text
stringlengths 310
8.3k
| input_ids
listlengths 1.02k
1.02k
| length
int64 1.02k
1.02k
| source_domain
stringclasses 7
values | writing_style_average
float64 -3.46
3.36
| required_expertise_average
float64 -3.74
4.36
| facts_and_trivia_average
float64 -3.78
3.96
| educational_value_average
float64 -3.85
3.97
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sex domestic partners of Federal employees. It is sound public policy and it makes excellent business sense.
Under our bill, Federal employee and the employee's domestic partner would be eligible to participate in benefits to the same extent that married employees and their spouses participate. Employees and their partners would also assume the same obligations that apply to married employees and their spouses, such as anti-nepotism rules and financial disclosure requirements.
The Federal Government is our Nation's largest employer and should lead other employers, rather than lagging behind, in the quest to provide equal and fair compensation and benefits to all employees. That thousands of Federal workers who have dedicated their careers to public service and who live in committed relationships with same-sex domestic partners receive fewer protections for their families than those married employees is patently unfair and, frankly, makes no economic sense.
I call upon my colleagues to express their support for this important legislation. It is time for the Federal Government to catch up to the private sector, not just to set an example but so that it can compete for the most qualified employees and ensure that all of our public servants receive fair and equitable treatment. It makes good economic and policy senses. It is the right thing to do.
SUMMARY: Domestic Partnership Benefits and Obligations Act of 2007
Employees and their domestic partners will have the same benefits as married employees and their spouses under--
Retirement and disability plans
Family, medical, and emergency leave
Compensation for work injuries
Death, disability, and similar benefits
Relocation, travel, and related expenses.
Source: Partnership Benefits and Obligations Act (S.2521/H.R.4838) 2007-S2521 on Dec 19, 2007
Re-introduce the Equal Rights Amendment.
Slaughter co-sponsored re-introducing the Equal Rights Amendment
A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women, which shall be part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of 3/4 of the States:
Section 1.Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Section 2.The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3.This article shall take effect 2 years after the date of ratification.
Sen. KENNEDY. "It's a privilege to join my colleagues in reintroducing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. The ERA is essential to guarantee that the freedoms protected by our Constitution apply equally to men and women. From the beginning of our history as a Nation, women have had to wage a constant, long and difficult battle to win the same basic rights granted to men. That battle goes on today, since discrimination still continues in many ways.
"Despite passage of the Equal Pay Act & the Civil Rights Act in the 1960s, discrimination against women continues to permeate the workforce and many areas of the economy. Today, women earn about 77 cents for each dollar earned by men, and the gap is even greater for women of color. More than 60% of working women are still clustered in a narrow range of traditionally female, traditionally low-paying occupations, and female-headed households continue to dominate the bottom rungs of the economic ladder.
"A stronger effort is clearly needed to finally live up to our commitment of full equality. The ERA alone cannot remedy all discrimination, but it will clearly strengthen the ongoing efforts of women across the country to obtain equal treatment.
"We know from the failed ratification experiences of the past that amending the Constitution to include the ERA will not be easy to achieve. But the women of America deserve no less." Source: Equal Rights Amendment (S.J.RES.10/H.J.RES.40) 2007-SJR10 on Mar 29, 2007
Supported legislation on violence against women & safety.
Slaughter adopted the Women's Caucus policy agenda:
The teams of the Women's Caucus are charged with advancing action on their designated issues in a bipartisan manner. Legislation from Team 1: VI
|
[
14167,
21849,
22056,
310,
14879,
22873,
29889,
739,
338,
6047,
970,
8898,
322,
372,
3732,
15129,
5381,
4060,
29889,
13,
29177,
1749,
11118,
29892,
14879,
19001,
322,
278,
19001,
29915,
29879,
21849,
18096,
723,
367,
560,
335,
1821,
304,
5221,
403,
297,
23633,
304,
278,
1021,
15834,
393,
8300,
22873,
322,
1009,
805,
23676,
5221,
403,
29889,
7361,
2376,
12712,
322,
1009,
22056,
723,
884,
5251,
278,
1021,
10788,
800,
393,
3394,
304,
8300,
22873,
322,
1009,
805,
23676,
29892,
1316,
408,
9418,
29899,
484,
17765,
1608,
6865,
322,
18161,
766,
25071,
11780,
29889,
13,
1576,
14879,
10354,
338,
1749,
22900,
29915,
29879,
10150,
5703,
261,
322,
881,
3275,
916,
5703,
414,
29892,
3265,
1135,
11755,
3460,
5742,
29892,
297,
278,
21126,
304,
3867,
5186,
322,
6534,
22874,
362,
322,
23633,
304,
599,
22873,
29889,
2193,
17202,
310,
14879,
17162,
1058,
505,
16955,
1009,
2562,
414,
304,
970,
2669,
322,
1058,
5735,
297,
19355,
21702,
411,
1021,
29899,
14167,
21849,
22056,
7150,
28145,
3279,
1953,
363,
1009,
13175,
1135,
1906,
8300,
22873,
338,
2373,
2705,
29395,
1466,
322,
29892,
2524,
29895,
368,
29892,
3732,
694,
17407,
4060,
29889,
13,
29902,
1246,
2501,
590,
23056,
21628,
304,
4653,
1009,
2304,
363,
445,
4100,
13332,
362,
29889,
739,
338,
931,
363,
278,
14879,
10354,
304,
4380,
701,
304,
278,
2024,
17535,
29892,
451,
925,
304,
731,
385,
1342,
541,
577,
393,
372,
508,
752,
2650,
363,
278,
1556,
18698,
22873,
322,
9801,
393,
599,
310,
1749,
970,
26202,
7150,
6534,
322,
1592,
8270,
14502,
29889,
739,
3732,
1781,
17407,
322,
8898,
4771,
267,
29889,
739,
338,
278,
1492,
2655,
304,
437,
29889,
13,
25021,
1529,
13207,
29901,
7809,
15931,
3455,
8397,
4034,
4111,
1389,
1169,
322,
438,
2204,
335,
800,
3185,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
13,
10495,
2376,
12712,
322,
1009,
21849,
22056,
674,
505,
278,
1021,
23633,
408,
8300,
22873,
322,
1009,
805,
23676,
1090,
489,
13,
8015,
19211,
322,
766,
3097,
13900,
13,
27104,
29892,
16083,
29892,
322,
11176,
14703,
5967,
13,
6843,
575,
362,
363,
664,
10899,
14886,
13,
2772,
493,
29892,
766,
3097,
29892,
322,
2788,
23633,
13,
9662,
10610,
29892,
9850,
29892,
322,
4475,
1518,
11259,
29889,
13,
4435,
29901,
3455,
8397,
4034,
4111,
1389,
1169,
322,
438,
2204,
335,
800,
3185,
313,
29903,
29889,
29906,
29945,
29906,
29896,
29914,
29950,
29889,
29934,
29889,
29946,
29947,
29941,
29947,
29897,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
29899,
29903,
29906,
29945,
29906,
29896,
373,
3826,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
13,
1123,
29899,
524,
3518,
346,
278,
11243,
284,
26863,
1913,
355,
358,
29889,
13,
29903,
433,
6129,
357,
1302,
29899,
1028,
787,
4395,
337,
29899,
524,
3518,
3277,
278,
11243,
284,
26863,
1913,
355,
358,
13,
29909,
14002,
10104,
9551,
292,
385,
626,
355,
358,
304,
278,
20063,
310,
278,
3303,
3900,
6198,
304,
5186,
10462,
363,
1757,
322,
5866,
29892,
607,
4091,
367,
760,
310,
278,
20063,
746,
7548,
2164,
491,
278,
13332,
3698,
310,
29871,
29941,
29914,
29946,
310,
278,
3900,
29901,
13,
13438,
29871,
29896,
29889,
6108,
2877,
310,
10462,
1090,
278,
4307,
4091,
451,
367,
17935,
470,
633,
2429,
3192,
491,
278,
3303,
3900,
470,
491,
738,
4306,
373,
3633,
310,
7916,
29889,
13,
13438,
29871,
29906,
29889,
1576,
11559,
4091,
505,
278,
3081,
304,
427,
10118,
29892,
491,
8210,
13332,
362,
29892,
278,
1326,
12112,
310,
445,
4274,
29889,
13,
13438,
29871,
29941,
29889,
4013,
4274,
4091,
2125,
2779,
29871,
29906,
2440,
1156,
278,
2635,
310,
7548,
2450,
29889,
13,
29903,
264,
29889,
476,
1430,
29940,
3352,
29979,
29889,
376,
3112,
29915,
29879,
263,
14828,
479,
304,
5988,
590,
23056,
21628,
297,
337,
524,
3518,
3277,
278,
11243,
284,
26863,
1913,
355,
358,
304,
278,
20063,
29889,
450,
382,
4717,
338,
18853,
304,
18818,
393,
278,
3005,
287,
4835,
6364,
491,
1749,
20063,
3394,
18018,
304,
1757,
322,
5866,
29889,
3645,
278,
6763,
310,
1749,
4955,
408,
263,
22900,
29892,
5866,
505,
750,
304,
281,
482,
263,
4868,
29892,
1472,
322,
5189,
10555,
304,
5401,
278,
1021,
6996,
10462,
16896,
304,
1757,
29889,
2193,
10555,
5771,
373,
9826,
29892,
1951,
2313,
5632,
3381,
1603,
18172,
297,
1784,
5837,
29889,
13,
29908,
4002,
29886,
568,
13382,
310,
278,
11243,
284,
14617,
3185,
669,
278,
12886,
26863,
3185,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29879,
29892,
2313,
5632,
3381,
2750,
5866,
18172,
304,
639,
1004,
403,
278,
664,
10118,
322,
1784,
10161,
310,
278,
26504,
29889,
20628,
29892,
5866,
2326,
29876,
1048,
29871,
29955,
29955,
274,
1237,
363,
1269,
11232,
279,
20591,
491,
1757,
29892,
322,
278,
17261,
338,
1584,
7621,
363,
5866,
310,
2927,
29889,
5853,
1135,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29995,
310,
1985,
5866,
526,
1603,
9867,
287,
297,
263,
12474,
3464,
310,
11399,
635,
12944,
29892,
11399,
635,
4482,
29899,
10472,
292,
6919,
800,
29892,
322,
12944,
29899,
2813,
287,
26850,
6773,
304,
8022,
403,
278,
5970,
364,
3085,
310,
278,
17407,
11979,
672,
29889,
13,
29908,
29909,
23505,
7225,
338,
9436,
4312,
304,
7146,
5735,
701,
304,
1749,
9063,
358,
310,
2989,
17193,
29889,
450,
382,
4717,
7432,
2609,
1083,
7584,
599,
2313,
5632,
3381,
29892,
541,
372,
674,
9436,
9324,
264,
278,
373,
17696,
14231,
310,
5866,
4822,
278,
4234,
304,
4017,
5186,
14502,
29889,
13,
29908,
4806,
1073,
515,
278,
5229,
7548,
2450,
27482,
310,
278,
4940,
393,
626,
2548,
278,
20063,
304,
3160,
278,
382,
4717,
674,
451,
367,
4780,
304,
6176,
29889,
1205,
278,
5866,
310,
6813,
553,
7143,
694,
3109,
1213,
7562,
29901,
11243,
284,
26863,
1913,
355,
358,
313,
29903,
29889,
29967,
29889,
15989,
29889,
29896,
29900,
29914,
29950,
29889,
29967,
29889,
15989,
29889,
29946,
29900,
29897,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
29899,
29903,
29967,
29934,
29896,
29900,
373,
1085,
29871,
29906,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
13,
14039,
287,
13332,
362,
373,
21448,
2750,
5866,
669,
15332,
29889,
13,
29903,
433,
6129,
357,
16356,
278,
10152,
29915,
29879,
315,
585,
8668,
8898,
946,
8395,
29901,
13,
1576,
10907,
310,
278,
10152,
29915,
29879,
315,
585,
8668,
526,
20139,
411,
3061,
19985,
3158,
373,
1009,
25373,
5626,
297,
263,
289,
27494,
21603,
8214,
29889,
18991,
362,
515,
8583,
29871,
29896,
29901,
5473
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.712624 | 0.579456 | 0.304069 | 1.25071 |
OLENCE AGAINST WOMEN/SAFETY ISSUES:
HR764—Child Abuse & Prevention Enforcement (CAPE) Act—To reduce the incidence of child abuse and neglect, and for other purposes. (Pryce) STATUS: Passed House, 10/5/99
HR1248—Violence Against Women Act of 1999 (VAWA Reauthorization)—A bill to prevent violence against women. (Morella) STATUS: Hearing held, 9/29/99
HR1352—Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Victims' Housing Act—A bill to provide housing assistance to domestic violence victims. (Schakowsky) STATUS: Amended version added to HR 1073 (Homeless Housing Programs Consolidation and Flexibility Act), which passed Banking Subcommittee on Housing and Community Opportunity, 4/15/99
HR1869—Stalking Prevention and Victim Protection Act of 1999—A bill to expand the prohibition on stalking, and for other purposes. (Kelly) STATUS: Hearing held, 9/29/99
HR2130—Date-Rape Prevention Drug Act of 1999—A bill to amend the Controlled Substances Act to add gamma hydroxybutyric acid and ketamine to the schedules of control substances, to provide for a national awareness campaign, and for other purposes. (Upton/Stupak/Jackson-Lee/Bliley) STATUS: Passed House, 10/12/99
Protection of Women in Prison Act of 1999—A bill to require that facilities receiving federal funding develop and implement policies to restrict the role of male staff with regard to female inmates, address the particular health needs of female inmates, prohibit the routine shackling of pregnant women and women in labor, and provide additional protections to female inmates who report violations in order to protect them from retaliation. (Waters)
HR3083—The Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 1999—A bill to provide protection for battered immigrant women. (Schakowsky/Morella/Jackson-Lee)
Source: Women's Caucus Agenda-106th Congress 99-WC1 on Jul 15, 1999
Supported funding for women's and disadvantaged businesses.
The teams of the Women's Caucus are charged with advancing action on their designated issues in a bipartisan manner. Legislation from Team 9: WOMEN IN BUSINESS:
HR413—PRIME Act—Grant program. Authorizes qualified organizations to provide technical assistance and capacity building services to microenterprise development organizations and programs and to disadvantaged entrepreneurs using funds from the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (Rush/Leach)
HR1496—Small Business Access and Choice for Entrepreneurs (ACE) Act—A bill to help reduce the number of uninsured self-employed persons, and their employees, by giving them better access to affordable health care options. This bi-partisan bill includes Association Health Plans (AHPs) and 100% tax deductibility of health care costs for the self- employed. AHPs allow the small businesses to join together through their trade associations to obtain the purchasing clout and administrative efficiency that employees of large employers currently enjoy. The ACE Act also includes a provision for 100% deductibility of health insurance costs for the self-employed. Currently, the self- employed are allowed only a 60% deduction, while large businesses enjoy a full 100% deduction. (Talent/Dooley)
HR1497—Women's Business Centers Sustainability Act of 1999—A bill to amend the Small Business Act with respect to the women's business center program. (Udall-NM) H.RES. 15—A resolution expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding Government procurement access for women-owned businesses. (Kelly)
HR2334—Access to Contract Equity
|
[
29949,
1307,
29940,
4741,
319,
12739,
25580,
399,
6488,
1430,
29914,
29903,
5098,
2544,
29979,
306,
1799,
12996,
29901,
13,
20938,
29955,
29953,
29946,
30003,
5938,
1976,
1509,
669,
4721,
7316,
1174,
1454,
13561,
313,
29907,
3301,
29923,
29897,
3185,
30003,
1762,
10032,
278,
5528,
5084,
310,
2278,
633,
1509,
322,
22851,
29892,
322,
363,
916,
11976,
29889,
313,
29925,
719,
346,
29897,
6850,
1299,
3308,
29901,
6978,
287,
5619,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29914,
29945,
29914,
29929,
29929,
13,
20938,
29896,
29906,
29946,
29947,
30003,
29963,
29875,
324,
663,
11454,
303,
10152,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
313,
20449,
12982,
830,
8921,
2133,
29897,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
5557,
21448,
2750,
5866,
29889,
313,
28581,
3547,
29897,
6850,
1299,
3308,
29901,
379,
799,
292,
4934,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29914,
29906,
29929,
29914,
29929,
29929,
13,
20938,
29896,
29941,
29945,
29906,
30003,
11096,
15931,
10630,
324,
663,
322,
21703,
950,
4007,
1292,
7229,
9893,
29915,
379,
681,
292,
3185,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
3867,
27261,
18872,
304,
21849,
21448,
6879,
9893,
29889,
313,
4504,
557,
340,
7912,
29897,
6850,
1299,
3308,
29901,
1913,
2760,
1873,
2715,
304,
379,
29934,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29955,
29941,
313,
24259,
6393,
379,
681,
292,
7835,
29879,
2138,
17211,
362,
322,
383,
2506,
4127,
3185,
511,
607,
4502,
10253,
292,
3323,
2055,
9309,
373,
379,
681,
292,
322,
19184,
438,
3016,
6997,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29914,
29896,
29945,
29914,
29929,
29929,
13,
20938,
29896,
29947,
29953,
29929,
30003,
855,
2235,
292,
4721,
7316,
322,
7229,
326,
14409,
428,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
7985,
278,
21460,
654,
373,
380,
2235,
292,
29892,
322,
363,
916,
11976,
29889,
313,
29968,
14112,
29897,
6850,
1299,
3308,
29901,
379,
799,
292,
4934,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29914,
29906,
29929,
29914,
29929,
29929,
13,
20938,
29906,
29896,
29941,
29900,
30003,
2539,
29899,
29934,
4085,
4721,
7316,
360,
11124,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
626,
355,
278,
11264,
839,
3323,
303,
2925,
3185,
304,
788,
330,
2735,
17546,
3594,
4187,
29891,
2200,
22193,
322,
413,
300,
314,
457,
304,
278,
28598,
2540,
310,
2761,
5960,
2925,
29892,
304,
3867,
363,
263,
4797,
3773,
8326,
404,
11531,
29892,
322,
363,
916,
11976,
29889,
313,
29965,
12533,
29914,
855,
786,
557,
29914,
27006,
1100,
29899,
3226,
29872,
29914,
10358,
15168,
29897,
6850,
1299,
3308,
29901,
6978,
287,
5619,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29914,
29896,
29906,
29914,
29929,
29929,
13,
1184,
371,
428,
310,
10152,
297,
1588,
2285,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
1996,
393,
23330,
13442,
17097,
5220,
292,
2693,
322,
2334,
24833,
304,
9250,
278,
6297,
310,
14263,
13925,
411,
4880,
304,
12944,
297,
29885,
1078,
29892,
3211,
278,
3153,
9045,
4225,
310,
12944,
297,
29885,
1078,
29892,
21460,
277,
278,
26529,
528,
547,
1847,
310,
758,
5138,
424,
5866,
322,
5866,
297,
10212,
29892,
322,
3867,
5684,
3279,
1953,
304,
12944,
297,
29885,
1078,
1058,
3461,
5537,
800,
297,
1797,
304,
12566,
963,
515,
3240,
2606,
362,
29889,
313,
29956,
10412,
29897,
13,
20938,
29941,
29900,
29947,
29941,
30003,
1576,
350,
2620,
287,
1954,
26983,
424,
10152,
14409,
428,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
3867,
13047,
363,
10193,
287,
5198,
4481,
424,
5866,
29889,
313,
4504,
557,
340,
7912,
29914,
28581,
3547,
29914,
27006,
1100,
29899,
3226,
29872,
29897,
13,
4435,
29901,
10152,
29915,
29879,
315,
585,
8668,
4059,
8395,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29953,
386,
11559,
29871,
29929,
29929,
29899,
29956,
29907,
29896,
373,
2739,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
13,
14039,
287,
5220,
292,
363,
5866,
29915,
29879,
322,
766,
17263,
424,
4063,
5381,
267,
29889,
13,
1576,
10907,
310,
278,
10152,
29915,
29879,
315,
585,
8668,
526,
20139,
411,
3061,
19985,
3158,
373,
1009,
25373,
5626,
297,
263,
289,
27494,
21603,
8214,
29889,
18991,
362,
515,
8583,
29871,
29929,
29901,
399,
6488,
1430,
2672,
350,
3308,
8895,
1799,
29901,
13,
20938,
29946,
29896,
29941,
30003,
29829,
2303,
3185,
30003,
3338,
424,
1824,
29889,
13361,
7093,
18698,
25700,
304,
3867,
16905,
18872,
322,
13284,
5214,
5786,
304,
9200,
5893,
7734,
5849,
25700,
322,
11104,
322,
304,
766,
17263,
424,
4063,
23440,
1600,
1295,
773,
29199,
515,
278,
19184,
14650,
4231,
273,
1455,
28218,
29879,
13249,
313,
29934,
1878,
29914,
3226,
496,
29897,
13,
20938,
29896,
29946,
29929,
29953,
30003,
12636,
497,
15197,
11028,
322,
14542,
625,
363,
14447,
558,
1600,
1295,
313,
11538,
29897,
3185,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
1371,
10032,
278,
1353,
310,
443,
1144,
2955,
1583,
29899,
3451,
2376,
287,
12407,
29892,
322,
1009,
22873,
29892,
491,
6820,
963,
2253,
2130,
304,
21750,
519,
9045,
2562,
3987,
29889,
910,
4768,
29899,
1595,
21603,
11118,
7805,
7993,
15202,
1858,
550,
313,
29909,
3954,
29879,
29897,
322,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
29995,
8818,
28262,
5313,
4127,
310,
9045,
2562,
21544,
363,
278,
1583,
29899,
15723,
29889,
319,
3954,
29879,
2758,
278,
2319,
5381,
267,
304,
5988,
4208,
1549,
1009,
11302,
27733,
304,
4017,
278,
10596,
5832,
1067,
449,
322,
19185,
19201,
393,
22873,
310,
2919,
5703,
414,
5279,
13389,
29889,
450,
319,
4741,
3185,
884,
7805,
263,
25161,
363,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
29995,
28262,
5313,
4127,
310,
9045,
1663,
18541,
21544,
363,
278,
1583,
29899,
3451,
2376,
287,
29889,
15447,
29892,
278,
1583,
29899,
15723,
526,
6068,
871,
263,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29995,
21049,
428,
29892,
1550,
2919,
5381,
267,
13389,
263,
2989,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
29995,
21049,
428,
29889,
313,
29911,
284,
296,
29914,
6132,
1772,
29891,
29897,
13,
20938,
29896,
29946,
29929,
29955,
30003,
29956,
2770,
29915,
29879,
15197,
2895,
414,
317,
504,
475,
3097,
3185,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
30003,
29909,
11118,
304,
626,
355,
278,
18285,
15197,
3185,
411,
3390,
304,
278,
5866,
29915,
29879,
5381,
4818,
1824,
29889,
313,
29965,
29881,
497,
29899,
29940,
29924,
29897,
379,
29889,
15989,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29945,
30003,
29909,
10104,
4653,
292,
278,
4060,
310,
278,
5619,
310,
28757,
11211,
10354,
9580,
545,
358,
2130,
363,
5866,
29899,
26689,
5381,
267,
29889,
313,
29968,
14112,
29897,
13,
20938,
29906,
29941,
29941,
29946,
30003,
6638,
304,
2866,
1461,
11243,
537
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.982823 | 0.087595 | 0.304069 | 0.290669 |
#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING
#include "tzfmttst.h"
#include "simplethread.h"
#include "unicode/timezone.h"
#include "unicode/simpletz.h"
#include "unicode/calendar.h"
#include "unicode/strenum.h"
#include "unicode/smpdtfmt.h"
#include "unicode/uchar.h"
#include "unicode/basictz.h"
#include "cstring.h"
static const char* PATTERNS[] = {"z", "zzzz", "Z", "ZZZZ", "v", "vvvv", "V", "VVVV"};
static const int NUM_PATTERNS = sizeof(PATTERNS)/sizeof(const char*);
void
TimeZoneFormatTest::runIndexedTest( int32_t index, UBool exec, const char* &name, char* /*par*/ )
{
if (exec) {
logln("TestSuite TimeZoneFormatTest");
}
switch (index) {
TESTCASE(0, TestTimeZoneRoundTrip);
TESTCASE(1, TestTimeRoundTrip);
default: name = ""; break;
}
}
void
TimeZoneFormatTest::TestTimeZoneRoundTrip(void) {
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
SimpleTimeZone unknownZone(-31415, (UnicodeString)"Etc/Unknown");
int32_t badDstOffset = -1234;
int32_t badZoneOffset = -2345;
int32_t testDateData[][3] = {
{2007, 1, 15},
{2007, 6, 15},
{1990, 1, 15},
{1990, 6, 15},
{1960, 1, 15},
{1960, 6, 15},
};
Calendar *cal = Calendar::createInstance(TimeZone::createTimeZone((UnicodeString)"UTC"), status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
dataerrln("Calendar::createInstance failed: %s", u_errorName(status));
return;
}
// Set up rule equivalency test range
UDate low, high;
cal->set(1900, UCAL_JANUARY, 1);
low = cal->getTime(status);
cal->set(2040, UCAL_JANUARY, 1);
high = cal->getTime(status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("getTime failed");
return;
}
// Set up test dates
UDate DATES[(sizeof(testDateData)/sizeof(int32_t))/3];
const int32_t nDates = (sizeof(testDateData)/sizeof(int32_t))/3;
cal->clear();
for (int32_t i = 0; i < nDates; i++) {
cal->set(testDateData[i][0], testDateData[i][1], testDateData[i][2]);
DATES[i] = cal->getTime(status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("getTime failed");
return;
}
}
// Set up test locales
const Locale testLocales[] = {
Locale("en"),
Locale("en_CA"),
Locale("fr"),
Locale("zh_Hant")
};
const Locale *LOCALES;
int32_t nLocales;
if (quick) {
LOCALES = testLocales;
nLocales = sizeof(testLocales)/sizeof(Locale);
} else {
LOCALES = Locale::getAvailableLocales(nLocales
|
[
29871,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
329,
7384,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
13,
29937,
361,
1738,
29965,
25903,
29918,
6632,
29918,
19094,
1299,
29911,
4214,
13,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
17559,
24826,
698,
303,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
12857,
7097,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
2230,
8028,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
12857,
17559,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
23392,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
710,
18605,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
29879,
1526,
6008,
23479,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
24059,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
2523,
356,
29914,
6500,
919,
29920,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
29937,
2856,
376,
29883,
1807,
29889,
29882,
29908,
13,
13,
7959,
1040,
1373,
29930,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
2636,
353,
8853,
29920,
613,
376,
5617,
5617,
613,
376,
29999,
613,
376,
29999,
29999,
29999,
29999,
613,
376,
29894,
613,
376,
29894,
29894,
29894,
29894,
613,
376,
29963,
613,
376,
29963,
29963,
29963,
29963,
29908,
3400,
13,
7959,
1040,
938,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
353,
13810,
29898,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
6802,
17921,
29898,
3075,
1373,
29930,
416,
13,
13,
5405,
13,
2481,
18482,
5809,
3057,
1057,
3389,
3220,
287,
3057,
29898,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
2380,
29892,
501,
24693,
2279,
29892,
1040,
1373,
29930,
669,
978,
29892,
1373,
29930,
4949,
862,
3877,
1723,
13,
29912,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
4258,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
1480,
3083,
703,
3057,
5091,
568,
5974,
18482,
5809,
3057,
1496,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
1678,
4607,
313,
2248,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
17067,
1254,
23487,
29898,
29900,
29892,
4321,
2481,
18482,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
416,
13,
4706,
17067,
1254,
23487,
29898,
29896,
29892,
4321,
2481,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
416,
13,
4706,
2322,
29901,
1024,
353,
12942,
2867,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
5405,
13,
2481,
18482,
5809,
3057,
1057,
3057,
2481,
18482,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29898,
5405,
29897,
426,
13,
1678,
501,
2392,
3399,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
13,
1678,
12545,
2481,
18482,
9815,
18482,
6278,
29941,
29896,
29946,
29896,
29945,
29892,
313,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
29923,
14246,
29914,
14148,
1496,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
4319,
29928,
303,
10302,
353,
448,
29896,
29906,
29941,
29946,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
4319,
18482,
10302,
353,
448,
29906,
29941,
29946,
29945,
29936,
13,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
2539,
1469,
2636,
29961,
29941,
29962,
353,
426,
13,
4706,
426,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
4706,
426,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
4706,
426,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
4706,
426,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
4706,
426,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
4706,
426,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1118,
13,
1678,
3980,
13,
13,
1678,
26431,
334,
1052,
353,
26431,
1057,
3258,
4998,
29898,
2481,
18482,
1057,
3258,
2481,
18482,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
26913,
4968,
4660,
416,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
4706,
848,
261,
2096,
29876,
703,
17447,
1057,
3258,
4998,
5229,
29901,
1273,
29879,
613,
318,
29918,
2704,
1170,
29898,
4882,
2483,
13,
4706,
736,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
849,
3789,
701,
5751,
5737,
3819,
1243,
3464,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
4482,
29892,
1880,
29936,
13,
1678,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
29896,
29929,
29900,
29900,
29892,
501,
29907,
1964,
29918,
29967,
2190,
29965,
19926,
29892,
29871,
29896,
416,
13,
1678,
4482,
353,
1208,
976,
657,
2481,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
1678,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
29906,
29900,
29946,
29900,
29892,
501,
29907,
1964,
29918,
29967,
2190,
29965,
19926,
29892,
29871,
29896,
416,
13,
1678,
1880,
353,
1208,
976,
657,
2481,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
657,
2481,
5229,
1496,
13,
4706,
736,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
849,
3789,
701,
1243,
10116,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
27640,
2890,
15625,
17921,
29898,
1688,
2539,
1469,
6802,
17921,
29898,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
876,
29914,
29941,
1385,
13,
1678,
1040,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
302,
29928,
1078,
353,
313,
17921,
29898,
1688,
2539,
1469,
6802,
17921,
29898,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
876,
29914,
29941,
29936,
13,
1678,
1208,
976,
8551,
890,
13,
1678,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
474,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
474,
529,
302,
29928,
1078,
29936,
474,
4862,
426,
13,
4706,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
1688,
2539,
1469,
29961,
29875,
3816,
29900,
1402,
1243,
2539,
1469,
29961,
29875,
3816,
29896,
1402,
1243,
2539,
1469,
29961,
29875,
3816,
29906,
5691,
13,
4706,
27640,
2890,
29961,
29875,
29962,
353,
1208,
976,
657,
2481,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
4706,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
9651,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
657,
2481,
5229,
1496,
13,
9651,
736,
29936,
13,
4706,
500,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
849,
3789,
701,
1243,
1887,
267,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
1243,
3524,
2122,
2636,
353,
426,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
29918,
5454,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
1341,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
29918,
29950,
424,
1159,
13,
1678,
3980,
13,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
334,
3927,
5454,
17101,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
302,
3524,
2122,
29936,
13,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
24561,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
11247,
5454,
17101,
353,
1243,
3524,
2122,
29936,
13,
4706,
302,
3524,
2122,
353,
13810,
29898,
1688,
3524,
2122,
6802,
17921,
29898,
3524,
744,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
4706,
11247,
5454,
17101,
353,
5976,
744,
1057,
657,
27635,
3524,
2122,
29898,
29876,
3524,
2122
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.531669 | 0.486015 | -1.137682 | -0.938159 |
);
}
StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("tzids->count failed");
return;
}
int32_t inRaw, inDst;
int32_t outRaw, outDst;
// Run the roundtrip test
for (int32_t locidx = 0; locidx < nLocales; locidx++) {
for (int32_t patidx = 0; patidx < NUM_PATTERNS; patidx++) {
SimpleDateFormat *sdf = new SimpleDateFormat((UnicodeString)PATTERNS[patidx], LOCALES[locidx], status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errcheckln(status, (UnicodeString)"new SimpleDateFormat failed for pattern " +
PATTERNS[patidx] + " for locale " + LOCALES[locidx].getName() + " - " + u_errorName(status));
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
continue;
}
tzids->reset(status);
const UnicodeString *tzid;
while ((tzid = tzids->snext(status))) {
TimeZone *tz = TimeZone::createTimeZone(*tzid);
for (int32_t datidx = 0; datidx < nDates; datidx++) {
UnicodeString tzstr;
FieldPosition fpos(0);
// Format
sdf->setTimeZone(*tz);
sdf->format(DATES[datidx], tzstr, fpos);
// Before parse, set unknown zone to SimpleDateFormat instance
// just for making sure that it does not depends on the time zone
// originally set.
sdf->setTimeZone(unknownZone);
// Parse
ParsePosition pos(0);
Calendar *outcal = Calendar::createInstance(unknownZone, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("Failed to create an instance of calendar for receiving parse result.");
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
continue;
}
outcal->set(UCAL_DST_OFFSET, badDstOffset);
outcal->set(UCAL_ZONE_OFFSET, badZoneOffset);
sdf->parse(tzstr, *outcal, pos);
// Check the result
const TimeZone &outtz = outcal->getTimeZone();
UnicodeString outtzid;
outtz.getID(outtzid);
tz->getOffset(DATES[datidx], false, inRaw, inDst, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln((UnicodeString)"Failed to get offsets from time zone" + *tzid);
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
}
outtz.getOffset(DATES[datidx], false, outRaw, outDst, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln((UnicodeString)"Failed to get offsets from time zone" + outtzid);
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
}
if (uprv_strcmp(PATTERNS[patidx], "VVVV") == 0) {
// Location: time zone rule must be preserved except
// zones not actually associated with a specific location.
// Time zones in this category do not have "/" in its ID.
UnicodeString canonical;
TimeZone::getCanonicalID(*tzid, canonical, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
// Uknown ID - we should not get here
errln((UnicodeString)"Unknown ID " + *tzid);
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
} else if (outtzid != canonical) {
// Canonical ID did not match - check the rules
if (!((BasicTimeZone
|
[
416,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
1714,
29923,
8058,
362,
334,
17559,
4841,
353,
5974,
18482,
1057,
3258,
29923,
8058,
362,
890,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
17559,
4841,
976,
2798,
5229,
1496,
13,
4706,
736,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
297,
22131,
29892,
297,
29928,
303,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
714,
22131,
29892,
714,
29928,
303,
29936,
13,
13,
1678,
849,
7525,
278,
4513,
3626,
29886,
1243,
13,
1678,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1180,
13140,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
1180,
13140,
529,
302,
3524,
2122,
29936,
1180,
13140,
4862,
426,
13,
4706,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
2373,
13140,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
2373,
13140,
529,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29936,
2373,
13140,
4862,
426,
13,
13,
9651,
12545,
29795,
334,
29879,
2176,
353,
716,
12545,
29795,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
1402,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1402,
4660,
416,
13,
9651,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
18884,
4589,
3198,
3083,
29898,
4882,
29892,
313,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
1482,
12545,
29795,
5229,
363,
4766,
376,
718,
13,
462,
1678,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
718,
376,
363,
15068,
376,
718,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
376,
448,
376,
718,
318,
29918,
2704,
1170,
29898,
4882,
2483,
13,
18884,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
18884,
6773,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
13,
9651,
260,
29920,
4841,
976,
12071,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
9651,
1040,
23862,
1231,
334,
17559,
333,
29936,
13,
9651,
1550,
5135,
17559,
333,
353,
260,
29920,
4841,
976,
29879,
4622,
29898,
4882,
4961,
426,
13,
18884,
5974,
18482,
334,
17559,
353,
5974,
18482,
1057,
3258,
2481,
18482,
10456,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
13,
18884,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1418,
13140,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
1418,
13140,
529,
302,
29928,
1078,
29936,
1418,
13140,
4862,
426,
13,
462,
1678,
23862,
1231,
260,
29920,
710,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
8989,
8003,
285,
1066,
29898,
29900,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
19191,
13,
462,
1678,
269,
2176,
976,
842,
2481,
18482,
10456,
17559,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
269,
2176,
976,
4830,
29898,
25832,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
1402,
260,
29920,
710,
29892,
285,
1066,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
10949,
6088,
29892,
731,
9815,
10640,
304,
12545,
29795,
2777,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
925,
363,
3907,
1854,
393,
372,
947,
451,
7111,
373,
278,
931,
10640,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
10437,
731,
29889,
13,
462,
1678,
269,
2176,
976,
842,
2481,
18482,
29898,
26690,
18482,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
20969,
13,
462,
1678,
20969,
8003,
926,
29898,
29900,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
26431,
334,
449,
1052,
353,
26431,
1057,
3258,
4998,
29898,
26690,
18482,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
17776,
304,
1653,
385,
2777,
310,
17684,
363,
13442,
6088,
1121,
18327,
13,
462,
4706,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
6773,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
714,
1052,
976,
842,
29898,
23129,
1964,
29918,
29928,
1254,
29918,
27681,
10490,
29892,
4319,
29928,
303,
10302,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
714,
1052,
976,
842,
29898,
23129,
1964,
29918,
29999,
12413,
29918,
27681,
10490,
29892,
4319,
18482,
10302,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
269,
2176,
976,
5510,
29898,
17559,
710,
29892,
334,
449,
1052,
29892,
926,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
849,
5399,
278,
1121,
13,
462,
1678,
1040,
5974,
18482,
669,
449,
17559,
353,
714,
1052,
976,
657,
2481,
18482,
890,
13,
462,
1678,
23862,
1231,
714,
17559,
333,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
714,
17559,
29889,
657,
1367,
29898,
449,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
260,
29920,
976,
657,
10302,
29898,
25832,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
1402,
2089,
29892,
297,
22131,
29892,
297,
29928,
303,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
17776,
304,
679,
1283,
7224,
515,
931,
10640,
29908,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
4706,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
714,
17559,
29889,
657,
10302,
29898,
25832,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
1402,
2089,
29892,
714,
22131,
29892,
714,
29928,
303,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
17776,
304,
679,
1283,
7224,
515,
931,
10640,
29908,
718,
714,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
4706,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
313,
29884,
558,
29894,
29918,
710,
21058,
29898,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
1402,
376,
29963,
29963,
29963,
29963,
1159,
1275,
29871,
29900,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
17015,
29901,
931,
10640,
5751,
1818,
367,
21634,
5174,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
20542,
451,
2869,
6942,
411,
263,
2702,
4423,
29889,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
5974,
20542,
297,
445,
7663,
437,
451,
505,
5591,
29908,
297,
967,
3553,
29889,
13,
462,
4706,
23862,
1231,
24420,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
5974,
18482,
1057,
657,
6028,
265,
936,
1367,
10456,
17559,
333,
29892,
24420,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
4706,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
849,
501,
5203,
3553,
448,
591,
881,
451,
679,
1244,
13,
462,
9651,
604,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
14148,
3553,
376,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
1683,
565,
313,
449,
17559,
333,
2804,
24420,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
849,
1815,
265,
936,
3553,
1258,
451,
1993,
448,
1423,
278,
6865,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
5384,
3552,
16616,
2481,
18482
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.376797 | 0.685874 | -1.157408 | -0.602808 |
*)&outtz)->hasEquivalentTransitions((BasicTimeZone&)*tz, low, high, TRUE, status)) {
if (canonical.indexOf((UChar)0x27 /*'/'*/) == -1) {
// Exceptional cases, such as CET, EET, MET and WET
logln("Canonical round trip failed (as expected); tz=" + *tzid
+ ", locale=" + LOCALES[locidx].getName() + ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx]
+ ", time=" + DATES[datidx] + ", str=" + tzstr
+ ", outtz=" + outtzid);
} else {
errln("Canonical round trip failed; tz=" + *tzid
+ ", locale=" + LOCALES[locidx].getName() + ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx]
+ ", time=" + DATES[datidx] + ", str=" + tzstr
+ ", outtz=" + outtzid);
}
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("hasEquivalentTransitions failed");
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
}
}
}
} else {
// Check if localized GMT format or RFC format is used.
int32_t numDigits = 0;
for (int n = 0; n < tzstr.length(); n++) {
if (u_isdigit(tzstr.charAt(n))) {
numDigits++;
}
}
if (numDigits >= 3) {
// Localized GMT or RFC: total offset (raw + dst) must be preserved.
int32_t inOffset = inRaw + inDst;
int32_t outOffset = outRaw + outDst;
if (inOffset != outOffset) {
errln((UnicodeString)"Offset round trip failed; tz=" + *tzid
+ ", locale=" + LOCALES[locidx].getName() + ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx]
+ ", time=" + DATES[datidx] + ", str=" + tzstr
+ ", inOffset=" + inOffset + ", outOffset=" + outOffset);
}
} else {
// Specific or generic: raw offset must be preserved.
