italian fascists
Italian people of the Spanish Civil War
Italian military personnel killed in World War II
Italian Air Force personnel
Deaths by firearm in Italy
People murdered in Italy
Assassinated Italian politicians
Child soldiers in World War I
Regia Aeronautica personnel of World War II
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4013848
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Strawberry (disambiguation)
|
Strawberry is commonly the cultivated garden strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa.
Strawberry or Strawberries may also refer to:
Fragaria, the strawberry genus, or any of its species
Mock strawberry, the plant Potentilla indica
Places
Strawberry, Arizona
Strawberry, Arkansas
Strawberry, El Dorado County, California
Strawberry, Marin County, California
Strawberry, Tuolumne County, California, U.S.
Strawberry, Nevada, a ghost town
Strawberry, South Carolina
Strawberry, Utah
Strawberry Cirque, Antarctica
Strawberry Crater, Arizona, U.S.
Strawberry Creek, Berkeley, California, U.S.
Strawberry Field, a former children's home in Liverpool, England
Strawberry Hill (disambiguation), several places
Strawberry Island (Deception Pass, Washington), Island County, Washington, U.S.
Strawberry Island (Rosario Strait, Washington), Skagit County, Washington, U.S.
Strawberry Islands, Door County, Wisconsin, U.S.
Strawberry Lagoon, California, U.S.
Strawberry Line railway walk, U.K., a walkway along a former railway line and a model railway line
Strawberry Mountain (disambiguation), several peaks
Strawberry Peak, a mountain in California, U.S.
Strawberry Range, a mountain range in Oregon, U.S.
Strawberry Reservoir, Utah, U.S.
Strawberry River (Arkansas), U.S.
Strawberry River (Utah), U.S.
Strawberry Tree (disambiguation), several topics
Strawberry Valley, California, U.S.
People
Strawberry Saroyan, American journalist and author
Tamara Greene or Strawberry, exotic dancer
Family name
Darryl Strawberry (born 1962), American former baseball player
D. J. Strawberry, (born 1985), American-Cameroonian basketball player
Linda Strawberry, American artist, director, editor and musician
Art, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Ichigo Kurosaki or Strawberry, in the manga series Bleach
Ichigo Amano, in the manga series Yumeiro Pâtissière
Strawberry Shortcake, franchised character appearing on greetings cards etc.
"Strawberry", played by Tom Skeritt in Up In Smoke
Films
Strawberry (film), 2015 Tamil film
Music
Bands
Strawberry (band), Canadian indie band formed in 1993
Companies
Strawberries, defunct American record store chain acquired by Trans World Entertainment
Strawberry Studios, recording studio in Stockport, England
Albums
Strawberry (album), by Wussy
Strawberries (album), 1982 album by the Damned
Songs
"Strawberries" (song), 1997 song by Smooth
"Strawberry" (song), 1998 song by Nicole Renée* "Strawberries", by Asobi Seksu, 2007
"Strawberries", by Girl from Sheer Greed, 1980
"Strawberries", by Jerry Butler from Folk Songs, 1963
Other uses
Strawberry Perl, version of Perl programming language
Strawberry (bus operator), a bus company in England
See also
Barren Strawberry (disambiguation)
Strawberry Fields (disambiguation)
Strawberry generation, Chinese sociological term
Strawberry land hermit crab (Coenobita perlatus), a species of terrestrial hermit crab often kept as pets
Strawberry mark or hemangioma, a type of birthmark
Team Strawberry, American cycling team used in scientific research
Wild Strawberries (disambiguation)
English-language surnames
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4013850
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Porter%20%28artist%29
|
Howard Porter (artist)
|
Howard Porter is an American comic book artist from southern Connecticut.
Education
Howard Porter graduated from Paier College of Art in Connecticut where he majored in illustration. One of his teachers there was Frank McLaughlin. McLaughlin also worked as a comic book inker and he began to give Porter work assisting him in his inking jobs which led Porter to assist other inkers and eventually find work for himself in the industry.
Biography
Porter worked as a penciller and his first major run on a title came with DC Comics' The Ray (vol. 2) (1994–1995), where he worked with writer Christopher Priest. Shortly afterward, Porter worked on DC's summer 1995 crossover event Underworld Unleashed, with writer Mark Waid, followed by the Justice League of America relaunch, JLA (1997–2000), with writer Grant Morrison and inker John Dell.
Porter temporarily left comics to work in banking, doing graphic design work for Credit Suisse First Boston. He left that job in 2003 to open an artists' studio with comics artist Ron Garney. Porter returned to comics that year with a six-issue run of Marvel Comics' Fantastic Four, reuniting with writer Waid.
In July 2004, Porter signed a two-year exclusive contract with DC, and began as regular penciller of The Flash, with writer Geoff Johns and inker John Livesay.
In 2006, DC announced Porter would pencil the limited series The Trials of Shazam!, collaborating with writer Judd Winick. Unfortunately he was unable to finish the series because he severely injured his hand (severed a nerve and almost the entire tendon in his thumb) and had to take time out from comics for recovery. Unable to draw, he worked as a school bus driver until his return in late 2008, when he drew DC Universe: Decisions #2. He became the regular penciller on Titans and then was the first artist for the Doc Savage series. He also drew an issue of The Brave and the Bold featuring a team-up between Static and Black Lightning. He then became the regular penciler on DC Comics' Magog for the series' first ten issues, before being replaced by Scott Kolins.
As of 2016, Howard Porter is still drawing for DC Comics, with recent works including Superman Beyond, Justice League 3000, Superman and Scooby-Doo.
In September 2014, Porter was the artist put forward by DC to create the poster and key art for the UFC 181 MMA fight event. Porter - a huge fan of the UFC - created art featuring the main four fighters on the UFC 181 card as superheroes.
Bibliography
The Ray #0–11, 13, 14 (with Christopher Priest, DC Comics, 1994–1995)
Underworld Unleashed #1–3 (with Mark Waid, DC Comics, 1995)
JLA #1–7, 10–16, 18, 19, 22–25, 28–31, 34, 36–41, 43–45 (with Grant Morrison and Mark Waid, DC Comics, 1996–2000)
DC Secret Files – JLA: Secret Files & Origins #1 (with Grant Morrison and Mark Millar, DC Comics, August 1997
Fantastic Four #503–508 (with Mark Waid, Marvel Comics, 2003–2004)
The Flash Vol. 2 #207–211, 213–217, 220–225 (with Geoff Johns, DC Comics, December 2003 – August 2005)
The Trials of Shazam! #1–9 (with Judd Winick, 12-issue limited series, DC Comics, 2006–2007)
Countdown to Final Crisis #20, 18 (DC Comics, 2007)
DC Universe: Decisions #2, 4 (with Judd Winick and Bill Willingham, DC Comics, 2008)
Titans #7–11 (pencils, with Judd Winick, DC Comics, 2009)
Magog #1–7 (pencils, with Keith Giffen, DC Comics, 2009-2010)
Doc Savage #1–5 (with Paul Malmont, DC Comics, 2010)
Superman Beyond #1–20 (with JT Krul, DC Comics, 2012)
Justice League 3000 #1-4, 6-13, 15 (with Keith Giffen and JM DeMatteis, DC Comics, 2014-2015)
Justice League 3001 #1-3, 5 (with Keith Giffen and JM DeMatteis, DC Comics, 2015)
Superman Vol. 3 #45-48, 50 (with Gene Luen Yang, DC Comics, 2015-2016)
Scooby Apocalypse #1-7 (with Keith Giffen and JM DeMatteis, DC Comics, 2016)
Justice League vs. Suicide Squad #6 (with Joshua Williamson, DC Comics, 2017)
The Flash #21-22, 26-27, 33, 36, 47-50, 70-75, Annual 1 (with Joshua Williamson, DC Comics, 2017-2019)
Dark Knights Rising: The Wild Hunt #1 (with Scott Snyder, DC Comics, 2018)
Justice League/Aquaman: Drowned Earth #1 (with James Tynion, DC Comics, 2018)
Aquaman/Justice League: Drowned Earth #1 (with Scott Snyder, DC Comics, 2018)
Notes
References
Artists from Connecticut
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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4013853
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Hilton
|
Arthur Hilton
|
Arthur Hilton (April 5, 1897 – October 15, 1979) was a British-born film editor and director.
Biography
Hilton was born in London and edited his first film in 1928. Shortly after, he immigrated to the US, where he worked on such films as the W. C. Fields classic comedies The Bank Dick (1940) and Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941), and Julien Duvivier’s portmanteau film Flesh and Fantasy (1943). Hilton was nominated for an Academy Award in 1946 for Best Film Editing for Robert Siodmak’s film noir The Killers.
Hilton later established himself as a director, with his film director credits including The Return of Jesse James (1950), The Big Chase (1954), and Cat-Women of the Moon (1953), the latter consider by The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction as "absurd [but] one of the most influential science-fiction films ever made.". Hilton's television director credits include Lassie, Mission: Impossible, Wanted Dead or Alive, and Police Story. Hilton was recognized by American Cinema Editors for his editing work on the 1977 mini-series Washington: Behind Closed Doors.
Selected filmography
1930: Captain Thunder
1931: The Virtuous Husband
1933: What Price Innocence?
1935: Swellhead
1938: Breaking the Ice
1940: The Bank Dick
1941: Keep 'Em Flying
1941: Man Made Monster
1942: Who Done It?
1942: Pardon My Sarong
1943: Flesh and Fantasy
1943: Crazy House
1944: Phantom Lady
1944: The Suspect
1944: Bowery to Broadway
1944: Ghost Catchers
1945: Scarlet Street
1945: Here Come the Co-Eds
1945: The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry
1945: The Naughty Nineties
1946: The Killers
1948: Let's Live a Little
1948: Secret Beyond the Door
1950: The Baron of Arizona
1950: The Return of Jesse James
1950: House by the River
1953: Cat-Women of the Moon
1954: The Big Chase
1973: Harry in Your Pocket
References
External links
1897 births
1979 deaths
British film editors
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Film people from London
British emigrants to the United States
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4013857
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOAA%20Senior%20AA%20Hockey%20League
|
WOAA Senior AA Hockey League
|
The WOAA Senior AA Hockey League is a Canadian senior ice hockey league governed by the Western Ontario Athletic Association. The league operates in Southwestern Ontario.
History
Format
The league uses Hockey Canada playing rules but is not operated under the jurisdictions of the Ontario Hockey Association or Hockey Canada. The league is based in the Georgian Triangle and Southwestern Ontario. The league has been in existence since 1943, one year after the WOAA itself was established, and has entertained large crowds with local former Junior Hockey players and the odd former professional player. The league is rather large and features teams of both Senior "AA" and Senior "A" calibre. It is generally accepted that none of these teams could financially compete with the Senior "AAA" teams that compete for the Allan Cup.
The league is divided into two division that do not interlock until the playoffs. The WOAA consists of 17 teams, compared to the next biggest Ontario league, Major League Hockey, which has 5.
Intermediate B Era
From 1969 until 1977, the WOAA's premier division was an Intermediate B hockey league. Teams that were involved were the Mount Forest Rams, Arthur Tigers, Thornbury, Harriston Blues, Milverton Four Wheel Drives, Plattsville Combines, Seaforth, Durham 72's, Listowel, Lucknow, Crediton, Atwood, Ripley, Belgrave, and Kurtzville. The league was divided into as many as five divisions, Int. B, Major and Minor Int. C, and Major and Minor Int. D. The teams from the Major Int. C loop dominated the WOAA in terms of Grand Championships, winning 5 of 8. The most dominant teams were Mount Forest and Milverton.
Intermediate A Era
From 1977 until 1991, the WOAA promoted itself to the Intermediate A level. With four major loops: A, B, C, and D; the WOAA had a wide variety of teams, including the Durham 72's, Arthur Tigers, Brussels Crusaders, Lion's Head Northstars, Woodford Royals, Ripley Roosters, Drayton Comets, St. Clements Saints, Teeswater Falcons, Lucknow Lancers, Kincardine Kings, Dundalk Flyers, Monkton Wildcats, Mitchell Red Devils, and Tara Cyclones. As the league grew, they bought many smaller local senior leagues like the Central Ontario Hockey League, Central Grey-Bruce Hockey League and the Bruce Rural Hockey League, integrating many of their teams. In 1991, they came to grip with the times and dropped the Intermediate moniker, relabeling itself the WOAA Senior A Hockey League. In the 1980s, many teams jumped between the WOAA and the Ontario Hockey Association Senior leagues that attempted to operate in the area. This era ended in 1994 with the death of the WOAA Grand Championship. The final champions were the Durham Thundercats, who took it for the third straight year in 1994. From 1977 until 1994, the WOAA was dominated early on by Lion's Head and Woodford and later on by Brussels and Durham.
Senior AA Era
With the collapse of Ontario Hockey Association Senior hockey, the WOAA made the move to declare itself one level below Allan Cup competition with the Senior AA moniker in 1994. The league consolidated itself into one large league with different tiers of playoff championships: AA, A, and Sr. B until 1997. The Durham Thundercats proved to be the team to beat early on. Going back to the 1991–92 season, the Thundercats won 9 league championships in 15 years, including 6 out of 7 from the 1991–92 season until 1998. In 1995, the Tavistock Royals won the first ever WOAA Senior AA championship by taking the Durham Thundercats to seven games. The Thundercats avenged the loss by winning the next three Senior "AA" crowns. As time went on, the Milverton Four Wheel Drives reemerged as a powerhouse in the WOAA, dominating the league in 1999, 2000, and 2002. The Palmerston 81's and Elora Rocks also emerged as dominant forces later in the decade along with Tavistock as the Thundercats stranglehold on the league has loosened. The Saugeen Shores Winterhawks, based out of Port Elgin, have become the perennial team to beat since entering the league in 2007/08, winning the "AA" championship in 2009, 2011 and 2012.
Southern Expansion
As the league grows in popularity and proves itself with stability like no other Senior league in Ontario's history, the further South the league has been receiving applications for expansion. Despite Ilderton having a WOAA franchise in the 1950s, the league had not been that far south in a long time. In 2004, the WOAA allowed for the recreation of the famed Lucan-Ilderton Jets franchise, a team that dominated the Intermediate ranks in the 1960s and 1970s. The Jets, near London set a precedent for years to come. In 2006, the WOAA shocked many of its teams by confirming the expansion of the even more Southerly Thedford Dirty Dogs. In 2007, the WOAA turned down Eastern expansion to the Cooks Bay Canucks as that was not where the league was interested in going. In 2008, the Ontario Hockey Association was rocked by the defection of three of its five Major League Hockey Senior AAA teams. Two of them applied successfully for expansion into the WOAA, the Tillsonburg Vipers and the two-time Allan Cup champion Petrolia Squires. Also, the WOAA has made wind about further expansion to the South in former Senior AAA towns like Aylmer and Dorchester in the near future.
In the Summer of 2010, the WOAA decided to change the name of the league to the WOAA Senior AA Hockey League. Adding the "AA" designation was to help differentiate the league from Major League Hockey which carries a "AAA" designation. Also the league is to be divided into a Northern and Southern Conference with Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest Divisions. The league as well wishes to promote expansion in the league, especially to the Southeast Division. Another change for 2010–11 is that there will only be one league championship for the first time in the league's modern history, as the league will drop both its second and third tier championships (Sr. A and Sr. B respectively). This was changed during the 2010–11 season, the Sr. A championship and qualifier round will still be gone but the Sr. B championship and its round robin will now be known as the Sr. A championship.
Back to One Division
By 2017, the league had shrunk to 14 teams, with the departures of Walkerton, Thedford, Monkton and Komoka. With the South Division down to six teams (eight in the North), the league reverted to one division with each team playing an unbalanced schedule to reduce travel costs.
The playoff format was revised, with the top-eight teams qualifying for the Sr. "AA" championship, while the remaining five teams played for the Sr. "A" championship.
This change did nothing to stop the dynasty in Clinton, with the Radars rattling off four consecutive championships.
Much like the rest of the world, the 2020 playoffs were stopped in the semi-final round, and ultimately cancelled, by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in no champion being crowned for the first time in over 70 years.
On September 25, 2020, the league announced the 2020–21 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
With COVID-19 restrictions loosened, the league returned for the 2021/22, with 13 teams in the fold. The Creemore Coyotes joined as an expansion team, while Elora and Tillsonburg withdrew.
The Ripley Wolves were in first place with an 11-2-1 record on January 4, 2022 when the arrival of the omicron variant of COVID-19 caused restrictions to be re-imposed, shutting down the league.
On January 12, 2022, the league announced the regular season had been declared complete and that the playoffs would begin upon resumption of play. Teams were ranked based on points-percentage due to the unequal number of games played.
The Seaforth Centenaires ended Clinton's reign as champions, knocking off the Radars in five games to capture the Sr. AA Championship.
Teams
Regular season was halted January 4, 2022 due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Upon resumption of play, the season advanced directly to the playoffs
Past teams
Arthur Tigers
Brussels Crusaders
Dundalk Flyers
Durham Huskies
Drayton Comets
Drayton Icemen
Elora Rocks
Exeter Mohawks
Goderich Pirates
Grand Valley Tornados
Kincardine Kings
Komoka Classics
Lakeshore Winterhawks
Lion's Head Northstars
Listowel Jets
Lucan-Ilderton Jets
Mildmay Monarchs
Mitchell Red Devils
Monkton Wildcats
Mount Forest Rams
Nottawasaga River Rats
Palmerston 81's
Thedford Dirty Dogs
Tillsonburg Thunder
Walkerton Capitals
Wellesley Merchants
Wiarton Redmen
Wingham Bulls
Woodford Royals
Championships
WOAA Senior AA Champions
League Champion is Bolded.
WOAA Senior A & B Champions (1995–Present)
Late Intermediate Era (1978–1994)
Middle Intermediate Era (1970–1977)
Early Intermediate Era (1949–1969)
Other WOAA-sanctioned Championships
Central Grey-Bruce
1982 Tara
1981 Williamsford
1980 Desboro
1978 Chesley
Bruce County
1978 Chepstow
Central Ontario Hockey League
1982 Markdale Majors
1981 Honeywood
1980 Dundalk Flyers
See also
Western Ontario Athletic Association
Central Ontario Hockey League
References
External links
Western Ontario Athletic Association (WOAA)
WOAA Senior Hockey League
Clinton
Drayton
Exeter
Georgian Bay
Goderich
Lucan-Ilderton
Milverton
Monkton
Palmerston
Ripley
Saugeen Shores
Shallow Lake
Shelburne
Thedford
Tillsonburg
Walkerton
Wingham
Internet Hockey Database
2
Senior ice hockey
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4013859
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20Cut%20%28journal%29
|
Jump Cut (journal)
|
Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media is a journal covering the analysis of film, television, video, and related media. Established in 1974 by John Hess, Chuck Kleinhans (Northwestern University), and Julia Lesage (University of Oregon), it takes its name from the jump cut, a film editing technique in which an abrupt visual change occurs. The publication's stated goal is to approach its subject from a "nonsectarian left, feminist, and anti-imperialist" perspective.
History
Hess, Kleinhans, and Lesage met in Bloomington, Indiana while they were attending graduate school at Indiana University, circa 1970. Kleinhans remembers, "[W]e were actually sitting having a coffee in the university library and saying, 'We should start a film journal,' because John published something in Film Quarterly and Julia and I had published something too." After formulating the journal's principles and gathering articles during 1973, Jump Cut'''s first issue was released in 1974. Each editor contributed $1,000 toward each issue so that they could be free of advertising. Costs were kept low by publishing on newsprint in tabloid format and typing the copy on an electric typewriter (instead of having it typeset). Distribution was initially done by volunteers driving copies to newsstands in Chicagowhere Kleinhans and Lesage took college-teaching jobsand San Francisco/Berkeley, Californiawhere Hess settled. Jump Cut was published in print until 2001. Soon after, it began releasing issues online. As of September 1, 2019, its back issues are available on the Internet Archive for reading or downloading in a variety of formats.
See also
Political cinema
External links
Jump Cut, 1974-2000: The Internet Archive'' hosts a collection of all issues from the beginning until 2000.
References
Magazines about the media
Creative Commons-licensed journals
Feminist magazines
Magazines established in 1974
Magazines disestablished in 2001
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Magazines published in California
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4013864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20McEwan%20%28cricketer%29
|
Paul McEwan (cricketer)
|
Paul Ernest McEwan (born 19 December 1953 in Christchurch) is a former New Zealand Test and ODI cricketer who played in four Tests and seventeen ODIs from 1980 to 1985. He played domestic cricket for Canterbury from 1977 to 1991. In the early 1990s, he set up the Canterbury Neonatal Unit Trust.
Career
McEwan received his secondary education at St Andrew's College, Christchurch, Graham Dowling's old school, and went on to pass Dowling's run-scoring record for Canterbury. He played for Old Collegians in Christchurch and Ian Cromb influenced him as a young club player. He made his first-class debut for Canterbury during the 1976–77 season.
McEwan was a hard-hitting, orthodox right-hand batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. He scored consistently for Canterbury for over a decade. His best seasons were 1983–84, when he scored 713 runs at 59.41, and 1989–90, when, aged 36, he scored 758 runs at 44.58. In his last season, 1990–91, he scored over 500 runs at 43.41. One of the best examples of his attacking batting was when his 155 and 35-ball 50 against Auckland won the Shell Trophy for Canterbury in the last game of the 1983–84 season. In 1984–85 McEwan was brought in as a late replacement for the Young New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe under the captaincy of Jeff Crowe. He was the New Zealand team's highest scorer, with 364 runs at 91.00 in the four games, after a first-ball duck in the first.
McEwan made his Test debut in the 1979–80 series against the West Indies and toured Australia in 1980–81 and Pakistan in 1984–85. However, he was unable to convert his domestic form into success at international level.
McEwan had his Benefit Year for Canterbury (the first given by the province) during the 1988–89 season. During the 1990–91 season, McEwan's last, New Zealand Cricket published the New Zealand first-class Master-Blaster averages. The qualification was 500 runs. No one "batted a thousand" for the season, but the nearest was McEwan, who hit 521 runs off 618 balls with a strike rate of 843 per 1000 balls faced. An example of McEwan's strike power was his century at Lancaster Park against Northern Districts. Coming in fifteen minutes after lunch, he was 99 not out at tea, and totalled 103 off 108 balls.
While McEwan did not achieve success on the international stage, he ended his career as Canterbury's greatest run scorer (5940) with the most centuries (11). He was also the first player to make 100 appearances for Canterbury, ending his career with 103 games. In total, McEwan scored 6677 runs from 115 matches at 34.95 with twelve centuries and forty-three fifties. He had a highest score of 155 and he took 82 catches. With his bowling McEwan took 29 wickets at 38.79 with best figures of 3–25. His first class one-day career had brought 1643 runs from 77 matches at 23.81 with one century and eight fifties. McEwan had a highest score of 106 and he took 30 catches. He took 27 wickets at 36.44 with best bowling figures of 3–31.
McEwan told The Press, "Every ball I faced I endeavoured to score runs. There is so much dead cricket, so many balls just patted back. Garfield Sobers said the best line of defence is attack and I was always looking to dominate a game. I wanted to be on top of the game."
Family
McEwan's first son died two weeks after his birth following heart surgery. McEwan then had twin boys who also had a heart condition and spent 95 days on a ventilator. The McEwans set up the Neonatal Unit Trust Fund in response. In the 2022 Queen's Birthday and Platinum Jubilee Honours, he was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to neonatal care.
References
Books
.
Articles
External links
1953 births
Living people
People educated at St Andrew's College, Christchurch
Cricketers from Christchurch
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Hertfordshire cricketers
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
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4013878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20Forsythe
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Drew Forsythe
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Drew Forsythe (born 23 August 1949) is an Australian actor, singer, writer, and comedian. He has appeared on film, stage, and television, as well as in satirical sketch comedy television programs.
Early life
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, Forsythe attended Atherton Primary School, far north Queensland.
Career
The title roles of the heroic Tonino and the foolish Zanetto in the Nick Enright/Terence Clarke musical, The Venetian Twins, were written for Forsythe. He originated these dual roles for Nimrod Theatre Company in the first Sydney Theatre Company season in 1979, and subsequently in two revivals. Other stage appearances include the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado for Essgee Entertainment, receiving a Melbourne Green Room Award as Ko-Ko in The Mikado in 1995.
For the film Caddie, Forsythe received the 1976 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. His television appearances include The Miraculous Mellops, The Dingo Principle, and Three Men and a Baby Grand, satirical sketch television comedy programs for which he was a writer/performer with Phillip Scott and Jonathan Biggins. The 'Three Men' team started in revue at the Tilbury Hotel, and much of the thematic material from these revues has been revisited and developed in the Sydney Theatre Company's 'Wharf Revue' series.
Forsythe provided the anonymous, uncredited voice of David Tench, a computer-animated host on Network Ten's short-lived comedy talk show David Tench Tonight. He also voiced several characters on the Australian award-winning animated series I Got a Rocket.
Forsythe is credited with writing and singing the theme song for the ABC's long-running Sunday morning radio program, Australia All Over, hosted by Ian McNamara. For more than thirty years when over 2 million listeners spanning every corner of Australia tune in from 5.30 am on Sunday mornings to listen to 'Macca' they are greeted by Forsythe's song - "Macca on a Sunday Morning".
Personal life
Forsythe's son, Abe Forsythe, is an actor and director.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Australian operatic baritones
Australian male comedians
Australian male film actors
Australian male singers
Australian male musical theatre actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
Australian male voice actors
People from Sydney
Blinky Bill
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4013882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illarion%20Pryanishnikov
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Illarion Pryanishnikov
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Illarion Mikhailovich Pryanishnikov (; – ) was a Russian painter, one of the founders of the Peredvizhniki artistic cooperative, which broke away from the rigors of their time and became one of the most important Russian art schools of the late 19th century.
Biography
Illarion Pryanishnikov was born in the village of Timashovo in the Borovsky Uyezd of Kaluga Governorate (today's Borovsky District of Kaluga Oblast) in a family of merchants. From 1856 to 1866 he studied in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in the classes of Evgraf Sorokin and Sergey Zaryanko.
His picture Jokers. Gostiny Dvor in Moscow, painted in the last year of education, straight away brought to him a wide reputation. In this small canvas he gives an original solution of a theme of the humiliation of human dignity, callousness and cruelty in the world, where everything is bought and is sold. After depicting the tipsy merchants, who with a jeer are compelled to dance under the concertina and a poor elderly official, the artist authentically demonstrates a whole gallery of the specimens of moral deformity and complacent caddishness. The painting caused indignation in some adherents of official academic art who felt that the young painter appeared as the destroyer of the "high" destination of the art which was to express in the ideal form the eternal truths.
In 1870 Pryanishnikov received the title of the "painter of 1st degree". From 1873 until his death he was a teacher in the MSoPSA and his apprentices were Konstantin Korovin, Vitold Byalynitsky-Birulya, Mikhail Nesterov, Alexei Stepanov and others.
From the outset of the existence of the union of Peredvizhniks, he was a member, and from the second exhibition he was one of directors of the union. Although Pryanishnikov lived in mainly in Moscow, he often visited the Russian north where he sketched. He took part in the decoration of the original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which was demolished in 1931.
Pryanishnikov died in Moscow where one of the streets was named after him.
Gallery
References
External links
Biography
Article in Ogonyok
1840 births
1894 deaths
People from Borovsky District
People from Borovsky Uyezd
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
Russian male painters
Russian realist painters
Peredvizhniki
19th-century male artists of the Russian Empire
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4013886
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde%20Burghs%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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Clyde Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)
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Clyde Burghs, also known as Glasgow Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland burgh constituencies of Glasgow, Dumbarton, Renfrew and Rutherglen.
Boundaries
The constituency consisted of parliamentary burghs along the River Clyde and the Firth of Clyde: Dumbarton in the county of Dumbarton, Glasgow and Rutherglen in the county of Lanark, and Renfrew in the county of Renfrew.
History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election.
When the district of burghs constituency was abolished in 1832 the Glasgow parliamentary burgh was merged into the then new two-member Glasgow constituency. The Dumbarton, Renfrew and Rutherglen burghs were combined with Kilmarnock burgh and Port Glasgow burgh in the then-new Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
Members of Parliament
References
1708 establishments in Scotland
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1832
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
History of Glasgow
History of Renfrewshire
History of South Lanarkshire
History of West Dunbartonshire
Politics of Glasgow
Politics of Renfrewshire
Politics of South Lanarkshire
Politics of West Dunbartonshire
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4013888
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20tone
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Continuous tone
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A continuous tone image (contone for short, or CT even shorter) is one where each color at any point in the image is reproduced as a single tone, and not as discrete halftones, such as one single color for monochromatic prints, or a combination of halftones for color prints.
The most common continuous tone images are film photographs (digital latitude is not continuous!) Also see film latitude. Every single dot of which can take a continuous range of colors depending on the quantity of captured radiance. On the other hand, at a microscopic level, developed black-and-white photographic film consists of only two colors, and not an infinite range of continuous tones. For details, see film grain.
An example of a continuous-tone device is a CRT computer screen. Here, any pixel can represent any color, because the color components of the pixel are analog and can vary in infinite steps, and hence do not need halftones to make the colors. Of course, because the computer is a digital device, it cannot provide the CRT with infinite tone variations. In 24-bit color mode, it provides the monitor with 256 discrete steps for each channel (red, green, and blue), for a total of 16,777,216 (2563) discrete colors. A purely analog video signal (one that has not been manipulated by a computer of any kind) can provide infinite tone variations inside its own gamut.
A halftone device, in contrast, uses discrete dots of color, which at a certain distance look closely like the intended color. Examples of this are inkjet printers. Magazines and most printed material also use this technique to create the colors.
See also
Halftone
Printing terminology
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4013889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20Gonin%20Musume
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Aurora Gonin Musume
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Aurora Gonin Musume (オーロラ5人娘, Aurora's five daughters) was a short-lived J-Pop group, that made their debut on 7 April 1993 with the single "Cool Love" (クールな恋). The group's members were Chiemi Chiba, Reiko Chiba, Ichiko Hashimoto, Maki Yamashita and Reiko Yamashita.
(born 19--) is a Japanese J-Pop singer and was a member of this J-Pop group. She made her singing debut on 7 April 1993.
Japanese pop music groups
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4013901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Blackwater%20%28River%20Test%29
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River Blackwater (River Test)
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This River Blackwater drains small parts of the English counties of Hampshire and Wiltshire. It is a tributary of the River Test.
Course
It rises just to the east of the Wiltshire village of Redlynch, east of Salisbury. It then flows east into Hampshire, where it flows north of the village of Wellow and the hamlet of Wigley. The river turns south, passing under the M27 and past Broadlands Lake and the Testwood Lakes reservoirs, before joining the Test between Totton and Redbridge. The Environment Agency records the length of the main river as , with an additional for the watercourse from Redlynch to the confluence north of Hamptworth.
Water quality
The Environment Agency measures water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the River Blackwater in 2019:
See also
This River Blackwater should not be confused with the River Blackwater in north-east Hampshire, which is a tributary of the River Loddon and (indirectly) of the River Thames.
Another similarly named waterway in Hampshire is Black Water, a small stream which flows eastwards across the New Forest, passing under Rhinefield Ornamental Drive, before joining Ober Water and Highland Water just north of Brockenhurst to form the Lymington River.
References
Ordnance Survey (2004). OS Explorer Map OL22 - New Forest. .
Ordnance Survey (2004). OS Explorer Map 131 - Romsey, Andover & Test Valley. .
External links
Rivers of Hampshire
Rivers of Wiltshire
1Blackwater
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4013914
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.375%20H%26H%20Magnum
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.375 H&H Magnum
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The .375 H&H Magnum also known as .375 Holland & Holland Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge introduced in 1912 by London based gunmaker Holland & Holland. The .375 H&H cartridge featured a belt to ensure the correct headspace, which otherwise might be unreliable, given the narrow shoulder of the cartridge case. The cartridge was designed to use cordite which was made in long strands – hence the tapered shape of the case, which, as a beneficial side effect also helped in smooth chambering and extraction from a rifle's breech.
The .375 H&H often is cited as one of the most useful all-round rifle cartridges, especially in shooting large and dangerous game. With bullet weights ranging from 270 grains (17 g) to 350 grains (23 g), it has the necessary punch for small to medium game, as well as large, thick-skinned dangerous game. The most common bullet weight available in this caliber is 300 grains (19 g). In many regions with thick-skinned dangerous game animals, the .375 H&H is seen as the minimum acceptable caliber, and in many places (primarily in Africa) it is now the legal minimum for hunting such game. African game guides, professional hunters, and dangerous game cullers have repeatedly voted the .375 H&H as their clear preference for an all-round caliber if they could have only one rifle. Alaskan game guides have expressed a similar preference for brown bear and polar bear country.
Unlike many other calibers, .375 H&H Magnum rifles achieve nearly the same point of impact over a wide range of bullet weights at all commonly used distances. This simplifies a hunter's choice in selecting different bullet weights, based upon the game hunted, by requiring fewer scope or sight adjustments, which further serves to popularize the .375 H&H Magnum among professional hunters.
History and origins
The .375 H&H Magnum is the result of competition between British rifle manufacturers to develop new cartridges to take advantage of the new smokeless powders. The 9.5×57mm Mannlicher–Schönauer cartridge had a major influence on British rifle manufacturers and was soon adopted by Westley Richards and Eley as the .375 Rimless Nitro Express 2.25". In an effort to compete, Holland & Holland introduced the .400/375 Belted Nitro Express.
.400/375 Belted Nitro Express was developed in 1905 and the 9.5×57mm MS – just in 1908.
The .400/375 H&H (also known as the .375 Velopex) as it is sometimes known was the first cartridge manufactured to feature a belt. The addition of a belt to a rimless cartridge design provided the advantage of allowing for correct headspacing of highly tapered cartridges (an advantage of flanged cartridges) and smooth feeding through magazine rifles (the advantage of rimless cartridges).
The introduction of the 9.3×62mm Mauser cartridge in 1905 had a profound and lasting influence on hunters in Africa. Compared to the British double rifles, the Mauser was a far less expensive rifle to manufacture and therefore cheaper to acquire. The double rifles gained little from industrialization whereas the Mauser rifles had gained from mass production due to contracts to produce military rifles for many countries. The result was cheap magazine rifles capable of firing one of the very best candidates for the all round hunting cartridge in Africa. The influence of Mauser's 98 action should not be understated; British gunmakers such as Rigby were purchasing the Mauser 98 actions for use in their own rifles with their own cartridges. The popularity of the 9.3×62mm Mauser was such that everyone from the German farmers in Africa to the white hunters from Europe discarded their previous doubles and less powerful magazine rifles and took to the 9.3×62mm. The 9.3×62mm demonstrated that it was adequate for everything from the dik-dik to the elephant and had acquired a reputation to match.
This trend did not go unnoticed by British rifle manufacturers. Between 1909 and 1911 Holland & Holland, Jeffery, Rigby, and Westley Richards introduced their own cartridges: .375 H&H Magnum, .404 Jeffery, .416 Rigby, and the .425 Westley Richards in an effort to stem the tide of the 9.3×62mm.
Holland & Holland decided that the rifle had to fire a bullet with an adequate sectional density as the bullet of the 9.3×62mm Mauser cartridge which had demonstrated that it had the required penetration on thick skinned dangerous game. Secondly, the cartridge would require a high velocity so as to provide this penetration at extended ranges. Thirdly, the cartridge must function reliably through a magazine rifle in tropical conditions and this required a tapered case working at lower pressures. Holland & Holland had determined that to provide adequate penetration a bullet with the sectional density similar to the 9.3×62mm required impact velocities of about . Drawing from anecdotal evidence of hunters it was also determined that high velocities provided impressive kills on game. Another added advantage of the high velocities was that a range misjudgment would be mitigated by the flatter trajectory of a HV projectile.
Holland & Holland’s new cartridge was named .375 Holland and Holland Magnum, and was released together with a flanged or rimmed version (.375 Flanged Magnum also known as the .375 Nitro Express). It featured the belt from the .400/375 H&H cartridge, fired a bullet which had the same sectional density of the 9.3×62mm bullet at a velocity of . The cartridge burned cordite and had a rather low working pressure of by modern standards so that spent cases would extract reliably in the tropical environments of India and Africa.
Original cordite loads were as follows:
62 grains for the 235-gr bullet, yielding a listed 2,800 feet per second
61 grains for the 270-gr bullet, yielding a listed 2,650 feet per second
58 grains for the 300-gr bullet, yielding a listed 2,500 feet per second
The new cartridge was a proprietary design unlike the 9.3×62mm and was considerably longer than its German counterpart. While many .375 H&H rifles were built on the longer magnum Mauser actions, these actions were considerably more expensive and rarer than the standard actions. Standard actions could be used but required modifications to allow for flawless feeding and cycling of the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge. So while the .375 H&H provided considerable advantages over the 9.3×62mm, the significantly greater cost of the H&H rifles presented a roadblock to the adoption of the .375 H&H over the 9.3×62mm cartridge and remained for a time a less attractive option.
At the end of World War I, Holland & Holland released the cartridge to the public for general trade. Also, new markets opened in America as more hunters sought to hunt in Africa. The .375 H&H was seen by many as the best medium bore dangerous game cartridge available for African safari hunting and which could be easily put to use for hunting large game in North America. Winchester was the first US gunmaker to produce rifles chambered for the cartridge and did so beginning in 1925.
The end of World War II saw many gun makers turning to the civilian shooting market when war time contracts began running out. FN, Mauser, Remington and Winchester began turning out quality bolt-action rifles and with increasing number of sportsmen taking to Africa saw the .375 H&H increasing in popularity. A further boost in popularity came when African colonies enacted legislation stipulating that the or the be the minimum bullet diameter for dangerous game. The legislating away of sub minimum cartridges forced the users of these cartridges to pick up a cartridge which qualified for the shooting of these game species and the logical choice was to move up to the .375 H&H Magnum.
Design & specifications
The .375 H&H Magnum case design was conceived to use cordite; a stick type propellant used widely in the United Kingdom. The tapering cartridge body design and the small shallow shoulder are typical aspects of cartridges optimized for the use of this propellant. An advantage of such a case design is that it will feed and extract smoothly thus contributing to the cartridge's reliability in the field.
Unlike previous cartridges, the .375 H&H operates at relatively higher pressures and was designed from the outset for use with smokeless powders that can generate higher pressures and thus higher velocities. However, when the cartridge was designed pressure levels were held to as cordite was sensitive to temperature and could cause dangerously high pressures in the hot tropical climates of Africa and India. However, modern smokeless powders are not as sensitive to ambient temperatures as cordite and therefore both the C.I.P. and SAAMI provide far higher allowable pressures than the original loading of the cartridge allowed.
C.I.P. recommends that commencement of rifling begin at . Bore diameter is given as and groove diameter is . C.I.P. recommends a six groove barrel contour with each groove having an arc length of and a twist rate of one rotation in . Maximum chamber pressure is given at . There are no discrepancies between SAAMI and C.I.P. values. However, C.I.P. measures angle α (shoulder angle) as 29°55'43". SAAMI measure the shoulder angle as α/2 which is given by SAAMI to be 15°.
Performance
When the .375 H&H Magnum was released in 1912 it was loaded with three bullet weights: a at , at and a at . However, today, with the availability of a wide range of powders, velocities gains of can be realized. Acceptable bullet weights for the .375 H&H Magnum range from to . The lighter bullets, those weighing to are suitable for lighter plains game. Bullets weighing between to can be used on heavy bodied plains game. Bullets weighing to should be reserved for heavy dangerous game.
Today, a typical factory load such as Remington’s R375M1 or Federal’s ammunition will launch a spitzer bullet at with of energy at the muzzle. This load has approximately the same trajectory as the 180-grain (12 g) bullet from a .30-06 Springfield. However while the .30-06 generates only about compared with the .375 H&H. The spitzer bullet at .375 H&H velocities has a maximum point blank range (MPBR) of about when sighted in at about .
The typical ammunition manufactured by Federal and Remington have a muzzle velocity of churning out of energy. The ammunition has a bullet trajectory similar to that of the .308 Winchester firing a bullet. The trajectory allows for a MPBR of about when zeroed in for .
Hornady new Superformance line of cartridges provides a leap in performance to the .375 H&H cartridge. The Superformance line uses powders specifically blended for each cartridge. Hornady’s 375 H&H 270 gr SP-RP Superformance ammunition fires a bullet at for while the 375 H&H 300 gr DGS Superformance fires a bullet at generating and of energy respectively.
The 9.3×64mm Brenneke cartridge is the closest European continental ballistic twin of the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum. When compared to the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum the 9.3×64mm Brenneke uses a bullet of a slightly smaller diameter of versus the .375 H&H which uses a bullet a difference of only .
Sporting usage
The .375 H&H Magnum is one of the most versatile cartridges and is referred to by Jack O’Connor as the "Queen of the Medium Bores". The cartridge is very popular in Africa where it is considered one of the best all-round rifle cartridges. It is capable of taking any big species including all the Big Five game animals. The big game hunter, John "Pondoro" Taylor, held the .375 H&H Magnum in such high esteem that he dedicated a chapter to it in the book African Rifles and Cartridges.
Ammunition loaded with the or heavier bullet on the .375 H&H is adequate for heavy thick-skinned dangerous game such as elephant and rhinoceros in most conditions. Today, due to the pace at which hunting is conducted and the requirement of success within certain time constraints, the .375 H&H Magnum is considered under powered for class 4 game like elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo as the only shooting situation that might present itself might be an adverse one. However, there is little doubt that it has been successfully used to take these heavy dangerous game species. There is some speculation that the .375 H&H Magnum has been used to take more Big Five game than any other cartridge. Even today, many professional hunters, outfitters and wildlife management personnel in Africa continue to rely on the .375 H&H Magnum to carry out their duties throughout the continent.
Bullets weighing will have sectional densities between .330 and .356. These bullets can be launched at velocities between giving these bullets greater penetration than a .458 bullet at .
Bullets weighing are perfect for the largest cats such as the lion or tiger and other dangerous class 3 game. While these felines do not require extremely powerful cartridges, (a .300 Winchester Magnum can be considered a minimum for these cats), local requirements or regulations may require a larger cartridge than the .375 H&H Magnum. This range of bullets also is a great choice for most plains game species in Africa and for elk, red deer, and moose (called elk in Europe) in North America and Europe.
There are a great number of rifles (and even a few handguns, such as adapted Howdah pistols) chambered for the .375 H&H. Many types of actions are used, including single-shot rifles, double-rifles, and bolt-action rifles. When hunting dangerous game, a double-rifle or a controlled-feed bolt-action rifle is most commonly recommended, as a quick follow-up shot may be necessary, and reliability of the firearm becomes of paramount importance.
The one sport in which the .375 H&H Magnum has made some gains in has been the Big Bore Shoots such as those sponsored by the Big Bore Association of South Africa and its affiliated chapters. The .375 H&H Magnum is considered a transitional bore by the association and the minimum cartridge which is allowable for score keeping.
Variants
The .375 H&H Magnum's long tapering body and shallow shoulders are generally believed not to promote long case life due to case head separation above the belt. The case design does not promote the optimal use of the cartridge size to gain performance. Modern cartridges have very little taper so as to benefit from a larger powder capacity. There have been a few attempts to improve the performance of the cartridge.
.375 Flanged Magnum
The .375 Flanged Magnum (9.5×75mmR), also known as the .375 H&H Flanged Magnum is the companion cartridge to the .375 H&H Magnum for use in double rifles and was released together with the .375 H&H Magnum by Holland & Holland. It is a rimmed (flanged) cartridge and is loaded to a lower pressure level of .
The CIP has published mandatory specifications for the .375 Flanged Magnum. Bore ∅ for the cartridge is and the groove ∅ is . The barrel will have six grooves with a twist of one revolution in and each groove being wide. SAAMI has not published specifications nor recommendations in regard to this cartridge.
The cartridge is capable of firing a bullet at , a bullet at and a bullet at with muzzle energies of , and respectively. The cartridge is appropriate for the same game species as the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge.
.375 H&H Ackley Improved
The .375 H&H Ackley Improved was a cartridge designed by P. O. Ackley in an effort improve on the performance and case life of the .375 H&H Magnum. The improved case follows the formulaic Ackley design of a body of little taper and steep shoulder of 40°. The cartridge was found to be capable of with a bullet. A .375 H&H Magnum cartridge can be chambered and fired safely in an Ackley Improved chamber but with a loss of performance. A .375 H&H Magnum case thus fired will form to the Ackley Improved chamber.
.375 Weatherby Magnum
The .375 Weatherby Magnum is an improved case like the .375 H&H Ackley Improved. The case was designed by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and features the Weatherby double radius shoulder typical of all Weatherby cartridges. The .375 Weatherby Magnum is capable of launching a at . The .375 H&H Magnum can be fired in the chamber of a .375 Weatherby Magnum with a slight loss in performance. Unlike the .375 H&H AI cartridge, the .375 Weatherby Magnum is loaded to higher pressures than its parent cartridge.
As a parent cartridge
The distinctive belted case of this cartridge was patented in Britain on 31 March 1891 by G. Roth of Austria. The first commercial use of the patent was in 1907 for the .375 Holland-Schoenauer cartridge for a Mannlicher–Schoenauer bolt-action rifle marketed by Holland & Holland. The .375 H&H used an improved belted case shared with the .275 H&H Magnum when they were introduced together in August, 1912. This second belted case design was later used with the .300 H&H Magnum, and has been modified as the basis for "Magnum" cartridges developed by other arms manufacturers.
Cartridges based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum case
.244 H&H Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case
7mm Shooting Times Westerner – Via the 8mm Remington Magnum
.30 Super A modified variant of the .300 H&H Magnum produced by Winchester
.300 H&H Magnum – based directly on the .375 H&H case.
.300 Weatherby Magnum – via the full length .30 Super improved
8mm Remington Magnum – necked down improved .375 H&H case
.340 Weatherby Magnum – via the full length .30 Super improved
.350 Griffin & Howe Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case
.358 Shooting Times Alaskan – Via the 8mm Remington Magnum
.375 Weatherby Magnum – via the .30 Super improved
.40 BSA Magnum
.400 H&H Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case
.416 Remington Magnum – via the 8mm Remington Magnum
.458 Lott – via the .458 Winchester Magnum
.470 Capstick – based directly on the .375 H&H case
Standard length cartridges based on the .375 H&H Magnum case
.257 Weatherby Magnum – via the .30 Super
.26 BSA Magnum
.264 Winchester Magnum – based directly on the .375 H&H case
.270 Weatherby Magnum – via the .30 Super
.275 H&H Magnum - developed along with the .375 in 1912
7×61mm S&H - via the .275 H&H Magnum
7mm Remington Magnum – based on the .375 H&H case via the .264 Winchester Magnum case
7mm Weatherby Magnum – via the .30 Super
.300 Winchester Magnum – based directly on the .375 H&H case
.308 Norma Magnum – used standard length Weatherby cases
.33 BSA Magnum
.338 Winchester Magnum – based directly on the .375 H&H case
.358 Norma Magnum – used standard length Weatherby cases
.458 Winchester Magnum – based directly on the .375 H&H case
Short action cartridges based on the .375 H&H Magnum case
6.5mm Remington Magnum – via the .350 Remington Magnum
.350 Remington Magnum – via the 7mm Remington Magnum
.450 Marlin - via the .458 Winchester Magnum
See also
List of rifle cartridges
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
9 mm caliber
References
Sources
Hodgdon Online Reloading Data
Cartridge Dimensions
External links
The .375 H&H Magnum Website
Improving the .375 H&H Magnum
The Reload Bench – .375 H&H Mag
.375 H&H Magnum A Hunting Classic
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Holland & Holland cartridges
British firearm cartridges
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4013933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Adl%20Wa%20Al%20Ihssane
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Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane
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Al Adl wal Ihsane ( : Justice and kindness or Justice and Spirituality) is a Moroccan Islamist association, founded by Cheikh Abdesslam Yassine (not to be confused with Ahmed Yassin, the former head of Palestinian Hamas). This association is not legal but is tolerated by the Moroccan authorities. The current leader is Mohammed Abbadi, who was elected secretary-general of the organization.
Founder
Its founder, Abdessalam Yassine, an old inspector in the moroccan National Education Ministry was initially a member of Zaouia boutchichia, a Sufi brotherhood that he quit after deploring its evolution and because he was not offered the role of the leader of this brotherhood prior to his son. Yassine was also heavily influenced at his beginnings by the thinking of Sayyid Qutb, he considered that the moroccan society lives in a fitna (division) under the regime of ignorance. He also started advocating for a policy near Iran's after the revolution.
Journey
Abdessalam Yassine was born in 1928. His father, a poor peasant, belonged to the family of "Ait-Bihi", he proclaims himself an Idrissid Berber from the region of "Oullouz" in Souss (southern Morocco). He completed his primary studies in a school founded in Marrakech by ((Mohamed Mokhtar Soussi)). After four years of studies, he graduated from the Ibn Youssef Institute. He finished his studies at the teacher training school in Rabat in 1947, then worked in national education, for twenty years he was brought to represent Morocco in many international educational meetings. In 1968, he was dismissed from his post without any administrative decision, he was retired in 1987.
Policies
Yassine acted as a charismatic leader for the organisation, which attributes him near saintly-status and operates on lines similar to those a Moroccan Sufi brotherhood (Zaouia boutchichia), of which Yassine was a member prior to his politicisation.
The party advocates the transformation of Morocco into an Islamist republic, ruled by its interpretation of the Shariah. Like the Muslim Brotherhood, it works for the Islamisation of the whole society, through its grassroots social welfare organisations and important presence in universities.
Contrary to the legalist Justice and Development Party, Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane has not been allowed to transform itself into a political party by the Moroccan government, it has also been argued that it's the party's choice to not do so as it refuses to enter the political game under the current political practices, which it perceives as illegitimate; the party also opposes the article of the Moroccan constitution which states that the king Mohammed VI is also Amir al-Muminin.
Three No's
The organization's principles were summed up and reaffirmend, during the 24 December 2012 press conference following Mohammed Abbadi election, as "No to violence, no to secrecy, no to foreign intervention."
Cult of personality around its former leader and interpretation of his dreams
The association is entirely centred on the personality of Abdesslam Yassine, who died 13 December 2012.
Through the year 2005, the association reportedly developed the idea of a qawma, a revolution, for 2006, after a series of dreams of association members. Many Adlists think these dreams refer to the immediate abolition of the monarchy in Morocco and the instauration of a Caliphate. In spring 2005, Nadia Yassine, Yassine's daughter, who heads the feminist branch of the organisation, said in an interview to the Moroccan newspaper Al Ousbouiya Al Jadida that she believed that Monarchy is not appropriate for Morocco. Yassine and two journalists from the newspaper are facing charges for defamation of the monarchy relating to the remarks, although her trial has twice been postponed. Publicly, the group has denied any revolutionary plans, arguing rather that Moroccan stability is at serious risk not from it but due to persistently high levels of unemployment and poverty.
References
External links
http://www.yassine.net
https://web.archive.org/web/20001018121219/http://www.aljamaa.com/
Politics of Morocco
Islamic political parties
Organizations with year of establishment missing
Islamism in Morocco
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4013942
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus%20%28eyelids%29
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Tarsus (eyelids)
|
The tarsi (tarsal plates) are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about in length for the upper eyelid and 5 mm for the lower eyelid; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They are located directly above the lid margins. The tarsus has a lower and upper part making up the palpebrae.
Superior
The superior tarsus (tarsus superior; superior tarsal plate), the larger, is of a semilunar form, about in breadth at the center, and gradually narrowing toward its extremities. It is adjoined by the superior tarsal muscle.
To the anterior surface of this plate the aponeurosis of the levator palpebræ superioris is attached.
Inferior
The inferior tarsus (tarsus inferior; inferior tarsal plate) is smaller, is thin, is elliptical in form, and has a vertical diameter of about . The free or ciliary margins of these plates are thick and straight.
Relations
The attached or orbital margins are connected to the circumference of the orbit by the orbital septum.
The lateral angles are attached to the zygomatic bone by the lateral palpebral raphe.
The medial angles of the two plates end at the lacrimal lake, and are attached to the frontal process of the maxilla by the medial palpebral ligament).
The sulcus subtarsalis is a groove in the inner surface of each eyelid.
Along the inner margin of the tarsus are modified sebaceous glands known as tarsal glands (or meibomian glands), aligned vertically within the tarsi: 30 to 40 glands in the upper lid, and 20 to 30 in the lower lid, which secrete a lipid-rich product which helps keep the lacrimal secretions or tears from evaporating too quickly, thus keeping the eye moist.
Additional images
See also
List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system
References
Human eye anatomy
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4013954
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%2055
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Malaysia Federal Route 55
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Federal Route 55 or Jalan Kuala Kubu Bharu–Teranum–Raub (also called Jalan Pahang in Kuala Kubu Bharu) is a 62-km federal road connecting the states of Selangor and Pahang in Malaysia. It is the first federal road ever constructed in Pahang. The road connects Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor to Teranum near Raub in Pahang where it meets Federal Route 218. It is the main access route to Fraser's Hill.
Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 55 is located at Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor, at its intersection with the Federal Route 1, the main trunk road of the central of Peninsular Malaysia. After passing Kuala Kubu Bharu town centre, it runs along the eastern circumference of the Selangor Dam. Shortly after passing the Selangor Dam, the road becomes winding as it ascends the Titiwangsa Range until its intersection with the uphill road to Fraser's Hill at The Gap on the Selangor–Pahang state border.
Then, the road descends downhill, running in parallel with the Teranum River until Teranum where it intersects with Malaysia Federal Route 218.
As the road winds through mountainous terrain, it is often prone to landslides which result in partial or total closures of the section between Kuala Kubu Bharu and Teranum.
History
First East-West Road
Built in the 1887, Federal Route 55 is the earliest federal road to be constructed in Pahang and the first road over the Titiwangsa Range or Main Range through the pass at The Gap, linking the West Coast of Peninsula Malaysia with the East Coast. It was constructed as an 80-mile bridle track from Kuala Kubu Bharu to Kuala Lipis known as the Kuala Kubu–Kuala Lipis Road. In 1915, a road was constructed from Teranum to Bentong, forming the southern pioneer route for the Federal Route 8.
In 1919, work started on the access road to the hill station from The Gap and by 1922, the hill station named Fraser's Hill was opened to visitors. The road is now designated as Federal Route 56.
The entire roadway was upgraded and paved in 1928 with the specific cost of RM2,004 per mile (or RM1,237 per kilometre), which was considered as the most expensive road project at that time.
During the Malayan Emergency, Sir Henry Gurney, a British High Commissioner in Malaya, was assassinated by the Malayan Communist Party terrorists at Mile 56 ½, Kuala Kubu Road on 7 October 1951, on his way to Fraser's Hill. The communist terrorists ambushed his Rolls Royce Silver Wraith and shot him to death. His remains were buried at the Cheras Road Christian Cemetery (now Cheras War Cemetery) at Jalan Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. A memorial signboard was later erected by Malaysian Public Works Department at the site of the incident (location: 3.673596,101.747346 ).
The portion of the Kuala Kubu–Kuala Lipis Road from Teranum to Raub, together with the road from Teranum to Bentong, became part of Federal Route 8 before they were bypassed by a new, straighter super two road through FELDA Lurah Bilut. There after, the bypassed old road between Bentong and Raub including the section between Teranum and Raub was re-gazetted to become the new Federal Route 218.
At the end of the 1990s, a new water dam known as the Sungai Selangor Dam was constructed to cater to the increasing water demand in the Klang Valley. During construction, a 7.7-km super two road was built to replace the existing roadway at the Sungai Selangor Dam construction site. Construction started in 2001 and was completed in 2003. This road has two bridges, the Sungai Selangor bridge and the Sungai Peretak bridge.
List of junctions and towns
* Note: The Pahang-Selangor border runs along the Titiwangsa drainage divide to the east of the archway then proceeds along the middle of the road before proceeding up the hill slope from the point between sentry hut and the road to Teranum at The Gap-Fraser's Hill Road junction.
Gallery
References
Malaysian Federal Roads
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4013956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Assembly%20%28Suriname%29
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National Assembly (Suriname)
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The National Assembly (De Nationale Assemblée, The Assembly, commonly abbreviated "DNA") is the Parliament, representing the legislative branch of government in Suriname. It is a unicameral legislature. The assembly has been situated in the former park house at the Independence Square in Paramaribo, after a fire destroyed the old building of representation on 1 August 1996. A reconstruction of the old building was completed in 2022.
The 51 members of parliament are elected every five years by open list proportional representation on the basis of the country's component districts. The most recent elections were held on 25 May 2020. The current Chairman of the Assembly, Marinus Bee, was appointed on 14 July 2020. Dew Sharman was appointed as Vice Chairman on 29 June 2020.
History
The first representation was formed by the Colonial States, from 1866. The name was changed to Estates of Suriname in 1936. When Suriname became an independent republic on 25 November 1975, the representation was named Parliament of the Republic of Suriname. This Parliament was made inoperative during the coup d'état of 1980. In 1985, the Parliament was replaced by an appointed Assembly. The National Assembly, in its current form, dates from 1987. In that year, democracy was reestablished after the coup and a new constitution was adopted, organizing the Assembly, so new elections could be held on 25 November 1987. From here on, elections were held.
In some cases, a two-thirds majority is required, like the election of the President. If those votes fail, De Verenigde Volksvergadering (The United Nation Meeting) is called. In those meetings, the Districts and Resorts will participate, and vote on the issue by majority.
Chairmen since 1975
From December 1973, Emile Wijntuin was the Chairman of the Estates of Suriname, and remained Chairman of Parliament after Independence, until it was dissolved in August 1980.
After the elections in 1987, Jagernath Lachmon (VHP) became Chairman, an office which he already had taken twice in the Estates of Suriname. Lachmon resigned in 1996, because he could not agree with the Wijdenbosch government.
On 10 October 1996, Marijke Djwalapersad (BVD) was elected as Chair, becoming the first woman in Suriname's history to assume this office. On 24 July 2000, Djwalapersad was succeeded by Jagernath Lachmon, who remained in office until his death in 2001. His fellow party man Ramdien Sardjoe took his place.
After the elections of 2005, Paul Somohardjo of Pertjajah Luhur (a party that was part of the New Front combination) wanted to become Vice President of Suriname. This did not seem feasible, since he was convicted in August 2003 for defamation, which resulted in a suspended two-month sentence and his removal as minister. Within the coalition was decided to make Ramdien Sardjoe vice president and Somohardjo Chairman of the National Assembly.
On 30 June 2005, Somohardjo was elected to the proposed office with 29 out of 50 votes. Caprino Alendy (BEP/A-Combination) was elected as vice-Chairman, with the same number of votes.
On 30 June 2010, Jennifer Simons of Dési Bouterse's NDP/MC surprisingly won the office from Somohardjo, with 26 votes against 24 votes, and became the incumbent Chair of the Assembly. Ruth Wijdenbosch was elected as Vice Chair with 25 votes, one more than her rival, Anton Paal (PALU/MC). Remarkable is the fact that this is the first time that these offices are held by opposing politicians. It is also the first time that both offices are held by women.
On 29 June 2020, Ronnie Brunswijk was elected as Chairperson of the National Assembly in an uncontested election. Dew Sharman was elected as Vice Chairperson. After Brunswijk was elected Vice President of Suriname on 13 July 2020, Marinus Bee was installed as his successor on 14 July 2020.
Composition
In the elections of 25 May 2020, the 51 parliamentary seats were allocated as follows:
See also
Chairman of the National Assembly of Suriname
List of Chairmen of the Estates of Suriname
Politics of Suriname
List of legislatures by country
Notes
References
External links
Politics of Suriname
Political organisations based in Suriname
Government of Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
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4013962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic%20Vicariate%20of%20Savannakhet
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Apostolic Vicariate of Savannakhet
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The Apostolic Vicariate of Savannakhet () is a territorial jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Laos. As an apostolic vicariate, it is a pre-diocesan jurisdiction, entitled to a titular bishop. It is located in central Laos.
It is exempt, i.e., not part of any ecclesiastical province and directly dependent on the Holy See and its missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.
The vicariate covers an area of 48,100 km² in central Laos, including the provinces of Savannakhet, Khammouan and part of Bolikhamxai. By land area, it is the largest of the apostolic vicariates in Laos. Approximately 12,500 of the 2.7 million people living within the vicariate are members of the Catholic Church. The vicariate has 54 parishes, and only 6 priests.
History
The Apostolic Vicariate of Savannakhet was originally established as the Prefecture Apostolic of Thakhek on 21 December 1950, when the Vicariate Apostolic of Laos was split into two parts. The western part in Thailand was renamed the Vicariate Apostolic of Thare, while the Laotian part was formed into a new prefecture. On 24 February 1958 it was elevated to an Apostolic Vicariate. In 1963 the name was changed to Savannakhet, even though its see remained in Thakhek, Khammouan province. In 1967 the southern part of the vicariate was erected as the independent Vicariate Apostolic of Paksé.
Ordinaries
Apostolic Vicars of Savannakhet
Jean-Rosière-Eugène Arnaud, M.E.P. (1950-1969)
Pierre-Antonio-Jean Bach, M.E.P. (1971-1975)
Jean-Baptiste Outhay Thepmany (1975-1997)
Jean Sommeng Vorachak (1997-2009)
Jean Marie Vianney Prida Inthirath (2010-present)
References
External links
Catholic hierarchy
Savannakhet
Savannakhet
Christian organizations established in 1950
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1950 establishments in Laos
Savannakhet
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4013968
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisma%20Energy%20International
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Prisma Energy International
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Prisma Energy International Inc., was a former subsidiary of Enron Corporation, formed in 2003 to own and manage the majority of Enron's overseas assets, formerly known as "Enron International". Prior to its official organization, Prisma was referred to within Enron as "InternationalCo". Enron's original bankruptcy reorganization plan, presented in early 2002, would have created a company broadly similar to Prisma (known under the working name "OpCo Energy"), but including Portland General Electric and the energy trading business, both later divested separately. As one of the final steps in Enron's liquidation, following their 2001 bankruptcy, Prisma was sold to Ashmore Energy International Ltd., a unit of Ashmore Group Plc., in 2006. Prisma was structured as an 'offshore' United States corporation incorporated in the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands, but with its headquarters in Houston, Texas. It served as a holding company for 15 gas and electricity businesses. Its subsidiary, Prisma Energy International Services LLC, employed approximately 125 individuals, most at its headquarters in Houston, Texas. Assets in which Prisma Energy managed an interest employed an additional 6,500 employees worldwide. Following its 2006 sale to Ashmore Energy International Limited, Prisma Energy International Inc. was merged/amalgamated with Ashmore Energy International Limited with Prisma Energy being the survivor company. In December 2006, Prisma Energy International Inc. changed its name to Ashmore Energy International and, subsequently, in May 2007 to AEI.
Scope of operations
Prisma Energy managed interests in international energy assets focused on transportation, distribution and generation of gas and electricity with approximately:
of natural gas transmission pipelines
of oil/liquids pipelines
of electric transmission and distribution lines
1,903 MW of electric power generating capacity
4 million LPG and electric power customers
15 businesses located in 11 countries
Enron bankruptcy
According to the final restructuring plan submitted to bankruptcy court, Enron Corporation will be dissolved at the conclusion of the restructuring process, which would have allowed Prisma Energy International to emerge as an independent company. Enron's creditors, who lost about $63 billion due to its massive bankruptcy, were expected to receive between 17 and 22 cents on the dollar in cash and in Prisma stock due to its parent company Enron's dissolution. Prisma Energy had three business segments: natural gas, power distribution, and power generation on four continents. The natural gas units process and supply liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and South Korea. The power distribution business consisted of Elektro Eletricidade, a Brazil-based company with 1.8 million customers. Prisma Energy's power generation units managed power plants in Europe and South America. As of 2006, Enron's bankruptcy case is still ongoing. Despite earlier plans to spin off Prisma as an independent, public company, Enron instead reached a deal to sell the business outright to a unit of the London-based Ashmore Group. On September 7, 2006, the sale of Prisma to Ashmore Energy International Limited was completed.
Board members
Board members included:
Ron Haddock , Executive Chairman and CEO
John W. Ballantine
Philippe A. Bodson
Lawrence S. "Larry" Coben
Dr. Paul K. Freeman
Henri Philippe
Robert E. Wilhelm
Brent de Jong
Patrick S. Kenney
External links
- 'Prisma Energy International Inc.' information
Energy companies of the United States
Enron
Multinational companies
Oil companies of the United States
Natural gas companies of the United States
Electric power companies of the United States
Companies based in Houston
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4013970
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frittenden
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Frittenden
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Frittenden is a village and civil parish in the Tunbridge Wells District of Kent, England. The parish is located on the flood plain of one of the tributaries of the River Medway, 15 miles (24 km) to the east of Tunbridge Wells: the village is three miles (4.8 km) south of Headcorn. It is in a very rural part of Kent. The parish church is dedicated to St Mary.
History
Roman remains have been found near an old Jutish track which ran through the area, along which pigs were driven into the forest of Andreadsweald. The village itself is named in a charter of 804, and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle of 839 relate that King Ethelwulf of Wessex gave the village land to St Augustines in Canterbury.
Thomas Cromwell was given land in the village during the reign of King Henry VIII.
Frittenden Church underwent extensive renovation in 1848 following a fire in the Church in 1790 when lightning struck the Church steeple.
Rumours of the Frittenden Treacle Mines were started by locals in the 1930s at the expense of gullible Londoners who would tour the area in their newly acquired motor cars, eager to visit the source of much of the world's treacle.
Frittenden Historical Society keeps a record of the history of the village and its inhabitants. It meets regularly in the Memorial Hall.
Notable people
The Rector of the parish church from 1900 to 1916 was Rupert Edward Inglis who was a former England rugby international. He was killed at the Battle of the Somme in 1916. His letters home to his wife from the front were published by his widow after the war. He is commemorated on the war memorial, and the lychgate at St Mary's church is dedicated to him.
Admiral Sir Arthur Moore (1847–1934), the son of another rector of the parish, Edward Moore, was born at Frittenden in 1847 and was buried in the churchyard.
References
(source of History section)
External links
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent
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4013971
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsang%20Reservoir
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Sarsang Reservoir
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The Sarsang Reservoir (, ) is a reservoir located de jure between the Tartar and Kalbajar districts of Azerbaijan, de facto in the Martakert Province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. The reservoir was formed by the construction of a dam on the Tartar River. The overall volume of the reservoir is 575 million m3.
Overview
Sarsang Reservoir was built on Tartar River by Soviet authorities in 1976. At that time, the district was part of Tartar Region. The area of the reservoir is . The height of the dam at the reservoir is . The reservoir has the tallest dam out of all dams in either Artsakh or Azerbaijan. When it opened, the reservoir provided irrigation water for in the districts of Tartar, Agdam, Barda, Goranboy, Yevlakh and Aghjabadi. The Sarsang Hydro Power Plant has a capacity of 50 megawatts.
In November 1992, in the midst of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the region of Mardakert came under effective Armenian control. The power plant, now operated by Artsakh HEK OJSC, is the source of 40-60% of Artsakh's electricity. Local authorities have expressed hopes for the reservoir to turn to a major tourism site in the long run.
Environmental concerns
Azerbaijan has maintained that the Sarsang Reservoir, due to poor maintenance, poses a threat to nearly 400,000 people living in the Karabakh lowlands which remain under Azerbaijani control. The country has taken measures to minimise potential damage that water evacuation could cause. In addition, the exploitation of the reservoir by the Armenian side deprived farmers from seven Azerbaijani villages in the Tartar District from accessing water regularly.
In 2014, Bosnian member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Milica Marković prepared a report in which she outlined environmental risks brought upon by the lack of regular maintenance of the dam, as well as a possibility of the frontier regions of Azerbaijan being deprived of water supply as a result of intensive farming, industrial activities, climate change and consumer habits, but also policy mistakes on the part of the Nagorno-Karabakh authorities. On 26 January 2016, PACE (of which both Armenia and Azerbaijan are members) adopted Resolution 2085, whereby it deplored "the fact that the occupation by Armenia of Nagorno-Karabakh and other adjacent areas of Azerbaijan creates similar humanitarian and environmental problems for the citizens of Azerbaijan living in the Lower Karabakh valley" and requested the immediate withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from the region in order to allow independent engineers access to carry out an on-the-spot survey. The Assembly also recommended that the Armenian side stopped using water resources as tools of political influence or an instrument of pressure benefiting only one of the parties to the conflict.
In June 2016, the White House formally responded to a petition signed by over 330,000 people regarding the status of Nagorno-Karabakh and dangers posed by the Sarsang Reservoir. In the response, the Obama administration expressed its support of the PACE Resolution 2085 and said it would welcome a meeting between technical experts to discuss water management and dam inspections at the reservoir.
References
Reservoirs in Azerbaijan
Reservoirs built in the Soviet Union
Bodies of water of the Republic of Artsakh
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4013984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsed%20Lung%20%28band%29
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Collapsed Lung (band)
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Collapsed Lung are an English, Harlow-based Britpop group, best known for the song "Eat My Goal". They formed in February 1992.
History
Collapsed Lung was originally formed as a bedroom studio collaboration between Anthony Chapman and Steve Harcourt. The pair had met at Harlow music venue The Square, and despite coming from contrasting musical backgrounds (Harcourt had previously played guitar in metal band Bomberz, whereas Chapman had previously played bass in pseudo-C86 outfit Pregnant Neck) found they had a shared love of funk and the Amiga tracker software Med/Octamed. Eventually, the duo decided to perform a live show, using an Amiga computer on stage as well as live guitar from Harcourt.
After their debut performance they were invited to play an all-day music festival in Harlow at which Harcourt first met Nihal Arthanayake, a school friend of Chapman. Nihal was a rapper of Sri Lankan descent who was studying law in Twickenham, Middlesex. He was consequently invited to record some of his raps over the duo's existing tracks. Chapman later took up co-rapping duties alongside Arthanayake, with the line-up completed by bass player Johnny Dawe (previously of Hull band Death By Milkfloat). However, Arthanayake left the band in 1994 after signing a deal for his own group Muddie Funksters with Go! Discs.
Collapsed Lung replaced him with rapper Jim Burke and drummer Chris Gutch. Chapman also bolstered his reputation with DJ work at a variety of London venues. He was keen to reinstate Collapsed Lung's rap credentials, stating "at the end of the day, it's just hip-hop", while promoting the release of 1995's Jackpot Goalie. In late 1995, drummer Chris Gutch left the group to join a band called Rehab. Gutch was replaced by Jerry Hawkins, previously of Atom Seed and The Fuzz.
In 1996 they released their second album Cooler (written as C**ler – the type on the album artwork reflecting the use of stars to denote the refrigeration level of a domestic freezer). In June 1996 a double A-side "London Tonight" / "Eat My Goal" was released which reached number 31 in the UK Singles Chart. "Eat My Goal" was used as the soundtrack to Coca-Cola's "Eat Football, Sleep Football, Drink Coca-Cola" advertising campaign that tied in with the Euro 96 football championships in England.
Despite their success, Collapsed Lung broke up in 1997.
"Eat My Goal" was re-released in May 1998 and reached number 18 on the same chart, and was subsequently used on many TV programmes, most notably SMTV Live in which the song was used for a segment of the same name. It also featured in the video game LMA Manager 2001.
They reformed again in 2014 to support Senser on 26 June at the Dome in London, and have since been playing shows around the UK, including gigs with Jesus Jones.
"Eat My Goal" continues to be used extensively on TV and radio, including as the theme music for Mark Steel's BBC Radio 4 series Mark Steel's in Town – 2009 to present.
Members
Discography
Albums
EPs
Singles
Compilations
References
Notes
1.A remix of "Eat My Goal", with the word "eat" changed to "beat".
External links
Entry at Forgotten Band Planet
English hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
Musical groups from Essex
Britpop groups
Rap rock groups
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4014002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hillyard%20Cameron
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John Hillyard Cameron
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John Hillyard Cameron, (April 14, 1817 – November 14, 1876) was an Ontario lawyer, businessman and political figure. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament representing Peel from 1867 to 1872 and Cardwell from 1872 until his death.
He was born in Blendecques, France in 1817. His father was a soldier in the 79th Highlanders who served in France during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1825, he came with his family to Kingston in Upper Canada. He studied at Kilkenny College in Ireland and Upper Canada College. He then studied law with Henry John Boulton. During the Upper Canada Rebellion, he served with the Queen's Rangers. In 1839, he was called to the bar in Upper Canada and entered a law practice in Toronto, Ontario. In 1846, he became a Queen's Counsel. Cameron also served on Toronto city council from 1846 to 1847, from 1851 to 1852 and 1854 to 1855. In 1860, he served as treasurer for the Law Society of Upper Canada. In 1869, he was also called to the Quebec bar.
In 1846, he was chosen as solicitor general for Upper Canada and was elected to the 2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada in a by-election for Cornwall. In 1847, he was appointed to the Executive Council. He served in the Legislative Assembly until Confederation, except for the 4th and 6th parliaments, when he did not run. He supported representation by population and opposed the introduction of an elected Legislative Council. In 1856, he helped stir up controversy in the wake of the death of Robert Corrigan in Lotbinière, Quebec; this helped undermine the government of Allan MacNab which led to the rise of Sir John A. Macdonald as leader of the Conservatives. He supported Confederation but would have preferred a legislative union. He was elected to represent Peel in the House of Commons in 1867. In 1872, he ran in both Peel and Cardwell, being elected in the latter.
He was a director of the Toronto and Guelph Railway, which was later absorbed by the Grand Trunk Railway, helped found the Canada Life Assurance Company in 1847, was president of the Provincial Insurance Company and chairman of the board in Canada of the Edinburgh Life Insurance Company. He was also involved in the incorporation of a number of companies in the Toronto area including the Western Assurance Company in 1851 and the Toronto and Georgian Bay Canal Company in 1856. He suffered extensive financial losses near the end of 1857 as a result of a financial panic and economic depression; he promised to make good on his debts, which left him financially strained for the remainder of his life.
He was a loyal follower of the Church of England and tried to defend its interests, including the revenue from the clergy reserves. He served on the council of Trinity College, an Anglican university at the time; he also was a professor of law at the college and served as chancellor from 1863 until his death. In 1856, he joined the Orange Order and served as grand master in Canada from 1859 to 1870.
He suffered a heart attack and died while in Toronto in 1876.
Footnotes
References
External links
1817 births
1876 deaths
People from Pas-de-Calais
French emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Upper Canada College alumni
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Immigrants to Upper Canada
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4014005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Velvet%20Light%20Trap
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The Velvet Light Trap
|
The Velvet Light Trap is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering film and media studies. It is edited by graduate students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Texas at Austin.
Each issue covers critical, theoretical, and historical topics relating to a particular theme.
History
The Velvet Light Trap was established as a quarterly journal in 1971 by film lovers in Madison, Wisconsin, including graduate students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Russell Campbell served as editor-in-chief. In 1973, John Davis and Susan Dalton took over as editors, and Davis became the publisher. The journal's name originates from a specific part of the film camera that keeps the light out where the magazine is attached. In its earliest years, The Velvet Light Trap served the local film community with a journal that emphasized American film history. It drew upon the talents of the graduate students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison but it was not an official university publication. As the journal increased its circulation, it spread beyond the local community.
By the mid 1970s, The Velvet Light Trap had established a reputation for scholarly research, with faculty from around the United States publishing articles in special issues such as "RKO Radio Pictures", "MGM", and "Warners Revisited". The Velvet Light Trap often attempted to define the styles and genres that distinguished individual Hollywood studios. Access to primary documents at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research led to special interests such as the blacklist period (1947-1960s).
In 1989, the journal changed publishers, moving to the University of Texas Press. As part of the deal with the journal's founders, UT graduate students would collectively co-edit the journal along with Madison students. With the move to the UT Press, the journal established an international advisory editorial board and instituted blind peer review. The biannual format of Madison publishing an issue in the fall and Texas publishing an issue in the spring still stands.
See also
List of film periodicals
References
External links
Film studies journals
Television studies journals
University of Texas Press academic journals
Biannual journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1971
Academic journals edited by students
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4014008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipstones
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Ipstones
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Ipstones is a village and civil parish in the north of the English county of Staffordshire.
Ipstones is part of the Staffordshire Moorlands district; within the boundaries of the civil parish are the hamlets Foxt, Consall Forge and Bottomhouse. Ipstones Edge, to the north of the village, rises to and gives views for many miles around.
Ipstones is not mentioned in the Domesday book and dates from around the 12th century. The majority of the houses and farms, barring modern development, are built from local sandstone. Two sections of the village are designated as Conservation Areas with several listed structures contained within them.
Ipstones was served by a railway station opened by the North Staffordshire Railway on 15 June 1905, on its line between Leekbrook Junction and Waterhouses. The station was closed to passengers on 30 September 1935. The buildings have been demolished but heritage trains of the Churnet Valley Railway now use the line again and there have been proposals to restore mineral trains to Caldon Low.
Ipstones has three pubs, a butcher's, a corner shop, an agricultural supplies store, a church and a primary school.
See also
Listed buildings in Ipstones
References
External links
BBC article
GENUKI(tm) page
Church Website
Ipstones Agricultural Show website
Villages in Staffordshire
Towns and villages of the Peak District
Staffordshire Moorlands
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4014018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20Quarterly
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Film Quarterly
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Film Quarterly, a journal devoted to the study of film, television, and visual media, is published by University of California Press. It publishes scholarly analyses of international and Hollywood cinema as well as independent film, including documentary and animation. The journal also revisits film classics; examines television and digital and online media; reports from international film festivals; reviews recent academic publications; and on occasion addresses installations, video games and emergent technologies. It welcomes established scholars as well as emergent voices that bring new perspectives to bear on visual representation as rooted in issues of diversity, race, lived experience, gender, sexuality, and transnational histories. Film Quarterly brings timely critical and intersectional approaches to criticism and analyses of visual culture.
Since 2013, it has been edited by B. Ruby Rich. Working with her are associate editor Rebecca Prime, assistant editor Marc Francis, book reviews editor Carla Marcantonio, and Quorum editor Girish Shambu. Since 2015, Film Quarterly has received funding from the Ford Foundation’s JustFilms initiative to “support the journal’s work in advancing criticism, analysis, and reporting with particular attention to social justice documentary and the interrogation of cinema practices across genres and platforms” with an emphasis on the representation of diversity and new voices.
History
Film Quarterly was first published in 1945 as Hollywood Quarterly, was renamed The Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television in 1951, and has operated under its current title since 1958.
Hollywood Quarterly (1945–1951)
According to former Film Quarterly editorial board member Brian Henderson, “Hollywood Quarterly was launched in 1945 as a joint venture of the Hollywood Writers Mobilization and the University of California Press. The association began as a wartime collaboration between educators and media workers in response to social needs occasioned by the war.” Notable members of its first editorial board were playwright and screenwriter John Howard Lawson, psychologist Franklin Fearing, and writer-director Abraham Polonsky.
Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television (1951–1958)
After allegations in a House of Un-American Activities Committee hearing that Hollywood Quarterly had communist leanings, in 1951, the journal changed its name to Quarterly of Film, Radio, and Television. This name change inaugurated the journal’s clear divorce from the Hollywood industry with which it had partnered for several years. The journal’s turn towards “politically safe” work in the following years led to editorial discord and instability until August Frugé, then-director of UC Press, changed the direction of the journal. Frugé drew inspiration from the European film journals Sight and Sound and Cahiers du cinéma, noting in his book that, "there was no American review comparable to these two, intellectual but not academic and devoted to film as art and not as communication. By accident we found ourselves with the means to publish one—if we chose and if we knew how."
Film Quarterly (1958–present)
Under the editorial guidance and visionary leadership of Ernest Callenbach, the journal rebranded itself to bridge film criticism and scholarship, and was renamed Film Quarterly in Fall 1958. Its initial advisory board was composed of, among others, film scholar Andries Deinum; Gavin Lambert, a former editor of Sight and Sound who was then a screenwriter in Hollywood; Albert Johnson, a Bay Area-based film programmer and critic; and Colin Young, who taught film at UCLA and later became the first director of the British National Film and Television School. Ernest Callenbach remained Film Quarterly’s editor until the Fall 1991 issue; he had overseen the production of 133 issues by the end of his appointment.
Ann Martin, who had worked as an editor at American Film and The New Yorker, and on various film and video productions, served as the editor of Film Quarterly during 1991–2006. Rob White, who had edited the British Film Institute’s BFI Classics series, was in charge during 2006–2012. David Sterritt took over as guest editor for volume 66 in 2012–13.
Immediately following its 40th anniversary, the University of California Press published a Film Quarterly anthology of its groundbreaking essays, co-edited by Brian Henderson and then-editor Ann Martin. Editorial board members Leo Baudry, Ernest Callenbach, Albert Johnson, Marsha Kinder, and Linda Williams all participated in the conceptualization of the volume. In 2002, Ann Martin and Eric Smoodin (who was then the Film, Media, and Philosophy Acquisitions Editor at UC Press) co-edited a volume of highlights from the journal’s Hollywood Quarterly (1945–1951) years.