if (inRaw != outRaw) {
errln((UnicodeString)"Raw offset round trip failed; tz=" + *tzid
+ ", locale=" + LOCALES[locidx].getName() + ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx]
+ ", time=" + DATES[datidx] + ", str=" + tzstr
+ ", inRawOffset=" + inRaw + ", outRawOffset=" + outRaw);
}
}
}
delete outcal;
}
delete tz;
}
delete sdf;
}
}
delete cal;
delete tzids;
}
struct LocaleData {
int32_t index;
int32_t testCounts;
UDate *times;
const Locale* locales; // Static
int32_t nLocales; // Static
UBool quick; // Static
UDate START_TIME; // Static
UDate END_TIME; // Static
int32_t numDone;
};
class TestTimeRoundTripThread: public SimpleThread {
public:
TestTimeRoundTripThread(IntlTest& tlog, LocaleData &ld, int32_t i)
: log(tlog), data(ld), index(i) {}
virtual void run() {
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
UBool REALLY_VERBOSE = FALSE;
// Whether each pattern is ambiguous at DST->STD local time overlap
UBool
|
[
7528,
29987,
449,
17559,
19969,
5349,
6108,
27445,
4300,
2187,
3552,
16616,
2481,
18482,
29987,
11877,
17559,
29892,
4482,
29892,
1880,
29892,
15676,
29892,
4660,
876,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
565,
313,
3068,
265,
936,
29889,
19402,
3552,
29965,
5914,
29897,
29900,
29916,
29906,
29955,
4949,
29915,
22208,
3877,
29897,
1275,
448,
29896,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
849,
8960,
284,
4251,
29892,
1316,
408,
315,
2544,
29892,
382,
2544,
29892,
341,
2544,
322,
399,
2544,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
1480,
3083,
703,
6028,
265,
936,
4513,
17487,
5229,
313,
294,
3806,
416,
260,
29920,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
13,
462,
462,
9651,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
13,
462,
462,
9651,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
27640,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
851,
543,
718,
260,
29920,
710,
13,
462,
462,
9651,
718,
9162,
714,
17559,
543,
718,
714,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
6028,
265,
936,
4513,
17487,
5229,
29936,
260,
29920,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
13,
462,
462,
4706,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
13,
462,
462,
4706,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
27640,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
851,
543,
718,
260,
29920,
710,
13,
462,
462,
4706,
718,
9162,
714,
17559,
543,
718,
714,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
13,
462,
18884,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
5349,
6108,
27445,
4300,
2187,
5229,
1496,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
5399,
565,
1887,
1891,
402,
11490,
3402,
470,
390,
8610,
3402,
338,
1304,
29889,
13,
462,
4706,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
954,
14991,
1169,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
363,
313,
524,
302,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
302,
529,
260,
29920,
710,
29889,
2848,
890,
302,
4862,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
29884,
29918,
275,
26204,
29898,
17559,
710,
29889,
3090,
4178,
29898,
29876,
4961,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
954,
14991,
1169,
9107,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
565,
313,
1949,
14991,
1169,
6736,
29871,
29941,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
849,
9959,
1891,
402,
11490,
470,
390,
8610,
29901,
3001,
9210,
313,
1610,
718,
29743,
29897,
1818,
367,
21634,
29889,
13,
462,
9651,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
297,
10302,
353,
297,
22131,
718,
297,
29928,
303,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
714,
10302,
353,
714,
22131,
718,
714,
29928,
303,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
262,
10302,
2804,
714,
10302,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
604,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
10302,
4513,
17487,
5229,
29936,
260,
29920,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
27640,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
851,
543,
718,
260,
29920,
710,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
297,
10302,
543,
718,
297,
10302,
718,
9162,
714,
10302,
543,
718,
714,
10302,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
849,
21220,
470,
10035,
29901,
10650,
9210,
1818,
367,
21634,
29889,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
262,
22131,
2804,
714,
22131,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
604,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
5513,
22131,
9210,
4513,
17487,
5229,
29936,
260,
29920,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
11247,
5454,
17101,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
27640,
2890,
29961,
4130,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
851,
543,
718,
260,
29920,
710,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
718,
9162,
297,
22131,
10302,
543,
718,
297,
22131,
718,
9162,
714,
22131,
10302,
543,
718,
714,
22131,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
5217,
714,
1052,
29936,
13,
18884,
500,
13,
18884,
5217,
260,
29920,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
9651,
5217,
269,
2176,
29936,
13,
4706,
500,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
1678,
5217,
1208,
29936,
13,
1678,
5217,
260,
29920,
4841,
29936,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
4984,
5976,
744,
1469,
426,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
2380,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
3981,
29879,
29936,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
334,
3706,
29936,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
29930,
1887,
267,
29936,
849,
624,
2454,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
302,
3524,
2122,
29936,
849,
624,
2454,
13,
1678,
501,
24693,
4996,
29936,
849,
624,
2454,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
6850,
8322,
29918,
15307,
29936,
849,
624,
2454,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
11056,
29918,
15307,
29936,
849,
624,
2454,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
954,
25632,
29936,
13,
3400,
13,
13,
1990,
4321,
2481,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
4899,
29901,
970,
12545,
4899,
426,
13,
3597,
29901,
13,
1678,
4321,
2481,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
4899,
29898,
2928,
29880,
3057,
29987,
260,
1188,
29892,
5976,
744,
1469,
669,
430,
29892,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
474,
29897,
13,
4706,
584,
1480,
29898,
29873,
1188,
511,
848,
29898,
430,
511,
2380,
29898,
29875,
29897,
6571,
13,
1678,
6901,
1780,
1065,
580,
426,
13,
4706,
501,
2392,
3399,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
4706,
501,
24693,
5195,
9818,
29979,
29918,
5348,
8456,
1660,
353,
17131,
29936,
13,
13,
4706,
849,
26460,
1269,
4766,
338,
22363,
681,
472,
360,
1254,
976,
1254,
29928,
1887,
931,
25457,
13,
4706,
501,
24693
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.46646 | 0.548309 | -1.247069 | -1.141172 |
AMBIGUOUS_DST_DECESSION[] = { FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE };
// Whether each pattern is ambiguous at STD->STD/DST->DST local time overlap
UBool AMBIGUOUS_NEGATIVE_SHIFT[] = { TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE };
// Workaround for #6338
//UnicodeString BASEPATTERN("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS");
UnicodeString BASEPATTERN("yyyy.MM.dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
// timer for performance analysis
UDate timer;
UDate testTimes[4];
UBool expectedRoundTrip[4];
int32_t testLen = 0;
StringEnumeration *tzids = TimeZone::createEnumeration();
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
log.errln("tzids->count failed");
return;
}
int32_t locidx = -1;
UDate times[NUM_PATTERNS];
for (int32_t i = 0; i < NUM_PATTERNS; i++) {
times[i] = 0;
}
int32_t testCounts = 0;
UBool done = false;
while (true) {
umtx_lock(NULL); // Lock to increment the index
for (int32_t i = 0; i < NUM_PATTERNS; i++) {
data.times[i] += times[i];
data.testCounts += testCounts;
}
if (data.index < data.nLocales) {
locidx = data.index;
data.index++;
} else {
locidx = -1;
}
umtx_unlock(NULL); // Unlock for other threads to use
if (locidx == -1) {
log.logln((UnicodeString) "Thread " + index + " is done.");
break;
}
log.logln((UnicodeString) "\nThread " + index + ": Locale: " + UnicodeString(data.locales[locidx].getName()));
for (int32_t patidx = 0; patidx < NUM_PATTERNS; patidx++) {
log.logln((UnicodeString) " Pattern: " + PATTERNS[patidx]);
times[patidx] = 0;
UnicodeString pattern(BASEPATTERN);
pattern.append(" ").append(PATTERNS[patidx]);
SimpleDateFormat *sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern, data.locales[locidx], status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
log.errcheckln(status, (UnicodeString) "new SimpleDateFormat failed for pattern " +
pattern + " for locale " + data.locales[locidx].getName() + " - " + u_errorName(status));
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
continue;
}
tzids->reset(status);
const UnicodeString *tzid;
timer = Calendar::getNow();
while ((tzid = tzids->snext(status))) {
UnicodeString canonical;
TimeZone::getCanonicalID(*tzid, canonical, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
// Unknown ID - we should not get here
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
continue;
}
if (*tzid != canonical) {
// Skip aliases
continue;
}
BasicTimeZone *tz = (BasicTimeZone*) TimeZone::createTimeZone(*tzid);
sdf->setTimeZone(*tz);
UDate t = data.START_TIME;
TimeZoneTransition tzt;
UBool tztAvail = FALSE;
UBool middle = TRUE;
while (t
|
[
319,
9486,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
29928,
1254,
29918,
2287,
4741,
13507,
2636,
353,
426,
17131,
29892,
17131,
29892,
17131,
29892,
17131,
29892,
15676,
29892,
15676,
29892,
17131,
29892,
15676,
3980,
13,
4706,
849,
26460,
1269,
4766,
338,
22363,
681,
472,
6850,
29928,
976,
1254,
29928,
29914,
29928,
1254,
976,
29928,
1254,
1887,
931,
25457,
13,
4706,
501,
24693,
319,
9486,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
8186,
29954,
1299,
18474,
29918,
7068,
6545,
29911,
2636,
353,
426,
15676,
29892,
15676,
29892,
17131,
29892,
17131,
29892,
15676,
29892,
15676,
29892,
15676,
29892,
15676,
3980,
13,
13,
4706,
849,
5244,
11316,
363,
396,
29953,
29941,
29941,
29947,
13,
4706,
849,
2525,
12858,
1231,
350,
8127,
29925,
1299,
4945,
29940,
703,
18855,
29899,
7428,
29899,
1289,
29915,
29911,
29915,
27590,
29901,
4317,
29901,
893,
29889,
1799,
29903,
1496,
13,
4706,
23862,
1231,
350,
8127,
29925,
1299,
4945,
29940,
703,
18855,
29889,
7428,
29889,
1289,
379,
29950,
29901,
4317,
29901,
893,
29889,
1799,
29903,
1496,
13,
13,
4706,
849,
12237,
363,
4180,
7418,
13,
4706,
501,
2539,
12237,
29936,
13,
4706,
501,
2539,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29946,
1385,
13,
4706,
501,
24693,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29946,
1385,
13,
4706,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
21515,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
13,
4706,
1714,
29923,
8058,
362,
334,
17559,
4841,
353,
5974,
18482,
1057,
3258,
29923,
8058,
362,
890,
13,
4706,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
9651,
1480,
29889,
261,
2096,
29876,
703,
17559,
4841,
976,
2798,
5229,
1496,
13,
9651,
736,
29936,
13,
4706,
500,
13,
13,
4706,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1180,
13140,
353,
448,
29896,
29936,
13,
4706,
501,
2539,
3064,
29961,
13967,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
1385,
13,
4706,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
474,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
474,
529,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29936,
474,
4862,
426,
13,
9651,
3064,
29961,
29875,
29962,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
4706,
500,
13,
13,
4706,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
3981,
29879,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
4706,
501,
24693,
2309,
353,
2089,
29936,
13,
13,
4706,
1550,
313,
3009,
29897,
426,
13,
9651,
1922,
7508,
29918,
908,
29898,
10074,
416,
849,
18199,
304,
11924,
278,
2380,
13,
9651,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
474,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
474,
529,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29936,
474,
4862,
426,
13,
18884,
848,
29889,
3706,
29961,
29875,
29962,
4619,
3064,
29961,
29875,
1385,
13,
18884,
848,
29889,
1688,
3981,
29879,
4619,
1243,
3981,
29879,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
9651,
565,
313,
1272,
29889,
2248,
529,
848,
29889,
29876,
3524,
2122,
29897,
426,
13,
18884,
1180,
13140,
353,
848,
29889,
2248,
29936,
13,
18884,
848,
29889,
2248,
9107,
13,
9651,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
18884,
1180,
13140,
353,
448,
29896,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
9651,
1922,
7508,
29918,
348,
908,
29898,
10074,
416,
849,
853,
908,
363,
916,
9717,
304,
671,
13,
13,
9651,
565,
313,
2029,
13140,
1275,
448,
29896,
29897,
426,
13,
18884,
1480,
29889,
1188,
3083,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
4899,
376,
718,
2380,
718,
376,
338,
2309,
18327,
13,
18884,
2867,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
13,
9651,
1480,
29889,
1188,
3083,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
6634,
29876,
4899,
376,
718,
2380,
718,
29242,
5976,
744,
29901,
376,
718,
23862,
1231,
29898,
1272,
29889,
2997,
267,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
20465,
13,
13,
9651,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
2373,
13140,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
2373,
13140,
529,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29936,
2373,
13140,
4862,
426,
13,
18884,
1480,
29889,
1188,
3083,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
1678,
25860,
29901,
376,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
5691,
13,
18884,
3064,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
13,
18884,
23862,
1231,
4766,
29898,
25416,
29925,
1299,
4945,
29940,
416,
13,
18884,
4766,
29889,
4397,
703,
376,
467,
4397,
29898,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
5691,
13,
13,
18884,
12545,
29795,
334,
29879,
2176,
353,
716,
12545,
29795,
29898,
11037,
29892,
848,
29889,
2997,
267,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1402,
4660,
416,
13,
18884,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
1678,
1480,
29889,
3127,
3198,
3083,
29898,
4882,
29892,
313,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
1482,
12545,
29795,
5229,
363,
4766,
376,
718,
29871,
13,
462,
4706,
4766,
718,
376,
363,
15068,
376,
718,
848,
29889,
2997,
267,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
376,
448,
376,
718,
318,
29918,
2704,
1170,
29898,
4882,
2483,
13,
462,
1678,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
6773,
29936,
13,
18884,
500,
13,
13,
18884,
260,
29920,
4841,
976,
12071,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
18884,
1040,
23862,
1231,
334,
17559,
333,
29936,
13,
13,
18884,
12237,
353,
26431,
1057,
657,
10454,
890,
13,
13,
18884,
1550,
5135,
17559,
333,
353,
260,
29920,
4841,
976,
29879,
4622,
29898,
4882,
4961,
426,
13,
462,
1678,
23862,
1231,
24420,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
5974,
18482,
1057,
657,
6028,
265,
936,
1367,
10456,
17559,
333,
29892,
24420,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
853,
5203,
3553,
448,
591,
881,
451,
679,
1244,
13,
462,
4706,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
6773,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
565,
3070,
17559,
333,
2804,
24420,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
849,
4971,
666,
14430,
2129,
13,
462,
4706,
6773,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
19219,
2481,
18482,
334,
17559,
353,
313,
16616,
2481,
18482,
7528,
5974,
18482,
1057,
3258,
2481,
18482,
10456,
17559,
333,
416,
13,
462,
1678,
269,
2176,
976,
842,
2481,
18482,
10456,
17559,
416,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
501,
2539,
260,
353,
848,
29889,
25826,
29918,
15307,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
5974,
18482,
4300,
654,
260,
2065,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
501,
24693,
260,
2065,
12810,
737,
353,
17131,
29936,
13,
462,
1678,
501,
24693,
7256,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
13,
462,
1678,
1550,
313,
29873
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.610464 | 0.351045 | -1.096438 | -1.117771 |
< data.END_TIME) {
if (!tztAvail) {
testTimes[0] = t;
expectedRoundTrip[0] = TRUE;
testLen = 1;
} else {
int32_t fromOffset = tzt.getFrom()->getRawOffset() + tzt.getFrom()->getDSTSavings();
int32_t toOffset = tzt.getTo()->getRawOffset() + tzt.getTo()->getDSTSavings();
int32_t delta = toOffset - fromOffset;
if (delta < 0) {
UBool isDstDecession = tzt.getFrom()->getDSTSavings() > 0 && tzt.getTo()->getDSTSavings() == 0;
testTimes[0] = t + delta - 1;
expectedRoundTrip[0] = TRUE;
testTimes[1] = t + delta;
expectedRoundTrip[1] = isDstDecession ? !AMBIGUOUS_DST_DECESSION[patidx] : !AMBIGUOUS_NEGATIVE_SHIFT[patidx];
testTimes[2] = t - 1;
expectedRoundTrip[2] = isDstDecession ? !AMBIGUOUS_DST_DECESSION[patidx] : !AMBIGUOUS_NEGATIVE_SHIFT[patidx];
testTimes[3] = t;
expectedRoundTrip[3] = TRUE;
testLen = 4;
} else {
testTimes[0] = t - 1;
expectedRoundTrip[0] = TRUE;
testTimes[1] = t;
expectedRoundTrip[1] = TRUE;
testLen = 2;
}
}
for (int32_t testidx = 0; testidx < testLen; testidx++) {
if (data.quick) {
// reduce regular test time
if (!expectedRoundTrip[testidx]) {
continue;
}
}
testCounts++;
UnicodeString text;
FieldPosition fpos(0);
sdf->format(testTimes[testidx], text, fpos);
UDate parsedDate = sdf->parse(text, status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
log.errln((UnicodeString) "Parse failure for text=" + text + ", tzid=" + *tzid + ", locale=" + data.locales[locidx].getName()
+ ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx] + ", time=" + testTimes[testidx]);
status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
continue;
}
if (parsedDate != testTimes[testidx]) {
UnicodeString msg = (UnicodeString) "Time round trip failed for " + "tzid=" + *tzid + ", locale=" + data.locales[locidx].getName() + ", pattern=" + PATTERNS[patidx]
+ ", text=" + text + ", time=" + testTimes[testidx] + ", restime=" + parsedDate + ", diff=" + (parsedDate - testTimes[testidx]);
if (expectedRoundTrip[testidx]) {
log.errln((UnicodeString) "FAIL: " + msg);
} else if (REALLY_VERBOSE) {
log.logln(msg);
}
}
}
tztAvail = tz->getNextTransition(t, FALSE, tzt);
if (!tztAvail) {
break;
}
if (middle) {
// Test the date in the middle of two transitions.
t += (int64_t) ((tzt.getTime() - t) / 2);
middle = FALSE;
t
|
[
529,
848,
29889,
11794,
29918,
15307,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
4706,
565,
5384,
29873,
2065,
12810,
737,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
260,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
1243,
21515,
353,
29871,
29896,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
515,
10302,
353,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
4591,
13539,
657,
22131,
10302,
580,
718,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
4591,
13539,
657,
29928,
1254,
29903,
485,
886,
890,
13,
462,
9651,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
304,
10302,
353,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
1762,
13539,
657,
22131,
10302,
580,
718,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
1762,
13539,
657,
29928,
1254,
29903,
485,
886,
890,
13,
462,
9651,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
19471,
353,
304,
10302,
448,
515,
10302,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
4181,
529,
29871,
29900,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
501,
24693,
338,
29928,
303,
6185,
1211,
353,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
4591,
13539,
657,
29928,
1254,
29903,
485,
886,
580,
1405,
29871,
29900,
2607,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
1762,
13539,
657,
29928,
1254,
29903,
485,
886,
580,
1275,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
260,
718,
19471,
448,
29871,
29896,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29896,
29962,
353,
260,
718,
19471,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29896,
29962,
353,
338,
29928,
303,
6185,
1211,
1577,
1738,
5194,
29933,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
29928,
1254,
29918,
2287,
4741,
13507,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
584,
1738,
5194,
29933,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
8186,
29954,
1299,
18474,
29918,
7068,
6545,
29911,
29961,
5031,
13140,
1385,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29906,
29962,
353,
260,
448,
29871,
29896,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29906,
29962,
353,
338,
29928,
303,
6185,
1211,
1577,
1738,
5194,
29933,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
29928,
1254,
29918,
2287,
4741,
13507,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
584,
1738,
5194,
29933,
6259,
29965,
29949,
3308,
29918,
8186,
29954,
1299,
18474,
29918,
7068,
6545,
29911,
29961,
5031,
13140,
1385,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29941,
29962,
353,
260,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29941,
29962,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
21515,
353,
29871,
29946,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
260,
448,
29871,
29896,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29900,
29962,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
29164,
29961,
29896,
29962,
353,
260,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
3806,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
29896,
29962,
353,
15676,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
1243,
21515,
353,
29871,
29906,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
13140,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
1243,
13140,
529,
1243,
21515,
29936,
1243,
13140,
4862,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
1272,
29889,
24561,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
849,
10032,
4943,
1243,
931,
13,
462,
18884,
565,
5384,
9684,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
1688,
13140,
2314,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
6773,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
13,
462,
9651,
1243,
3981,
29879,
9107,
13,
13,
462,
9651,
23862,
1231,
1426,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
8989,
8003,
285,
1066,
29898,
29900,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
269,
2176,
976,
4830,
29898,
1688,
29164,
29961,
1688,
13140,
1402,
1426,
29892,
285,
1066,
416,
13,
13,
462,
9651,
501,
2539,
21213,
2539,
353,
269,
2176,
976,
5510,
29898,
726,
29892,
4660,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
1480,
29889,
261,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
12914,
10672,
363,
1426,
543,
718,
1426,
718,
9162,
260,
29920,
333,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
848,
29889,
2997,
267,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
13,
462,
462,
4706,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
1243,
29164,
29961,
1688,
13140,
5691,
13,
462,
18884,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
462,
18884,
6773,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
9651,
565,
313,
862,
8485,
2539,
2804,
1243,
29164,
29961,
1688,
13140,
2314,
426,
13,
462,
18884,
23862,
1231,
10191,
353,
313,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
2481,
4513,
17487,
5229,
363,
376,
718,
376,
17559,
333,
543,
718,
334,
17559,
333,
718,
9162,
15068,
543,
718,
848,
29889,
2997,
267,
29961,
2029,
13140,
1822,
19629,
580,
718,
9162,
4766,
543,
718,
349,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
13,
462,
462,
4706,
718,
9162,
1426,
543,
718,
1426,
718,
9162,
931,
543,
718,
1243,
29164,
29961,
1688,
13140,
29962,
718,
9162,
1791,
603,
543,
718,
21213,
2539,
718,
9162,
2923,
543,
718,
313,
862,
8485,
2539,
448,
1243,
29164,
29961,
1688,
13140,
5691,
13,
462,
18884,
565,
313,
9684,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29961,
1688,
13140,
2314,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
1480,
29889,
261,
2096,
29876,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
4519,
6227,
29901,
376,
718,
10191,
416,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
1683,
565,
313,
1525,
9818,
29979,
29918,
5348,
8456,
1660,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
462,
1678,
1480,
29889,
1188,
3083,
29898,
7645,
416,
13,
462,
18884,
500,
13,
462,
9651,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
260,
2065,
12810,
737,
353,
260,
29920,
976,
657,
9190,
4300,
654,
29898,
29873,
29892,
17131,
29892,
260,
2065,
416,
13,
462,
4706,
565,
5384,
29873,
2065,
12810,
737,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
2867,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
4706,
565,
313,
17662,
29897,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
849,
4321,
278,
2635,
297,
278,
7256,
310,
1023,
1301,
2187,
29889,
13,
462,
9651,
260,
4619,
313,
524,
29953,
29946,
29918,
29873,
29897,
5135,
29873,
2065,
29889,
657,
2481,
580,
448,
260,
29897,
847,
29871,
29906,
416,
13,
462,
9651,
7256,
353,
17131,
29936,
13,
462,
9651,
260
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.72458 | 0.32509 | -1.261415 | -1.059587 |
ztAvail = FALSE;
} else {
t = tzt.getTime();
}
}
delete tz;
}
times[patidx] += (Calendar::getNow() - timer);
delete sdf;
}
umtx_lock(NULL);
data.numDone++;
umtx_unlock(NULL);
}
delete tzids;
}
private:
IntlTest& log;
LocaleData& data;
int32_t index;
};
void
TimeZoneFormatTest::TestTimeRoundTrip(void) {
int32_t nThreads = threadCount;
const Locale *LOCALES;
int32_t nLocales;
int32_t testCounts = 0;
UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
Calendar *cal = Calendar::createInstance(TimeZone::createTimeZone((UnicodeString) "UTC"), status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
dataerrln("Calendar::createInstance failed: %s", u_errorName(status));
return;
}
const char* testAllProp = getProperty("TimeZoneRoundTripAll");
UBool bTestAll = (testAllProp && uprv_strcmp(testAllProp, "true") == 0);
UDate START_TIME, END_TIME;
if (bTestAll || !quick) {
cal->set(1900, UCAL_JANUARY, 1);
} else {
cal->set(1990, UCAL_JANUARY, 1);
}
START_TIME = cal->getTime(status);
cal->set(2015, UCAL_JANUARY, 1);
END_TIME = cal->getTime(status);
if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
errln("getTime failed");
return;
}
UDate times[NUM_PATTERNS];
for (int32_t i = 0; i < NUM_PATTERNS; i++) {
times[i] = 0;
}
// Set up test locales
const Locale locales1[] = {Locale("en")};
const Locale locales2[] = {
Locale("ar_EG"), Locale("bg_BG"), Locale("ca_ES"), Locale("da_DK"), Locale("de"),
Locale("de_DE"), Locale("el_GR"), Locale("en"), Locale("en_AU"), Locale("en_CA"),
Locale("en_US"), Locale("es"), Locale("es_ES"), Locale("es_MX"), Locale("fi_FI"),
Locale("fr"), Locale("fr_CA"), Locale("fr_FR"), Locale("he_IL"), Locale("hu_HU"),
Locale("it"), Locale("it_IT"), Locale("ja"), Locale("ja_JP"), Locale("ko"),
Locale("ko_KR"), Locale("nb_NO"), Locale("nl_NL"), Locale("nn_NO"), Locale("pl_PL"),
Locale("pt"), Locale("pt_BR"), Locale("pt_PT"), Locale("ru_RU"), Locale("sv_SE"),
Locale("th_TH"), Locale("tr_TR"), Locale("zh"), Locale("zh_Hans"), Locale("zh_Hans_CN"),
Locale("zh_Hant"), Locale("zh_Hant_TW")
};
if (bTestAll) {
LOCALES = Locale::getAvailableLocales(nLocales);
} else if (quick) {
LOCALES = locales1;
nLocales = sizeof(locales1)/sizeof(Locale);
} else {
LOCALES = locales2;
nLocales = sizeof(locales2)/sizeof(Locale);
}
LocaleData data;
data.index = 0;
data.
|
[
2065,
12810,
737,
353,
17131,
29936,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
462,
9651,
260,
353,
260,
2065,
29889,
657,
2481,
890,
13,
462,
4706,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
500,
13,
462,
1678,
5217,
260,
29920,
29936,
13,
18884,
500,
13,
18884,
3064,
29961,
5031,
13140,
29962,
4619,
313,
17447,
1057,
657,
10454,
580,
448,
12237,
416,
13,
18884,
5217,
269,
2176,
29936,
13,
9651,
500,
13,
9651,
1922,
7508,
29918,
908,
29898,
10074,
416,
13,
9651,
848,
29889,
1949,
25632,
9107,
13,
9651,
1922,
7508,
29918,
348,
908,
29898,
10074,
416,
13,
4706,
500,
13,
4706,
5217,
260,
29920,
4841,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
9053,
29901,
13,
1678,
3159,
29880,
3057,
29987,
1480,
29936,
13,
1678,
5976,
744,
1469,
29987,
848,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
2380,
29936,
13,
3400,
13,
13,
5405,
13,
2481,
18482,
5809,
3057,
1057,
3057,
2481,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
29898,
5405,
29897,
426,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
302,
4899,
29879,
353,
3244,
3981,
29936,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
334,
3927,
5454,
17101,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
302,
3524,
2122,
29936,
13,
1678,
938,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
1243,
3981,
29879,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
13,
1678,
501,
2392,
3399,
4660,
353,
501,
29918,
29999,
1001,
29949,
29918,
11432,
29936,
13,
1678,
26431,
334,
1052,
353,
26431,
1057,
3258,
4998,
29898,
2481,
18482,
1057,
3258,
2481,
18482,
3552,
2525,
12858,
1231,
29897,
376,
26913,
4968,
4660,
416,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
4706,
848,
261,
2096,
29876,
703,
17447,
1057,
3258,
4998,
5229,
29901,
1273,
29879,
613,
318,
29918,
2704,
1170,
29898,
4882,
2483,
13,
4706,
736,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
1040,
1373,
29930,
1243,
3596,
20420,
353,
679,
4854,
703,
2481,
18482,
29934,
618,
29911,
6472,
3596,
1496,
13,
1678,
501,
24693,
289,
3057,
3596,
353,
313,
1688,
3596,
20420,
2607,
318,
558,
29894,
29918,
710,
21058,
29898,
1688,
3596,
20420,
29892,
376,
3009,
1159,
1275,
29871,
29900,
416,
13,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
6850,
8322,
29918,
15307,
29892,
11056,
29918,
15307,
29936,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29890,
3057,
3596,
3830,
1738,
24561,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
29896,
29929,
29900,
29900,
29892,
501,
29907,
1964,
29918,
29967,
2190,
29965,
19926,
29892,
29871,
29896,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
4706,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
29892,
501,
29907,
1964,
29918,
29967,
2190,
29965,
19926,
29892,
29871,
29896,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
1678,
6850,
8322,
29918,
15307,
353,
1208,
976,
657,
2481,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
13,
1678,
1208,
976,
842,
29898,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
29892,
501,
29907,
1964,
29918,
29967,
2190,
29965,
19926,
29892,
29871,
29896,
416,
13,
1678,
11056,
29918,
15307,
353,
1208,
976,
657,
2481,
29898,
4882,
416,
13,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29965,
29918,
4519,
6227,
11499,
29898,
4882,
876,
426,
13,
4706,
604,
2096,
29876,
703,
657,
2481,
5229,
1496,
13,
4706,
736,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
501,
2539,
3064,
29961,
13967,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
1385,
13,
1678,
363,
313,
524,
29941,
29906,
29918,
29873,
474,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
474,
529,
28019,
29918,
29925,
1299,
4945,
3059,
29936,
474,
4862,
426,
13,
4706,
3064,
29961,
29875,
29962,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
849,
3789,
701,
1243,
1887,
267,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
1887,
267,
29896,
2636,
353,
426,
3524,
744,
703,
264,
1159,
3400,
13,
1678,
1040,
5976,
744,
1887,
267,
29906,
2636,
353,
426,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
279,
29918,
11787,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
16264,
29918,
29933,
29954,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1113,
29918,
2890,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1388,
29918,
17359,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
311,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
311,
29918,
2287,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
295,
29918,
14345,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
29918,
25951,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
29918,
5454,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
264,
29918,
3308,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
267,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
267,
29918,
2890,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
267,
29918,
29924,
29990,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
7241,
29918,
3738,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
1341,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1341,
29918,
5454,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1341,
29918,
15860,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
354,
29918,
6227,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
6905,
29918,
29950,
29965,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
277,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
277,
29918,
1806,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1764,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
1764,
29918,
29967,
29925,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
2901,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
2901,
29918,
29968,
29934,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
9877,
29918,
6632,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
12938,
29918,
25103,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
15755,
29918,
6632,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
572,
29918,
7390,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
415,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
415,
29918,
15176,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
415,
29918,
7982,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
582,
29918,
28283,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
4501,
29918,
1660,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
386,
29918,
4690,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
509,
29918,
5659,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
29918,
29950,
550,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
29918,
29950,
550,
29918,
13778,
4968,
13,
4706,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
29918,
29950,
424,
4968,
5976,
744,
703,
17599,
29918,
29950,
424,
29918,
16240,
1159,
13,
1678,
3980,
13,
13,
1678,
565,
313,
29890,
3057,
3596,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
11247,
5454,
17101,
353,
5976,
744,
1057,
657,
27635,
3524,
2122,
29898,
29876,
3524,
2122,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
1683,
565,
313,
24561,
29897,
426,
13,
4706,
11247,
5454,
17101,
353,
1887,
267,
29896,
29936,
13,
4706,
302,
3524,
2122,
353,
13810,
29898,
2997,
267,
29896,
6802,
17921,
29898,
3524,
744,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
1683,
426,
13,
4706,
11247,
5454,
17101,
353,
1887,
267,
29906,
29936,
13,
4706,
302,
3524,
2122,
353,
13810,
29898,
2997,
267,
29906,
6802,
17921,
29898,
3524,
744,
416,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
13,
1678,
5976,
744,
1469,
848,
29936,
13,
1678,
848,
29889,
2248,
353,
29871,
29900,
29936,
13,
1678,
848,
29889
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.659371 | 0.161569 | -1.293693 | -0.95397 |
It is traditional for priests to be ordained around the time of the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, June 29th. This is because St Peter was the first person designated by Christ to be a leader and Christian religious leaders have long traced a connection back to him. The Sunday closest to 29th June (and the period around it) is known as 'Petertide', and this is when most cathedrals will hold ordination services for priests. Thus it was that this past Sunday I found myself at the Service for Ordination of Priests in Bristol Cathedral.
The service contains a series of affirmations, or saying yes, and I was struck by the different ways in which those affirmations were offered. First of all, before the service of ordination even begins, the ordinands (those about to be ordained) take oaths, and make a Declaration of Assent. There are two oaths: one of allegiance to the monarch, and one of obedience to the Bishop. The Declaration of Assent is the confirmation by the priest-to-be that he or she believes the faith of the Church of England, and that he or she will only use the properly authorised forms of wording for public services. This declaration tells us how important it is to the Church that the words used in worship are the correct words: words are powerful, and the speaking of those words must be done correctly. The taking of oaths and declaring assent is an important part of the whole process, and therefore the texts of the oaths, and of the assent, were printed in the service booklet distributed to the congregation. Even though the members of the congregation had not heard the oaths pronounced, or the assent given, it was important that we knew that these texts had been spoken, and what they had said. Close to the start of the service the ordinands are presented to the Bishop, and the Bishop asks several questions. He asks those who know the ordinands whether they have been duly called to serve God in the ministry; he asks the ordinands themselves whether they believe that God is calling them to the ministry; and he asks whether they have taken the oaths and made the declaration of assent. The answer to all these questions has to be in every case a positive affirmation – 'They have'; 'They do'; 'I do so believe', effectively 'yes', 'yes', and 'yes' – and it is important that the questions and these positive answers are heard by the congregation.
Later in the service, after the readings, the sermon, and the Creed (the collective statement of the beliefs of the church), a longer series of nine questions is given to the ordinands, about their acceptance of the Holy Scriptures, their diligence in prayer and reading scripture, leading Christ's people, ministering doctrine and sacraments, and other such queries. The answer to each must be 'By the help of God, I will'. The ordinands must say 'yes', over and over, and they must do it in front of the congregation, for then the congregation is asked its own questions. Two of these are about praying for the ordinands, and supporting them, and again, the answer is expected 'We will'. But the first, and most striking, question, before the pleas for prayers and support, is different. They congregation is first asked whether, having heard the declarations of the ordinands, it is its will – the congregation's will – that these people should be ordained. The answer that must be given is another 'yes': the congregation must give affirmation as well. Though the sacrament of ordination is something that is conferred upon the ordinands by the bishop, this is an action of the church for the church.
At this point, after the congregation's assents, the most arresting sounds of the whole service come into play: the ordinands and the Bishop together kneel, and there is a period of silence. Then, the Bishop sings, unaccompanied, the first line of the ancient hymn 'Veni Creator Spiritus', in its English translation ('Come Holy Ghost our souls inspire'). The congregation joins in thereafter to sing the rest of the hymn, unaccompanied throughout, to a medieval chant melody. This kind of chant, sung by the people, is not a common sound any longer. To hear the sustained singing of such chant by the congregation seemed to me an especially powerful demonstration – through silence, and then sound – of what was happening at this particular moment in the service. Just before the ordinands had knelt,
|
[
739,
338,
13807,
363,
3691,
9197,
304,
367,
4356,
7114,
2820,
278,
931,
310,
278,
1238,
579,
310,
14342,
1372,
5310,
322,
3739,
29892,
5306,
29871,
29906,
29929,
386,
29889,
910,
338,
1363,
624,
5310,
471,
278,
937,
2022,
25373,
491,
2819,
304,
367,
263,
11822,
322,
6111,
12962,
20251,
505,
1472,
16703,
287,
263,
3957,
1250,
304,
1075,
29889,
450,
16340,
21438,
304,
29871,
29906,
29929,
386,
5306,
313,
392,
278,
3785,
2820,
372,
29897,
338,
2998,
408,
525,
29925,
300,
814,
680,
742,
322,
445,
338,
746,
1556,
274,
14139,
29878,
1338,
674,
4808,
4356,
3381,
5786,
363,
3691,
9197,
29889,
6549,
372,
471,
393,
445,
4940,
16340,
306,
1476,
6142,
472,
278,
6692,
363,
16557,
3381,
310,
8289,
9197,
297,
1771,
19639,
315,
21471,
29889,
13,
1576,
2669,
3743,
263,
3652,
310,
2756,
3568,
800,
29892,
470,
5934,
4874,
29892,
322,
306,
471,
15469,
491,
278,
1422,
5837,
297,
607,
1906,
2756,
3568,
800,
892,
12520,
29889,
3824,
310,
599,
29892,
1434,
278,
2669,
310,
4356,
3381,
1584,
16410,
29892,
278,
22420,
4167,
313,
386,
852,
1048,
304,
367,
4356,
7114,
29897,
2125,
288,
493,
29879,
29892,
322,
1207,
263,
3826,
23838,
310,
4007,
296,
29889,
1670,
526,
1023,
288,
493,
29879,
29901,
697,
310,
16831,
8837,
304,
278,
25552,
29892,
322,
697,
310,
704,
287,
5597,
304,
278,
16880,
29889,
450,
3826,
23838,
310,
4007,
296,
338,
278,
9659,
362,
491,
278,
18781,
29899,
517,
29899,
915,
393,
540,
470,
1183,
1339,
17180,
278,
10847,
310,
278,
6291,
310,
5408,
29892,
322,
393,
540,
470,
1183,
674,
871,
671,
278,
6284,
4148,
3368,
7190,
310,
1734,
292,
363,
970,
5786,
29889,
910,
12029,
10603,
502,
920,
4100,
372,
338,
304,
278,
6291,
393,
278,
3838,
1304,
297,
26320,
526,
278,
1959,
3838,
29901,
3838,
526,
13988,
29892,
322,
278,
13590,
310,
1906,
3838,
1818,
367,
2309,
5149,
29889,
450,
5622,
310,
288,
493,
29879,
322,
25136,
1223,
296,
338,
385,
4100,
760,
310,
278,
3353,
1889,
29892,
322,
5480,
278,
26442,
310,
278,
288,
493,
29879,
29892,
322,
310,
278,
1223,
296,
29892,
892,
13350,
297,
278,
2669,
3143,
1026,
13235,
304,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
29889,
7753,
2466,
278,
5144,
310,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
750,
451,
6091,
278,
288,
493,
29879,
11504,
20979,
29892,
470,
278,
1223,
296,
2183,
29892,
372,
471,
4100,
393,
591,
6363,
393,
1438,
26442,
750,
1063,
19182,
29892,
322,
825,
896,
750,
1497,
29889,
23186,
304,
278,
1369,
310,
278,
2669,
278,
22420,
4167,
526,
9132,
304,
278,
16880,
29892,
322,
278,
16880,
19514,
3196,
5155,
29889,
940,
19514,
1906,
1058,
1073,
278,
22420,
4167,
3692,
896,
505,
1063,
270,
11850,
2000,
304,
9080,
4177,
297,
278,
1375,
6020,
29936,
540,
19514,
278,
22420,
4167,
6053,
3692,
896,
4658,
393,
4177,
338,
5432,
963,
304,
278,
1375,
6020,
29936,
322,
540,
19514,
3692,
896,
505,
4586,
278,
288,
493,
29879,
322,
1754,
278,
12029,
310,
1223,
296,
29889,
450,
1234,
304,
599,
1438,
5155,
756,
304,
367,
297,
1432,
1206,
263,
6374,
2756,
3568,
362,
785,
525,
15597,
505,
2670,
525,
15597,
437,
2670,
525,
29902,
437,
577,
4658,
742,
17583,
525,
3582,
742,
525,
3582,
742,
322,
525,
3582,
29915,
785,
322,
372,
338,
4100,
393,
278,
5155,
322,
1438,
6374,
6089,
526,
6091,
491,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
29889,
13,
29931,
1008,
297,
278,
2669,
29892,
1156,
278,
1303,
886,
29892,
278,
724,
3712,
29892,
322,
278,
6760,
287,
313,
1552,
6314,
573,
3229,
310,
278,
17750,
29879,
310,
278,
6586,
511,
263,
5520,
3652,
310,
14183,
5155,
338,
2183,
304,
278,
22420,
4167,
29892,
1048,
1009,
3544,
749,
310,
278,
17733,
14415,
1973,
29892,
1009,
21749,
335,
663,
297,
27402,
322,
5183,
2471,
545,
29892,
8236,
2819,
29915,
29879,
2305,
29892,
11050,
292,
22542,
322,
19886,
20060,
29892,
322,
916,
1316,
9365,
29889,
450,
1234,
304,
1269,
1818,
367,
525,
2059,
278,
1371,
310,
4177,
29892,
306,
674,
4286,
450,
22420,
4167,
1818,
1827,
525,
3582,
742,
975,
322,
975,
29892,
322,
896,
1818,
437,
372,
297,
4565,
310,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
29892,
363,
769,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
338,
4433,
967,
1914,
5155,
29889,
7803,
310,
1438,
526,
1048,
12475,
292,
363,
278,
22420,
4167,
29892,
322,
20382,
963,
29892,
322,
1449,
29892,
278,
1234,
338,
3806,
525,
4806,
674,
4286,
1205,
278,
937,
29892,
322,
1556,
29191,
29892,
1139,
29892,
1434,
278,
5644,
294,
363,
12475,
414,
322,
2304,
29892,
338,
1422,
29889,
2688,
378,
7642,
362,
338,
937,
4433,
3692,
29892,
2534,
6091,
278,
28721,
310,
278,
22420,
4167,
29892,
372,
338,
967,
674,
785,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
29915,
29879,
674,
785,
393,
1438,
2305,
881,
367,
4356,
7114,
29889,
450,
1234,
393,
1818,
367,
2183,
338,
1790,
525,
3582,
2396,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
1818,
2367,
2756,
3568,
362,
408,
1532,
29889,
14832,
278,
19886,
1166,
310,
4356,
3381,
338,
1554,
393,
338,
378,
14373,
2501,
278,
22420,
4167,
491,
278,
26201,
29892,
445,
338,
385,
3158,
310,
278,
6586,
363,
278,
6586,
29889,
13,
4178,
445,
1298,
29892,
1156,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
29915,
29879,
1223,
1237,
29892,
278,
1556,
22564,
292,
10083,
310,
278,
3353,
2669,
2041,
964,
1708,
29901,
278,
22420,
4167,
322,
278,
16880,
4208,
17905,
295,
29892,
322,
727,
338,
263,
3785,
310,
15142,
29889,
1987,
29892,
278,
16880,
269,
886,
29892,
443,
562,
2388,
273,
1000,
29892,
278,
937,
1196,
310,
278,
12297,
298,
12050,
525,
29963,
11344,
6760,
1061,
20799,
375,
742,
297,
967,
4223,
13962,
6702,
27796,
17733,
28484,
1749,
3669,
3137,
8681,
533,
2824,
450,
378,
7642,
362,
26205,
297,
727,
7045,
304,
1809,
278,
1791,
310,
278,
298,
12050,
29892,
443,
562,
2388,
273,
1000,
10106,
29892,
304,
263,
27690,
26639,
9232,
1486,
29889,
910,
2924,
310,
26639,
29892,
269,
686,
491,
278,
2305,
29892,
338,
451,
263,
3619,
6047,
738,
5520,
29889,
1763,
8293,
278,
15075,
7114,
23623,
310,
1316,
26639,
491,
278,
378,
7642,
362,
6140,
304,
592,
385,
7148,
13988,
9004,
362,
785,
1549,
15142,
29892,
322,
769,
6047,
785,
310,
825,
471,
10464,
472,
445,
3153,
3256,
297,
278,
2669,
29889,
3387,
1434,
278,
22420,
4167,
750,
889,
2152,
29892
] | 1,024 |
C4
| 1.753258 | 0.511971 | -0.021289 | 1.635233 |
AIBA Women's Boxing Ambassador Katie Taylor
By Mark A. Jones – Supporters of women's boxing were dealt a defeat in July when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) rejected a plan to increase the number of medal events for female boxers in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. The International Boxing Association (AIBA) wished to double the number of medals available for female boxers from the current three weight divisions, flyweight, lightweight, and middleweight. The 2012 Olympic women's boxing competitions were witnessed by capacity crowds at London's ExCel Arena witnessing England's own Nicola Adams, Ireland's Katie Taylor, and Claressa Shields of the United States win Gold Medals. The Olympic lightweight quarter-final bout between Taylor and Liverpool, England's Natasha Jonas noise level was deafening - recorded at 113.7 decibels - which is almost identical to a very loud rock concert. A spokesperson from the AIBA stated: "The International Boxing Association takes note and respects this decision but hopes that more opportunities will be opened to women boxers at the 2020 Olympic Games."
A look back at July 2013 in women's boxing:
Victorious "Killer Queen" Kentikian
On July 6 in Germany, Susi "Killer Queen" Kentikian (31-2, 16 KOs) Hamburg, Germany, reclaimed the WBA female flyweight title with a ten-round unanimous decision victory over Carina "La Reina" Moreno (23-6, 6 KOs) Watsonville, CA, USA. Kentikian won the WBA flyweight title in February 2007 defending it successfully 14 times before losing it to Moreno in December 2012 by split-decision. Kentikian won the interim WBA flyweight title by unanimous decision victory over Belgium's Sanae Jah in February when Moreno could not defend the WBA title due to an injured knee. In this battle, the cliché, "It was a tale of two fights," best describes the action. Always a fast starter, Kentikian won the early rounds with effective aggression significantly out working Moreno, who as a counter-puncher, was warming up and looking for mistakes she could capitalize on. Over the second half of the fight, as Kentikian became visibly tired, Moreno took over landing the final punch of the majority of the exchanges goal counter-punchers strives to achieve. Possibly sensing that the decision was in doubt, Kentikian rallied to win the final round swarming Moreno with a two-fisted attack and moving out of range at angles giving Moreno few opportunities to counter. The scoring (96-94/97-93/97-93) was not representative on how closely the fight was contested. With the win, Kentikian elevates herself back into the mix at flyweight; perhaps the deepest division in women's boxing. With possible super-fights with Ava Knight, Melissa McMorrow, and Shindo Go, the flyweight division will be a centerpiece of women's boxing for the foreseeable future.
Also on July 13, in a WBO featherweight title eliminator, Argentina's Marcela Eliana Acuna (39-6-1, 17 KOs) defeated well thought of Melissa Hernandez (18-5-3, 6 KOs) by a unanimous decision in Argentina. The victory has significant implications in the present and future. Acuna is now the #1 contender to the WBO featherweight title currently held by fellow Argentine, Alejandra Oliveras. The win also propels her from a borderline to a solid Hall of Fame candidate once her career is concluded and the waiting period has elapsed. During a six six-year period from 2006-12, she was unbeaten campaigning as the WBC female super-bantamweight champion defeating such notables as Alicia Ashley, Jackie Nava, Yazmin Rivas, Maribel Santana, and Oliveras. Whatever Acuna accomplishes going forward is icing on the cake.
Hammer Time for the kissing bandit Mikaela Lauren
Also on July 13, in Dresden, Germany, KO Digest's #4 pound-for-pound female boxer and two-div
|
[
319,
29902,
5688,
10152,
29915,
29879,
11773,
292,
15145,
28760,
476,
9474,
12537,
13,
2059,
4485,
319,
29889,
10920,
785,
9179,
272,
2153,
310,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
892,
316,
1997,
263,
20653,
297,
5468,
746,
278,
4623,
19025,
12930,
313,
5971,
29907,
29897,
22225,
263,
3814,
304,
7910,
278,
1353,
310,
12807,
4959,
363,
12944,
3800,
414,
297,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29953,
11611,
19025,
12482,
29889,
450,
4623,
11773,
292,
7993,
313,
23869,
5688,
29897,
20024,
304,
3765,
278,
1353,
310,
1612,
1338,
3625,
363,
12944,
3800,
414,
515,
278,
1857,
2211,
7688,
25884,
29892,
11340,
7915,
29892,
3578,
7915,
29892,
322,
7256,
7915,
29889,
450,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
19025,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
5100,
2187,
892,
16277,
287,
491,
13284,
11660,
6289,
472,
4517,
29915,
29879,
1222,
29907,
295,
26053,
16277,
292,
5408,
29915,
29879,
1914,
28432,
20359,
29892,
12126,
29915,
29879,
476,
9474,
12537,
29892,
322,
15183,
9297,
1383,
969,
29879,
310,
278,
3303,
3900,
5401,
6650,
3436,
1338,
29889,
450,
19025,
3578,
7915,
12616,
29899,
8394,
25927,
1546,
12537,
322,
24607,
29892,
5408,
29915,
29879,
19259,
26840,
9937,
294,
11462,
3233,
471,
316,
2142,
8333,
448,
10478,
472,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29941,
29889,
29955,
316,
455,
29890,
1379,
448,
607,
338,
4359,
13557,
304,
263,
1407,
22526,
7679,
13135,
29889,
319,
805,
554,
9983,
1330,
515,
278,
319,
29902,
5688,
8703,
29901,
376,
1576,
4623,
11773,
292,
7993,
4893,
4443,
322,
3390,
29879,
445,
10608,
541,
26926,
393,
901,
28602,
1907,
674,
367,
6496,
304,
5866,
3800,
414,
472,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29900,
19025,
12482,
1213,
13,
29909,
1106,
1250,
472,
5468,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
297,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
29901,
13,
29963,
919,
23308,
376,
29968,
5495,
10470,
29908,
13272,
638,
713,
13,
2951,
5468,
29871,
29953,
297,
9556,
29892,
9511,
29875,
376,
29968,
5495,
10470,
29908,
13272,
638,
713,
313,
29941,
29896,
29899,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29953,
476,
24768,
29897,
14847,
29892,
9556,
29892,
1162,
13190,
278,
399,
5688,
12944,
11340,
7915,
3611,
411,
263,
3006,
29899,
14486,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
15354,
975,
1704,
1099,
376,
5661,
830,
1099,
29908,
3879,
8154,
313,
29906,
29941,
29899,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29953,
476,
24768,
29897,
28284,
4909,
29892,
12766,
29892,
8278,
29889,
13272,
638,
713,
2113,
278,
399,
5688,
11340,
7915,
3611,
297,
6339,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
822,
2548,
372,
8472,
29871,
29896,
29946,
3064,
1434,
19035,
372,
304,
3879,
8154,
297,
5846,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
491,
6219,
29899,
7099,
2459,
29889,
13272,
638,
713,
2113,
278,
1006,
326,
399,
5688,
11340,
7915,
3611,
491,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
15354,
975,
9923,
1974,
29915,
29879,
317,
1648,
29872,
2338,
297,
6339,
746,
3879,
8154,
1033,
451,
24663,
278,
399,
5688,
3611,
2861,
304,
385,
28606,
17905,
29872,
29889,
512,
445,
10555,
29892,
278,
1067,
436,
29948,
29892,
376,
3112,
471,
263,
17694,
310,
1023,
285,
5861,
1699,
1900,
16612,
278,
3158,
29889,
29849,
263,
5172,
380,
4254,
29892,
13272,
638,
713,
2113,
278,
4688,
364,
3885,
411,
11828,
946,
11476,
16951,
714,
1985,
3879,
8154,
29892,
1058,
408,
263,
6795,
29899,
29886,
3322,
261,
29892,
471,
1370,
4056,
701,
322,
3063,
363,
28947,
1183,
1033,
7483,
675,
373,
29889,
6811,
278,
1473,
4203,
310,
278,
8589,
29892,
408,
13272,
638,
713,
3897,
1998,
14981,
23407,
29892,
3879,
8154,
3614,
975,
25325,
278,
2186,
282,
3322,
310,
278,
13638,
310,
278,
429,
25990,
7306,
6795,
29899,
29886,
3322,
414,
380,
1150,
267,
304,
6176,
29889,
29863,
14981,
4771,
292,
393,
278,
10608,
471,
297,
7404,
29892,
13272,
638,
713,
364,
284,
2957,
304,
5401,
278,
2186,
4513,
2381,
2817,
292,
3879,
8154,
411,
263,
1023,
29899,
29888,
12652,
5337,
322,
8401,
714,
310,
3464,
472,
23619,
6820,
3879,
8154,
2846,
28602,
1907,
304,
6795,
29889,
450,
26654,
313,
29929,
29953,
29899,
29929,
29946,
29914,
29929,
29955,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29914,
29929,
29955,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29897,
471,
451,
21097,
373,
920,
16467,
278,
8589,
471,
640,
2868,
29889,
2973,
278,
5401,
29892,
13272,
638,
713,
11858,
1078,
8735,
1250,
964,
278,
6837,
472,
11340,
7915,
29936,
6060,
278,
6483,
342,
8542,
297,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
29889,
2973,
1950,
2428,
29899,
29888,
5861,
411,
319,
1564,
22980,
29892,
6286,
16343,
4052,
29924,
22396,
29892,
322,
1383,
15036,
2921,
29892,
278,
11340,
7915,
8542,
674,
367,
263,
4818,
12343,
346,
310,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
363,
278,
363,
968,
29872,
519,
5434,
29889,
13,
17351,
373,
5468,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29892,
297,
263,
399,
8456,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
10397,
1061,
29892,
13798,
29915,
29879,
16633,
29874,
26864,
1648,
7255,
4347,
313,
29941,
29929,
29899,
29953,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29955,
476,
24768,
29897,
16235,
1532,
2714,
310,
6286,
16343,
25962,
4182,
29920,
313,
29896,
29947,
29899,
29945,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29953,
476,
24768,
29897,
491,
263,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
297,
13798,
29889,
450,
15354,
756,
7282,
2411,
5795,
297,
278,
2198,
322,
5434,
29889,
7255,
4347,
338,
1286,
278,
396,
29896,
640,
1581,
304,
278,
399,
8456,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
5279,
4934,
491,
10404,
9385,
457,
29892,
7801,
29926,
10738,
19731,
294,
29889,
450,
5401,
884,
3107,
1379,
902,
515,
263,
5139,
1220,
304,
263,
7773,
6573,
310,
21808,
14020,
2748,
902,
6413,
338,
22834,
322,
278,
10534,
3785,
756,
560,
28170,
29889,
7133,
263,
4832,
4832,
29899,
6360,
3785,
515,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
29899,
29896,
29906,
29892,
1183,
471,
443,
915,
2579,
11531,
292,
408,
278,
399,
5371,
12944,
2428,
29899,
29890,
424,
314,
7915,
8064,
8686,
1218,
1316,
451,
1849,
408,
319,
506,
423,
12835,
2330,
29892,
5457,
347,
405,
879,
29892,
612,
834,
1195,
390,
19701,
29892,
1085,
747,
295,
4169,
1648,
29892,
322,
19731,
294,
29889,
806,
5564,
7255,
4347,
12709,
267,
2675,
6375,
338,
16077,
292,
373,
278,
274,
1296,
29889,
13,
29950,
28527,
5974,
363,
278,
20057,
292,
3719,
277,
341,
4106,
3100,
997,
10732,
13,
17351,
373,
5468,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29892,
297,
25132,
29892,
9556,
29892,
476,
29949,
10951,
342,
29915,
29879,
396,
29946,
282,
618,
29899,
1454,
29899,
29886,
618,
12944,
3800,
261,
322,
1023,
29899,
4563
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.564544 | -0.199864 | 1.001633 | -0.142868 |
ision world champion, Christina Hammer (15-0, 7 KOs) Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, successfully defended her WBO and WBF middleweight titles with a ten-round unanimous decision (100-90/99-91/98-92) over Mikaela Lauren (19-3, 7 KOs) Stockholm, Sweden. Hammer, aged 22, also holds the WBF and WBO super middleweight titles; took the challenge of Lauren seriously, training in the high altitude and solitude of the Austrian Alps. The thirty seven year old challenger entered the fight on a five fight winning streak including victories over the current IBF light middleweight champion, Eva Halasi and American, Cindy Serrano.
Lauren brought a significant spotlight to this match-up when, to lighten the mood after a somewhat contemptuous weigh-in, she suddenly kissed Hammer square on the lips while taunting her. The actual fight in the ring was decidedly anti-climactic, witnessing Hammer, a supreme technician from long-range; dominate the action by relegating the skilled Scandinavian to clumsily lunging with punches in hopes to land something lucky. Said the victorious Hammer after the fight, "I am very happy to have won and I got a little revenge for the kiss of Mikaela Lauren along with it."
Sweet revenge for Juarez over Togo
Also on July 13, in Mexico, Mariana "Barbie" Juarez (37-7-3, 16 KOs) won the WBC International female super-flyweight title and became the #1 contender to the WBC super-flyweight title holder, Zulina Munoz, with a unanimous decision victory (98-92/97-93/98-93) over Riyo Togo (10-5-1, 9 KOs) Tokyo, Japan. In April, Juarez was stopped in the first round by the iron-fisted Togo when she was thought to have made a mistake by brawling with a brawler; it was the first stoppage loss for Juarez since 2005. The discovery of altered gloves by WBC Supervisor Dr. Lorenzo Soberanes just before their much publicized rematch leaves the knockout loss in doubt. It was discovered that Togo, just prior to entering the ring, had the padding removed from her gloves leaving her wrapped hands placed directly against the leather of the professional fight gloves. The gloves were confiscated, and an investigation is still ongoing. Togo was authorized to fight donning another pair of gloves and losing by decision by a wide margin. With the win, Juarez places herself in position to challenge the popular but vulnerable Zulina Munoz (38-1-2, 25 KOs) Mexico City, Mexico, in what would be a super-fight for both Mexico and women's boxing.
On July 19, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, KO Digest's #6 pound-for-pound female boxer, Yesica Yolanda "Tuti" Bopp (25-1, 11 KOs) Wilde, Buenos Aires, Argentina, returned to her winning ways winning a ten-round unanimous decision victory over tough battler, Anastasia Toktaulova (14-12, 2 KOs) Leesburg, Florida, by way of Yoshkar-Ola, Russia. Bopp dominated the score cards winning every round on each successfully defending her WBA light-flyweight title for the thirteenth time and her WBO light-flyweight title for the eleventh time. In the lone loss of her stellar career, a closely contested decision loss to Jessica Chavez in June, the WBA and WBO titles were not on the line. With the loss, Toktaulova has lost four of her last five each loss coming against high-level opposition.
Prospect "Baby Girl" Douglas goes to 3-0
On July 20, at Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, southpaw prospect, Tyrieshia "Baby Girl" Douglas, Baltimore, improved to (3-0, 1 KO) with a unanimous decision victory over former world title challenger Marisol "La Chihuahua" Miranda (5-6, 1 KO) Hollywood,
|
[
2459,
3186,
8064,
29892,
2819,
1099,
7904,
1050,
313,
29896,
29945,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29955,
476,
24768,
29897,
19845,
15282,
29892,
5245,
29878,
12880,
29899,
16128,
29888,
10066,
29892,
9556,
29892,
8472,
822,
2760,
902,
399,
8456,
322,
399,
28062,
7256,
7915,
17735,
411,
263,
3006,
29899,
14486,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
313,
29896,
29900,
29900,
29899,
29929,
29900,
29914,
29929,
29929,
29899,
29929,
29896,
29914,
29929,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29906,
29897,
975,
341,
4106,
3100,
997,
10732,
313,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29955,
476,
24768,
29897,
17920,
29892,
24506,
29889,
7904,
1050,
29892,
26552,
29871,
29906,
29906,
29892,
884,
8640,
278,
399,
28062,
322,
399,
8456,
2428,
7256,
7915,
17735,
29936,
3614,
278,
18766,
310,
997,
10732,
25798,
29892,
6694,
297,
278,
1880,
5272,
4279,
322,
899,
4279,
310,
278,
3330,
6392,
838,
567,
29889,
450,
17058,
9881,
1629,
2030,
521,
5442,
914,
7802,
278,
8589,
373,
263,
5320,
8589,
15613,
12243,
557,
3704,
6879,
3842,
975,
278,
1857,
15731,
29943,
3578,
7256,
7915,
8064,
29892,
27040,
8142,
6840,
322,
3082,
29892,
315,
513,
29891,
1816,
12776,
29889,
13,
5661,
10732,
6296,
263,
7282,
9758,
4366,
304,
445,
1993,
29899,
786,
746,
29892,
304,
3578,
264,
278,
286,
2092,
1156,
263,
10579,
640,
3456,
17269,
591,
1141,
29899,
262,
29892,
1183,
11584,
20057,
287,
7904,
1050,
6862,
373,
278,
17186,
1550,
11062,
348,
1259,
902,
29889,
450,
3935,
8589,
297,
278,
9228,
471,
8459,
368,
9418,
29899,
695,
326,
17911,
29892,
16277,
292,
7904,
1050,
29892,
263,
22747,
1004,
5722,
8910,
515,
1472,
29899,
3881,
29936,
8022,
403,
278,
3158,
491,
337,
1397,
1218,
278,
2071,
24455,
2522,
392,
262,
485,
713,
304,
1067,
6762,
2354,
13030,
292,
411,
282,
3322,
267,
297,
26926,
304,
2982,
1554,
9885,
29891,
29889,
5701,
333,
278,
6879,
23308,
7904,
1050,
1156,
278,
8589,
29892,
376,
29902,
626,
1407,
9796,
304,
505,
2113,
322,
306,
2355,
263,
2217,
20957,
479,
363,
278,
20057,
310,
341,
4106,
3100,
997,
10732,
3412,
411,
372,
1213,
13,
29903,
16668,
20957,
479,
363,
5342,
598,
29920,
975,
323,
10482,
13,
17351,
373,
5468,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29892,
297,
12568,
29892,
1085,
3857,
376,
4297,
10993,
29908,
5342,
598,
29920,
313,
29941,
29955,
29899,
29955,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29953,
476,
24768,
29897,
2113,
278,
399,
5371,
4623,
12944,
2428,
29899,
17652,
7915,
3611,
322,
3897,
278,
396,
29896,
640,
1581,
304,
278,
399,
5371,
2428,
29899,
17652,
7915,
3611,
19464,
29892,
796,
352,
1099,
13564,
2112,
29892,
411,
263,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
15354,
313,
29929,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29906,
29914,
29929,
29955,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29914,
29929,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29897,
975,
21710,
9029,
323,
10482,
313,
29896,
29900,
29899,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29929,
476,
24768,
29897,
20377,
29892,
5546,
29889,
512,
3786,
29892,
5342,
598,
29920,
471,
11084,
297,
278,
937,
4513,
491,
278,
13977,
29899,
29888,
12652,
323,
10482,
746,
1183,
471,
2714,
304,
505,
1754,
263,
10171,
491,
289,
1610,
1847,
411,
263,
289,
1610,
1358,
29936,
372,
471,
278,
937,
6258,
407,
482,
6410,
363,
5342,
598,
29920,
1951,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
29889,
450,
20699,
310,
10551,
287,
15482,
1960,
491,
399,
5371,
5670,
19188,
4942,
29889,
25829,
1105,
495,
17297,
925,
1434,
1009,
1568,
970,
1891,
1083,
905,
11308,
278,
18232,
449,
6410,
297,
7404,
29889,
739,
471,
10943,
393,
323,
10482,
29892,
925,
7536,
304,
18055,
278,
9228,
29892,
750,
278,
7164,
6206,
515,
902,
15482,
1960,
10124,
902,
21021,
6567,
7180,
4153,
2750,
278,
454,
1624,
310,
278,
10257,
8589,
15482,
1960,
29889,
450,
15482,
1960,
892,
1970,
10669,
630,
29892,
322,
385,
22522,
338,
1603,
373,
17696,
29889,
323,
10482,
471,
4148,
1891,
304,
8589,
1016,
1076,
1790,
5101,
310,
15482,
1960,
322,
19035,
491,
10608,
491,
263,
9377,
5906,
29889,
2973,
278,
5401,
29892,
5342,
598,
29920,
7600,
8735,
297,
2602,
304,
18766,
278,
5972,
541,
23180,
519,
796,
352,
1099,
13564,
2112,
313,
29941,
29947,
29899,
29896,
29899,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29945,
476,
24768,
29897,
12568,
4412,
29892,
12568,
29892,
297,
825,
723,
367,
263,
2428,
29899,
29888,
523,
363,
1716,
12568,
322,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
29889,
13,
2951,
5468,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29892,
297,
17882,
16981,
29892,
13798,
29892,
476,
29949,
10951,
342,
29915,
29879,
396,
29953,
282,
618,
29899,
1454,
29899,
29886,
618,
12944,
3800,
261,
29892,
3869,
983,
612,
324,
5863,
376,
29911,
11321,
29908,
1952,
407,
313,
29906,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
476,
24768,
29897,
4624,
311,
29892,
17882,
16981,
29892,
13798,
29892,
4133,
304,
902,
15613,
5837,
15613,
263,
3006,
29899,
14486,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
15354,
975,
260,
820,
8957,
1358,
29892,
530,
579,
26252,
11890,
941,
352,
4273,
313,
29896,
29946,
29899,
29896,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29906,
476,
24768,
29897,
951,
267,
3074,
29892,
13813,
29892,
491,
982,
310,
612,
10578,
5689,
29899,
29949,
433,
29892,
12710,
29889,
1952,
407,
8022,
630,
278,
8158,
15889,
15613,
1432,
4513,
373,
1269,
8472,
822,
2548,
902,
399,
5688,
3578,
29899,
17652,
7915,
3611,
363,
278,
266,
381,
19839,
931,
322,
902,
399,
8456,
3578,
29899,
17652,
7915,
3611,
363,
278,
4552,
794,
29882,
931,
29889,
512,
278,
301,
650,
6410,
310,
902,
14781,
279,
6413,
29892,
263,
16467,
640,
2868,
10608,
6410,
304,
23010,
983,
678,
1351,
29920,
297,
5306,
29892,
278,
399,
5688,
322,
399,
8456,
17735,
892,
451,
373,
278,
1196,
29889,
2973,
278,
6410,
29892,
11890,
941,
352,
4273,
756,
5714,
3023,
310,
902,
1833,
5320,
1269,
6410,
6421,
2750,
1880,
29899,
5563,
19626,
29889,
13,
1184,
21494,
376,
29933,
10798,
18620,
29908,
16721,
5771,
304,
29871,
29941,
29899,
29900,
13,
2951,
5468,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29892,
472,
3189,
407,
262,
4306,
3014,
29892,
26767,
29892,
22559,
29892,
7062,
29886,
1450,
27289,
29892,
9656,
2722,
29882,
423,
376,
29933,
10798,
18620,
29908,
16721,
29892,
26767,
29892,
16710,
304,
313,
29941,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29896,
476,
29949,
29897,
411,
263,
443,
11576,
681,
10608,
15354,
975,
4642,
3186,
3611,
521,
5442,
914,
1085,
275,
324,
376,
5661,
678,
4861,
29884,
801,
3357,
29908,
11612,
5863,
313,
29945,
29899,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29896,
476,
29949,
29897,
19180,
29892
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.020983 | -0.430221 | 0.926318 | -0.990651 |
Florida, (40-35 x3). Douglas, who finished second to Marlene Esparza at the inaugural USA Boxing Olympic Trials in 2012, impressively battered Miranda knocking her down with a straight left hand in the third round on the way to the one-sided victory. Most recently, Miranda tasted defeat in her solo attempt at a world title losing to Yesica Yolanda Bopp by technical knockout in the seventh round.
A look ahead to August 2013 in women's boxing:
Suarez stops Palmera in seven
On August 8 in Panama City, Panama, Venezuelan glamor model and the newly declared WBA featherweight champion, Ogleidis "La Nina" Suarez (18-2-1, 8 KOs) Caracas, Venezuela, defends her world championship against the #9 rated contender, Liliana "La Tigresa" Palmera (21-10-3, 15 KOs) Monteria, Colombia. Suarez was declared the WBA champion after Hyun-Mi Choi of South Korea surrendered the belt to campaign at super featherweight. Choi won the title in her professional debut in October 2008 making seven successful defenses since.
This is a rematch of their October 2012 meeting that witnessed Suarez stop Palmera in seven rounds retaining the interim version of the WBA featherweight title. Since, Palmera battled lightweight champion Erica Anabella Farias for the WBC lightweight title losing by a third round knockout. Palmera, the ultimate gunslinger, is 4-4 over her last eight fights all ending by knockout. The most impressive win on the record of Suarez is a split-decision win over the current IBF super bantamweight title holder, Katy Wilson Castillo in October 2011.
On August 9 in Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina, Monica Silvina Acosta (18-0-2, 4 KOs) in front of a hometown crowd, defends her WBA female light-welterweight title against perennial contender, Belinda "Brown Sugar" Laracuente (26-27-3, 9 KOs) New York, New York, USA. Acosta also holds the WBC light-welterweight title. Laracuente was once a slick-moving boxer-puncher who was talented enough to lose a disputed majority decision to Christy Martin in early 2000, but she has fallen on hard times of late losing nine of her last twelve fights each by decision. Most impressively, of her 27 losses, none have come by knockout. Acosta is another in a long line of talented female boxers from Argentina. Of the many Argentine female boxing champions, Acosta is perhaps the most vulnerable and certainly the most protected. Possessing exceptional counter-punching ability, Acosta is unremarkable in all other categories. Acosta holds controversial wins over Erin McGowan and Lely Luz Florez and a closely contested win over the current WBO female featherweight champion, Alejandra Marina "Locomotora" Oliveras, who elevated in weight to fight Acosta for the WBC and WBA light-welterweight titles in 2011. Acosta's strangle hold on two alphabet light welterweight titles should extend past the challenge of Laracuente.
On August 14 at BB Kings Blues Club & Grill in New York, New York, USA, highly ranked heavyweight, Sonya "The Scholar" Lamonakis (7-1-2, 1 KO) New York, New York, was originally scheduled to face Taren Pennell (1-1) Irving, Texas, a failed eye exam later and "The Scholar" is now scheduled to face the ever-tough TBA.
Jeffrey looks to upgrade her title belt
On August 16, KO Digest's #12 pound-for-pound female boxer, "Queen" Ronica Jeffrey (13-0, 1 KO) Brooklyn, New York, USA, travels to Chubut, Argentina, taking on the aggressive Argentinian southpaw, Claudia Andrea Lopez (22-7, 5 KOs) Trelew, Chubut, Argentina, with the vacant IBF female
|
[
13813,
29892,
313,
29946,
29900,
29899,
29941,
29945,
921,
29941,
467,
16721,
29892,
1058,
7743,
1473,
304,
1085,
29880,
1600,
3423,
862,
1362,
472,
278,
15069,
3631,
8278,
11773,
292,
19025,
8602,
1338,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
29892,
21210,
3598,
10193,
287,
11612,
5863,
18232,
292,
902,
1623,
411,
263,
7812,
2175,
1361,
297,
278,
4654,
4513,
373,
278,
982,
304,
278,
697,
29899,
29879,
2618,
15354,
29889,
7849,
10325,
29892,
11612,
5863,
260,
28470,
20653,
297,
902,
6651,
4218,
472,
263,
3186,
3611,
19035,
304,
3869,
983,
612,
324,
5863,
1952,
407,
491,
16905,
18232,
449,
297,
278,
16741,
29882,
4513,
29889,
13,
29909,
1106,
14432,
304,
3111,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
297,
5866,
29915,
29879,
3800,
292,
29901,
13,
5091,
598,
29920,
17726,
3793,
1050,
29874,
297,
9881,
13,
2951,
3111,
29871,
29947,
297,
6518,
3304,
4412,
29892,
6518,
3304,
29892,
13915,
2491,
273,
3144,
314,
272,
1904,
322,
278,
15141,
8052,
399,
5688,
1238,
1624,
7915,
8064,
29892,
438,
6234,
333,
275,
376,
5661,
405,
1099,
29908,
2166,
598,
29920,
313,
29896,
29947,
29899,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29947,
476,
24768,
29897,
1704,
562,
294,
29892,
20931,
29892,
822,
1975,
902,
3186,
22401,
2750,
278,
396,
29929,
364,
630,
640,
1581,
29892,
28624,
3857,
376,
5661,
24834,
690,
29874,
29908,
3793,
1050,
29874,
313,
29906,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
476,
24768,
29897,
2598,
357,
423,
29892,
21078,
29889,
2166,
598,
29920,
471,
8052,
278,
399,
5688,
8064,
1156,
9665,
348,
29899,
29924,
29875,
678,
7768,
310,
4275,
19109,
27503,
287,
278,
1339,
29873,
304,
11531,
472,
2428,
1238,
1624,
7915,
29889,
678,
7768,
2113,
278,
3611,
297,
902,
10257,
9512,
297,
5533,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
3907,
9881,
9150,
822,
11259,
1951,
29889,
13,
4013,
338,
263,
1083,
905,
310,
1009,
5533,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
11781,
393,
16277,
287,
2166,
598,
29920,
5040,
3793,
1050,
29874,
297,
9881,
364,
3885,
11551,
292,
278,
1006,
326,
1873,
310,
278,
399,
5688,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
29889,
4001,
29892,
3793,
1050,
29874,
8957,
839,
3578,
7915,
8064,
1425,
983,
530,
1107,
433,
383,
20225,
363,
278,
399,
5371,
3578,
7915,
3611,
19035,
491,
263,
4654,
4513,
18232,
449,
29889,
3793,
1050,
29874,
29892,
278,
8494,
6490,
18788,
1847,
261,
29892,
338,
29871,
29946,
29899,
29946,
975,
902,
1833,
9475,
285,
5861,
599,
17140,
491,
18232,
449,
29889,
450,
1556,
21210,
573,
5401,
373,
278,
2407,
310,
2166,
598,
29920,
338,
263,
6219,
29899,
7099,
2459,
5401,
975,
278,
1857,
15731,
29943,
2428,
289,
424,
314,
7915,
3611,
19464,
29892,
476,
11156,
13015,
4834,
9093,
297,
5533,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
29889,
13,
2951,
3111,
29871,
29929,
297,
7510,
21974,
29892,
997,
349,
20056,
29892,
13798,
29892,
2598,
983,
5664,
29894,
1099,
7255,
16233,
313,
29896,
29947,
29899,
29900,
29899,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29946,
476,
24768,
29897,
297,
4565,
310,
263,
298,
3297,
776,
19174,
29892,
822,
1975,
902,
399,
5688,
12944,
3578,
29899,
20466,
357,
7915,
3611,
2750,
639,
2108,
616,
640,
1581,
29892,
3741,
11054,
376,
29933,
4708,
25589,
279,
29908,
8218,
22061,
2016,
313,
29906,
29953,
29899,
29906,
29955,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29929,
476,
24768,
29897,
1570,
3088,
29892,
1570,
3088,
29892,
8278,
29889,
7255,
16233,
884,
8640,
278,
399,
5371,
3578,
29899,
20466,
357,
7915,
3611,
29889,
8218,
22061,
2016,
471,
2748,
263,
269,
1406,
29899,
13529,
292,
3800,
261,
29899,
29886,
3322,
261,
1058,
471,
5969,
14927,
3307,
304,
14074,
263,
8937,
287,
13638,
10608,
304,
2819,
29891,
6502,
297,
4688,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29892,
541,
1183,
756,
19225,
373,
2898,
3064,
310,
5683,
19035,
14183,
310,
902,
1833,
17680,
285,
5861,
1269,
491,
10608,
29889,
7849,
21210,
3598,
29892,
310,
902,
29871,
29906,
29955,
28495,
29892,
5642,
505,
2041,
491,
18232,
449,
29889,
7255,
16233,
338,
1790,
297,
263,
1472,
1196,
310,
5969,
14927,
12944,
3800,
414,
515,
13798,
29889,
4587,
278,
1784,
9385,
457,
12944,
3800,
292,
29314,
29892,
7255,
16233,
338,
6060,
278,
1556,
23180,
519,
322,
8959,
278,
1556,
6364,
29889,
29863,
404,
292,
3682,
284,
6795,
29899,
29886,
3322,
292,
11509,
29892,
7255,
16233,
338,
443,
26294,
519,
297,
599,
916,
13997,
29889,
7255,
16233,
8640,
19341,
616,
21614,
975,
1425,
262,
22805,
24136,
322,
365,
873,
3182,
29920,
2379,
487,
29920,
322,
263,
16467,
640,
2868,
5401,
975,
278,
1857,
399,
8456,
12944,
1238,
1624,
7915,
8064,
29892,
7801,
29926,
10738,
27169,
376,
3410,
23045,
2207,
29908,
19731,
294,
29892,
1058,
11858,
630,
297,
7688,
304,
8589,
7255,
16233,
363,
278,
399,
5371,
322,
399,
5688,
3578,
29899,
20466,
357,
7915,
17735,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
29889,
7255,
16233,
29915,
29879,
851,
2521,
4808,
373,
1023,
22968,
3578,
5476,
357,
7915,
17735,
881,
10985,
4940,
278,
18766,
310,
8218,
22061,
2016,
29889,
13,
2951,
3111,
29871,
29896,
29946,
472,
29449,
21701,
23434,
5977,
669,
1632,
453,
297,
1570,
3088,
29892,
1570,
3088,
29892,
8278,
29892,
10712,
26642,
9416,
7915,
29892,
28465,
29874,
376,
1576,
1102,
10170,
29908,
12718,
265,
557,
275,
313,
29955,
29899,
29896,
29899,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29896,
476,
29949,
29897,
1570,
3088,
29892,
1570,
3088,
29892,
471,
10437,
21467,
304,
3700,
323,
8326,
349,
2108,
514,
313,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29897,
6600,
1747,
29892,
10319,
29892,
263,
5229,
10977,
4392,
2678,
322,
376,
1576,
1102,
10170,
29908,
338,
1286,
21467,
304,
3700,
278,
3926,
29899,
29873,
820,
323,
5688,
29889,
13,
29967,
12352,
8903,
3430,
304,
14955,
902,
3611,
1339,
29873,
13,
2951,
3111,
29871,
29896,
29953,
29892,
476,
29949,
10951,
342,
29915,
29879,
396,
29896,
29906,
282,
618,
29899,
1454,
29899,
29886,
618,
12944,
3800,
261,
29892,
376,
8654,
264,
29908,
11546,
983,
12208,
8903,
313,
29896,
29941,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29896,
476,
29949,
29897,
18737,
13493,
29892,
1570,
3088,
29892,
8278,
29892,
9850,
29879,
304,
678,
431,
329,
29892,
13798,
29892,
5622,
373,
278,
946,
3663,
573,
9385,
262,
713,
7062,
29886,
1450,
29892,
25886,
423,
21730,
365,
2300,
29920,
313,
29906,
29906,
29899,
29955,
29892,
29871,
29945,
476,
24768,
29897,
6479,
280,
29893,
29892,
678,
431,
329,
29892,
13798,
29892,
411,
278,
11757,
424,
15731,
29943,
12944
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.183805 | -0.444821 | 0.655541 | -0.909699 |
super featherweight title on the line. A brief glance at the record of Lopez reveals that she is faced a "who is who" of the super bantamweight and featherweight divisions giving a satisfactory account of herself but falling short against A-Level fighters such as, Hyun-Mi Choi, Alejandra Marina Oliveras, and Marcela Eliana Acuna. Stepping up to super featherweight to face the defensively gifted Jeffrey is a tall order. Jeffrey, a three-time New York Daily News Golden Gloves Champion, fairs well against aggressive fighters as is witnessed with decision victories over "Lethal" Lindsay Garbatt and promising Canadian prospect, Natasha Spence over the past year; each at least equal Lopez in aggression. Lopez last saw action in April against Dahiana Santana for the IBF featherweight title losing by a decision.
On August 24 in Moenchengladbach, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, the former WBC, WBO, and the WIBF featherweight title holder, Ina Menzer (30-1, 11 KOs) attempts to win the interim WBF and vacant WIBA featherweight titles in her home town against Goda Dailydaite (8-0, 2 KOs) Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. Menzer, born in Kazakhstan, won the WIBF title in 2005 and defended it successfully fifteen times until losing to Jeannine Garside in 2010. Six successful defenses of the WBC featherweight title and one defense of the WBO featherweight title were mixed into those fifteen defenses. During her nearly five-year title run, Menzer established herself as one of the best in the sport holding impressive wins over Ramona Kuehne, Esther Schouten, Laura Serrano, and Yazmin Rivas. Menzer was inactive for fourteen months after her decision loss to Garside and has since taken the slow road back to relevance engaging in only one bout against a fighter with a winning record in her last four outings.
Three Questions - Sweet Side Q&A with American Alex Love:
Alex Love of Bellevue, Washington, is currently serving in the United States Army at Fort Carson, Colorado in the World Class Athlete Program. During her amateur career, she compiled an impressive record of 53-8 culminating in her inclusion in the inaugural U.S. Olympic Team Trails for female boxers in 2012. During the trials, Alex won her first match but fell short of making the Olympic Team losing her next two contests, but her crowd-pleasing aggressive boxing style was noticed, making her a serious contender for the 2016 U.S. Olympic Boxing Team.
Love of Combat Sports
Q: Why did you join the US Army?
A: I joined the Army to pursue my boxing career. The Army gave me an outlet that provided support, which is exactly what I needed. I needed someone in my corner to help me get to the next level.
Q: What will your job (MOS) be as an Army soldier?
A: I joined the Intelligence Unit to ensure that I had a career under me.
Q: What was the first ever female U.S. Olympic Team Trails like for you?
A: My Olympic Trials experience was fantastic. I was part of history in those contests. Female boxers have been fighting for the right to participate in the Olympics for a long time. I'm proud that I was able to participate in the first ever U.S. Olympic Trials for women. I fought my heart out, and I'm ready to go for a Gold Medal in Rio in 2016.
KO Digest's Dynamite Dozen Pound-for-Pound Ratings:
Bopp is #6 Pound for Pound
1- Cecilia Braekhus (22-0, 6 KOs) Norway
2- Erica Anabella Farias (17-0, 9 KOs) Argentina
3- Ava Knight (12-1-3, 5 KOs) USA
4- Christina Hammer (15-0, 7 KOs) Germany
5- Jessica Chavez (19-3-2, 4 KOs) Mexico
6- Yesica Yolanda Bopp (25-1, 11 KOs) Argentina
7
|
[
2428,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
373,
278,
1196,
29889,
319,
11473,
21798,
472,
278,
2407,
310,
365,
2300,
29920,
10320,
1338,
393,
1183,
338,
20050,
263,
376,
15970,
338,
1058,
29908,
310,
278,
2428,
289,
424,
314,
7915,
322,
1238,
1624,
7915,
25884,
6820,
263,
5119,
3832,
3633,
310,
8735,
541,
20327,
3273,
2750,
319,
29899,
10108,
285,
1141,
2153,
1316,
408,
29892,
9665,
348,
29899,
29924,
29875,
678,
7768,
29892,
7801,
29926,
10738,
27169,
19731,
294,
29892,
322,
16633,
29874,
26864,
1648,
7255,
4347,
29889,
2443,
3262,
701,
304,
2428,
1238,
1624,
7915,
304,
3700,
278,
822,
575,
3598,
19797,
287,
12208,
8903,
338,
263,
15655,
1797,
29889,
12208,
8903,
29892,
263,
2211,
29899,
2230,
1570,
3088,
23331,
10130,
16108,
21806,
1960,
5257,
29892,
6534,
29879,
1532,
2750,
946,
3663,
573,
285,
1141,
2153,
408,
338,
16277,
287,
411,
10608,
6879,
3842,
975,
376,
29931,
621,
284,
29908,
365,
12772,
388,
7455,
29890,
1131,
322,
2504,
5921,
11443,
27289,
29892,
19259,
26840,
1706,
663,
975,
278,
4940,
1629,
29936,
1269,
472,
3203,
5186,
365,
2300,
29920,
297,
946,
11476,
29889,
365,
2300,
29920,
1833,
4446,
3158,
297,
3786,
2750,
360,
801,
3857,
4169,
1648,
363,
278,
15731,
29943,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
19035,
491,
263,
10608,
29889,
13,
2951,
3111,
29871,
29906,
29946,
297,
4546,
264,
305,
996,
4528,
6740,
29892,
5245,
29878,
12880,
29899,
16128,
29888,
10066,
29892,
9556,
29892,
278,
4642,
399,
5371,
29892,
399,
8456,
29892,
322,
278,
399,
8979,
29943,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
19464,
29892,
512,
29874,
7567,
3298,
313,
29941,
29900,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
476,
24768,
29897,
14734,
304,
5401,
278,
1006,
326,
399,
28062,
322,
11757,
424,
399,
29902,
5688,
1238,
1624,
7915,
17735,
297,
902,
3271,
4726,
2750,
4177,
29874,
23331,
1388,
568,
313,
29947,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29906,
476,
24768,
29897,
11044,
264,
29892,
5245,
29878,
12880,
29899,
16128,
29888,
10066,
29892,
9556,
29889,
7567,
3298,
29892,
6345,
297,
15198,
19426,
14411,
29892,
2113,
278,
399,
8979,
29943,
3611,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
322,
822,
2760,
372,
8472,
25020,
3064,
2745,
19035,
304,
2581,
812,
457,
402,
1503,
680,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
29889,
18372,
9150,
822,
11259,
310,
278,
399,
5371,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
322,
697,
26406,
310,
278,
399,
8456,
1238,
1624,
7915,
3611,
892,
12849,
964,
1906,
25020,
822,
11259,
29889,
7133,
902,
8886,
5320,
29899,
6360,
3611,
1065,
29892,
7567,
3298,
7841,
8735,
408,
697,
310,
278,
1900,
297,
278,
7980,
13587,
21210,
573,
21614,
975,
8292,
2681,
476,
434,
29882,
484,
29892,
2661,
2276,
1102,
449,
264,
29892,
21671,
1816,
12776,
29892,
322,
612,
834,
1195,
390,
19701,
29889,
7567,
3298,
471,
297,
4925,
363,
3023,
9404,
7378,
1156,
902,
10608,
6410,
304,
402,
1503,
680,
322,
756,
1951,
4586,
278,
5232,
6520,
1250,
304,
29527,
749,
3033,
6751,
297,
871,
697,
25927,
2750,
263,
285,
14643,
411,
263,
15613,
2407,
297,
902,
1833,
3023,
714,
886,
29889,
13,
28575,
894,
29879,
448,
317,
16668,
19160,
660,
29987,
29909,
411,
3082,
4827,
8155,
29901,
13,
17406,
8155,
310,
22228,
19682,
29892,
7660,
29892,
338,
5279,
16330,
297,
278,
3303,
3900,
8811,
472,
7236,
1704,
1100,
29892,
21137,
297,
278,
2787,
4134,
9193,
2810,
7835,
29889,
7133,
902,
28800,
6413,
29892,
1183,
13126,
385,
21210,
573,
2407,
310,
29871,
29945,
29941,
29899,
29947,
13949,
1195,
1218,
297,
902,
28694,
297,
278,
15069,
3631,
501,
29889,
29903,
29889,
19025,
8583,
3201,
2719,
363,
12944,
3800,
414,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
29889,
7133,
278,
3367,
1338,
29892,
4827,
2113,
902,
937,
1993,
541,
8379,
3273,
310,
3907,
278,
19025,
8583,
19035,
902,
2446,
1023,
640,
9197,
29892,
541,
902,
19174,
29899,
552,
5832,
946,
3663,
573,
3800,
292,
3114,
471,
10548,
29892,
3907,
902,
263,
10676,
640,
1581,
363,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29953,
501,
29889,
29903,
29889,
19025,
11773,
292,
8583,
29889,
13,
29931,
994,
310,
422,
10222,
12453,
13,
29984,
29901,
3750,
1258,
366,
5988,
278,
3148,
8811,
29973,
13,
29909,
29901,
306,
8772,
278,
8811,
304,
12359,
434,
590,
3800,
292,
6413,
29889,
450,
8811,
4846,
592,
385,
714,
1026,
393,
4944,
2304,
29892,
607,
338,
3721,
825,
306,
4312,
29889,
306,
4312,
4856,
297,
590,
11155,
304,
1371,
592,
679,
304,
278,
2446,
3233,
29889,
13,
29984,
29901,
1724,
674,
596,
4982,
313,
29924,
3267,
29897,
367,
408,
385,
8811,
20767,
29973,
13,
29909,
29901,
306,
8772,
278,
3159,
28286,
13223,
304,
9801,
393,
306,
750,
263,
6413,
1090,
592,
29889,
13,
29984,
29901,
1724,
471,
278,
937,
3926,
12944,
501,
29889,
29903,
29889,
19025,
8583,
3201,
2719,
763,
363,
366,
29973,
13,
29909,
29901,
1619,
19025,
8602,
1338,
7271,
471,
13568,
6288,
29889,
306,
471,
760,
310,
4955,
297,
1906,
640,
9197,
29889,
19361,
744,
3800,
414,
505,
1063,
17770,
363,
278,
1492,
304,
5221,
403,
297,
278,
16373,
363,
263,
1472,
931,
29889,
306,
29915,
29885,
22314,
393,
306,
471,
2221,
304,
5221,
403,
297,
278,
937,
3926,
501,
29889,
29903,
29889,
19025,
8602,
1338,
363,
5866,
29889,
306,
20722,
590,
5192,
714,
29892,
322,
306,
29915,
29885,
7960,
304,
748,
363,
263,
6650,
18416,
297,
11611,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29953,
29889,
13,
29968,
29949,
10951,
342,
29915,
29879,
22554,
568,
1938,
2256,
349,
618,
29899,
1454,
29899,
29925,
618,
17450,
886,
29901,
13,
8431,
407,
338,
396,
29953,
349,
618,
363,
349,
618,
13,
29896,
29899,
21325,
11836,
5032,
1416,
14116,
313,
29906,
29906,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29953,
476,
24768,
29897,
27440,
13,
29906,
29899,
1425,
983,
530,
1107,
433,
383,
20225,
313,
29896,
29955,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29929,
476,
24768,
29897,
13798,
13,
29941,
29899,
319,
1564,
22980,
313,
29896,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29899,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29945,
476,
24768,
29897,
8278,
13,
29946,
29899,
2819,
1099,
7904,
1050,
313,
29896,
29945,
29899,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29955,
476,
24768,
29897,
9556,
13,
29945,
29899,
23010,
983,
678,
1351,
29920,
313,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29941,
29899,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29946,
476,
24768,
29897,
12568,
13,
29953,
29899,
3869,
983,
612,
324,
5863,
1952,
407,
313,
29906,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
476,
24768,
29897,
13798,
13,
29955
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.247327 | -0.290709 | 0.840243 | -0.120416 |
Home/Actors/Ving Rhames Net Worth
Ving Rhames Net Worth
Tom Ford December 14, 2020
Ving Rhames Net Worth is
Ving Rhames Biography
Irving Rameses Rhames, professionally referred to as Ving Rhames, can be an American actor with a net really worth of $16 million. Ving has acted in lots of movies over a profession which has spanned three years, but he's probably most widely known for his function in Pulp Fiction. He in addition has performed in various other iconic films. Ving was created on 12th Might 1959 in NEW YORK. His parents had been Reather, a house maker and Ernest Rhames, a car mechanic. His parents had been from SC. Irving was called after a well-known NBC information reader Irving R. His parents had been surviving in South Carolina. Rhames was raised in Harlem. He visited the New York's SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL of Performing Arts – that's where he has obtained the acting abilities. In 1984, Irving debuted on Broadway with the play "The Males of Winter". It had been around 1994 that he started acting in movies. Ving first made an appearance in "The People Beneath the Stairs", that was directed by Wes Craven. He made an appearance in Pulp Fiction as Marsellus Wallace – that is essentially the most famous of most his depictions. Ving also made an appearance in ER, Objective: Difficult of 1996 along with Tom Cruise, a film that became an extremely big commercial achievement. He starred in Con Air flow in 1997. Furthermore, Ving Rhames has made an appearance in lots of other iconic movies. For his overall performance in Don King: Just in the us, a 1998 Television series, Rhames gained his first Golden World Award as the very best Actor. But Rhames offered aside the award to fellow nominee Jack Lemmon as he experienced that Jack was the rightful champion. A few of his other functions is seen in American Tragedy, Baby Boy, Holiday Center, Lilo & Stitch, Dawn of the Dead, and Day time of the Lifeless. Ving Rhames appeared 1st in The Males of Winter season during theyear 1984. ? Ving Rhames also made an appearance in a few movies, which became large successes, such as for example "Mission Difficult", where he appeared following to Tom Cruise. Ving Rhames net well worth in 2014-2015 is $16,000,000 while like others Ving Rhames gets also paid by sponsorship, etc, endorsement, advertisements and featuring. We estimated annual income around $1,882,353
as Marsellus Wallace
Mission: Impossible III (2006)
as Luther Stickell
as Kenneth
Mission: Impossible II (2000)
Full Name Ving Rhames
Net Worth $16 Million
Date Of Birth May 12, 1959
Profession Television producer, Film producer, Voice Actor
Education State University of New York at Purchase, Juilliard School, High School of Performing Arts
Spouse Deborah Reed, Valerie Scott
Children Reign Beau Rhames, Freedom Rhames
Parents Ernest Rhames, Reather Rhames
Siblings Junior Rhames
Nominations Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special, Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series, NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie, Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Comedy or Musical
Movies Pulp Fiction, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, Mission: Impossible III, Dawn of the Dead, Piranha 3D, Undisputed, Mission:
|
[
8778,
29914,
2865,
943,
29914,
29963,
292,
7861,
1280,
12670,
399,
2072,
13,
29963,
292,
7861,
1280,
12670,
399,
2072,
13,
21599,
14601,
5846,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29900,
13,
29963,
292,
7861,
1280,
12670,
399,
2072,
338,
13,
29963,
292,
7861,
1280,
17093,
13,
29902,
29878,
1747,
390,
1280,
267,
7861,
1280,
29892,
6351,
635,
12992,
304,
408,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
29892,
508,
367,
385,
3082,
11339,
411,
263,
7787,
2289,
7088,
310,
395,
29896,
29953,
7284,
29889,
478,
292,
756,
27320,
297,
14568,
310,
2351,
583,
975,
263,
6351,
607,
756,
805,
11310,
2211,
2440,
29892,
541,
540,
29915,
29879,
3117,
1556,
17644,
2998,
363,
670,
740,
297,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
29889,
940,
297,
6124,
756,
8560,
297,
5164,
916,
9849,
293,
12298,
29889,
478,
292,
471,
2825,
373,
29871,
29896,
29906,
386,
341,
523,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29929,
297,
29091,
612,
1955,
29968,
29889,
3600,
11825,
750,
1063,
830,
1624,
29892,
263,
3699,
2136,
261,
322,
23993,
7861,
1280,
29892,
263,
1559,
7208,
293,
29889,
3600,
11825,
750,
1063,
515,
12314,
29889,
6600,
1747,
471,
2000,
1156,
263,
1532,
29899,
5203,
405,
5371,
2472,
9591,
6600,
1747,
390,
29889,
3600,
11825,
750,
1063,
10503,
4357,
297,
4275,
13397,
29889,
7861,
1280,
471,
10425,
297,
3536,
2409,
29889,
940,
16669,
278,
1570,
3088,
29915,
29879,
317,
1430,
29902,
1955,
379,
6259,
29950,
317,
3210,
29949,
5607,
310,
27313,
292,
11401,
785,
393,
29915,
29879,
988,
540,
756,
7625,
278,
16684,
633,
9770,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
29892,
6600,
1747,
2553,
3860,
373,
23291,
411,
278,
1708,
376,
1576,
341,
2122,
310,
12267,
1642,
739,
750,
1063,
2820,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
393,
540,
4687,
16684,
297,
2351,
583,
29889,
478,
292,
937,
1754,
385,
10097,
297,
376,
1576,
11647,
350,
1600,
493,
278,
624,
7121,
613,
393,
471,
10624,
491,
23976,
14279,
854,
29889,
940,
1754,
385,
10097,
297,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
408,
16852,
514,
375,
5260,
1265,
785,
393,
338,
13674,
278,
1556,
13834,
310,
1556,
670,
1401,
919,
1080,
29889,
478,
292,
884,
1754,
385,
10097,
297,
8982,
29892,
4669,
573,
29901,
360,
2593,
3953,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
3412,
411,
4335,
11263,
895,
29892,
263,
2706,
393,
3897,
385,
14154,
4802,
12128,
27012,
882,
29889,
940,
5810,
1127,
297,
1281,
5593,
4972,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29889,
16478,
29892,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
756,
1754,
385,
10097,
297,
14568,
310,
916,
9849,
293,
2351,
583,
29889,
1152,
670,
12463,
4180,
297,
3872,
4088,
29901,
3387,
297,
278,
502,
29892,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
22417,
3652,
29892,
7861,
1280,
17515,
670,
937,
16108,
2787,
7526,
408,
278,
1407,
1900,
319,
2801,
29889,
1205,
7861,
1280,
12520,
17786,
278,
9862,
304,
10404,
2245,
457,
29872,
5457,
8836,
3712,
408,
540,
18860,
393,
5457,
471,
278,
1492,
1319,
8064,
29889,
319,
2846,
310,
670,
916,
3168,
338,
3595,
297,
3082,
323,
1431,
7584,
29892,
26835,
16231,
29892,
4168,
22394,
7817,
29892,
365,
7820,
669,
624,
2335,
29892,
7266,
1233,
310,
278,
16992,
29892,
322,
8373,
931,
310,
278,
365,
361,
6393,
29889,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
7470,
29871,
29896,
303,
297,
450,
341,
2122,
310,
12267,
4259,
2645,
896,
799,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
29889,
1577,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
884,
1754,
385,
10097,
297,
263,
2846,
2351,
583,
29892,
607,
3897,
2919,
2551,
267,
29892,
1316,
408,
363,
1342,
376,
29924,
2333,
360,
2593,
3953,
613,
988,
540,
7470,
1494,
304,
4335,
11263,
895,
29889,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
7787,
1532,
7088,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
29899,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
338,
395,
29896,
29953,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
1550,
763,
4045,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
4947,
884,
12530,
491,
21955,
272,
3527,
29892,
2992,
29892,
1095,
943,
882,
29892,
18811,
275,
4110,
322,
23425,
29889,
1334,
15899,
17568,
17869,
2820,
395,
29896,
29892,
29947,
29947,
29906,
29892,
29941,
29945,
29941,
13,
294,
16852,
514,
375,
5260,
1265,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
4786,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
29897,
13,
294,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
294,
28576,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
1944,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29897,
13,
13658,
4408,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
13,
6779,
399,
2072,
395,
29896,
29953,
8649,
291,
13,
2539,
4587,
350,
7515,
2610,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29929,
13,
1184,
29888,
1211,
22417,
14297,
29892,
4643,
14297,
29892,
4785,
625,
319,
2801,
13,
29923,
29392,
4306,
3014,
310,
1570,
3088,
472,
349,
27574,
29892,
5342,
12840,
538,
4523,
29892,
5057,
4523,
310,
27313,
292,
11401,
13,
5592,
1709,
7089,
272,
801,
830,
287,
29892,
2630,
10681,
8075,
13,
19334,
830,
647,
23826,
7861,
1280,
29892,
3878,
11607,
7861,
1280,
13,
2177,
1237,
23993,
7861,
1280,
29892,
830,
1624,
7861,
1280,
13,
29903,
747,
18964,
15897,
7861,
1280,
13,
29940,
5817,
800,
9724,
5410,
2812,
1357,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
951,
328,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
28873,
10488,
470,
263,
7871,
29892,
8598,
2477,
29925,
7084,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
29892,
8598,
2477,
29925,
7084,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
29892,
8598,
2477,
29925,
7084,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
22417,
7871,
29892,
341,
2172,
29899,
19204,
470,
360,
2572,
2454,
12630,
29892,
12178,
20911,
7526,
363,
6407,
319,
2801,
785,
3080,
275,
6358,
470,
22417,
4643,
29892,
8598,
2477,
29925,
7084,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
360,
20556,
10488,
29892,
8598,
2477,
29925,
7084,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
422,
7584,
10488,
29892,
22666,
3185,
943,
2088,
789,
7526,
363,
4451,
11235,
23768,
491,
263,
27208,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
3080,
275,
6358,
470,
22417,
7871,
29892,
12178,
20911,
7526,
363,
6407,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
785,
422,
7584,
470,
28554,
13,
29924,
586,
583,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
29892,
18971,
29901,
1954,
27338,
785,
9272,
434,
22900,
29892,
18971,
29901,
1954,
27338,
4786,
29892,
7266,
1233,
310,
278,
16992,
29892,
16937,
29014,
29871,
29941,
29928,
29892,
14211,
275,
649,
287,
29892,
18971,
29901
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.306153 | -1.468449 | 0.201855 | -1.650917 |
Impossible II, I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, Con Air, Bringing Out the Dead, Baby Boy, Death Race 2, Holiday Heart, Entrapment, Out of Sight, Lilo & Stitch, The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard, The Tournament, Jamesy Boy, Casualties of War, Surrogates, Phantom Punch, The People Under the Stairs, Don King: Only in America, Death Race 3: Inferno, Echelon Conspiracy, Force of Execution, The Wrath of Cain, Dave, Soldiers of Fortune, Jacob's Ladder, Rosewood, Dangerous Ground, Day of the Dead, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, The Long Walk Home, Kiss of Death, Zombie Apocalypse, Animal 2, Mission: Impossible, Striptease, Seven Below, Operation: Endgame, The Saint of Fort Washington, Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot, American Tragedy, Drop Squad, Shooting Gallery, Give 'Em Hell, Malone, King of the Avenue, Idlewild
TV Shows Monday Mornings, Gravity, Kojak, Another World, American Gangster
1 Is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to be in all the Mission Impossible movies (1996-2015).
2 Lives in Los Angeles, California.
3 Was considered for the role of John Coffey in The Green Mile (1999).
4 The son of a mechanic and a homemaker, and the youngest of two boys.
5 Put on 30 pounds to look more imposing for his role in Striptease.
6 Is a huge fan of boxing and often goes to live major events.
7 Raised on 126th Street in the Harlem area of New York City.
8 In 1993, during the filming of The Saint of Fort Washington in New York City, Rhames was unexpectedly reunited with his brother, Junior, a troubled, homeless Vietnam veteran who'd been estranged from the Rhames family for years.