In 2013, film critic and historian B. Ruby Rich took over as editor for the journal. Rich's editorial vision has particularly emphasized work that engages with fresh approaches to film in a shifting digital media environment and a broadened view of cultural and critical approaches for both historical and contemporary work. Film Quarterly has emphasized the shifting forms and meanings the moving image has taken in the digital age and worked to expand its views of the field and the writers included in its pages. Special dossiers have focused on Joshua Oppenheimer’s ground-breaking The Act of Killing, the cinema of Richard Linklater, the significance of Brazilian documentarian Edouardo Coutinho, the legacy of Chantal Akerman, and a collection of Manifestos for the current era. Cover stories have focused on such films and television series as Melvin Van Peebles' The Watermelon Man, Louis Massiah's The Bombing of Osage Avenue, Jill Soloway's Transparent, and Kenya Barris's Black-ish. Film Quarterly aims to widens the scope of voices published in its pages, creates a shared discourse for divergent platforms, and broadens the canon beyond traditional auteurism.
Pauline Kael's involvement
For a brief time in the 1950s, Pauline Kael was considered for the role of editor. She was then a programmer at the Cinema Guild, a repertory movie house in Berkeley, CA. Frugé and Kael did not share the same vision so the position was subsequently offered to Callenbach instead. Beginning in 1961, a regular feature, "Films of the Quarter," appeared in which a group of well-known film critics—Dwight Macdonald, Stanley Kauffmann, Pauline Kael, Jonas Mekas, and Gavin Lambert—discussed what they viewed as the best films of the prior three months. In the Spring 1963 issue, Pauline Kael famously attacked Andrew Sarris’ auteur theory in her landmark article, "Circles and Squares." In the Summer 1963 issue, Sarris responded to Kael’s critique with his own article, "The Auteur Theory and the Perils of Pauline."
Kael included many of her articles, film reviews, and other material published in FQ during 1961–65 in her first book, I Lost It at the Movies (1965).
Notable contributors
André Bazin
David Bordwell
Noël Carroll
Manthia Diawara
Richard Dyer
Umberto Eco
Miriam Hansen
Pauline Kael
Laura Mulvey
Bill Nichols
B. Ruby Rich
Jonathan Rosenbaum
Andrew Sarris
Paul Schrader
Parker Tyler
Linda Williams
See also
List of film periodicals
References
Further reading
Frugé, August. 1993. A Skeptic Among Scholars: August Frugé on University Publishing. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Henderson, Brian, Ann Martin, and Lee Amazonas. 1999. Film Quarterly: Forty Years, a Selection. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Smoodin, Eric Loren, and Ann Martin. 2002. Hollywood Quarterly: Film Culture in Postwar America, 1945–1957. Berkeley: University of California
External links
Website (UC Press)
Journal Website
Publications established in 1945
Film studies journals
Television studies journals
Media studies journals
University of California Press academic journals
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4014021
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamasp%20%28sage%29
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Jamasp (sage)
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Jamasp was an Iranian philosopher in the time of Zoroaster.
Jamasp was the Grand Vizier of Gushtasp.
The book Jamasp Namag is about him.
Sources
دوستخواه، جلیل: اوستا، کهنترین سرودهای ایرانیان، چاپ دوم، انتشارات مروارید، تهران ۱۳۷۴.
Iranian philosophers
Shahnameh characters
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4014043
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizma%20Bel%C5%A1evica
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Vizma Belševica
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Vizma Belševica (May 30, 1931 – August 6, 2005) was a Latvian poet, writer and translator. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Biography
Belševica was born in Riga. Her father Žanis Belševics was a worker, and her mother Vera Belševica (maiden name Cīrule) was a housewife. The family was relatively poor, as only one of the two spouses did paid work. Vizma's father had drinking problems, which aggravated when during the Great Depression he lost his job as a baker. Vizma Belševica was born on May 30, 1931, in prewar Riga, then the capital of democratic Latvia, where she spent most of her childhood. The city often is featured in her works, especially her most famous work—autobiographic trilogy "BILLE"—, but the time spent in Courland, on her relatives' small farm has also an important role in her poetry and writings. Her son Klāvs Elsbergs was a famous Latvian poet in the 1980s and her second son Jānis is a writer as well.
Recognition
Receiving the Nobel prize was her childhood dream; she, as a poor but bright girl, spent much of her time reading classical literature. Belševica's work has been recognised: on December 6, 1990, she was elected honorary member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences; she has twice received the Spidola Award, which is the highest recognition in Latvian literature. Belševica has also received the highest award of the Latvian State, namely the Three Star Order.
Works
Vizma Belševica published her first poems in 1947; her first book of poetry appeared in 1955. Her most notable poetry collections are Jūra deg (The Sea is Burning, 1966), Gadu gredzeni (Annual Rings, 1969), Madarās (In My Lady's Bedstraw, 1976), Kamola tinēja (The Clew Winder, 1981), Dzeltu laiks (Autumn Time, 1987). Her short stories' collections are Ķikuraga stāsti (Stories from Kikurags, 1965), Nelaime mājās (Misfortune at Home, 1979), Lauztā sirds uz goda dēļa (Broken Heart on the Board of Honour, 1997). During the post-Soviet period, Belševica wrote three semi-autobiographical books – stories about the girl Bille, following her life from the late 1930s, throughout the first year of Soviet occupation of Latvia (1940–41), the Nazi occupation (1941–45), and the first post-war years under Stalin's regime: Bille (Bille, 1992, 95), Bille un karš (initial title: Bille dzīvo tālāk) (Bille and War, 1996), Billes skaistā jaunība (The Wonderful Youth of Bille, 1999). Its first edition was published by the Latvian publisher Mežābele in 1992 in the United States and only in 1995 in Latvia. Now this trilogy has been recognized as one of the most important works of Latvian literature of all times. It has been translated into Swedish, but not in English.
Belševica's poetry and fiction has been translated in about 40 languages. Within the Soviet Union of the 1960s–1980s, several books of her selected poetry were published in Russian, Belarusian and Armenian. Her poems were translated into English by Inara Cedrins for the anthology Contemporary Latvian Poetry published by the University of Iowa Press in 1983. From the 1980s onwards, Belševica has been regularly present on the Swedish literary scene, (translator Juris Kronbergs), books of her poetry and Bille stories have enjoyed immense critical success and wide readership there. Her Selected Poems have been published also in Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Selected Short Stories – in Russia, Georgia and Germany. The Russian translation of the Bille trilogy has been published in Riga, Latvia, the first two parts in a single volume in 2000, and the last part in 2002.
The first volume of the Bille trilogy was published in 2019 in Finnish.
In her work she criticized the situation of oppressed nations in Soviet Union, therefore from 1971 to 1974 she was not allowed to publish. Her name could not be mentioned in media. KGB agents searched her apartment twice confiscating manuscripts and notes.
References
Works cited
External links
Belševica. GRATITUDE and Other Poems
1931 births
2005 deaths
Writers from Riga
Latvian women novelists
Latvian women poets
20th-century Latvian poets
20th-century novelists
20th-century women writers
20th-century Latvian women writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
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4014052
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mera%20Peak
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Mera Peak
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Mera Peak is a mountain in the Mahalangur section, Barun sub-section of the Himalaya and administratively in Nepal's Sagarmatha Zone, Sankhuwasabha. At it is classified as a trekking peak. It contains three main summits: Mera North, ; Mera Central, ; and Mera South, , as well as a smaller "trekking summit", visible as a distinct summit from the south but not marked on most maps of the region.
The height of Mera is often given as , and claimed to be the highest trekking peak. This figure actually points to nearby Peak 41, which was mistakenly named Mera in a list of Himalayan peaks, and the figures were copied to the official trekking peak list as they were, including the wrong location coordinates.
History
The region was first explored extensively by British expeditions in the early 50s before and after the ascent of Everest. Members of those teams included Edmund Hillary, Tenzing Norgay, Eric Shipton and George Lowe.
The first ascent of Mera Central was on May 20, 1953 by Col. Jimmy Roberts and Sen Tenzing (who was known by the nickname The Foreign Sportsman). Roberts was heavily involved in establishing the trekking industry in Nepal in the early 1960s. He was posthumously awarded the "Sagarmatha (Everest) National Award" by the government in May 2005.
Mera North is believed to have first been climbed by the French climbers Marcel Jolly, G. Baus and L. Honills in 1975, though some sources state that it was climbed on 29 October 1973 and the climbers included L. Limarques, Ang Lhakpa and two other Sherpas.
In 1986 Mal Duff and Ian Tattersall made the first ascent of the south west pillar. The route is approximately in length and graded at ED inf. The approach to the base of the pillar is extremely exposed to serac fall.
In September 2017, Hari Budha Magar summited Mera Peak, in doing so he became the first ever double above-knee amputee to climb a mountain over 6,000m in altitude.
Climbing routes
The standard route from the north involves high-altitude glacier walking. The west and south faces of the peak offer more difficult technical routes. Mera Peak provides the 360-degree panoramic views of 5 world highest mountains over 8000m: Mount Everest(8848m), Kangchenjunga(8586m), Lhotse(8516m), Makalu(8485m) and Cho Oyu(8201m) as well as many other peaks of Khumbu Region.
For experienced climbers it is a technically straightforward ascent, the main hurdle being proper acclimatization to the high altitude. These reasons make Mera Peak a very popular destination, with many adventure tour companies offering guided trips to the mountain for clients with little or no mountaineering experience. All climbers are recommended to partake in preparative fitness and altitude training before attempting an ascent.
References
External links
View from the summit of Mera Peak
Panorama from the summit of Mera Peak
Route Map of Mera Peak from Lukla
Annotated maps and photos of Mera Peak, on Günter Seyfferth's Die Berge des Himalaya (The mountains of Himalaya) website
Mountains of the Province No. 1
Six-thousanders of the Himalayas
Solukhumbu District
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4014054
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenabbia
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Cadenabbia
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Cadenabbia (Cadenabbia di Griante) is a small community in Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Como, on the west shore of Lake Como. The community is part of the comune of Griante, between the communities of Menaggio and Tremezzo.
Cadenabbia is a favorite spring and autumn resort, owing to the great beauty of the scenery and of the vegetation, and its sheltered situation. It also serves as a health resort and a holiday place for travellers. A favoured travel destination of the British since the 19th century, it is the site of one of the first Anglican churches built in Italy (1891).
Celebrity Connections
Author Mary Shelley stayed in the Albergo Grande hotel in Cadenabbia from July 14-September 8, 1840 along with her son, Percy Florence Shelley. She described her experiences there in her travel narrative Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844.
In 1853, Giulio Ricordi built a mansion, Villa Margherita Ricordi (Coordinates 45.994321N 9.238636E), in Cadenabbia di Griante on the shore of Lake Como where Verdi visited and is thought to have composed some parts of La Traviata.
Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer regularly took his holiday in Cadenabbia. He used to stay at the "Villa la Collina", built in 1899 and used, since 1977, as a conference centre by the Konrad Adenauer Institute.
Arthur Schnitzler wrote movingly about Cadenabbia's cemetery in a scene in his 1908 novel "Der Weg ins Freie" (The Road into the Open).
References
External links
Ferry Services on Italian Lakes - Lake Como
News and Events - Cadenabbia
Cities and towns in Lombardy
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4014066
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greely%20High%20School
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Greely High School
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Greely High School is a public high school for grades 9 to 12 located in Cumberland, Maine, United States. The enrollment is approximately 715 students. It also has a professional teaching staff of 64 and 50% of the teachers have advanced degrees. Greely High School is a part of Maine School Administrative District 51, which serves the towns of Cumberland and North Yarmouth. Renovated and added onto over the years, the building originally opened in 1868. The school completed a 10-million-dollar addition/renovation in 2009. Another addition completed in 2018 added a new auditorium to the school. It adopted the International Baccalaureate (IB) program in 2009.
History
Greely was founded in 1868 with money granted in the will of Eliphalet and Elizabeth Greely. Greely was originally private and known as the Greely Institute until a 1953 town meeting voted to make it a free school.
Notable alumni
Hanley Denning - Founder of Charity Safe Passage/Camino Segura
Ben True - Professional runner
Seal
References
External links
Greely High School website
Public high schools in Maine
High schools in Cumberland County, Maine
Cumberland, Maine
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4014067
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20Trucker
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Live Trucker
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Live Trucker is a live album by Kid Rock and Twisted Brown Trucker (credited as The Twisted Brown Trucker Band). Released on February 28, 2006, the album comprises songs from Kid Rock's homestands of Clarkston (on September 1, 2000, and August 26 through August 28, 2004) and The Palace at Auburn Hills (March 26, 2004). The album contained the last two performances of Joe C. on "Devil Without a Cause" and "Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp" as well as Gretchen Wilson dueting on "Picture". Other highlights included "Only God Knows Why", the medley of "Somebody's Gotta Feel This" and "Fist of Rage," bridged together by Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love".
"Cowboy" has the Dukes of Hazzard's theme song "Good Ol' Boys" removed from it. Likewise with "Devil Without a Cause" as AC/DC's "Back in Black" was removed from the first chorus.
"You Never Met a Motherfucker Quite Like Me" includes a verse of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird" in the middle of the song. The album's final track is a rehearsal track from St. Louis 2004 called "Outstanding," a soul/funk cover originally done by The Gap Band.
The cover of the album is in the same style as the Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band album Live Bullet.
The album has sold just over 596,000 copies but the RIAA has yet to certify the album gold.
Track listing
Credits
Kid Rock-Vocals, Guitar, Acoustic Guitar, Piano, Drums, Percussion
Kenny Olson-Lead Guitar
Jason Krause-Metal Guitar
Aaron Julison-Bass Guitar
Mike Bradford-Bass Guitar on tracks 5 and 10
Smith Curry-Dobro, Lap Steel Guitar, Slide Guitar
Jimmie Bones-Piano, Keyboards, Organ, Wurlitzer, Harp
Stephanie Eulinberg-Drums, Percussion, Vocals
Paradime -Turntables, Vocals
Uncle Kracker -Turntables, Vocals on tracks 5 and 10
Joe C - Vocals on tracks 5 and 10
Gretchen Wilson -Vocals on track 7
Lauren Creamer-Background Vocals
Karen Newman-Background Vocals
Kid Rock albums
2006 live albums
Atlantic Records live albums
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4014075
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdev
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Evdev
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evdev (short for 'event device') is a generic input event interface in the Linux kernel and FreeBSD. It generalizes raw input events from device drivers and makes them available through character devices in the /dev/input/ directory.
The user-space library for the kernel component evdev is called libevdev. Libevdev abstracts the evdev ioctls through type-safe interfaces and provides functions to change the appearance of the device. Libevdev shares similarities with the read system call.
It sits below the process that handles input events, in between the kernel and that process.
kernel → libevdev → xf86-input-evdev → X server → X client
For Weston/Wayland, the stack would look like this:
kernel → libevdev → libinput → Wayland compositor → Wayland client
Since version 1.16 the xorg-xserver obtained support for libinput:
kernel → libevdev → libinput → xf86-input-libinput → X server → X client
evdev is primarily used by display servers like X.org (via xf86-input-evdev driver and libevdev) and Weston, as well as by games and console emulators making use of USB and Bluetooth controllers.
See also
References
External links
"Linux Input drivers v1.0" by Vojtech Pavlik, 2001 (Linux kernel document, now somewhat dated)
libevdev, a C library for evdev interface
Python bindings for evdev interface
Go bindings for evdev interface
"linux input ecosystem" by Joe Shaw, 1 October 2010 (blog post)
Interfaces of the Linux kernel
Linux kernel features
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4014080
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogers%20Are%20My%20Beat
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Boogers Are My Beat
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Boogers Are My Beat is a book containing a collection of articles written by Pulitzer Prize winning humor columnist Dave Barry. It was originally published by Crown Publishing Group in 2003.
Collecting columns written by Barry spanning the years 1999–2002, featured sections include his coverage of the 2000 Presidential Election (particularly its Democratic and Republican National Conventions, held in Los Angeles, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, respectively, that year.
Also included are two feature, non-humor columns regarding the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. The first describes his emotions of despair and anger in the days following the disaster, with the second acting as a follow-up to the fate of United Flight 93 almost a full year following the events.
Comedy books
Works by Dave Barry
2003 non-fiction books
Works originally published in American newspapers
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4014091
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longannet%20coal%20mine
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Longannet coal mine
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Longannet coal mine was a deep mine complex in Fife, Scotland.
History
Longannet was the remnant of three mines, established in the 1960s. Built on the north side of the Firth of Forth, east of Kincardine, it connected with the Bogside, Castlehill and Solsgirth Collieries, forming a single, five miles long, tunnel. They provided fuel for the nearby, 2,400MW Longannet Power Station.
The Bogside Colliery closed in the 1980s, and by the early 1990s, the Castlehill and Solsgirth coal reserves were exhausted. Production continued from the Castlebridge area. On privatisation of the coal industry, the complex passed into the ownership of Mining Scotland and later Scottish Coal (Deep Mine) Ltd. In the late 1990s, new "roadway" tunnels were driven to access a coal seam beneath the Forth, downstream of the Kincardine Bridge. When production from Castlebridge ceased, in 2000, the northern side of the complex was sealed off and flooded. Dams were constructed, isolating the old workings from the active Kincardine working.
In March 2002, millions of gallons of water flooded into the underground workings. The 15 people below ground at the time were in another part of the mine and all were evacuated safely. Shortly after the flooding, Scottish Coal (Deep Mine) Limited, went into receivership. It became clear that no new operator would take over the mine, and all the pumps were switched off, allowing further flooding. Without access, the true cause of the flooding could not be conclusively determined by the investigation. It was concluded that one of the dams, or the surrounding strata, had probably failed, but the exact reason was not known. The design margins for the dams appeared to be adequate.
Before the site's complete flattening in 2019 the multiple buildings on the site lay derelict with most of their interiors undamaged and untouched since its abandonment in late 2002 after the liquidation of Scottish Coal (Deep Mine) Ltd. The site now lies to the North East of a Specialist Sand Facility.
Longannet was the last deep mine of any significance in Scotland and its closure effectively ended underground coal mining in Scotland. As of 2008, opencast coal mining continued in Scotland, with 51.4% of Great Britain's opencast coal mines (18 out of 35 mines) and 60.1% of the saleable production by weight (5.68m tonnes out of 9.45m tonnes).
Footnotes
Buildings and structures in Fife
Economy of Fife
Coal mines in Scotland
Former mines in Scotland
Underground mines in Scotland
Former coal mines
1960s establishments in Scotland
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4014093
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20and%20Treaty
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Crown and Treaty
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The Crown and Treaty is a pub on Oxford Road in Uxbridge, London, England, where Charles I and his Parliamentary opponents during the English Civil War held negotiations (the Treaty of Uxbridge) between 30 January and 22 February 1645. It is a Grade II* listed, dating from 1576.
Description
The Crown and Treaty was built in the early sixteenth century as Place House. It was two thirds larger than it is today, but was reduced in size when Oxford Road was widened to accommodate the coaching traffic in the eighteenth century, and was converted into a coaching inn. The architectural conversion was overseen by Sir John Soane
Mercury Prize-nominated band Sweet Billy Pilgrim named their 3rd album Crown and Treaty after the pub.
The interior panelling
The wood panelling was sold in 1924 to decorate an office in the Empire State Building. However, as a gift to Elizabeth II during her coronation in 1953 the panelling was reinstalled in the inn.
The pub closed for refurbishing in April 2018, and reopened on 25 October 2019.
References
Pubs in the London Borough of Hillingdon
1645 in England
History of the London Borough of Hillingdon
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Grade II* listed pubs in London
Uxbridge
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4014095
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingscote
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Kingscote
|
Kingscote may refer to:
Places
Kingscote, South Australia, a town
Kingscote Airport, airport on Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Kingscote, Gloucestershire, England
Kingscote railway station, Sussex, England
Other uses
Kingscote (surname), a surname
Kingscote (mansion) in Newport, Rhode Island, United States
Kingscote Park, Blackpool, a park in Blackpool, England
Kingscote Park (Gloucestershire), a house near Tetbury, England
Kingscote School for Girls, fictional school where Antonia Forest's Marlow family are educated
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4014099
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%20Highways
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Arizona Highways
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Arizona Highways is a magazine that contains travelogues and artistic photographs related to the U.S. state of Arizona. It is published monthly in Phoenix by a unit of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT).
Background
The magazine began in July 1921 by the Arizona Highway Department (now the Arizona Department of Transportation) as a 10-page pamphlet designed to promote "the development of good roads throughout the state." Publication of the pamphlet ended on December 30, 1922, after nine issues. The publication was relaunched on April 15, 1925, as a regular magazine. In addition to the engineering articles, cartoons and travelogues were also included in the early issues. Over the next two decades the magazine reduced, and then stopped, inclusion of the road engineering articles and dedicated itself to the present format of travel tales, historical stories, and humor about the state of Arizona (including stories about Arizona's contribution to the history of the Old West), always enhanced by the now-legendary photography. This transition began largely under the watch of Raymond Carlson, who began as editor in 1938 and served until 1971; under his leadership the magazine stopped accepting advertisements and developed the editorial tone and style for which it is best known to the present day.
Arizona Highways has been well known for documenting the Native American people of Arizona and the Southwest, especially the Navajo, the Hopi and Apache; this includes stories and photos of life on the reservations, and centuries-old Native ceremonies such as the "sunrise dance" of the Apache. (Future U.S. Senator and 1964 presidential candidate Barry Goldwater first became known in the late 1930s for his photographs of Native American life in Arizona, as well as other scenic landscapes such as the Grand Canyon, published in the pages of Arizona Highways.) From time to time, special issues would be devoted to major places of interest in Arizona, such as the Phoenix and Tucson areas (as well as each of Arizona's major state-run universities), and the Grand Canyon. In selected issues, destinations in the Southwest outside of Arizona have been featured, including Bryce Canyon National Park in southern Utah. Several issues have been devoted exclusively to Mexico, documenting places of historical interest and natural beauty (including the border town of Nogales), accessible to Arizonans via a relatively short drive south of the border.
In the mid-1960s, there were reports that Arizona Highways had been designated as "subversive literature", despite being non-political, and subsequently banned by the authorities of various countries in the Eastern Bloc, including East Germany and the Soviet Union. Arizona Highways states that the reason the magazine was banned was because the magazine was believed to propagandize life in America.
Arizona Highways promoted the art of Ettore "Ted" DeGrazia, showcasing his artwork especially in their December issues. Beginning in the 1950s, the December issue became known as "Arizona's Christmas card to the world" as it was for many years the only issue of the year produced in full color, allowing for many dramatic and awe-inspiring color shots of the Arizona landscape, from the desert regions of the central and southern portions of the state to the snow-covered pine forests of Flagstaff and other northern areas. Arizona Highways began printing all issues in full color by the mid-1980s.
In 1946, photographer Ansel Adams started to contribute prints for the magazine. Photographs include "Arches, North Court, Mission San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona, 1968" and "Saguaro Cactus, Sunrise, Arizona, 1942". Since this time, the magazine has become known for its photography, often compared favorably with that of National Geographic and similar travel magazines. Three generations of the Muench family contributed landscape photographs to Arizona Highways: Josef Muench, an immigrant from Bavaria, whose first photos appeared in the late 1930s; son David Muench, who assisted his father as a teenager (his first of many Arizona Highways covers appeared in January 1955 when he was eighteen, and whose style became a standard followed by several later photographers for the magazine); and David's son Marc Muench, who became a fixture in Arizona Highways' pages starting in the 1980s. Pulitzer Prize-winning photojournalist Jack Dykinga has been a frequent contributor, as has been Jerry Jacka, known for not only landscapes but for his photos of the historic and contemporary art (and people) of Arizona's Native American communities. Five separate issues of Arizona Highways have been devoted entirely to Jacka's work.
Today, Arizona Highways monthly circulation surpasses 200,000 copies, with readers in 50 U.S. states and in two-thirds of the world's countries.
Although known primarily for its magazine, Arizona Highways also publishes books, calendars, and other Arizona-related products. Arizona Highways TV, which showcases many of the Arizona locations covered in the magazine, began production in 2004, hosted by former KNXV co-anchor Robin Sewell.
Notable contributors to Arizona Highways
Ansel Adams
Charles Bowden
Jack Dykinga
Barry Goldwater
Esther Henderson
Ray Manley
Ross Santee
References
External links
Arizona Highways Online at the Arizona Memory Project, Arizona State Library
Advertising-free magazines
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Arizona culture
Geographic magazines
Publications of state governments of the United States
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1925
Magazines published in Arizona
Mass media in Phoenix, Arizona
Tourism magazines
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4014101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnington%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Bonnington (disambiguation)
|
Bonnington is a village and civil parish in Kent, England.
Bonnington may also refer to:
Places in the United Kingdom
Bonnington, East Lothian, Scotland
Bonnington, Edinburgh, within the City of Edinburgh
Bonnington Linn, near New Lanark, Scotland, a water feature
Other uses
Bonnington (sternwheeler), a lake steamer in British Columbia, Canada
Bonnington Aqueduct, part of the Union Canal west of Edinburgh, Scotland
Bonnington Chemical Works, a pioneering coal tar processing facility
Bonnington Falls, a former waterfall, British Columbia, Canada
Bonnington Falls, British Columbia, a community, British Columbia, Canada
Bonnington Pavilion, ruins of an 18th-century Scottish structure
Bonnington Range, part of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada
Bonnington Square, square in Vauxhall, London, England
See also
Bonington (disambiguation)
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4014109
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles
|
1997 French Open – Women's singles
|
Iva Majoli defeated Martina Hingis in the final, 6–4, 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1997 French Open. Majoli became the first Croat to win a major title. This was the only major match Hingis lost in the 1997 season, preventing her from achieving the Grand Slam. Hingis was on a 35-match winning streak, dating to the start of the season in Sydney.
Steffi Graf was the two-time defending champion, but lost to Amanda Coetzer in the quarterfinals. It was the second consecutive major where Coetzer defeated Graf, after the 1997 Australian Open.
This tournament marked the major debut of future world No. 1 and seven-time major champion Venus Williams; she was defeated in the second round by Nathalie Tauziat.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1997 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open - Women's Singles
1997 in women's tennis
1997 in French women's sport
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4014115
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluky%20%28P%C3%ADsek%20District%29
|
Kluky (Písek District)
|
Kluky is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Kluky lies approximately east of Písek, north-west of České Budějovice, and south of Prague.
Administrative parts
Villages of Březí and Dobešice are administrative parts of Kluky.
References
Villages in Písek District
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4014116
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Way%20I%20Am%20%28Ana%20Johnsson%20album%29
|
The Way I Am (Ana Johnsson album)
|
The Way I Am is the international debut album by Swedish singer-songwriter Ana Johnsson and the second studio album overall. It was released on August 9, 2004, by Bonnier Amigo and Sony BMG. The album was the 2005 winner of the European Border Breakers Award for Sweden.
It is composed of the first seven songs of the first album, Cuz I Can, plus four new songs. The album spawned three singles: "We Are", which was the theme song from the Spider-Man 2 movie, and two songs co-written by Johnsson, "Don't Cry for Pain" and "Coz I Can", the latter making it to the top 5 most popular songs in Japan at the time of its release.
In addition to reaching the top 20 in Germany and Switzerland, The Way I Am was a commercial success in Japan, where it debuted at number four and went on to sell over 150,000 copies, receiving a Gold certification. It sold 300,000 copies worldwide.
Track listings
Standard album
Includes the videos:
On the road with... Ana Johnsson
We Are [music video] (without the Spider-Man 2 scenes)
Japanese version (CD/DVD)
CD
"We Are" – 3:57
"Don't Cry for Pain" – 3:48
"The Way I Am" – 3:32
"I'm Stupid" – 3:48
"Life" – 3:08
"6 Feet Under" – 3:45
"Coz I Can" – 3:03
"Crest of the Wave" – 4:50
"L.A." – 3:44
"Now It's Gone" – 3:43
"Here I Go Again" – 3:27
"Black Hole" [bonus track] – 3:58
DVD
"We Are" [video]
On the Road with Ana Johnsson (photo session in Japan) [video]
Japanese special edition 2CD
CD 1
As the regular CD.
CD 2
Includes the videos:
"Coz I Can"
"Don't Cry for Pain"
Note: The CD 2 tracks are from Johnsson's first album Cuz I Can.
Singles
Charts
1: The International Album Chart excludes Japanese artists. Peak position in parentheses is for the full album chart. The album peaked at No. 24 at the Japanese Oricon International Albums of 2004.
Credits
Production
Vocals, backing vocals: Ana Johnsson
Producer, mixer, instruments – Leif Larson
Producer, mixer, instruments – Marcus Black
Producer, mixer, instruments, arranged, recorder – Ghost
Producer, mixer, instruments, additional vocals – Mikael Nord Andersson, Martin Hansen
Producer, guitar – Max Martin, Johan Brorson, Christian Nilsson
Producer, mixer, arranged, keyboards, programming, backing vocals – Jörgen Elofsson
Producer, mixer, arranged, instruments – Kalle Engstrom, Carlk Falk
Producer, arranged, guitar, bass guitar, drums, programming – Mathias Venge
Mixer, – Stefan Glaumann
Mixer, – Bo Reimer
programming – Peter Wennerberg
Mastered by – Björn Engelmann at Cutting Room Studios
Additional musicians
Drums – Nicci Notini Wallin, Sank, Lars Morten, Alar Suurna
Drums, bass guitar – Olle Dahkstedt
Drums, percussion – Christer Jansson
Guitar, bass guitar – Ola Gustavsson
Guitar – Staffan Astner
Guitar – Mattias Blomdahl
Bass guitar – Thomas Lindberg
Bass guitar – Stefan Olsson
Strings – Stockholm Session Strings
Strings arranged and conducted by – Rutger Gunnarsson
Background vocals – Jurl, Didrik Thott, Andreas Carlsson
Artwork
Photography by – Ralf Strathmann
Artwork by – Christian Bagush, dangerous. Berlin
Release history
References
Ana Johnsson albums
2004 debut albums
Albums produced by Ghost (production team)
Sony BMG albums
European Border Breakers Award-winning albums
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4014119
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Spadavecchia
|
John Spadavecchia
|
John Spadavecchia is an American professional poker player from Lighthouse Point, Florida.
Spadavecchia has been a regular on the poker tournament circuit since the 1980s, with his first finish in the money of a World Series of Poker (WSOP) event coming in the 1988 World Series of Poker in the $10,000 no limit Texas hold 'em main event where he finished 28th, earning him $8,750.
World Series of Poker bracelets
Poker career
Spadavecchia has cashed in a total of three World Series of Poker main events, the first coming in 1988. The second cash was in 1994 where he made the final table, placing third, earning him $294,000. The third came in 2007 where he placed 60th, earning him $154,194.
He has cashed in the WSOP events more than two dozen times. Spadavecchia won his bracelet in the 1991 WSOP, defeating three-time bracelet winner Dewey Tomko, to win the title and $58,500 cash prize. He came close to winning a second bracelet in 1995 in the $2,500 Seven Card Stud event, but lost to Dan Robison in the heads-up play.
He has cashed in the World Series of Poker Circuit Events a total of seven times, including two first-place finishes, for a total of $791,796. That figure puts him third on the all-time total WSOP circuit event earnings list. His biggest career win came in the 2005/2006 WSOP Circuit Event - Caesars Palace no limit hold 'em $10,000 buy-in Championship. There he placed first, earning him $648,320. That win qualified him to play in the 2006 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions.
As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,500,000. His 26 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,104,613 of those winnings.
Notes
American poker players
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
World Series of Poker Circuit event winners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
People from Lighthouse Point, Florida
Sportspeople from Broward County, Florida
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4014120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio%20Gama%20Pinto
|
Pio Gama Pinto
|
Pio Gama Pinto (31 March 1927 – 24 February 1965) was a Kenyan journalist, politician and freedom fighter. He was a socialist leader who dedicated his life to the liberation of the Kenyan people and became independent Kenya's first martyr in 1965.
Early years
Pinto was born in Nairobi on 31 March 1927 to a Kenyan Asian family of Konkani Goan Catholic descent. Born to immigrant Goan parents hailing from the Portuguese Overseas Province of Goa, his father was an official in the colonial government of Kenya while his mother was a housewife. At age eight, he was sent to India for his education and spent the next nine years there, passing his matriculation exams at St. Joseph's High School, Arpora and then studying science at Karnatak College, Dharwar for two years before joining the Indian Air Force in 1944 as an apprentice ground engineer. He then took up a job in the Posts and Telegraph office in Bombay, participated in a general strike and became a founding member of the Goa National Congress whose aim was the liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule. When only seventeen, he started an agitation in Bombay against the Portuguese colonial occupation of Goa. His political activism soon made it necessary for him to return to Kenya to avoid being arrested and deported to the Tarrafal concentration camp in Cape Verde.
Political career
In 1949 Pinto returned to Kenya and, after a succession of clerical jobs, became involved in local politics aimed at overthrowing British colonial rule in Kenya. He turned to journalism and worked with the Colonial Times and the Daily Chronicle. In 1954, five months after his marriage to Emma Dias, he was rounded up in the notorious Operation Anvil and spent the next four years in detention on Manda Island. He was kept in confinement from early 1958 until October 1959 at Kabarnet.
In 1960 he founded the Kenya African National Union (KANU) newspaper Sauti Ya KANU, and later, Pan African Press, of which he subsequently became Director and Secretary.
Pinto played an active role in campaigning for KANU during the 1961 elections which it won. In 1963 he was elected a Member of the Central Legislative Assembly and in July 1964 was appointed a Specially Elected Member of the House of Representatives. He worked to establish the Lumumba Institute in 1964 to train KANU party officials.
Assassination
In Nairobi, on 24 February 1965, Pinto was shot at very close range in the driveway while waiting for the gate to open. He was with his daughter in his car at the time of his killing. The police set out to find three gunmen in connection with the murder. Kisilu Mutua and Chege Thuo, teenagers at the time, were arrested on the day of the murder. Kisilu and Chege informed the C.I.D. that they were hired by Ochola Mak’Anyengo, the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil workers union, to frighten Pinto ostensibly on account of his interfering with the union. Mak’Anyengo was arrested following these accusations. At the police lineup however, the accused affirmed that Ochola Mak’Anyengo resembled the man who hired them, but he was not the actual culprit who had identified himself as Mak'Anyengo. Ochola Mak’Anyengo was cleared of any involvement and released. After the case was heard in court, Thuo was acquitted, but Mutua was given the death sentence. This sentence was later reduced to life in prison following an appeal.
Pinto became the first Kenyan politician to be assassinated after Independence. At the time of his assassination, Pinto was 38. He was survived by his wife, Emma and his three daughters Linda, Malusha and Tereshka. Two years after the assassination, Emma and her daughters migrated to Canada. Different theories have been forwarded about the assassination with some suggesting that Pinto was killed by Jomo Kenyatta's men and others seeing Pinto's assassination as the extermination of an avowed Communist with links to the Mozambican liberation movement by neocolonial forces. An article published in Transition magazine in 1966 noted that a letter was circulated amongst Members of Parliament after Pinto’s murder warning of the risks of cooperating with the eastern bloc. Bildad Kaggia was quoted saying that Pinto’s killing was not an ordinary murder but a political one. Despite the wide perception that this was a political assassination, the police investigation treated the murder as not political.
When Mutua, convicted for the murder of Pinto, was released after 35 years in prison through a presidential pardon by President Daniel Arap Moi, Mutua insisted on his innocence and called for thorough investigations to identify Pinto's true assassins.
Posthumous commemoration
After his death, Pio Pinto's colleagues established a Pinto Trust Fund to help his widow and family to which leftist governments such as those of China and Tanzania contributed. In September 1965, Mrs. Emma Gama Pinto was invited to Santiago, Chile, to receive a posthumous prize awarded to her husband by the International Organisation of Journalists for his contribution in journalism to the liberation of African countries from foreign domination and exploitation. In 2008, Kenya released a series of four stamps titled Heroes of Kenya, one of which depicted Pinto.
References
1927 births
1965 deaths
Assassinated Kenyan politicians
Deaths by firearm in Kenya
Kenya African National Union politicians
Kenyan people of Indian descent
Goan Catholics
People murdered in Kenya
Kenyan people of Goan descent
Kenyan Roman Catholics
Kenyan trade unionists
Kenyan politicians of Indian descent
Kenyan socialists
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4014139
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Jones%20%28U.S.%20diplomat%29
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Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)
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Richard Henry Jones (born August 26, 1950) is an American diplomat and the former Deputy Executive Director of the International Energy Agency.
Jones is a career Foreign Service Officer and member of the Senior Foreign Service. He has served as United States Ambassador to Israel (2005–2008), Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State and Coordinator for Iraq Policy (February–September 2005), Chief Policy Officer and Deputy Administrator for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad (November 2003 - June 2004), Ambassador to Kuwait (2001–2004), Ambassador to Kazakhstan (1998–2000), and Ambassador to Lebanon (1996–1998).
Early life and education
Jones was born at Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier Parish, Louisiana. He received his Bachelor of Science degree with distinction in mathematics from Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California and earned a master's and doctorate in business/statistics from the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Career
Jones has been twice posted to the embassy in Riyadh and has also served in Paris and Tunis and was director of the Division of Developed Country Trade in the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (1987–1989) of the State Department, and later director of the State Department’s Office of Egyptian Affairs within its Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs.
Jones served as ambassador to Lebanon from February 1996 until July 1998 and ambassador to Kazakhstan from December 1998 until July 2001. He served as ambassador to Kuwait from September 2001 until July 2004. From November 2003 until June 2004, Jones served concurrently as Chief Policy Officer and Deputy Administrator for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad. He worked in Kuwait to enlisting Kuwaiti support for the Iraq War and worked under L. Paul Bremer to implement the November 15, 2003 Agreement with the Iraqi Governing Council. Jones was a senior fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government from September 2004 until January 2005.
In February 2005 Jones was named Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State and Coordinator for Iraq Policy (S/I) the highest-ranking State Department post focused entirely on Iraq policy. Jones chaired an Under Secretary of State-level interagency steering group charged with reviewing and developing Iraq policy and led U.S. diplomatic efforts on Iraq with the international community, including preparations for the June 22, 2005 Iraq International Conference in Brussels.
Jones was sworn in as ambassador to Israel by Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick on September 6, 2005. He left that position on August 1, 2008.
Jones served as the deputy executive director of the International Energy Agency, based in Paris from 1 October 2008 until end of September 2013.
Jones most recently served as Chargé d'affaires ad interim at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon from November 2015 until June 2016.
Personal life
He is fluent in Arabic, French, German, and Russian. He served two terms on the board of the Saudi Arabian International School in Riyadh. He enjoys hiking and bicycling, as well as winter and racquet sports.
Jones married Joan Wiener in 1973 and has four children: Josh (1977), Vera (1980), Ben (1991), and Hope (1992).
External links
Entry at the United States Department of State directory
CV of Richard H. Jones (IEA website)
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1950 births
Ambassadors of the United States to Israel
Ambassadors of the United States to Kazakhstan
Ambassadors of the United States to Kuwait
Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon
Harvey Mudd College alumni
International Energy Agency officials
Harvard Kennedy School people
Living people
People from Bossier Parish, Louisiana
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
United States Foreign Service personnel
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4014141
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance%20against%20royalties
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Advance against royalties
|
In the field of intellectual property licensing, an advance against royalties is a payment made by the licensee to the licensor at the start of the period of licensing (usually immediately upon contract, or on delivery of the property being licensed) which is to be offset against future royalty payments. It is also known as a guaranteed minimum royalty payment.
For example, a book's author may sell a license to a publisher in return for 5% royalties on sales of the book and a $5,000 advance against those royalties. In this case, the author would immediately receive the $5,000, and royalty payments would be withheld until $5000 in royalties already paid had been earned — that is, until the publisher's takings from selling copies of the book reached $100,000; after that point the 5% royalty would be paid on any additional sales.
In some business areas (e.g. film production), it is common practice for the licensee to demand repayment of any advance that is not covered by royalties, whereas in others (e.g. book publication) this practice is unusual.
See also
Advance payment
Royalties
References
Intellectual property law
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4014153
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynsham%20railway%20station
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Keynsham railway station
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Keynsham railway station is on the Great Western Main Line in South West England, serving the town of Keynsham, Somerset. It is down the line from and is situated between and stations.
It is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates all of the trains that call.
History
The station was opened on 31 August 1840 with the completion of the Great Western Railway line between Bristol and Bath. It was renamed Keynsham and Somerdale on 1 February 1925 with the opening of the Fry's chocolate factory at Somerdale, which had its own siding. The station was rebuilt in 1931 to accommodate longer trains bringing in workers who had transferred from a factory in Bristol belonging to the company.
Between 1841 and 1851 it had the possibly unique distinction, for a railway station, of featuring a Roman Orpheus mosaic set into a floor. This had been found at Newton St Loe, and is now in Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery.
Keynsham is the nearest station to the village of Saltford, which until 1970 had its own station.
The station's name reverted to Keynsham on 6 May 1974. By this time many workers had relocated to Keynsham, or commuted by car. The factory had its own rail system which was connected to the mainline. The connection to Fry's chocolate factory was taken out of use on 26–27 July 1980. The trackbed of this can still be seen opposite the entrance to the station car park, which is now a public walking route into the housing estate on what was the Somerdale sports fields.