9 He credits his strong religious faith as a key to his success.
10 Was named after retired NBC journalist Irving R. Levine.
11 Invited to join AMPAS in 2006.
12 Was considered for the role of Ben in Night of the Living Dead (1990). He later starred in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008).
13 Daughter is named Reign Beau
14 He says people are often surprised that he isn't bigger in person, as he stands a little bit less than 6 feet tall and weighs a little over 200 pounds. He is, however, quite strong for his size, being able to bench press over 300 pounds.
15 Step-daughter, Tiffany 15 years old. Daughter, Reignbeau, born 2000. Son, Freedom, born February 2002.
16 Won a Golden Globe in 1998 for best actor in a TV miniseries for his performance in HBO's Don King: Only in America (1997). At the ceremony Rhames gave his award to Jack Lemmon, saying "I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you." Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture, as was the celebrity audience, who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was "one of the sweetest moments I've ever known in my life." The Hollywood Foreign Press Association announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames.
17 Engaged to Deborah Reed (2000).
18 Was given the nickname he goes by, "Ving," by his one time roomate Stanley Tucci, when together for a time at SUNY Purchase.
19 Education: Juilliard, NY (Drama)
20 Spent two years as part of the acting class of 1982 at the State University of New York at Purchase (SUNY Purchase) before returning to Julliard.
1 Characters often use metaphors to explain their opinion or feelings (See: "a wave is crashing over me" from _I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2008)_,
|
[
1954,
27338,
1944,
29892,
306,
2567,
1588,
265,
21543,
887,
678,
2707,
669,
26977,
29892,
1281,
5593,
29892,
1771,
292,
292,
4451,
278,
16992,
29892,
26835,
16231,
29892,
14450,
23613,
29871,
29906,
29892,
4168,
22394,
17778,
29892,
4284,
2390,
358,
29892,
4451,
310,
317,
523,
29892,
365,
7820,
669,
624,
2335,
29892,
450,
7197,
29879,
29901,
10782,
10999,
29892,
317,
514,
10999,
29892,
450,
29427,
29892,
5011,
29891,
16231,
29892,
6960,
950,
2938,
310,
3362,
29892,
6298,
9102,
1078,
29892,
1963,
15762,
349,
3322,
29892,
450,
11647,
7634,
278,
624,
7121,
29892,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
29892,
14450,
23613,
29871,
29941,
29901,
512,
571,
1217,
29892,
382,
305,
295,
265,
2138,
1631,
10068,
29892,
11004,
310,
11080,
918,
29892,
450,
399,
29878,
493,
310,
315,
475,
29892,
17841,
29892,
19019,
4285,
310,
7236,
1540,
29892,
10968,
29915,
29879,
19955,
672,
29892,
14008,
6115,
29892,
360,
4600,
681,
1632,
618,
29892,
8373,
310,
278,
16992,
29892,
9550,
18089,
8995,
29901,
450,
1706,
381,
1169,
23732,
29892,
450,
6242,
12878,
8778,
29892,
476,
790,
310,
14450,
29892,
796,
3424,
347,
6225,
18642,
1478,
344,
29892,
22809,
29871,
29906,
29892,
18971,
29901,
1954,
27338,
29892,
624,
6472,
371,
559,
29892,
26647,
13866,
29892,
20462,
29901,
2796,
11802,
29892,
450,
4107,
310,
7236,
7660,
29892,
22303,
29991,
1394,
1619,
341,
290,
2811,
17550,
327,
29892,
3082,
323,
1431,
7584,
29892,
20724,
18827,
29892,
17550,
11427,
15230,
29892,
25538,
525,
6026,
19339,
29892,
3792,
650,
29892,
4088,
310,
278,
18874,
29892,
5163,
280,
29893,
789,
13,
8050,
1383,
1242,
27822,
341,
1398,
886,
29892,
4989,
17037,
29892,
476,
3848,
557,
29892,
7280,
2787,
29892,
3082,
26531,
2475,
13,
29896,
1317,
278,
871,
11339,
18034,
4335,
11263,
895,
304,
367,
297,
599,
278,
18971,
1954,
27338,
2351,
583,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
29899,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
467,
13,
29906,
365,
3145,
297,
4602,
10722,
29892,
8046,
29889,
13,
29941,
12547,
5545,
363,
278,
6297,
310,
2259,
315,
2696,
1032,
297,
450,
7646,
341,
488,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
467,
13,
29946,
450,
1487,
310,
263,
7208,
293,
322,
263,
3632,
331,
5790,
29892,
322,
278,
4123,
342,
310,
1023,
12544,
29889,
13,
29945,
12065,
373,
29871,
29941,
29900,
24261,
304,
1106,
901,
7275,
292,
363,
670,
6297,
297,
624,
6472,
371,
559,
29889,
13,
29953,
1317,
263,
12176,
13524,
310,
3800,
292,
322,
4049,
5771,
304,
5735,
4655,
4959,
29889,
13,
29955,
390,
1759,
287,
373,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29953,
386,
7103,
297,
278,
3536,
2409,
4038,
310,
1570,
3088,
4412,
29889,
13,
29947,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
29892,
2645,
278,
2706,
292,
310,
450,
4107,
310,
7236,
7660,
297,
1570,
3088,
4412,
29892,
7861,
1280,
471,
15668,
368,
23038,
1573,
411,
670,
8099,
29892,
15897,
29892,
263,
7458,
29881,
29892,
3632,
6393,
18444,
25808,
273,
1058,
29915,
29881,
1063,
707,
29878,
4618,
515,
278,
7861,
1280,
3942,
363,
2440,
29889,
13,
29929,
940,
6625,
1169,
670,
4549,
12962,
10847,
408,
263,
1820,
304,
670,
2551,
29889,
13,
29896,
29900,
12547,
4257,
1156,
16528,
405,
5371,
24452,
6600,
1747,
390,
29889,
20708,
457,
29889,
13,
29896,
29896,
15518,
1573,
304,
5988,
319,
3580,
3289,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
29889,
13,
29896,
29906,
12547,
5545,
363,
278,
6297,
310,
4111,
297,
11554,
310,
278,
26176,
16992,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
467,
940,
2678,
5810,
1127,
297,
7266,
1233,
310,
278,
16992,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29946,
29897,
322,
8373,
310,
278,
16992,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
467,
13,
29896,
29941,
360,
6334,
357,
338,
4257,
830,
647,
23826,
13,
29896,
29946,
940,
4083,
2305,
526,
4049,
18014,
393,
540,
3508,
29915,
29873,
16600,
297,
2022,
29892,
408,
540,
15028,
263,
2217,
2586,
3109,
1135,
29871,
29953,
6900,
15655,
322,
591,
1141,
29879,
263,
2217,
975,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
24261,
29889,
940,
338,
29892,
3138,
29892,
3755,
4549,
363,
670,
2159,
29892,
1641,
2221,
304,
3856,
305,
3965,
975,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
24261,
29889,
13,
29896,
29945,
16696,
29899,
29881,
6334,
357,
29892,
323,
2593,
1384,
29871,
29896,
29945,
2440,
2030,
29889,
360,
6334,
357,
29892,
830,
647,
915,
585,
29892,
6345,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29889,
5791,
29892,
3878,
11607,
29892,
6345,
6339,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29889,
13,
29896,
29953,
399,
265,
263,
16108,
21806,
915,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
363,
1900,
11339,
297,
263,
5648,
1375,
275,
6358,
363,
670,
4180,
297,
379,
8456,
29915,
29879,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
467,
2180,
278,
25672,
7861,
1280,
4846,
670,
9862,
304,
5457,
8836,
3712,
29892,
5934,
376,
29902,
4459,
393,
1641,
385,
7664,
338,
1048,
6820,
29892,
322,
306,
29915,
29881,
763,
304,
2367,
445,
304,
366,
1213,
8836,
3712,
471,
9436,
23051,
491,
278,
29502,
29892,
408,
471,
278,
10894,
537,
20026,
29892,
1058,
4846,
8836,
3712,
263,
13407,
15397,
362,
29889,
8836,
3712,
29892,
1058,
1898,
443,
8698,
3730,
304,
2367,
278,
9862,
1250,
304,
7861,
1280,
29892,
1497,
372,
471,
376,
650,
310,
278,
14225,
342,
19462,
306,
29915,
345,
3926,
2998,
297,
590,
2834,
1213,
450,
19180,
19358,
5254,
7993,
9326,
2678,
393,
896,
723,
505,
263,
7929,
9862,
13240,
363,
7861,
1280,
29889,
13,
29896,
29955,
2201,
4063,
304,
7089,
272,
801,
830,
287,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
467,
13,
29896,
29947,
12547,
2183,
278,
25985,
978,
540,
5771,
491,
29892,
376,
29963,
292,
1699,
491,
670,
697,
931,
5716,
403,
21631,
323,
27004,
29892,
746,
4208,
363,
263,
931,
472,
317,
3904,
29979,
349,
27574,
29889,
13,
29896,
29929,
13151,
29901,
5342,
12840,
538,
29892,
23526,
313,
29928,
20556,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
1706,
296,
1023,
2440,
408,
760,
310,
278,
16684,
770,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
472,
278,
4306,
3014,
310,
1570,
3088,
472,
349,
27574,
313,
29903,
3904,
29979,
349,
27574,
29897,
1434,
7863,
304,
2739,
492,
538,
29889,
13,
29896,
2896,
21706,
4049,
671,
1539,
12451,
943,
304,
5649,
1009,
9426,
470,
21737,
313,
13393,
29901,
376,
29874,
10742,
338,
8095,
292,
975,
592,
29908,
515,
903,
29902,
2567,
1588,
265,
21543,
887,
678,
2707,
322,
26977,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
29897,
3383
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.808931 | -0.839023 | 1.485803 | -1.263865 |
"You are adrift in the sea of my patience" in _Lilo And Stitch (2002)_.)
2 A deep, booming voice
1 I don't give Hollywood the power to limit me. Only God can limit me.
2 I don't believe in breakthroughs. Pulp Fiction was just part of the process to get me to where I am now. I would say Rosewood is much more important to me than Pulp Fiction, because it's historical.
3 I grew up in a poverty-stricken neighborhood, but I didn't really know I was a deprived, poverty-stricken child until the media made me aware of it.
4 The only difference between working on a huge-budget film and a lesser-budget film, is the quality of lunch and dinner.
5 I was never a struggling actor, for which I feel very blessed.
6 Since God is the foundation of my life, anything that streams from that can only be positive.
7 I graduated on a Friday and started working on Monday, doing Shakespeare in the Park with Kevin Kline in Richard III. (On Julliard)
8 Quite honestly I never had a desire to be an actor. I tell people, I did not choose acting; acting chose me. I never grew up wanting to be an actor. I wanted to play football. In about 9th grade an English teacher told me I had a talent to act. He said I should audition for a performing arts high school so I did on a whim. I got accepted. Then I got accepted at the Julliard School and by then I was serious about it. I think God has blessed each of us with at least one gift. So I think it's a matter of do we find it within our lifetime. I think that's what God blessed me with. I think I am doing what God put me on this planet to do.
9 Oftentimes they are. But I can't live my life trying to change me to appease someone else. If someone's intimidated by me, that's something they have to deal with. When I walk down the streets of New York and an old woman grabs her purse when I pass by, I'm not going to give it a whole lot of energy because I'm not in the wrong, I'm a millionaire and I'm not thinking about grabbing an old woman's purse. Also, there's a difference between presence and physical size. I think I've been blessed with screen presence, but if you look at me next to John Travolta, for example, John's bigger than I am. I do work out and I am muscular, but I am not that big a man. (On if people are intimidated by his size)
10 My approach to the work is the same, whether I had the lead or a supporting role. I consider myself a character actor in the true sense of the word. Unless I'm doing my autobiography, I'm playing a character.
11 I must say that some things some men are born to do. I think I was born to kick ass.
12 "I'm not gay. I'm not homophobic. And I've never been raped. So it was acting. I look at it as the most powerful man in the movie being in one of the most vulnerable positions. And what that did was cause the audience to feel for him. It shows that no matter how hard-core you think you are, this could happen to you." - On his role as Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction.
13 "I wouldn't say I'm a fan of it, because quite honestly, I'm more interested in films that deal with the human condition. Mission:Impossible is basically entertainment, and for what it is, it's fine. I don't think most actors become actors to do that type of film."
On his role in the Mission: Impossible Franchise.
14 I bought a new house ... It's just a little, you know, I hate to say it, but even looking at the sort of money that they spend on films now, and looking at the problems that we have in the world, it's a little ridiculous ... I just think that the industry is out of hand and something's gonna give eventually.
All Ving Rhames pictures
Won Awards
Award shared with
2001 Special Mention Locarno International Film Festival Baby Boy (2001) John Singleton (director)
Omar Gooding
Tamara LaSeon Bass
|
[
376,
3492,
526,
594,
7532,
297,
278,
7205,
310,
590,
282,
24701,
29908,
297,
903,
29931,
7820,
1126,
624,
2335,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
20344,
1846,
13,
29906,
319,
6483,
29892,
1045,
28826,
7314,
13,
29896,
306,
1016,
29915,
29873,
2367,
19180,
278,
3081,
304,
4046,
592,
29889,
9333,
4177,
508,
4046,
592,
29889,
13,
29906,
306,
1016,
29915,
29873,
4658,
297,
2867,
20678,
29879,
29889,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
471,
925,
760,
310,
278,
1889,
304,
679,
592,
304,
988,
306,
626,
1286,
29889,
306,
723,
1827,
14008,
6115,
338,
1568,
901,
4100,
304,
592,
1135,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
29892,
1363,
372,
29915,
29879,
15839,
29889,
13,
29941,
306,
13631,
701,
297,
263,
25273,
1017,
29899,
710,
21475,
18403,
29892,
541,
306,
3282,
29915,
29873,
2289,
1073,
306,
471,
263,
1401,
1150,
287,
29892,
25273,
1017,
29899,
710,
21475,
2278,
2745,
278,
5745,
1754,
592,
9543,
310,
372,
29889,
13,
29946,
450,
871,
4328,
1546,
1985,
373,
263,
12176,
29899,
15841,
657,
2706,
322,
263,
3109,
261,
29899,
15841,
657,
2706,
29892,
338,
278,
11029,
310,
301,
3322,
322,
17803,
29889,
13,
29945,
306,
471,
2360,
263,
20042,
11339,
29892,
363,
607,
306,
4459,
1407,
1999,
11517,
29889,
13,
29953,
4001,
4177,
338,
278,
22778,
310,
590,
2834,
29892,
3099,
393,
20873,
515,
393,
508,
871,
367,
6374,
29889,
13,
29955,
306,
23588,
373,
263,
28728,
322,
4687,
1985,
373,
27822,
29892,
2599,
23688,
297,
278,
4815,
411,
19323,
476,
1220,
297,
6123,
4786,
29889,
313,
2951,
2739,
492,
538,
29897,
13,
29947,
751,
568,
15993,
368,
306,
2360,
750,
263,
13521,
304,
367,
385,
11339,
29889,
306,
2649,
2305,
29892,
306,
1258,
451,
6755,
16684,
29936,
16684,
12784,
592,
29889,
306,
2360,
13631,
701,
24507,
304,
367,
385,
11339,
29889,
306,
5131,
304,
1708,
5733,
29889,
512,
1048,
29871,
29929,
386,
19468,
385,
4223,
15703,
5429,
592,
306,
750,
263,
24242,
304,
1044,
29889,
940,
1497,
306,
881,
12990,
654,
363,
263,
15859,
16930,
1880,
3762,
577,
306,
1258,
373,
263,
377,
326,
29889,
306,
2355,
9259,
29889,
1987,
306,
2355,
9259,
472,
278,
2739,
492,
538,
4523,
322,
491,
769,
306,
471,
10676,
1048,
372,
29889,
306,
1348,
4177,
756,
1999,
11517,
1269,
310,
502,
411,
472,
3203,
697,
19797,
29889,
1105,
306,
1348,
372,
29915,
29879,
263,
4383,
310,
437,
591,
1284,
372,
2629,
1749,
25423,
29889,
306,
1348,
393,
29915,
29879,
825,
4177,
1999,
11517,
592,
411,
29889,
306,
1348,
306,
626,
2599,
825,
4177,
1925,
592,
373,
445,
15754,
304,
437,
29889,
13,
29929,
438,
615,
296,
1355,
896,
526,
29889,
1205,
306,
508,
29915,
29873,
5735,
590,
2834,
1811,
304,
1735,
592,
304,
5929,
559,
4856,
1683,
29889,
960,
4856,
29915,
29879,
938,
326,
333,
630,
491,
592,
29892,
393,
29915,
29879,
1554,
896,
505,
304,
5376,
411,
29889,
1932,
306,
6686,
1623,
278,
19756,
310,
1570,
3088,
322,
385,
2030,
6114,
2646,
5824,
902,
3708,
344,
746,
306,
1209,
491,
29892,
306,
29915,
29885,
451,
2675,
304,
2367,
372,
263,
3353,
3287,
310,
5864,
1363,
306,
29915,
29885,
451,
297,
278,
2743,
29892,
306,
29915,
29885,
263,
7284,
5218,
322,
306,
29915,
29885,
451,
7291,
1048,
2646,
1327,
292,
385,
2030,
6114,
29915,
29879,
3708,
344,
29889,
3115,
29892,
727,
29915,
29879,
263,
4328,
1546,
10122,
322,
9128,
2159,
29889,
306,
1348,
306,
29915,
345,
1063,
1999,
11517,
411,
4315,
10122,
29892,
541,
565,
366,
1106,
472,
592,
2446,
304,
2259,
3201,
1555,
941,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
2259,
29915,
29879,
16600,
1135,
306,
626,
29889,
306,
437,
664,
714,
322,
306,
626,
2301,
16637,
29892,
541,
306,
626,
451,
393,
4802,
263,
767,
29889,
313,
2951,
565,
2305,
526,
938,
326,
333,
630,
491,
670,
2159,
29897,
13,
29896,
29900,
1619,
2948,
304,
278,
664,
338,
278,
1021,
29892,
3692,
306,
750,
278,
3275,
470,
263,
20382,
6297,
29889,
306,
2050,
6142,
263,
2931,
11339,
297,
278,
1565,
4060,
310,
278,
1734,
29889,
25870,
306,
29915,
29885,
2599,
590,
1120,
15647,
5275,
29892,
306,
29915,
29885,
8743,
263,
2931,
29889,
13,
29896,
29896,
306,
1818,
1827,
393,
777,
2712,
777,
1757,
526,
6345,
304,
437,
29889,
306,
1348,
306,
471,
6345,
304,
24817,
1223,
29889,
13,
29896,
29906,
376,
29902,
29915,
29885,
451,
23852,
29889,
306,
29915,
29885,
451,
3632,
3021,
711,
293,
29889,
1126,
306,
29915,
345,
2360,
1063,
1153,
9795,
29889,
1105,
372,
471,
16684,
29889,
306,
1106,
472,
372,
408,
278,
1556,
13988,
767,
297,
278,
14064,
1641,
297,
697,
310,
278,
1556,
23180,
519,
11909,
29889,
1126,
825,
393,
1258,
471,
4556,
278,
20026,
304,
4459,
363,
1075,
29889,
739,
3697,
393,
694,
4383,
920,
2898,
29899,
3221,
366,
1348,
366,
526,
29892,
445,
1033,
3799,
304,
366,
1213,
448,
1551,
670,
6297,
408,
16852,
514,
375,
5260,
1265,
297,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
29889,
13,
29896,
29941,
376,
29902,
7656,
29915,
29873,
1827,
306,
29915,
29885,
263,
13524,
310,
372,
29892,
1363,
3755,
15993,
368,
29892,
306,
29915,
29885,
901,
8852,
297,
12298,
393,
5376,
411,
278,
5199,
4195,
29889,
18971,
29901,
1888,
27338,
338,
8830,
22684,
358,
29892,
322,
363,
825,
372,
338,
29892,
372,
29915,
29879,
2691,
29889,
306,
1016,
29915,
29873,
1348,
1556,
29701,
4953,
29701,
304,
437,
393,
1134,
310,
2706,
1213,
13,
2951,
670,
6297,
297,
278,
18971,
29901,
1954,
27338,
1352,
305,
895,
29889,
13,
29896,
29946,
306,
18093,
263,
716,
3699,
2023,
739,
29915,
29879,
925,
263,
2217,
29892,
366,
1073,
29892,
306,
26277,
304,
1827,
372,
29892,
541,
1584,
3063,
472,
278,
2656,
310,
6909,
393,
896,
18864,
373,
12298,
1286,
29892,
322,
3063,
472,
278,
4828,
393,
591,
505,
297,
278,
3186,
29892,
372,
29915,
29879,
263,
2217,
8177,
12906,
681,
2023,
306,
925,
1348,
393,
278,
13661,
338,
714,
310,
1361,
322,
1554,
29915,
29879,
330,
11586,
2367,
10201,
29889,
13,
3596,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
14956,
13,
29956,
265,
9220,
13,
29909,
1328,
7258,
411,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
12630,
341,
2509,
5976,
279,
1217,
4623,
4643,
8518,
26835,
16231,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29897,
2259,
6106,
11285,
313,
11851,
272,
29897,
13,
29949,
3034,
7197,
292,
13,
29911,
314,
2518,
997,
2008,
265,
17328
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.115401 | -1.015522 | -0.498398 | -1.165837 |
Candy Ann Brown
A.J. Johnson
Angell Conwell
Kareem J. Grimes
Tracey Cherelle Jones
Kaylan Bolton
2000 ShoWest Award ShoWest Convention, USA Supporting Actor of the Year
1998 Golden Globe Golden Globes, USA Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Don King: Only in America (1997)
1998 OFTA Television Award Online Film & Television Association Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Don King: Only in America (1997)
1994 ACCA Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Cast Ensemble Pulp Fiction (1994) John Travolta
Nominated Awards
2015 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Outstanding Actor, TV Movie or Mini-Series A Day Late and a Dollar Short (2014)
2015 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special A Day Late and a Dollar Short (2014)
2006 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television Kojak (2005)
2004 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Film: Best Supporting Actor Dark Blue (2002)
2003 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Network/Cable - Best Actor Sins of the Father (2002)
2003 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Sins of the Father (2002)
2003 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series The Proud Family (2001)
2002 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Theatrical - Best Supporting Actor Baby Boy (2001)
2002 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Baby Boy (2001)
2002 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series UC: Undercover (2001)
2001 Black Reel Black Reel Awards Network/Cable - Best Actor Holiday Heart (2000)
2001 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Mission: Impossible II (2000)
2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Award Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actor - Action Entrapment (1999)
2000 Golden Satellite Award Satellite Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Comedy or Musical Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
1998 Primetime Emmy Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Don King: Only in America (1997)
1998 Black Film Award Acapulco Black Film Festival Best Actor Rosewood (1997)
1998 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Motion Picture Rosewood (1997)
1998 Image Award Image Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Television Movie or Mini-Series Don King: Only in America (1997)
1998 Golden Satellite Award Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television Don King: Only in America (1997)
1998 Actor Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries Don King: Only in America (1997)
ER 1994-1996 TV Series Walter Robbins
Striptease 1996 Shad
Mission: Impossible 1996 Luther Stickell
Deadly Whispers 1995 TV Movie Det. Jackson
Kiss of Death 1995 Omar
New York Undercover 1995 TV Series Max Villareal
Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning 1995 TV Movie Detective Artie Brown
Philly Heat 1994 TV Series DeWitt Wardlaw
Drop Squad 1994 Garvey
Pulp Fiction 1994 Marsellus Wallace
The Saint of Fort Washington 1993 Little Leroy
Dave 1993 Duane Stevenson
|
[
13,
29907,
13910,
8081,
9817,
13,
29909,
29889,
29967,
29889,
11717,
13,
9928,
514,
1281,
5872,
13,
29968,
598,
331,
435,
29889,
1632,
1355,
13,
11591,
29891,
23816,
1808,
10920,
13,
29968,
388,
6468,
8922,
880,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
17550,
16128,
7526,
17550,
16128,
26774,
29892,
8278,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
310,
278,
8905,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
16108,
21806,
915,
16108,
402,
2127,
267,
29892,
8278,
6407,
23768,
491,
385,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
3080,
275,
6358,
470,
7142,
291,
28908,
18266,
363,
22417,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
8079,
6040,
22417,
7526,
13542,
4643,
669,
22417,
7993,
6407,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
470,
3080,
275,
6358,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
319,
4174,
29909,
9220,
12594,
3121,
19184,
9220,
6407,
4834,
22521,
6967,
349,
15323,
383,
2463,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
29897,
2259,
3201,
1555,
941,
13,
29940,
5817,
630,
9220,
13,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
29892,
5648,
7871,
470,
341,
2172,
29899,
19204,
319,
8373,
23089,
322,
263,
360,
26810,
13899,
313,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
22417,
7871,
29892,
341,
2172,
29899,
19204,
470,
360,
2572,
2454,
12630,
319,
8373,
23089,
322,
263,
360,
26810,
13899,
313,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
6407,
319,
2801,
448,
22417,
476,
3848,
557,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29946,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
4643,
29901,
6407,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
15317,
10924,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
8527,
29914,
29907,
519,
448,
6407,
319,
2801,
317,
1144,
310,
278,
17852,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
22417,
7871,
29892,
341,
2172,
29899,
19204,
470,
360,
2572,
2454,
12630,
317,
1144,
310,
278,
17852,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
422,
7584,
10488,
450,
1588,
2736,
14662,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
450,
8141,
936,
448,
6407,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
26835,
16231,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
26835,
16231,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
360,
20556,
10488,
501,
29907,
29901,
7634,
11911,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
6054,
830,
295,
6054,
830,
295,
9220,
8527,
29914,
29907,
519,
448,
6407,
319,
2801,
4168,
22394,
17778,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
18971,
29901,
1954,
27338,
1944,
313,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
15658,
29890,
5402,
18189,
7526,
15658,
29890,
5402,
18189,
9220,
383,
17118,
568,
18601,
292,
319,
2801,
448,
9123,
4284,
2390,
358,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
29897,
13,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
16108,
12178,
20911,
7526,
12178,
20911,
9220,
6407,
23768,
491,
385,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
18601,
292,
1528,
280,
29892,
422,
7584,
470,
28554,
1771,
292,
292,
4451,
278,
16992,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
9724,
5410,
2812,
1357,
9724,
5410,
2812,
1357,
9220,
4451,
11235,
951,
328,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
3080,
275,
6358,
470,
263,
7871,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
6054,
4643,
7526,
319,
5030,
352,
1111,
6054,
4643,
8518,
6407,
319,
2801,
14008,
6115,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
951,
328,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
14008,
6115,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
7084,
7526,
7084,
9220,
4451,
11235,
951,
328,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
22417,
7871,
470,
341,
2172,
29899,
19204,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
16108,
12178,
20911,
7526,
12178,
20911,
9220,
6407,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
3080,
275,
6358,
470,
263,
7142,
291,
28908,
18266,
363,
22417,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
319,
2801,
22666,
3185,
943,
2088,
789,
9220,
4451,
11235,
23768,
491,
263,
27208,
319,
2801,
297,
263,
5648,
7871,
470,
3080,
275,
6358,
3872,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29897,
13,
1001,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
5648,
10488,
10705,
6417,
29890,
1144,
13,
855,
6472,
371,
559,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
1383,
328,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
29928,
1479,
368,
806,
275,
6774,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
5648,
7871,
5953,
29889,
11886,
13,
29968,
790,
310,
14450,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
438,
3034,
13,
4373,
3088,
7634,
11911,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
5648,
10488,
5918,
14439,
6370,
13,
3853,
4052,
29933,
475,
29915,
29879,
29871,
29947,
29955,
386,
349,
3757,
5562,
29901,
12790,
1076,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
5648,
7871,
5953,
522,
573,
3012,
347,
9817,
13,
4819,
9403,
940,
271,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
5648,
10488,
897,
29956,
986,
21910,
10653,
13,
15063,
18827,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
7455,
6950,
13,
29925,
15323,
383,
2463,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
16852,
514,
375,
5260,
1265,
13,
1576,
4107,
310,
7236,
7660,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
11143,
365,
1489,
29891,
13,
29928,
1351,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
5334,
1662,
26287,
265
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.300719 | -0.983726 | 0.287482 | -1.951958 |
Blood In, Blood Out 1993 Ivan
Terror on Track 9 1992 TV Movie Jellyroll
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot 1992 Mr. Stereo
The People Under the Stairs 1991 Leroy
L'Amérique en otage 1991 TV Movie Charles Jones
Screenplay 1991 TV Series Sergeant Blue
Homicide 1991 Randolph
Flight of the Intruder 1991 CPO Frank McRae
Jacob's Ladder 1990/I George
When You Remember Me 1990 TV Movie
The Long Walk Home 1990 Herbert Cotter
Rising Son 1990 TV Movie Ed
The Equalizer 1989 TV Series Luther 'Million' Paxton
Casualties of War 1989 Lt. Reilly
Men 1989 TV Series Charlie Hazard
Patty Hearst 1988 Cinque
Spenser: For Hire 1988 TV Series Henry Brown
Tour of Duty 1987 TV Series SP4 Tucker
Miami Vice 1985-1987 TV Series Walker Monroe / Georges
Native Son 1986 Jack
Crime Story 1986 TV Series Hector Lincoln
Another World 1986 TV Series Czaja Carnek
American Playhouse 1985 TV Series Young Gabriel
Go Tell It on the Mountain 1984 Young Gabriel
Con Man 2018 post-production Peanut
M:I 6 - Mission Impossible 2018 filming Luther Stickell
Bastards 2017 completed Rod Hamilton
The Star 2017 post-production Thaddeus the Dog (voice)
Minkow 2017 post-production Peanut
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 2017 Charlie-27
A Sunday Horse 2016 Mr. Valentine
Untitled NBA Project 2015 TV Movie Don D'Alessario
Operator 2015/I Richard
Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation 2015 Luther Stickell
A Day Late and a Dollar Short 2014 TV Movie Cecil
Jamesy Boy 2014 Conrad
Percentage 2014 Porter
Force of Execution 2013 Ice Man
Armed Response 2013 Officer Hall
Monday Mornings 2013 TV Series Dr. Jorge Villanueva
Death Race: Inferno 2013 Video Weyland
Btd 2012 Short Ken
Mafia 2012 Renzo Wes
Won't Back Down 2012 Principal Thompson
Money Fight 2012 Gene
Soldiers of Fortune 2012 Grimaud Tourneur
Piranha 3DD 2012 Deputy Fallon (uncredited)
7 Below 2012 Jack
Black Jack 2011 TV Movie
Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 Luther Stickell (uncredited)
Zombie Apocalypse 2011 TV Movie Henry
Julia X 2011 The Man
Pimp Bullies 2011 Miguel
The River Murders 2011 Captain Langley
Cubed 2011 TV Series Ving Rhames
Death Race 2 2010 Video Weyland
Caged Animal 2010 Cain
King of the Avenue 2010 Norman De'Sha
Piranha 3D 2010 Deputy Fallon
Operation: Endgame 2010 Judgement
Love Chronicles: Secrets Revealed 2010 Video Mike
Gravity 2010 TV Series Dogg McFee
'Master Harold' ... And the Boys 2010 Sam
Surrogates 2009 The Prophet
The Bridge to Nowhere 2009
The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard 2009 Jibby Newsome
Give 'em Hell Malone 2009 Boulder
The Tournament 2009 Joshua Harlow
Echelon Conspiracy 20
|
[
13,
29933,
417,
397,
512,
29892,
25122,
4451,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
16560,
13,
29911,
2704,
373,
17026,
29871,
29929,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
5648,
7871,
435,
14112,
1245,
13,
16329,
29991,
1394,
1619,
341,
290,
2811,
17550,
327,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
3237,
29889,
317,
12358,
29877,
13,
1576,
11647,
7634,
278,
624,
7121,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
365,
1489,
29891,
13,
29931,
29915,
6833,
20600,
427,
4932,
482,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
5648,
7871,
5322,
10920,
13,
11357,
1456,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
5648,
10488,
19068,
424,
10924,
13,
24259,
293,
680,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
17468,
22138,
13,
29943,
4366,
310,
278,
512,
509,
18309,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
315,
13152,
4976,
4052,
29934,
3660,
13,
24288,
711,
29915,
29879,
19955,
672,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
29914,
29902,
5122,
13,
10401,
887,
22738,
2191,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
5648,
7871,
13,
1576,
6242,
12878,
8778,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
19116,
26783,
357,
13,
29934,
5921,
5791,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
5648,
7871,
2155,
13,
1576,
11243,
284,
3950,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
5648,
10488,
24760,
525,
19169,
291,
29915,
2621,
486,
265,
13,
29907,
294,
950,
2938,
310,
3362,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
365,
29873,
29889,
830,
9403,
13,
28154,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
5648,
10488,
20283,
25606,
538,
13,
11457,
1017,
379,
799,
303,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
11972,
802,
13,
5592,
25594,
29901,
1152,
379,
533,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
5648,
10488,
6498,
9817,
13,
29911,
473,
310,
360,
329,
29891,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
5648,
10488,
10937,
29946,
323,
29583,
13,
29924,
18612,
21400,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
5648,
10488,
19512,
2598,
26968,
847,
18604,
13,
11024,
5791,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
5457,
13,
20647,
603,
13740,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
5648,
10488,
379,
3019,
17274,
13,
2744,
1228,
2787,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
5648,
10488,
15185,
9919,
1704,
6750,
13,
14689,
7412,
8697,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
5648,
10488,
10443,
18672,
13,
8120,
24948,
739,
373,
278,
18204,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
10443,
18672,
13,
1168,
2315,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29947,
1400,
29899,
24601,
3938,
273,
329,
13,
29924,
29901,
29902,
29871,
29953,
448,
18971,
1954,
27338,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29947,
2706,
292,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
29933,
579,
3163,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
8676,
7733,
12372,
13,
1576,
7828,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
1400,
29899,
24601,
498,
328,
311,
375,
278,
18776,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
29924,
682,
340,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
1400,
29899,
24601,
3938,
273,
329,
13,
9485,
538,
5834,
310,
278,
5208,
26825,
3684,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
20283,
29899,
29906,
29955,
13,
29909,
16340,
6912,
344,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29953,
3237,
29889,
26411,
457,
13,
29965,
593,
17707,
21517,
8010,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
5648,
7871,
3872,
360,
29915,
29909,
2222,
2628,
13,
26486,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
29914,
29902,
6123,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
448,
9272,
434,
22900,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
29909,
8373,
23089,
322,
263,
360,
26810,
13899,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
5648,
7871,
21325,
309,
13,
29470,
29891,
16231,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
1281,
3665,
13,
27933,
482,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
7102,
357,
13,
2831,
346,
310,
11080,
918,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
26998,
2315,
13,
1433,
2168,
13291,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
28288,
6573,
13,
29924,
898,
388,
341,
1398,
886,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
5648,
10488,
4942,
29889,
21801,
9887,
273,
434,
1564,
13,
2772,
493,
23613,
29901,
512,
571,
1217,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29941,
13987,
399,
1032,
1049,
13,
29933,
1594,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
13899,
10015,
13,
29924,
2142,
423,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
7493,
2502,
23976,
13,
29956,
265,
29915,
29873,
7437,
9943,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
14771,
7830,
22348,
13,
29924,
4992,
26650,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
15350,
13,
29903,
1025,
4285,
310,
7236,
1540,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
1632,
2946,
566,
6371,
16115,
13,
29925,
381,
29014,
29871,
29941,
7858,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
26721,
29891,
14053,
265,
313,
348,
11944,
1573,
29897,
13,
29955,
13866,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
5457,
13,
18700,
5457,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
5648,
7871,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
448,
28484,
1019,
5770,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
313,
348,
11944,
1573,
29897,
13,
29999,
3424,
347,
6225,
18642,
1478,
344,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
5648,
7871,
6498,
13,
27501,
423,
1060,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
450,
2315,
13,
29925,
6574,
8313,
3687,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
16682,
13,
1576,
6163,
7487,
8623,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
10842,
10476,
2330,
13,
29907,
431,
287,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
5648,
10488,
478,
292,
7861,
1280,
13,
2772,
493,
23613,
29871,
29906,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
13987,
399,
1032,
1049,
13,
29907,
4063,
22809,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
315,
475,
13,
29968,
292,
310,
278,
18874,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
21296,
897,
29915,
29903,
2350,
13,
29925,
381,
29014,
29871,
29941,
29928,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
26721,
29891,
14053,
265,
13,
10925,
29901,
2796,
11802,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
8660,
29887,
882,
13,
29931,
994,
15336,
4027,
29901,
5356,
27487,
830,
345,
7943,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
13987,
12828,
13,
29954,
5705,
537,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
5648,
10488,
18776,
29887,
4052,
29943,
3905,
13,
29915,
19203,
25422,
29915,
2023,
1126,
278,
22148,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
3685,
13,
18498,
9102,
1078,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
450,
1019,
561,
300,
13,
1576,
16230,
304,
2567,
4150,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
13,
1576,
7197,
29879,
29901,
10782,
10999,
29892,
317,
514,
10999,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
435,
747,
1609,
1570,
5372,
13,
29954,
573,
525,
331,
19339,
3792,
650,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
350,
483,
261,
13,
1576,
29427,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
22838,
3357,
3536,
677,
13,
29923,
305,
295,
265,
2138,
1631,
10068,
29871,
29906,
29900
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.599596 | -1.018767 | 0.569466 | -2.113862 |
09 Agent Dave Grant
Evil Angel 2009 Carruthers
Saving God 2008 Armstrong Cane
Phantom Punch 2008 Sonny Liston
Day of the Dead 2008 Video Captain Rhodes
Animal 2 2008 Animal
A Broken Life 2007 Vet
Football Wives 2007 TV Movie Frank Wallingford
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry 2007 Fred G. Duncan
Ascension Day 2007 Hark
Idlewild 2006 Spats
Aquaman 2006 TV Short McCaffery
Leroy & Stitch 2006 Video Cobra Bubbles (voice)
Mission: Impossible III 2006 Luther Stickell
Shooting Gallery 2005 Video Cue Ball Carl Bridgers
Animal 2005 Video Animal
Back in the Day 2005 J-Bone
Kojak 2005 TV Series Lieutenant Theo Kojak
Driv3r 2004 Video Game Tobias Jones (voice)
Dawn of the Dead 2004 Kenneth
Sin 2003 Eddie Burns
Mission: Impossible - Operation Surma 2003 Video Game Luther Stickell (voice)
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius 2003 TV Series Chief
Lilo & Stitch: The Series 2003 TV Series Cobra Bubbles
Stitch! The Movie 2003 Video Cobra Bubbles (voice)
The District 2002-2003 TV Series Attorney General Troy Hatcher
Freedom: A History of Us 2003 TV Series documentary W.E.B. DuBois Petitioner Josiah Benson
The System 2003 TV Series Andre Charles
Dark Blue 2002 Arthur Holland
The Proud Family 2002 TV Series Garrett Krebs
RFK 2002 TV Movie Judge Jones
Lilo & Stitch 2002 Cobra Bubbles (voice)
Undisputed 2002 George 'Iceman' Chambers
Little John 2002 TV Movie John Morgan
Sins of the Father 2002 TV Movie Garrick Jones
UC: Undercover 2001 TV Series Quito Real
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 2001 Ryan (voice)
Baby Boy 2001 Melvin 'Mel'
Holiday Heart 2000 TV Movie Holiday Heart
American Tragedy 2000 TV Movie Johnnie Cochran
Mission: Impossible II 2000 Luther Stickell
Bringing Out the Dead 1999 Marcus
Entrapment 1999 Aaron Thibadeaux
Out of Sight 1998 Buddy Bragg
Body Count 1998 Pike
Don King: Only in America 1997 TV Movie Don King
Con Air 1997 Diamond Dog
Rosewood 1997 Mann
Dangerous Ground 1997 Muki
King of the Avenue 2010 executive producer / producer
Phantom Punch 2008 producer
Animal 2 2008 executive producer
Ascension Day 2007 producer
The Final Chapter 2007 Short executive producer
Animal 2005 Video executive producer
Back in the Day 2005 co-executive producer
Kojak 2005 TV Series co-executive producer - 7 episodes
Animal 2005 Video story
The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard 2009 performer: "It Ain't Easy"
Inside 'Out of Sight' 1998 Video documentary short special thanks
Tom Cruise: Reel Life 2017 TV Movie documentary Himself
Unsung Hollywood 2015 TV Series documentary Himself
UFC on Fox 2012 TV Series Himself - Narrator
Up Close with Carrie Keagan 2011 TV Series Himself - Guest
Ving Rhames Wins Oscar for Piranha 3D 2010 Video short Himself
Lopez Tonight
|
[
29900,
29929,
28330,
17841,
18102,
13,
29923,
17191,
17323,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
1704,
29878,
2806,
414,
13,
29903,
5555,
4177,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
8481,
1110,
315,
1662,
13,
4819,
15762,
349,
3322,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
5791,
1460,
2391,
265,
13,
12742,
310,
278,
16992,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
13987,
10842,
7861,
2631,
13,
2744,
3039,
29871,
29906,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
22809,
13,
29909,
4358,
1717,
4634,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
478,
300,
13,
13440,
2135,
399,
3145,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
5648,
7871,
4976,
14406,
292,
4006,
13,
29902,
2567,
1588,
265,
21543,
887,
678,
2707,
669,
26977,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
12001,
402,
29889,
11566,
3068,
13,
29909,
1557,
2673,
8373,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
379,
935,
13,
1204,
280,
29893,
789,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
1706,
1446,
13,
29909,
339,
13533,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
5648,
13899,
15612,
2142,
571,
29891,
13,
29931,
1489,
29891,
669,
624,
2335,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
13987,
24991,
336,
350,
431,
7586,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
4786,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
29903,
1251,
11427,
15230,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
13987,
315,
434,
13402,
8965,
1771,
333,
5743,
13,
2744,
3039,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
13987,
22809,
13,
5841,
297,
278,
8373,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
435,
29899,
29933,
650,
13,
29968,
3848,
557,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
5648,
10488,
20445,
450,
29877,
476,
3848,
557,
13,
29928,
1150,
29941,
29878,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29946,
13987,
8448,
22354,
3173,
10920,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
29928,
18101,
310,
278,
16992,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29946,
28576,
13,
29903,
262,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
20861,
347,
16640,
29879,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
448,
20462,
6298,
655,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
13987,
8448,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
1576,
21255,
1973,
310,
20636,
2448,
329,
1617,
29901,
16231,
5739,
2482,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
5648,
10488,
14546,
13,
29931,
7820,
669,
624,
2335,
29901,
450,
10488,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
5648,
10488,
24991,
336,
350,
431,
7586,
13,
855,
2335,
29991,
450,
7871,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
13987,
24991,
336,
350,
431,
7586,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
1576,
7457,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29899,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
5648,
10488,
6212,
25252,
4593,
323,
4727,
379,
905,
261,
13,
23923,
11607,
29901,
319,
5298,
310,
10783,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
5648,
10488,
1842,
653,
399,
29889,
29923,
29889,
29933,
29889,
5334,
8431,
275,
5879,
654,
261,
5875,
21071,
350,
25151,
13,
1576,
2184,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
5648,
10488,
27221,
5322,
13,
29928,
935,
10924,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
11498,
20262,
13,
1576,
1588,
2736,
14662,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
5648,
10488,
7455,
13158,
7706,
5824,
13,
29934,
29943,
29968,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
5648,
7871,
26817,
10920,
13,
29931,
7820,
669,
624,
2335,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
24991,
336,
350,
431,
7586,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
25263,
275,
649,
287,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
5122,
525,
29902,
29883,
11422,
29915,
678,
1117,
414,
13,
29931,
1992,
2259,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
5648,
7871,
2259,
20549,
13,
29903,
1144,
310,
278,
17852,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
5648,
7871,
402,
2749,
860,
10920,
13,
23129,
29901,
7634,
11911,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
5648,
10488,
751,
2049,
8195,
13,
15790,
18089,
8995,
29901,
450,
1706,
381,
1169,
23732,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
20916,
313,
14917,
29897,
13,
29933,
10798,
16231,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
6286,
3845,
525,
29924,
295,
29915,
13,
29950,
17211,
388,
17778,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
5648,
7871,
4168,
22394,
17778,
13,
14689,
323,
1431,
7584,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
5648,
7871,
2259,
2786,
315,
2878,
661,
13,
29924,
2333,
29901,
1954,
27338,
1944,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
24760,
624,
860,
514,
13,
29933,
5393,
292,
4451,
278,
16992,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
27390,
13,
5292,
2390,
358,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
319,
5022,
498,
747,
1943,
2993,
13,
3744,
310,
317,
523,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
7038,
4518,
350,
1431,
29887,
13,
8434,
3917,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
7362,
446,
13,
10310,
4088,
29901,
9333,
297,
6813,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
5648,
7871,
3872,
4088,
13,
1168,
5593,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
22904,
898,
18776,
13,
29934,
852,
6115,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
7908,
13,
29928,
4600,
681,
1632,
618,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
8229,
1984,
13,
29968,
292,
310,
278,
18874,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
22760,
14297,
847,
14297,
13,
4819,
15762,
349,
3322,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
14297,
13,
2744,
3039,
29871,
29906,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
22760,
14297,
13,
29909,
1557,
2673,
8373,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
14297,
13,
1576,
9550,
23040,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
13899,
22760,
14297,
13,
2744,
3039,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
13987,
22760,
14297,
13,
5841,
297,
278,
8373,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
1302,
29899,
4258,
11067,
14297,
13,
29968,
3848,
557,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
5648,
10488,
1302,
29899,
4258,
11067,
14297,
448,
29871,
29955,
23238,
13,
2744,
3039,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
13987,
5828,
13,
1576,
7197,
29879,
29901,
10782,
10999,
29892,
317,
514,
10999,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
2189,
261,
29901,
376,
3112,
23719,
29915,
29873,
382,
8995,
29908,
13,
797,
2975,
525,
3744,
310,
317,
523,
29915,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
13987,
1842,
653,
3273,
4266,
3969,
13,
21599,
11263,
895,
29901,
830,
295,
4634,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
5648,
7871,
1842,
653,
18136,
1311,
13,
25807,
686,
19180,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29945,
5648,
10488,
1842,
653,
18136,
1311,
13,
29965,
8610,
373,
14802,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
5648,
10488,
18136,
1311,
448,
405,
2749,
1061,
13,
3373,
23186,
411,
1704,
2546,
4813,
18939,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
5648,
10488,
18136,
1311,
448,
2088,
342,
13,
29963,
292,
7861,
1280,
399,
1144,
19054,
363,
16937,
29014,
29871,
29941,
29928,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
13987,
3273,
18136,
1311,
13,
29931,
2300,
29920,
17812,
523,
29871
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.670239 | -1.243932 | 0.540775 | -2.139159 |
Q: QInputDialog & Threading ( worker, show dialog, wait for input, continue) I have a question about a QInputDialog. I have spent the last 3 days on Google and thought it is time to ask here, since I cannot find any answer;
My application has a main thread (also known as the GUI-thread in Qt).