The station was rebuilt in 1985 as a joint project between British Rail and Avon County Council. The rebuilding provided a new brick built shelter on platform 2, a new footbridge and the enlargement of the car park. Further construction work began in mid-2009. In 2011 a campaign group was formed to gain improved access for the disabled at the station. Recently a new disabled access ramp was built which provides wheelchair access between the footbridge and Platform 1. In addition to this, dot matrix display boards have been put up on both platforms. These displays are accompanied by audio announcements.
Accidents and incidents
On 18 March 1849, a passenger train became divided approaching Keynsham. The rear portion then ran into the front portion when the latter stopped at the station. One person was injured.
On 20 January 1853 a luggage train was derailed near Keynsham due to an axle failure on one of the carriages.
On 7 June 1865, a passenger train ran into the rear of another near Keynsham. An empty stock train ran into the wreckage. At least three people were injured.
Services
Passenger services are operated by Great Western Railway.
Keynsham Station has at least an hourly service in each direction between Monday and Saturday, with roughly a 2 hourly service on Sunday. Direct destinations include: ; ; ; Cardiff; ; ; and . The majority of its services are a combination of 2 hourly Weymouth trains and 2 hourly Southampton trains eastbound and an hourly service to Bristol and in the other direction. On summer Saturdays an extra train is run between and formed of either a Sprinter or a Class 166 Turbo, calling at Keynsham at 09:14, this train does not call at , , , , , or Upwey. There is one direct service from on Monday to Friday that calls at Keynsham at 08:06. A return service to London was introduced in Summer 2020, calling at Keynsham at 17:36. Passengers wishing to travel to London Paddington during the off peak hours should change at Bath Spa or Bristol Temple Meads. The typical journey times are approximately 7 minutes to Bristol and 10 minutes to Bath.
It is common to see a range of different train classes. These include: Class 150 (Sprinter); Class 158 (Express Sprinter); Class 166 (Turbo); Class 800 (Intercity Express Train). Keynsham also used to be a stop on West Coast Railways' Weymouth Seaside Express on Summer Sundays from July to September, although this train has not run since the railway upgrade works east of Bath in August 2015.
Keynsham is also a stop on a Parliamentary train that runs on weekdays from Filton Abbey Wood to Bath Spa, via Bristol West Curve. It does not call at Bristol Temple Meads.
Until the December 2021 timetable change, Keynsham was a stop on South Western Railway's London Waterloo to Bristol services. These trains detached from the rear of Waterloo to Exeter services at Salisbury.
Electrification
As part of the electrification of the Great Western Main Line, the line through Keynsham closed for 1 week in April 2016 so that Network Rail could carry out preparation work for the installation of the overhead wires. This involved the lowering of the track under the road bridge and the replacement of the canopy on platform 1. Also the brick shelter on the Bath (up) platform was enlarged. The canopy on Platform 2 was removed between 14 and 18 March 2016.
Bus links
The following bus services stop just outside the station on Station Road:
17 Keynsham to Southmead Hospital via Hanham
18 Bath to Kingswood via Oldland Common, and North Common.
All the services are operated by First West of England.Services 39 and 178 stop in the town centre just a short walk away.
A local bus service runs from the new Somerdale housing estate (being built on the grounds of the former Cadburys chocolate factory) to the Chandag Estate in the East of the town. Bath Bus Company service A4 stops outside the church in the town centre providing a half-hourly service to and from Bristol Airport via South Bristol 7 days a week. The A4 also provides a half-hourly service towards Saltford and Bath.
References
Keynsham
Former Great Western Railway stations
Great Western Main Linev
Railway stations in Bristol, Bath and South Gloucestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1840
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
DfT Category F1 stations
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4014155
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning%20Institute%20Australia
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Planning Institute Australia
|
Planning Institute of Australia (PIA) is the peak national body representing town planning and the planning profession in Australia. PIA represents approximately 5000 members nationally and internationally. It is governed by a National Board of Directors and managed by a professional administration. It is a member-based organisation with its management complemented by volunteers, who support and contribute to its activities on various levels.
PIA runs a number of events at both the National and State/Territory levels, including an annual National Congress, an Annual State Conference in most States/Territories, professional development seminars, and a number of social occasions. PIA also presents State and National Awards for Planning Excellence to recognise and publicise outstanding achievements in planning and design, and has a code of professional conduct to which all members are required to adhere.
PIA is closely aligned with a global network of other planning professional bodies throughout the world including the American Planning Association (APA) and Royal Town Planning Institute.
PIA also publishes Australian Planner, a peer-reviewed journal for the planning profession in Australia and the Pacific Region.
The Planning Institute of Australia holds an annual National Congress on a rotational basis between the capital cities.
Background
The origin of the Planning Institute was in early volunteer-based Australian town planning associations comprising a mixture of design professionals (architects, engineers and surveyors) and interested individuals. This included the Town Planning Association of NSW in 1913, and the Western Australian Town Planning Association in 1916.
In the 1930s a growing desire on the part of the qualified professionals to create advocacy groups modelled after the British Town and Country Planning Institute led to the formation of various state and City-based institutes. In their early years there was sometimes conflict between the institutes and volunteer-based associations.
The first of these bodies was the Town Planning Institute of Western Australia, formed by Harold Boas in 1931 and lasting only 4 years.
By 1950, various Australian professional associations representing town planners had consolidated into the Town Planning Institute of Australia (representing Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania), the Town Planning Institute of South Australia and the NSW-based Town and Country Planning Institute of Australia. In January 1951, all three institutes met in Melbourne and formally agreed to amalgamate as the Regional and Town Planning Institute with Arthur Winston as the first president. This organisation became the only national organisation representing qualified urban and regional planners and other related disciplines in Australia.
It later became the Royal Australian Planning Institute until 2002, when the current name was adopted.
University affiliation
The institute works closely Australian universities providing accreditation to town planning courses and programs. The current list of accredited programs includes:
ACT
University of Canberra (Bachelor of Planning Accreditation: to 2012)
University of Canberra (Master of Urban and Regional Planning Accreditation: to 2014)
New South Wales
University of Sydney
University of New South Wales
University of Technology, Sydney
Macquarie University
University of New England
Charles Sturt University
University of Western Sydney
Northern Territory
Northern Territory University
Queensland
University of Queensland
Griffith University
Queensland University of Technology
James Cook University
University of Sunshine Coast
Bond University
South Australia
University of Adelaide
University of South Australia – Master of Urban and Regional Planning
Flinders University
Tasmania
University of Tasmania
Western Australia
Curtin University
University of Western Australia
Victoria
La Trobe University
RMIT University
University of Melbourne
Deakin University
Victoria University
See also
Urban planning in Australia
References
External links
Planning Institute Australia official website
Professional associations based in Australia
Professional planning institutes
Urban planning in Australia
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4014162
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20for%20John%20Doe
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Songs for John Doe
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Songs for John Doe is the 1941 debut album and first released product of the Almanac Singers, an influential early folk music group.
The album was released in May 1941, at a time when World War II was raging but the United States remained neutral. The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were still at peace, as provided by the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. American Communists and "fellow travelers", including the Almanacs, followed the anti-interventionist stance dictated by the Soviet Union through the Comintern, which accounts for the appearance of anti-war songs on the album. However, on June 22, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Almanacs changed direction and began agitating for U.S. intervention in Europe. Songs for John Doe was quickly pulled from distribution, and those who had already purchased copies were asked to return them. After the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor, in February 1942 the Almanacs went into the studio to record a set of songs supporting the American war effort. The new political line was evident on the group's 1942 album, Dear Mr. President.
The opening song "Ballad of October 16" uses the melody of the folk song "Jesse James".
For the album, six masters were recorded in a two- or three-hour session. "'C' For Conscription" and "Washington Breakdown" were recorded as a single take.
Track listing
Personnel
Pete Seeger, vocal, banjo
Lee Hays, vocal
Millard Lampell, vocal
Josh White, vocal, guitar
Sam Gary, vocal
External links
Sam Gary discography (with picture of that album's cover)
1941 albums
Almanac Singers albums
Anti-war songs
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4014175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Assembly%20%28Afghanistan%29
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National Assembly (Afghanistan)
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The National Assembly (, ), also known as the Parliament of Afghanistan or simply as the Afghan Parliament, was the legislature of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. It was effectively dissolved when the Taliban seized power on 15 August 2021, and transferred legislative authority to the Leadership Council. The Taliban did not include the National Assembly and several other agencies of the former government in its first national budget in May 2022. Government spokesman Innamullah Samangani said that due to the financial crisis, only active agencies were included in the budget, and the excluded ones had been dissolved, but noted they could be brought back "if needed". It was a bicameral body, comprising two chambers:
Meshrano Jirga () or the House of Elders: an upper house with 102 seats.
Wolesi Jirga () or the House of the People: a lower house with 250 seats
According to Chapter Five of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan, "the National Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the highest legislative organ was the manifestation of the will of its people and represents the whole nation. Every member of the National Assembly took into judgment the general welfare and supreme interests of all people of Afghanistan at the time of casting their vote".
Duties of the National Assembly
Ratification, modification or abrogation of laws or legislative decrees;
Approval of social, cultural, economic as well as technological development programs;
Approval of the state budget as well as permission to obtain or grant loans;
Creation, modification and or abrogation of administrative units;
Ratification of international treaties and agreements, or abrogation of membership of Afghanistan in them;
Other authorities enshrined in this Constitution.
The Wolesi Jirga (House of People)
The Wolesi Jirga had 250 seats with members directly elected by the people. Sixty-eight women were elected to the seats reserved under the Constitution, while 17 of them were elected in their own right. Each province was given proportionate representation in the Wolesi Jirga according to its population. Each member of the Wolesi Jirga enjoyed a five-year term.
An aspiring candidate for the Wolesi Jirga had to fulfill the following criteria:
Be at least 25 years of age
Be a citizen of Afghanistan
Be registered as a voter
Be running as a representative in only one province
Pay a registration fee of 15,000 Afghanis (approximately US$300) which will be refunded provided the candidate wins at least three percent (3%) of the vote
Submit a nomination form along with photocopies of 500 voter ID cards supporting the candidacy
In addition, no candidate could have been charged with crimes against humanity.
The Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders)
The Meshrano Jirga consisted of a mixture of appointed and elected members (total 102 members). Sixty-eight members were selected by 34 directly elected Provincial Councils, and 34 were appointed by the President. President Karzai's appointments were vetted by an independent UN sponsored election board and included 17 women (50%), as required by the Constitution.
Each provincial council elected one council member to serve in the Jirga (34 members), also each district council (34 members). Representatives of provincial councils served a term of four years, while representatives of district councils served a term of three years. Sebghatulla Mojadeddi was appointed President of Meshrano Jirga.
An aspiring candidate for the Meshrano Jirga had to fulfill the following criteria:
Be at least 35 years of age
Be a citizen of Afghanistan
In addition, no potential member of the Meshrano Jirga could have been charged with crimes against humanity.
New Parliament building
The National Assembly is located next to the famous Darul Aman Palace in Darulaman, which is the southwestern section of Kabul where many important national institutions are found. The current building for the Assembly was built by India as part of its contribution in the rebuilding of Afghanistan. It was inaugurated in late 2015 by Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and his guest Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India. The current Parliament was inaugurated on April 26, 2019 after being sworn in by Ghani.
The foundation stone for the new National Assembly Building was laid in August 2005 by the last reigning monarch of Afghanistan, King Zahir, in the presence of Hamid Karzai and Manmohan Singh. India's Central Public Works Department (CPWD) was the consultant for the project and the contract was awarded to an Indian infrastructure company in 2008. The new Parliament building is corralled in a 100-acre plot in the famous Darulaman section of Kabul. It sits next to two historical landmarks: the Darul Aman Palace and the Tajbeg Palace.
The construction work on the $220 million dollar building was initially slated to be complete by 2012, in 36 months. The deadline, however, was pushed back due to challenging work conditions, shortage of skilled workforce and precarious security environment. More than 500 laborers had worked on the building, most of them Indian nationals. The main attraction of the building is a bronze dome of 32 meter diameter and 17.15 meter height is considered to be the largest dome in Asia. The big dome will cover the assembly hall and the small dome will be over the entrance lobby. In front of the building, there is a water body with nine cascading fountains. Inside the building, a 20-feet fountain, made of green marble imported from Indian city of Udaipur, has been installed.
On December 25, 2015, during a state visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the new Parliament building was inaugurated along with President Ashraf Ghani. Ghani tweeted: "Pleased to welcome PM Modi to Kabul. Though, India & Afghanistan need no introduction, we are bound by a thousand ties... We have stood by each other in the best and worst of times."
See also
Afghan Youth Parliament
Politics of Afghanistan
Afghan parliamentary election, 2018
List of legislatures by country
Afghanistan–India relations
Women in the Parliament of Afghanistan
References
External links
Official website (archived 15 August 2021)
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4014192
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen%20III%20decarboxylase
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Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
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Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, or UROD) is an enzyme () that in humans is encoded by the UROD gene.
Function
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase is a homodimeric enzyme () that catalyzes the fifth step in heme biosynthesis, which corresponds to the elimination of carboxyl groups from the four acetate side chains of uroporphyrinogen III to yield coproporphyrinogen III:
uroporphyrinogen III coproporphyrinogen III + 4 CO2
Clinical significance
Mutations and deficiency in this enzyme are known to cause familial porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. At least 65 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.
Mechanism
At low substrate concentrations, the reaction is believed to follow an ordered route, with the sequential removal of CO2 from the D, A, B, and C rings, whereas at higher substrate/enzyme levels a random route seems to be operative. The enzyme functions as a dimer in solution, and both the enzymes from human and tobacco have been crystallized and solved at good resolutions.
UroD is regarded as an unusual decarboxylase, since it performs decarboxylations without the intervention of any cofactors, unlike the vast majority of decarboxylases. Its mechanism has recently been proposed to proceed through substrate protonation by an arginine residue. A 2008 report demonstrated that the uncatalyzed rate for UroD's reaction is 10−19 s−1, so at pH 10 the rate acceleration of UroD relative to the uncatalyzed rate, i.e. catalytic proficiency, is the largest for any enzyme known, 6 x 1024 M−1.
References
Further reading
External links
EC 4.1.1
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4014199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio%20Kasaya
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Yukio Kasaya
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is a Japanese former ski jumper. At the 1972 Olympics in Sapporo he became the first Japanese athlete to win a gold medal and the second Japanese (after Chiharu Igaya) to win any medal at the Winter Olympics. Previously he placed second at the 1970 World Championships and won the first three jumping events at the 1971/72 Four Hills Tournament. He also took part in the 1964, 1968 and 1976 Olympics and served as the Olympics flag bearer for Japan in 1976 and 1998.
Kasaya took up ski jumping at the Taketsuru facility in his native Yoichi, which was built by the founder of Nikka Whisky Distilling Masataka Taketsuru. The facility was renamed after Kasaya in 1972. Kasaya was a long-term employee of the Nikka distillery, eventually becoming its section head.
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
Japanese male ski jumpers
Ski jumpers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
People from Yoichi, Hokkaido
Olympic ski jumpers of Japan
Olympic medalists in ski jumping
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Persons of Cultural Merit
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4014211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlechchha%20dynasty
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Mlechchha dynasty
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The Mlechchha dynasty (c. 650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at Harruppesvar in present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty. According to historical records, there were twenty one rulers in this dynasty, but the line is obscure and names of some intervening rulers are not known.Like all other Kamarupa dynasties which extended till central Assam,a semi-mythical lineage from Narakasura was constructed to accord legitimacy to their rule. The Mlechchha dynasty in Kamarupa was followed by the Pala kings. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman dynasty.
Sources
Salasthambha is first mentioned in an inscription 175 years into the rule of the dynasty.
The Hayunthal Copper Plates, dated to the middle of 9th Century CE, mentions multiple kings from the dynasty in a chronological fashion — Salastamba, Vijaya, Palaka, Kumara, Vajradeva, Harsavarman, Balavarman, [unnamed], Harjaravarman, and Vanamala. The Tejpur Copper Plates (since lost), roughly dated to the same spans, primarily chronicles Vanamala — other rulers like Pralambha, and Harjaravarman are mentioned. The Parbatiya Copper Plates, again roughly dated to the middle of 9th Century CE, chronicles Vanamala.
Origins and etymology
It is not clear how Salasthambha, the first of this dynasty, came to power.
Suniti Kumar Chatterji as well Dineshchandra Sircar propose that Salastambha was a Bodo-Kachari chief of Mech, which was later sanskritized to Mleccha; an inscription from the reign of a king from the later Pala dynasty claims him to be a mlecchādhināth (Lord of The Mlecchas). An illegible explanation of theirs being called mlecchas was provided over the Hayunthal Plates, too.
Symbolically, Mleccha designation could mean suppression of Vedic religion and the predominance of tantric vamacara practised by saivites and saktas. So, ethnic identity of Salastambha family could be same as Varmans but came to be known as mlecchas.
According to some historians, the remnant of the Mlechchha kingdom formed the later Kachari kingdom.
Rulers
The grants of Ratnapala give the list of 21 kings from Salastambha to his line.
Salastamba (650-670)
Vijaya alias Vigrahastambha
Palaka
Kumara
Vajradeva
Harshadeva alias Harshavarman (725-745)
Balavarman II
Jivaraja
Digleswaravarman
Salambha
Harjjaravarman (815-832)
Vanamalavarmadeva (832-855)
Jayamala alias Virabahu (855-860)
Balavarman III (860-880)
Tyagasimha (890-900)
References
Bibliography
Dynasties of India
People from Kamarupa
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4014228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamentation
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Filamentation
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Filamentation is the anomalous growth of certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no septa formation). The cells that result from elongation without division have multiple chromosomal copies.
In the absence of antibiotics or other stressors, filamentation occurs at a low frequency in bacterial populations (4–8% short filaments and 0–5% long filaments in 1- to 8-hour cultures). The increased cell length can protect bacteria from protozoan predation and neutrophil phagocytosis by making ingestion of cells more difficult. Filamentation is also thought to protect bacteria from antibiotics, and is associated with other aspects of bacterial virulence such as biofilm formation.
The number and length of filaments within a bacterial population increases when the bacteria are exposed to different physical, chemical and biological agents (e.g. UV light, DNA synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics, bacteriophages). This is termed conditional filamentation. Some of the key genes involved in filamentation in E. coli include sulA and minCD.
Filament formation
Antibiotic-induced filamentation
Some peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors (e.g. cefuroxime, ceftazidime) induce filamentation by inhibiting the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) responsible for crosslinking peptidoglycan at the septal wall (e.g. PBP3 in E. coli and P. aeruginosa). Because the PBPs responsible for lateral wall synthesis are relatively unaffected by cefuroxime and ceftazidime, cell elongation proceeds without any cell division and filamentation is observed.
DNA synthesis-inhibiting and DNA damaging antibiotics (e.g. metronidazole, mitomycin C, the fluoroquinolones, novobiocin) induce filamentation via the SOS response. The SOS response inhibits septum formation until the DNA can be repaired, this delay stopping the transmission of damaged DNA to progeny. Bacteria inhibit septation by synthesizing protein SulA, an FtsZ inhibitor that halts Z-ring formation, thereby stopping recruitment and activation of PBP3. If bacteria are deprived of the nucleobase thymine by treatment with folic acid synthesis inhibitors (e.g. trimethoprim), this also disrupts DNA synthesis and induces SOS-mediated filamentation. Direct obstruction of Z-ring formation by SulA and other FtsZ inhibitors (e.g. berberine) induces filamentation too.
Some protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g. kanamycin), RNA synthesis inhibitors (e.g. bicyclomycin) and membrane disruptors (e.g. daptomycin, polymyxin B) cause filamentation too, but these filaments are much shorter than the filaments induced by the above antibiotics.
Stress-induced filamentation
Filamentation is often a consequence of environmental stress. It has been observed in response to temperature shocks, low water availability, high osmolarity, extreme pH, and UV exposure. UV light damages bacterial DNA and induces filamentation via the SOS response. Starvation can also cause bacterial filamentation. For example, if bacteria are deprived of the nucleobase thymine, this disrupts DNA synthesis and induces SOS-mediated filamentation.
Nutrient-induced filamentation
Several macronutrients and biomolecules can cause bacterial cells to filament, including the amino acids glutamine, proline and arginine, and some branched-chain amino acids. Certain bacterial species, such as Paraburkholderia elongata, will also filament as a result of a tendency to accumulate phosphate in the form of polyphosphate, which can chelate metal cofactors needed by division proteins. In addition, filamentation is induced by nutrient-rich conditions in the intracellular pathogen Bordetella atropi. This occurs via the highly conserved UDP-glucose pathway. UDP-glucose biosynthesis and sensing suppresses bacterial cell division, with the ensuing filamentation allowing B. atropi to spread to neighboring cells.
Intrinsic dysbiosis-induced filamentation
Filamentation can also be induced by other pathways affecting thymidylate synthesis. For instance, partial loss of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity causes reversible filamentation. DHFR has a critical role in regulating the amount of tetrahydrofolate, which is essential for purine and thymidylate synthesis. DHFR activity can be inhibited by mutations or by high concentrations of the antibiotic trimethoprim (see antibiotic-induced filamentation above).
Overcrowding of the periplasm or envelope can also induce filamentation in Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting normal divisome function.
Filamentation and biotic interactions
Several examples of filamentation that result from biotic interactions between bacteria and other organisms or infectious agents have been reported. Filamentous cells are resistant to ingestion by bacterivores, and environmental conditions generated during predation can trigger filamentation. Filamentation can also be induced by signalling factors produced by other bacteria. In addition, Agrobacterium spp. filament in proximity to plant roots, and E. coli filaments when exposed to plant extracts. Lastly, bacteriophage infection can result in filamentation via the expression of proteins that inhibit divisome assembly.
See also
Bacterial morphological plasticity
Segmented filamentous bacteria
References
Cellular processes
Microbiology
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4014244
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Devine
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Joseph Devine
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Joseph Devine (7 August 1937, Kirkintilloch – 23 May 2019) was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Motherwell in Scotland.
He was educated at St Ninian's School, Kirkintilloch, St. Mary's College, Blairs and St. Peter's College, Cardross. He was ordained priest on 29 June 1960 at the Pontifical Scots College in Rome. He received his Ph.D. in 1964 from the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.
He was private secretary to the Archbishop of Glasgow from 1964 to 1965. He was assistant priest at St. Robert Bellarmine, Pollok, Glasgow (1965–67) and at St. Joseph's, Helensburgh (1967–1972). He was on staff at St. Peter's College, Cardross (1967–1974).
He served on the staff of the Episcopal Vicar for the Lay Apostolate from 1974 to 1983. He was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on 5 May 1977, aged 39. He was ordained bishop by Thomas Joseph Winning, Archbishop of Glasgow, in St. Francis' Church, Gorbals, Glasgow, on 31 May 1977. He was translated to the Diocese of Motherwell on 13 May 1983, aged 45.
Bishop Devine handed his resignation to the Vatican on 7 August 2012, his 75th birthday, as required by canon law, this was accepted on 30 May 2013 at which point Bishop Joseph Toal, Bishop of Argyll and the Isles was appointed apostolic administrator. The Diocese of Motherwell was a Sede Vacante until his successor, Bishop Joseph Toal, was appointed by Pope Francis on 29 April 2014 with his installation taking place on 23 June 2014 where Bishop Devine handed over the diocesan Crozier to the new bishop. Joseph Devine died Thursday 23 May 2019 after a short stay in Wishaw General Hospital.
Public views on denominational education
In September 2002 Bishop Devine said "Denominational education is an enabler of sectarianism", also "Roman Catholic schooling is divisive - sometimes it's a price worth paying". He justified the remarks by saying "The Catholic community believes that with denominational schooling comes the creation of a common set of values - a coherent system that has the academic curriculum and moral and spiritual life in tandem".
Public views on Parishes
In February 2008 he called for an audit of police officers to combat sectarian discrimination against Catholics. The discrimination includes denying promotion to Catholics above a certain rank. Anti-sectarianism charity Nil by Mouth supported the call.
Public views on homosexuality
In March 2008, as part of a public lecture on Sectarianism and Secularism, Devine drew controversy when he spoke about a perceived "gay lobby" attending Holocaust memorials "to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution." He identified this as part of a "giant conspiracy". Devine explained, "Like Mel Gibson, who said, 'I'm going to pick a fight', so am I...The homosexual lobby has been extremely effective in aligning itself with minority groups. It is ever present at the service each year for the Holocaust memorial, as if to create for themselves the image of a group of people under persecution."
Devine went on to criticise the decision to honour Sir Ian McKellen for his work for equality and, by way of illustrating the advances made in equality for gays, pointed out that Oscar Wilde had been jailed for homosexual offences. He also took the opportunity to give advice to parents of gay children. "This must be a nightmare moment for any parent. I would try to handle it with a degree of compassion. But I would not tolerate that kind of behaviour. I would not condemn but I would not tolerate it."
Critics of Bishop Devine cite that between 5,000 and 15,000 gay men were held in concentration camps by the Nazis as members of an "anti-social group." Historians estimate that 60% of them died while incarcerated.
In 2007, Bishop Devine stated that he would close the Roman Catholic adoption agencies rather than help same-sex couples to adopt children, and earlier in the year suggested that homosexual men and women would not be fit to teach in classrooms.
Financial controversies
In November 2008, Bishop Devine attracted controversy when he demolished his home in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, in order to build a new residence at an estimated cost of £650,000. This occasioned criticism from many among his flock in the diocese, and from beyond. His purchase of the now demolished house also caused controversy in the tabloid press, who claimed that he had considered the acquisition of a property with a swimming pool. This was denied by Bishop Devine.
Sexual abuse scandal
In April 2013, The Observer alleged that as Bishop of Motherwell, Devine had protected priests who had sexually abused children and tried to silence or discredit their victims.
In 2016, Fr. John B. Farrell, a retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last Head Teacher at St Ninian's Orphanage, Falkland, Fife, was sentenced to five years imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a retired teacher from Portsmouth, was given ten years, both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. Farrell and Kelly were members of the Irish Christian Brothers when the crimes were committed at the orphanage which closed in 1983. Although Farrell was not an ordained priest at the time when these specific offences were committed, an initial police investigation between 2000 and 2002 resulted in no charges. During this period, Farrell was in active ministry in the Diocese of Motherwell which at the time was led by Bishop Joseph Devine.
References
1937 births
2019 deaths
Clergy from Glasgow
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland
People from Kirkintilloch
People educated at St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch
Roman Catholic bishops of Motherwell
Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
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4014249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Assembly%20%28Angola%29
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National Assembly (Angola)
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The National Assembly () is the legislative branch of the government of Angola. The National Assembly is a unicameral body, with 220 members: 130 members elected by proportional representation and 90 members elected by provincial districts.
The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has held a majority in the Assembly since independence. Due to the Angolan Civil War, elections were delayed for years until they were eventually held in September 2008. The first elections under the new constitution were held in 2012, after a new constitution was adopted in 2010, increasing considerably the power of the President, and diminishing that of the National Assembly as well as that of the judiciary.
Jurisdiction
The Angolan government is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch comprises a 220-seat unicameral legislature elected from both provincial and nationwide constituencies. On account of civil wars from independence, political power has been concentrated in the presidency. There are various temporary and permanent committees in the Assembly that help in the operational and administrative functions of the Assembly.
Selection of members
The Unicameral Parliament of Angola was scheduled was originally constituted with 229 elected members. for a period of three years after the elections. All Angolan citizens with 18 years of age were eligible to cast their vote. Citizens who were members of factional groups, had criminal record and who had not rehabilitated were barred from exercising their voting rights. The representatives of the provincial assemblies formed a college and they elected the representatives of the House of Parliament. The candidates were expected to be answerable to the citizens in public meetings, with their candidature approved by a majority in the province where they were getting nominated. A constitutional amendment on 19 August 1980 indicated that the Council formed during interim would be replaced by a national people's assembly and there would be 18 elected assemblies.
Premises
The original building of the National Assembly from 1980, also called People's assembly was located in Estúdio/Restauração Cinema in urban district of Ingombota. The new building inaugurated on 9 November 2015 was initiated on 15 October 2009, while the construction started on 17 May 2010. It is a part of the Political Administrative Centre covering an area of 72,000 Sq.m and a built area of 54,000 sq.m. The Centre accommodates Presidential Palace, the Palace of Justice, the Defence Ministry, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, the Episcopal Palace and the premises of the former National Assembly headquarters. The New Assembly has 4,600 seats overall with 1,200 in meeting rooms. The compound has four blocks each with six floors, a basement parking that can accommodate 494 vehicles, out of which 34 is reserved for VIPs. The construction was carried out by Portuguese company Teixeira Duarte under the supervision of Special Works Office of the Government of Angola. The building was inaugurated by José Eduardo dos Santos on 10 November 2015.
Performance of political parties
Jose Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 and 1986 elections and became the first elected President of the country. At the time, the country was a one-party state known as the Angolan People's Republic, with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (MPLA-PT) as the sole legal party. As a result, most candidates were members of the party, and two-thirds were re-nominated from 1980 elections in the 1986 elections. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the MLPA, with both parties taking international support. There was a cease-fire agreement during 1989, with the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, but it collapsed soon. As a part of its peace efforts, MLPA dropped its theme of Marxism–Leninism and moved over to democratic socialism. During May 1991, Dos Santos and Savimbi signed a multiparty democracy agreement in Lisbon. Dos Santos won the 1992, 2008 and 2012 elections as well in the Presidency elections, but different parties started performing. During the 1992 elections, when the first multi-party elections were held, UNITA secured 34.1 per cent vote in the assembly and won 70 seats. But during the 2008 and 2012, their win was reduced to 16 and 32 seats respectively, while the ruling MPLA won 191 and 175 seats respectively.
See also
List of presidents of the National Assembly of Angola
Politics of Angola
List of legislatures by country
References
External links
Constitutional Commission
Page under construction
Politics of Angola
Political organizations based in Angola
Angola
Angola
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4014270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitingCare%20Australia
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UnitingCare Australia
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UnitingCare Australia is the national body for the UnitingCare network, made up of the Uniting Church in Australia's (UCA) community services agencies.
It is a sister body to UnitingJustice Australia, and UnitingWorld. All are agencies of the Uniting Church in Australia, National Assembly.
UnitingCare Australia advocates on behalf of the UnitingCare network to the Australian Federal Government.
UnitingCare network
UnitingCare is a brand name under which many Uniting Church community services agencies operate although they may be agencies of the respective Synods, or separate legal entities. Together with agencies under the Uniting Church in Australia without the UnitingCare brand, the agencies form the UnitingCare network.
The network is one of Australia's largest non-government community services provider networks, with over 1,600 sites Australia-wide. The UnitingCare network has 40,000 employees and 30,000 volunteers nationally, and provides services to children, young people and families, people with disabilities, and older Australians, in urban, rural and remote communities, including residential and community care, child care, homelessness prevention and support, family support, domestic violence and disability services.
Examples of non-UnitingCare branded agencies within the UnitingCare network include Uniting NSW.ACT, Uniting WA, Juniper (WA), Somerville Community Services (NT), and Uniting Communities (SA). The network also includes the Uniting Missions Network, made up of 34 missions such as the Wesley Missions in Queensland and NSW, and Blue Care in Queensland.
Mandate
UnitingCare Australia's mandate is:
To take up community service issues within the theological framework of the Uniting Church, particularly the Church's social justice perspectives.
To develop and reflect on the policies and practices of the Uniting Church in community services.
To pursue appropriate issues within the Uniting Church, with Government and the community sector, with the Australian community and with other parts of the church.
National Director
The National Director of UnitingCare Australia was Lin Hatfield Dodds until July 2016. Martin Cowling acted as the National Director between June 2016 and December 2016. Claerwen Little took up the position of National Director on 6 February 2017.
See also
Wesley Mission
Prahran Mission
The Wayside Chapel
References
External links
UnitingCare Australia
Uniting NSW.ACT
Uniting WA
Uniting Missions Network
UnitingJustice Australia
UnitingWorld
Blue Care
Uniting Church in Australia
Health charities in Australia
Social work organisations in Australia
Medical and health organisations based in the Australian Capital Territory
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4014271
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngome%20%28bread%29
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Ngome (bread)
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Ngome is a flatbread made in Mali using only millet, water and vegetable oil. The millet is typically home-ground and coarse.
References
External links
Includes the author's recipe for ngome bread.
Flatbreads
Unleavened breads
Malian cuisine
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4014274
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine-Sol
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Pine-Sol
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Pine-Sol is a registered trade name of the Clorox Company for a line of household cleaning products, used to clean grease and heavy soil stains. Pine-Sol was based on pine oil when it was created in 1929 and during its rise to national popularity in the 1950s. However, as of 2016, Pine-Sol products sold in stores no longer contain pine oil, which was done to reduce costs.
History
Pine-Sol detergent was invented by Harry A. Cole of Jackson, Mississippi, in 1929.
In 1948, entrepreneur Robert Earnest "Dumas" Milner acquired Magnolia Chemical, the Jackson, Mississippi supplier of Pine-Sol. Milner put Howard S. Cohoon in charge of the firm which had six employees: three salesmen and three who produced the product. In the following five years Cohoon turned the company into a multi-million dollar operation selling 20 million bottles throughout the United States and 11 other nations. Cohoon modernized the operation from manual bottling and labeling to full automation.
According to Cohoon, at that time pine oil was produced from old yellow pine tree stumps which were previously regarded as worthless. After Pine-Sol went national, Milner Company began a national radio advertising campaign starting with the Robert Q. Lewis show in 1952. By 1955 the Milner company had purchased Perma-Starch, of Illiopolis, Illinois, and by 1959 Milner had grown to a $1.5 million daytime TV advertising package and a $100,000 radio buy shared between Pine-Sol and Perma-Starch.
In January 1956, the Federal Trade Commission ordered Milner Company to cease and desist an advertising campaign that related to the false claims regarding the effectiveness of Pine-Sol compared to other pine oil containing products. Milner Company had previously agreed to cease and desist several other false claims about germicidal and bactericidal properties of Pine-Sol in March 1951. In February 1963, the Dumas Milner Company, including Pine-Sol facilities in Jackson, Miss., and Perma-Starch plant in Illiopolis, Ill., was taken over by Wayne, N.J. based American Cyanamid for stock valued at $17 million. Howard S. Cohoon was to remain in charge of the division.
The Pine-Sol brand was acquired by Clorox from American Cyanamid's Shulton Group in 1990. The 2005 version of the original 8% to 10% pine oil based cleaner was acidic (pH 3–4) and could be used to remove bacteria from household surfaces. However, some of the products now contain bases (pH 10–11).
There was also a dispute between Clorox and Reckitt Benckiser over potential consumer confusion regarding the fact that both Lysol and Pine Sol both end in "sol" and are used for cleaning. The issues spawned negotiations, agreements and lawsuits among several involved companies over the years from the 1960s to late 1990s.
Formulation
According to 1950s Milner executive Howard S. Cohoon, producer of Pine-sol, pine oil is only formed in large stumps from cut-over timber that has remained in the ground for "at least 20 years." It is not found in live pine trees. When asked about the risk of running out, Cohoon estimated in 1954 that there was "enough to last for another 35 years." He was not worried about a shortage as he claimed pine oil could be produced synthetically.
Although the original Pine-Sol formulation was pine oil-based, today the cleaners sold under the Pine-Sol brand contain no pine oil.
In 2006, The Clorox Company's product line included "Clorox Commercial Pine-Sol Brand Cleaner", with the same ingredients and concentrations as "Original Pine-Sol Brand Cleaner 1."
In 2008, the material safety data sheet for the "Original Pine-Sol Brand Cleaner 1" formulation listed 8–12% pine oil, 3-7% alkyl alcohol ethoxylates, 1-5% sodium petroleum sulfonate and 1-5% isopropyl alcohol.
In January 2013, Clorox began making a product called Original Pine-Sol Multi-Surface Cleaner which included glycolic acid while lacking any pine oil.
In January 2014, Clorox announced that Pine-Sol products would no longer contain pine oil, due to pine oil's limited supply and increased cost. In response to consumer requests for the original formula, Clorox made available a product containing 8.75% Pine oil to online purchasers, but said it would not be sold in stores.
As of 2018, Pine-Sol can be found on store shelves with an ingredient label stating "Contains Pine Oil" but this is not listed as an active ingredient. Pine oil in modern Pine-Sol seems to be added for fragrance only, as the product still uses glycolic acid as the sole active ingredient.
References
External links
Clorox's online sales, via 1221 Market, portal for 8.75% pine oil
Clorox brands
Products introduced in 1929
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4014276
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick%20Raynal
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Frédérick Raynal
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Frédérick Raynal (born 1966) is a French video game designer and programmer, notable for his game developments in Infogrames, Adeline Software International and No Cliché. He is married to Yaël Barroz, a fellow game designer, with whom he has two children.
He is perhaps best known for Alone in the Dark, a game that established many conventions of the survival horror genre. Raynal also has a cult following for his Little Big Adventure series.
Raynal and other former Adeline members have repeatedly told fans that creating the third installment is made difficult by having to license or reacquire the rights to the franchise, which currently belong to Delphine Software International. However, Raynal has hinted that his current company, Ludoïd, which Raynal owns jointly with his wife, is attempting to negotiate the rights for a game to be called Little Big Adventure 3: Genesis of the Stellar Entity, and at least one sketch, by Didier Chanfray, related to development of the title has been leaked to the public, later to be confirmed as appurtenant by Raynal.
Career
Frederick Raynal was born in 1966 in Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze (France). Beginning in his high school years, Raynal made early LED games including Laser (1979) for the ZX81. Shifting to software programming and working at his father's computer shop, Raynal's first commercial game, Robix 500 (1983), sold around 80 copies. During his time working here, Raynal also designed a suite of Minitel emulators: Minitelec (1986) for the Amstrad 464 through 6128 (Minitelec and Transmitelec), the Amstrad CPC6128 (Servitelec), and the PC-1512 (Minitelec Pro). He also produced graphics for the game PopCorn (1988), which was a moderate commercial success.
After joining the infant Infogrames he ported Alpha Waves (1990), a game which pushed new boundaries in gaming and is considered the first true 3D platform game. The port, from Atari ST to DOS, was actually a complete rewrite in C of the original Motorola 68000 assembly language code written by Christophe de Dinechin, after Raynal convinced Infogrames to make an exception to their policy of not porting assembly-language games. Convinced by his experience with Alpha Waves that the time was ripe for 3D graphics, he and his team soon went on to produce Alone in the Dark (1992), and worked on parts of the direct sequel (Alone in the Dark 2) before leaving the company. Alone in the Dark was a major contributor to the growth and success of Infogrames, and has since come to be widely regarded as a forefather of the survival horror genre. More importantly to Raynal himself, he became romantically involved with the game's graphic artist, Yaël Barroz, who gave birth to his first child shortly before Alone in the Dark was released.
Raynal formed Adeline Software International in 1993 with several former Infogrames members. With this new team, Raynal produced Little Big Adventure (1994), Time Commando (1996), and Little Big Adventure 2 (1997). He was also given special thanks on the PlayStation port of Fade to Black (1995).
Adeline was purchased by Sega in 1997 and became No Cliché. With No Cliché, Raynal and his team produced Toy Commander (1999), and Toy Racer (2000) both for Sega's Dreamcast system, and also helped Raster Productions into coding localisation for the European release of its Dreamcast Quake III Arena port (2000). During this time No Cliché also produced a spin-off entitled Toy Commander: Christmas Surprise (2000) as a free bonus with issue #10 of OD Magazine. For a time Raynal was also working on a survival horror game Agartha, which was cancelled due to Sega's decision to stop development on the Dreamcast. No Cliché remained together for a little while after the cancellation, attempting to create a PC port of Toy Commander. However, the group split before it could be finished.
Raynal went on to form F4-Toys (later F4) with Bruno Heintz where he began work on an action adventure game Trium Planeta. The game was to follow the style of Little Big Adventure, but was cancelled after a few months. Raynal also worked briefly at Little World Studio before forming his current company, Ludoïd. In 1997, Raynal was credited in the short film, Double Jeu.
On March 13, 2006, Raynal along with Shigeru Miyamoto and Michel Ancel were knighted by French Minister of Culture and Communication, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, as Knights of Arts and Literature. It was the first time that video game developers were honored this distinction.
Later, Raynal was involved as a consultant in the design of Soul Bubbles, a game for the Nintendo DS, published by Eidos Interactive. He left the project in the spring of 2006 to start a new game with Ubisoft Montpellier: Battle Tag, a laser tag shooter game, which was released in November 2010. In 2010, he was linked to Treasure Hunter Institute, a MMO adventure game developed by Ubisoft. This project was canceled in April 2011.
In 2014, he founded a new studio, Gloomywood, and announced his new survival game 2Dark.