This GUI-thread creates a worker. Which is ran in a different thread.
This worker scans folders. It also sends the GUI-thread information about progress. Working fine.
Now here is the problem. The worker thread can come across a situation in which it must ask the user for input. A QString. It must wait for an answer before continuing scanning the remaining folders. However, a worker thread cannot show a QInputDialog it turns out. Only the GUI-thread.
I cannot use slots and signals either because they cannot return a value in Qt. I tried using a slot and a referenced QString, but it crashes sometimes. Not thread-safe I suppose.
I tried QMetaObject::invokeMethod but couldn't get it to work either. Also, is that even thread safe?
Anyone here that has a solution for this?
Below is my code if that helps, it has been "compacted" so I don't waste your valuable time on getting familiar with my variable names and actual stuff.
INITIAL CODE (QInputDialog in worker thread)
MainWindow.cpp
void MainWindow::worker_create(){
Worker* worker = new Worker;
QThread* thread = new QThread;
worker->moveToThread(thread);
connect(thread, SIGNAL(started()), worker, SLOT (start_work()));
connect(worker, SIGNAL(worker_status_changed(QByteArray)), ChanComObject, SLOT(worker_update(QByteArray)));
connect(worker, SIGNAL(finished(QString)), this, SLOT(worker_destroy(QString)));
connect(worker, SIGNAL(finished(QString)), worker, SLOT(deleteLater()));
connect(worker, SIGNAL(finished(QString)), thread, SLOT (quit()));
connect(thread, SIGNAL(finished()), thread, SLOT(deleteLater()));
thread->start();
}
Worker.cpp
Worker::ask(){
QStringList listToChooseFrom;
listToChooseFrom.append("A");
listToChooseFrom.append("B");
QString answer = QInputDialog::getItem(this, "Title", "Message", listToChooseFrom, 0, false, &ok);
return answer;
}
SNEAKY REFERENCE CODE (Referenced QString, works sometimes, other times it crashes)
Sneaky reference trick I tried was like this.. first in MainWindow.cpp:
void MainWindow::worker_create(){
// all other stuff from above, but an extra connect:
connect(worker, SIGNAL(worker_asks(Qstring*)), SLOT(gui_thread_dialog(QString*)));
}
void MainWindow::gui_thread_dialog(*sneakyReturnValue){
QString answer = QInputDialog::getItem(this, "Title", "Message", listToChooseFrom, 0, false, &ok);
*sneakyReturnValue = answer;
}
Then in the worker..
Worker::ask(){
QString sneakyReturnValue;
emit worker_asks(*sneakyReturnValue);
return sneakyReturnValue;
}
INVOKEMETHOD CODE (Can't get it working due to parent(), not sure if thread-safe either)
The invokeMethod I tried I never got working, but it went like.. in MainWindow.cpp
Q_INVOKABLE QString askUser();
..and in MainWindow.cpp
QString MainWindow::askUser(){
QStringList listToChooseFrom;
listToChooseFrom.append("A");
listToChooseFrom.append("B");
return QInputDialog::getItem(this, "Title", "Message", listToChooseFrom, 0, false, &ok);
}
and finally in Worker.cpp
Worker::ask(){
QString dialogReturn;
QStringList listToChooseFrom;
listToChooseFrom.append("A");
listToChoose
|
[
660,
29901,
660,
4290,
7647,
669,
10480,
292,
313,
15645,
29892,
1510,
7928,
29892,
4480,
363,
1881,
29892,
6773,
29897,
306,
505,
263,
1139,
1048,
263,
660,
4290,
7647,
29889,
306,
505,
10398,
278,
1833,
29871,
29941,
3841,
373,
5087,
322,
2714,
372,
338,
931,
304,
2244,
1244,
29892,
1951,
306,
2609,
1284,
738,
1234,
29936,
13,
3421,
2280,
756,
263,
1667,
3244,
313,
15189,
2998,
408,
278,
14839,
29899,
7097,
297,
14705,
467,
13,
4013,
14839,
29899,
7097,
10017,
263,
15645,
29889,
8449,
338,
6350,
297,
263,
1422,
3244,
29889,
13,
4013,
15645,
885,
550,
16495,
29889,
739,
884,
16003,
278,
14839,
29899,
7097,
2472,
1048,
6728,
29889,
24176,
2691,
29889,
13,
10454,
1244,
338,
278,
1108,
29889,
450,
15645,
3244,
508,
2041,
4822,
263,
6434,
297,
607,
372,
1818,
2244,
278,
1404,
363,
1881,
29889,
319,
660,
1231,
29889,
739,
1818,
4480,
363,
385,
1234,
1434,
3133,
292,
885,
9450,
278,
9886,
16495,
29889,
2398,
29892,
263,
15645,
3244,
2609,
1510,
263,
660,
4290,
7647,
372,
12169,
714,
29889,
9333,
278,
14839,
29899,
7097,
29889,
13,
29902,
2609,
671,
2243,
1862,
322,
18470,
2845,
1363,
896,
2609,
736,
263,
995,
297,
14705,
29889,
306,
1898,
773,
263,
21497,
322,
263,
16180,
660,
1231,
29892,
541,
372,
21985,
6041,
29889,
2216,
3244,
29899,
11177,
306,
7755,
29889,
13,
29902,
1898,
660,
19346,
2061,
1057,
9772,
4062,
541,
8496,
29915,
29873,
679,
372,
304,
664,
2845,
29889,
3115,
29892,
338,
393,
1584,
3244,
9109,
29973,
13,
10773,
650,
1244,
393,
756,
263,
1650,
363,
445,
29973,
13,
21140,
340,
338,
590,
775,
565,
393,
6911,
29892,
372,
756,
1063,
376,
2388,
627,
287,
29908,
577,
306,
1016,
29915,
29873,
19863,
596,
21114,
931,
373,
2805,
9985,
411,
590,
2286,
2983,
322,
3935,
6433,
29889,
13,
26019,
25758,
4810,
2287,
313,
29984,
4290,
7647,
297,
15645,
3244,
29897,
13,
6330,
5907,
29889,
8223,
13,
5405,
4241,
5907,
1057,
24602,
29918,
3258,
4923,
13,
1678,
5244,
261,
29930,
15645,
353,
716,
5244,
261,
29936,
13,
1678,
660,
4899,
29930,
3244,
353,
716,
660,
4899,
29936,
13,
1678,
15645,
976,
11631,
1762,
4899,
29898,
7097,
416,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
7097,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
2962,
287,
25739,
15645,
29892,
27146,
2891,
313,
2962,
29918,
1287,
20465,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
24602,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
24602,
29918,
4882,
29918,
15033,
29898,
29984,
12901,
2588,
8243,
22433,
1523,
2061,
29892,
27146,
2891,
29898,
24602,
29918,
5504,
29898,
29984,
12901,
2588,
17884,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
24602,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
4951,
3276,
29898,
29984,
1231,
8243,
445,
29892,
27146,
2891,
29898,
24602,
29918,
20524,
29898,
29984,
1231,
17884,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
24602,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
4951,
3276,
29898,
29984,
1231,
8243,
15645,
29892,
27146,
2891,
29898,
8143,
29931,
1008,
20465,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
24602,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
4951,
3276,
29898,
29984,
1231,
8243,
3244,
29892,
27146,
2891,
313,
28358,
20465,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
7097,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
4951,
3276,
25739,
3244,
29892,
27146,
2891,
29898,
8143,
29931,
1008,
20465,
13,
1678,
3244,
976,
2962,
890,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
16164,
29889,
8223,
13,
16164,
1057,
1278,
4923,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
1293,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29936,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29889,
4397,
703,
29909,
1496,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29889,
4397,
703,
29933,
1496,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
1234,
353,
660,
4290,
7647,
1057,
657,
2001,
29898,
1366,
29892,
376,
7030,
613,
376,
3728,
613,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29892,
29871,
29900,
29892,
2089,
29892,
669,
554,
416,
13,
1678,
736,
1234,
29936,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
29903,
8186,
22311,
29979,
5195,
29943,
1001,
1430,
4741,
4810,
2287,
313,
1123,
571,
9223,
660,
1231,
29892,
1736,
6041,
29892,
916,
3064,
372,
21985,
29897,
13,
29903,
484,
557,
29891,
3407,
8938,
306,
1898,
471,
763,
445,
636,
937,
297,
4241,
5907,
29889,
8223,
29901,
13,
5405,
4241,
5907,
1057,
24602,
29918,
3258,
4923,
13,
1678,
849,
599,
916,
6433,
515,
2038,
29892,
541,
385,
4805,
4511,
29901,
13,
1678,
4511,
29898,
24602,
29892,
317,
17298,
1964,
29898,
24602,
29918,
1278,
29879,
29898,
29984,
1807,
7528,
511,
27146,
2891,
29898,
23569,
29918,
7097,
29918,
15901,
29898,
29984,
1231,
29930,
17884,
13,
29913,
13,
5405,
4241,
5907,
1057,
23569,
29918,
7097,
29918,
15901,
10456,
29879,
484,
557,
29891,
11609,
1917,
2597,
13,
268,
660,
1231,
1234,
353,
660,
4290,
7647,
1057,
657,
2001,
29898,
1366,
29892,
376,
7030,
613,
376,
3728,
613,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29892,
29871,
29900,
29892,
2089,
29892,
669,
554,
416,
13,
1678,
334,
29879,
484,
557,
29891,
11609,
1917,
353,
1234,
29936,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
11760,
297,
278,
15645,
636,
13,
16164,
1057,
1278,
4923,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
269,
484,
557,
29891,
11609,
1917,
29936,
13,
1678,
20076,
15645,
29918,
1278,
29879,
10456,
29879,
484,
557,
29891,
11609,
1917,
416,
13,
1678,
736,
269,
484,
557,
29891,
11609,
1917,
29936,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
1177,
24898,
6059,
2303,
4690,
13668,
4810,
2287,
313,
6028,
29915,
29873,
679,
372,
1985,
2861,
304,
3847,
3285,
451,
1854,
565,
3244,
29899,
11177,
2845,
29897,
13,
1576,
15928,
4062,
306,
1898,
306,
2360,
2355,
1985,
29892,
541,
372,
3512,
763,
636,
297,
4241,
5907,
29889,
8223,
13,
29984,
29918,
1177,
29963,
8949,
6181,
660,
1231,
2244,
2659,
890,
13,
13,
636,
392,
297,
4241,
5907,
29889,
8223,
13,
29984,
1231,
4241,
5907,
1057,
1278,
2659,
4923,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
1293,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29936,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29889,
4397,
703,
29909,
1496,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29889,
4397,
703,
29933,
1496,
13,
1678,
736,
660,
4290,
7647,
1057,
657,
2001,
29898,
1366,
29892,
376,
7030,
613,
376,
3728,
613,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29892,
29871,
29900,
29892,
2089,
29892,
669,
554,
416,
13,
29913,
13,
13,
392,
7146,
297,
5244,
261,
29889,
8223,
13,
16164,
1057,
1278,
4923,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
7928,
11609,
29936,
13,
1678,
660,
1231,
1293,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29936,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852,
4591,
29889,
4397,
703,
29909,
1496,
13,
1678,
1051,
1762,
15954,
852
] | 1,024 |
StackExchange
| -1.583293 | -0.2156 | -1.429978 | -0.413867 |
import test from 'ava';
import { configureStore } from '../src/store';
import Resource from '../src/resource';
const db = configureStore();
test('new Resource() should store _id, _type, _payload', t => {
const record = new Resource(124, 'product', { data: 'xyz' });
t.is(record._id, 124);
t.is(record._type, 'product');
t.same(record._payload, { data: 'xyz' });
});
test('new Resource() should accept id as String, too', t => {
const record = new Resource('124', 'product', { data: '123' });
t.same(record._id, '124');
});
test('new Resource() should have [] relations', t => {
const record = new Resource();
t.is(Array.isArray(record._relationships), true);
t.is(record._relationships.length, 0);
});
test('isResource should correctly detect non-model Objects', t => {
const record = new Resource(1, 'devices', {
product: 'iPhone',
version: '6'
})
const err = new Error('Something went wrong.');
t.true(Resource.isResource(record));
t.false(Resource.isResource(err));
});
test('toResource should transforms model to relation format', t => {
const record = new Resource(3, 'phones', {
product: 'iPhone',
version: 6
});
t.same(Resource.toResource(record), {
id: 3,
type: 'phones'
});
});
test('Resource should provide aliases for _members', t => {
const record = new Resource(125, 'category', { data: '02292016' });
t.is(record.id, 125);
t.is(record.type, 'category');
t.same(record.relationships, []);
});
test('get() should allow easy access to _payload', t => {
const record = new Resource(123, 'release', {
title: 'Meander',
published: { year: 1995 }
});
t.is(record.get('title'), 'Meander');
t.is(record.get('published.year'), 1995);
t.is(record.get('xyz'), undefined);
});
test('get() without a key returns _payload', t => {
const record = new Resource(138, 'release', {
title: 'Living Things',
artist: {
name: 'Linkin Park'
}
});
t.is(record.get('artist.name'), 'Linkin Park');
t.same(record.get(), {
title: 'Living Things',
artist: { name: 'Linkin Park' }
});
});
test('set() assigns new _payload data', t => {
const record = new Resource(456, 'release', {
title: 'Nothing Rhymes With Woman'
});
t.is(record.get('artist'), undefined);
record.set('artist', 'Carbon Leaf');
t.is(record.get('artist'), 'Carbon Leaf');
t.is(record.get('published.year'), undefined);
record.set('published.year', 2009);
t.is(record.get('published.year'), 2009);
});
test('add() should create a new relationship', t => {
const release = new Resource(1, 'releases', {
title: 'Indian Summer Revisited'
});
const track = new Resource(2, 'tracks', {
title: 'One Prairie Outpost'
});
release.add(track);
t.same(release._relationships, [
{ id: 2, type: 'tracks' }
]);
});
|
[
1053,
1243,
515,
525,
879,
2670,
13,
5215,
426,
10822,
9044,
500,
515,
525,
6995,
4351,
29914,
8899,
2670,
13,
5215,
18981,
515,
525,
6995,
4351,
29914,
10314,
2670,
13,
13,
3075,
4833,
353,
10822,
9044,
890,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
1482,
18981,
580,
881,
3787,
903,
333,
29892,
903,
1853,
29892,
903,
23813,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29906,
29946,
29892,
525,
4704,
742,
426,
848,
29901,
525,
20230,
29915,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
3032,
333,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29946,
416,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
3032,
1853,
29892,
525,
4704,
2157,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
11651,
3032,
23813,
29892,
426,
848,
29901,
525,
20230,
29915,
2604,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
1482,
18981,
580,
881,
3544,
1178,
408,
1714,
29892,
2086,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
877,
29896,
29906,
29946,
742,
525,
4704,
742,
426,
848,
29901,
525,
29896,
29906,
29941,
29915,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
11651,
3032,
333,
29892,
525,
29896,
29906,
29946,
2157,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
1482,
18981,
580,
881,
505,
5159,
5302,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
890,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
2588,
29889,
275,
2588,
29898,
11651,
3032,
2674,
800,
14587,
511,
1565,
416,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
3032,
2674,
800,
14587,
29889,
2848,
29892,
29871,
29900,
416,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
275,
6848,
881,
5149,
6459,
1661,
29899,
4299,
4669,
29879,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29892,
525,
3359,
1575,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3234,
29901,
525,
29875,
9861,
742,
13,
1678,
1873,
29901,
525,
29953,
29915,
13,
29871,
5615,
13,
13,
29871,
1040,
4589,
353,
716,
4829,
877,
16804,
3512,
2743,
29889,
2157,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
3009,
29898,
6848,
29889,
275,
6848,
29898,
11651,
2483,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
4541,
29898,
6848,
29889,
275,
6848,
29898,
3127,
2483,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
517,
6848,
881,
4327,
29879,
1904,
304,
8220,
3402,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29941,
29892,
525,
561,
2873,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3234,
29901,
525,
29875,
9861,
742,
13,
1678,
1873,
29901,
29871,
29953,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
6848,
29889,
517,
6848,
29898,
11651,
511,
426,
13,
1678,
1178,
29901,
29871,
29941,
29892,
13,
1678,
1134,
29901,
525,
561,
2873,
29915,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
6848,
881,
3867,
14430,
2129,
363,
903,
28109,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29906,
29945,
29892,
525,
7320,
742,
426,
848,
29901,
525,
29900,
29906,
29906,
29929,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29953,
29915,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
333,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29945,
416,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
1853,
29892,
525,
7320,
2157,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
11651,
29889,
2674,
800,
14587,
29892,
5159,
416,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
657,
580,
881,
2758,
4780,
2130,
304,
903,
23813,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29906,
29941,
29892,
525,
14096,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
6816,
3825,
742,
13,
1678,
6369,
29901,
426,
1629,
29901,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
500,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
3257,
5477,
525,
6816,
3825,
2157,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
5467,
3726,
29889,
6360,
5477,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
416,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
20230,
5477,
7580,
416,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
657,
580,
1728,
263,
1820,
3639,
903,
23813,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29941,
29947,
29892,
525,
14096,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
29931,
4357,
28706,
742,
13,
1678,
7664,
29901,
426,
13,
418,
1024,
29901,
525,
6595,
262,
4815,
29915,
13,
1678,
500,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
442,
391,
29889,
978,
5477,
525,
6595,
262,
4815,
2157,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
3285,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
29931,
4357,
28706,
742,
13,
1678,
7664,
29901,
426,
1024,
29901,
525,
6595,
262,
4815,
29915,
500,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
842,
580,
3566,
29879,
716,
903,
23813,
848,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
2407,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29946,
29945,
29953,
29892,
525,
14096,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
26521,
7861,
962,
267,
2973,
22712,
29915,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
442,
391,
5477,
7580,
416,
13,
29871,
2407,
29889,
842,
877,
442,
391,
742,
525,
8179,
6718,
951,
2142,
2157,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
442,
391,
5477,
525,
8179,
6718,
951,
2142,
2157,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
5467,
3726,
29889,
6360,
5477,
7580,
416,
13,
29871,
2407,
29889,
842,
877,
5467,
3726,
29889,
6360,
742,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
416,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
275,
29898,
11651,
29889,
657,
877,
5467,
3726,
29889,
6360,
5477,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
416,
13,
3680,
13,
13,
1688,
877,
1202,
580,
881,
1653,
263,
716,
9443,
742,
260,
1149,
426,
13,
29871,
1040,
6507,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29896,
29892,
525,
276,
17836,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
2568,
713,
13329,
830,
1730,
1573,
29915,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
1040,
5702,
353,
716,
18981,
29898,
29906,
29892,
525,
3018,
4684,
742,
426,
13,
1678,
3611,
29901,
525,
6716,
9002,
24135,
4451,
2490,
29915,
13,
29871,
2604,
13,
13,
29871,
6507,
29889,
1202,
29898,
11294,
416,
13,
13,
29871,
260,
29889,
17642,
29898,
14096,
3032,
2674,
800,
14587,
29892,
518,
13,
1678,
426,
1178,
29901,
29871,
29906,
29892,
1134,
29901,
525,
3018,
4684,
29915,
500,
13,
29871,
4514,
416,
13,
3680,
13
] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.026296 | 0.182333 | -0.294419 | 0.486725 |
Free-falling champions Lion City Sailors face do-or-die SPL title decider against Albirex
117dGabriel Tan
28mAssociated Press
Free-falling champions Lion City Sailors face do-or-die Singapore Premier League title decider against Albirex Niigata (S)
Defending Singapore Premier League champions Lion City Sailors take on leaders Albirex Niigata (S) in a potential title decider on Friday, where a win for the latter would be enough to secure a fifth crown in seven seasons. Singapore Premier League
Just at the start of September, Lion City Sailors looked destined to claim a second consecutive Singapore Premier League crown.
Even after having abruptly parted ways with last season's title-winning coach Kim Do-hoon -- not long in the wake of a 4-2 loss to title rivals Albirex Niigata (S) -- the reigning champions embarked on a stunning three-game winning run to suggest all was well.
In that dominant spell, they racked up 21 goals against hapless Young Lions (10-1), Tanjong Pagar United (7-0) and Hougang United (9-4), displaying the sort of form expected from such a star-studded outfit and similar to that which earned them a maiden SPL title in 2021.
History-making Kuala Lumpur City one final step away from AFC Cup glory
Indonesia soccer fed: Some gates locked in crush
118dAssociated Press
How did AFF Championship contenders fare in latest international window?
The gap between them and closest challengers Albirex then was only three points but the momentum was certainly in favour of the Sailors, with the title racing looking theirs to lose.
Fast forward a month, while the Sailors are yet to relinquish their crown, they are contriving to do just that.
Three consecutive defeats -- including big upsets at the hands of Geylang International and most recently Balestier Khalsa -- has now allowed Albirex to not only overtake them at the summit, but establish a handy four-point advantage with just three games remaining.
The two title contenders meet for the fourth time this season on Friday and the equation is simple enough.
Win, and the Sailors will live to fight for another day. Lose, and Albirex -- the satellite team of the Japanese outfit of the same name -- will be crowned SPL champions for the fifth time in seven years.
Perennial contenders Albirex, renowned for their ability to constantly stay competitive despite regularly overhauling their squad on an annual basis, deserve credit for the position they find themselves in.
Apart from 28-goal striker Kodai Tanaka, ex-Southampton man Tadanari Lee and rising Singapore star Ilhan Fandi have also been important contributors to Albirex Niigata (S)'s title charge in the Singapore Premier League this season. Singapore Premier League
Should they go on to return to the summit of Singaporean football, they would have done so on merit.
28-goal Kodai Tanaka has been a revelation, ex-Japan and Southampton man Tadanari Lee has provided valuable experience and his fair share of pivotal contributions, while mid-season signing Ilhan Fandi has been a revelation with 13 goals since joining from Young Lions.
But with all due respect to Albirex, or any of the SPL's other contenders, the 2022 SPL was always going to be the Sailors' to lose.
After all, the quality at their disposal is rich and diverse enough for them to field an entire starting XI of Singapore internationals.
Their foreign quartet boasts former Benfica man Diego Lopes, seasoned UEFA club competition campaigners in Maxime Lestienne and Pedro Henrique, as well as two-time AFC Champions League winner Kim Shin-wook, who featured for South Korea at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Lion City Sailors most recently threw away a two-goal lead to lose to Balestier Khalsa for a third consecutive defeat, which leaves them on the verge of relinquishing their Singapore Premier League crown. Singapore Premier League
A team that was good enough to notch two wins in their ACL debut earlier this year -- one against K-League 1 opposition in Daegu FC -- should, on paper at least, be coasting to domestic glory.
|
[
12362,
29899,
11950,
292,
29314,
21934,
4412,
317,
737,
943,
3700,
437,
29899,
272,
29899,
16217,
317,
7390,
3611,
1602,
1241,
2750,
16197,
533,
29916,
13,
29896,
29896,
29955,
29881,
29954,
370,
12836,
15066,
13,
29906,
29947,
29885,
29254,
630,
5254,
13,
20475,
29899,
11950,
292,
29314,
21934,
4412,
317,
737,
943,
3700,
437,
29899,
272,
29899,
16217,
25960,
14163,
5165,
3611,
1602,
1241,
2750,
16197,
533,
29916,
15981,
335,
532,
313,
29903,
29897,
13,
3206,
2548,
25960,
14163,
5165,
29314,
21934,
4412,
317,
737,
943,
2125,
373,
20251,
16197,
533,
29916,
15981,
335,
532,
313,
29903,
29897,
297,
263,
7037,
3611,
1602,
1241,
373,
28728,
29892,
988,
263,
5401,
363,
278,
7480,
723,
367,
3307,
304,
11592,
263,
18615,
20844,
297,
9881,
20084,
29889,
25960,
14163,
5165,
13,
14084,
472,
278,
1369,
310,
3839,
29892,
21934,
4412,
317,
737,
943,
5148,
2731,
1312,
304,
5995,
263,
1473,
18942,
25960,
14163,
5165,
20844,
29889,
13,
29923,
854,
1156,
2534,
633,
6685,
368,
760,
287,
5837,
411,
1833,
4259,
29915,
29879,
3611,
29899,
5080,
1076,
11182,
12931,
1938,
29899,
1251,
265,
1192,
451,
1472,
297,
278,
281,
1296,
310,
263,
29871,
29946,
29899,
29906,
6410,
304,
3611,
9050,
1338,
16197,
533,
29916,
15981,
335,
532,
313,
29903,
29897,
1192,
278,
20913,
292,
29314,
7232,
935,
287,
373,
263,
380,
27389,
2211,
29899,
11802,
15613,
1065,
304,
4368,
599,
471,
1532,
29889,
13,
797,
393,
28526,
24779,
29892,
896,
1153,
384,
287,
701,
29871,
29906,
29896,
14433,
2750,
447,
572,
404,
10443,
365,
1080,
313,
29896,
29900,
29899,
29896,
511,
15066,
29926,
549,
349,
28641,
3303,
313,
29955,
29899,
29900,
29897,
322,
379,
692,
574,
3303,
313,
29929,
29899,
29946,
511,
16384,
278,
2656,
310,
883,
3806,
515,
1316,
263,
5810,
29899,
18082,
7176,
714,
9202,
322,
2788,
304,
393,
607,
20591,
963,
263,
611,
3615,
317,
7390,
3611,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29896,
29889,
13,
20570,
29899,
28990,
476,
950,
29874,
365,
3427,
332,
4412,
697,
2186,
4331,
3448,
515,
319,
8610,
6536,
26080,
13,
2568,
2873,
423,
269,
11953,
21242,
29901,
3834,
29341,
22822,
297,
2181,
1878,
13,
29896,
29896,
29947,
29881,
29254,
630,
5254,
13,
5328,
1258,
319,
4198,
8972,
640,
21043,
20036,
297,
9281,
6121,
3474,
29973,
13,
1576,
17261,
1546,
963,
322,
21438,
18066,
414,
16197,
533,
29916,
769,
471,
871,
2211,
3291,
541,
278,
19399,
471,
8959,
297,
15381,
310,
278,
317,
737,
943,
29892,
411,
278,
3611,
28965,
3063,
1009,
29879,
304,
14074,
29889,
13,
29943,
579,
6375,
263,
4098,
29892,
1550,
278,
317,
737,
943,
526,
3447,
304,
1104,
262,
339,
728,
1009,
20844,
29892,
896,
526,
640,
1150,
292,
304,
437,
925,
393,
29889,
13,
28575,
18942,
8686,
1446,
1192,
3704,
4802,
24081,
1691,
472,
278,
6567,
310,
402,
1032,
3893,
4623,
322,
1556,
10325,
7392,
342,
631,
12217,
1338,
29874,
1192,
756,
1286,
6068,
16197,
533,
29916,
304,
451,
871,
975,
19730,
963,
472,
278,
2533,
2415,
29892,
541,
10127,
263,
1361,
29891,
3023,
29899,
3149,
10631,
411,
925,
2211,
8090,
9886,
29889,
13,
1576,
1023,
3611,
640,
21043,
5870,
363,
278,
11582,
931,
445,
4259,
373,
28728,
322,
278,
6306,
338,
2560,
3307,
29889,
13,
17734,
29892,
322,
278,
317,
737,
943,
674,
5735,
304,
8589,
363,
1790,
2462,
29889,
365,
852,
29892,
322,
16197,
533,
29916,
1192,
278,
28421,
3815,
310,
278,
10369,
714,
9202,
310,
278,
1021,
1024,
1192,
674,
367,
20844,
287,
317,
7390,
29314,
363,
278,
18615,
931,
297,
9881,
2440,
29889,
13,
5894,
2108,
616,
640,
21043,
16197,
533,
29916,
29892,
4325,
26689,
363,
1009,
11509,
304,
21003,
7952,
5100,
3321,
15020,
25704,
975,
2350,
19478,
1009,
10023,
373,
385,
17568,
8405,
29892,
553,
7143,
16200,
363,
278,
2602,
896,
1284,
6053,
297,
29889,
13,
29909,
1595,
515,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29899,
28111,
10076,
3946,
476,
397,
1794,
15066,
8245,
29892,
429,
29899,
29903,
2438,
314,
12533,
767,
323,
328,
273,
1306,
9371,
322,
20493,
25960,
5810,
1720,
5403,
383,
392,
29875,
505,
884,
1063,
4100,
17737,
29560,
304,
16197,
533,
29916,
15981,
335,
532,
313,
29903,
16029,
29879,
3611,
8323,
297,
278,
25960,
14163,
5165,
445,
4259,
29889,
25960,
14163,
5165,
13,
26857,
896,
748,
373,
304,
736,
304,
278,
2533,
2415,
310,
25960,
273,
5733,
29892,
896,
723,
505,
2309,
577,
373,
2778,
277,
29889,
13,
29906,
29947,
29899,
28111,
476,
397,
1794,
15066,
8245,
756,
1063,
263,
20474,
362,
29892,
429,
29899,
29967,
21419,
322,
4275,
314,
12533,
767,
323,
328,
273,
1306,
9371,
756,
4944,
21114,
7271,
322,
670,
6534,
6232,
310,
282,
440,
7288,
20706,
29892,
1550,
7145,
29899,
25682,
26188,
1720,
5403,
383,
392,
29875,
756,
1063,
263,
20474,
362,
411,
29871,
29896,
29941,
14433,
1951,
22960,
515,
10443,
365,
1080,
29889,
13,
6246,
411,
599,
2861,
3390,
304,
16197,
533,
29916,
29892,
470,
738,
310,
278,
317,
7390,
29915,
29879,
916,
640,
21043,
29892,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29906,
317,
7390,
471,
2337,
2675,
304,
367,
278,
317,
737,
943,
29915,
304,
14074,
29889,
13,
13555,
599,
29892,
278,
11029,
472,
1009,
11549,
284,
338,
8261,
322,
16984,
3307,
363,
963,
304,
1746,
385,
4152,
6257,
18488,
310,
25960,
6121,
29879,
29889,
13,
1576,
381,
9117,
10256,
300,
1045,
19416,
4642,
4111,
12619,
767,
16879,
365,
459,
267,
29892,
4259,
287,
18633,
4402,
13888,
11531,
414,
297,
5918,
603,
365,
342,
7081,
322,
13286,
11931,
802,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
1023,
29899,
2230,
319,
8610,
22036,
5165,
19576,
12931,
27948,
29899,
827,
554,
29892,
1058,
15000,
363,
4275,
19109,
472,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29947,
21581,
2787,
6536,
29889,
13,
29931,
291,
4412,
317,
737,
943,
1556,
10325,
18318,
3448,
263,
1023,
29899,
28111,
3275,
304,
14074,
304,
7392,
342,
631,
12217,
1338,
29874,
363,
263,
4654,
18942,
20653,
29892,
607,
11308,
963,
373,
278,
1147,
479,
310,
1104,
262,
339,
14424,
1009,
25960,
14163,
5165,
20844,
29889,
25960,
14163,
5165,
13,
29909,
3815,
393,
471,
1781,
3307,
304,
451,
305,
1023,
21614,
297,
1009,
319,
6154,
9512,
8859,
445,
1629,
1192,
697,
2750,
476,
29899,
3226,
3437,
29871,
29896,
19626,
297,
7266,
24024,
7992,
1192,
881,
29892,
373,
5650,
472,
3203,
29892,
367,
12180,
292,
304,
21849,
26080,
29889
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.32748 | -0.479537 | 0.081485 | -0.706844 |
Tag Archives: African-Americans
Notes From a Young Black Chef: A Memoir by Kwame Onwuachi with Joshua David Stern (Knopf, $26.00, 271 pages)
There were moments when I felt like I was being called the N-word with no one actually saying it. No one had to and maybe they were too smart to. So it was left to me to decide whether it was because I was black or because I was just me…
Anyone who has read and enjoyed the classic Kitchen Confidential by the late Anthony Bourdain may enjoy the memoir, Notes From a Young Black Chef by Kwame Ounwuachi. Like Bourdain, Onwuachi is an interesting mix of confidence and uncertainty. While struggling with numerous aspects of working in the restaurant industry, Onwuachi can come off as bombastic and arrogant as when he writes that "my arrival (in the District of Columbia) was greeted with a lot of excitement and anticipation." Perhaps so, but it did not result in enough people visiting Shaw Bijou, Onwuachi's signature restaurant, for it to remain in business.
The key reason Shaw Bijou failed likely goes to the base cover charge – sold as an admission ticket, of $185 per person, not including tip and drinks. The flaw in this account by a talented young chef is that he attributes most of his stumbles and unforced errors to racism, even when the reader sees other factors in play. Still, Onwuachi has gone on to earn the title of "The most important chef in America" from the San Francisco Chronicle. You will need to read the sometimes surreal Notes – an entertaining, imperfect story – to find out why.
Recommended for foodies and those interested in what it takes to run a successful restaurant and why restaurants fail.
A review copy was provided by Alfred A. Knopf. This book, which includes thirteen recipes, was released on April 9, 2019.
Tagged as 13 recipes, a book review by Joseph Arellano, A book review site, A Memoir, African American chef, African-Americans, Alfred A. Knopf, Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, Anthony Bourdain, April book releases, biography, Black Like Me, book review, book review site wordpress, book reviews, business, Chef Kwame Onwuachi, District of Columbia, food book, food memoir, food recipes, hardbound book release, important chef, Joseph Arellano, Joseph's Reviews, Joshua David Stern, Kitchen Confidential, Knopf, Kwame Onwuachi, memoirs, nonfiction, Notes From A Young Black Chef, racial relations, racism, recommended books, restaurants, San Francisco Chronicle, Shaw Bijou, sociology, travel, Wordpress book review site
The Other Wes Moore
The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates by Wes Moore (Spiegel & Grau)
"The chilling truth is that his story could have been mine. The tragedy is that my story could have been his."
This uniquely titled nonfiction book was written by Wes Moore, the Rhodes Scholar, U.S. Army paratrooper and White House Fellow. He is the successful Wes Moore. His namesake from the same town on the east coast is serving a life sentence in the Jessup State Correctional Institution. The crime was murder and there is no possibility of parole.
The author's recent appearance on the Oprah Show gave this reviewer the opportunity to observe him in the spotlight. He came off as poised, charming and amazingly confident. I wondered if this was an act, perhaps a well-polished persona that wins friends and influences people? There are plenty of hucksters who achieve fame. The book would provide the answer.
Within the first couple of chapters it was obvious that Wes Moore is beautifully literate, yet without pretentiousness. What you see is definitely what you get. His unfaltering curiosity about the other Wes Moore has resulted in a book that explores the outcomes for both these men and how they arrived at adulthood.
The story revolves around two young men with all-too-familiar life circumstances that include being an African American male raised by a single parent living in a poor, or declining, urban neighborhood. The narrative is set forth in three major phases concerning their coming of age. The fellows and their life experiences are differentiated as the author uses the first person for himself and the third person for the other Wes Moore
|
[
10522,
28320,
29901,
11715,
29899,
9816,
16708,
13,
3664,
267,
3645,
263,
10443,
6054,
6561,
29888,
29901,
319,
8133,
6390,
491,
476,
29893,
420,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
411,
22838,
3357,
4699,
23413,
313,
29968,
29876,
15818,
29892,
395,
29906,
29953,
29889,
29900,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29955,
29896,
6515,
29897,
13,
8439,
892,
19462,
746,
306,
7091,
763,
306,
471,
1641,
2000,
278,
405,
29899,
1742,
411,
694,
697,
2869,
5934,
372,
29889,
1939,
697,
750,
304,
322,
5505,
896,
892,
2086,
15040,
304,
29889,
1105,
372,
471,
2175,
304,
592,
304,
11097,
3692,
372,
471,
1363,
306,
471,
4628,
470,
1363,
306,
471,
925,
592,
30098,
13,
10773,
650,
1058,
756,
1303,
322,
27849,
278,
22037,
476,
23213,
10811,
1693,
616,
491,
278,
5683,
16477,
12340,
29881,
475,
1122,
13389,
278,
2626,
6390,
29892,
8695,
3645,
263,
10443,
6054,
6561,
29888,
491,
476,
29893,
420,
438,
348,
29893,
29884,
26213,
29889,
8502,
12340,
29881,
475,
29892,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
338,
385,
8031,
6837,
310,
16420,
322,
25812,
29889,
5806,
20042,
411,
12727,
21420,
310,
1985,
297,
278,
27144,
13661,
29892,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
508,
2041,
1283,
408,
13585,
6288,
322,
564,
9102,
424,
408,
746,
540,
15873,
393,
376,
1357,
18517,
313,
262,
278,
7457,
310,
15411,
29897,
471,
1395,
300,
287,
411,
263,
3287,
310,
29163,
322,
23483,
362,
1213,
11637,
577,
29892,
541,
372,
1258,
451,
1121,
297,
3307,
2305,
6493,
292,
28548,
20942,
283,
29892,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
29915,
29879,
12608,
27144,
29892,
363,
372,
304,
3933,
297,
5381,
29889,
13,
1576,
1820,
2769,
28548,
20942,
283,
5229,
5517,
5771,
304,
278,
2967,
4612,
8323,
785,
5239,
408,
385,
594,
6737,
23381,
29892,
310,
395,
29896,
29947,
29945,
639,
2022,
29892,
451,
3704,
6872,
322,
13748,
29879,
29889,
450,
285,
10653,
297,
445,
3633,
491,
263,
5969,
14927,
4123,
14547,
338,
393,
540,
8393,
1556,
310,
670,
380,
3774,
793,
322,
443,
1454,
1133,
4436,
304,
11021,
1608,
29892,
1584,
746,
278,
9591,
18553,
916,
13879,
297,
1708,
29889,
12074,
29892,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
756,
7695,
373,
304,
2326,
29876,
278,
3611,
310,
376,
1576,
1556,
4100,
14547,
297,
6813,
29908,
515,
278,
3087,
8970,
15336,
2512,
29889,
887,
674,
817,
304,
1303,
278,
6041,
1190,
6370,
8695,
785,
385,
22684,
292,
29892,
10112,
3647,
5828,
785,
304,
1284,
714,
2020,
29889,
13,
1123,
2055,
2760,
363,
9687,
583,
322,
1906,
8852,
297,
825,
372,
4893,
304,
1065,
263,
9150,
27144,
322,
2020,
12374,
1934,
4418,
29889,
13,
29909,
9076,
3509,
471,
4944,
491,
12299,
319,
29889,
8360,
15818,
29889,
910,
3143,
29892,
607,
7805,
266,
381,
9404,
9522,
5547,
29892,
471,
5492,
373,
3786,
29871,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
29889,
13,
8176,
3192,
408,
29871,
29896,
29941,
9522,
5547,
29892,
263,
3143,
9076,
491,
6936,
4683,
645,
1562,
29892,
319,
3143,
9076,
3268,
29892,
319,
8133,
6390,
29892,
11715,
3082,
14547,
29892,
11715,
29899,
9816,
16708,
29892,
12299,
319,
29889,
8360,
15818,
29892,
12299,
319,
29889,
8360,
15818,
12904,
414,
29892,
16477,
12340,
29881,
475,
29892,
3786,
3143,
27474,
29892,
4768,
5275,
29892,
6054,
8502,
2191,
29892,
3143,
9076,
29892,
3143,
9076,
3268,
20734,
29892,
3143,
21804,
29892,
5381,
29892,
6561,
29888,
476,
29893,
420,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
29892,
7457,
310,
15411,
29892,
9687,
3143,
29892,
9687,
2626,
6390,
29892,
9687,
9522,
5547,
29892,
2898,
9917,
3143,
6507,
29892,
4100,
14547,
29892,
6936,
4683,
645,
1562,
29892,
6936,
29915,
29879,
830,
7406,
29892,
22838,
3357,
4699,
23413,
29892,
476,
23213,
10811,
1693,
616,
29892,
8360,
15818,
29892,
476,
29893,
420,
1551,
29893,
29884,
26213,
29892,
2626,
6390,
29879,
29892,
1661,
29888,
2463,
29892,
8695,
3645,
319,
10443,
6054,
6561,
29888,
29892,
1153,
1455,
5302,
29892,
11021,
1608,
29892,
13622,
8277,
29892,
12374,
1934,
29892,
3087,
8970,
15336,
2512,
29892,
28548,
20942,
283,
29892,
5374,
3002,
29892,
9850,
29892,
10803,
2139,
3143,
9076,
3268,
13,
1576,
5901,
23976,
18588,
13,
1576,
5901,
23976,
18588,
29901,
3118,
4408,
29892,
7803,
383,
1078,
491,
23976,
18588,
313,
5592,
19369,
669,
4989,
29884,
29897,
13,
29908,
1576,
521,
8873,
8760,
338,
393,
670,
5828,
1033,
505,
1063,
7903,
29889,
450,
1020,
3192,
29891,
338,
393,
590,
5828,
1033,
505,
1063,
670,
1213,
13,
4013,
20498,
873,
25278,
1661,
29888,
2463,
3143,
471,
3971,
491,
23976,
18588,
29892,
278,
7861,
2631,
1102,
10170,
29892,
501,
29889,
29903,
29889,
8811,
610,
7816,
3372,
322,
8037,
5619,
25940,
29889,
940,
338,
278,
9150,
23976,
18588,
29889,
3600,
2983,
1296,
515,
278,
1021,
4726,
373,
278,
9755,
12180,
338,
16330,
263,
2834,
10541,
297,
278,
23010,
786,
4306,
2994,
276,
428,
284,
28218,
29889,
450,
17268,
471,
13406,
322,
727,
338,
694,
13331,
310,
610,
1772,
29889,
13,
1576,
4148,
29915,
29879,
7786,
10097,
373,
278,
6461,
19856,
7704,
4846,
445,
6664,
15580,
278,
15130,
304,
14111,
1075,
297,
278,
9758,
4366,
29889,
940,
2996,
1283,
408,
772,
3368,
29892,
1373,
4056,
322,
21863,
11687,
24332,
29889,
306,
4997,
287,
565,
445,
471,
385,
1044,
29892,
6060,
263,
1532,
29899,
3733,
3276,
21411,
393,
21614,
7875,
322,
7112,
2063,
2305,
29973,
1670,
526,
20947,
310,
298,
2707,
23080,
1058,
6176,
27965,
29889,
450,
3143,
723,
3867,
278,
1234,
29889,
13,
3047,
262,
278,
937,
7303,
310,
10708,
2153,
372,
471,
6924,
393,
23976,
18588,
338,
9560,
368,
4631,
403,
29892,
3447,
1728,
14794,
296,
2738,
2264,
29889,
1724,
366,
1074,
338,
11630,
825,
366,
679,
29889,
3600,
29395,
13794,
292,
27742,
1048,
278,
916,
23976,
18588,
756,
20601,
297,
263,
3143,
393,
3902,
2361,
278,
714,
26807,
363,
1716,
1438,
1757,
322,
920,
896,
11977,
472,
594,
352,
386,
2092,
29889,
13,
1576,
5828,
13819,
1960,
2820,
1023,
4123,
1757,
411,
599,
29899,
517,
29877,
29899,
8302,
4447,
2834,
14209,
393,
3160,
1641,
385,
11715,
3082,
14263,
10425,
491,
263,
2323,
3847,
8471,
297,
263,
6460,
29892,
470,
4845,
2827,
29892,
17164,
18403,
29889,
450,
15474,
1230,
338,
731,
11483,
297,
2211,
4655,
29540,
19813,
1009,
6421,
310,
5046,
29889,
450,
8379,
1242,
322,
1009,
2834,
27482,
526,
17473,
630,
408,
278,
4148,
3913,
278,
937,
2022,
363,
3654,
322,
278,
4654,
2022,
363,
278,
916,
23976,
18588
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.362001 | -0.112264 | 0.587398 | 0.747289 |
.
The story is filled with painful realities – it's easy to fall into the gang life; defensiveness and alienation are part of each day; and escaping the neighborhood (Baltimore or the Bronx) requires courage, determination and sacrifice. The author began his life with two parents raising him; however, due to a tragic medical condition his father died of a rare but treatable virus. The other Wes Moore only met his father once, accidentally in passing.
Each man encountered challenges as well as opportunities. The opportunities were provided by family and friends. Always there is balance in the presentation of each man's life including photographs that illustrate the text. They both tried and failed more than once when attempting to change the course of their lives. The difference in the outcome can be characterized by the expectations placed upon the author and his willingness to keep trying regardless of how hard the challenge might be. He was also immensely fortunate to have family who were willing to make financial sacrifices to obtain some of the opportunities.
Wes Moore, the author, has included a comprehensive resource guide at the back of this book. The nationwide listing features organizations focused on assisting youth. Because this list is a point-in-time snapshot of resources, this reviewer was pleasantly surprised to see that a continually updated version is available on the internet.
A reader who is interested in learning more about success and how it can be achieved would be well served to read The Genius in All of Us by David Shenk. Both books explore the impact of environment on personal success and the role hard work plays in achieving it.
The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates will alert a reader to the possibilities for a better future for our youth, especially children who face undeniably tough circumstances. Highly recommended.
Ruta Arellano
The Other Wes Moore was released by Spiegel & Grau on April 27, 2010. A review copy was provided by the publisher.
Tagged as a book review by Ruta Arellano: The Other Wes Moore, achieving success, African-Americans, autobiography, Baltimore, best books, book review, books, broken families, children, crime, criminal justice, David Shenk, failure, families, hardbound books, inner cities, inspirational stories, Jessup Correctional Institution, Joseph's Reviews, Kindle Edition, Maryland, memoir, new releases, New York State, nonfiction, One Name, one-parent families, Orah Winfrey, paratrooper, personal hardships, personal responsibility, personal sacrifices, poverty, prison inmates, recommended books, resources guides, Ruta Arellano, self perception, self-esteem, single parent family, social justice, social responsibility, sociology, Spiegel & Grau, success, The Bronx, The Genius in All of Us, The Other Wes Moore, Two Fates, urban neighborhoods, violence, Wes Moore, White House Fellow, youth gangs, youth groups
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
This begins as an excellent biography of a woman who might have remained unknown but for a miracle of medicine. "At the age of twenty-one, Henrietta stared through the train window at rolling hills and wide-open bodies of water for the first time, heading toward a new life." Henrietta Lacks died in 1951 of cervical cancer but her cells are still alive. To be exact, only her cancer cells continue to live but they may live for up to 100 years if frozen. They are the so-called HeLa cells that are used by researchers throughout the world to advance the knowledge of how to fight and halt disease.
Author Rebecca Skloot has taken on the challenge of melding a family's story with a tale of medicine and law. The personal story is engaging and quite well done. The reader will come to feel that he or she not only becomes acquainted with Henrietta Lacks, but also her late daughter Deborah, and her other children and grandchildren. And, as Skloot gracefully notes, they are quite beautiful grandchildren.