Several years later, on September, 2021, Raynal joined a newly formed studio named [2.21] for the production of a new installment to the Little Big Adventure franchise. The release date is still unknown.
Games designed by Frédérick Raynal
Independent
Laser (1979, ZX81)
Robix 500 (1986, PC) (A.K.A. Robix)
PopCorn (1988, PC)
With Infogrames
The Toyottes (1990, PC port of an earlier Amiga game)
SimCity CDTV (1990, PC port of an earlier Amiga CDTV game)
Alpha Waves (1991, PC port of an Atari ST game by Christophe de Dinechin)
Alone in the Dark (1992, PC)
With Adeline Software International
Little Big Adventure (1994, PC/PlayStation) (A.K.A. Relentless: Twinsen's Adventure)
Time Commando (1996, PC/PlayStation/Sega Saturn)
Little Big Adventure 2 (1997, PC) (A.K.A. Twinsen's Odyssey)
With No Cliché
Toy Commander (1999, Dreamcast)
Toy Commander: Christmas Surprise (2000, Dreamcast)
Toy Racer (2000, Dreamcast)
Agartha (canceled, Dreamcast)
With F4
Trium Planeta (canceled)
With Mekensleep (as contractor)
Soul Bubbles (2008, Nintendo DS) – consultant (2006)
With Ubisoft
Battle Tag (2010) – creative director
Treasure Hunter Institute (canceled)
With Ludoïd (as developer)
bOxOn (2011, PC/iPad/iPhone/iPod)
With Gloomywood (as developer)
2Dark (2017, PC/PS4/Xbox One)
References
External links
Ludoïd official website
1966 births
French video game designers
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People from Brive-la-Gaillarde
Living people
Video game programmers
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4014281
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Kern
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Kevin Kern
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Kevin Kern (born Kevin Lark Gibbs on December 22, 1958) is an American pianist, composer and recording artist of new-age music. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is now generally recognized as a representative of the new-age style. Born legally blind, Kern is aided in studio by SONAR's accessibility and Dancing Dots’ assistive music technologies for the vision impaired.
Biography
Kevin was found playing "Silent Night" on the piano at 18 months of age. He started learning the piano regularly at 4 and began writing music at 8. At 14, he put on performances with the music group he founded called "The Well-Tempered Clavichord". Despite his legal blindness since birth, he was still determined to be a pianist.
His first performance in Asia was in Taiwan, in 2002.
He has released ten albums, including a compilation album, and two songbooks. He also has released a Japan-only CD and songbook, as well as another album only in Asia.
His first world tour show in 2016. Japan, Taiwan were become his lucky places.
Personal life
Kevin Kern is married to Pamela Gibbs, a former cardiac transplant nurse and product manager for several medical device companies. According to the liner notes of his album, Embracing the Wind, the couple were married in June 2001 on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in a private ceremony with friends and family present. The song "From This Day Forward" from the same CD was written for and dedicated to her. She has been mentioned in his album credits several times, including playing the rainstick on "Through the Veil" on The Winding Path and catering several recording sessions. After living for several years in San Francisco, they moved to Minneapolis, MN in 2007.
Discography
Studio albums
1996 — In the Enchanted Garden
1997 — Beyond the Sundial
1998 — Summer Daydreams
1999 — In My Life
2001 — Embracing the Wind
2003 — The Winding Path
2005 — Imagination's Light
2009 — Endless Blue Sky
2012 — Enchanted Piano
2012 — Christmas
2016 — When I Remember
Compilation albums
2002 — More Than Words: The Best of Kevin Kern
2014 — Always Near - A Romantic Collection
Other album appearances
1997 — Eternity: A Romantic Collection
1997 — Tranquility
1997 — Piano Dreamers
2002 — Sacred Spa Music Series
2005 — Real Piano
2006 — InSparation
2009 — Sacred Spa Music Series 2
Songbooks
2001 — Kevin Kern Piano Album Songbook
2002 — Through Your Eyes: Kevin Kern Collection Songbook (Japan Only)
2006 — In the Enchanted Garden Songbook
2008 — Imagination's Light Songbook
Kevin Kern has also released a total of 62 individual solo piano sheet music arrangements to date that are available on MusicNotes.com.
See also
List of ambient music artists
External links
Kevin Kern Official Website
Kevin Kern Official Facebook Page
Kevin Kern Official Twitter Page
Kevin Kern Official YouTube Channel
Kevin Kern at Real Music Label
Kevin Kern at AllMusic
American male composers
20th-century American composers
Composers for piano
New-age pianists
Musicians from Michigan
1958 births
Living people
Blind musicians
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
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4014288
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/020120
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020120
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020120 is a live album from The Mad Capsule Markets. It was recorded live on January 20, 2002 at Zepp Tokyo. The music is basically material from the Osc-Dis and the 010 albums, but it did include a faster version of Kami-Uta as an encore track and for the intro tape, the show opens with Crass' song Gotcha (who inspired the band in their earlier days). The UK version issued the live DVD alongside the CD with a slightly altered track listing from the Japanese version (there was no Kami Uta and Interview on the DVD) but it made the fanbase of The Mad Capsule Markets much stronger.
Track listing
"Introduction 010"
"Come"
"Chaos Step"
"Gaga Life"
"Jam!"
"Out/Definition"
"Good Girl"
"All The Time In Sunny Beach"
"Midi Surf"
"Kumo"
"Bit Crusherrrr"
"No food, Drink, or Smoking"
"This is the Mad Style"
"Good Day"
"Fly High"
"R.D.M.C"
"Tribe"
"Pulse"
"神Kami-Uta歌"
"Island"
Albums recorded at Zepp Tokyo
The Mad Capsule Markets live albums
2002 live albums
Victor Entertainment live albums
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4014290
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol%20Project
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Idol Project
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is a short four-episode OVA (Original Video Animation) series produced in 1995 by Studio OX. This anime follows a cute 14-year-old girl named Mimu Emilton, who dreams of becoming a singing idol, much like her own idol, Yuri. Yuri brought world peace through her music and became the world's president. Mimu has a chance to audition in her hometown of Starland in front of Yuri, with the help of 6 "Excellent Idols" (Yuri's successors).
However, before Mimu has the chance to sing in front of Yuri, Yuri and the Excellent Idols are kidnapped by aliens and taken to another universe. The group lands on the Tropical Dimension's Bali Hawaii, where they are warmly welcomed. A competition is about to begin in two hours to raise Bali Hawaii's sun, and idols from all over space arrive to take part. The owner, Mr Bananaan, desires for the Excellent Idols to win, since they are his most recent obsession. The competition includes several activities, such as the Swing Ski, Muddy Quiz Contest, and Water-Scooter Fight. After several comical events, Yuri mistakenly is named the only one able to help the sun rise again for the first time.
After the competition, Mimu must save up enough money to make it back to Starland, her hometown which is universes away.
Characters
Mimu is a 14-year-old girl with large aspirations of becoming the best idol in the universe. Although she is very ambitious, she often loses confidence quickly and becomes easily discouraged. But something always comes up to motivate her, and she works tirelessly for her dream. Her motto is Dream.
Layla is an outgoing, gritty, 16-year-old rockstar who has an intimate relationship with her guitar. Although she appears extremely tough, she has unusual soft spots, especially for her guitar (which she cannot sleep without) and Mimu, whom she believes to have extraordinary talent. Her advice for aspiring idols is Guts!
Extra is a superfluous pianist who believes strongly in class. Because a lady never reveals her age, Extra's age is unknown (though she is probably 16 like her rival, Layla). Her philosophy for stardom is Dignity.
Corvette is a 17-year-old stage dancer with a touchy-feely and too-friendly disposition. She loves taking baths and singing. Her motto is Rhythm.
Palpu Ranrang (Palpurin for short) is an energetic 13-year-old martial arts expert with her own superhero show. She considers her whirlwind kicks and high-speed punches as signs of endearment - and her fans love being mauled by her. Her idol motto is Relax.
Ruka is a 9-year-old actress who loves collecting stuffed animals. Her advice for aspiring idols is Smile!
Shion Suzukaze
she is age 15
her advice is listen to you're 'heart'
was voiced by Iwatsubo, Rie
Anime
The anime, also referred to as an OAV (Original Animated Version) was released in 1995 by Studio OX (known for Burn Up W, Ultra Maniac, and Wild Cardz). In Japan it was dubbed into various languages including English and Italian. It was directed by Yasufumi Nagaoka and the character designer/animation director was Noritaka Suzuki.
Episode List
Music
Idol Project's appeal is hands-down in its upbeat music, performed by its all-star cast of voice actors.
OP/ED
Opening Theme Don't Stop
Ending Theme Kimi no Heart wo Neraiuchi
CDs
アイドルプロジェクト―ファーストプレゼント (Idol Project: First Present)
Don't Stop!―ス･テ･キにめぐり会いたい (Don't Stop! Suteki ni Meguri Aitai) (Opening Theme)
Angel Kiss
カ･ン･セ･ツ♥キッス (Kansetsu♥Kiss)
Crystal Generation
オ･ン･ナ･の果実 (Onna no Kajitsu)
Cotton Boy
ビーナス誕生！ (Venus Tanjou!)
みんあ恋のせいね (Minna Koi no Seine)
FOLLOW THE HEART
実力派に愛のエールを (Jitsuryokuha ni Ai no Yell wo)
君のハートを狙いうち (Kimi no Heart wo Neraiuchi)
星のメロディー (Hoshi no Melody)
アイドルプロジェクト―セカンド♥ステージ (Idol Project: Second Stage)
天使のいる空 (Tenshi no Iru Sora)
時季の国のアリス (Toki no Kuni no Alice)
真珠色ロマンス (Shinju Iro Romance)
やる気のシャボン玉 (Yaruki no Shabon Dama)
Shinny Boy―真夏のまん中― (Shiny Boy -Manatsu no Mannaka-)
PI･A･NO
Be Up! ―夢を追いつめて― (Be Up! -Yume wo Oitsumete-)
人魚のため息 (Ningyo no Tameiki)
Star Nights, Star Days
愛だ！？ 正義だ！？ ぱるぷりん (Aida!? Seigida!? Palpurin)
恋唄 (Koi Uta)
Idol Project: New Dream
References
Hitoshi Doi's Idol Project Page - fansite with an abundant amount of information
External links
Original video animation
1995 anime OVAs
Comedy anime and manga
Japanese idols in anime and manga
Anime Works
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4014291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Grid%20%28video%20game%29
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The Grid (video game)
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The Grid is a 2000 arcade game by Midway. It is a third-person shooter which consists of a super-violent television game show hosted by a Smash TV-like host. The game centres around deathmatches. Players control their character using a joystick with a trigger for shooting, a top button for jumping and trackball for aiming. The object of each match is to accumulate the most points by eliminating other opponents. Local multiplayer with up to six players is possible by linking up multiple cabinets. Computer-controlled bots can also be used in place of human opponents. Players can also collect cash that can be used to upgrade player attributes. Individual player progress and statistics can be saved and retrieved through unique account numbers that are entered on a keypad.
The game was created by the developers behind the Mortal Kombat series of games and has cameos from characters Sub-Zero, Scorpion, and Noob Saibot. This was Midway's last arcade game.
External links
The Grid Guide
2000 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Midway video games
Shooter video games
Trackball video games
Video games about death games
Video games developed in the United States
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4014292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangshu
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Zhangshu
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Zhangshu (), formerly Qingjiang County (Tsingkiang) (), is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yichun, in the west-central part of Jiangxi Province. It has an area of with a population of 536,500. It is the first county of China Top 100 County in Jiangxi Province. The literal translation of the name is Camphor laurel, because traditionally, the city was a major commercial hub for camphor laurel oil. Zhangshu is famous for Chinese medicinal herbs. The China top 10 medicine producer Renhe Group is located there. Officially, it is the Medicine Capital of China, and there are thousands of pharmaceutical companies. Hundreds of thousands of kinds of Chinese herbal medicines are sold by bulk or by retail.
Administration
Zhangshu City currently has five sub-districts, 10 towns and 4 townships.
5 Sub-districts:
10 Towns:
4 Townships:
Education
Higher Education:
Jiangxi Agricultural Engineering College
High School:
Zhangshu City High School
Complete School:
Zhangshu City 2nd Complete School, Zhangshu City 3rd Complete School, Qingjiang Complete School.
Junior High School:
Changfu Junior High School, Zhangjiashan High School, Huangtugang High School.
Primary School:
Zhangshu City 1st Primary School, Zhangshu City 8th Primary School, Zhangshu City 4th Primary School, Anyang Primary School, Changfu Town Central Primary.
Tourism
Wucheng Site
Zhuweicheng Site
Fanchengdui (archaeological site)
Mingshui Bridge
Linjiang Grand View Pavilion
Linjiang Bell Tower
Sanhuang Palace
Mao Zedong's House
Zhangshu City Museum
Medicine Capital Park
Mountain Ge Resorts
Zhangshu Guhai Resorts
Zhangshu Waterfront Park
Zhangshu Fountain Square
Transportation
Railway Station:
Zhangshu Railway Station
Zhangshu East Railway Station
Expressway:
Changzhang Expressway : Nanchang to Zhangshu
Ganyue Expressway : Jiangxi Province to Guangdong Province
Hurui Expressway : Shanghai Municipality to Ruili City Yunnan Province
Coach Station:
Zhangshu Coach Station
Jingjiu Coach Station
Wharf:
Zhangshu Gan River Wharf
Climate
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20150811203534/http://www.zhangshu.gov.cn/
References
County-level divisions of Jiangxi
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4014302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Assembly%20%28Armenia%29
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National Assembly (Armenia)
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The National Assembly of Armenia (, Hayastani Hanrapetyut'yan Azgayin zhoghov or simply Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ Azgayin Zhoghov, AZh), also informally referred to as the Parliament of Armenia (խորհրդարան, khorhrdaran) is the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.
Overview
The National Assembly was originally established in 1918 as the Khorhurd () by the Armenian National Council following their declaration of independence. Acting as the nation's provisional legislative body, the Armenian National Council tripled its membership, forming an interim coalition government composed of Dashnaks and Populists.
Following the Armenian parliamentary elections of 1919, the National Assembly's membership increased again up to 80 deputies including several minority representatives. The Khorhurd continued to function with an overwhelming Dashnak majority through four Prime Ministers in the span of two years, until the Sovietisation of Armenia in 1920.
From 1938, the National Assembly of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was referred to as the Supreme Council of Armenia. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the adoption of the new Constitution of Armenia in 1995, the formation of the current National Assembly was established.
The National Assembly is a unicameral body. The National Assembly consists of at least 101 seats, but with additional seats allocated, it may grow and reach to about 200 seats in extremely rare cases. The President of the National Assembly is Alen Simonyan.
Electoral system
After electoral system amendments introduced in April 2021 members of parliament are elected only through closed party lists by party list proportional representation method.
Four mandates are reserved for national minorities, provided they are included in corresponding section of party lists. Any top segment of a party list can not include over 70% of representatives of the same sex.
Parties need to pass 5% of votes and alliances (blocs) 7% threshold respectively to be included in mandate distribution.
By law, parliament must have at least 3 political forces present, even if one or more of them did not pass the electoral threshold. In this case, the sheer percentage decides which party enters parliament, regardless if it's a party or a bloc.
If neither party wins over 50% of mandates in the first round and no coalition with sufficient mandates is established within 6 days after the election results announcement a second round of elections will be carried out on 28th day of the first round voting. Two best-performing political forces are allowed to participate in the second round. All mandates received as per first round will be preserved. The party (or a newly formed coalition) which wins second round of elections will be given additional number of mandates to reach 54% of all seats (provided the newly formed coalition does not already have over 54% of mandates from the results of the first round).
If any party or bloc wins over 2/3 of mandates sufficient additional mandates are distributed among all other political forces represented in the parliament to ensure that at least 1/3 of all seats are held by forces other than the winning one.
Since the requirement of assignment of 1/3 of all mandates to non-ruling parties is stipulated by the Constitution some argue, that when withdrawal of oppositional MPs leads to violation of that rule the ruling party shall be forced to call new snap elections. This is however not a consensus opinion and probably shall be dealt with in Constitutional Court.
Historically, significant share of cast votes (1995: 12.8%, 1999: 18.6%, 2003: 24.0%, 2007: 24.7%, 2012: 1.6%, 2017: 9.1%, 2018: 14.9%, 2021: 19.8%) fell below election threshold and was disregarded in mandate distribution.
Representatives
Speakers of the Parliament of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Avetik Sahakyan 1 August 1918 – 1 August 1919
Avetis Aharonyan 1 August 1919 – 4 November 1920
Hovhannes Kajaznuni 4 November 1920 – 2 December 1920
Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1990–1995)
Levon Ter-Petrosyan 4 August 1990 – 11 November 1991
Babken Ararktsyan 24 December 1991 – 27 July 1995
Presidents of the National Assembly (1995–)
Babken Ararktsyan 27 July 1995 – 4 February 1998
Khosrov Harutyunyan 4 February 1998 – 11 June 1999
Karen Demirchyan 11 June 1999 – 27 October 1999
Armen Khachatryan 2 November 1999 – 12 June 2003
Artur Baghdasaryan 12 June 2003 – 1 June 2006
Tigran Torosyan 1 June 2006 – 26 September 2008
Hrayr Karapetyan (acting) 26 September 2008 – 29 September 2008
Hovik Abrahamyan 28 September 2008 – 21 November 2011
Samvel Nikoyan 6 December 2011 – 31 May 2012
Hovik Abrahamyan 31 May 2012 – 13 April 2014
Galust Sahakyan 29 April 2014 – 18 May 2017
Ara Babloyan 18 May 2017 – 14 January 2019
Ararat Mirzoyan 14 January 2019 – 2 August 2021
Alen Simonyan 2 August 2021 – present
Vice-Presidents of the National Assembly
Babken Ararktsyan 1990 – 1991
Gagik Harutyunyan 1990 – 1991
Ara Sahakian 1991 – 1998
Artashes Tumanyan 1991 – 1995
Karapet Rubinyan 1995 – 1998
Albert Bazeyan 1998 – 1999
Yuri Bakhshyan 1998 – 1999
Ruben Miroyan 1999
Gagik Aslanian 1999 – 2003
Tigran Torosyan 1999 – 2006
Vahan Hovhannisyan 2003 – 2008
Ishkhan Zakarian 2007
Arevik Petrosyan 2007 – 2010
Hrayr Karapetyan 2008 – 2009
Samvel Nikoyan 2009 – 2012
Samvel Balasanyan 2010 – 2012
Hermine Naghdalyan 2012 – 2017
Eduard Sharmazanov 2011 – 2019
Arpine Hovhannisyan 2017 – 2019
Mikayel Melkumyan 2017 – 2019
Alen Simonyan 2019 – 2021
Lena Nazaryan 2019 – 2021
Vahe Enfiajyan 2019 – 2021
Ruben Rubinyan 2021 – present
Hakob Arshakyan 2021 – present
Latest election
Current political representation in the National Assembly following the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election:
Committees
Standing Committees
The National Assembly has eleven standing committees:
Standing Committee on Defense and Security
Standing Committee on Economic Affairs
Standing Committee on European Integration
Standing Committee on Financial and Budgeting Affairs
Standing Committee on Foreign Relations
Standing Committee on Health Care and Social Affairs
Standing Committee on Human Rights and Public Affairs
Standing Committee on Science, Education, Culture, Diaspora, Youth and Sport
Standing Committee on State and Legal Affairs
Standing Committee on Territorial Administration, Local Self-Government, Agriculture and Environment
Standing Committee on Territorial Integration
Changes according to the Constitutional Reform of 2015
According to the new constitution of Armenia (2015 Constitutional Reforms), the functions of committees previously defined as ad hoc committees are divided into temporary and inquiry committees. As stated in article 107 of the new Constitution, temporary committees may be developed only by the decision of the National Assembly to discuss certain draft laws and acts of the National Assembly and present views or statements connected to the National Assembly.
Article 108 is about the inquiry committees of the National Assembly.
1. The inquiry committee should be formed if at least the twenty-five percent of the total number of parliamentarians present the demand, in order to acquaint facts of public interests to the National Assembly.
2. The National Assembly regulates the number of members of an inquiry committee. The places of the inquiry committees should be proportional to the number of faction's members. The chair of the committee should be the member of the parliament who presented a request.
3. If minimum one-quarter of an inquiry committee demands; state, local self-government bodies and officials are compelled to introduce to the committee required information regarding its remit, if the information is not classified as secrets protected by law.
All the other regulations concerning temporary and inquiry committee should be established by the Law on Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly
Concerns relating to the ad hoc committees and the international experience
According to the latest Constitutional Reforms the Republic of Armenia will have a parliamentary state governance system. This means that compared to the semi-presidential system the powers of the Parliament will be enhanced, an example of this is the right of oversight of the executive power of the republic which is and will be exercised by the Government (as of article 85 of the current and article 145 the new Constitutions). So, the Parliament will have more powers and functions; therefore, it needs more tools to exercise these powers and perform its functions. An inquiry committee is a great tool for the parliament to exercise oversight and that is why according to articles 107 and 108 of the new Constitution there is a differentiation between temporary and inquiry committees.
However, in late 2015, there was a concern relating to the powers of these committees as prescribed by the article 108 of the new Constitution. Edmon Marukyan, the only non-party Deputy of the National Assembly of Armenia, suggested an addendum to the point 3 of article 108. According to him, the addendum should prescribe that the inquiry committees should be empowered to demand state and local self-government body officials to be present in the sittings of the committees and provide relevant explanations.
The improvement was suggested for the first time on 11 September 2015, during the session of the Standing Committee on State and Legal Affairs of the National Assembly. By then, the suggestion received a positive feedback and the committee members stated that it could be approved on the constitutional level. However, the decision on the official proposal to the National Assembly was to include the addendum in the rules of procedure of the NA rather than in the Constitution.
The international experience shows that giving such powers to inquiry committees is a common thing. Point 7 of rule 176 of the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament states that "A committee of inquiry may contact the institutions or persons referred to in Article 3 of the Decision referred to in paragraph 2 with a view to holding a hearing or obtaining documents."
Even though it was prescribed neither by the Constitution nor the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly that temporary committees have the power to hold a hearing with the presence of state and local self-government body officials, there was such a case when the committee held a closed-door hearing. On 23 October 2008 with the order of the President of Armenia, a temporary committee of experts was formed on obtaining facts and evidence on the incidents of 1 March 2008. So as to gain the necessary information the committee was given the tools typical to a real parliamentarian inquiry committee.
Ad hoc committees as prescribed by the Constitution and Laws
Ad hoc committees are special temporary committees established by the decision of the National Assembly to discuss certain draft laws, or investigate certain issues, events or facts and to submit conclusions to the National Assembly. The aim of these committees is to draw attention to exceptional cases that are not covered by the standing committees.
According to the Constitution of Armenia, Article 73
"If appropriate, interim committees may be established as prescribed by the law on the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly for preliminary discussion of certain draft laws or for submitting to the National Assembly opinions, statements on certain issues, events and facts".
Following the consideration and definition in the Constitution the Law on Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly clearly defines all the issues concerning the add hoc committees. More particularly, according to the article 22 of the mentioned law, add hoc committees are created by the decision of the National Assembly. The decision should contain information relating to the tasks, terms and procedures of an add hoc committee, meaning that the committee should operate only in very strict limitations set to the spheres of its investigation, the resources it may gain access to and also to the timeframes.
The ultimate reason for existence of such committees is to deliver a report on its finding during a session of the National Assembly. Based on these reports, the Deputy may create a draft resolution in 2 days and if agreed by the Lead Committee, the resolution may be included in the draft agenda for upcoming four-day session.
Ad hoc committees: their goals, procedures, and results
Committee on Ethics
One of the current add hoc committees of the National Assembly of Armenia is the Committee on Ethics. This is not a classical add hoc committee as it does exist during every session of the National Assembly but the committee functions till the beginning of the successive session when a new committee is formed.
According to the Article 24.1 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly, each faction has the right to nominate at least 1 Deputy to the ethics committee. The chairperson of the committee and the vice-chairperson are appointed from the members of the committee by the nomination of faction, although the Chairperson of the National Assembly is the one to appoint the chairperson of the ethics committee, the vice chairperson, and to approve other members. If the chairperson of the ethics committee is from a non-opposition faction, the vice chairperson should be from the opposition faction and the vice versa. Factions have the right to change their representative in the ethics committee.
According to the Article 24.2 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly the ethics committee provides conclusion to the National Assembly on violation by a Deputy of the requirements not to be engaged in entrepreneurial activities, not to hold offices in state or commercial organizations, and not to perform other paid work except for scientific, pedagogical or creative work (1st Paragraph of the Article 65 of the Constitution). The committee also decides if there was a violation of 2nd Paragraph of the Article 6.1 of the mentioned law i.e. the very basic requirements to abide the laws, to respect moral norms of the society, to be respectful to the colleagues, not to be guided by personal interests and so on, provides a Deputy with conclusion if his/her job is scientific, pedagogical or creative and more.
The Committee on Ethics can require and obtain materials and documents relevant to the issues examined by the committee from any state agency; it can also demand to the state agencies with the exception of courts, judges and prosecutors to carry out checks, studies and expert examinations on the issues examined in the committee. The members of the ethics committee are free to enter any state institution or to examine any document relating to the case.
Any individual can apply to the committee on ethics in cases prescribed by the law. The applicant should submit a written application with all the relevant documents. By proposal of the chairperson of the ethics committee but no later than ten days the committee starts the examination of the issue raised in the application or rejects its examination. The committee on ethics finishes its examination of the issue in 30 days after starting an examination; it may also extend the deadline by 20 days in case of necessity to implement a deeper research.
The sittings of the committee are closed except of cases when the Deputy in the application suggests holding an open sitting. Sitting of the committee is valid if at least half of the members are present, and the sitting is held by the chairperson of the committee, the vice chairperson, or another member according to the prescriptions of the law. Member of the committee assigned for the examination of the issue is the main reporter and the Deputy indicated in the application is the supplementary reporter. The decisions and conclusions of the committee are adopted by the majority of votes if more than half of the members participated in the voting. The content of the application and name of the Deputy indicated in the application are not publicly available until the adoption of the final decision. The members of the ethics committee and other people participating in the activities of the committee cannot publicize details of the examination.
One of the recent cases in this committee was an application indicating names of several Deputies and reporting that they voted instead for other Deputies during the voting. After examining the application, listening to the committee member appointed for the case and to the accused Deputies the committee on ethics found them guilty of violating the duty to abide the laws. Also, in order to eliminate this kind of issues in the future, the committee made a suggestion to make supplements and changes in the Law of the Republic of Armenia on the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly more specifically consider voting instead for other Deputies disturbance of the order and enforce the presiding officer to take immediate disciplinary measures against these Deputies that is depriving the Deputy from the right to be present during the session of the National Assembly. The National Assembly approved this suggestion.
Ad hoc Committee on Studying the Activity of the Gas Supply System in the Republic of Armenia
This committee was established in February 2014 to examine the protection level of natural gas consumers’ interests (calories of supplied gas, testing gas usage counters, argumentations for the loss), examine the lawfulness of the accumulation of debt for natural gas during 2011–2013 and reasonableness of the amount of debt, to make predictions about the possibilities of alternative gas importers and other thoroughly listed issues relating to the gas supply system in Armenia as a whole including examination of prices for the gas and international practices.
The committee hold closed sittings, the decisions and conclusions were adopted by the majority of votes, the committee had the right to require and obtain materials and documents relevant to the issues examined by the committee from any state agency; it can also demand to the state agencies with the exception of courts, judges and prosecutors to carry out checks, studies and expert examinations on the issues examined in the committee and so on. The committee presented its findings and conclusion during the session of the National Assembly of 7 April 2015.
See also
Elections in Armenia
List of legislatures by country
List of political parties in Armenia
National Assembly of Artsakh
Politics of Armenia
President of the National Assembly of Armenia
Programs of political parties in Armenia
References
Notes
External links
Politics of Armenia
Political organizations based in Armenia
1918 establishments in Armenia
Armenia
Armenia
Armenia
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4014304
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenography%20%28album%29
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Selenography (album)
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Selenography is the fourth studio album by American post-rock band Rachel's. It was released on June 8, 1999 by Quarterstick Records.
Selenography is the scientific study of the Moon's topography.
Track listing
References
Rachel's albums
1999 albums
Quarterstick Records albums
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4014312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala%20dynasty%20%28Kamarupa%29
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Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)
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The Pala dynasty of Kamarupa kingdom ruled from 900 CE. Like the Pala Empire of Bengal, the first ruler in this dynasty was elected, which probably explains the name of this dynasty "Pala". But unlike the Palas of Bengal, who were Buddhists, the Palas of Kamarupa were Hindus. The Hindu orthodoxy drew their lineage from the earlier Varman dynasty and thus ultimately from Narakasura i.e. Bhauma dynasty. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman and Mlecchna dynasty.
The Palas were the last dynasty to rule Kamarupa. After the collapse of the Pala rule, Kamarupa disintegrated, to be followed in due course by the Ahom, Chutia, Kachari kingdoms and the confederate rule of the Baro-Bhuyans.
History
It is interesting to note that the term "Kamarupa" rarely appeared in the records of the Pala rulers; instead they used Pragjyotisha, the legendary kingdom of the epics, to legitimise their authority. The Pala kings of Kamarupa assumed the title of paramadaivata paramabhattāraka mahārājādirāja (the imperial title of the Guptas), sri-vārāha (the one who can trace his origin to Varāha) and prāigjyotisādhipati (the ruler of Prāgjyotisa).
The Pala dynasty came to an end when Kamarupa was invaded by the Gaur king Ramapala (c. 1072-1126). Timgyadeva was made the governor of Kamarupa who ruled between 1110 and 1126. Timgyadeva threw off the yoke of the Pala king and ruled independently for some years when he was attacked and replaced by Vaidyadeva under Ramapala's son Kumarapala. Vaidyadeva, who ruled between 1126 and 1140, declared independence within four years of his rule after the death of Kumarapala. Both Timgyadeva and Vaidyadeva issued grants in the style of the Kamarupa kings (three copper plates attached to the seal of the Kamarupa kings by a ring).
The work of the pala dynasty of Kamarupa is reflected in the Madan Kamdev sculpture.
Rulers
Brahma Pala (900-920)
Ratna Pala (920-960)
Indra Pala (960-990)
Go Pala, also Gopalavarman (990-1015)
Harsha Pala (1015-1035)
Dharma Pala (1035-1060)
Jaya Pala (1075-1100)
References
Bibliography
Sircar, D. C. The Bhauma-Naraka or the Pala Dynasty of Brahmapala, The Comprehensive History of Assam, ed H. K. Barpujari, Guwahati, 1990.
*
900 establishments
10th-century establishments in India
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4014317
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville%20Conference
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Brazzaville Conference
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The Brazzaville Conference () was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II.
After the Fall of France to Nazi Germany, the collaborationist Vichy France regime controlled the colonies. One by one, however, they peeled off and switched their allegiance to the Free France, a movement led by Charles de Gaulle. In January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville, now in the Republic of the Congo. The conference recommended political, social and economic reforms and led to the agreement on the Brazzaville Declaration.
De Gaulle believed that the survival of France depended on support from the colonies, and he made numerous concessions. They included the end of forced labour, the end of special legal restrictions that applied to indigenous peoples but not to whites, the establishment of elected territorial assemblies, representation in Paris in a new "French Federation" and the eventual entry of black Africans in the French National Assembly. However, independence was explicitly rejected as a future possibility.
Context
During World War II, the French colonial empire played an essential role in the Liberation of France by gradually aligning with Free France. After the end of the Tunisia campaign, the entire colonial empire reunited toward the Allies with the exception of French Indochina, which remained loyal to the Vichy government.
That made the French Committee of National Liberation begin questioning the future of the colonies. The war created many difficulties for local people and saw the growth of nationalist aspirations and tensions between communities in French North Africa, particularly in Algeria and Tunisia. In addition, the French were being aided by the United States which opposed colonialism. In Madagascar, the month of occupation by the United Kingdom after the invasion of the island had weakened French authority.
René Pleven, Commissioner for the Colonies in the French Committee of National Liberation, wanted to avoid international arbitration of the future of the French Empire and in that regard organized the Brazzaville Conference in French Equatorial Africa.
Conference
The Brazzaville Conference was held in early February 1944 in Brazzaville, the capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II.
Initially, the French Committee of National Liberation wanted to include all the governors from all free territories, but difficulties from the war made the Committee include administrative représentants from French territories in Africa, which had already joined de Gaulle and René Pleven. Invitations were sent to 21 governors; nine members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly and six observers from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
De Gaulle opened the Conference by saying that he wanted to build new foundations for France after years under the domination of Philippe Pétain's authoritarian Vichy France regime. There was also a seemingly more open tone towards the French colonies. De Gaulle wanted to renew the relationship between France and French Africa.
Conclusions
The Brazzaville Declaration included the following points:
The French Empire would remain united.
Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony.
Citizens of France's colonies would share equal rights with French citizens.
Citizens of French colonies would have the right to vote for the French National Assembly.
The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies.
Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies.
However, the possibility of complete independence was soundly rejected. As de Gaulle stated:
This is stated in the preamble of the draft document of the Conference:
The ends of the civilizing work accomplished by France in the colonies excludes any idea of autonomy, all possibility of evolution outside the French bloc of the Empire; the eventual Constitution, even in the future of self-government in the colonies is denied.
The Conference also recommended ending forced labour.
Impact
The Brazzaville Conference is still regarded as a turning point for France and its colonial empire. Many historians view it as the first step towards decolonization, albeit a precarious one.
See also
Second colonial occupation
Fonds d'Investissements pour le Developpement Economique et Social (FIDES), established 1946
Declaration of Philadelphia (10 May 1944)
References
Further reading
External links
Speech made by General de Gaulle at the opening of the Brazzaville Conference on January 30th 1944
Contemporary French history
Politics of World War II
French colonisation in Africa
History of Brazzaville
1944 in French Equatorial Africa
1944 in France
1944 in Moyen-Congo
World War II conferences
1944 conferences
Events in Brazzaville
January 1944 events
February 1944 events
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4014325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Matamba
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Kingdom of Matamba
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The Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744) was an African state located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern-day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonisation attempts and was only integrated into Angola in the late nineteenth century.
History
Origins and early history
The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of Kongo, then Afonso I of Kongo, in 1530. In 1535 Afonso subsequently mentioned Matamba as one of the regions over which he ruled as king in his titles. There is no further information on the kingdom's early history and modern oral traditions do not seem to illuminate this at the present state of research. However, it does not seem likely that Kongo had any more than a light and symbolic presence in Matamba, and its rulers were probably quite independent. Matamba undoubtedly had closer relations with its south southeastern neighbor Ndongo, then a powerful kingdom as well as with Kongo.
During the mid-sixteenth century Matamba was ruled by queen Njinga, who received missionaries from Kongo, then a Christian kingdom, dispatched by King Diogo I (1545–1561). Though this queen received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity.
The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under Paulo Dias de Novais in Luanda in 1575 altered the political situation as the Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579. Although Matamba played a small role in the early wars, the threat of a Portuguese victory stirred the ruler of Matamaba (probably a king named Kambolo Matamba) to intervene. He sent an army to aid Ndongo against the Portuguese, and with these forces, the combined armies were able to defeat and rout Portuguese forces at the Battle of the Lukala in 1590.
Portuguese attacks and Ndongo's conquest
In 1618 the Portuguese governor of Angola, Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos, launched a large-scale attack on Ndongo, using newly acquired Imbangala allies. The allied Imbangala, mercenary soldiers from south of the Kwanza River, turned the day and allowed Mendes de Vasconcelos' forces to sack Ndongo's capital and pillage the country. During the following two years, Mendes de Vasconcelos' son João led a detachment of Portuguese and Imbangala forces into Matamba where they did great damage. During this time the Imbangala band of Kasanje deserted the Portuguese and continued a campaign of destruction in Matamba. Thousands of Matamba subjects were killed and thousands more taken to America as slaves. It is during this period, for example, that the ethnonym "Matamba" appears in slave inventories in Spanish America in considerable numbers.
Ndongo continued to suffer attacks from Portuguese forces, and in 1624 Queen Njinga Mbandi (also known as Nzinga) took over as ruler of that country. She continued the war unsuccessfully against Portugal and was forced to flee the country in 1626 and then again in 1629. During her second flight Njinga entered Matamba and her forces routed the army of Matamba's ruler, Queen Mwongo Matamba, capturing her and taking her prisoner. From at least 1631 onward, Njinga made Matamba her capital, joining it to the Kingdom of Ndongo.
The joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors
Queen Njinga ruled in Matamba from 1631 until her death in 1663. During this time she integrated the country into her domains and thousands of her former subjects who had fled Portuguese attacks with her settled there. She made several wars against Kasanje especially in 1634–5. In 1639 she received a Portuguese peace mission which did not achieve a treaty, but did reestablish relations between her and the Portuguese. When the Dutch took over Luanda in 1641, Njinga immediately sent ambassadors to make an alliance with them. During these years, she moved her capital from Matamba to Kavanga, where she conducted operations against the Portuguese. Though Ndongo forces won a significant victory over the Portuguese in at the Battle of Kombi in 1647, nearly forcing them to abandon the country and laying siege to their inland capital of Masangano, a Portuguese relief force led by Salvador de Sá in 1648 drove out the Dutch and forced Njinga to return to Matamba. Although she maintained a symbolic capital at Kindonga, an island in the Kwanza River where she and her predecessor had ruled, the real capital was at the town of Matamba (Santa Maria de Matamba). Njinga had been baptized as Ana de Sousa while in Luanda in 1622, and in 1654 she began peace overtures to Portugal.
Njinga hoped that a peaceful relationship with Portugal would allow her to settle her kingdom and determine a successor, as she had no children. She formed a close alliance with a related family, whose leader João Guterres Ngola Kanini, became one of her most important councillors. She was also anxious to remove Imbangala forces, led by Njinga Mona, from her army and place them under her direct control. For this reason she also sought to reconcile with the Catholic Church. This strategy was successful, she signed a peace treaty in 1657 and Italian Capuchin missionaries began working in her lands. They regarded Njinga in her later days as a model Christian and thousands of Matamba subjects were baptized.
However, reintegration in the Christian community did not solve her problems, and there were still troubling issues of succession. The church refused to recognize a dynastic marriage between João Guterres and her sister Barbara, because Guterres had a wife at the Portuguese fort of Mbaka where he had once been prisoner. Similarly, although the non-and even anti-Christian Imbanagala allowed Njinga to alter some of their customs, Njinga Mona's power was unchecked in the army.
Civil war
After Njinga's death, a period of tension, punctuated by civil war, broke out. Barbara succeeded Njinga, but was killed by forces loyal to Njinga Mona in 1666. João Guterres managed to temporarily oust Njinga Mona in 1669, but was defeated and killed in 1670. Njinga Mona would rule the kingdom until João Guterres' son, Francisco, ousted and killed Njinga Mona becoming ruler in 1680.
Battle of Katole
In 1681 Francisco became involved in a war with neighboring Kasanje, in which he sought to promote the interests of one of the candidates to the throne. The Portuguese intervened in this war and invaded Matamba with a force of over 40,000 troops, the largest military force Portugal had even mobilized in Angola. The army penetrated to Katole, where Francisco launched a successful dawn attack on 4 September 1681, inflicting heavy casualties on the Portuguese army. However, Imbangala forces in the Portuguese army managed to stiffen resistance, and in the ensuing battle, Francisco and several of his relatives were killed. The Portuguese army, having suffered heavy losses withdrew to Ambaca and then to Masangano.
Queen Verónica
Francisco Guterres was succeeded by his sister Verónica I Guterres Kandala Kingwanga, whose long rule from 1681 to 1721 consolidated the control of the Guterres dynasty and created a lasting precedent for female rulers. Verónica was apparently a pious Christian, but also a fervent believer in Matamba's independence. In order to forestall another Portuguese invasion, Verónica sent an embassy to Luanda that negotiated a peace treaty, signed 7 September 1683. In it she accepted nominal vassalage, agreed to return Portuguese prisoners taken at the battle of Katole, allowed missionaries into the country and permitted agents of Portuguese free passage through her lands. She also agreed to acknowledge the independence of Kasanje and to renounce all claims on the country and to pay 200 slaves over 4 years as compensation.
Verónica, however, was not really cowed, and within a few years was advancing claims as Queen of Ndongo and Matamba that rivaled those of her predecessor Njinga. In the process of asserting her claims she was drawn into wars with Portugal in 1689 and again in 1692–3. She also sought some sort of alliance with Kongo in 1706. These wars and the raiding in between major operations led to serious depopulation on the western edges of her domains.
Verónica appears to have been anxious to re-establish a Christian mission in the country, abandoned following the death of Njinga and the civil war that followed. However, in spite of her various entreaties, the mission was not reestablished.