This reader felt the telling was less effective when addressing the medico-legal issues. That's because the case is made that Henrietta's cells were, in effect, stolen from her by Johns Hopkins Hospital. Yet once you've read through two-thirds of the book, you learn that Hopkins explicitly met the medical research standards (and the legal requirements) of the day. Indeed, it was a much different time. A relation of this reviewer gave consent for a cancer biopsy
|
[
29889,
13,
1576,
5828,
338,
10423,
411,
6788,
1319,
1855,
1907,
785,
372,
29915,
29879,
4780,
304,
6416,
964,
278,
20676,
2834,
29936,
822,
575,
20193,
322,
394,
819,
362,
526,
760,
310,
1269,
2462,
29936,
322,
3966,
21430,
278,
18403,
313,
29933,
1997,
24325,
470,
278,
14165,
29916,
29897,
6858,
19872,
29892,
3683,
3381,
322,
28839,
29889,
450,
4148,
4689,
670,
2834,
411,
1023,
11825,
29263,
1075,
29936,
3138,
29892,
2861,
304,
263,
25305,
293,
16083,
4195,
670,
4783,
6423,
310,
263,
10812,
541,
7539,
519,
24424,
29889,
450,
916,
23976,
18588,
871,
1539,
670,
4783,
2748,
29892,
11423,
635,
297,
6819,
29889,
13,
9760,
767,
18169,
18066,
267,
408,
1532,
408,
28602,
1907,
29889,
450,
28602,
1907,
892,
4944,
491,
3942,
322,
7875,
29889,
29849,
727,
338,
17346,
297,
278,
24329,
310,
1269,
767,
29915,
29879,
2834,
3704,
17739,
29879,
393,
28475,
278,
1426,
29889,
2688,
1716,
1898,
322,
5229,
901,
1135,
2748,
746,
15661,
304,
1735,
278,
3236,
310,
1009,
12080,
29889,
450,
4328,
297,
278,
21957,
508,
367,
2931,
1891,
491,
278,
2149,
800,
7180,
2501,
278,
4148,
322,
670,
17762,
2264,
304,
3013,
1811,
17126,
310,
920,
2898,
278,
18766,
1795,
367,
29889,
940,
471,
884,
5198,
575,
873,
5162,
348,
403,
304,
505,
3942,
1058,
892,
17762,
304,
1207,
18161,
26285,
267,
304,
4017,
777,
310,
278,
28602,
1907,
29889,
13,
29956,
267,
18588,
29892,
278,
4148,
29892,
756,
5134,
263,
15171,
6270,
6503,
10754,
472,
278,
1250,
310,
445,
3143,
29889,
450,
5233,
8157,
18028,
5680,
25700,
21309,
373,
6985,
292,
12397,
29889,
7311,
445,
1051,
338,
263,
1298,
29899,
262,
29899,
2230,
22395,
310,
7788,
29892,
445,
6664,
15580,
471,
5644,
294,
10835,
18014,
304,
1074,
393,
263,
2145,
1474,
4784,
1873,
338,
3625,
373,
278,
8986,
29889,
13,
29909,
9591,
1058,
338,
8852,
297,
6509,
901,
1048,
2551,
322,
920,
372,
508,
367,
14363,
723,
367,
1532,
6766,
304,
1303,
450,
5739,
2482,
297,
2178,
310,
10783,
491,
4699,
1383,
5842,
29889,
9134,
8277,
26987,
278,
10879,
310,
5177,
373,
7333,
2551,
322,
278,
6297,
2898,
664,
13582,
297,
3657,
15387,
372,
29889,
13,
1576,
5901,
23976,
18588,
29901,
3118,
4408,
29892,
7803,
383,
1078,
674,
6655,
263,
9591,
304,
278,
24496,
363,
263,
2253,
5434,
363,
1749,
12397,
29892,
7148,
4344,
1058,
3700,
563,
11344,
2197,
260,
820,
14209,
29889,
5057,
368,
13622,
29889,
13,
29934,
6637,
4683,
645,
1562,
13,
1576,
5901,
23976,
18588,
471,
5492,
491,
1706,
19369,
669,
4989,
29884,
373,
3786,
29871,
29906,
29955,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
29889,
319,
9076,
3509,
471,
4944,
491,
278,
9805,
261,
29889,
13,
8176,
3192,
408,
263,
3143,
9076,
491,
390,
6637,
4683,
645,
1562,
29901,
450,
5901,
23976,
18588,
29892,
3657,
15387,
2551,
29892,
11715,
29899,
9816,
16708,
29892,
1120,
15647,
5275,
29892,
26767,
29892,
1900,
8277,
29892,
3143,
9076,
29892,
8277,
29892,
9391,
13175,
29892,
4344,
29892,
17268,
29892,
22161,
15426,
29892,
4699,
1383,
5842,
29892,
10672,
29892,
13175,
29892,
2898,
9917,
8277,
29892,
6426,
14368,
29892,
23459,
1288,
15874,
29892,
23010,
786,
2994,
276,
428,
284,
28218,
29892,
6936,
29915,
29879,
830,
7406,
29892,
13187,
280,
17138,
29892,
22559,
29892,
2626,
6390,
29892,
716,
27474,
29892,
1570,
3088,
4306,
29892,
1661,
29888,
2463,
29892,
3118,
4408,
29892,
697,
29899,
3560,
13175,
29892,
438,
19856,
399,
7192,
8903,
29892,
610,
7816,
3372,
29892,
7333,
2898,
9981,
29892,
7333,
23134,
29892,
7333,
26285,
267,
29892,
25273,
1017,
29892,
8475,
297,
29885,
1078,
29892,
13622,
8277,
29892,
7788,
1410,
2247,
29892,
390,
6637,
4683,
645,
1562,
29892,
1583,
639,
1441,
29892,
1583,
29899,
4196,
331,
29892,
2323,
3847,
3942,
29892,
5264,
15426,
29892,
5264,
23134,
29892,
5374,
3002,
29892,
1706,
19369,
669,
4989,
29884,
29892,
2551,
29892,
450,
14165,
29916,
29892,
450,
5739,
2482,
297,
2178,
310,
10783,
29892,
450,
5901,
23976,
18588,
29892,
7803,
383,
1078,
29892,
17164,
18403,
29879,
29892,
21448,
29892,
23976,
18588,
29892,
8037,
5619,
25940,
29892,
12397,
20676,
29879,
29892,
12397,
6471,
13,
1576,
1954,
29720,
284,
4634,
310,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
491,
12936,
29872,
17630,
4971,
417,
327,
13,
4013,
16410,
408,
385,
15129,
4768,
5275,
310,
263,
6114,
1058,
1795,
505,
9488,
9815,
541,
363,
263,
3737,
10792,
310,
26602,
29889,
376,
4178,
278,
5046,
310,
10081,
29899,
650,
29892,
11931,
11300,
380,
1965,
1549,
278,
7945,
3474,
472,
27777,
22696,
322,
9377,
29899,
3150,
17873,
310,
4094,
363,
278,
937,
931,
29892,
28435,
11183,
263,
716,
2834,
1213,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
6423,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29896,
310,
5147,
29894,
936,
23900,
541,
902,
9101,
526,
1603,
18758,
29889,
1763,
367,
2684,
29892,
871,
902,
23900,
9101,
6773,
304,
5735,
541,
896,
1122,
5735,
363,
701,
304,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
2440,
565,
14671,
2256,
29889,
2688,
526,
278,
577,
29899,
13998,
940,
5661,
9101,
393,
526,
1304,
491,
5925,
414,
10106,
278,
3186,
304,
6564,
278,
7134,
310,
920,
304,
8589,
322,
25212,
17135,
29889,
13,
13720,
12936,
29872,
17630,
4971,
417,
327,
756,
4586,
373,
278,
18766,
310,
286,
2495,
292,
263,
3942,
29915,
29879,
5828,
411,
263,
17694,
310,
26602,
322,
4307,
29889,
450,
7333,
5828,
338,
3033,
6751,
322,
3755,
1532,
2309,
29889,
450,
9591,
674,
2041,
304,
4459,
393,
540,
470,
1183,
451,
871,
7415,
19395,
287,
411,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
29892,
541,
884,
902,
5683,
8750,
7089,
272,
801,
29892,
322,
902,
916,
4344,
322,
4595,
11991,
29889,
1126,
29892,
408,
4971,
417,
327,
17659,
3730,
11486,
29892,
896,
526,
3755,
9560,
4595,
11991,
29889,
13,
4013,
9591,
7091,
278,
14509,
471,
3109,
11828,
746,
3211,
292,
278,
1612,
1417,
29899,
12018,
5626,
29889,
2193,
29915,
29879,
1363,
278,
1206,
338,
1754,
393,
11931,
11300,
29915,
29879,
9101,
892,
29892,
297,
2779,
29892,
380,
18975,
515,
902,
491,
1861,
1983,
20727,
11335,
15967,
29889,
15175,
2748,
366,
29915,
345,
1303,
1549,
1023,
29899,
22585,
29879,
310,
278,
3143,
29892,
366,
5110,
393,
20727,
11335,
9479,
1539,
278,
16083,
5925,
20801,
313,
392,
278,
11706,
11780,
29897,
310,
278,
2462,
29889,
14598,
29892,
372,
471,
263,
1568,
1422,
931,
29889,
319,
8220,
310,
445,
6664,
15580,
4846,
20218,
363,
263,
23900,
4768,
3554,
29891
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.185392 | 0.079808 | 1.080535 | 1.453091 |
in 1950 in a northern California hospital. Only later did the relative learn that her stomach cells were only removed in California; the cell slides were mailed to Johns Hopkins for the medical research and analysis.
There's also an apparent contradiction in the events. We're told repeatedly that Henrietta did not consent to having her cells used for medical research. Yet, her husband did authorize an autopsy and there's also a reference to a death-bed conversation during which Henrietta was said to have told a physician that she was pleased that others might benefit from an examination of her cancerous cell tissues. But even if this conversation never happened, the law at the time was what it was. The author tells us that the rights of research subjects were largely unprotected until 1966. Yes, and this means that a lot of time is spent reviewing and debating the medical morality of an earlier time. It is a moot point.
Henrietta's daughter Deborah is the appealing figure in this account. She is the family member who argued – passionately and perhaps appropriately – that one cannot hold yesterday's medical professionals to today's ethical and moral standards. Deborah, in fact, jumps off the pages of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks as the person who is brought back to life in the writing.
The descendents of Henrietta Lacks have never benefited from the use of her cells, leaving aside the issue of whether they were properly appropriated. They have not received any money, and although HeLa cells are sold for medical research, the family does not have health care. This is truly a shame, an injustice, and it is hoped that Skloot's account will – in highlighting this case – change things.
Henrietta Lacks deserves to be remembered, as does Deborah Lacks. Rebecca Skloot has provided the tombstone that Henrietta's family could never afford. This true account is at its best when paying tribute to a woman whose life, in death, has benefited countless individuals worldwide.
It is encouraging to hope and think (and perhaps pray) that this account will result in a better life for the children, beautiful grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Henrietta and Deborah Lacks. That would be the greatest tribute of all.
Reprinted courtesy of the New York Journal of Books.
Tagged as 1951, 1966, African-Americans, Baltimore, bioethics, biography, biology, cancer, cells, cellular biology, cervical cancer, Crown Books, Deborah Lacks, disease, genetics, health, HeLa cells, Henrietta Lacks, history, Johns Hopkins, Joseph Arellano, Joseph's Reviews, law and medicine, Maryland, medical ethics, medical research, medicine, patient consent, patient rights, Rebecca Skloot, recommended books, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson by Wil Haygood (Chicago Review Press, $18.95, 480 pages)
"It was a savage sport, but it held a kind of sacredness to him – a mystery."
Few biographies of great athletes manage to conquer the legend; to place the athlete in context as a walking, talking, human being. It may be because they tend to be either fawning – relying on "good stories" without regard to their accuracy – or they're overly bloodless and academic. (None of the biographies of Michael Jordan, for example, have seemed to capture the man behind the uniform.) There have been some exceptions… Namath: A Biography by Mark Kriegal was fascinating and brutally honest/factual, as was Sandy Koufax: A Lefty's Legacy by Jane Leavy, and Joe DiMaggio: The Hero's Life by Ben Cramer. But these remain the exceptions that prove the rule.
Now add to the exceptions list Wil Haygood's biography, Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson. Haygood – who earlier wrote a biography of Sammy Davis, Jr. – manages to capture the personality of the man in addition to the accomplishments of the athlete. Robinson was, no doubt, one of the handful of best boxers who has ever lived, yet he was notoriously envious of the skills of other public figures and entertainers – most notably musicians. ("He wanted desperately to know about life on the road for musicians.") Haygood
|
[
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29900,
297,
263,
14622,
8046,
13457,
29889,
9333,
2678,
1258,
278,
6198,
5110,
393,
902,
380,
290,
496,
9101,
892,
871,
6206,
297,
8046,
29936,
278,
3038,
2243,
2247,
892,
611,
2356,
304,
1861,
1983,
20727,
11335,
363,
278,
16083,
5925,
322,
7418,
29889,
13,
8439,
29915,
29879,
884,
385,
20295,
23949,
297,
278,
4959,
29889,
1334,
29915,
276,
5429,
28424,
393,
11931,
11300,
1258,
451,
20218,
304,
2534,
902,
9101,
1304,
363,
16083,
5925,
29889,
15175,
29892,
902,
10216,
1258,
4148,
675,
385,
1120,
3554,
29891,
322,
727,
29915,
29879,
884,
263,
3407,
304,
263,
4892,
29899,
2580,
14983,
2645,
607,
11931,
11300,
471,
1497,
304,
505,
5429,
263,
4824,
8910,
393,
1183,
471,
22301,
393,
4045,
1795,
14169,
515,
385,
4392,
3381,
310,
902,
23900,
681,
3038,
260,
12175,
29889,
1205,
1584,
565,
445,
14983,
2360,
9559,
29892,
278,
4307,
472,
278,
931,
471,
825,
372,
471,
29889,
450,
4148,
10603,
502,
393,
278,
10462,
310,
5925,
17800,
892,
18425,
443,
24681,
2745,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
29889,
3869,
29892,
322,
445,
2794,
393,
263,
3287,
310,
931,
338,
10398,
9076,
292,
322,
2553,
1218,
278,
16083,
3036,
2877,
310,
385,
8859,
931,
29889,
739,
338,
263,
2730,
327,
1298,
29889,
13,
24030,
374,
11300,
29915,
29879,
8750,
7089,
272,
801,
338,
278,
5929,
12818,
4377,
297,
445,
3633,
29889,
2296,
338,
278,
3942,
4509,
1058,
28705,
785,
15935,
2486,
322,
6060,
7128,
2486,
785,
393,
697,
2609,
4808,
22600,
29915,
29879,
16083,
6351,
1338,
304,
9826,
29915,
29879,
11314,
936,
322,
14731,
20801,
29889,
7089,
272,
801,
29892,
297,
2114,
29892,
432,
17204,
1283,
278,
6515,
310,
450,
1954,
29720,
284,
4634,
310,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
408,
278,
2022,
1058,
338,
6296,
1250,
304,
2834,
297,
278,
5007,
29889,
13,
1576,
17086,
1237,
310,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
505,
2360,
7795,
1573,
515,
278,
671,
310,
902,
9101,
29892,
10124,
17786,
278,
2228,
310,
3692,
896,
892,
6284,
7128,
630,
29889,
2688,
505,
451,
4520,
738,
6909,
29892,
322,
5998,
940,
5661,
9101,
526,
5239,
363,
16083,
5925,
29892,
278,
3942,
947,
451,
505,
9045,
2562,
29889,
910,
338,
19781,
263,
28503,
29892,
385,
297,
5143,
625,
29892,
322,
372,
338,
24936,
393,
4971,
417,
327,
29915,
29879,
3633,
674,
785,
297,
12141,
292,
445,
1206,
785,
1735,
2712,
29889,
13,
24030,
374,
11300,
365,
26514,
16964,
1960,
304,
367,
21832,
29892,
408,
947,
7089,
272,
801,
365,
26514,
29889,
12936,
29872,
17630,
4971,
417,
327,
756,
4944,
278,
20450,
12734,
393,
11931,
11300,
29915,
29879,
3942,
1033,
2360,
21750,
29889,
910,
1565,
3633,
338,
472,
967,
1900,
746,
5146,
292,
260,
2666,
304,
263,
6114,
5069,
2834,
29892,
297,
4892,
29892,
756,
7795,
1573,
2302,
2222,
15724,
3186,
8157,
29889,
13,
3112,
338,
18443,
292,
304,
4966,
322,
1348,
313,
392,
6060,
12475,
29897,
393,
445,
3633,
674,
1121,
297,
263,
2253,
2834,
363,
278,
4344,
29892,
9560,
4595,
11991,
322,
2107,
29899,
27857,
11991,
310,
11931,
11300,
322,
7089,
272,
801,
365,
26514,
29889,
2193,
723,
367,
278,
14176,
260,
2666,
310,
599,
29889,
13,
1123,
2158,
287,
2085,
2167,
29891,
310,
278,
1570,
3088,
8237,
310,
13730,
29889,
13,
8176,
3192,
408,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
29892,
11715,
29899,
9816,
16708,
29892,
26767,
29892,
17799,
621,
1199,
29892,
4768,
5275,
29892,
4768,
3002,
29892,
23900,
29892,
9101,
29892,
3038,
1070,
4768,
3002,
29892,
5147,
29894,
936,
23900,
29892,
25306,
13730,
29892,
7089,
272,
801,
365,
26514,
29892,
17135,
29892,
2531,
300,
1199,
29892,
9045,
29892,
940,
5661,
9101,
29892,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
29892,
4955,
29892,
1861,
1983,
20727,
11335,
29892,
6936,
4683,
645,
1562,
29892,
6936,
29915,
29879,
830,
7406,
29892,
4307,
322,
26602,
29892,
22559,
29892,
16083,
11314,
1199,
29892,
16083,
5925,
29892,
26602,
29892,
16500,
20218,
29892,
16500,
10462,
29892,
12936,
29872,
17630,
4971,
417,
327,
29892,
13622,
8277,
29892,
450,
1954,
29720,
284,
4634,
310,
11931,
11300,
365,
26514,
13,
29903,
16668,
498,
5062,
29901,
450,
4634,
322,
10277,
310,
25589,
279,
9596,
22265,
491,
4624,
11389,
16773,
313,
1451,
9384,
13957,
5254,
29892,
395,
29896,
29947,
29889,
29929,
29945,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29947,
29900,
6515,
29897,
13,
29908,
3112,
471,
263,
4048,
482,
7980,
29892,
541,
372,
4934,
263,
2924,
310,
26546,
2264,
304,
1075,
785,
263,
29236,
1213,
13,
29943,
809,
4768,
1946,
583,
310,
2107,
28563,
267,
10933,
304,
26474,
278,
15983,
29936,
304,
2058,
278,
17622,
2810,
297,
3030,
408,
263,
22049,
29892,
9963,
29892,
5199,
1641,
29889,
739,
1122,
367,
1363,
896,
10331,
304,
367,
2845,
285,
1450,
1076,
785,
337,
5890,
373,
376,
16773,
15874,
29908,
1728,
4880,
304,
1009,
13600,
785,
470,
896,
29915,
276,
975,
368,
10416,
2222,
322,
21567,
29889,
313,
8516,
310,
278,
4768,
1946,
583,
310,
5765,
18284,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
505,
6140,
304,
10446,
278,
767,
5742,
278,
9090,
1846,
1670,
505,
1063,
777,
15283,
30098,
13041,
493,
29901,
319,
17093,
491,
4485,
10919,
23014,
471,
21028,
262,
1218,
322,
26644,
635,
15993,
29914,
17028,
950,
29892,
408,
471,
8564,
29891,
476,
283,
29888,
1165,
29901,
319,
951,
3312,
29915,
29879,
5682,
4135,
491,
10447,
951,
5301,
29892,
322,
11131,
4671,
29924,
10044,
29901,
450,
22167,
29915,
29879,
4634,
491,
4111,
315,
2572,
261,
29889,
1205,
1438,
3933,
278,
15283,
393,
6356,
278,
5751,
29889,
13,
10454,
788,
304,
278,
15283,
1051,
4624,
11389,
16773,
29915,
29879,
4768,
5275,
29892,
317,
16668,
498,
5062,
29901,
450,
4634,
322,
10277,
310,
25589,
279,
9596,
22265,
29889,
11389,
16773,
785,
1058,
8859,
5456,
263,
4768,
5275,
310,
3685,
1357,
15225,
29892,
13843,
29889,
785,
767,
1179,
304,
10446,
278,
2022,
2877,
310,
278,
767,
297,
6124,
304,
278,
12709,
1860,
310,
278,
17622,
2810,
29889,
22265,
471,
29892,
694,
7404,
29892,
697,
310,
278,
1361,
1319,
310,
1900,
3800,
414,
1058,
756,
3926,
10600,
29892,
3447,
540,
471,
451,
272,
17365,
427,
2366,
310,
278,
25078,
310,
916,
970,
13994,
322,
22684,
414,
785,
1556,
451,
2197,
2301,
14722,
29889,
4852,
3868,
5131,
553,
546,
2486,
304,
1073,
1048,
2834,
373,
278,
6520,
363,
2301,
14722,
23157,
11389,
16773
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.560347 | 0.296538 | 1.381796 | 1.238062 |
1. Invisalign Full: This can be used to treat all types of malocclusion including those that require extractions. The treatment options are extensive and flexible and will offer a full solution to the problems you present with.
2. Invisalign Teen: This option is very similar to Full but is designed for the teenager with a developing dentition.
3. Invisalign Lite: This option is for people whose teeth are only mildly irregular. Often patients may have had orthodontic treatment in the past and the teeth have relapsed a little, or some front teeth have become a little crowded as wisdom teeth have erupted. It is limited to 14 sets of aligners and once the treatment plan has been agreed at the clincheck stage no alteration can be made. Invisalign Lite can be limited to treatment in one arch.
4. Invisalign i7: This is for even more mild problems than Lite and treatment is limited to 7 sets of aligners. Similar conditions apply as described with Lite.
You will be advised which of these is likely to be the most appropriate but this can be difficult to determine at the initial consultation. It becomes clear when the "Clincheck" is produced. At this stage one can see how much movement can be achieved with the aligners. It is possible to change between the systems during the clincheck approval phase. The Full and Teen systems will manage all aspects of treatment. The Lite and i7 systems are for minor corrections.
The aligners need to be worn 22 out of 24 hours of every day. They will improve the way your teeth fit and make them more even. This is done in a series of steps with a new appliance every two weeks. You will have a series of aligners at home and you fit them yourself. Each aligner moves the teeth in a very controlled manner. The number of aligners you need will determine the length of your treatment. Occasionally a few further aligners are made at the end just to detail some small tooth movements. Please be aware that this will add some extra time to your treatment but it is built into your treatment plan and there will not be any extra fees charged for this.
The appliances are made after taking very accurate impressions and records of your teeth. When the aligners are fitted you will require some small (1-2mm) tooth coloured attachments on your teeth to allow the aligners to hold onto and move your teeth. These attachments will be discrete and are easily removed at the end of treatment. Your teeth may require interproximal re-contouring. This is not unique to Invisalign treatment and does not damage your teeth unnecessarily. Your teeth will remain strong and as resistant to decay afterwards. Elastics are also used in some situations to help with the movement of your teeth. These are applied between the upper and lower teeth. They are recommended to be worn 24 hours a day.
Do not eat or drink with the aligners in place, except for plain water. This is to avoid tooth decay and to keep the aligners in good condition. You can clean your teeth without the aligners in place. This is one of the many advantages with Invisalign treatment. Cleaning the aligners should be done with warm soapy water and a clean brush or steeping them in "Retainer-Brite" which is available for purchase here. Each time you take them out you should try to rinse them and ALWAYS place them in the small container. They are very light and small and can be lost very easily, especially if wrapped in a paper tissue.
Supplemental orthodontic treatment may be required, including the use of bonded buttons, orthodontic elastics, temporary anchorage devices and sectional fixed appliances to achieve the desired result. All braces can cause minor changes to the roots of teeth. This is not usually a problem and it should not be of concern. Radiographs will reveal if your teeth are likely to be affected. Teeth that have been overlapped for a long period of time or that have been affected by periodontal disease may be missing the gingival tissue below the contact point. This can lead to a "black triangle" space developing between the contact point and gingival margin as they align. This will be reduced as much as possible with some judicious trimming between your teeth (interproximal reduction) to extend the contact point closer to the gingiva. If the contact point between your teeth is moved towards the gingival margin there is less chance of a black triangular space developing.
3. 2 weeks later, 10 Minutes: Fitting of the first aligner. This is a simple appointment to fit the
|
[
29871,
29896,
29889,
512,
1730,
2520,
14846,
29901,
910,
508,
367,
1304,
304,
7539,
599,
4072,
310,
4439,
542,
10085,
3704,
1906,
393,
1996,
4805,
1953,
29889,
450,
14502,
3987,
526,
20607,
322,
25706,
322,
674,
5957,
263,
2989,
1650,
304,
278,
4828,
366,
2198,
411,
29889,
13,
29906,
29889,
512,
1730,
2520,
1920,
264,
29901,
910,
2984,
338,
1407,
2788,
304,
14846,
541,
338,
8688,
363,
278,
734,
264,
1875,
411,
263,
14338,
12042,
654,
29889,
13,
29941,
29889,
512,
1730,
2520,
365,
568,
29901,
910,
2984,
338,
363,
2305,
5069,
25287,
526,
871,
286,
789,
368,
27931,
29889,
438,
15535,
22069,
1122,
505,
750,
14219,
397,
609,
293,
14502,
297,
278,
4940,
322,
278,
25287,
505,
10208,
567,
287,
263,
2217,
29892,
470,
777,
4565,
25287,
505,
4953,
263,
2217,
11660,
7176,
408,
29714,
25287,
505,
604,
21245,
287,
29889,
739,
338,
9078,
304,
29871,
29896,
29946,
6166,
310,
7595,
414,
322,
2748,
278,
14502,
3814,
756,
1063,
15502,
472,
278,
24899,
3198,
7408,
694,
10551,
362,
508,
367,
1754,
29889,
512,
1730,
2520,
365,
568,
508,
367,
9078,
304,
14502,
297,
697,
3190,
29889,
13,
29946,
29889,
512,
1730,
2520,
474,
29955,
29901,
910,
338,
363,
1584,
901,
286,
789,
4828,
1135,
365,
568,
322,
14502,
338,
9078,
304,
29871,
29955,
6166,
310,
7595,
414,
29889,
13999,
5855,
3394,
408,
5439,
411,
365,
568,
29889,
13,
3492,
674,
367,
594,
11292,
607,
310,
1438,
338,
5517,
304,
367,
278,
1556,
8210,
541,
445,
508,
367,
5189,
304,
8161,
472,
278,
2847,
8799,
362,
29889,
739,
7415,
2821,
746,
278,
376,
29907,
1915,
3198,
29908,
338,
7371,
29889,
2180,
445,
7408,
697,
508,
1074,
920,
1568,
10298,
508,
367,
14363,
411,
278,
7595,
414,
29889,
739,
338,
1950,
304,
1735,
1546,
278,
6757,
2645,
278,
24899,
3198,
2134,
791,
8576,
29889,
450,
14846,
322,
1920,
264,
6757,
674,
10933,
599,
21420,
310,
14502,
29889,
450,
365,
568,
322,
474,
29955,
6757,
526,
363,
9461,
14515,
1953,
29889,
13,
1576,
7595,
414,
817,
304,
367,
28043,
29871,
29906,
29906,
714,
310,
29871,
29906,
29946,
6199,
310,
1432,
2462,
29889,
2688,
674,
11157,
278,
982,
596,
25287,
6216,
322,
1207,
963,
901,
1584,
29889,
910,
338,
2309,
297,
263,
3652,
310,
6576,
411,
263,
716,
623,
13036,
1432,
1023,
11405,
29889,
887,
674,
505,
263,
3652,
310,
7595,
414,
472,
3271,
322,
366,
6216,
963,
7535,
29889,
7806,
7595,
261,
16229,
278,
25287,
297,
263,
1407,
20704,
8214,
29889,
450,
1353,
310,
7595,
414,
366,
817,
674,
8161,
278,
3309,
310,
596,
14502,
29889,
16117,
7002,
635,
263,
2846,
4340,
7595,
414,
526,
1754,
472,
278,
1095,
925,
304,
9493,
777,
2319,
304,
720,
24147,
29889,
3529,
367,
9543,
393,
445,
674,
788,
777,
4805,
931,
304,
596,
14502,
541,
372,
338,
4240,
964,
596,
14502,
3814,
322,
727,
674,
451,
367,
738,
4805,
1238,
267,
20139,
363,
445,
29889,
13,
1576,
623,
492,
2925,
526,
1754,
1156,
5622,
1407,
16232,
21210,
1080,
322,
6475,
310,
596,
25287,
29889,
1932,
278,
7595,
414,
526,
25890,
366,
674,
1996,
777,
2319,
313,
29896,
29899,
29906,
4317,
29897,
304,
720,
784,
14076,
10641,
1860,
373,
596,
25287,
304,
2758,
278,
7595,
414,
304,
4808,
11480,
322,
4337,
596,
25287,
29889,
4525,
10641,
1860,
674,
367,
19554,
322,
526,
5948,
6206,
472,
278,
1095,
310,
14502,
29889,
3575,
25287,
1122,
1996,
1006,
771,
2657,
284,
337,
29899,
1285,
473,
292,
29889,
910,
338,
451,
5412,
304,
512,
1730,
2520,
14502,
322,
947,
451,
18658,
596,
25287,
17128,
6275,
29889,
3575,
25287,
674,
3933,
4549,
322,
408,
9241,
424,
304,
20228,
12335,
29889,
1260,
579,
1199,
526,
884,
1304,
297,
777,
18845,
304,
1371,
411,
278,
10298,
310,
596,
25287,
29889,
4525,
526,
7436,
1546,
278,
7568,
322,
5224,
25287,
29889,
2688,
526,
13622,
304,
367,
28043,
29871,
29906,
29946,
6199,
263,
2462,
29889,
13,
6132,
451,
17545,
470,
13748,
411,
278,
7595,
414,
297,
2058,
29892,
5174,
363,
8656,
4094,
29889,
910,
338,
304,
4772,
304,
720,
20228,
322,
304,
3013,
278,
7595,
414,
297,
1781,
4195,
29889,
887,
508,
5941,
596,
25287,
1728,
278,
7595,
414,
297,
2058,
29889,
910,
338,
697,
310,
278,
1784,
25486,
411,
512,
1730,
2520,
14502,
29889,
315,
14044,
292,
278,
7595,
414,
881,
367,
2309,
411,
14294,
577,
27580,
4094,
322,
263,
5941,
1506,
1878,
470,
1886,
26819,
963,
297,
376,
8015,
4008,
29899,
29933,
1377,
29908,
607,
338,
3625,
363,
20590,
1244,
29889,
7806,
931,
366,
2125,
963,
714,
366,
881,
1018,
304,
29053,
344,
963,
322,
14445,
12982,
21554,
2058,
963,
297,
278,
2319,
5639,
29889,
2688,
526,
1407,
3578,
322,
2319,
322,
508,
367,
5714,
1407,
5948,
29892,
7148,
565,
21021,
297,
263,
5650,
260,
15118,
29889,
13,
20182,
944,
284,
14219,
397,
609,
293,
14502,
1122,
367,
3734,
29892,
3704,
278,
671,
310,
21224,
287,
9828,
29892,
14219,
397,
609,
293,
560,
579,
1199,
29892,
13201,
23791,
6022,
9224,
322,
4004,
284,
4343,
623,
492,
2925,
304,
6176,
278,
7429,
1121,
29889,
2178,
4105,
778,
508,
4556,
9461,
3620,
304,
278,
16778,
310,
25287,
29889,
910,
338,
451,
5491,
263,
1108,
322,
372,
881,
451,
367,
310,
5932,
29889,
4957,
29875,
1946,
29879,
674,
10320,
284,
565,
596,
25287,
526,
5517,
304,
367,
15201,
29889,
1920,
621,
393,
505,
1063,
975,
433,
2986,
363,
263,
1472,
3785,
310,
931,
470,
393,
505,
1063,
15201,
491,
3785,
609,
284,
17135,
1122,
367,
4567,
278,
12773,
2561,
260,
15118,
2400,
278,
6958,
1298,
29889,
910,
508,
3275,
304,
263,
376,
8517,
17205,
29908,
2913,
14338,
1546,
278,
6958,
1298,
322,
12773,
2561,
5906,
408,
896,
7595,
29889,
910,
674,
367,
12212,
408,
1568,
408,
1950,
411,
777,
6577,
14803,
17151,
4056,
1546,
596,
25287,
313,
1639,
771,
2657,
284,
20376,
29897,
304,
10985,
278,
6958,
1298,
17649,
304,
278,
12773,
4244,
29889,
960,
278,
6958,
1298,
1546,
596,
25287,
338,
6153,
7113,
278,
12773,
2561,
5906,
727,
338,
3109,
8825,
310,
263,
4628,
3367,
6825,
2913,
14338,
29889,
13,
29941,
29889,
29871,
29906,
11405,
2678,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
3080,
2667,
29901,
383,
5367,
310,
278,
937,
7595,
261,
29889,
910,
338,
263,
2560,
28573,
304,
6216,
278
] | 1,024 |
C4
| -0.039748 | -0.060352 | -0.558471 | 1.205175 |
first aligner. You will have a chance to practice and be given instructions on wearing the appliance and how to care for it. You will be given the first 3 aligners.
4. 5 weeks later, 45 Minutes: The attachments will be bonded to your teeth and the aligners checked for fit. Some inter-proximal reduction may be performed at this stage and you may be asked to start wearing elastics.
Subsequently, appointments will be every eight weeks and you will be given the next aligners (4 sets). Treatment progresses as the aligners are changed and this is normally every 14 to 16 days. You will be the best judge of this depending how your teeth feel. The current aligner should fit perfectly before moving onto the next stage. When you attend for visits please have the aligners in place. This is essential to allow me to judge how well your teeth are moving.
Speech may be affected at first but you will accommodate to them after a couple of days. You may have some slight discomfort when each aligner is fitted but this settles quickly. The edge of the aligner can be smoothed down if it feels rough on your soft tissues. If there is a problem with a new aligner please keep wearing the previous aligner until you can make an appointment to have this checked.
Failure to wear the appliances for at least 22 out of every 24 hours will lengthen the treatment and affect the ability of the appliances to achieve the best result. If they are not worn sufficiently then teeth will not track as they should and corrections, with further impressions and re-starting treatment, will be required. Loss of aligners will result in additional charges. You should keep all past aligners. If you lose the current aligner that you are wearing, having the immediate previous aligner provides a simple retainer to hold your teeth steady until you can make an appointment to see me. Sometimes you will need to retrace the steps of treatment if a tooth is not moving properly.
Cost structure for "Invisalign" appliance system.
Records to create "clincheck" £300 (Impressions and submission to Align Technology) the clincheck is the computer simulation of your treatment. You may choose to have the clincheck produced and then decide if you would like to proceed with treatment. If you have paid more than £300, with your initial deposit, we will refund the difference if you decide not to go ahead with treatment.
The clincheck provides a virtual 3D moving model (CAD image) of your teeth and the treatment proposed. I will show you this before having the aligners fabricated. It gives you a chance to see what I plan to do to your teeth and how they will look. As discussed earlier it is possible to swap between the different treatment options at this stage. Your decision will be influenced by how much correction can be achieved.
1. Essix type vacuum formed retainer. This is similar to an aligner but is made of different, thicker plastic. It is made here at the practice and two sets will be provided as part of your treatment fees.
2. Fixed or Bonded wire retainer. This is used in some circumstances to help hold the teeth stable but it should not be relied upon without the backup of a removable retainer. If the bonded retainer fails, distorts or debonds then the teeth will start to move out of position. The removable retainer can be used to hold them steady until the necessary repairs can be made. This type of retainer can be a problem to look after and will require regular check either here or at your own dentists. It is difficult to clean and care should be taken when brushing and flossing. An "airfloss", produced by sonicare, may help. If it is appropriate to use these they will be included in the treatment fee.
3. Vivera Retainers. These are similar to the Essix retainer described above. However, they are made by Align Technology in a similar way to the aligners used to straighten your teeth. They are a superior form of removable retainer. You will receive 3 sets and your records will be held on file, digitally, at Align Technology. Replacement retainers can be ordered easily. They are extremely comfortable, robust and work very well. There is a fee of £350 for these and they can be made with further impressions of your teeth or by using the last stage of your treatment with the aligners.
FAILURE TO WEAR THE RETAINERS, AS DIRECTED, WILL RESULT IN YOUR TEETH MOVING OUT OF
|
[
937,
7595,
261,
29889,
887,
674,
505,
263,
8825,
304,
6944,
322,
367,
2183,
11994,
373,
591,
4362,
278,
623,
13036,
322,
920,
304,
2562,
363,
372,
29889,
887,
674,
367,
2183,
278,
937,
29871,
29941,
7595,
414,
29889,
13,
29946,
29889,
29871,
29945,
11405,
2678,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29945,
3080,
2667,
29901,
450,
10641,
1860,
674,
367,
21224,
287,
304,
596,
25287,
322,
278,
7595,
414,
7120,
363,
6216,
29889,
3834,
1006,
29899,
771,
2657,
284,
20376,
1122,
367,
8560,
472,
445,
7408,
322,
366,
1122,
367,
4433,
304,
1369,
591,
4362,
560,
579,
1199,
29889,
13,
4035,
27284,
29892,
8167,
1860,
674,
367,
1432,
9475,
11405,
322,
366,
674,
367,
2183,
278,
2446,
7595,
414,
313,
29946,
6166,
467,
6479,
271,
358,
6728,
267,
408,
278,
7595,
414,
526,
3939,
322,
445,
338,
12891,
1432,
29871,
29896,
29946,
304,
29871,
29896,
29953,
3841,
29889,
887,
674,
367,
278,
1900,
16833,
310,
445,
8679,
920,
596,
25287,
4459,
29889,
450,
1857,
7595,
261,
881,
6216,
7970,
1434,
8401,
11480,
278,
2446,
7408,
29889,
1932,
366,
14333,
363,
1998,
1169,
3113,
505,
278,
7595,
414,
297,
2058,
29889,
910,
338,
18853,
304,
2758,
592,
304,
16833,
920,
1532,
596,
25287,
526,
8401,
29889,
13,
10649,
5309,
1122,
367,
15201,
472,
937,
541,
366,
674,
24803,
403,
304,
963,
1156,
263,
7303,
310,
3841,
29889,
887,
1122,
505,
777,
7248,
766,
510,
3921,
746,
1269,
7595,
261,
338,
25890,
541,
445,
3604,
793,
9098,
29889,
450,
7636,
310,
278,
7595,
261,
508,
367,
10597,
287,
1623,
565,
372,
23880,
12164,
373,
596,
4964,
260,
12175,
29889,
960,
727,
338,
263,
1108,
411,
263,
716,
7595,
261,
3113,
3013,
591,
4362,
278,
3517,
7595,
261,
2745,
366,
508,
1207,
385,
28573,
304,
505,
445,
7120,
29889,
13,
24155,
304,
19531,
278,
623,
492,
2925,
363,
472,
3203,
29871,
29906,
29906,
714,
310,
1432,
29871,
29906,
29946,
6199,
674,
3309,
264,
278,
14502,
322,
6602,
278,
11509,
310,
278,
623,
492,
2925,
304,
6176,
278,
1900,
1121,
29889,
960,
896,
526,
451,
28043,
18430,
769,
25287,
674,
451,
5702,
408,
896,
881,
322,
14515,
1953,
29892,
411,
4340,
21210,
1080,
322,
337,
29899,
2962,
292,
14502,
29892,
674,
367,
3734,
29889,
365,
2209,
310,
7595,
414,
674,
1121,
297,
5684,
21090,
29889,
887,
881,
3013,
599,
4940,
7595,
414,
29889,
960,
366,
14074,
278,
1857,
7595,
261,
393,
366,
526,
591,
4362,
29892,
2534,
278,
16800,
3517,
7595,
261,
8128,
263,
2560,
11551,
261,
304,
4808,
596,
25287,
27357,
2745,
366,
508,
1207,
385,
28573,
304,
1074,
592,
29889,
18512,
366,
674,
817,
304,
337,
15003,
278,
6576,
310,
14502,
565,
263,
304,
720,
338,
451,
8401,
6284,
29889,
13,
25733,
3829,
363,
376,
797,
1730,
2520,
29908,
623,
13036,
1788,
29889,
13,
4789,
4339,
304,
1653,
376,
695,
262,
3198,
29908,
15151,
29941,
29900,
29900,
313,
1888,
2139,
1080,
322,
29240,
304,
838,
647,
17968,
29897,
278,
24899,
3198,
338,
278,
6601,
17402,
310,
596,
14502,
29889,
887,
1122,
6755,
304,
505,
278,
24899,
3198,
7371,
322,
769,
11097,
565,
366,
723,
763,
304,
8469,
411,
14502,
29889,
960,
366,
505,
12530,
901,
1135,
15151,
29941,
29900,
29900,
29892,
411,
596,
2847,
19754,
277,
29892,
591,
674,
2143,
870,
278,
4328,
565,
366,
11097,
451,
304,
748,
14432,
411,
14502,
29889,
13,
1576,
24899,
3198,
8128,
263,
6901,
29871,
29941,
29928,
8401,
1904,
313,
29907,
3035,
1967,
29897,
310,
596,
25287,
322,
278,
14502,
7972,
29889,
306,
674,
1510,
366,
445,
1434,
2534,
278,
7595,
414,
18187,
630,
29889,
739,
4076,
366,
263,
8825,
304,
1074,
825,
306,
3814,
304,
437,
304,
596,
25287,
322,
920,
896,
674,
1106,
29889,
1094,
15648,
8859,
372,
338,
1950,
304,
17945,
1546,
278,
1422,
14502,
3987,
472,
445,
7408,
29889,
3575,
10608,
674,
367,
28482,
491,
920,
1568,
26385,
508,
367,
14363,
29889,
13,
29896,
29889,
11044,
861,
1134,
11757,
29884,
398,
8429,
11551,
261,
29889,
910,
338,
2788,
304,
385,
7595,
261,
541,
338,
1754,
310,
1422,
29892,
266,
6541,
715,
6288,
29889,
739,
338,
1754,
1244,
472,
278,
6944,
322,
1023,
6166,
674,
367,
4944,
408,
760,
310,
596,
14502,
1238,
267,
29889,
13,
29906,
29889,
383,
11925,
470,
26370,
287,
8014,
11551,
261,
29889,
910,
338,
1304,
297,
777,
14209,
304,
1371,
4808,
278,
25287,
13714,
541,
372,
881,
451,
367,
337,
2957,
2501,
1728,
278,
16199,
310,
263,
4030,
519,
11551,
261,
29889,
960,
278,
21224,
287,
11551,
261,
8465,
29892,
1320,
441,
29879,
470,
2553,
13788,
769,
278,
25287,
674,
1369,
304,
4337,
714,
310,
2602,
29889,
450,
4030,
519,
11551,
261,
508,
367,
1304,
304,
4808,
963,
27357,
2745,
278,
5181,
1634,
7121,
508,
367,
1754,
29889,
910,
1134,
310,
11551,
261,
508,
367,
263,
1108,
304,
1106,
1156,
322,
674,
1996,
4943,
1423,
2845,
1244,
470,
472,
596,
1914,
12042,
2879,
29889,
739,
338,
5189,
304,
5941,
322,
2562,
881,
367,
4586,
746,
1506,
21616,
322,
1652,
2209,
292,
29889,
530,
376,
1466,
1579,
2209,
613,
7371,
491,
1487,
293,
598,
29892,
1122,
1371,
29889,
960,
372,
338,
8210,
304,
671,
1438,
896,
674,
367,
5134,
297,
278,
14502,
27684,
29889,
13,
29941,
29889,
478,
2147,
29874,
4649,
475,
414,
29889,
4525,
526,
2788,
304,
278,
11044,
861,
11551,
261,
5439,
2038,
29889,
2398,
29892,
896,
526,
1754,
491,
838,
647,
17968,
297,
263,
2788,
982,
304,
278,
7595,
414,
1304,
304,
7812,
264,
596,
25287,
29889,
2688,
526,
263,
11558,
883,
310,
4030,
519,
11551,
261,
29889,
887,
674,
7150,
29871,
29941,
6166,
322,
596,
6475,
674,
367,
4934,
373,
934,
29892,
13615,
635,
29892,
472,
838,
647,
17968,
29889,
10088,
9552,
11551,
414,
508,
367,
10372,
5948,
29889,
2688,
526,
14154,
25561,
29892,
16424,
322,
664,
1407,
1532,
29889,
1670,
338,
263,
27684,
310,
15151,
29941,
29945,
29900,
363,
1438,
322,
896,
508,
367,
1754,
411,
4340,
21210,
1080,
310,
596,
25287,
470,
491,
773,
278,
1833,
7408,
310,
596,
14502,
411,
278,
7595,
414,
29889,
13,
4519,
6227,
11499,
7495,
399,
26441,
6093,
28081,
29909,
1177,
23598,
29892,
3339,
22471,
26282,
3352,
29892,
399,
24071,
390,
2890,
8647,
2672,
612,
22970,
17067,
2544,
29950,
16999,
29963,
4214,
19474,
8079
] | 1,024 |
C4
| -0.237923 | -0.181046 | -0.899184 | 0.813063 |
Rory Michael Fallon (* 20. März 1982 in Gisborne) ist ein ehemaliger neuseeländischer Fußballspieler mit britischem Pass. Fallon spielte ab 1999 bei verschiedenen Vereinen im Spielbetrieb der englischen Football League und erzielte 2009 für das neuseeländische Nationalteam den entscheidenden Treffer in der WM-Qualifikation. Er spielte zuletzt beim unterklassigen Dorchester Town in England.
Vereinskarriere
Fallon, Sohn des früheren neuseeländischen Nationaltrainers Kevin Fallon, spielte 1998 in Frankreich für eine neuseeländische U-16-Auswahl, als er und sein Mannschaftskamerad David Mulligan einem Scout des FC Barnsley auffielen, und in die Jugendakademie des Klubs geholt wurden. 1999 erhielt er seinen ersten Profivertrag und gab im April 2001 sein Pflichtspieldebüt bei einer 0:4-Niederlage gegen Preston North End, nachdem er sich als bester Torschütze der Reserve dafür empfohlen hatte. Seinen Durchbruch bei Barnsley schaffte er erst in der Saison 2002/03, nachdem das Team in der Vorsaison aus der Football League Championship in die Football League One abgestiegen war. Im November 2003 wurde er für etwa 60.000 Pfund von Swindon Town verpflichtet, nachdem er bei Barnsley aufgrund finanzieller Probleme des Klubs nur noch Kurzzeitverträge erhalten hatte. Bei Swindon fungierte er zunächst überwiegend als Ersatzspieler, erzielte aber dennoch in 21 Partien sieben Treffer, darunter ein spektakulärer Fallrückzieher von der Strafraumgrenze. Er erreichte mit Swindon die Aufstiegs-Play-offs, scheiterte aber im Halbfinale nach Elfmeterschießen an Brighton & Hove Albion.
Die folgende Saison verlief für Fallon enttäuschend, weiterhin überwiegend Ergänzungsspieler, erzielte er in 31 Einsätzen nur drei Treffer und wurde zwischenzeitlich auch für einen Monat an den Viertligisten Yeovil Town abgegeben. Die Saison endete für ihn bereits im April, nachdem er für eine Tätlichkeit mehrere Wochen gesperrt wurde. Als im Sommer 2005 mit Sam Parkin ein etatmäßiger Stürmer verkauft wurde, stand Fallon, dessen Stärken im Kopfballspiel liegen und der trotz einer Größe von 188 Zentimetern auch über eine passable Ballbehandlung verfügt, fortan in der Startelf und erzielte bis Januar 2006 zwölf Treffer in 25 Partien. Diese Torquote war dem Ligakonkurrenten und Aufstiegskandidaten Swansea City eine Ablöse von 300.000 Pfund wert, bei dem er Ende Januar einen Vertrag über zweieinhalb Jahre unterzeichnete. Nach einem durchwachsenen Start bei seinem neuen Klub fand er in der Endphase der Saison seine Form wieder und traf unter anderem im Play-off-Finale um den Aufstieg gegen seinen alten Klub Barnsley, dem man letztlich im Elfmeterschießen mit 3:4 unterlag. Zudem erzielte er auch einen Treffer beim 2:1-Erfolg im Finale des FAW Premier Cups 2006. Nach acht Treffern in 22 Partien zu Beginn der Saison 2006/07, wechselte er für erneut 300.000 Pfund zum Zweitligisten Plymouth Argyle, für Plymouth zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein Rekordtransfer.