The Portuguese invasion of 1744
When Verónica died in 1721 she was succeeded by her son Afonso I Álvares de Pontes. During his reign, the northern district of Holo seceded from Matamba to form its own kingdom and entered into relations with Portugal. As a result of Matamba's attempts to prevent the secession and Portuguese trade with the rebel province, relations between Matamba and the Portuguese colony deteriorated.
Ana II (Ana I was Queen Njinga as Matamba accepted the Christian names of former rulers and their dynasty), who came to power in 1741, faced a Portuguese invasion in 1744. The invasion of Matamba by Portuguese forces in 1744 was one of their largest military operations in the eighteenth century. In the course of their attack, Matamba's army inflicted a serious defeat on the Portuguese, but in spite of this, a remnant of the army managed to reach the capital of Matamba. In order to avoid a long war and to get them to withdraw, Ana II signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal which renewed points conceded by Verónica in 1683. While the treaty allowed Portugal to claim Matamba as a vassal, and opened up Matamba to Portuguese trade, it had little effect on the real sovereignty of Matmaba, or indeed in the conduct of trade.
Ana II, like Verónica before her, was interested in developing Matamba as a Christian country, routinely sending letters to the Capuchin prefect of Congo and Angola or the Portuguese authorities requesting missionaries come and establish permanent bases in her country. While the country was visited by missionaries from Cahenda and also from the Barefoot Carmelites, a permanent mission was not established.
The divided kingdom
Ana II died in 1756 and a civil war broke out at that time among rival contenders for the throne, during which Verónica II ruled briefly for a time but she was overthrown sometime after 1758, leaving Ana III on the throne.
Ana III was in turn overthrown by Kalwete ka Mbandi, a military leader. Kalwete won the war, and was baptized as Francisco II upon taking the throne. However, two of Ana's daughters, Kamana and Murili escaped the civil war, took refuge in the ancient capital of Ndongo on the Kindonga islands and successfully resisted Francisco II's attempts to oust them. From this base, Queen Kamana created a rival kingdom, and in 1767 tried unsuccessfully to obtain Portuguese help against her rival. While the Portuguese governor of the time, Francisco Innocencio de Sousa Coutinho granted her asylum and instructed his officials to respect her and her position, he did not favor direct intervention in affairs in the eastern part of the Portuguese zone.
Kamana's son and successor did manage to end the division of the country by successfully recovering the capital and being crowned as king of Matamba in around 1810.
See also
List of Rulers of Matamba
List of Ngolas of Ndongo
Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba
History of Angola
Kingdom of Ndongo
Kingdom of Kongo
African military systems to 1800
African military systems after 1800
References
David Birmingham, Trade and Conquest in Angola: the Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese (Oxford, 1966)
Graziano Saccardo, Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini (3 volumes, Venice, 1982–3)
Fernando Campos, "A data da morte de D. Verónica I, Rainha de Ndongo e Matamba," Africa (São Paulo) 1982
Countries in precolonial Africa
Matamba
Matamba
Matamba
Kingdom of Kongo
Northern Mbundu
17th century in Angola
18th century in Angola
States and territories established in 1631
States and territories disestablished in 1744
1631 establishments in Africa
1744 disestablishments in Africa
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4014332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20of%20Glencoe
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Pap of Glencoe
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The Pap of Glencoe () is a mountain on the northern side of Glen Coe, in the Highlands of Scotland. It lies at the western end of the Aonach Eagach ridge, directly above the point where the River Coe enters Loch Leven.
The Pap is so named as it has a distinctive conical shape resembling a female breast (see: pap), particularly when viewed from the west. It forms part of the "classic" view of the entrance to Glen Coe.
The simplest route of ascent starts from the unclassified road between Glencoe village and the Clachaig Inn. A pebble path leaves the road about west of the youth hostel, and passes a white house on the left, reaching the bealach between the Pap and Sgor nam Fiannaidh, from where the Pap may be climbed. The final stretch up to the bealach forms a pathway by small gully; this section is often extremely muddy and boggy. The final of ascent require some easy scrambling, and care is needed under winter conditions.
The Pap may also be climbed from the Kinlochleven side, though this is far less common.
See also
List of mountains in Scotland
Maiden Paps
Breast-shaped hill
References
Milne, Rob, & Hamish Brown (eds), The Corbetts & Other Scottish Hills, Scottish Mountaineering Club Hillwalkers' Guide (The Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 2002).
External links
Scottish Place Names
Grahams
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
Glen Coe
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4014350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament%20of%20the%20Bahamas
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Parliament of the Bahamas
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The Parliament of the Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up of the sovereign (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at the Bahamian Parliament Building in Nassau, the national capital.
The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.
History
Originally inhabited by the Lucayan people, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
In 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the lords proprietors of the Carolinas, who rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country. The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy.
A General Assembly was established in 1729; the first elections took place in September, and on 29 September 1729 twenty-four members representing the islands of New Providence, Eleuthera, and Harbour Island gathered together at the house of Samuel Lawford to form the assembly.
The Bahamas legislature has had a bicameral feature since its inception in 1729 as the Governor's Council performed both executive and legislative functions. In 1841 Governor Francis Cockburn divided Governors Council into two separate councils: The Executive Council to deal with executive functions and the Legislative Council to deal with legislative functions of the upper house. In 1841 the Bahamian legislature took on more structure, with the Legislative Council being the superior legislative body and the House of Assembly being the lesser. The Legislative Council eventually was renamed to the Senate in 1964 and became the weaker house while the House of Assembly became the superior legislative body. The Senate is however still known as the upper house and the House of Assembly still as the lower house.
Bahamians achieved self-government in 1964 and full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on July 10, 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as monarch. The Parliament as presently constituted was established by Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Bahamas, which came into effect upon the country's independence from the United Kingdom.
House of Assembly
The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It consists of 39 members (known as members of parliament), elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The prime minister is the leader of the party controlling the majority of the House of Assembly seats. Dewitt Halson Moultrie was elected the new speaker of the House of Assembly on May 24, 2017.
Latest election
Senate
The Senate (upper house) consists of 16 members appointed by the governor-general. Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the prime minister, four on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition. The Senate is authorized by the Constitution to pass bills in the same manner as passed by the House or it can make such amendments to the bill should it consider it necessary. Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly. The Senate may even reject a bill outrightly that had been passed by the House. However, if the House passes the bill in two successive sessions, and the Senate rejects the bill each time, the House of Assembly may send the bill directly to the governor-general without the Senate having consented to the bill.
If the House passes a money bill and sends that bill to the Senate for its consent, and if the Senate does not give its consent within a month after receiving the bill, the money bill is sent to the governor-general for assent even though the Senate had not consented to it
In a historic vote, attorney Sharon Wilson was unanimously elected to a second term as president of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as president of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as president of the Senate from 2007 to 2012.
K. Forbes Smith was elected the new president of the Senate on May 24, 2017.
Legislative functions
Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to:
determine the privileges, immunities, powers, and procedures of both the Senate and the House of Assembly;
alter or amend any of the provisions of the constitution;
prescribe the officers who are to constitute the personal staff of the Governor-General;
prescribe the number of Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal; and
approve the Government's budget.
Parliament also maintains oversight of the government's finances through the Public Accounts Committee. Parliament is also the forum where public policy and matters of national importance are debated.
Legislative procedure
Most of the laws passed by Parliament are for the modification or amendment of existing laws.
Article 52(2) of the Constitution empowers Parliament to make laws by the passing of a bill. Most bills are introduced into Parliament by a government minister, but in principle any parliamentarian may introduce a bill. A bill must be passed by both the House of Assembly and Senate, and then must be formally assented to by the governor-general, before it becomes law.
There are currently four main classifications of bills: public, money, private member, and private bills.
A bill must pass through a series of stages in order to be passed by each chamber, with a vote taken at each stage. The procedure in the House of Assembly is as follows:
A bill is formally introduced into Parliament at the first reading; this stage is generally a formality, with the bill's long title being read out and the presiding officer placing the motion without debate. After the first reading, the speaker orders the bill to be printed; it is then numbered, circulated to members of parliament, and made available to the public.
At the second reading, the principle of the bill is debated.
At the committal stage, the entire House of Assembly sits as a committee of the whole house, with the speaker leaving the chair and the deputy speaker presiding as chairperson. During this stage the bill is examined clause by clause, with detailed amendments considered. After the bill has been dealt with in committee, the chairperson formally reports to the speaker the outcome of the committee's deliberations, including what amendments have been made.
The third reading is the final stage; the motion made by the speaker for the third reading is usually agreed to without debate. once a bill has had its third reading, the speaker orders the bill passed, and instructs the chief clerk to take the bill to the Senate for its consideration.
Each bill consists of five main parts: the long title, the short title, the interpretation clause, the main body of the bill and the objects and reasons. The long title is a description of the nature of the bill and covers the intent of the bill. The short title follows the long title and labels the bill for identification purposes. The short title sometimes also contains the commencement clause, which states when the bill will have legal force. The short title in turn is followed by the interpretation clause, which defines certain words and phrases used in the bill. The body of the bill consists of all of the other clauses, which contain the provisions of the bill, that is, they contain all of the measures that the bill is enacting. The objects and reasons is the final part of a bill and it seeks to explain in layman’s terms the purpose of the bill and the reason why it is necessary.
Members
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2002–2007
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2007–2012
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2012–2017
List of current members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas
See also
List of presidents of the Senate of the Bahamas
List of speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas
List of legislatures by country
References
External links
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, The Government of the Bahamas, accessed 15 March 2013.
Government of the Bahamas
Bahamas
Bahamas
1729 establishments in the British Empire
1729 establishments in North America
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4014356
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover%2C%20Virginia
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Clover, Virginia
|
Clover is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in rural Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 438. Clover was an incorporated town from 1895 until 1998, when it reverted to unincorporated status. Clover was the site of a Rosenwald school, built around 1921 or 1922, with a three-teacher facility on a 2-acre campus.
Black Walnut, a historic plantation house and farm located near Clover, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
Geography
Clover is in northeastern Halifax County, north of U.S. Route 360. It is northeast of South Boston and southwest of Keysville via US 360.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Clover CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.11%, is water. It is drained by tributaries of the Roanoke River.
Notable people
J. Steven Griles (b. 1947), former United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior (2001–04) in the George W. Bush administration, coal lobbyist, implicated in the Jack Abramoff scandal
Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951), source of the HeLa cell line, subject of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2010) and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film) (2017)
Willie Lanier (b. 1945), Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker for Kansas City Chiefs
Luther Hilton Foster (1888-1949), President of Virginia Normal and Industrial School, now Virginia State University, near Petersburg
Henry E. Garrett (1894-1973), prominent psychologist at Columbia and UVa, and supporter of racial segregation
References
Census-designated places in Halifax County, Virginia
Former municipalities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia
Populated places disestablished in 1998
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4014359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiraitu%20Murungi
|
Kiraitu Murungi
|
Kiraitu Murungi (born 1 January 1952) is the Governor of Meru County in Kenya. He is a former long-serving Member of Parliament for South Imenti constituency (1992-2013), former Cabinet Minister, and former Senator for Meru County.
Education
Kiraitu Murungi was born on 1 January 1952 in Kionyo village, Abogeta division of Meru District in Eastern Kenya to Daniel M’Mwarania and Anjelika Kiajia. He attended Kionyo primary school after which he joined Chuka High School before proceeding to Alliance High School. Murungi graduated with a Bachelor of Law from the University of Nairobi in 1977 and attained a Master of Law in the same university in 1982. In 1991 he attained another Master of Law from Harvard Law School when he was in exile for two years in the United States during Daniel arap Moi's one-party dictatorship period.
Law career
Murungi was a partner in a law firm he founded with Gibson Kamau Kuria and Aaron Ringera, where he practised law for ten years. His biggest case during this period was representing political prisoners of the Moi government including Wanyiri Kihoro against the government itself. A case that is covered in Wanyiri Kihoro's book Never Say Die: The Chronicle of a Political Prisoner and resulted in the detention of Kuria in an attempt to cause the abandonment of the case, as well as a period in exile in various western countries for both Mr. Murungi and Mr. Kuria.
Political career
Upon his return from exile, Kiraitu joined the struggle for multi-party democracy in 1990 as one of Kenya's "Young Turks." Murungi joined the newly formed Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) following Kenya's return to multi-party politics in 1991. He was elected to parliament on the FORD ticket during the first multi-party election in 1992, serving as Member of parliament for South Imenti Constituency, Meru. Kiraitu decamped from FORD to Democratic Party (DP) when FORD splintered in the aftermath of the demise of its leader, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, retaining the South Imenti seat during the 1997 general elections. As an opposition member of parliament between 1991 and 2002, Kiraitu served as the shadow Attorney-General and member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Anti-Corruption.
Murungi has been a member of parliament since 1992 and has formerly served as Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs and as the shadow Attorney General. In the 2002 Kenya General Elections he won the South Imenti Constituency MP seat for the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party. After the Government's defeat in the 21 November 2005 constitutional referendum, he was appointed Minister of Energy. He was then re-elected as a member of parliament under a Party of National Unity (PNU) ticket in the 2007 elections.
On 8 August 2017, he was elected the governor of Meru County under a Jubilee ticket, defeating the Incumbent Peter Munya and effectively becoming the second governor of the county since its inception. Prior to being the Governor Kiraitu served as the Senator for Meru County after winning the seat under the Alliance Party of Kenya (APK) ticket in the 2013 elections.
Scandals and Controversies
In February 2005, Murungi apologised for making a remark which was criticised as trivialising both rape and corruption. He had said that criticism from aid donors of corruption in Kenya was "like raping a woman who is already willing".
He is one of the closest allies of former Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki. He has been accused of attempting to cover-up in the Anglo Leasing Scandal, which he once claimed that it was a "scandal that never was". On 8 February 2006, the BBC World Service aired a conversation between Murungi and former Governance and Ethics Permanent Secretary John Githongo where he appears to be coercing Githongo to drop his investigations on the Anglo Leasing Scandal. He had promised that Anura Pereira would forgive a debt of KES 30 million owed by Githongo's father.
Murungi initially maintained that he would not resign from his cabinet post despite the allegations of corruption. He claimed that he was innocent and that Githongo's reports are mere propaganda. On the recording, he has commented: "I have listened to the alleged tape recorded evidence. It is truncated, inaudible, insufficient and inadmissible to form any credible proof of the allegations being orchestrated by Mr Githongo". On 13 February 2006, however, President Mwai Kibaki announced that Murungi had resigned to allow full investigation into the allegations. On 14 February 2006, a day after his resignation, Murungi has claimed that he played no role at all to cover-up the Anglo Leasing Scandal. He blamed his woes on the politics of National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) and the media. However, it later emerged that President Mwai Kibaki had asked him to resign from the government.
On 10 February 2006, Murungi issued a statement that was faxed to all Kenyan media houses questioning the intentions and motives of John Githongo, in the form of 36 questions. Among the questions he asked is why John Githongo was recording his conversations with government officials and whether he was a spy for foreign nations.
On 15 November 2006 he was reinstated as Energy Minister by Kibaki. He remained in that Cabinet position appointed by Kibaki until 8 January 2008, following the controversial December 2007 election.
See also
Corruption in Kenya
Chris Murungaru
David Mwiraria
References
External links
Government Curriculum Vitae
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
1952 births
Members of the Senate of Kenya
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Energy in Kenya
Meru people
20th-century Kenyan lawyers
Government ministers of Kenya
National Rainbow Coalition politicians
Party of National Unity (Kenya) politicians
Alliance Party of Kenya politicians
Alumni of Alliance High School (Kenya)
University of Nairobi alumni
Kenya School of Law alumni
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4014370
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngome
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Ngome
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Ngome may mean:
Ngome (bread), a flatbread of Mali
Ngome, KwaZulu-Natal, a location near Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Ngome Forest, forest near Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Ngome Marian Shrine, a Marian apparition site near Nongoma
Ngome Kongwe (Old Fort), a fort on Zanzibar in Tanzania
Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome, Sultan of Bambao 4 times in the 19th century
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4014371
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbless%20vertebrate
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Limbless vertebrate
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Many vertebrates have evolved limbless, limb-reduced, or apodous forms. Reptiles have on a number of occasions evolved into limbless forms – snakes, amphisbaenia, and legless lizards (limb loss in lizards has evolved independently several times, examples include the families Pygopodidae and Dibamidae and species of Isopachys, Anguis, and Ophisaurus). The same is true of amphibians – caecilians, Sirenidae (a clade of salamanders that are limbless except for atrophied front limbs), Amphiumidae (a clade of salamander with extremely atrophied limbs that appear non-functional) and at least three extinct groups (Aïstopoda, Lysorophia, and Adelospondyli). Larval amphibians, tadpoles, are also often limbless.
Legless forms of reptiles and amphibians probably evolved so as to be able to move underground or in water more easily. Some analyses suggest that elongation and undulatory locomotion (slithering) evolved first, before limb loss. The debate about the origin of limblessness led to a temporary hypothesis about a marine origin for snakes, which is no longer favored since the discovery of snake fossils with hindlimbs.
In the case of limb loss during evolution, vestigial structures testify to this change (remains of the pelvis, rudimentary femur or spurs in boas, pythons and Typhlops). The evolutionary process of transforming quadrupedal lizards into legless forms results in three main characteristics: the regression of the limbs is carried out gradually, via the reduction in their size and the reduction in the number of phalanges or fingers; the multiplication of the vertebrae (up to 600 in some snakes) induces a lengthening and a gain in flexibility of the trunk; and the vertebral axis is homogenized from the neck to the cloaca, evoking an interminable ribcage.
There are also a number of fish with elongated bodies that have no or reduced appendage-like fins, for example eels and swamp eels. While hagfish and lamprey also do not have appendage-like fins, they may not have lost them, but simply retained the form that vertebrates had before they evolved limbs.
There are no known limbless species of mammal or bird, although partial limb-loss and reduction has occurred in several groups, including whales and dolphins, sirenians, kiwis, and the extinct moa and elephant birds. The moa in particular are notable for having completely lost their wings, without even vestigial wings remaining outside their bodies.
Despite its name, the finless porpoise has two fins, and several species of legless lizards have tiny useless legs, such as pygopodids which retain rudimentary flaps. Contrarily, the worm lizard Bipes as its scientific name suggests has two stubby forelimbs which actually assist in digging similar to a mole. All other amphisbaenians have reduced or absent forelimb girdles.
See also
Terrestrial locomotion
Snake evolution
Limb development – Discussion of the genetic and developmental processes affecting limb growth.
Larvae – which describes many non-vertebrate limbless forms
References
Vertebrate anatomy
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4014376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian
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Marian
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Marian may refer to:
People
Mari people, a Finno-Ugric ethnic group in Russia
Marian (given name), a list of people with the given name
Marian (surname), a list of people so named
Places
Marian, Iran (disambiguation)
Marian, Queensland, a town in Australia
Marian, a village in toe commune of Hîrtop, Transnistria, Moldova
Lake Marian, New Zealand
Marian Cove, King George Island, South Shetland Islands
Mt Marian, Tasmania, a mountain in Australia
Marian, Albania, a village near Lekas, Korçë County
Christianity
Marian, an adjective for things relating to the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic), specifically Marian devotions
Congregation of Marian Fathers, also known as Marians of the Immaculate Conception, a Roman Catholic male clerical congregation
Schools
Marian Academy, a Roman Catholic private school in Georgetown, Guyana
Marian College (disambiguation)
Marian High School (disambiguation)
Marian University (Indiana)
Marian University (Wisconsin)
The Marian School, a Catholic private school in Currajong, Queensland, Australia
Omaha Marian
Art, entertainment, and media
Fictional entities
Mariane, a character in Tartuffe by Molière
Marian Hawke, the female player character of Dragon Age II (the name may be changed)
Music
"Marian", a song by the British gothic rock band The Sisters of Mercy
Marian Records, a record label
Other uses
Marian, an adjective for things relating to Gaius Marius
Marian, an adjective for things relating to Mari people
Marian, a noun for the students of Saint Mary's University of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Marian Apartments (disambiguation), two places on the US National Register of Historic Places
Marian Party, those Scots who remained loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots in the disputes following her deposition
UCD Marian, an Irish basketball club
See also
Mariana (disambiguation)
Marianne (disambiguation) - for the French spelling
Merian (disambiguation)
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4014404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistm%20Konfliqt...
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Cistm Konfliqt...
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Cistm Konfliqt... ("system conflict") is the tenth and last studio album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in 2004 in Japan and 2005 in the United Kingdom. The UK version included two bonus live tracks, a video for "W.O.R.L.D", and an alternative cover. This lyrics showed an interest in politics, for example the song "Scary" has the lines "Tell me now, why are we killing and dying; America, Europe, Asia, Middle East; Religion, History, Greed".
After the album's release, the band was invited to The Radio One Lock Up show to play a session, and the song "Cracker!" was featured on the Japanese version of the Resident Evil: Apocalypse soundtrack. Former Pride FC Champion Takanori Gomi uses the song "Scary" as his entrance music.
Track listing
Start ID – 0:12
Retalk – 3:30
Bomb Idea – 2:20
Scary (Delete Streamin' Freq. from Fear Side) – 3:57
W.O.R.L.D. – 4:25
Cracker! – 3:48
Sunny Beach Rd. – 3:12
Grim Monster – 3:21
Loud Up! – 2:44
She Loves It (Explore the New Day) – 3:38
Let It Rip (Download from Joujouka) – 4:50
Happy Ride – 3:11
Cistm Konfliqt... – 4:21
Pulse [Live] – 3:23 (UK release only)
Island [Live] – 5:15 (UK release only)
W.O.R.L.D [Video] (UK release only)
"Let It Rip (Download from Joujouka)" is a remake of the psychedelic trance band Joujouka's song "Let It Rip".
The Mad Capsule Markets albums
2004 albums
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4014411
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%20High%20School%20%28Alabama%29
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Murphy High School (Alabama)
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Murphy High School, in Mobile, Alabama, is a public high school operated by the Mobile County Public School System that educates grades 9–12.
History
In 1922, the Mobile County Public School System (MCPSS) began to plan for the construction of a new high school that would serve the entire county, as the facilities of the now venerable 80 years old Barton Academy structure of Greek Revival architecture, in downtown, were becoming overcrowded and suffering from inadequate maintenance and difficult to maintain. In 1923 the Mobile County School Board acquired from the Carlen family for the site of their proposed high school complex.
The cornerstone of the school was laid on 14 December 1925, and on 26 April 1926, Mobile High School opened. Construction costs totaled $850,000 for the first six buildings with an additional $200,000 spent on the gymnasium and the indoor pool installed in 1930. Two years after its opening the school's name was changed to Murphy High School in honor of Samuel Silenus Murphy, MCPSS superintendent from 1900 to 1926. While still called Mobile High School, the yearbook had been called the Mobile High Annual. At the change of the name to Murphy High School, the workers did not want to change the name of the yearbook. They agreed to shorten the name to Mohian, a shortened version of Mobile High Annual. The school's colors are gold and blue. Their mascot is a panther.
The school was desegregated in 1963 when three African American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to the then all-white school. The court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year. By the fall of 1970, following stringent desegregation efforts in Alabama, 1,500 of the school's 2,140 students were African American. At the same time, the school had 34 African American teachers on its 87-member faculty.
In 1982 Murphy High School was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1987 it was selected as a Presidential Model School by the U.S. Department of Education. Redbook magazine named Murphy as one of the top high schools in the United States and one of the largest high schools in Alabama in 1994. Murphy students were featured in the Seventeen magazine issue for November 1996 fashion trends in high school. Several students from the classes of 1997 and 1998 were included in the magazine.
On December 25, 2012, Murphy High School was hit directly by an EF2 wedge tornado, which caused significant damage to the campus. Students and faculty were relocated. They finished the remainder of the 2012 school year at the former Shaw High School in west Mobile while the Murphy campus was rebuilt. On August 19, 2013 the renovated storm-damaged high school campus reopened.
Academics
Murphy has 14 Advanced Placement courses, the International Baccalaureate program, and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.
Notable alumni
Buddy Aydelette, former NFL player, Green Bay Packers
James M. Fail, philanthropist
Kathryn P. Hire, NASA astronaut
Frank Howard, former football head coach and athletic director for the Clemson Tigers
Bobby Jackson, former NFL player
Joey Jones, NFL player and NCAA coach
Alex Lincoln, former Auburn University and San Francisco 49ers linebacker
Ivan Maisel, college football writer for ESPN
Jim Mason, former MLB player (Washington Senators, Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, Toronto Blue Jays, Montreal Expos)
Keith McCants, former football player for the University of Alabama and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Mardye McDole, former NFL player, Minnesota Vikings
Captain Munnerlyn, professional football player of the Carolina Panthers
Solomon Patton, former NFL player
Sidney Phillips, US Marine
Dennison Robinson, Former Arena Football League player for the Chicago Rush
Phil Savage, Philadelphia Eagle Player Personnel Executive, Senior Bowl Executive Director
Billy Shipp, former NFL and CFL player
Don Siegelman, former governor of the state of Alabama
Cleo Simmons, former NFL player
Eugene Sledge, US Marine, author, professor
Leighton W. Smith Jr., admiral in US Navy
John Steber, former NFL player
Mickey Sutton, former NFL player
Erick Walder, long jumper, Olympic Silver Medal, 1997 Athens
Clifton "C. C." Williams, NASA astronaut and US Marine
Jerrel Wilson, former NFL player Kansas City Chiefs, Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame 2011
References
External links
Murphy High School
Murphy High School Alumni Association
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
High schools in Mobile, Alabama
International Baccalaureate schools in Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1926
Public high schools in Alabama
1926 establishments in Alabama
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4014423
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byodo-In
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Byodo-In
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Byodo-In may refer to:
Byōdō-in, a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
Byodo-In (Hawaii), a Buddhist temple on the island of Oʻahu in the State of Hawaiʻi, United States
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4014438
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo%20Queens
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Voodoo Queens
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The Voodoo Queens were a North London-based indie punk/riot grrrl band, who reached number one in the Indie Charts in 1993.
History
The band was composed of Anjali Bhatia (guitar, vocals), Ella Guru (guitar, backing vocals), Stefania 'Steffi' Lucchesini (drums), Rajni Bhatia (keyboards) and Anjula Bhaskar (bass). Rebecca Lunn later stepped in for Anjula who had to leave to visit family in India. and Mary Deigan replaced her on bass in 1994.
In late 1992, Anjali left the group Mambo Taxi, in which she was the drummer, to start the Voodoo Queens, along with her sister Rajni and cousin Anjula, Ella Guru (also of Mambo Taxi), and drummer Sunny. After only one concert, they were offered a Peel session by BBC DJ John Peel. This was recorded in January 1993, whilst Anjali was still working at Virgin Megastore in Oxford Street. Other radio and TV appearances followed, including a further two Peel Sessions, and a busking competition against Boyzone on Channel 4's music and arts programme Naked City.
The music press, in addition to associating the band with the riot grrrl scene, also grouped them with other Asian-fronted bands such as Cornershop; Anjali felt that the press focused more on the music scene instead of the musical content.
Following the dissolution of the band, Ella Guru joined the Stuckist artists in 1999. Anjali went on to become a solo artist, releasing several albums of dance-orientated material on Wiiija Records. Deigan joined The Hangovers, and later - along with Ella Guru - the Deptford Beach Babes. Steffi briefly played with long-running all-female post-punk band Gertrude.
Discography
Singles/EPs
"Supermodel Superficial"/"Chocolate (Melt in Your Mouth)" (1993) Too Pure
"Kenuwee Head"/"My Little Guitar Baby" (1993) Too Pure
"F Is For Fame"/"I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want To Kill You) [Radio Nasty version]" (1994) Too Pure
"Eat The Germs"/"Hairy"" (1995) Voodoo Records
"Neptune"/"I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want To Kill You)" (1995) Dirt Records [US release]
Albums
Chocolate Revenge (1994) Too Pure ("You're Dumped", "Princess of the Voodoo Beat", "Neptune", "Summer Sun", "I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want to Kill You)", "Faceache", "Indian Film Star", "Cactus Trees", "Shopping Girl Maniac", "Chocolate Eyes", "My Favourite Handbag")
Peel Sessions (1994) Strange Fruit
References
External links
Anjali Bhatia's website Defunct
Ella Guru's website Defunct
Voodoo Queens on the Peel sessions, BBC
All-female punk bands
English punk rock groups
English indie rock groups
Riot grrrl bands
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Underground punk scene in the United Kingdom
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4014439
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarina%2C%20Sicily
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Kamarina, Sicily
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Kamarina (, Latin, Italian, & ) was an ancient city on the southern coast of Sicily in southern Italy. The ruins of the site and an archaeological museum are located south of the modern town of Scoglitti, a frazione of the comune Vittoria in the province of Ragusa.
Geography
The city of Camarina was located 112 km west of Syracuse, between the rivers Hipparis and Oanis and on the south bank of Hipparis which also acted as a moat for the city. It had two harbours at the river mouths but not big enough to accommodate a large fleet and ships had to be beached on the shore. The land north of the river originally contained marshes, which would have caused difficulty for invaders.
History
It was founded by Syracuse in 599 BC, but after it rebelled against its mother city with the aid of Sicels, it was sacked in 552 BC, rejoining the Syracuse domain. Camarina rebelled again in 492 BC and Hippocrates of Gela (498-491 BC) intervened to wage war against Syracuse. After defeating the Syracusan army at the Heloros river, he besieged the city but was persuaded to retreat in exchange for possession of Camarina.
It was destroyed by Gela in 484 BC but the Geloans founded it anew in 461 BC, under the Olympic charioteer Psaumis of Camarina. They appear to have done so with a democratic constitution (alongside a more general institution of democracies in the wake of the Common Resolution). In 415 Thucydides describes a public meeting (syllogos) at which the city decided for neutrality (though it later voted to reverse this decision). A series of more than 140 lead plates, discovered around the Temple of Athena, and with information about citizens written on them, has suggested to some that Kamarina used allotment to select jurors and city officials (as Athens and other democratic city-states did). These may, however, have had some other use, for example, as a register of citizens for military purposes.
It had allied with Leontini and Athens in 427 BC against Syracuse, while Gela was an ally of Syracuse. In the Sicilian wars that followed, Camarina and Gela concluded an armistice in 425 BC. To settle peace in the rest of the island, the two cities not only sent ambassadors but also granted them unusually broad power to conduct diplomacy and invited all the belligerents to convene and discuss peace terms which were agreed at the Congress of Gela, and Syracuse ceded Morgantina to Camarina in exchange for money.
Then it aided Syracuse during the Athenian Expedition in 415–413 BC.
Camarina had contributed 500 hoplites, 600 light troops and 20 horse to defend Akragas against the Carthaginians in 406 BC. After its fall, Gela was attacked by the Carthaginians in 405 BC and the allied Greek army cammanded by Dionysius I was defeated and led to the Sack of Camarina. Dionysius evacuated Gela and the Greek army had fallen back to Camarina after a forced march along with Gelan refugees. Dionysius ordered the citizens of Camarina to leave their city instead of organizing a defence. The Carthaginians sacked Camarina and encamped before Syracuse during the summer, and after a while a peace treaty was signed which confirmed Carthaginian control over Selinus, Akragas, Gela, and Camarina, but Greeks were allowed to return to these cities, and Camarina was forbidden to repair their walls.
Before this event the Kamarinians were plagued with a mysterious disease. The marsh of Kamarina had protected the city from its hostile neighbours to the north. It was suspected that the marsh was the source of the strange illness and the idea of draining the marsh to end the epidemic became popular (the germ theory of disease was millennia in the future, but some people associated swamps with disease). The town oracle was consulted. The oracle advised the leaders not to drain the marsh, suggesting the plague would pass with time. But the discontent was widespread and the leaders opted to drain the marsh against the oracle's advice. Once it was dry, there was nothing stopping the Carthaginian army from advancing. They marched across the newly drained marsh and razed the city, killing every last inhabitant.
Kamarina was restored by the Corinthian Timoleon to Syracusan control in 339 BC.
The city reached its maximum expansion at the end of the 4th century BC.
Roman era
In 259 BC in the First Punic War, the Carthaginians under Hamilcar seized Kamarina. In 258 BC it fell into the hands of the Romans after a lengthy siege at the Battle of Kamarina.
The battle is notable for two events: first, the consul Aulus Atilius Calatinus's foolish decision to march his troops into a ravine where they were ambushed and almost massacred; secondly, the wisdom and bravery of the military tribune Marcus Calpurnius Flamma who identified the strategic advantage of a nearby hilltop and led 300 men to the top, diverting the Carthaginians from Atilius and allowing the main force to escape from the ravine. All 300 of Calpurnius’ men died on the hill; he himself was left for dead but survived and was taken prisoner.
Kamarina's complete destruction dates from the Arab conquest in AD 827.
The Site
The remains are of great archaeological interest, and testify to the vastness of the ancient site. The Kamarina Regional Archaeological Museum is in the archaeological park which includes many excavated remains:
Agora
temple of Athena
foundations of houses
the city wall
the necropolis from 7th and 5th-4th centuries BC has been carefully explored. Some of the contents are now in the archaeological museum of Syracuse.
the port-channel along the Ippari river is recognisable, made in the Greek age with adaptation of the mouth of the river, and lasted for a long time as the hub of important commercial traffic up to the Roman age.
The remains of a "Hamman qbel Jamaa", public baths used before entering the mosque, are one of only two known on the island.
Gallery
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
References
External links
Official website
Archaeological sites in Sicily
Former populated places in Italy
Province of Ragusa
Syracusian colonies
Greek city-states
Ancient cities in Sicily
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4014445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQ2
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EQ2
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EQ2 or variation, may refer to:
EverQuest II, an MMO-RPG released in 2004
The Equalizer 2, an action film released in 2018
Sky-Watcher EQ2, a telescope equatorial mount
Chery eQ2, an electric car
See also
EQ (disambiguation)
Q2 (disambiguation)
E2 (disambiguation)
2 (disambiguation)
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4014449
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20smashing
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Plate smashing
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Plate smashing is a Greek custom involving the smashing of plates or glasses during celebratory occasions. In popular culture, the practice is most typical of foreigners' stereotypical image of Greece, and while it occurs more rarely today, it continues to be seen on certain occasions, such as weddings, although plaster plates are more likely to be used.
History in Greece
Ancient and medieval
The custom probably derives from an ancient practice of ritually "killing" plates on mourning occasions, as a means of dealing with loss. Breaking plates may also be related to the ancient practice of conspicuous consumption, a display of one's wealth, as plates or glasses are thrown into a fireplace following a banquet instead of being washed and reused.
Modern times
In 1969, the military dictatorship of Georgios Papadopoulos, that had suspended democracy and ruled Greece autocratically from 1967 to 1974, banned plate smashing. Nowadays specially-produced plaster plates are used. Another modern variation on the custom is for diners at small Greek restaurants or tavernas to buy trays of flowers that they can throw at singers and each other.
In popular culture
In the Hazell episode "Hazell goes to the Dogs" (1978) Hazell stakes out a Greek Restaurant while his drunken assistant smashes plates as the proprietor performs a Greek dance. This is an accurate representation of 1970s stereotyping of Greeks, Greek restaurants and foreign cultures in general.
In the Three's Company episode "Opening Night," (November 16, 1982) Larry Dallas invites his family, visiting from Greece, to Jack's Bistro. The large family gathering ends with the Greek celebratory custom of the breaking of plates. Reluctant at first because of all the money it will cost to replace the plates, Jack joins in the celebration when Larry says they will cover the bill for each plate. Jack then looks at Janet who shows him the final cost of all the plates that were broken. Jack, while clenching the remaining two plates he owns, throws them up in the air and says "Opa!" and lets them break as well.
In Part I of The Love Boat S6 E18 episode (February 5, 1983) titled: "Isaac's Aegean Affair/The Captain and the Kid/Poor Rich Man/The Dean and the Flunkee," Gopher initiates plate smashing in a Greek restaurant.
In the Full House episode, "Greek Week", there is a scene at a Greek family party where Rebecca Donaldson smashes one plate. Then Joey Gladstone leads the crowds in plate smashing while Danny Tanner frantically tries to clean up the broken plates off the floor.
In the Frasier episode "Beware of Greeks," (March 17, 1998), Frasier's Greek cousin is getting married and his cousin's mother smashes plates at the wedding reception.
In the Perfect Strangers (TV series) episode "Grandpa" (S06e14), several plates are being smashed during the last scene of the episode in the course of a celebration taking place in a Greek restaurant.
In Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, episode 2.6 (November 12, 2005 ), Coconut Head smashes a plate on his head for his presentation on Greece.
The 2009 Australian stop motion animated dark comedy film Mary and Max features a plate smashing scene.
In Packed to the Rafters, episode 4.1 (February 8, 2011), the character Nick 'Carbo' Karandonis and his fiancée have an engagement party which includes smashing plaster plates and the mistaken smashing of porcelain plates.
In Come Dine with Me Canada, episode 2.16 (October 3, 2011), the evening ended with plate smashing "in keeping with the Greek ritual."
In Kitchen Cabinet, episode 2.3 (July 16, 2013), independent Australian Senator Nick Xenophon and host Annabel Crabb end a dinner discussion at a Greek "yiros" restaurant with an impromptu plate smashing.
In Friday Night Dinner, episode 2.6 (November 11, 2012), the character Jim smashes a plate believing it to be a Jewish tradition.
In an ESPN This is SportsCenter ad, anchors Stephen A. Smith and Neil Everett smash plates for Greek-born basketball player Giannis Antetokounmpo, causing him to remind them, "nobody actually does that in Greece."
In the 2001 film, The Wedding Planner, members of a wedding reception are seen smashing plates and cheering "Opa!", much to Penny's chagrin as she tries to save the plates. However, upon learning that her colleague Mary has finally made a romantic connection, Penny absentmindedly drops a stack of plates in enjoyment. Some party-goers see this and cheer before carrying Penny above their heads in celebration.
For one of two tasks in the final detour of The Amazing Race 33, teams took turns breaking one plate at a time during a band performance until the music stopped or a miniature clue was found within the debris.
See also
Zeibekiko, a Greek folk dance by the groom
Breaking the glass at Jewish weddings
Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines
Marriage and wedding customs in Greece
Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines
Nightclubs in Greece
External links
"Kefi - The Spirit of Greece," about.com.
"Having a Smashing Time in Greece. Why do Greeks break plates?," about.com.
"Breaking Plates in Greek Tavernas," greecetravel.com
Greek culture
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4014464
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%20%28Blake%29
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Har (Blake)
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Har is a character in the mythological writings of William Blake, who roughly corresponds to an aged Adam. His wife, Heva, corresponds to Eve. Har appears in Tiriel (1789) and The Song of Los (1795) and is briefly mentioned in The Book of Thel (1790) and Vala, or The Four Zoas (1796-1803).
Synopsis
Many years before Tiriel begins, Har was overthrown by his children, Tiriel, Ijim and Zazel. As time went by, he and his wife, Heva, came to reside in the Vales of Har, where they gradually succumbed to dementia, regressing to a childlike state to such an extent that they came to think their guardian, Mnetha, is their mother, spending their days chasing birds and singing in a "great cage" (Tiriel; 3:21). After Tiriel loses his throne to his own children, he visits Har and Heva. Excited by the visit, although unaware that Tiriel is their son, they ask him to stay with them, but he refuses and resumes his wanderings. Later, after Tiriel has had most of his own children killed, he returns to the Vales with the express purpose of condemning his parents, and the way they brought him up, declaring that Har's laws and his own wisdom now "end together in a curse" (8:8);
Upon this declamation, Tiriel then dies at their feet.
In the Africa section of the later poem The Song of Los (1795), which is set chronologically before Tiriel, Har and Heva are forced to flee into the wilderness, after their family rebel against them. In their exile in the desert, they then turn into reptiles.
Background
Mary S. Hall believes that Har's name is derived from Jacob Bryant's A New System or Analysis of Antient Mythology (1776), where Bryant conflates the Amazonian deities Harmon and Ares with the Egyptian deity Harmonia, wife of Cadmus. Blake had engraved plates for the book in the early 1780s, so he would have certainly have been familiar with its content.
As a character, S. Foster Damon believes that Har represents both the "decadent poetry of Blake's day" and the traditional spirit of Christianity. Northrop Frye reaches a similar conclusion, but also sees divergence in the character, arguing that although Har and Heva are based on Adam and Eve, "Har is distinguished from Adam. Adam is ordinary man in his mixed twofold nature of imagination and Selfhood. Har is the human Selfhood which, though men spend most of their time trying to express it, never achieves reality and is identified only as death. Har, unlike Adam, never outgrows his garden but remains there shut up from the world in a permanent state of near-existence." Harold Bloom agrees with this interpretation, arguing that "Har is natural man, the isolated selfhood." Bloom also believes that Har is comparable to Struldbruggs from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) and Tithonus from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem of the same name (1859).
'Har' is the Hebrew word for 'mountain', thus giving an inherent irony to the phrase "Vales of Har". Damon believes this conveys the ironic sense that "he who was a mountain now lives in a vale, cut off from mankind.