Bei Plymouth dauerte es bis zur Saison 2008/09, ehe er regelmäßiger in der Startaufstellung stand, konnte sich aber auch seither nur sporadisch als Torschütze auszuzeichnen. In der Saison 2009/10 verpasste er mit Plymouth als Tabellenvorletzter den Klassenerhalt. Im August 2011 spielte Fallon für einen Monat bei Yeovil Town, ehe er einen Vertrag beim FC Aberdeen unterschrieb.
Nationalmannschaft
Da Fallon nach seinem
|
[
390,
706,
5765,
14053,
265,
3070,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29889,
7322,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
297,
402,
275,
4089,
484,
29897,
1752,
1011,
15338,
4087,
452,
1509,
295,
3140,
3208,
23491,
1380,
6791,
783,
331,
6978,
29889,
14053,
265,
18681,
633,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
2862,
25176,
9380,
7026,
527,
7842,
6878,
11055,
589,
19784,
1679,
8914,
5165,
563,
604,
17894,
371,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
1865,
1697,
452,
1509,
295,
3140,
2010,
3086,
14318,
972,
875,
11973,
2162,
323,
999,
571,
297,
589,
29783,
29899,
24399,
14759,
362,
29889,
1425,
18681,
1729,
1026,
2065,
10005,
3662,
29895,
605,
2101,
9579,
10530,
8421,
297,
5408,
29889,
13,
13,
29963,
406,
262,
808,
279,
15920,
29871,
13,
29943,
497,
265,
29892,
15148,
553,
27509,
264,
452,
1509,
295,
3140,
1679,
3086,
14968,
414,
19323,
14053,
265,
29892,
18681,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29947,
297,
22253,
1865,
2128,
452,
1509,
295,
3140,
2010,
501,
29899,
29896,
29953,
29899,
18306,
14967,
29892,
1620,
604,
563,
2757,
21404,
808,
4183,
328,
4699,
341,
913,
11163,
4093,
2522,
449,
553,
7992,
2261,
1983,
2330,
782,
600,
709,
264,
29892,
563,
297,
762,
19472,
557,
18401,
347,
553,
12043,
23954,
1737,
5391,
29873,
5448,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29929,
14312,
604,
10316,
9372,
6175,
29875,
1765,
1431,
563,
11880,
527,
3786,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
2757,
10022,
10881,
9671,
16529,
6621,
2862,
3422,
29871,
29900,
29901,
29946,
29899,
29940,
4474,
6184,
6927,
1588,
21496,
4644,
2796,
29892,
2644,
2310,
604,
2160,
1620,
1900,
261,
4794,
816,
6621,
911,
589,
27811,
1146,
18214,
3710,
29888,
1148,
2435,
6551,
29889,
922,
7026,
13354,
16670,
305,
2862,
2261,
1983,
2330,
1364,
3470,
371,
604,
9284,
297,
589,
11873,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
29914,
29900,
29941,
29892,
2644,
2310,
1697,
8583,
297,
589,
24112,
8376,
1770,
589,
8914,
5165,
8972,
297,
762,
8914,
5165,
3118,
633,
7118,
347,
1885,
1370,
29889,
1954,
3979,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
1931,
604,
1865,
10218,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29889,
29900,
29900,
29900,
10022,
870,
1005,
3925,
513,
265,
8421,
1147,
7810,
10881,
300,
29892,
2644,
2310,
604,
2862,
2261,
1983,
2330,
25670,
11782,
2526,
4539,
1019,
569,
1004,
553,
12043,
23954,
5595,
5440,
26274,
6665,
369,
509,
29986,
479,
20732,
6551,
29889,
10632,
3925,
513,
265,
26933,
5423,
604,
16891,
2939,
29893,
5876,
355,
1620,
1425,
29879,
4101,
14594,
29892,
604,
17894,
371,
6126,
972,
1217,
305,
297,
29871,
29906,
29896,
3455,
819,
29447,
323,
999,
571,
29892,
5424,
8428,
1011,
961,
1193,
557,
352,
1215,
261,
14053,
29878,
3675,
3914,
2276,
1005,
589,
624,
1929,
19527,
629,
13233,
29889,
1425,
25329,
1380,
3925,
513,
265,
762,
4322,
303,
347,
3174,
29899,
13454,
29899,
22450,
29892,
21014,
1524,
371,
6126,
527,
8142,
1635,
16673,
2644,
1260,
29888,
2527,
7092,
347,
6256,
385,
29258,
265,
669,
379,
994,
16197,
291,
29889,
13,
13,
16334,
900,
11693,
11873,
27059,
2575,
1865,
14053,
265,
875,
29873,
29986,
17974,
355,
29892,
9352,
11222,
2939,
29893,
5876,
355,
1425,
29887,
3363,
16857,
893,
13262,
29892,
604,
17894,
371,
604,
297,
29871,
29941,
29896,
16943,
3003,
2256,
5595,
9697,
323,
999,
571,
563,
1931,
7831,
6665,
1470,
2907,
1865,
4596,
2598,
271,
385,
972,
478,
3722,
3473,
8244,
10134,
586,
309,
8421,
633,
27644,
29889,
1640,
11873,
1095,
2650,
1865,
8756,
13101,
527,
3786,
29892,
2644,
2310,
604,
1865,
2128,
323,
3003,
23143,
21742,
14962,
2724,
6300,
546,
2273,
1931,
29889,
8320,
527,
22820,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
1380,
3685,
4815,
262,
1011,
634,
271,
29885,
10250,
4087,
624,
1276,
1050,
13268,
585,
615,
1931,
29892,
2317,
14053,
265,
29892,
14160,
624,
1215,
1717,
527,
476,
15818,
2135,
9671,
3804,
1885,
563,
589,
3147,
17559,
3422,
1632,
29997,
5831,
1005,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29947,
16607,
17528,
824,
2907,
2939,
2128,
1209,
519,
13402,
915,
3179,
8285,
19020,
29993,
4141,
29892,
5162,
273,
297,
589,
7370,
761,
563,
604,
17894,
371,
2652,
7116,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
5263,
5873,
29888,
323,
999,
571,
297,
29871,
29906,
29945,
3455,
819,
29889,
13528,
4794,
1396,
1370,
1261,
21894,
557,
23345,
1264,
264,
563,
4322,
303,
5876,
808,
5380,
2579,
3925,
12350,
29874,
4412,
2128,
1976,
27575,
344,
1005,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
29889,
29900,
29900,
29900,
10022,
870,
281,
814,
29892,
2862,
1261,
604,
10720,
7116,
4596,
29396,
2939,
4753,
347,
262,
11820,
7095,
3662,
8549,
29872,
29889,
3975,
4093,
3494,
29893,
14145,
264,
7370,
2862,
10294,
17369,
12043,
431,
19857,
604,
297,
589,
2796,
21646,
589,
11873,
6676,
3812,
7518,
563,
1020,
29888,
3662,
18617,
527,
7412,
29899,
2696,
29899,
12881,
744,
1922,
972,
4322,
303,
5876,
6927,
10316,
25920,
12043,
431,
2261,
1983,
2330,
29892,
1261,
767,
1235,
2065,
1470,
527,
1260,
29888,
2527,
7092,
347,
6256,
1380,
29871,
29941,
29901,
29946,
3662,
3110,
29889,
796,
20294,
604,
17894,
371,
604,
2907,
4596,
323,
999,
571,
10005,
29871,
29906,
29901,
29896,
29899,
2110,
10132,
527,
29518,
553,
13515,
29956,
14163,
10406,
567,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
29889,
3975,
22019,
323,
999,
24023,
297,
29871,
29906,
29906,
3455,
819,
1729,
27847,
589,
11873,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
29914,
29900,
29955,
29892,
25017,
604,
1865,
27818,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
29889,
29900,
29900,
29900,
10022,
870,
3356,
9647,
277,
3473,
8244,
349,
368,
21026,
11842,
1508,
29892,
1865,
349,
368,
21026,
1729,
12909,
5347,
19294,
1011,
830,
29619,
3286,
571,
29889,
13,
13,
3629,
29875,
349,
368,
21026,
270,
7547,
371,
831,
2652,
3046,
11873,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
29914,
29900,
29929,
29892,
321,
354,
604,
1072,
16422,
10250,
4087,
297,
589,
7370,
4987,
11550,
2317,
29892,
11589,
2160,
6126,
2907,
409,
2121,
5595,
805,
272,
328,
783,
1620,
4794,
816,
6621,
911,
1770,
6951,
5185,
4566,
29889,
512,
589,
11873,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
29914,
29896,
29900,
1147,
18182,
1655,
604,
1380,
349,
368,
21026,
1620,
11090,
4919,
5267,
1026,
29920,
357,
972,
476,
605,
759,
10647,
29889,
1954,
3111,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29896,
18681,
14053,
265,
1865,
4596,
2598,
271,
2862,
10134,
586,
309,
8421,
29892,
321,
354,
604,
4596,
29396,
10005,
7992,
20626,
311,
264,
3662,
816,
11055,
29889,
13,
13,
27325,
26306,
29871,
13,
27838,
14053,
265,
2644,
10294
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -0.480846 | -0.468506 | -0.258667 | -1.304341 |
Car Rentals Chandler
Discount Car Rentals in Chandler
Alamo Rental Cars will help you get the BEST discounts for you on your next trip. You always get the BEST deals with Alamo Car Rentals. Head over to our web site today at Coupon codes for Alamo to get the biggest online discounts.
Chandler Alamo Car Rentals - 331 E. Chandler Blvd.
Alamo Phoenix Sky Harbor Apt - 1805 E. Sky Harbor Circle S.
Phoenix Alamo Car Rentals - 2577 W. Greenway Rd.
Things to do in Chandler
Arizona Railway Museum
This museum opened in 1983, as a non-profit organization with historical and educational aspects that span the state's exciting railroad growth, as well as that of the southwest regions contribution to the expansion and growth of the area. To these ends, the museum is devoted, and that is why the museum is free to incorporate all areas and memorabilia that is relevant to the railroading history of the southwest and Arizona. It is more than just a repository for old railroading relics, it is a community involved effort to acquire, preserve and showcase the magnificent machines that ran across this country for so many years and was involved in the growth and prosperity of this great nation. The renovation that occurs here is financed completely with membership dues and contributions by those that love railroading and all that pertains to it. It is a pregnant inspiration that continues to grow and evolve, not remaining stagnant, thanks to the many efforts of volunteers and members. The museum is closed during the summer months due to the extreme hot temperatures that occur in Arizona, but in the winter, or from September until the Memorial Day weekend, it is alive and jumping. The yard is open to the public to view without charge, but to see the delightful cars, it is $2 per person or $5 for the entire family. And of course, donations are always accepted since it does grow with new or rather old trains, cars, engines, cabooses and more accessories coming into the museum all the time. They will give guided tours, so that some of the wonderful history of the equipment can be passed on, and many times there are some really choice stories to be learned. One of the most impressive locomotives is the Southern Pacific 2-8-0 #2562 that arrived here back in 1956, and was added to the National Register of Historical Places in July of 2009. This steam engine was used given to the city of Chandler and has a rich history that is rather long and probably tedious to those not interested in railroading or the wonderful aspects and equipment that is associated with it. The 2562, was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in the year 1906, using an oil fired boiler that would pound out 210 pounds of steam pressure on massive 57 inch wheels that carried it through 50 years of faithful service until it was side tracked in 1956. Tracing the exact routes of these old iron horses is very difficult, but it was used extensively in the 1910s and 1920s for moving commodities throughout California. It was found that this particular engine was moved into the El Paso area in the 1930s, where it traveled between the Rio Grande region. It was moved again in the 1940s, during the war era, running freight between Tucson, Phoenix and Los Angeles. After the war, it was used in the San Francisco Bay area and finally put to rest at the West Oakland Roundhouse on March 23, 1956. It was during this time that the railroads were changing from the steam engine to the diesel and when the rail lines had enough diesels to pull the freight trains, it would retire one of the steam locos. Of course there is more to the tale of the 2562, as well as more to the museum in Chandler; but then would wonderful lessons, information and stories you would miss by not going to get all the details about this most fantastic locomotive and all the other items, relics and antiquities at the Arizona Railway Museum.
Zelma Basha Salmeri Gallery of Western American and Native American Art
This great gallery was opened in 1992, and then, after only two years of being open, had to double its space
|
[
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
678,
392,
1358,
13,
4205,
2798,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
297,
678,
392,
1358,
13,
2499,
10178,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
674,
1371,
366,
679,
278,
20700,
1254,
2313,
792,
29879,
363,
366,
373,
596,
2446,
17487,
29889,
887,
2337,
679,
278,
20700,
1254,
316,
1338,
411,
838,
10178,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
29889,
12252,
975,
304,
1749,
1856,
3268,
9826,
472,
19565,
1112,
11561,
363,
838,
10178,
304,
679,
278,
24842,
7395,
2313,
792,
29879,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
838,
10178,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
448,
29871,
29941,
29941,
29896,
382,
29889,
678,
392,
1358,
3164,
27491,
29889,
13,
2499,
10178,
29715,
16572,
3536,
4089,
319,
415,
448,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29945,
382,
29889,
16572,
3536,
4089,
27927,
317,
29889,
13,
29925,
1251,
23534,
838,
10178,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
448,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29955,
29955,
399,
29889,
7646,
1582,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
1349,
886,
304,
437,
297,
678,
392,
1358,
13,
29909,
21198,
16795,
6838,
13,
4013,
19133,
6496,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
29892,
408,
263,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
13013,
411,
15839,
322,
28976,
21420,
393,
10638,
278,
2106,
29915,
29879,
5566,
11407,
8367,
9972,
14321,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
393,
310,
278,
7062,
5933,
12786,
11896,
304,
278,
13184,
322,
14321,
310,
278,
4038,
29889,
1763,
1438,
10614,
29892,
278,
19133,
338,
24600,
29892,
322,
393,
338,
2020,
278,
19133,
338,
3889,
304,
11039,
403,
599,
10161,
322,
26959,
4427,
423,
393,
338,
8018,
304,
278,
8367,
307,
9382,
4955,
310,
278,
7062,
5933,
322,
23716,
29889,
739,
338,
901,
1135,
925,
263,
9810,
363,
2030,
8367,
307,
9382,
337,
506,
29879,
29892,
372,
338,
263,
7881,
9701,
7225,
304,
1274,
1548,
29892,
19905,
322,
1510,
4878,
278,
29154,
296,
14884,
393,
6350,
4822,
445,
4234,
363,
577,
1784,
2440,
322,
471,
9701,
297,
278,
14321,
322,
25831,
537,
310,
445,
2107,
5233,
29889,
450,
25615,
362,
393,
10008,
1244,
338,
1436,
8362,
6446,
411,
28512,
27447,
322,
20706,
491,
1906,
393,
5360,
8367,
307,
9382,
322,
599,
393,
639,
2408,
29879,
304,
372,
29889,
739,
338,
263,
758,
5138,
424,
8681,
12232,
393,
18172,
304,
6548,
322,
15220,
345,
29892,
451,
9886,
380,
4211,
424,
29892,
3969,
304,
278,
1784,
14231,
310,
27886,
414,
322,
5144,
29889,
450,
19133,
338,
5764,
2645,
278,
11801,
7378,
2861,
304,
278,
18677,
7375,
6238,
3698,
393,
6403,
297,
23716,
29892,
541,
297,
278,
13851,
29892,
470,
515,
3839,
2745,
278,
19722,
8373,
4723,
355,
29892,
372,
338,
18758,
322,
12500,
292,
29889,
450,
29413,
338,
1722,
304,
278,
970,
304,
1776,
1728,
8323,
29892,
541,
304,
1074,
278,
15319,
1319,
18647,
29892,
372,
338,
395,
29906,
639,
2022,
470,
395,
29945,
363,
278,
4152,
3942,
29889,
1126,
310,
3236,
29892,
1016,
800,
526,
2337,
9259,
1951,
372,
947,
6548,
411,
716,
470,
3265,
2030,
22983,
29892,
18647,
29892,
24000,
29892,
7776,
29877,
15806,
322,
901,
2130,
3842,
6421,
964,
278,
19133,
599,
278,
931,
29889,
2688,
674,
2367,
1410,
2618,
260,
2470,
29892,
577,
393,
777,
310,
278,
20695,
4955,
310,
278,
21083,
508,
367,
4502,
373,
29892,
322,
1784,
3064,
727,
526,
777,
2289,
7348,
15874,
304,
367,
10972,
29889,
3118,
310,
278,
1556,
21210,
573,
26351,
3145,
338,
278,
14234,
14328,
29871,
29906,
29899,
29947,
29899,
29900,
396,
29906,
29945,
29953,
29906,
393,
11977,
1244,
1250,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
29892,
322,
471,
2715,
304,
278,
3086,
12577,
310,
20315,
23178,
297,
5468,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29929,
29889,
910,
21837,
6012,
471,
1304,
2183,
304,
278,
4272,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
322,
756,
263,
8261,
4955,
393,
338,
3265,
1472,
322,
3117,
29748,
2738,
304,
1906,
451,
8852,
297,
8367,
307,
9382,
470,
278,
20695,
21420,
322,
21083,
393,
338,
6942,
411,
372,
29889,
450,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29953,
29906,
29892,
471,
4240,
491,
278,
23874,
5080,
4309,
23045,
573,
13976,
297,
278,
1629,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29900,
29953,
29892,
773,
385,
17182,
17285,
1045,
3955,
393,
723,
282,
618,
714,
29871,
29906,
29896,
29900,
24261,
310,
21837,
12959,
373,
20364,
29871,
29945,
29955,
297,
305,
21266,
1379,
393,
8988,
372,
1549,
29871,
29945,
29900,
2440,
310,
27057,
2669,
2745,
372,
471,
2625,
5702,
287,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
29889,
323,
945,
292,
278,
2684,
12049,
310,
1438,
2030,
13977,
15100,
338,
1407,
5189,
29892,
541,
372,
471,
1304,
21103,
3598,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29900,
29879,
322,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29906,
29900,
29879,
363,
8401,
844,
397,
1907,
10106,
8046,
29889,
739,
471,
1476,
393,
445,
3153,
6012,
471,
6153,
964,
278,
1260,
10043,
29877,
4038,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29900,
29879,
29892,
988,
372,
1020,
345,
839,
1546,
278,
11611,
12848,
5120,
29889,
739,
471,
6153,
1449,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29900,
29879,
29892,
2645,
278,
1370,
3152,
29892,
2734,
3005,
523,
1546,
323,
1682,
1100,
29892,
29715,
322,
4602,
10722,
29889,
2860,
278,
1370,
29892,
372,
471,
1304,
297,
278,
3087,
8970,
6211,
4038,
322,
7146,
1925,
304,
1791,
472,
278,
3122,
24132,
1049,
21595,
8697,
373,
4779,
29871,
29906,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
29889,
739,
471,
2645,
445,
931,
393,
278,
8367,
307,
7925,
892,
6480,
515,
278,
21837,
6012,
304,
278,
2977,
295,
322,
746,
278,
8367,
3454,
750,
3307,
2977,
1379,
304,
8206,
278,
3005,
523,
22983,
29892,
372,
723,
3240,
533,
697,
310,
278,
21837,
1180,
359,
29889,
4587,
3236,
727,
338,
901,
304,
278,
17694,
310,
278,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29953,
29906,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
901,
304,
278,
19133,
297,
678,
392,
1358,
29936,
541,
769,
723,
20695,
3109,
787,
29892,
2472,
322,
15874,
366,
723,
3052,
491,
451,
2675,
304,
679,
599,
278,
4902,
1048,
445,
1556,
13568,
6288,
26351,
573,
322,
599,
278,
916,
4452,
29892,
337,
506,
29879,
322,
9418,
339,
1907,
472,
278,
23716,
16795,
6838,
29889,
13,
29999,
295,
655,
350,
26840,
3956,
1050,
29875,
15230,
310,
10504,
3082,
322,
19042,
3082,
3012,
13,
4013,
2107,
23363,
471,
6496,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
29892,
322,
769,
29892,
1156,
871,
1023,
2440,
310,
1641,
1722,
29892,
750,
304,
3765,
967,
2913
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.0237 | -1.158603 | 0.830828 | -0.070137 |
because of the continued growth and success of its mission. It was again expanded due to the growth and diversity of two distinctive venues relating to the collections. This happened in 1996, and the Native American gallery was opened with all the marvelous items that were part of its collection. The other gallery remained focused on its primary collection, that of the great west and it wonderful artifacts. These included many beautiful items like the basketry, jewelry, pottery, oil paintings, bronze, wood and natural stone sculptures, wood-turned bowls, watercolors, pastel and charcoal drawings, acrylics and pen & inks. These exciting artifacts are part of a collection that spans over 600 pieces, and showcases the many mediums that are used. The catalyst behind all this fantastic collection was Zelma Basha, aunt extraordinaire to Eddie Basha, Jr, who learned much about the beautiful world of art from his aunt, and history from Stanford University where he majored in history. Eddie bought his first piece of artwork, with his aunt Zelma at an art show during the early years of the 1970s, and he hasn't stopped procuring the admirable pieces since then. After that mementos occasion, Eddie and Zelma went visiting galleries, art shows and the Cowboy Artists Show and Sale. They began to form interesting relationships with the artists themselves, and many times their families, that soon was just as important to them as the procurement of the artifacts. Many of those early friendships are now over 30 years old, but sadly, in January of 1997, Aunt Zelma passed on and that is why this gallery is dedicated to her memory, her love and enchantment with art; which she so lovingly passed on to Eddie. In 2001, another expansion became necessary, and the palate of colors grew into mesmerizing mosaic of splendor and brilliance.
Chandler Symphony Orchestra
This wonderful venue gives superb symphonic and orchestral music that is performed by a wide spectrum of volunteer musicians around the Valley of the Sun and directed by the legendary conductor, Jack Herriman. Every concert is given to the public free of charge, and although in these difficult financial times, and equally hard pressures, the orchestra is devoted to giving their magnificent concerts for free. The orchestra did originally play as the San Marcos Symphony, which ran for 16 successful years, after being started in 1991 by Herriman, who was the leader of the Mesa Community College orchestra. Evidently their rehearsal hall was lost to their playing, and they formed the San Marcos orchestra and then the Chandler Symphony. It got a 501 status in 1994, and Herriman has been the guiding force behind the success and continuation of the marvelous company. They have 5 concerts per season, that is given at the Chandler Center for the Arts, and the music is of the highest magnitude. It has given many great chances to local musicians, both professional and amateur, to play in solo songs with the accompaniment of a symphonic ensemble. All the musicians have continued to get their incomparable energy from the dedication and expertise of its members, and the direct support of business leaders and civic minded personages.
One of the best rental car companies in the business is Budget Rent-A-Car. Budget has the best customer service staff to help you choose the best vehicle for your traveling needs. Budget Rent-A-Car will put you in the driver's seat faster and will less problems. Go to our web site today at Budget Rent-A-Car, to get the biggest online discounts in the car rental business.
Look online at
Sky Harbor Intl Apt Budget - 1805 E. Sky Harbor Circle S.
Budget Car Rental Chandler - 393 W. Warner Rd
Chandler Budget Rental Cars - 2950 S. Alma School Rd.
Chandler Ostrich Festival
At one time, ostrich ranching was quite popular in the Chandler area since the plumes of the ostrich was so stylish and costly. The city's chamber of commerce wanted to exemplify this wonderful history and to create a first rate community event that would also bring in some much needed economic funds. In 1989, they decided
|
[
1363,
310,
278,
7572,
14321,
322,
2551,
310,
967,
10655,
29889,
739,
471,
1449,
17832,
2861,
304,
278,
14321,
322,
6894,
537,
310,
1023,
8359,
573,
6003,
1041,
1104,
1218,
304,
278,
16250,
29889,
910,
9559,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29953,
29892,
322,
278,
19042,
3082,
23363,
471,
6496,
411,
599,
278,
1766,
955,
681,
4452,
393,
892,
760,
310,
967,
4333,
29889,
450,
916,
23363,
9488,
21309,
373,
967,
7601,
4333,
29892,
393,
310,
278,
2107,
5833,
322,
372,
20695,
24238,
29879,
29889,
4525,
5134,
1784,
9560,
4452,
763,
278,
25972,
719,
29892,
432,
809,
295,
719,
29892,
3104,
22005,
29892,
17182,
10675,
886,
29892,
18449,
29892,
8112,
322,
5613,
12565,
17039,
1973,
29892,
8112,
29899,
685,
287,
12580,
3137,
29892,
4094,
27703,
29892,
4940,
295,
322,
1373,
1111,
284,
4216,
886,
29892,
1274,
719,
506,
29879,
322,
6584,
669,
297,
2039,
29889,
4525,
5566,
11407,
24238,
29879,
526,
760,
310,
263,
4333,
393,
805,
550,
975,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29900,
12785,
29892,
322,
1510,
11436,
278,
1784,
18350,
29879,
393,
526,
1304,
29889,
450,
17246,
858,
5742,
599,
445,
13568,
6288,
4333,
471,
27997,
655,
350,
26840,
29892,
263,
1657,
4805,
536,
21735,
304,
20861,
347,
350,
26840,
29892,
13843,
29892,
1058,
10972,
1568,
1048,
278,
9560,
3186,
310,
1616,
515,
670,
263,
1657,
29892,
322,
4955,
515,
7813,
4006,
3014,
988,
540,
4655,
287,
297,
4955,
29889,
20861,
347,
18093,
670,
937,
8424,
310,
1616,
1287,
29892,
411,
670,
263,
1657,
27997,
655,
472,
385,
1616,
1510,
2645,
278,
4688,
2440,
310,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
29892,
322,
540,
22602,
29915,
29873,
11084,
410,
2764,
292,
278,
594,
2460,
18104,
12785,
1951,
769,
29889,
2860,
393,
286,
882,
359,
10039,
29892,
20861,
347,
322,
27997,
655,
3512,
6493,
292,
11798,
6358,
29892,
1616,
3697,
322,
278,
21638,
19415,
3012,
2879,
7704,
322,
317,
744,
29889,
2688,
4689,
304,
883,
8031,
21702,
411,
278,
17906,
6053,
29892,
322,
1784,
3064,
1009,
13175,
29892,
393,
4720,
471,
925,
408,
4100,
304,
963,
408,
278,
9580,
545,
358,
310,
278,
24238,
29879,
29889,
9267,
310,
1906,
4688,
5121,
9981,
526,
1286,
975,
29871,
29941,
29900,
2440,
2030,
29892,
541,
14610,
368,
29892,
297,
5490,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
29892,
319,
1657,
27997,
655,
4502,
373,
322,
393,
338,
2020,
445,
23363,
338,
16955,
304,
902,
3370,
29892,
902,
5360,
322,
427,
13775,
358,
411,
1616,
29936,
607,
1183,
577,
12355,
11687,
4502,
373,
304,
20861,
347,
29889,
512,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
29892,
1790,
13184,
3897,
5181,
29892,
322,
278,
5112,
403,
310,
11955,
13631,
964,
4883,
1050,
5281,
286,
3628,
293,
310,
8536,
12184,
322,
1506,
453,
8837,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
10667,
22214,
23685,
13,
4013,
20695,
6003,
434,
4076,
2428,
29890,
5016,
561,
8927,
322,
22624,
342,
1705,
4696,
393,
338,
8560,
491,
263,
9377,
18272,
310,
27886,
261,
2301,
14722,
2820,
278,
13939,
310,
278,
8991,
322,
10624,
491,
278,
15983,
653,
7512,
272,
29892,
5457,
2439,
5632,
273,
29889,
7569,
13135,
338,
2183,
304,
278,
970,
3889,
310,
8323,
29892,
322,
5998,
297,
1438,
5189,
18161,
3064,
29892,
322,
18018,
2898,
3965,
1973,
29892,
278,
470,
15554,
338,
24600,
304,
6820,
1009,
29154,
296,
13135,
29879,
363,
3889,
29889,
450,
470,
15554,
1258,
10437,
1708,
408,
278,
3087,
1085,
3944,
10667,
22214,
29892,
607,
6350,
363,
29871,
29896,
29953,
9150,
2440,
29892,
1156,
1641,
4687,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
491,
2439,
5632,
273,
29892,
1058,
471,
278,
11822,
310,
278,
341,
8625,
19184,
6346,
470,
15554,
29889,
7298,
1693,
368,
1009,
337,
354,
1503,
284,
12713,
471,
5714,
304,
1009,
8743,
29892,
322,
896,
8429,
278,
3087,
1085,
3944,
470,
15554,
322,
769,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
10667,
22214,
29889,
739,
2355,
263,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29896,
4660,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
29892,
322,
2439,
5632,
273,
756,
1063,
278,
1410,
4821,
4889,
5742,
278,
2551,
322,
3133,
362,
310,
278,
1766,
955,
681,
5001,
29889,
2688,
505,
29871,
29945,
13135,
29879,
639,
4259,
29892,
393,
338,
2183,
472,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
29892,
322,
278,
4696,
338,
310,
278,
9939,
18497,
29889,
739,
756,
2183,
1784,
2107,
521,
2925,
304,
1887,
2301,
14722,
29892,
1716,
10257,
322,
28800,
29892,
304,
1708,
297,
6651,
12516,
411,
278,
18509,
2073,
310,
263,
5016,
561,
8927,
21285,
29889,
2178,
278,
2301,
14722,
505,
7572,
304,
679,
1009,
297,
510,
862,
519,
5864,
515,
278,
8856,
362,
322,
17924,
895,
310,
967,
5144,
29892,
322,
278,
1513,
2304,
310,
5381,
20251,
322,
14175,
293,
3458,
287,
2022,
1179,
29889,
13,
6716,
310,
278,
1900,
364,
13703,
1559,
14582,
297,
278,
5381,
338,
7038,
657,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
29889,
7038,
657,
756,
278,
1900,
11962,
2669,
13925,
304,
1371,
366,
6755,
278,
1900,
19716,
363,
596,
9850,
292,
4225,
29889,
7038,
657,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
674,
1925,
366,
297,
278,
7156,
29915,
29879,
12949,
8473,
322,
674,
3109,
4828,
29889,
2921,
304,
1749,
1856,
3268,
9826,
472,
7038,
657,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
29892,
304,
679,
278,
24842,
7395,
2313,
792,
29879,
297,
278,
1559,
364,
13703,
5381,
29889,
13,
14959,
7395,
472,
13,
29903,
3459,
3536,
4089,
3159,
29880,
319,
415,
7038,
657,
448,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29945,
382,
29889,
16572,
3536,
4089,
27927,
317,
29889,
13,
29933,
566,
657,
1704,
390,
13703,
678,
392,
1358,
448,
29871,
29941,
29929,
29941,
399,
29889,
26699,
390,
29881,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
7038,
657,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
448,
29871,
29906,
29929,
29945,
29900,
317,
29889,
838,
655,
4523,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
438,
710,
436,
8518,
13,
4178,
697,
931,
29892,
288,
710,
436,
6350,
305,
292,
471,
3755,
5972,
297,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
4038,
1951,
278,
715,
9351,
310,
278,
288,
710,
436,
471,
577,
15877,
1674,
322,
3438,
368,
29889,
450,
4272,
29915,
29879,
24171,
310,
24346,
5131,
304,
29455,
1598,
445,
20695,
4955,
322,
304,
1653,
263,
937,
6554,
7881,
1741,
393,
723,
884,
6963,
297,
777,
1568,
4312,
17407,
29199,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
29892,
896,
8459
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.528925 | -1.103123 | 0.145593 | -0.21212 |
upon the ostrich festival and it has become a huge success and popular attraction. The city contracted Universal Fairs to assist with the festival and it also includes some 300 volunteers from the community that spends many hours helping set up and help out with the many venues in the festival. Many of the area's businesses and corporations have helped out with monetary and services donations to help defray some of the costs, and it is held in the park known as Tumbleweed. Up until 2003, it was held in the downtown area, but that year, there was some redistricting and was subsequently moved to the Tumbleweed Park. It was highlighted in the movie starring Whitney Houston called "Waiting to Exhale" and was given international media attention. It has also been mentioned in a Harlequin Romance novel called "Lover Boy". A week before the festival is held, a grand parade is given in the city, complete with high school marching bands, floats and clowns. The 21st festival will have live entertainment on two different stages, and will highlight karate demonstrations, music groups and dance troupes; while the main stage will have nationally recognized groups every night. There is going to be plenty of exciting things for the kids to do with a carnival and its rides, plus a petting zoo, pony rides and all kinds of fun things for these youngsters to do. They will also be having a venue where you can eat, purchase and experience everything to do with ostriches. There is an Ostrich Alley where they will be selling feathers, stuffed animals, souvenirs, carved ostrich and emu eggs. There are two silly mascots already lined up called Ostival and Tutu LaPlume; as well as ostrich jerky, ostrich burgers and emu eggs fresh from the emu.
Chandler Jazz Festival
Let's get ready to party! Next March, 2010, the Chandler Jazz Festival will take place and it is a most fantastic time to head to Arizona and Chandler for this exciting and musical bonanza. It is being billed as the 10th annual Chandler Jazz Festival being held in historic downtown Chandler and is going to have some of the best jazz musicians in the world playing for you for free! While there, visit some of the enchanting restaurants offering ostrich foods, boutiques and galleries. There is free parking in the area, and it should be one of those fantastic opportunities to sit back, relax and enjoy some really great jazz. The New Orleans Jazz Orchestra Allstars will be playing with Irvin Mayfield on the trumpet and some folks called BeauSoleil avec Micheal Doucet. The Crown Plaza is offering a special deal for the weekend, and the entire city will be rolling out the red carpet to welcome all kinds of folks to come out and support this great venue. The jazz festival started in 2000 with the great help of Irvin Mayfield and the great jazz players from New Orleans, and the first one had many locals including; Sun Lakes Big Band, Young sounds of Arizona, Chandler-Gilbert Community College Jazz Band and of course, Irvin. Since that first festival, the event has continued to grow and the amount of great talent and musicians that come here are just amazing.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car has some great discounts waiting for you on your next trip. You will always get the biggest selection of quality vehicles to choose from with our friendly staff helping you, at Enterprise Car Rentals. Go to our web site now and start saving with
Enterprise Car Rental Discounts
Chandler Enterprise Rental Car - 2021 S. Alma School Rd.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car Chandler - 1350 S. Gilbert Rd.
Chandler Enterprise Car Rental - 7450 W. Orchid Ln
Enterprise Rental Cars Chandler- 1461 N. Arizona Ave.
Local Restaurants in Chandler
Firebirds Wood Fire Grill
Starters at the Firebirds grill include; chicken quesadilla with black bean salsa, roasted corn, smoked cheddar and pepper jack cheese served with salsa and sour cream; lobster spinach queso is a spicy blend of lobster, baby spinach, tomatoes and pe
|
[
2501,
278,
288,
710,
436,
16005,
322,
372,
756,
4953,
263,
12176,
2551,
322,
5972,
1098,
13857,
29889,
450,
4272,
8078,
287,
21536,
383,
7121,
304,
6985,
411,
278,
16005,
322,
372,
884,
7805,
777,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
27886,
414,
515,
278,
7881,
393,
805,
1975,
1784,
6199,
19912,
731,
701,
322,
1371,
714,
411,
278,
1784,
6003,
1041,
297,
278,
16005,
29889,
9267,
310,
278,
4038,
29915,
29879,
5381,
267,
322,
17266,
800,
505,
9213,
714,
411,
1601,
300,
653,
322,
5786,
1016,
800,
304,
1371,
822,
764,
777,
310,
278,
21544,
29892,
322,
372,
338,
4934,
297,
278,
14089,
2998,
408,
323,
15563,
705,
287,
29889,
5020,
2745,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
29892,
372,
471,
4934,
297,
278,
16611,
593,
776,
4038,
29892,
541,
393,
1629,
29892,
727,
471,
777,
2654,
6801,
292,
322,
471,
17602,
6153,
304,
278,
323,
15563,
705,
287,
4815,
29889,
739,
471,
12141,
287,
297,
278,
14064,
380,
23693,
20572,
3801,
24327,
2000,
376,
15716,
292,
304,
1222,
29882,
744,
29908,
322,
471,
2183,
6121,
5745,
8570,
29889,
739,
756,
884,
1063,
5276,
297,
263,
3536,
280,
24150,
6033,
749,
9554,
2000,
376,
29931,
957,
16231,
1642,
319,
4723,
1434,
278,
16005,
338,
4934,
29892,
263,
4595,
1702,
311,
338,
2183,
297,
278,
4272,
29892,
4866,
411,
1880,
3762,
8575,
292,
22706,
29892,
5685,
1446,
322,
274,
677,
1983,
29889,
450,
29871,
29906,
29896,
303,
16005,
674,
505,
5735,
22684,
358,
373,
1023,
1422,
22950,
29892,
322,
674,
12141,
10856,
403,
9004,
800,
29892,
4696,
6471,
322,
17948,
534,
1132,
267,
29936,
1550,
278,
1667,
7408,
674,
505,
5233,
635,
14831,
6471,
1432,
4646,
29889,
1670,
338,
2675,
304,
367,
20947,
310,
5566,
11407,
2712,
363,
278,
413,
4841,
304,
437,
411,
263,
1559,
29876,
2561,
322,
967,
364,
2247,
29892,
2298,
263,
5697,
1259,
22424,
29892,
282,
2592,
364,
2247,
322,
599,
17690,
310,
2090,
2712,
363,
1438,
4123,
23080,
304,
437,
29889,
2688,
674,
884,
367,
2534,
263,
6003,
434,
988,
366,
508,
17545,
29892,
20590,
322,
7271,
4129,
304,
437,
411,
288,
710,
436,
267,
29889,
1670,
338,
385,
438,
710,
436,
838,
2330,
988,
896,
674,
367,
269,
7807,
1238,
19467,
29892,
6433,
287,
15006,
29892,
3669,
854,
12935,
29892,
1559,
1490,
288,
710,
436,
322,
953,
29884,
29808,
29889,
1670,
526,
1023,
24866,
5516,
29883,
1862,
2307,
301,
1312,
701,
2000,
11334,
2561,
322,
323,
329,
29884,
997,
3247,
2017,
29936,
408,
1532,
408,
288,
710,
436,
432,
261,
3459,
29892,
288,
710,
436,
26072,
414,
322,
953,
29884,
29808,
10849,
515,
278,
953,
29884,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
17429,
8518,
13,
12024,
29915,
29879,
679,
7960,
304,
6263,
29991,
8084,
4779,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
29892,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
17429,
8518,
674,
2125,
2058,
322,
372,
338,
263,
1556,
13568,
6288,
931,
304,
2343,
304,
23716,
322,
678,
392,
1358,
363,
445,
5566,
11407,
322,
9636,
10814,
8520,
29889,
739,
338,
1641,
13181,
839,
408,
278,
29871,
29896,
29900,
386,
17568,
678,
392,
1358,
17429,
8518,
1641,
4934,
297,
22879,
16611,
593,
776,
678,
392,
1358,
322,
338,
2675,
304,
505,
777,
310,
278,
1900,
21230,
2301,
14722,
297,
278,
3186,
8743,
363,
366,
363,
3889,
29991,
5806,
727,
29892,
6493,
777,
310,
278,
427,
13775,
292,
12374,
1934,
27032,
288,
710,
436,
9687,
29879,
29892,
25927,
3783,
322,
11798,
6358,
29889,
1670,
338,
3889,
610,
9292,
297,
278,
4038,
29892,
322,
372,
881,
367,
697,
310,
1906,
13568,
6288,
28602,
1907,
304,
7845,
1250,
29892,
26681,
322,
13389,
777,
2289,
2107,
21230,
29889,
450,
1570,
26884,
17429,
23685,
2178,
303,
1503,
674,
367,
8743,
411,
6600,
3845,
2610,
2671,
373,
278,
534,
3427,
300,
322,
777,
900,
2039,
2000,
23826,
29903,
1772,
309,
2535,
341,
4070,
284,
19176,
29883,
300,
29889,
450,
25306,
13494,
1362,
338,
27032,
263,
4266,
5376,
363,
278,
4723,
355,
29892,
322,
278,
4152,
4272,
674,
367,
27777,
714,
278,
2654,
1559,
10963,
304,
12853,
599,
17690,
310,
900,
2039,
304,
2041,
714,
322,
2304,
445,
2107,
6003,
434,
29889,
450,
21230,
16005,
4687,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
411,
278,
2107,
1371,
310,
6600,
3845,
2610,
2671,
322,
278,
2107,
21230,
10769,
515,
1570,
26884,
29892,
322,
278,
937,
697,
750,
1784,
1180,
1338,
3704,
29936,
8991,
365,
6926,
7997,
5158,
29892,
10443,
10083,
310,
23716,
29892,
678,
392,
1358,
29899,
29954,
309,
2151,
19184,
6346,
17429,
5158,
322,
310,
3236,
29892,
6600,
3845,
29889,
4001,
393,
937,
16005,
29892,
278,
1741,
756,
7572,
304,
6548,
322,
278,
5253,
310,
2107,
24242,
322,
2301,
14722,
393,
2041,
1244,
526,
925,
21863,
292,
29889,
13,
10399,
7734,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
756,
777,
2107,
2313,
792,
29879,
10534,
363,
366,
373,
596,
2446,
17487,
29889,
887,
674,
2337,
679,
278,
24842,
9262,
310,
11029,
24413,
304,
6755,
515,
411,
1749,
19780,
13925,
19912,
366,
29892,
472,
9041,
7734,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
29889,
2921,
304,
1749,
1856,
3268,
1286,
322,
1369,
14238,
411,
13,
10399,
7734,
1704,
390,
13703,
3295,
2798,
29879,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
9041,
7734,
390,
13703,
1704,
448,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29896,
317,
29889,
838,
655,
4523,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
10399,
7734,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
678,
392,
1358,
448,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29945,
29900,
317,
29889,
23657,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
9041,
7734,
1704,
390,
13703,
448,
29871,
29955,
29946,
29945,
29900,
399,
29889,
1394,
305,
333,
365,
29876,
13,
10399,
7734,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
678,
392,
1358,
29899,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29953,
29896,
405,
29889,
23716,
319,
345,
29889,
13,
7717,
390,
22837,
1934,
297,
678,
392,
1358,
13,
18654,
18513,
29879,
10180,
6438,
1632,
453,
13,
855,
13868,
472,
278,
6438,
18513,
29879,
867,
453,
3160,
29936,
521,
21475,
439,
267,
328,
2911,
411,
4628,
17796,
269,
1338,
29874,
29892,
696,
28470,
26343,
29892,
1560,
12504,
521,
287,
16702,
322,
1236,
2496,
28015,
923,
968,
6766,
411,
269,
1338,
29874,
322,
269,
473,
907,
314,
29936,
658,
29890,
2475,
10917,
496,
439,
20135,
338,
263,
805,
4245,
1999,
355,
310,
658,
29890,
2475,
29892,
24354,
10917,
496,
29892,
6454,
20452,
322,
1236
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.027924 | -1.686477 | -0.054576 | -0.884402 |
pper jack cheese with tri-colored tortilla chips; coconut shrimp is tempura battered friend shrimp served with tortilla slaw and mango habanero chutney; seared ahi tuna is fresh ahi tuna seared medium rare, sliced and served with mixed greens salad and spicy mustard sauce; smoked chicken wings is Firebirds signature smoked chicken wings tossed in buffalo hot sauce served with blue cheese and celery; ranch rings is buttermilk battered with pepper panko bread crumbs served with roasted garlic ranch dressing; crab cakes is jumbo lump crabmeat with Old Bay seasoning rolled in panko breadcrumbs, served with tortilla slaw and mango habernero chutney; Firebirds chicken tortilla soup is chicken simmered in a tomato and cheese broth, garnished with julienne tortillas, sour cream, diced tomatoes and green onions. Dinner - Wood fired steaks and prime rib; filet mignon is center cut beef tenderloin wrapped in applewood smoked bacon, offered at 7 or 9 ounces; Aspen sirloin is 12 ounce center-cut beef sirloin, lightly seasoned and wood grilled; herb roasted prime rib is encrusted with fresh herbs and pepper, slow roasted and served with a loaded Colorado russet baked potato and au jus; NY strip is 14 ounce strip steak grilled over hardwood flames; surf & turf 8 ounce lobster tail and Firebirds 7 ounce bacon wrapped wood grilled filet; bleu cheese filet is their bacon wrapped wood grilled filet topped with bleu cheese sauce and port mushrooms; chile rubbed Delmonico seasoned wit chile pepper and served with southwest au gratin potatoes; ribeye is 14 ounce aged ribeye, lightly seasoned and grilled over hardwood flames; pepper crusted sirloin is center cut beef sirloin with cracked black peppercorns; filet & shrimp is bacon wrapped wood fired filet served with shrimp basted in a key lime butter.
The 98 South Wine Bar & Kitchen
This French style restaurant is one of the best in East Valley with excellent cuisine and exotic fare for the Arizona desert. Entrees include; crispy chicken breast with grilled eggplant and squash, and loaded potato cake; ribeye with French fries, compound butter, tellicherry pepper ketchup; pasta capellini is Fontanini sausage, caramelized onions and peppers with sweet basil; seafood pasta, salmon and shrimp linguine, tomato, fennel and roasted garlic cream; pork tenderloin with golden Yukon potato, Blue Lake beans, molasses-apple cider sauce; roasted duck breast with grilled duck and apple sausage, spiced orange tea sauce and fingerling potatoes; grilled Hawaiian butterfish with ratatouille, tarragon and shallot sauce; fresh fish of the day; filet mignon with blue cheese, cauliflower gratin, lyonnnaise potato and Pinot noir reduction; nine eight cheeseburger on brioche bun, with thick bacon, truffle aioli, traditional garnish and choice of cheese; herb roasted rock hen with duck confit ravioli in champagne broth, Granny Smith apple and pecan salad; grilled rack of lamb with pine nut and mint couscous with spicy curry sauce.
Hertz Car Rental Discounts and RentalCarMomma.com have teamed up to give their customers the BIGGEST discounts in the car rental business. Hertz Rental Cars will give you the BEST deals in the Chandler area and our courteous staff will help. Go to the Hertz web site now to get started.
Hertz Rental Cars Chandler- 1 San Marcos Pl.