Blake's mythology
Both Har and the Vales of Har feature in Blake's subsequent prophetic work. The Vales of Har are mentioned in The Book of Thel (1790), and it is in the Vales where lives Thel herself. Throughout the poem they are represented as a place of purity and innocence; "I walk through the vales of Har. and smell the sweetest flowers" (3:18). At the end of the poem, when Thel is shown the world of experience outside the Vales, she panics and flees back to the safety of her home; "The Virgin started from her seat, & with a shriek./Fled back unhinderd till she came into the vales of Har" (6:21-22).
In the Africa section The Song of Los (1795), which is set chronologically before Tiriel, Har and Heva flee into the wilderness, after their family rebel against them:
Damon refers to this transformation as turning them into "serpents of materialism," which he relates back to their role in Tiriel.
Har and Ijim are also briefly mentioned in Vala, or The Four Zoas (1796-1803), where Har is the sixteenth son of Los and Enitharmon, and Ijim the eighteenth. Har's immediate father is Satan, representative of self-love in Blake, and his children are Ijim and Ochim (The Four Zoas, VIII:360).
Notes
Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve
Poetry by William Blake
William Blake
William Blake's mythology
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4014479
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Craven%20Bredin
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Edgar Craven Bredin
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Edgar Craven Bredin (16 April 1886 – 5 August 1950) was an Irish mechanical and locomotive engineer and later a railway manager.
Bredin was born in Canterbury on 16 April 1886 and educated at Mountjoy School in Dublin. In 1905 he was apprenticed to Fielding & Platt in Gloucester.
Great Southern and Western Railway
In 1907, he became a pupil at Great Southern and Western Railway's Inchicore Works. He was appointed Assistant Works Manager at Inchicore in 1916, and was promoted to Works Manager in 1925. The Great Southern and Western Railway was amalgamed into the Great Southern Railways the same year. Bredin became Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GSR from 1937 to 1942 when he became General Manager. The GSR became part of Córas Iompair Éireann on 1 January 1945, and in the same year he became General Manager of CIÉ, and retired at the end of 1946. He died in Dublin on 5 August 1950.
Locomotives
Bredin was noteworthy for introducing the largest steam locomotives to ever run on the Irish rail network. These were the GSR Class 800 three-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotives, the design work for which was carried out by Bredin's Chief Draughtsman, H J A Beaumont. Weighing in at over 130 tonnes, they were a full 20 tonnes heavier than the 201 Class, currently the largest diesel loco running on the Iarnród Éireann network.
References
1886 births
1950 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
Locomotive superintendents
People educated at Mount Temple Comprehensive School
Irish people in rail transport
Irish railway mechanical engineers
20th-century Irish engineers
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4014482
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNMH
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WNMH
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WNMH is a high school radio station broadcasting a Variety format. The station is owned by Northfield Mount Hermon School. From 1984 until 2010, the station was licensed to operate on 91.5 FM from Northfield, Massachusetts, United States and featured programming from ABC Radio. From 2014 until 2017, Northfield Mount Hermon School held a construction permit for a low-power FM station, WNMH-LP (106.7 FM) in Mount Hermon (a section of Gill), which would have restored WNMH's programming to the FM dial. , WNMH continues to operate as an Internet radio station on wnmh.live.
History
The former WNMH (to 2010)
WNMH signed on September 10, 1984. The station's license at Northfield was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on September 28, 2010 when the campus was sold.
WNMH-LP
The FCC granted a new construction permit on April 21, 2014, to broadcast FM from the NMH campus at Mount Hermon (in Gill, Massachusetts) from the studios in Crossley Hall. WNMH Radio has webcast its signal continuously over the years, beginning with Christmas Vespers in 2004. The construction permit expired on April 21, 2017; the FCC canceled the permit that day.
References
External links
NMH
High school radio stations in the United States
Internet radio stations in the United States
Defunct radio stations in the United States
NMH
Radio stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
Radio stations disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Northfield, Massachusetts
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4014486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Milito
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Diego Milito
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Diego Alberto Milito (born 12 June 1979) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is currently a sports manager.
Milito began his club career in Argentina with Racing Club in 1999, and later moved to Italian side Genoa in 2003. In 2005, he was acquired by Spanish club Real Zaragoza, where he remained for three seasons, before returning to Genoa in 2008. His prolific goalscoring exploits during his second spell with Genoa earned him a move to defending Serie A champions Inter Milan, where he was pivotal in the club's 2010 treble-winning season, scoring 30 goals in all competitions, including two goals in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. He returned to Racing Club in 2014, where he retired in 2016. At international level, Milito earned 25 caps for Argentina, scoring 4 goals, and represented his country in two Copa América tournaments, winning a runners-up medal in 2007, and at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
He was nicknamed Il Principe" ("The Prince" in Spanish) because of his physical resemblance with former Uruguayan footballer Enzo Francescoli, who had the same nickname. A prolific and consistent centre-forward, Milito averaged a goal every two appearances over the course of his professional career.
Club career
Racing Club
Milito started playing at Argentine first division team Racing Club in 1999, where he won the 2001 Apertura tournament. During this time, his younger brother Gabriel played for Racing's main rival, Independiente, as a defender. The two clubs would contest the Avellaneda derby with the two brothers lining up against each other.
The people of Racing were in awe of the player. His great scoring ability and talent within the area made him a complete striker, which made his future outside the club inevitable with a transfer to Europe.
The Italian club Genoa, would be the future destination of the forward.
Genoa
At the beginning of 2004, Milito moved to Italian second division club Genoa for £8 million. After two very successful seasons, where he scored 33 goals in 59 matches in Italy, Genoa were relegated down to Serie C1 as a punishment for an alleged match-fixing case in the final match of the 2004–05 season against Venezia. Due to this, Milito was forced to leave Genoa and would ultimately join his brother Gabriel at Real Zaragoza in the Spanish La Liga.
Real Zaragoza
Milito scored four goals in the first semi-final of the 2006 Copa del Rey to beat Real Madrid 6–1. He finished the season as Zaragoza's top scorer with 16 goals in the first division.
Milito was one of the top scorers in the 2006–07 La Liga season. He scored 23 goals, two fewer than league top goalscorer Ruud van Nistelrooy and three behind European Golden Boot winner Francesco Totti.
In November 2006, it was reported Zaragoza decided to buy him outright after his two-year loan was set to expire.
Milito became the club captain at Zaragoza, taking over this role from brother Gabriel, who departed for FC Barcelona in 2007. His contract was extended in August 2007 with a buy-out clause of €100 million. His goals helped Zaragoza to a sixth-place finish in the league. As of January 2008, Milito averaged higher than a goal every two games for Zaragoza, a statistic he also achieved with Genoa. In total, he managed 61 goals during his three seasons with Zaragoza.
Return to Genoa
On 1 September 2008, just a few minutes before the transfer window closure time, Genoa completed the transfer of Milito from Zaragoza after the Spanish team were relegated to the Segunda División. His agent, Fernando Hidalgo, confirmed Milito chose explicitly to return to Genoa despite having received more lucrative offers from other major European clubs. He made his Serie A debut on 14 September against Milan. Genoa won the game 2–0 with Milito assisting the first goal and scoring the second. On 9 November, Milito scored his first hat-trick for Genoa in the 4–0 victory against Reggina. He finished the season with 24 goals in 31 league appearances, placing him second behind Zlatan Ibrahimović in the Capocannonieri scoring title.
Inter Milan
2009–10 season
On 20 May 2009, La Gazzetta dello Sport confirmed that Diego Milito was transferred to Inter Milan alongside teammate Thiago Motta. The transfer fees were €28 million and €10 million respectively but Genoa also received Robert Acquafresca, Leonardo Bonucci, Riccardo Meggiorini, Francesco Bolzoni, Ivan Fatić and cash in exchange.
The striker adapted to his new surroundings quickly and had an excellent start to his Inter career, scoring two goals in a 2–0 World Football Challenge win over city rivals Milan. Subsequently, on 29 August, in his first ever Derby della Madonnina against Milan in Serie A, Milito assisted two goals and scored a penalty, his first league goal of the season, as Inter won 4–0. Later, on 13 September, he scored his second league goal in a 2–0 home win against Parma. In the next league match against Cagliari, he scored both goals for Inter in a 2–1 away win. These two goals placed him at the top of the all-time Serie A scoring charts for best strike rate, with 28 goals in 35 games, giving him an average of 0.8 goals per game. Milito continued his fine run of form with another goal in the next league match against Napoli, scoring the second goal after Samuel Eto'o scored in the first minute, a game that they won 3–1.
The consistency which Milito had shown at his previous clubs was sustained throughout his debut season at Inter, and after the first few matches, he had established himself as a key contributor to the squad. On 30 October, in a 5–3 home victory against Palermo, Milito, who had returned from an injury, came off the bench to make the result safe, scoring Inter's fifth goal. In the next game, against Livorno, he scored another goal, taking his strike rate up to seven goals in nine league matches. Three days later, on 4 November, he scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League in a 2–1 Group Stage win over Dynamo Kyiv; it was the equaliser which led to Wesley Sneijder's game-winner in the 89th minute. On 24 February, in another Champions League match, this time in a 2–1 Round of 16 win against Chelsea, he scored another important goal, his second in the competition. Four days later, Milito netted the matchwinner which gave Inter Milan a 3–2 victory at Udinese, in a thrilling win for the Nerazzurri. On 27 March, after missing a 3–0 win over Livorno with a hamstring problem, Milito returned for a crucial battle at title contenders Roma, where he scored one goal in a 2–1 loss. On 31 March, in a 1–0 Champions League quarter-finals win against CSKA Moscow, he scored the winning goal. Milito scored a vital goal and assisted twice in a 3–1 home win against FC Barcelona in the team's first leg semi-final win.
During the last matches of the 2009–10 season, Milito proved instrumental in Inter's winning of the first treble in the history of Italian football. The Argentine first scored the only goal in Inter's victory over Roma in the final of the Coppa Italia on 5 May 2010, enabling the Nerazzurri to take home their first trophy of the season. Eleven days later, it was also Milito's goal which secured Inter Milan's 18th Scudetto when they beat Siena 1–0 on the final matchday of Serie A. With only two points separating the top two teams in Serie A, the goal lifted Inter to the summit of the table after being in a position to lose the league title to Roma at the half-time break as Roma, playing simultaneously, were winning their own match against Chievo at that point. Milito himself declared this goal to be the "best of his career," having been decisive in delivering a league title to his team. On 22 May 2010, Milito yet again proved vital as he scored twice to seal a victory in the Champions League Final over Bayern Munich. As a result, Inter became European club champions for the first time in 45 years with a 2–0 victory and completed their historic treble championship season.
Milito finished the season with 30 goals in all competitions, 22 of which came in the league, 2 in Coppa Italia and 6 in the Champions League.
2010–11 season
On 9 August 2010, Milito signed a new four-year contract with the Nerazzurri. On 26 August, at the ceremony called for the delivery of the UEFA Club Football Awards, Milito was voted the best player and striker in the previous season's European club by winning the prestigious UEFA Club Footballer of the Year and UEFA Club Forward of the Year. Inter followed the previous season's success with a victory in the Supercoppa Italiana against Roma. He failed to convert a penalty in the 90th minute, however, in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup match against UEFA Europa League champions Atlético Madrid; the game finished 2–0 for the Spaniards. He played his first match of the league on 30 August 2010 in week one against Bologna, where Inter started the season with a goalless draw. On 14 September, Milito scored an accidental own-goal in first match of group stage in Champions League against Twente. Eight days later, on 22 September, Milito scored his first goals of the season in a 4–0 win against nearly promoted club Bari at San Siro, helping the team to reach in top of the league. After that, he went to wait until 10 November to score his next goal, where he scored against Lecce to put his team ahead in 76th minute, but, however, Lecce would equalizing three minutes later with Uruguay international Rubén Olivera. He dedicated the goal to his teammate Walter Samuel, who three days ago ended his season after suffered a severe knee injury.
In December, Milito scored a goal against Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in the semi-finals of the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup; Inter went on to win the tournament. On 24 January 2011, Milito received an Oscar del Calcio award for "Best Football Foreign Player" and the "Best Footballer of the Year" for the 2009–10 season. Milito registered just eight goals in 34 appearances in an injury-plagued season as Inter finished the league in second place.
2011–12 season
In the first Serie A match of the 2011–12 season, Milito scored two goals in a 4–3 defeat against Palermo. After a seesaw performance, Milito crept back on the scoresheet with a goal on 24 September against Bologna and on 2 November, he registered his 200th goal with the club in a Champions League match won 2–1 against Lille OSC.
On 27 November, Milito earned his 400th career appearance in the league match at Siena, which ended with a 1–0 away win for Nerazzurri, while on 18 December, in a 1–0 win over Cesena, he played his 100th game in Serie A. In December, due to his poor performances during the previous season, Milito was awarded the Bidone d'oro, a satirical prize which is given to the worst Serie A player during a particular season. On 21 December, he scored in a 4–1 win against Lecce in Inter's last match of 2011. On 7 January 2012, he scored twice and assisted goal of Giampaolo Pazzini in a 5–0 win against Parma at San Siro. On 15 January 2012, Inter won the Derby della Madonnina against Milan with the result 1–0, with Milito who scored the only goal in 54th minute after an assist from Javier Zanetti, his 200th for an Italian club across all competitive competitions. With his goal at Milan, he has scored seven goals in just nine derby matches played in Italy – four goals in four games in the Derby della Lanterna for Genoa against Sampdoria and three in five in the Derby della Madonnina.
On 1 February, Milito scored all four Inter goals in a 4–4 draw at the San Siro against Palermo, the first four-goal game in the Serie A since Christian Vieri accomplished the feat for Inter against Brescia (4–0) on 1 December 2002. It was also his second four-goal game, the first accomplished with Real Zaragoza in a Copa del Rey match against Real Madrid on 8 February 2006. Milito scored a hat-trick on 1 April in a 5–4 win against his old club Genoa and added another hat-trick on 6 May in the Derby della Madonnina against Milan, where Inter won 4–2. With this feat, Milito overpassed Ronaldo's 49 goals in the all-time list of goals scored in an Inter shirt, with 50. It was also the fourth hat-trick scored in a Milan derby, after Altafini on 27 March 1960; Amadei on 6 November 1949; and Nyers on 1 November 1953. On 13 May, after the club's 3–1 loss against Lazio, Milito finished the season with 24 goals, four behind leader Zlatan Ibrahimović.
2012–13 season
Milito started the 2012–13 season scoring the second goal of a 0–3 final victory over Serie A newcomers Pescara in the first game of the season. On 28 October, he celebrated his 100th Serie A match in an Inter shirt, scoring his fourth goal of the season away against Bologna. Three days later, on 31 October, he scored his fifth goal against Sampdoria in a game that ended 3–2 for Inter; it was also his 200th career goal across all competitions. On 4 November, he scored a double in the match against Juventus in Turin, a 3–1 victory, which ended Juventus's 49-match unbeaten run at Juventus Stadium.
After Inter's 2–1 victory over Napoli on 9 December, where Milito registered a goal, Milito celebrated his 100th Serie win out of 197 games played between both Genoa and the Nerazzurri. With 28 goals scored, Milito also became the player with the most goals scored in the Serie A during the 2012 calendar year, ahead of Napoli's Edinson Cavani (27) and Udinese's Antonio Di Natale (23).
Returning from an injury suffered in January on 10 February 2013, Milito marked his return in the home win against Chievo by scoring a goal and providing an assist on Esteban Cambiasso's strike. Milito's season injuries woes continued, however, as on 14 February, in a UEFA Europa League match against CFR Cluj, he was injured in the seventh minute with a collateral ligament injury, anterior cruciate ligament, and capsule in his left knee. Two days later, Milito announced that the surgery to repair the injury was a success, but that the player would not return to the pitch for at least six months, ruling him out of contention for the remainder of the season.
2013–14 season
Milito returned to action for Inter, against Sassuolo on 22 September 2013, having been on the bench in the previous match against Juventus. He scored a brace in a 7–0 away win over the Serie A newcomers. However, he was beset by injury yet again, putting him out for a further ten matches. He returned to the team on 6 January 2014 in a 1–0 away loss to Lazio, coming on as a late substitute. In total, Milito scored 75 goals in 171 appearances in all competitions during his five seasons with Inter, 62 of which were scored in Serie A.
Return to Racing
In 2014, it was confirmed Milito would come back to his first club, Racing Club, where he started his professional career. Milito scored on his Racing return to help the team to a 3–1 win over Defensa y Justicia on the opening weekend of the Argentine championship. On 26 August 2014, he scored a crucial goal with a penalty in the 1–0 victory against Arsenal de Sarandí in week four of Argentine Primera División. On 31 August 2014, Milito scored his third goal for Racing in a 2–1 loss against Independiente; he scored the goal in the 14th minute after an assist by Ricardo Centurión. He provided an assist for Gustavo Bou, who scored the first goal in a 2–1 win over Boca Juniors. He scored his fourth goal of the season in a 4–0 win over Estudiantes on 11 October.
Milito continued his fine form, supplying his third assist of the season in a 1–1 draw against Club Olimpo. He assisted Gabriel Hauche in the 41st minute of the match. Milito scored the fifth and sixth of the season on 30 November in a match against Rosario Central, who ended with a 3–0 win away. After this win, Racing got to the top of the league and one match remained for it to be over. He participated on the play where Ricardo Centurión scored the crucial goal against Godoy Cruz. Racing was crowned 2014 Transición champion, meaning that the team qualified in 2015 Copa Libertadores second stage. That was Racing's first title after 13 years; Milito had also been on the side that won the title in 2001, and thus contributed to the club's only titles since 1966. Milito said that winning the league with Racing was a dream come true.
On 21 May, Milito scored the opening goal from a penalty in a 2–0 win over Temperley, on the final match of his career, at the age of 36. In total, he ended his club career with 254 goals in 607 appearances in all competitions.
International career
Milito made his Argentina debut on 31 January 2003 against Honduras, where he also scored his first goal. He scored his second and third goals on 16 July 2003 against Uruguay, but appeared only intermittently during the following years and was omitted from the 2006 World Cup squad. He played for Argentina in the 2007 Copa América tournament, gaining playing time after Hernán Crespo's injury in a Group Stage match against Colombia, where he scored a goal; Argentina progressed to the final, where they were defeated 3–0 by Brazil.
Milito's impressive performances during his time at Genoa led him to be called more often, especially under the reign of manager Diego Maradona, where Milito would often be deployed as a substitute. After his first season with Inter, Maradona included Milito in the Argentina squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, where he would feature in two games as Argentina were eliminated 4–0 in the quarter-finals by Germany. On 1 June 2011, Milito was included in new Albiceleste manager Sergio Batista's 23-man squad ahead of the 2011 Copa América, along with his brother Gabriel and Inter teammates Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso. He did not feature in any matches during the competition with Argentina, who was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Uruguay after penalties.
Retirement
After retiring from professional football, Milito's last club, Racing Club, organised a tribute match in his honour on 12 November 2016, featuring many of his former team-mates, as well as friends and family members. At the age of 37, Milito scored two goals during the match, and was given a standing ovation from the Racing fans, who regard Milito as one of the club's most iconic players.
Style of play
A quick, dynamic, and technically gifted forward, with good vision, composure, and an eye for goal, Milito was known for his offensive movements and ability in the air, and was capable of finishing well with his head as well as both feet, despite being naturally right-footed. He was also an accurate penalty taker.
Regarding his elegant yet efficient playing style, and his consistent, prolific goalscoring, Goal.com said of Milito in 2010: "His profession is football and his speciality is goals. He is one of the most impressive strikers in world of football today. He doesn't possess the same physical attributes as some of his fellow strikers, but he doesn't need them - he scores goals with ease and has always featured in top teams. Milito is a pure Number 9 and lethal in the penalty area." After the treble success in the 2009–10 season, many pundits took note of the fact that Milito had always been an effective and efficient striker, yet remained one of the most underrated players in world football because of his low-key manner and the fact that he had plied his trade for smaller, less competitive teams prior to joining Inter. Scoring goals on the biggest stages for a marquee team finally earned the striker the recognition merited by his skill and goalscoring record. Of the player and his two Champions League winning goals, The Guardian wrote:
Despite his ability, Milito often struggled with injuries throughout his career.
Sports manager
After retiring as a professional football player, Diego took over as the sports manager of the club Racing. Under his management, great players were brought in and a good sports project was consolidated in which he won two titles: Superliga 2018/19 and Trofeo de Campeones 2019.
Milito left his post after the end of 2020 due to differences of ideas with the club's leadership.
Personal life
Milito has considerable Italian roots; his paternal family emigrated to Argentina from Terranova da Sibari, Calabria. On his mother's side, he also has Spanish roots. Milito is married to Sofía and they have three children. He is the older brother of former football player Gabriel, who he played against in Champions League games during Gabriel's years playing for FC Barcelona, most notably in semi-finals of 2010, when both Diego and Gabriel were among their respective team's starting line-up. On 21 May 2016, the day of his retirement from professional football, Milito celebrated the birth of his third daughter, Morena. His son Leandro is currently a member of the Racing Club de Avellaneda Youth System.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Club
Racing Club
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2001, 2014 Transición
Inter Milan
Serie A: 2009–10
Coppa Italia: 2009–10, 2010–11
Supercoppa Italiana: 2010
UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
FIFA Club World Cup: 2010
Individual
Guerin d'Oro: 2008–09
Serie A Goalscorer of the Year: 2009
Serie A Most Loved Player: 2009
2010 UEFA Champions League Final: UEFA Man of the Match
UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2009–10
UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
FIFA FIFPro World XI nominee: 2009, 2010
Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2020
References
External links
Guardian statistics
Inter Milan Profile
2010 FIFA World Cup Profile
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
People of Calabrian descent
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Association football forwards
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Genoa C.F.C. players
Real Zaragoza players
Inter Milan players
2007 Copa América players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 Copa América players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie B players
La Liga players
Serie A players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winners
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4014507
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana%20Azad%20National%20Institute%20of%20Technology
|
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
|
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal (MANIT or NIT Bhopal, NIT-B) is a public technical university located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is part of a group of publicly funded institutions in India known as National Institutes of Technology. It is named after the Independent India's first Minister of Education (India), scholar and independence activist Abul Kalam Azad who is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad.
Established in the year 1960 as Maulana Azad College of Technology (MACT) or Regional Engineering College (REC), Bhopal, it became a National Institute of Technology in 2002 and was recognised as an Institute of National Importance under the NIT Act in 2007. The institute is fully funded by Ministry of Education, Government of India and is governed by the NIT Council.
It offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in science, technology, engineering, architecture and management.
History
MANIT was started in 1960 as Maulana Azad College of Technology (MACT), named after the first Minister of Education of India, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. MACT started functioning in 1960 at Govt S.V. Polytechnic with an intake of 120 students and seven faculty members. It was one of the first out of eight Regional Engineering Colleges started during the second five-year plan (1956-1960) in India, where the main focus was development of the public sector and rapid industrialisation.
To ensure enough supply of trained personnel to meet the demand of rapid industrialisation, a decision was taken to start the Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs), one in each major state of India to churn out graduates with good engineering merit. Thus a total of seventeen RECs were established 1959 onwards, one in each major state of India. Each college was a joint and cooperative enterprise of the central government and the concerned state government. MACT was one of the first eight REC's to be established in each region in India. It was established in the Western Region along with Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur and Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat.
It started operating in the premises of "Swami Vivekananda Polytechnic" Bhopal. Mr. S. R. Beedkar, Principal of Swami Vivekananda Polytechnic was appointed as the planning officer of the institute. The foundation stone of the Institute building was laid by the then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 23 April 1961. The Institute gradually progressed to become a high level education center with steady development of infrastructure as well as academics. J. N. Moudgill became the first principal of MACT in 1962. Five years degree programs in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering were started in 1962 itself. In 1963, the five-year program of Bachelor of Architecture was started as well. In 1964, the institute was shifted to its own building which is its present campus. As the necessity of science and technology kept on growing, more undergraduate programs kept on getting added like: Electronics and Communications Engineering in 1972; Computer Science and Engineering in 1986; 3-year Master of Computer Applications (MCA) in 1988 and Information Technology in 2001 (which was later merged with "Computer Science and Engineering" in 2013).
The success of technology-based industry led to high demand for technical and scientific education. During the Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Minister of Human Resource Development, Murli Manohar Joshi decided to upgrade all "Regional Engineering Colleges" to "National Institutes of Technology" that shall be funded by the Central Government itself. Hence, in 2002, all REC's became NIT's and MACT became Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT). In the same year, MANIT was granted deemed university status. With this advancement, the World Bank assisted "Technical Education Quality Improvement Program" started in 2003, for the rapid academic and infrastructural growth of the college. In addition to engineering programs, an MBA program as well commenced from 2006. The Government of India in 2007 passed the NIT Act as per which MANIT was declared an Institute of National Importance.
Campus
MANIT is spread over which makes it one of the largest NITs in India in terms of total campus area. The entire campus consists of administrative and academic buildings, workshops, library and community centers, residential accommodations for students and staff and other general amenities such as Post Office, a Bank with ATM, Shopping complex, a School for children, medical care unit, an auditorium with the capacity of 1000 persons and sports complex with vast expand of open area. An official branch of the State Bank of India also operates from the main campus. The campus is divided into four sectors. These sectors have the following facilities/features:-
Academic sector
Total area of academic block
Total building area of offices
Computer center
Dispensary
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Auditorium with a seating capacity of 1000 persons
Institute Cafeteria, Amul parlour, Nescafé huts, Teology, Neelam fast food corner, fast food court
Gymnastic hall
Football ground, Track and field's ground; cricket ground, basketball grounds and volleyball court
Sports complex with indoor games facilities such as table tennis, chess and carrom room, badminton courts, and meditation hall
Hostel sector
Built-in area of hostels }
9 Boys + 1 NRI Boys Hostels (hostel no. 1–12, except hostel no. 7 & 12)
2 Girls Hostels (hostel no. 7 and 12)
Residential area
Built-in area of staff quarters
Total 369 staff quarters
Children park
Officers club
Artificial lake "Lotus Lake" and MANIT Boat Club
Visitor accommodation
Faculty/officer quarters
Bachelor flats
Dormitories
VIP Guest House
Faculty Guest House
Organisation and administration
Governance
The NIT Council is the governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system. The NIT Council consists of Board of Governors of the concerned
NIT.
Departments
MANIT has various academic departments with a wide range of courses. The department at MANIT are as follows:
Architecture and Planning
Engineering:
Biological Science and Engineering
Civil Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Material Science and Metallurgical Engineering
Science:
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Bioinformatics
Computer Applications
Humanities
Management Studies
Academics
Academic programs
MANIT offers the following undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees:
Bachelor of Technology
Bachelor of Architecture
Bachelor of Planning
Master of Technology
Master of Business Administration
Master of Planning
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Master of Computer Applications
All course work and examinations for all majors and subjects are conducted in English.
Admissions
Admission to undergraduate courses is through the national level engineering entrance examination – through the Joint Entrance Examination - Main. The selection is very tough as only top 5% of the applicant are able to secure admissions. Prior to the start of JEE Main, admission to MANIT was through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) until 2013.
For NRI's and foreign nationals, the admission is conducted through DASA (Direct Admissions for Students Abroad) where a qualifying score of the SAT Subject Test in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics is required. Other than DASA, scholarships programs for admission are provided through the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Students from different countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, UAE etc. take admission into the institute every year.
Students for postgraduate programs are selected through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering for the M.Tech. program and through NIT MCA Common Entrance Test for the MCA program. Admission to the MBA program is through the Common Admission Test.
Ranking
MANIT is ranked 60th among the engineering colleges of India by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021.
Notable alumni
Ajit Jogi - first chief minister of Chhattisgarh; member of the Indian National Congress
P. C. Sharma - director of the Central Bureau of Investigation(2001-2003), Cabinet Minister of Madhya Pradesh State Government (Law and Legal Affairs Department, Public Relations Department, Science and Technology Department, Department of Civil Aviation)
Rambabu Kodali - pro-vice chancellor of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Suresh Pachouri - veteran member of the Indian National Congress
Naveen Polishetty - Indian film and television actor in the Telugu and Hindi language films
Rajeev Verma - noted Indian film and television actor
Satish Kumar Sharma - chairman and managing director of Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Santosh Choubey - founder and chairman AISECT and chancellor AISECT Group of Universities including Rabindranath Tagore University
See also
List of educational institutions in Bhopal
List of institutions of higher education in Madhya Pradesh
List of National Institutes of Technology in India
References
External links
Universities and colleges in Bhopal
National Institutes of Technology
Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1960
Memorials to Abul Kalam Azad
1960 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
All India Council for Technical Education
Technical universities and colleges in India
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4014514
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSR%20Class%20800
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GSR Class 800
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The Great Southern Railways Class 800 steam locomotives were built principally for express passenger work on the Dublin to Cork main line of that company. These locomotives were designed under the supervision of E. C. Bredin with his Chief Draughtsman, H. J. A. Beaumont, preparing the drawings. They were the largest and most powerful engines ever to run in Ireland by quite a large margin, and the only three express passenger locomotives to be built in an independent Ireland.
Design
The engines had three cylinders and boiler pressure. The nominal tractive effort was , which corresponded with Great British main-line power.
Further, it was the only design which exploited the full extent of the extra width afforded by the gauge. Originally four or five were to be built, named Maeḋḃ, Maċa, Táilte, Gráinne, and Deirdre, but only three were eventually turned out - 800 Maeḋḃ in 1939, with Maċa (801) and Táilte (802) in 1940, along with a fourth boiler which acted as a spare. They were intended for the Dublin–Cork route but wartime coal shortages and the early 1950s advent of diesels on main line services resulted in their never having had much chance to show what they were capable of. In the 1950s they gradually became neglected and even resorted to light goods trains on occasion, with little other work to do.
The name and number plates were of cast bronze with polished raised lettering and beading on a blue painted background. The nameplates’ lettering was in Gaelic script using dot above in place of the 'h' (see Irish orthography), although at first locomotive 800 was planned to carry an Anglicised name Maeve in Roman type, though it never did.
No. 800 Maeḋḃ was withdrawn from service in 1962 and is now on display at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Co. Down.
Livery
The locos were turned out in a unique livery, which no other locomotives ever carried. In the height of the Great Southern era, when every single locomotive in Ireland was painted in plain unlined battleship grey livery, these engines were turned out in a smart mid-green, with a distinct bluish tint. The green was lined in black and light yellow, and the GSR coat of arms was carried on the tender, flanked by large pale yellow letters "G S", which appear to have been shaded in red and gold. The cabside number plates and nameplates had blue backgrounds, and raised polished brass rims and numerals.
In Córas Iompair Éireann days they received the 1950s standard green, somewhat darker than they had carried before, with black and white lining . In the early 1950s Táilte was apparently repainted a light green, as an experiment. The colour was not unlike the green used for coaches on CIÉ in the late 1950s, but she was then repainted like her sisters. Maċa and Táilte'''s nameplates and cab side number plates were given red backgrounds in the mid-'50s as opposed to the dark blue that they had originally, however Maeḋḃ retained the blue background. This is the livery the preserved 800 carries, though rather than the CIÉ "flying snail" emblem which would be appropriate to this later livery, it incorrectly carries the earlier "G S" without shading, and a replaced GSR coat of arms.
Service
The locos entered service between 1939 and 1940. Their axle load was 21 tons which meant that they could only work on the Dublin-Cork mainline. They were noted for climbing the steeply graded route from Cork Kent station (then Glanmire road station) unassisted, but because of coal shortages after WWII they never got a chance to show their full potential. They were slightly modified in the early 1950s with Maċa and Táilte receiving single funnels and all three gaining extra hand-railings and a wheel on the smoke-box door instead of a dart. The main difference following these modifications was a decrease in tractive effort. In the mid-'50s with the arrival of the Metropolitan-Vickers A class first generation diesel locomotives they were made virtually redundant with Táilte being taken out of service in 1955 and scrapped two years later. However Maeḋḃ and Maċa remained in service pulling light expresses and goods trains. Maeḋḃ was taken out of service in 1962 and was repainted at Inchicore for preservation. Both nos. 800 and 801 were noted for being at Thurles in the 1960s after withdrawal. Maċa was retubed for an IRRS tour in 1964 and was steamed up for the last time. After this she was scrapped. Having been at Thurles for a year 800 was brought to the Belfast Museum. In 1993 Maeḋḃ, along with the NCC compound Dunluce Castle and the GNR S class 4-4-0 no. 171 Slieve Gullion'' were brought to the new Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
Models
An etched brass 4mm scale model is available from Studio Scale Models. There is a detailed O Gauge model of engine 800 in the Fry model railway collection.
See also
Coaching stock of Ireland
Diesel locomotives of Ireland
Multiple units of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Ireland
References
Steam locomotives of Ireland
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
800
Passenger locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
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4014517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz%20Stephen
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Buzz Stephen
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Louis Roberts "Buzz" Stephen (born July 13, 1944) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was born in Porterville, CA, which is where he currently resides today. He ended up choosing to attend Fresno State University.
Stephen, who was 6'4" tall and who weighed about 205 pounds, was originally drafted by the Houston Astros in the 25th round of the amateur entry draft in 1965. Opting not to sign, he waited until 1966 to be drafted again. This time, he was first drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 1st round of the June Secondary Phase of the draft. He didn't sign that time, but again in 1966 he was drafted by the Twins in the second round of the January Secondary Phase of the draft. He chose to sign after being drafted that instance.
Stephen, who both threw and hit right-handed, only pitched in two major league games, making his debut on September 20, 1968. His last game was on September 25, 1968.
In 3 career at-bats, his batting average was .000.
In his one year in the majors, Stephen's salary was $5,400 and he wore number 42. He also committed one error.
On June 15, 1970, he was traded, with pitcher Dick Baney from the Milwaukee Brewers, to the Baltimore Orioles for outfielder Dave May.
External links
1944 births
Living people
Baseball players from California
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players
People from Porterville, California
Arizona Instructional League Pilots players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Dallas–Fort Worth Spurs players
Florida Instructional League Twins players
Jacksonville Suns players
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
Santa Barbara Dodgers players
St. Cloud Rox players
Vancouver Mounties players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
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4014543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf21
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Sf21
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Sf21 (officially called IPLB-Sf21-AE) is a continuous cell line developed from ovaries of the Fall Army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth species that is an agricultural pest on corn and other grass species. It was originally developed in the United States at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Sf9 is a substrain (clone) of these cells that was isolated from Sf21 by researchers at Texas A&M University.
Both the clone and parent strains of the cells have been extensively used in research on viruses, especially baculoviruses in their use for producing recombinant proteins.
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for Sf21
Insect cell lines
Spodoptera
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4014568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabbas%20%28novel%29
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Barabbas (novel)
|
Barabbas is a 1950 novel by Pär Lagerkvist. It tells a version of the life of Barabbas, the man whom the Bible relates was released instead of Jesus. The novel is built on antithesis: Jesus dies first among the three crucified – Barabbas dies last. Jesus dies among several of his friends – Barabbas dies alone. Jesus talks to God – Barabbas talks to the darkness. The novel starts with Jesus' crucifixion and ends with Barabbas' crucifixion in Rome.
Plot
Jesus is crucified on Mount Golgotha. To the side of the crowd stands Barabbas. A violent man, a brigand, and a rebel, he cannot muster much respect for the resignation of the Man who died in his place. He is skeptical about the Holiness of Jesus, but he is also fascinated by His sacrifice. He seeks out different followers of Jesus in trying to understand Him, but finds that their exalted views of Jesus do not match his down-to-earth observation of Him. More important, since Barabbas has never been the recipient of love (the cornerstone of the Christian faith), he finds that he is unable to understand love and, hence, unable to understand the Christian faith. He says that he "wants to believe," but for Barabbas, understanding is a prerequisite for belief, so he is unable to.
Enslaved, shackled to another man named Sahak, and condemned to work in the notoriously life-shortening and infernal copper mines of Ancient Rome, Barabbas has an extraordinary crisis of faith, the exact nature of which is elucidated in the final portion of the novel. Barabbas's ultimate loyalties lie with the opaque, remorseless void that fed and surrounded his former life, manifested in the darkness of the night of his execution, which he surrenders himself to with his final breath.
Reception
Barabbas was an immediate and huge sales success in Sweden and was quickly translated to at least ten languages. The French critic Marcel Brion wrote in Le Monde on 7 December 1950: “The unprecedented human value and universal importance of this book cannot possibly be doubted”. A few months later, another critic in the same publication also praised the novel, saying "We are rarely brought face-to-face with a work of such depth and brilliance as this”. The novel provoked a discussion among Swedish critics about religious matters, such as belief, doubt and the question of suffering in christianity. Some critics discussed it in the light of the existential wounds caused by World War II.
Film and theatrical adaptations
A Swedish film made in 1953 by Alf Sjöberg was entered in the Cannes Film Festival.
The novel was turned into a film by Richard Fleischer in 1961, starring Anthony Quinn.
A 2012 American-Italian television movie was directed by Roger Young.
Web
Nobel Award Ceremony speech
References
1950 novels
Christian novels
Novels based on the Bible
Novels by Pär Lagerkvist
Novels set in ancient Israel
Novels set in ancient Rome
Novels set in the 1st century
Albert Bonniers Förlag books
Swedish novels adapted into films
Swedish-language novels
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4014577
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%20of%20a%20Plumber
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Son of a Plumber
|
Son of a Plumber is an album released by Swedish pop-rock singer and composer Per Gessle. It is the first album by Gessle to use a pseudonym artist name; Son of a Plumber. The album, which was officially released on 23 November 2005, is a double CD album packed with deeply personal and highly inventive music according to Gessle.
There were three singles released from the album. A double A-side, "C'mon"/"Jo-Anna Says" which was released on 7 November 2005, the second single "Hey Mr. DJ", on 1 February 2006 and the final release was "I Like It Like That" on 24 May to the Swedish radio stations.
The band
Son of a Plumber became a defined band, with Per Gessle, vocals and guitar, Clarence Öfwerman, keyboards, Christoffer Lundquist, guitar, Jens Jansson, drums, and Helena Josefsson, vocals.
They had all participated in Per's previous solo albums, The World According to Gessle (1997) & Mazarin (2003), except Helena Josefsson, who has been working with them since Mazarin. Together, they also went on to record Gessle's next solo albums, En händig man (2007) and Party Crasher (2008). They have been on the last Gessle tour too.
Musical Analysis
A lot of songs have typical Per characteristics (the lyrical romance and clever key changes); overall it is similar to the Beatles' White Album. Beatles' references can be heard in the music and they have their name in a title of a song.
The 'false' solo project become a duo with Helena Josefsson's leading vocals on "I Have a Party in My Head" and "Hey Mr DJ". "I Have a Party in My Head" demonstrates a typical Per trait by having rhyming verses. Another typical trait is some of the tracks include hooks, such as in "Jo-Anna Says" which has guitar riffs and lyrical repetition.
In between the main tracks there are some 1 minute long instrumentals that lead into the following song. "Kurt - the Fastest Plumber in the West" and "Ronnie Lane" are examples of this. The final track "Making Love or Expecting Rain" contained a few lines of French lyrics: "Je ne suis qu'un enfant. Je ne suis que ton enfant. J'ai confiance en toi, toujours en toi." which means "I'm just a child. I'm only your child. I trust you, always in you". Lasting five minutes, this is the longest song on the album. There is also a hidden track on the CD which is a reprise of "Jo-Anna Says", that comes after 10 minutes of silence at the end of the album.
Track listing
DISC 1
"Drowning in Wonderful Thoughts about Her"
"Jo-Anna Says"
"I Have a Party in My Head (I Hope it Never Ends)"
"C'mon"
"Week With Four Thursdays"
"Hey Mr DJ (Won't You Play Another Love Song)"
"Late, Later On"
"Ronnie Lane"
"Are You an Old Hippie, Sir?"
"Double-headed Elvis"
"Something in the System"
"Speed Boat to Cuba"
"Come Back Tomorrow (And We Do it Again)"
Tracks 9-13 are mixed together as a medley and named the Junior Suite.
DISC 2
"Kurt - The Fastest Plumber in the West"
"I Never Quite Got over the Fact that the Beatles Broke Up"
"Substitute (for the Real Deal)"
"Waltz for Woody"
"Carousel"
"I Like it Like That"
"Something Happened Today"
"Brilliant Career"
"Burned out Heart"
"Drowning in Wonderful Thoughts about Her (Reprise)"
"Making Love or Expecting Rain"
"Jo-Anna Says Farewell" (hidden track)
The digital release on iTunes came with the following bonus tracks:
1. "A Girl Like You"
2. "Keep The Radio On (This is The Perfect Song)" (cover from The Lonely Boys – also included on the vinyl version)
3. "Plonk"
Charts
References
External links
Son Of a Plumber's official site
PerGessle.net
Gyllene Tider.com
The Daily Roxette
Roxette's official site
2005 albums
Per Gessle albums
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4014582
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%20Carter
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Brent Carter
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Brent R. Carter (born September 28, 1948) is an American professional poker player from Oak Park, Illinois who has won two World Series of Poker bracelets. He lives in Oak Park, IL.
Poker career
Carter first finished in the money of a World Series of Poker (WSOP) event in 1991 in the $1,500 seven-card stud event. He won his first bracelet the same year in the $1,500 No Limit Texas hold 'em event, defeating O'Neil Longson in the final heads-up confrontation. He won a second bracelet in 1994 at the $1,500 limit Omaha event. Carter also won a Hall of Fame tournament bracelet in Ace-to-Five Lowball Draw.
Carter finished in the money of the WSOP $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em main event in 1991 (15th), 1992 (31st), and 1995 (3rd).
In 1995 and 1996, Carter won the Best All-Around Player Award at the Four Queens Poker Classic.
On September 10, 2008, Carter, who uses the name '92848' on PokerStars, won a World Championship of Online Poker bracelet in event #11, a $320 buy-in Pot-Limit Omaha Hi/Lo tournament. He bested a field of 1,733 players to win the $88,383 first prize.
As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,900,000. His 46 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,286,821 of those winnings.
World Series of Poker bracelets
References
1948 births
Living people
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Treasure Island, Florida
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4014590
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs%20and%20neighborhoods%20of%20Berlin
|
Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin
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Berlin is both a city and one of Germany’s federated states (city state). Since the 2001 administrative reform, it has been made up of twelve districts (, ), each with its own administrative body. However, unlike the municipalities and counties of other German states, the Berlin districts are not territorial corporations of public law () with autonomous competencies and property, but simple administrative agencies of Berlin's state and city government, the City of Berlin forming a single municipality () since the Greater Berlin Act of 1920. Thus they cannot be equated to US or UK boroughs in the traditional meaning of the term.
Each district possesses a district representatives' assembly () directly elected by proportional representation and an administrative body called district board (). The district board, comprising since October 2021 six (until then five) members - a district mayor () as head and five (earlier four) district councillors () - is elected by the district representatives' assembly, proportionally reflecting its party composition according to popular vote. The district board is in charge of most local administrative matters directly relevant to local citizens; however, all of its decisions can at any moment be revoked by the Berlin Senate. Furthermore, the districts are financially completely dependent on state donations, as they neither possess any taxation power nor own any property. The district mayors form a council of mayors (, led by the city's governing mayor), which advises the Senate.
History
Each borough is made up of several officially recognized subdistricts or neighborhoods ( in German, sometimes called quarters in English). The exact amount of neighborhoods that form a borough varies considerably, ranging from two (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg) to fifteen (Treptow-Köpenick). These neighborhoods typically have a historical identity as former independent cities, villages, or rural municipalities that were united in 1920 as part of the Greater Berlin Act, forming the basis for the present-day city and state. The neighborhoods do not have their own governmental bodies but are recognized by the city and the boroughs for planning and statistical purposes. Berliners often identify more with the neighborhood where they live than with the borough that governs them. The neighborhoods are further subdivided into statistical tracts, which are mainly used for planning and statistical purposes. The statistical tracts correspond roughly but not exactly with neighborhoods recognized by residents.
When Greater Berlin was established in 1920, the city was organized into twenty boroughs, most of which were named after their largest component neighborhood, often a former city or municipality; others, such as Kreuzberg and Prenzlauer Berg, were named for geographic features.
By 2000, Berlin comprised twenty-three boroughs, as three new boroughs had been created in East Berlin. Today Berlin is divided into twelve boroughs (), reduced from twenty-three boroughs before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform.
Boroughs
An administrative reform in 2001 merged all but three of the existing boroughs into the current 12 boroughs, as listed below. The three boroughs that were not affected were Spandau, Reinickendorf and Neukölln, as the population of each was already exceeding 200,000.
Administration
The borough government is part of the two-stage administration of the Berlin city-state, whereby the Senate and its affiliated agencies, institutions, and municipal enterprises form the first stage of the so-called (central administration). On the second position, the boroughs enjoy a certain grade of autonomy—though in no way comparable to the German districts or independent cities, nor even to the local government of a common municipality as a legal entity, as according to the Berlin Constitution the legal status of the city as a German state itself is that of a unified municipality (). The power of the borough governments is limited and their performance of assigned tasks is subject to regulatory supervision by the Senate.
Nevertheless, the twelve self-governing boroughs have constitutional status and are themselves subdivided into two administrative bodies: each is governed by the borough assembly (, BVV) and a full-time borough council (), consisting of four councilors () and headed by a borough mayor (). The BVV assembly is directly elected by the borough's population and therefore acts as a borough parliament, though it is officially part of the executive. It elects the members of the borough council, checks its daily administration, and is able to make applications and recommendations. The twelve borough mayors regularly meet in the Council of Mayors (), led by the city's Governing Mayor; the council answers to and advises the Senate.
The localities have no local government bodies, and the administrative duties of the former locality representative, the , were taken over by the borough mayors.
Coats of arms
All the coats of arms of Berliner boroughs (the current as of the ones in the period 1990 to 2001) have some common points: The shield has a Spanish form and the coronet is represented by a mural crown: 3 towers in red bricks with the coat of arms of Berlin in the middle.
Most of the coats of arms of current boroughs have changed some elements in their field: Some of them have created a "fusion" of themes of the merged (Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg); others have modified their themes taken from one of the two (or more) former merged boroughs (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Mitte and Treptow-Köpenick). Only the unchanged boroughs of Neukölln, Reinickendorf and Spandau haven't changed their field. The coat of arms of Pankow was created with a new design in 2008, having been the only district without an emblem for 7 years.
Localities
As of 2012, the twelve boroughs are made up of a total of 97 officially recognized localities (). Almost all of them are further subdivided into several other zones (defined in German as etc.). The largest is Köpenick (), the smallest one is Hansaviertel (). The most populated is Neukölln (154,127 inhabitants in 2009), the least populated is Malchow (450 inhabitants in 2008).
The coats of arms of the Localitys lost their validity with the incorporation into Greater Berlin/in new districts and thus disappeared from official use. The coats of arms listed here are the historically used signs.
(01) Mitte
(02) Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
(03) Pankow
(04) Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
(05) Spandau
(06) Steglitz-Zehlendorf
(07) Tempelhof-Schöneberg
(08) Neukölln
(09) Treptow-Köpenick
(10) Marzahn-Hellersdorf
(11) Lichtenberg
Codes 1105 and 1108 (this one to former Hohenschönhausen locality) are not assigned
(12) Reinickendorf
See also
Politics of Berlin
Berlin Police
References
External links
Berlin
Geography of Berlin
Boroughs and localities
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4014599
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOSDIS
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EOSDIS
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The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It is a comprehensive data and information system designed to perform a wide variety of functions in support of a heterogeneous national and international user community. EOSDIS provides a spectrum of services; some services are intended for a diverse group of casual users while others are intended only for a select cadre of research scientists chosen by NASA's peer-reviewed competitions, and then many fall somewhere in between. The primary services provided by EOSDIS are User Support, Data Archive, Management and Distribution, Information Management, and Product Generation, all of which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project.
EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives, and distributes data from a large number of Earth-observing satellite, and provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA's Earth science data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for command and control, scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities. EOSDIS consists of a set of processing facilities and Distributed Active Archive Centers distributed across the United States. These processing facilities and DAACs serve hundreds of thousands of users around the world, providing hundreds of millions of data files each year covering many Earth science disciplines. The EOSDIS project as of September 2012 reported it contained approximately 10 PB of data in its database with ingestion of approximately 8.5 TB daily.
The remaining capabilities of EOSDIS constitute the EOSDIS Science Operations, which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project. These capabilities include: generation of higher level (Level 1-4) science data products for EOS missions; archiving and distribution of data products from EOS and other satellite missions, as well as aircraft and field measurement campaigns. The EOSDIS science operations are performed within a distributed system of many interconnected nodes (Science Investigator-led Processing Systems and distributed, discipline-specific, Earth science Distributed Active Archive Centers) with specific responsibilities for production, archiving, and distribution of Earth science data products. The Distributed Active Archive Centers serve a large and diverse user community (as indicated by EOSDIS performance metrics) by providing capabilities to search and access science data products and specialized services.
History
From early 1980 through 1986, NASA supported pilot data system studies to assess the feasibility and development of publicly accessible electronic data systems. Part of the congressional approval of the EOS mission in 1990 included the NASA Earth Science Enterprise, which supported the development of a long-term data and information system (EOSDIS). This system would be accessible to both the science research community and the broader public, built on a distributed open architecture. With these functional requirements for space operations control and product generation for EOS, the EOSDIS would also be responsible for the data archival, management, and distribution of all NASA Earth science mission instrument data during the mission life.
Methods of Search
Distributed Active Archive Centers Search & Order Tools
Each EOSDIS Distributed Active Archive Center is distinguished from one another by their specific Earth system science discipline. In addition to the search-and-order capabilities provided by the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) and the Common Metadata Repository (or CMR, which has replaced the former EOS Clearinghouse, or ECHO), the Distributed Active Archive Centers have individual online systems that allow them to provide unique services for users of a particular type of data. The center-specific systems emphasize data products, services, and data-handling tools unique to the DAAC.
DAAC-specific search tools
GCMD - Dataset Directory
The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) is a directory to Earth science data and services. The GCMD database currently ]more than 30,000 Earth science data sets and service descriptions covering all aspects of Earth and environmental sciences. One can use the search box or select from the available keywords to search for data and services.
ECHO - Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for Search and Order
Global Change Master Directory
The Common Metadata Repository (CMR)
Formerly known as the EOS ClearingHouse (ECHO), CMR is a metadata catalog of NASA's EOS data and a registry for related data services (e.g. reformatting, pattern recognition). CMR's catalog contains more than 3200 data sets held at 12 EOSDIS DAACs. Users can access the data and services by using general or community-tailored clients that access CMR using a series of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) defined using web services.
Earthdata Search
Earthdata Search replaced Reverb as EOSDIS's web-based client for discovering and ordering cross-discipline data from all of CMR's metadata holdings in January 2018. Earthdata Search allows users, including those without specific knowledge of the data, to search science data holdings, retrieve high-level descriptions of data sets and detailed descriptions of the data inventory, view browse images, and submit orders via CMR to the appropriate data providers.
Cross-DAAC searches through Earthdata Search – use the Common Metadata Repository (CMR)
Distributed Active Archive Centers
A Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) is a part of EOSDIS. DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA's past and current Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the twelve DAACs serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science.
The following is a list of DAACs and data specializations:
Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) DAAC: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, sea ice, polar processes, geophysics.
Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC): radiation budget, clouds, aerosols, tropospheric chemistry.
Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS): satellite geodesy.
Global Hydrometeorology Resource Center (GHRC) DAAC: severe weather interactions, lightning, atmospheric convection.
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC): global precipitation, solar irradiance, atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, global modeling.
Land Processes DAAC (LP DAAC): surface reflectivity, land cover, vegetation indices.
Level 1 Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) DAAC: radiance, atmosphere.
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC DAAC): snow, ice, cryosphere, climate.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC (ORNL DAAC): biogeochemical dynamics, terrestrial ecology, carbon and nitrogen cycle, environmental processes.
Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC): ocean biology, ocean color, ocean biogeochemistry, sea surface temperature.
Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO DAAC): sea surface temperature, ocean winds, circulation and currents, topography and gravity.
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Data Center (SEDAC): human interactions, land use, environmental sustainability, geospatial data, multilateral environmental agreements.
See also
ECHO Clearinghouse
Global Change Master Directory
Goddard Space Flight Center
References
External links
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)
NASA programs
Earth observation
Goddard Space Flight Center
Data centers
Spacecraft communication
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4014603
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20and%20gliding%20animals
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Flying and gliding animals
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A number of animals are capable of aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. This trait has appeared by evolution many times, without any single common ancestor. Flight has evolved at least five times in separate animals: insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats and humans (through tool use). Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually the development is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities. Gliding, in particular, has evolved among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests in Asia (most especially Borneo) where the trees are tall and widely spaced. Several species of aquatic animals, and a few amphibians and reptiles have also evolved this gliding flight ability, typically as a means of evading predators.
Types
Animal aerial locomotion can be divided into two categories: powered and unpowered. In unpowered modes of locomotion, the animal uses aerodynamic forces exerted on the body due to wind or falling through the air. In powered flight, the animal uses muscular power to generate aerodynamic forces to climb or to maintain steady, level flight. Those who can find air that is rising faster than they are falling can gain altitude by soaring.
Unpowered
These modes of locomotion typically require an animal start from a raised location, converting that potential energy into kinetic energy and using aerodynamic forces to control trajectory and angle of descent. Energy is continually lost to drag without being replaced, thus these methods of locomotion have limited range and duration.
Falling: decreasing altitude under the force of gravity, using no adaptations to increase drag or provide lift.
Parachuting: falling at an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal with adaptations to increase drag forces. Very small animals may be carried up by the wind. Some gliding animals may use their gliding membranes for drag rather than lift, to safely descend.
Gliding flight: falling at an angle less than 45° from the horizontal with lift from adapted aerofoil membranes. This allows slowly falling directed horizontal movement, with streamlining to decrease drag forces for aerofoil efficiency and often with some maneuverability in air. Gliding animals have a lower aspect ratio (wing length/breadth) than true flyers.
Powered flight
Powered flight has evolved at least four times: first in the insects, then in pterosaurs, next in birds, and last in bats. Studies on theropod dinosaurs do suggest multiple (≥3) independent acquisitions of powered flight however, and a recent study proposes independent acquisitions amidst the different bat clades as well. Powered flight uses muscles to generate aerodynamic force, which allows the animal to produce lift and thrust. The animal may ascend without the aid of rising air.
Externally powered
Ballooning and soaring are not powered by muscle, but rather by external aerodynamic sources of energy: the wind and rising thermals, respectively. Both can continue as long as the source of external power is present. Soaring is typically only seen in species capable of powered flight, as it requires extremely large wings.
Ballooning: being carried up into the air from the aerodynamic effect on long strands of silk in the wind. Certain silk-producing arthropods, mostly small or young spiders, secrete a special light-weight gossamer silk for ballooning, sometimes traveling great distances at high altitude.
Soaring: gliding in rising or otherwise moving air that requires specific physiological and morphological adaptations that can sustain the animal aloft without flapping its wings. The rising air is due to thermals, ridge lift or other meteorological features. Under the right conditions, soaring creates a gain of altitude without expending energy. Large wingspans are needed for efficient soaring.
Many species will use multiple of these modes at various times; a hawk will use powered flight to rise, then soar on thermals, then descend via free-fall to catch its prey.
Evolution and ecology
Gliding and parachuting
While gliding occurs independently from powered flight, it has some ecological advantages of its own as it is the simplest form of flight. Gliding is a very energy-efficient way of travelling from tree to tree. Although moving through the canopy running along the branches may be less energetically demanding, the faster transition between trees allows for greater foraging rates in a particular patch. Glide ratios can be dependent on size and current behavior. Higher foraging rates are supported by low glide ratios as smaller foraging patches require less gliding time over shorter distances and greater amounts of food can be acquired in a shorter time period. Low ratios are not as energy efficient as the higher ratios, but an argument made is that many gliding animals eat low energy foods such as leaves and are restricted to gliding because of this, whereas flying animals eat more high energy foods such as fruits, nectar, and insects. Mammals tend to rely on lower glide ratios to increase the amount of time foraging for lower energy food. An equilibrium glide, achieving a constant airspeed and glide angle, is harder to obtain as animal size increases. Larger animals need to glide from much higher heights and longer distances to make it energetically beneficial. Gliding is also very suitable for predator avoidance, allowing for controlled targeted landings to safer areas. In contrast to flight, gliding has evolved independently many times (more than a dozen times among extant vertebrates); however these groups have not radiated nearly as much as have groups of flying animals.
Worldwide, the distribution of gliding animals is uneven, as most inhabit rain forests in Southeast Asia. (Despite seemingly suitable rain forest habitats, few gliders are found in India or New Guinea and none in Madagascar.) Additionally, a variety of gliding vertebrates are found in Africa, a family of hylids (flying frogs) lives in South America and several species of gliding squirrels are found in the forests of northern Asia and North America. Various factors produce these disparities. In the forests of Southeast Asia, the dominant canopy trees (usually dipterocarps) are taller than the canopy trees of the other forests. Forest structure and distance between trees are influential in the development of gliding within varying species. A higher start provides a competitive advantage of further glides and farther travel. Gliding predators may more efficiently search for prey. The lower abundance of insect and small vertebrate prey for carnivorous animals (such as lizards) in Asian forests may be a factor. In Australia, many mammals (and all mammalian gliders) possess, to some extent, prehensile tails. Globally, smaller gliding species tend to have feather-like tails and larger species have fur covered round bushy tails, but smaller animals tend to rely on parachuting rather than developing gliding membranes. The gliding membranes, patagium, are classified in the 4 groups of propatagium, digipatagium, plagiopatagium and uropatagium. These membranes consist of two tightly bounded layers of skin connected my muscles and connective tissue between the fore and hind limbs.
Powered flight evolution
Powered flight has evolved unambiguously only four times—birds, bats, pterosaurs, and insects (though see above for possible independent acquisitions within bird and bat groups). In contrast to gliding, which has evolved more frequently but typically gives rise to only a handful of species, all three extant groups of powered flyers have a huge number of species, suggesting that flight is a very successful strategy once evolved. Bats, after rodents, have the most species of any mammalian order, about 20% of all mammalian species. Birds have the most species of any class of terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, insects (most of which fly at some point in their life cycle) have more species than all other animal groups combined.
The evolution of flight is one of the most striking and demanding in animal evolution, and has attracted the attention of many prominent scientists and generated many theories. Additionally, because flying animals tend to be small and have a low mass (both of which increase the surface-area-to-mass ratio), they tend to fossilize infrequently and poorly compared to the larger, heavier-boned terrestrial species they share habitat with. Fossils of flying animals tend to be confined to exceptional fossil deposits formed under highly specific circumstances, resulting in a generally poor fossil record, and a particular lack of transitional forms. Furthermore, as fossils do not preserve behavior or muscle, it can be difficult to discriminate between a poor flyer and a good glider.
Insects were the first to evolve flight, approximately 350 million years ago. The developmental origin of the insect wing remains in dispute, as does the purpose prior to true flight. One suggestion is that wings initially evolved from tracheal gill structures and were used to catch the wind for small insects that live on the surface of the water, while another is that they evolved from paranotal lobes or leg structures and gradually progressed from parachuting, to gliding, to flight for originally arboreal insects.
Pterosaurs were the next to evolve flight, approximately 228 million years ago. These reptiles were close relatives of the dinosaurs, and reached enormous sizes, with some of the last forms being the largest flying animals ever to inhabit the Earth, having wingspans of over 9.1 m (30 ft). However, they spanned a large range of sizes, down to a 250 mm (10 in) wingspan in Nemicolopterus.
Birds have an extensive fossil record, along with many forms documenting both their evolution from small theropod dinosaurs and the numerous bird-like forms of theropod which did not survive the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. Indeed, Archaeopteryx is arguably the most famous transitional fossil in the world, both due to its mix of reptilian and avian anatomy and the luck of being discovered only two years after Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species. However, the ecology of this transition is considerably more contentious, with various scientists supporting either a "trees down" origin (in which an arboreal ancestor evolved gliding, then flight) or a "ground up" origin (in which a fast-running terrestrial ancestor used wings for a speed boost and to help catch prey).
Bats are the most recent to evolve (about 60 million years ago), most likely from a fluttering ancestor, though their poor fossil record has hindered more detailed study.
Only a few animals are known to have specialised in soaring: the larger of the extinct pterosaurs, and some large birds. Powered flight is very energetically expensive for large animals, but for soaring their size is an advantage, as it allows them a low wing loading, that is a large wing area relative to their weight, which maximizes lift. Soaring is very energetically efficient.
Biomechanics
Gliding and parachuting
During a free-fall with no aerodynamic forces, the object accelerates due to gravity, resulting in increasing velocity as the object descends. During parachuting, animals use the aerodynamic forces on their body to counteract the force or gravity. Any object moving through air experiences a drag force that is proportion to surface area and to velocity squared, and this force will partially counter the force of gravity, slowing the animal's descent to a safer speed. If this drag is oriented at an angle to the vertical, the animal's trajectory will gradually become more horizontal, and it will cover horizontal as well as vertical distance. Smaller adjustments can allow turning or other maneuvers. This can allow a parachuting animal to move from a high location on one tree to a lower location on another tree nearby. Specifically in gliding mammals, there are 3 types of gliding paths respectively being S glide, J glide, and "straight-shaped" glides where species either gain altitude post launch then descend, rapidly decrease height before gliding, and maintaining a constant angled descent.
During gliding, lift plays an increased role. Like drag, lift is proportional to velocity squared. Gliding animals will typically leap or drop from high locations such as trees, just as in parachuting, and as gravitational acceleration increases their speed, the aerodynamic forces also increase. Because the animal can utilize lift and drag to generate greater aerodynamic force, it can glide at a shallower angle than parachuting animals, allowing it to cover greater horizontal distance in the same loss of altitude, and reach trees further away. Successful flights for gliding animals are achieved through 5 steps: preparation, launch, glide, braking, and landing. Gliding species are better able to control themselves mid-air, with the tail acting as a rudder, making it capable to pull off banking movements or U-turns during flight. During landing, arboreal mammals will extend their fore and hind limbs in front of itself to brace for landing and to trap air in order to maximize air resistance and lower impact speed.
Powered flight
Unlike most air vehicles, in which the objects that generate lift (wings) and thrust (engine or propeller) are separate and the wings remain fixed, flying animals use their wings to generate both lift and thrust by moving them relative to the body. This has made the flight of organisms considerably harder to understand than that of vehicles, as it involves varying speeds, angles, orientations, areas, and flow patterns over the wings.
A bird or bat flying through the air at a constant speed moves its wings up and down (usually with some fore-aft movement as well). Because the animal is in motion, there is some airflow relative to its body which, combined with the velocity of its wings, generates a faster airflow moving over the wing. This will generate lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards, and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards. The upwards components of these counteract gravity, keeping the body in the air, while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole. Pterosaur flight likely worked in a similar manner, though no living pterosaurs remain for study.
Insect flight is considerably different, due to their small size, rigid wings, and other anatomical differences. Turbulence and vortices play a much larger role in insect flight, making it even more complex and difficult to study than the flight of vertebrates. There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flight. Most insects use a method that creates a spiralling leading edge vortex. Some very small insects use the fling-and-clap or Weis-Fogh mechanism in which the wings clap together above the insect's body and then fling apart. As they fling open, the air gets sucked in and creates a vortex over each wing. This bound vortex then moves across the wing and, in the clap, acts as the starting vortex for the other wing. Circulation and lift are increased, at the price of wear and tear on the wings.
Limits and extremes
Flying and soaring
Largest. The largest known flying animal was formerly thought to be Pteranodon, a pterosaur with a wingspan of up to . However, the more recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus is much larger, with estimates of the wingspan ranging from . Some other recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur species, such as Hatzegopteryx, may have also wingspans of a similar size or even slightly larger. Although it is widely thought that Quetzalcoatlus reached the size limit of a flying animal, the same was once said of Pteranodon. The heaviest living flying animals are the kori bustard and the great bustard with males reaching . The wandering albatross has the greatest wingspan of any living flying animal at . Among living animals which fly over land, the Andean condor and the marabou stork have the largest wingspan at . Studies have shown that it is physically possible for flying animals to reach wingspans, but there is no firm evidence that any flying animal, not even the azhdarchid pterosaurs, got that large.
Smallest. There is no minimum size for getting airborne. Indeed, there are many bacteria floating in the atmosphere that constitute part of the aeroplankton. However, to move about under one's own power and not be overly affected by the wind requires a certain amount of size. The smallest flying vertebrates are the bee hummingbird and the bumblebee bat, both of which may weigh less than . They are thought to represent the lower size limit for endotherm flight.
Fastest. The fastest of all known flying animals is the peregrine falcon, which when diving travels at or faster. The fastest animal in flapping horizontal flight may be the Mexican free-tailed bat, said to attain about based on ground speed by an aircraft tracking device; that measurement does not separate any contribution from wind speed, so the observations could be caused by strong tailwinds.
Slowest. Most flying animals need to travel forward to stay aloft. However, some creatures can stay in the same spot, known as hovering, either by rapidly flapping the wings, as do hummingbirds, hoverflies, dragonflies, and some others, or carefully using thermals, as do some birds of prey. The slowest flying non-hovering bird recorded is the American woodcock, at .
Highest flying. There are records of a Rüppell's vulture Gyps rueppelli, a large vulture, being sucked into a jet engine above Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa. The animal that flies highest most regularly is the bar-headed goose Anser indicus, which migrates directly over the Himalayas between its nesting grounds in Tibet and its winter quarters in India. They are sometimes seen flying well above the peak of Mount Everest at .
Gliding and parachuting
Most efficient glider. This can be taken as the animal that moves most horizontal distance per metre fallen. Flying squirrels are known to glide up to , but have measured glide ratio of about 2. Flying fish have been observed to glide for hundreds of metres on the drafts on the edge of waves with only their initial leap from the water to provide height, but may be obtaining additional lift from wave motion. On the other hand, albatrosses have measured lift–drag ratios of 20, and thus fall just 1 meter for every 20 in still air.
Most maneuverable glider. Many gliding animals have some ability to turn, but which is the most maneuverable is difficult to assess. Even paradise tree snakes, Chinese gliding frogs, and gliding ants have been observed as having considerable capacity to turn in the air.
Flying animals
Extant
Insects
Pterygota: The first of all animals to evolve flight, they are also the only invertebrates that have evolved flight. As they comprise almost all insects, the species are too numerous to list here. Insect flight is an active research field.
Birds
Birds (flying, soaring) – Most of the approximately 10,000 living species can fly (flightless birds are the exception). Bird flight is one of the most studied forms of aerial locomotion in animals. See List of soaring birds for birds that can soar as well as fly.
Mammals
Bats. There are approximately 1,240 bat species, representing about 20% of all classified mammal species. Most bats are nocturnal and many feed on insects while flying at night, using echolocation to home in on their prey.
Humans. Humans are currently the only extant species known to be able of flight by the use of tools like airplanes, helicopters, hot air balloons, and rigid airships like the Zeppelin, amongst many other examples.
Extinct
Pterosaurs
Pterosaurs were the first flying vertebrates, and are generally agreed to have been sophisticated flyers. They had large wings formed by a patagium stretching from the torso to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. There were hundreds of species, most of which are thought to have been intermittent flappers, and many soarers. The largest known flying animals are pterosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Theropods (gliding and flying). There were several species of theropod dinosaur thought to be capable of gliding or flying, that are not classified as birds (though they are closely related). Some species (Microraptor gui, Microraptor zhaoianus, and Changyuraptor) have been found that were fully feathered on all four limbs, giving them four 'wings' that they are believed to have used for gliding or flying. A recent study indicates that flight may have been acquired independently in various different lineages though it may have only evolved in theropods of the Avialae.
Gliding animals
Extant
Insects
Gliding bristletails. Directed aerial gliding descent is found in some tropical arboreal bristletails, an ancestrally wingless sister taxa to the winged insects. The bristletails median caudal filament is important for the glide ratio and gliding control
Gliding ants. The flightless workers of these insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move through the air. Gliding has evolved independently in a number of arboreal ant species from the groups Cephalotini, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Formicinae (mostly Camponotus). All arboreal dolichoderines and non-cephalotine myrmicines except Daceton armigerum do not glide. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch. Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes atreus in the Peruvian rainforest. Cephalotes atreus can make 180 degree turns, and locate the trunk using visual cues, succeeding in landing 80% of the time. Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotini and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first, the Forminicae however glide in the more conventional head first manner.
Gliding immature insects. The wingless immature stages of some insect species that have wings as adults may also show a capacity to glide. These include some species of cockroach, mantid, katydid, stick insect and true bug.
Spiders
Ballooning spiders (parachuting). The young of some species of spiders travel through the air by using silk draglines to catch the wind, as may some smaller species of adult spider, such as the money spider family. This behavior is commonly known as "ballooning". Ballooning spiders make up part of the aeroplankton.
Gliding spiders. Some species of arboreal spider of the genus Selenops can glide back to the trunk of a tree should they fall.
Molluscs
Flying squid. Several oceanic squids of the family Ommastrephidae, such as the Pacific flying squid, will leap out of the water to escape predators, an adaptation similar to that of flying fish. Smaller squids will fly in shoals, and have been observed to cover distances as long as . Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not produce much lift, but do help stabilize the motion of flight. They exit the water by expelling water out of their funnel, indeed some squid have been observed to continue jetting water while airborne providing thrust even after leaving the water. This may make flying squid the only animals with jet-propelled aerial locomotion. The neon flying squid has been observed to glide for distances over , at speeds of up to .
Fish
Flying fish. There are over 50 species of flying fish belonging to the family Exocoetidae. They are mostly marine fishes of small to medium size. The largest flying fish can reach lengths of but most species measure less than in length. They can be divided into two-winged varieties and four-winged varieties. Before the fish leaves the water it increases its speed to around 30 body lengths per second and as it breaks the surface and is freed from the drag of the water it can be traveling at around . The glides are usually up to in length, but some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was for 45 seconds (Video here). It has been suggested that the genus Exocoetus is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding. It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne, but still seems only to glide, as there is no hint of a power stroke. It has been found that some flying fish can glide as effectively as some flying birds.
Halfbeaks. A group related to the Exocoetidae, one or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps. Marshall (1965) reports that Euleptorhamphus viridis can cover in two separate hops.
Freshwater butterflyfish (possibly gliding). Pantodon buchholzi has the ability to jump and possibly glide a short distance. It can move through the air several times the length of its body. While it does this, the fish flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its common name. However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can truly glide, Saidel et al. (2004) argue that it cannot.
Amphibians
Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frogs, the Old World Rhacophoridae and the New World Hylidae. Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities from non-gliding, to parachuting, to full gliding.
Rhacophoridae flying frogs. A number of the Rhacophoridae, such as Wallace's flying frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), have adaptations for gliding, the main feature being enlarged toe membranes. For example, the Malayan flying frog Rhacophorus prominanus glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm. Some of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders, for example, the Chinese flying frog Rhacophorus dennysi can maneuver in the air, making two kinds of turn, either rolling into the turn (a banked turn) or yawing into the turn (a crabbed turn).
Hylidae flying frogs. The other frog family that contains gliders.
Reptiles
Several lizards and snakes are capable of gliding:
Draco lizards. There are 28 species of lizard of the genus Draco, found in Sri Lanka, India, and Southeast Asia. They live in trees, feeding on tree ants, but nest on the forest floor. They can glide for up to and over this distance they lose only in height. Unusually, their patagium (gliding membrane) is supported on elongated ribs rather than the more common situation among gliding vertebrates of having the patagium attached to the limbs. When extended, the ribs form a semicircle on either side the lizard's body and can be folded to the body like a folding fan.
Gliding lacertids. There are two species of gliding lacertid, of the genus Holaspis, found in Africa. They have fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten their bodies for gliding or parachuting.
Ptychozoon flying geckos. There are six species of gliding gecko, of the genus Ptychozoon, from Southeast Asia. These lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs, torso, tail, and head that catch the air and enable them to glide.
Lupersaurus flying geckos. A possible sister-taxon to Ptychozoon which has similar flaps and folds and also glides.
Thecadactylus flying geckos. At least some species of Thecadactylus, such as T. rapicauda, are known to glide.
Cosymbotus flying gecko. Similar adaptations to Ptychozoon are found in the two species of the gecko genus Cosymbotus.
Chrysopelea snakes. Five species of snake from Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and India. The paradise tree snake of southern Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, and Sulawesi is the most capable glider of those snakes studied. It glides by stretching out its body sideways and opening its ribs so the belly is concave, and by making lateral slithering movements. It can remarkably glide up to and make 90 degree turns.
Mammals
Bats are the only freely flying mammals. A few other mammals can glide or parachute; the best known are flying squirrels and flying lemurs.
Flying squirrels (subfamily Petauristinae). There are more than 40 living species divided between 14 genera of flying squirrel. Flying squirrels are found in Asia (most species), North America (genus Glaucomys) and Europe (Siberian flying squirrel). They inhabit tropical, temperate, and Subarctic environments, with the Glaucomys preferring boreal and montane coniferous forests, specifically landing on red spruce (Picea rubens) trees as landing sites; they are known to rapidly climb trees, but take some time to locate a good landing spot. They tend to be nocturnal and are highly sensitive to light and noise. When a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance possible by jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin (the patagium) that stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides spread-eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute, and grips the tree with its claws when it lands. Flying squirrels have been reported to glide over .
Anomalures or scaly-tailed flying squirrels (family Anomaluridae). These brightly coloured African rodents are not squirrels but have evolved to a resemble flying squirrels by convergent evolution. There are seven species, divided in three genera. All but one species have gliding membranes between their front and hind legs. The genus Idiurus contains two particularly small species known as flying mice, but similarly they are not true mice.
Colugos or "flying lemurs" (order Dermoptera). There are two species of colugo. Despite their common name, colugos are not lemurs; true lemurs are primates. Molecular evidence suggests that colugos are a sister group to primates; however, some mammalogists suggest they are a sister group to bats. Found in Southeast Asia, the colugo is probably the mammal most adapted for gliding, with a patagium that is as large as geometrically possible. They can glide as far as with minimal loss of height. They have the most developed propatagium out of any gliding mammal with a mean launch velocity of approximately 3.7 m/s; the Mayan Colugo has been known to initiate glides without jumping.
Sifaka, a type of lemur, and possibly some other primates (possible limited gliding or parachuting). A number of primates have been suggested to have adaptations that allow limited gliding or parachuting: sifakas, indris, galagos and saki monkeys. Most notably, the sifaka, a type of lemur, has thick hairs on its forearms that have been argued to provide drag, and a small membrane under its arms that has been suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil properties.
Flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders (subfamily Petaurinae). Possums found in Australia, and New Guinea. The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable until they jump. On jumping, the animal extends all four legs and stretches the loose folds of skin. The subfamily contains seven species. Of the six species in the genus Petaurus, the sugar glider and the Biak glider are the most common species. The lone species in the genus Gymnobelideus, Leadbeater's possum has only a vestigial gliding membrane.
Greater glider (Petauroides volans). The only species of the genus Petauroides of the family Pseudocheiridae. This marsupial is found in Australia, and was originally classed with the flying phalangers, but is now recognised as separate. Its flying membrane only extends to the elbow, rather than to the wrist as in Petaurinae. It has elongated limbs compared to its non-gliding relatives.
Feather-tailed possums (family Acrobatidae). This family of marsupials contains two genera, each with one species. The feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus), found in Australia is the size of a very small mouse and is the smallest mammalian glider. The feathertail possum (Distoechurus pennatus) is found in New Guinea, but does not glide. Both species have a stiff-haired feather-like tail.
Extinct
Reptiles
Extinct reptiles similar to Draco. There are a number of unrelated extinct lizard-like reptiles with similar "wings" to the Draco lizards. These include the Late Permian Weigeltisauridae, the Triassic Kuehneosauridae and Mecistotrachelos, and the Cretaceous lizard Xianglong. The largest of these, Kuehneosaurus, has a wingspan of , and was estimated to be able to glide about .
Sharovipterygidae. These strange reptiles from the Upper Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and Poland unusually had a membrane on their elongated hind limbs, extending their otherwise normal, flying-squirrel-like patagia significantly. The forelimbs are in contrast much smaller.
Hypuronector. This bizarre drepanosaur displays limb proportions, particularly the elongated forelimbs, that are consistent with a flying or gliding animal with patagia.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Scansoriopterygidae is unique among dinosaurs for the development of membranous wings, unlike the feathered airfoils of other theropods. Much like modern anomalures it developed a bony rod to help support the wing, albeit on the wrist and not the elbow.
Fish
Thoracopteridae is a lineage of Triassic flying fish-like Perleidiformes, having converted their pectoral and pelvic fins into broad wings very similar to those of their modern counterparts. The Ladinian genus Potanichthys is the oldest member of this clade, suggesting that these fish began exploring aerial niches soon after the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
Mammals
Volaticotherium antiquum. A gliding eutriconodont, long considered the earliest gliding mammal until the discovery of contemporary gliding haramiyidans. It lived around 164 million years ago and used a fur-covered skin membrane to glide through the air. The closely related Argentoconodon is also thought to have been able to glide, based on postcranial similarities; it lived around 165 million years ago, during the Middle-Late Jurassic of what is now China
The haramiyidans Vilevolodon, Xianshou, Maiopatagium and Arboroharamiya known from the Middle-Late Jurassic of China had extensive patagia, highly convergent with those of colugos.
A gliding metatherian (possibly a marsupial) is known from the Paleocene of Itaboraí, Brazil.
A gliding rodent belonging to the extinct family Eomyidae, Eomys quercyi is known from the late Oligocene of Germany.
See also
Animal locomotion
Flying mythological creatures
Insect thermoregulation
Organisms at high altitude
References
Further reading
The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time by David Unwin
External links
Canopy Locomotion from Mongabay online magazine
Learn the Secrets of Flight from Vertebrate Flight Exhibit at UCMP
Canopy life
Insect flight, photographs of flying insects – Rolf Nagels
Map of Life - "Gliding mammals" – University of Cambridge
Ethology
Evolution of animals
Natural history
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4014605
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Adams
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Constance Adams
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Constance Adams (16 July 1964 – 25 June 2018) was an American architect who worked in the space program.
Personal life
Adams was born in Boston in 1964 to Jeremy duQuesnay Adams, a medieval scholar at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, and Madeleine de Jean, a writer and connoisseur of champagne.
Adams studied sociology at Harvard University, then went on to Yale University, where she completed a master's degree in architecture. After a two-year apprenticeship with Kenzo Tange Associates in Tokyo, followed by four years working in Berlin on commercial and master planning projects. In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA's Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, where she lived with her family. She was a Registered Architect.
She is particularly known for her developments in "sociokinetic" research, in which she discovered ways to measure how individuals interact with their built environments and with one another.
Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on 25 June 2018, aged 53.
Career
Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station. The module, known as TransHab ("transit habitat"), was designed to provide living quarters for astronauts aboard the space station, including a common room, gymnasium, shower, etc. Budget considerations and delays, as well as politics, meant that the module failed to develop beyond the design stage.
Subsequent to the TransHab project, Adams worked on crew cabin architecture and systems design for the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, Orbital Space Plane and International Space Station.
In 2003 and 2004, Adams collaborated with UNDP Senior Water Policy Advisor Ingvar Andersson to organize the "Water for Two Worlds" summit at Columbia University and the UN, bringing representatives of NASA, the European Space Agency, the Columbia Earth Institute and other clean water advocacy groups to design an approach for transferring water cleansing techniques developed for spaceflight to applications that meet the Millennium Development Goals.
In 2005, Adams was named an Emerging Explorer by National Geographic.
From 2004 to 2010, Adams worked with the International Space Station Program Office and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency to integrate the H-II Transfer Vehicle into ISS planning.
Founder of Synthesis International, Adams partnered with URS and Foster+Partners to work on the design of the world's first commercial spaceport terminal, the Spaceport America Terminal Facility, for the New Mexico Spaceport Authority and tenant Virgin Galactic. She was considered one of the first experts in spaceport planning, and lectured widely in design as well as science topics.
Between 2008 and 2009, Adams participated in National Geographic's JASON Project (now JASON Learning, an independent 501c3) as a Host Researcher. She is featured in the last chapter (chapter 5) and supporting videos of the publication Infinite Potential. Her work in understanding sustainable systems is the emphasis of the chapter.
References
National Geographic reach. (2011). Monterey, CA: National Geographic.
External links
1. "Water for Two Worlds: Designing Terrestrial Applications for Exploration-class Sanitation Systems ", 2004, NASA Technical Reports Server
2. "Reallusory Viewing: A Study of the Application of Virtual Windows in Hermetic Environments", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
3. " Space Architecture: Building The Future", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
4. "The Role of Habitability Studies in Space Facility and Vehicle Design", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
5. " Habitability as a Tier One Criterion in Exploration Mission and Vehicle Design",1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
6. " Item Description: ISS TransHab Restraint Sample and Photo Documentation", 2000, NASA Technical Reports Server
7. "Water for Two Worlds: Designing Terrestrial Applications for Exploration-class Sanitation Systems", 2004, NASA Technical Reports Server
8. "An Interview with Constance Adams" — from HobbySpace (retrieved 9 February 2006)
9. Quotation from BrainyQuote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/constance_adams.html
1964 births
2018 deaths
People from Boston
20th-century American architects
Harvard College alumni
Yale School of Architecture alumni
NASA people
21st-century American architects
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