Chandler Museum
The Chandler Historical Society was started in 1969 to obtain, save and showcase the many artifacts that are related to the history and range of Chandler. With its
|
[
2496,
28015,
923,
968,
411,
3367,
29899,
2780,
287,
16263,
2911,
521,
4512,
29936,
1302,
535,
329,
528,
5632,
29886,
338,
5694,
2002,
10193,
287,
5121,
528,
5632,
29886,
6766,
411,
16263,
2911,
8370,
29893,
322,
286,
4524,
2299,
273,
1489,
521,
329,
3801,
29936,
409,
1965,
263,
2918,
260,
4347,
338,
10849,
263,
2918,
260,
4347,
409,
1965,
18350,
10812,
29892,
269,
506,
287,
322,
6766,
411,
12849,
1395,
575,
4497,
328,
322,
805,
4245,
1818,
538,
12507,
346,
29936,
1560,
12504,
521,
21475,
24745,
338,
6438,
18513,
29879,
12608,
1560,
12504,
521,
21475,
24745,
28189,
287,
297,
20487,
7003,
7375,
12507,
346,
6766,
411,
7254,
923,
968,
322,
6432,
708,
29936,
6350,
305,
28774,
338,
541,
8489,
309,
29895,
10193,
287,
411,
1236,
2496,
282,
804,
29877,
18423,
2181,
3774,
29879,
6766,
411,
696,
28470,
7171,
506,
6350,
305,
10714,
292,
29936,
274,
4201,
274,
6926,
338,
432,
398,
833,
301,
3427,
274,
4201,
1004,
271,
411,
8198,
6211,
4259,
292,
29081,
297,
282,
804,
29877,
18423,
7283,
3774,
29879,
29892,
6766,
411,
16263,
2911,
8370,
29893,
322,
286,
4524,
2299,
824,
1489,
521,
329,
3801,
29936,
6438,
18513,
29879,
521,
21475,
16263,
2911,
22300,
338,
521,
21475,
1027,
1050,
287,
297,
263,
6454,
1219,
322,
923,
968,
2545,
386,
29892,
330,
2753,
3276,
411,
5757,
7081,
16263,
21338,
29892,
269,
473,
907,
314,
29892,
270,
7612,
6454,
20452,
322,
7933,
373,
1080,
29889,
360,
3993,
448,
10180,
17285,
1886,
10327,
322,
6019,
18130,
29936,
934,
29873,
286,
29582,
338,
4818,
5700,
367,
1389,
22707,
417,
262,
21021,
297,
26163,
6115,
1560,
12504,
9922,
535,
29892,
12520,
472,
29871,
29955,
470,
29871,
29929,
29871,
1309,
778,
29936,
26562,
264,
8889,
417,
262,
338,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29871,
21543,
4818,
29899,
7582,
367,
1389,
8889,
417,
262,
29892,
3578,
368,
4259,
287,
322,
8112,
867,
24455,
29936,
902,
29890,
696,
28470,
6019,
18130,
338,
2094,
29878,
16656,
411,
10849,
902,
5824,
322,
1236,
2496,
29892,
5232,
696,
28470,
322,
6766,
411,
263,
7500,
21137,
13005,
842,
289,
12535,
3104,
1219,
322,
782,
432,
375,
29936,
23526,
17820,
338,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29871,
21543,
17820,
1886,
557,
867,
24455,
975,
2898,
6115,
1652,
1280,
29936,
1190,
29888,
669,
7013,
29888,
29871,
29947,
29871,
21543,
658,
29890,
2475,
12464,
322,
6438,
18513,
29879,
29871,
29955,
29871,
21543,
9922,
535,
21021,
8112,
867,
24455,
934,
29873,
29936,
10767,
29884,
923,
968,
934,
29873,
338,
1009,
9922,
535,
21021,
8112,
867,
24455,
934,
29873,
304,
2986,
411,
10767,
29884,
923,
968,
12507,
346,
322,
2011,
286,
1878,
18901,
29936,
521,
488,
14051,
2580,
5556,
3712,
1417,
4259,
287,
12309,
521,
488,
1236,
2496,
322,
6766,
411,
7062,
5933,
782,
20715,
262,
3104,
20452,
29936,
18130,
1032,
29872,
338,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29871,
21543,
26552,
18130,
1032,
29872,
29892,
3578,
368,
4259,
287,
322,
867,
24455,
975,
2898,
6115,
1652,
1280,
29936,
1236,
2496,
2181,
16656,
8889,
417,
262,
338,
4818,
5700,
367,
1389,
8889,
417,
262,
411,
26755,
287,
4628,
1236,
2496,
29883,
1398,
29879,
29936,
934,
29873,
669,
528,
5632,
29886,
338,
9922,
535,
21021,
8112,
17285,
934,
29873,
6766,
411,
528,
5632,
29886,
21156,
287,
297,
263,
1820,
301,
603,
541,
357,
29889,
13,
1576,
29871,
29929,
29947,
4275,
399,
457,
2261,
669,
476,
23213,
13,
4013,
5176,
3114,
27144,
338,
697,
310,
278,
1900,
297,
6932,
13939,
411,
15129,
2723,
275,
457,
322,
429,
13574,
20036,
363,
278,
23716,
18197,
29889,
4284,
11003,
3160,
29936,
2181,
275,
2272,
521,
21475,
24207,
411,
867,
24455,
19710,
24389,
322,
10674,
1161,
29892,
322,
7500,
3104,
1219,
274,
1296,
29936,
18130,
1032,
29872,
411,
5176,
285,
2722,
29892,
752,
618,
541,
357,
29892,
2649,
12805,
719,
1236,
2496,
413,
3486,
786,
29936,
4940,
29874,
2117,
514,
2172,
338,
10928,
273,
2172,
872,
21125,
29892,
1559,
314,
295,
1891,
373,
1080,
322,
1236,
22437,
411,
14225,
2362,
309,
29936,
7205,
1181,
397,
4940,
29874,
29892,
4497,
3712,
322,
528,
5632,
29886,
21110,
457,
29892,
6454,
1219,
29892,
285,
2108,
295,
322,
696,
28470,
7171,
506,
907,
314,
29936,
282,
548,
22707,
417,
262,
411,
22843,
612,
2679,
265,
3104,
1219,
29892,
10924,
9459,
367,
550,
29892,
6062,
465,
267,
29899,
11548,
274,
1241,
12507,
346,
29936,
696,
28470,
868,
384,
24207,
411,
867,
24455,
868,
384,
322,
26163,
872,
21125,
29892,
805,
7612,
24841,
23429,
12507,
346,
322,
19917,
1847,
3104,
20452,
29936,
867,
24455,
26901,
713,
541,
357,
15161,
411,
7548,
271,
283,
1924,
29892,
9913,
1431,
265,
322,
4091,
327,
12507,
346,
29936,
10849,
9427,
310,
278,
2462,
29936,
934,
29873,
286,
29582,
411,
7254,
923,
968,
29892,
5777,
352,
361,
13609,
20715,
262,
29892,
21261,
3409,
1056,
895,
3104,
1219,
322,
17434,
327,
694,
381,
20376,
29936,
14183,
9475,
923,
267,
774,
26120,
373,
289,
5378,
1173,
289,
348,
29892,
411,
12003,
9922,
535,
29892,
534,
21897,
7468,
5079,
29892,
13807,
330,
2753,
728,
322,
7348,
310,
923,
968,
29936,
902,
29890,
696,
28470,
7679,
19061,
411,
868,
384,
1970,
277,
1153,
1403,
5079,
297,
18480,
5889,
2545,
386,
29892,
6274,
1460,
7075,
26163,
322,
13209,
273,
4497,
328,
29936,
867,
24455,
1153,
384,
310,
301,
1117,
411,
282,
457,
18254,
322,
20559,
274,
681,
29883,
681,
411,
805,
4245,
3151,
719,
12507,
346,
29889,
13,
29950,
814,
29920,
1704,
390,
13703,
3295,
2798,
29879,
322,
390,
13703,
8179,
29924,
290,
655,
29889,
510,
505,
734,
2795,
701,
304,
2367,
1009,
20330,
278,
350,
6259,
1692,
1254,
2313,
792,
29879,
297,
278,
1559,
364,
13703,
5381,
29889,
379,
814,
29920,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
674,
2367,
366,
278,
20700,
1254,
316,
1338,
297,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
4038,
322,
1749,
2085,
371,
681,
13925,
674,
1371,
29889,
2921,
304,
278,
379,
814,
29920,
1856,
3268,
1286,
304,
679,
4687,
29889,
13,
29950,
814,
29920,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
678,
392,
1358,
29899,
29871,
29896,
3087,
1085,
3944,
1858,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
6838,
13,
1576,
678,
392,
1358,
20315,
7765,
471,
4687,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
304,
4017,
29892,
4078,
322,
1510,
4878,
278,
1784,
24238,
29879,
393,
526,
4475,
304,
278,
4955,
322,
3464,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
29889,
2973,
967
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.063946 | -1.30363 | -0.240174 | -1.251848 |
diverse programs, the museum develops and encourages the understanding of this community's people, places and occurrences that created the city of Chandler. Among the various displays, the sports hall of fame gives remembrance to all the athletes that has excelled in their respective sports , whether in school, college, amateur or professional performances. A committee decides, each year who will be inducted into the hall and it is an honor for these great athletes to be included. Another venue is the Morrison Grocery Store that was started in 1912 by Ernest Morrison, and the first retail store in the town. A year after opening, his brother joined him and they moved the products to one of the very first permanent structures in the town and as Chandler grew, housed the first doctor's office and the first post office. Another is the San Marcos Hotel, that was opened in 1913, designed by Arthur Burnett Benton, and was a Spanish Mission Revival style architecture, and was constructed for Dr. Chandler for the winter vacation resort for the wealthy and famous to come to. Many in the new town thought that the good doctor was nuts to put a grandiose hotel in the middle of cotton and alfalfa fields in the desert. However, in November of that year, many important people came to the hotel, including the governor, W.P. Hunt, Vice President Thomas Marshall, and the state representative, Carl Hayden. During the following years, other celebrities that visited included Errol Flynn, Fred Astaire and Christian Dior. Next is the Cotton and Classrooms: Chandler's Goodyear School; which opened in 1917, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company leased some 8000 acres of property that lay south of the town, from Dr. Chandler; to begin a ranching operation that grew long staple cotton, used in the production of their tires. A small village grew around the ranch to take care of the workers, which became known as Goodyear, and had a school, theater, pool hall, hospital and Bashas' grocery store. This venue follows the history of the school, at first a one room structure for the children of the workers, and as the years went by became four one room structures. When Goodyear stopped the farming site in the 1930s, the school remained opened to take care of the local farm kids and in 1943, the school was the learning facility for African Americans. In 1954, the school was shut down because of integration and the final building was destroyed in 2004; with two facades being saved and used in the museum's displays. Great honor is given to Dr. Alexander J. Chandler, who came to Arizona in 1887 to be the territorial veterinary surgeon, and he soon acquired an interest in ranching, land developing and other ventures; which involved he acquisition of 18,000 acres of land south of the town of Mesa. His thirst for knowledge and acquisitions soon had him becoming well learned in irrigation techniques, and that helped get the Roosevelt Dam project financed and built. When the dam was finished, the Salt River Valley farmers had a constant source of water, and soon the doctor was laying plans for a town. In 1912, he began selling lots and soon the town of Chandler appeared. The Fire Department of Chandler is another portion of the museum that was begun in 1917, with the help of the Chamber of Commerce. It didn't become an official fire department until 1937, and it wasn't until 1953 that it became a paid department. As the town grew, so did the fire department and part of this exhibit is the first fire hose cart from 1917; plus many documents that show the history of the department and its wonderful equipment. The first documented people in the Salt River Valley and Sonoran Desert were the Hohokam, arriving sometime in the early 300 B.C. period, and then were gone without a trace of that exit in 1450 A.D. The name Hohokam is a Pima word that means "those who have vanished" and they were excellent farmers that got their water from the Salt River and brought it to their area by a large canal system. Their expertise was so ingenious that it was used thousands of years later by the farmers that came to the same area and used those canals to water their cro
|
[
16984,
11104,
29892,
278,
19133,
2693,
29879,
322,
18443,
267,
278,
8004,
310,
445,
7881,
29915,
29879,
2305,
29892,
7600,
322,
13920,
2063,
393,
2825,
278,
4272,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
29889,
17302,
278,
5164,
14423,
29892,
278,
14717,
12713,
310,
27965,
4076,
1083,
1590,
11115,
304,
599,
278,
28563,
267,
393,
756,
10616,
839,
297,
1009,
18067,
14717,
1919,
3692,
297,
3762,
29892,
12755,
29892,
28800,
470,
10257,
21637,
29889,
319,
21118,
1602,
2247,
29892,
1269,
1629,
1058,
674,
367,
22799,
287,
964,
278,
12713,
322,
372,
338,
385,
10657,
363,
1438,
2107,
28563,
267,
304,
367,
5134,
29889,
7280,
6003,
434,
338,
278,
3879,
29878,
2285,
6070,
29883,
708,
14491,
393,
471,
4687,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29906,
491,
23993,
3879,
29878,
2285,
29892,
322,
278,
937,
3240,
737,
3787,
297,
278,
4726,
29889,
319,
1629,
1156,
8718,
29892,
670,
8099,
8772,
1075,
322,
896,
6153,
278,
9316,
304,
697,
310,
278,
1407,
937,
17667,
12286,
297,
278,
4726,
322,
408,
678,
392,
1358,
13631,
29892,
9261,
287,
278,
937,
11619,
29915,
29879,
8034,
322,
278,
937,
1400,
8034,
29889,
7280,
338,
278,
3087,
1085,
3944,
16923,
29892,
393,
471,
6496,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29941,
29892,
8688,
491,
11498,
16640,
1803,
27079,
265,
29892,
322,
471,
263,
10432,
18971,
11459,
2561,
3114,
11258,
29892,
322,
471,
13319,
363,
4942,
29889,
678,
392,
1358,
363,
278,
13851,
11757,
362,
25362,
363,
278,
17173,
29891,
322,
13834,
304,
2041,
304,
29889,
9267,
297,
278,
716,
4726,
2714,
393,
278,
1781,
11619,
471,
302,
8842,
304,
1925,
263,
4595,
601,
344,
16730,
297,
278,
7256,
310,
20118,
880,
322,
394,
29888,
3131,
29874,
4235,
297,
278,
18197,
29889,
2398,
29892,
297,
3979,
310,
393,
1629,
29892,
1784,
4100,
2305,
2996,
304,
278,
16730,
29892,
3704,
278,
20221,
29892,
399,
29889,
29925,
29889,
379,
1657,
29892,
21400,
7178,
5569,
23072,
29892,
322,
278,
2106,
21097,
29892,
8965,
11389,
1145,
29889,
7133,
278,
1494,
2440,
29892,
916,
7793,
26549,
583,
393,
16669,
5134,
1425,
1467,
383,
13493,
29876,
29892,
12001,
319,
5173,
533,
322,
6111,
360,
1611,
29889,
8084,
338,
278,
26783,
880,
322,
4134,
18901,
29901,
678,
392,
1358,
29915,
29879,
2921,
1486,
799,
4523,
29936,
607,
6496,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29955,
29892,
278,
2921,
1486,
799,
323,
533,
322,
14985,
495,
6938,
454,
1463,
777,
29871,
29947,
29900,
29900,
29900,
23931,
310,
2875,
393,
6568,
7062,
310,
278,
4726,
29892,
515,
4942,
29889,
678,
392,
1358,
29936,
304,
3380,
263,
6350,
305,
292,
5858,
393,
13631,
1472,
380,
481,
280,
20118,
880,
29892,
1304,
297,
278,
5802,
310,
1009,
260,
2658,
29889,
319,
2319,
5720,
13631,
2820,
278,
6350,
305,
304,
2125,
2562,
310,
278,
17162,
29892,
607,
3897,
2998,
408,
2921,
1486,
799,
29892,
322,
750,
263,
3762,
29892,
278,
1008,
29892,
11565,
12713,
29892,
13457,
322,
29677,
294,
29915,
4071,
29883,
708,
3787,
29889,
910,
6003,
434,
4477,
278,
4955,
310,
278,
3762,
29892,
472,
937,
263,
697,
5716,
3829,
363,
278,
4344,
310,
278,
17162,
29892,
322,
408,
278,
2440,
3512,
491,
3897,
3023,
697,
5716,
12286,
29889,
1932,
2921,
1486,
799,
11084,
278,
2215,
4056,
3268,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29900,
29879,
29892,
278,
3762,
9488,
6496,
304,
2125,
2562,
310,
278,
1887,
17888,
413,
4841,
322,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29941,
29892,
278,
3762,
471,
278,
6509,
24454,
363,
11715,
23035,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29892,
278,
3762,
471,
12522,
1623,
1363,
310,
13465,
322,
278,
2186,
5214,
471,
14416,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29946,
29936,
411,
1023,
4024,
3076,
1641,
7160,
322,
1304,
297,
278,
19133,
29915,
29879,
14423,
29889,
7027,
10657,
338,
2183,
304,
4942,
29889,
9428,
435,
29889,
678,
392,
1358,
29892,
1058,
2996,
304,
23716,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29947,
29955,
304,
367,
278,
29740,
25808,
3821,
1190,
25339,
29892,
322,
540,
4720,
16692,
385,
4066,
297,
6350,
305,
292,
29892,
2982,
14338,
322,
916,
9712,
1973,
29936,
607,
9701,
540,
1274,
23493,
310,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
23931,
310,
2982,
7062,
310,
278,
4726,
310,
341,
8625,
29889,
3600,
266,
765,
363,
7134,
322,
1274,
7680,
2187,
4720,
750,
1075,
14171,
1532,
10972,
297,
3805,
8966,
362,
13698,
29892,
322,
393,
9213,
679,
278,
1528,
852,
955,
29873,
9865,
2060,
1436,
8362,
322,
4240,
29889,
1932,
278,
5625,
471,
7743,
29892,
278,
27903,
6163,
13939,
2215,
13269,
750,
263,
4868,
2752,
310,
4094,
29892,
322,
4720,
278,
11619,
471,
6568,
292,
13900,
363,
263,
4726,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29906,
29892,
540,
4689,
269,
7807,
14568,
322,
4720,
278,
4726,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
7470,
29889,
450,
6438,
10317,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
338,
1790,
11910,
310,
278,
19133,
393,
471,
23580,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29955,
29892,
411,
278,
1371,
310,
278,
25037,
310,
422,
15667,
29889,
739,
3282,
29915,
29873,
4953,
385,
6221,
3974,
14311,
2745,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29955,
29892,
322,
372,
9007,
29915,
29873,
2745,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29941,
393,
372,
3897,
263,
12530,
14311,
29889,
1094,
278,
4726,
13631,
29892,
577,
1258,
278,
3974,
14311,
322,
760,
310,
445,
10371,
277,
338,
278,
937,
3974,
298,
852,
7774,
515,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29955,
29936,
2298,
1784,
10701,
393,
1510,
278,
4955,
310,
278,
14311,
322,
967,
20695,
21083,
29889,
450,
937,
23531,
2305,
297,
278,
27903,
6163,
13939,
322,
5791,
272,
273,
2726,
814,
892,
278,
379,
1148,
554,
314,
29892,
6974,
292,
1047,
5410,
297,
278,
4688,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
350,
29889,
29907,
29889,
3785,
29892,
322,
769,
892,
7695,
1728,
263,
9637,
310,
393,
6876,
297,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29945,
29900,
319,
29889,
29928,
29889,
450,
1024,
379,
1148,
554,
314,
338,
263,
349,
2946,
1734,
393,
2794,
376,
386,
852,
1058,
505,
1109,
3276,
29908,
322,
896,
892,
15129,
2215,
13269,
393,
2355,
1009,
4094,
515,
278,
27903,
6163,
322,
6296,
372,
304,
1009,
4038,
491,
263,
2919,
18643,
1788,
29889,
11275,
17924,
895,
471,
577,
24386,
2738,
393,
372,
471,
1304,
17202,
310,
2440,
2678,
491,
278,
2215,
13269,
393,
2996,
304,
278,
1021,
4038,
322,
1304,
1906,
508,
1338,
304,
4094,
1009,
8182
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.446352 | -0.314069 | 1.894658 | 0.992676 |
ps. The Hohokam were master artisans, creating pots and vessels that were red on buff, which meant that they used a buff colored paste to cover the pots which were then decorated by hemitate based red pigment. They made exotic jewelry with shells that were brought from the gulf of California, and their mounds, long houses, irrigation canals and other artifacts like potsherds and tools are found all over the Sonoran Desert. Since the area doesn't have a large timber forest available, wood was a premium, which most new settlers couldn't afford, nor take time to find. This caused the creation of tenthouses; which were wooden frames made from whatever wood could be scavenged from the immediate area, and then tents, or canvas put over the top and sides. It was quite ingenious since these canvas sides could be rolled up in the daytime to let the breezes blow through, cooling the house, and in the night, rolled down to keep whatever warmth they needed in, plus the protection from wind, sand or whatever else could intrude upon them. These homes were only one room, with their bedrolls put in chests in the day, and then rolled out on the ground at night; with the room being used as washroom, living room, kitchen and bedroom. There is a gift shop associated with this that includes the history of Chandler; the only one in print.
Bob Bondurant School of High Performance Driving
This school of racing and driving is for those people that are looking for a unique experience like no other. The 60 race track is specially built to give the high thrills of real racing, in either 4 hours, up to four days, with various expert levels from novice to pro or those wanting to enter the exciting heart throbbing and pounding life of race car driver. Besides the car racing, there is a kart racing school that offers the fastest carts anywhere, going from 0 to 100 in only 6 seconds. There are TAG karts also and the venue is as exciting as the car racing and has been in business for over 40 years. These experienced pros offer corporate team building classes and the overall experience will last anyone a lifetime. There are championship races with professional drivers coming here to tune up their driving skills and other great examples of race driving venues that will raise the hairs on your head and give you a life changing thrill that will be a memorial forever. The speeds that you will reach depend on your own learning and driving skills; which will progress with the great instruction from these learned pros. You are encouraged to find your own skill level, with experts helping you all along the process, and you will learn how cars are controlled and what makes them tick so you can develop your optimum level of skill and excitement with the best help. If you want real car driving thrills to remember, and to help your personal driving skills, then this is the school that will give you the best bang for your buck. You are not limited by them or their cars; but only by you own mind and confidence. That is what really separates the boys from the men when it comes to racing or just plain having the best fun of your life.
Avis Car Rentals will make your next trip to Chandler your best. Avis Rental Cars has always made renting a car easier and faster. Avis will help you choose the right vehicle for your traveling needs and the friendliest staff to assist. Avis Rental Cars will give you the BEST discounts, so go to our web site today to see the great deals.
Avis Discount Offers.
Phoenix Sky Harbor Apt Avis - 1805 E. Sky Harbor Circle S
Avis Car Rental Chandler - 3855 W. Ray Rd. Ste. 1
Mesa Avis Rental Cars - 1425 W. Southern Ave.
Firebird International Speedway
This fantastic complex is made up of a quarter mile drag strip, four unique road course and a beautiful lake for racing power boats, near Chandler, Arizona and the home of the Bob Bondurant Racing School. The Firebird speedway is a venue for many exciting heart throbbing events that bring the best racers from all over the world to do their best with cars that are beyond imagination. If you have ever been to a drag race then you know the incredible thrills that blast your senses as these machines fly down a small quarter mile length of asphalt going up to speeds of 200 mph. The NH
|
[
567,
29889,
450,
379,
1148,
554,
314,
892,
5835,
1616,
275,
550,
29892,
4969,
282,
1862,
322,
24479,
393,
892,
2654,
373,
20487,
29892,
607,
6839,
393,
896,
1304,
263,
20487,
28684,
11417,
304,
4612,
278,
282,
1862,
607,
892,
769,
10200,
630,
491,
9736,
10388,
2729,
2654,
282,
335,
358,
29889,
2688,
1754,
429,
13574,
432,
809,
295,
719,
411,
6473,
29879,
393,
892,
6296,
515,
278,
330,
16302,
310,
8046,
29892,
322,
1009,
286,
3885,
29892,
1472,
12955,
29892,
3805,
8966,
362,
508,
1338,
322,
916,
24238,
29879,
763,
3104,
845,
2018,
29879,
322,
8492,
526,
1476,
599,
975,
278,
5791,
272,
273,
2726,
814,
29889,
4001,
278,
4038,
1838,
29915,
29873,
505,
263,
2919,
5335,
495,
13569,
3625,
29892,
8112,
471,
263,
5188,
1974,
29892,
607,
1556,
716,
3604,
9306,
8496,
29915,
29873,
21750,
29892,
3643,
2125,
931,
304,
1284,
29889,
910,
8581,
278,
11265,
310,
260,
9097,
23676,
29936,
607,
892,
27278,
16608,
1754,
515,
6514,
8112,
1033,
367,
885,
485,
996,
287,
515,
278,
16800,
4038,
29892,
322,
769,
260,
1237,
29892,
470,
10508,
1925,
975,
278,
2246,
322,
11192,
29889,
739,
471,
3755,
24386,
2738,
1951,
1438,
10508,
11192,
1033,
367,
29081,
701,
297,
278,
2462,
2230,
304,
1235,
278,
289,
929,
10947,
13031,
1549,
29892,
12528,
292,
278,
3699,
29892,
322,
297,
278,
4646,
29892,
29081,
1623,
304,
3013,
6514,
14294,
386,
896,
4312,
297,
29892,
2298,
278,
13047,
515,
8805,
29892,
11982,
470,
6514,
1683,
1033,
11158,
1151,
2501,
963,
29889,
4525,
17774,
892,
871,
697,
5716,
29892,
411,
1009,
6592,
1245,
29879,
1925,
297,
521,
9197,
297,
278,
2462,
29892,
322,
769,
29081,
714,
373,
278,
5962,
472,
4646,
29936,
411,
278,
5716,
1641,
1304,
408,
471,
29882,
8345,
29892,
8471,
5716,
29892,
29181,
322,
6592,
8345,
29889,
1670,
338,
263,
19797,
18296,
6942,
411,
445,
393,
7805,
278,
4955,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
29936,
278,
871,
697,
297,
1596,
29889,
13,
29362,
26370,
332,
424,
4523,
310,
5057,
23768,
360,
1150,
292,
13,
4013,
3762,
310,
28965,
322,
19500,
338,
363,
1906,
2305,
393,
526,
3063,
363,
263,
5412,
7271,
763,
694,
916,
29889,
450,
29871,
29953,
29900,
8175,
5702,
338,
961,
5584,
4240,
304,
2367,
278,
1880,
1468,
6090,
310,
1855,
28965,
29892,
297,
2845,
29871,
29946,
6199,
29892,
701,
304,
3023,
3841,
29892,
411,
5164,
17924,
11174,
515,
2420,
625,
304,
410,
470,
1906,
24507,
304,
3896,
278,
5566,
11407,
5192,
20961,
1327,
292,
322,
282,
12449,
2834,
310,
8175,
1559,
7156,
29889,
19065,
278,
1559,
28965,
29892,
727,
338,
263,
413,
442,
28965,
3762,
393,
16688,
278,
5172,
342,
274,
5708,
12214,
29892,
2675,
515,
29871,
29900,
304,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
297,
871,
29871,
29953,
6923,
29889,
1670,
526,
323,
10051,
413,
5708,
884,
322,
278,
6003,
434,
338,
408,
5566,
11407,
408,
278,
1559,
28965,
322,
756,
1063,
297,
5381,
363,
975,
29871,
29946,
29900,
2440,
29889,
4525,
18860,
10791,
5957,
17266,
403,
3815,
5214,
4413,
322,
278,
12463,
7271,
674,
1833,
5019,
263,
25423,
29889,
1670,
526,
22401,
19830,
411,
10257,
18563,
6421,
1244,
304,
260,
1540,
701,
1009,
19500,
25078,
322,
916,
2107,
6455,
310,
8175,
19500,
6003,
1041,
393,
674,
12020,
278,
11315,
29879,
373,
596,
2343,
322,
2367,
366,
263,
2834,
6480,
1468,
453,
393,
674,
367,
263,
2626,
9020,
22296,
29889,
450,
961,
5779,
393,
366,
674,
6159,
8839,
373,
596,
1914,
6509,
322,
19500,
25078,
29936,
607,
674,
6728,
411,
278,
2107,
15278,
515,
1438,
10972,
10791,
29889,
887,
526,
18443,
287,
304,
1284,
596,
1914,
19911,
3233,
29892,
411,
2902,
1372,
19912,
366,
599,
3412,
278,
1889,
29892,
322,
366,
674,
5110,
920,
18647,
526,
20704,
322,
825,
3732,
963,
16892,
577,
366,
508,
2693,
596,
5994,
398,
3233,
310,
19911,
322,
29163,
411,
278,
1900,
1371,
29889,
960,
366,
864,
1855,
1559,
19500,
1468,
6090,
304,
6456,
29892,
322,
304,
1371,
596,
7333,
19500,
25078,
29892,
769,
445,
338,
278,
3762,
393,
674,
2367,
366,
278,
1900,
289,
574,
363,
596,
1321,
384,
29889,
887,
526,
451,
9078,
491,
963,
470,
1009,
18647,
29936,
541,
871,
491,
366,
1914,
3458,
322,
16420,
29889,
2193,
338,
825,
2289,
2903,
1078,
278,
12544,
515,
278,
1757,
746,
372,
5304,
304,
28965,
470,
925,
8656,
2534,
278,
1900,
2090,
310,
596,
2834,
29889,
13,
29909,
1730,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
674,
1207,
596,
2446,
17487,
304,
678,
392,
1358,
596,
1900,
29889,
319,
1730,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
756,
2337,
1754,
23990,
292,
263,
1559,
6775,
322,
8473,
29889,
319,
1730,
674,
1371,
366,
6755,
278,
1492,
19716,
363,
596,
9850,
292,
4225,
322,
278,
5121,
20409,
13925,
304,
6985,
29889,
319,
1730,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
674,
2367,
366,
278,
20700,
1254,
2313,
792,
29879,
29892,
577,
748,
304,
1749,
1856,
3268,
9826,
304,
1074,
278,
2107,
316,
1338,
29889,
13,
29909,
1730,
3295,
2798,
5947,
414,
29889,
13,
29925,
1251,
23534,
16572,
3536,
4089,
319,
415,
319,
1730,
448,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29945,
382,
29889,
16572,
3536,
4089,
27927,
317,
13,
29909,
1730,
1704,
390,
13703,
678,
392,
1358,
448,
29871,
29941,
29947,
29945,
29945,
399,
29889,
9596,
390,
29881,
29889,
2443,
29889,
29871,
29896,
13,
29924,
8625,
319,
1730,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
448,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29906,
29945,
399,
29889,
14234,
319,
345,
29889,
13,
18654,
18513,
4623,
24839,
1582,
13,
4013,
13568,
6288,
4280,
338,
1754,
701,
310,
263,
12616,
17967,
8338,
17820,
29892,
3023,
5412,
6520,
3236,
322,
263,
9560,
19437,
363,
28965,
3081,
25462,
29892,
2978,
678,
392,
1358,
29892,
23716,
322,
278,
3271,
310,
278,
7991,
26370,
332,
424,
22582,
4523,
29889,
450,
6438,
18513,
6210,
1582,
338,
263,
6003,
434,
363,
1784,
5566,
11407,
5192,
20961,
1327,
292,
4959,
393,
6963,
278,
1900,
11021,
414,
515,
599,
975,
278,
3186,
304,
437,
1009,
1900,
411,
18647,
393,
526,
8724,
28038,
29889,
960,
366,
505,
3926,
1063,
304,
263,
8338,
8175,
769,
366,
1073,
278,
29811,
1821,
1468,
6090,
393,
1999,
579,
596,
4771,
267,
408,
1438,
14884,
11340,
1623,
263,
2319,
12616,
17967,
3309,
310,
408,
561,
1997,
2675,
701,
304,
961,
5779,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
286,
561,
29889,
450,
405,
29950
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.057812 | -0.820854 | 0.431388 | -0.112431 |
RA Arizona Nationals will be held there in February of 2010, with so many wonderful races that will bring you and your family to visit or to try your hand at racing. The youngest racers involve big wheels, with junior dragsters, as young as 8 or 9, up to 13 to 17 year olds. They have motorcycle races also that involve points and will continue through the year to get the best driver of the year. It is non-stop action and thrills, with something for everyone in your family. Can you imagine you youngster racing a small dragster down the road and being only 8 years old? The big wheel racers start at 5 years old and this is probably where many of the nation's next generation of race car drivers begin. There are many classes of drivers, going from the top super pro to the best high school class.
Rawhide 1880s Western Town and Steakhouse
Rawhide, like a yell from the past, or a song that is remembered from somewhere in your mind, is a real western town that sits in the Gila River Indian Community near Chandler, Arizona and is reflective of that historic period that helped this country grow across the southwest with towns, cities and villages that raised a crop of Americans that fought in two World Wars, amassed the greatest wealth in the world and became the super power of nations. Rawhide has become the favorite destination of the state, and those traveling to Arizona will undoubtedly end up here to learn of the great southwest and how it was won. Set in the 1880s, there are many venues that will help you learn more about the history of the west and the hardy people that came here to learn and grow with that history. You will find a mechanical bull ride here that will help you learn and feel what it was like to try taming a wild horse or bull riding. There is an old train to ride around the old town to help you understand the primitiveness of those early trains and give you an insight into what the tenderfoot had to endure to become a resident of the wild west. The Six Gun theater and Rawhide Roughriders will show you how the cowboys of the west lived and fought for every inch of land to forge a home for the millions of people that came here to settle and start a new life. With exciting gunfights, wild exploits and incredible bravery, these stalwart young men will amaze you with their feats of skill and daring. The new Spirit of the West theater will show you the diversity of skills that these men had to develop to live and thrive in such an inhospitable environment with gun twirling and trick rope skills. The shootin gallery is where you can try your own hand at shooting at targets and give you some idea of how difficult shooting can be. There is an authentic coach that takes you out into the Sonoran desert and will give you more history and understanding about the gradual growth of the west. Try the burro rides for those who couldn't or wouldn't ride a horse, although the burros can be meaner and more temperamental than horses. Kelly Ripa of the "Live with Regis and Kelly" show visited the town in 2008 and many other celebrities have come here to gain some understanding or knowledge about the old west and all the excitement of that wonderful era.
For many years Thrifty Rental Cars has been a staple in the car rental business. Thrifty customers will get the best selection of quality vehicles to choose from and the friendliest staff to help you. You will always get the BEST deal at Thrifty Car Rentals since it is one of the best rental car companies known.
Phoenix Apt Thrifty Rental - 1805 E. Sky Harbor Circle S.
Thrifty Car Rental Phoenix/Glendale- 5044 W. Cactus Rd.
Bear Creek Golf Courses
Bear Creek is a championship 36 hole course that was designed by the Jack Nicklaus Group and opened in 2000, near south Chandler, Arizona. The Bear course is 6832 yards and a par 71, while the shorter Cub course is a par 59, 3552 yard play. Located on the premises is a full practice and learning center that is staffed with PGA pros that can and will instruct groups or individuals. The Bear is an inland links style course that has great rolling fairways and well maintained greens with exciting strategic hazards, that
|
[
4717,
23716,
3086,
29879,
674,
367,
4934,
727,
297,
6339,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29900,
29892,
411,
577,
1784,
20695,
19830,
393,
674,
6963,
366,
322,
596,
3942,
304,
6493,
470,
304,
1018,
596,
1361,
472,
28965,
29889,
450,
4123,
342,
11021,
414,
25135,
4802,
21266,
1379,
29892,
411,
20183,
8338,
23080,
29892,
408,
4123,
408,
29871,
29947,
470,
29871,
29929,
29892,
701,
304,
29871,
29896,
29941,
304,
29871,
29896,
29955,
1629,
2030,
29879,
29889,
2688,
505,
10992,
23090,
19830,
884,
393,
25135,
3291,
322,
674,
6773,
1549,
278,
1629,
304,
679,
278,
1900,
7156,
310,
278,
1629,
29889,
739,
338,
1661,
29899,
9847,
3158,
322,
1468,
6090,
29892,
411,
1554,
363,
14332,
297,
596,
3942,
29889,
1815,
366,
14034,
366,
4123,
2475,
28965,
263,
2319,
8338,
2475,
1623,
278,
6520,
322,
1641,
871,
29871,
29947,
2440,
2030,
29973,
450,
4802,
18875,
11021,
414,
1369,
472,
29871,
29945,
2440,
2030,
322,
445,
338,
3117,
988,
1784,
310,
278,
5233,
29915,
29879,
2446,
12623,
310,
8175,
1559,
18563,
3380,
29889,
1670,
526,
1784,
4413,
310,
18563,
29892,
2675,
515,
278,
2246,
2428,
410,
304,
278,
1900,
1880,
3762,
770,
29889,
13,
29934,
29874,
1332,
680,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29947,
29900,
29879,
10504,
8421,
322,
2443,
557,
8697,
13,
29934,
29874,
1332,
680,
29892,
763,
263,
343,
514,
515,
278,
4940,
29892,
470,
263,
4823,
393,
338,
21832,
515,
9051,
297,
596,
3458,
29892,
338,
263,
1855,
15782,
4726,
393,
269,
1169,
297,
278,
402,
4233,
6163,
7560,
19184,
2978,
678,
392,
1358,
29892,
23716,
322,
338,
9432,
573,
310,
393,
22879,
3785,
393,
9213,
445,
4234,
6548,
4822,
278,
7062,
5933,
411,
20248,
29892,
14368,
322,
18481,
393,
10425,
263,
274,
1336,
310,
23035,
393,
20722,
297,
1023,
2787,
9149,
29892,
626,
465,
287,
278,
14176,
17173,
297,
278,
3186,
322,
3897,
278,
2428,
3081,
310,
19079,
29889,
6981,
1332,
680,
756,
4953,
278,
25448,
12551,
310,
278,
2106,
29892,
322,
1906,
9850,
292,
304,
23716,
674,
563,
283,
3116,
23244,
1095,
701,
1244,
304,
5110,
310,
278,
2107,
7062,
5933,
322,
920,
372,
471,
2113,
29889,
3789,
297,
278,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29947,
29900,
29879,
29892,
727,
526,
1784,
6003,
1041,
393,
674,
1371,
366,
5110,
901,
1048,
278,
4955,
310,
278,
5833,
322,
278,
2898,
29891,
2305,
393,
2996,
1244,
304,
5110,
322,
6548,
411,
393,
4955,
29889,
887,
674,
1284,
263,
28310,
289,
913,
22203,
1244,
393,
674,
1371,
366,
5110,
322,
4459,
825,
372,
471,
763,
304,
1018,
260,
11500,
263,
8775,
10435,
470,
289,
913,
364,
4821,
29889,
1670,
338,
385,
2030,
7945,
304,
22203,
2820,
278,
2030,
4726,
304,
1371,
366,
2274,
278,
28147,
20193,
310,
1906,
4688,
22983,
322,
2367,
366,
385,
25483,
964,
825,
278,
22707,
6661,
750,
304,
1095,
545,
304,
4953,
263,
20201,
310,
278,
8775,
5833,
29889,
450,
18372,
21429,
278,
1008,
322,
6981,
1332,
680,
390,
820,
2429,
414,
674,
1510,
366,
920,
278,
21282,
833,
952,
310,
278,
5833,
10600,
322,
20722,
363,
1432,
297,
305,
310,
2982,
304,
363,
479,
263,
3271,
363,
278,
14746,
310,
2305,
393,
2996,
1244,
304,
3604,
280,
322,
1369,
263,
716,
2834,
29889,
2973,
5566,
11407,
13736,
29888,
5861,
29892,
8775,
16035,
1169,
322,
29811,
1821,
4105,
1201,
29892,
1438,
28367,
10305,
4123,
1757,
674,
21863,
29872,
366,
411,
1009,
1238,
1446,
310,
19911,
322,
270,
4362,
29889,
450,
716,
20799,
310,
278,
3122,
278,
1008,
674,
1510,
366,
278,
6894,
537,
310,
25078,
393,
1438,
1757,
750,
304,
2693,
304,
5735,
322,
266,
4401,
297,
1316,
385,
297,
29882,
4705,
8270,
5177,
411,
13736,
3252,
381,
1847,
322,
8938,
696,
412,
25078,
29889,
450,
15049,
262,
23363,
338,
988,
366,
508,
1018,
596,
1914,
1361,
472,
27904,
472,
22525,
322,
2367,
366,
777,
2969,
310,
920,
5189,
27904,
508,
367,
29889,
1670,
338,
385,
15585,
11182,
393,
4893,
366,
714,
964,
278,
5791,
272,
273,
18197,
322,
674,
2367,
366,
901,
4955,
322,
8004,
1048,
278,
4656,
950,
14321,
310,
278,
5833,
29889,
3967,
278,
6866,
307,
364,
2247,
363,
1906,
1058,
8496,
29915,
29873,
470,
7656,
29915,
29873,
22203,
263,
10435,
29892,
5998,
278,
6866,
1883,
508,
367,
2099,
261,
322,
901,
6238,
11491,
1135,
15100,
29889,
21872,
390,
666,
29874,
310,
278,
376,
23859,
411,
2169,
275,
322,
21872,
29908,
1510,
16669,
278,
4726,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
322,
1784,
916,
7793,
26549,
583,
505,
2041,
1244,
304,
11581,
777,
8004,
470,
7134,
1048,
278,
2030,
5833,
322,
599,
278,
29163,
310,
393,
20695,
3152,
29889,
13,
2831,
1784,
2440,
498,
9710,
1017,
390,
13703,
315,
1503,
756,
1063,
263,
380,
481,
280,
297,
278,
1559,
364,
13703,
5381,
29889,
498,
9710,
1017,
20330,
674,
679,
278,
1900,
9262,
310,
11029,
24413,
304,
6755,
515,
322,
278,
5121,
20409,
13925,
304,
1371,
366,
29889,
887,
674,
2337,
679,
278,
20700,
1254,
5376,
472,
498,
9710,
1017,
1704,
390,
296,
1338,
1951,
372,
338,
697,
310,
278,
1900,
364,
13703,
1559,
14582,
2998,
29889,
13,
29925,
1251,
23534,
319,
415,
498,
9710,
1017,
390,
13703,
448,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29945,
382,
29889,
16572,
3536,
4089,
27927,
317,
29889,
13,
29911,
1092,
361,
1017,
1704,
390,
13703,
29715,
29914,
29954,
29880,
355,
744,
29899,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29946,
29946,
399,
29889,
315,
627,
375,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
29933,
799,
15594,
402,
4369,
315,
29781,
13,
29933,
799,
15594,
338,
263,
22401,
29871,
29941,
29953,
16188,
3236,
393,
471,
8688,
491,
278,
5457,
13853,
15273,
6431,
322,
6496,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29892,
2978,
7062,
678,
392,
1358,
29892,
23716,
29889,
450,
23606,
3236,
338,
29871,
29953,
29947,
29941,
29906,
17454,
322,
263,
610,
29871,
29955,
29896,
29892,
1550,
278,
20511,
28618,
3236,
338,
263,
610,
29871,
29945,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29945,
29945,
29906,
29413,
1708,
29889,
5976,
630,
373,
278,
5188,
4637,
338,
263,
2989,
6944,
322,
6509,
4818,
393,
338,
13925,
287,
411,
349,
12739,
10791,
393,
508,
322,
674,
18690,
6471,
470,
15724,
29889,
450,
23606,
338,
385,
297,
1049,
2988,
3114,
3236,
393,
756,
2107,
27777,
6534,
1994,
322,
1532,
19949,
1395,
575,
411,
5566,
11407,
16650,
293,
447,
29920,
3163,
29892,
393
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.09619 | -1.118047 | 0.530015 | -0.172276 |
is home to the Chandler City Amateur Championship and holds many Arizona Golf Association qualifying events throughout the year. The Cub is an executive course that is fun and challenging with five par fours and 13 par threes. The length of each hole is different with the golfer's play in mind and is a great starter course for novices of all ages. It will allow you to use all the clubs in your bag, and to gain invaluable experience playing a good round of golf. All the greens are undulating and thus quite exciting, with difficult hazards placed throughout both courses to make the play as exciting and challenging as possible in this great desert course. Overseeding takes place in October, but the fairways and greens should be in excellent condition the rest of the year, since irrigation helps the greens stay their best. The entire courses are well maintained and attended to with the staff ready to assist you with whatever needs or comments you may have.
Chandler Center for the Arts
When the Chandler Center for the Arts opened in 1989, the center was the culmination and collaboration of world class designers, acousticians and architects that have built a cultural centerpiece that could be found anywhere in the world. With the great support of city leaders and the citizens of Chandler, the center has attracted millions of visitors over the years that have been educated, challenged and entertained with excellent programs that included Broadway shows, international dance and ballet troupes, jazz concerts, contemporary music and all kinds of family focused special events. The center is dedicated to bringing the best in artistic venues that will enhance and delight the community at large. They bring in many programs that continue to inspire and motivate the younger population with 2008 bringing in over 150,000 students from across the region that assisted their studies and brought new insights into their lives. It is the single indoor cultural opportunity in Chandler and one of the few in the Salt River Valley that brings in high quality programs with reasonable prices. It was awarded the Governor's Art Award in 2006 for its continued support of the arts and the showcase of its venues. The center is a multi-cultured theater that brings in performing and visual arts and is used during the week for school arts curriculums that enhance the education and inspiration of its area's youth. There are three theaters and a 2000 square foot exhibit hall with total seating for 1,536 people. The acoustics have been set up to allow three different venues to be performed at one time without interfering with the others. It opened a satellite center in downtown Chandler in 1997 called the "Vision Kidz Programs" that encompass a variety of programs geared to the school children that are instructed by professional artisans that promote the arts in education. The diverse programs include watercolors, ceramics, drawings, batik and just about every medium imaginable. These children are encouraged to develop their own levels of artistry with the continued assistance of the professional instructors to help them with a great knowledge of the creative processes and the continued interest of all.
Dollar Rent-A-Car will always give you the best discount and the most reliable vehicle in the car rental business. You know that you will get the BEST help with a name like Dollar. Dollar Rent A Car Specials will make sure your vacation is worry free and easy.
Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl Apt Dollar - 1805 E. Sky Harbor Circle S.
Dollar Rental Car Scottsdale - 5001 N. Scottsdale Rd.
Gila River Indian Community
Long before the bearded ones (Spaniards) arrived to the Gila River region, the Akimel O'othom Indians or the Pima as the Spanish called them, they were great farmers that lived in villages along the river and grew squash, beans and corn, as well as tobacco and cotton. These well developed villages were all over the Gila River Valley, with sophisticated irrigation systems that were created with wood and stone tools and amazed the Spanish explorers. Each village was responsible for the continued maintenance of the canal system, and the head gate had been made to divert the waters from the river to the various villages. There were field houses that had been constructed near the fields, but the main homes were situated in the village. These Pima were peaceful people that worked together for the good and welfare of the village, and when a house or h
|
[
338,
3271,
304,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
4412,
1913,
7289,
8972,
322,
8640,
1784,
23716,
402,
4369,
7993,
4021,
9215,
4959,
10106,
278,
1629,
29889,
450,
28618,
338,
385,
22760,
3236,
393,
338,
2090,
322,
18066,
292,
411,
5320,
610,
285,
2470,
322,
29871,
29896,
29941,
610,
266,
11003,
29889,
450,
3309,
310,
1269,
16188,
338,
1422,
411,
278,
15192,
571,
29915,
29879,
1708,
297,
3458,
322,
338,
263,
2107,
380,
4254,
3236,
363,
2420,
1575,
310,
599,
24646,
29889,
739,
674,
2758,
366,
304,
671,
599,
278,
17651,
297,
596,
19548,
29892,
322,
304,
11581,
297,
4387,
519,
7271,
8743,
263,
1781,
4513,
310,
29416,
29889,
2178,
278,
1395,
575,
526,
563,
18099,
322,
4550,
3755,
5566,
11407,
29892,
411,
5189,
447,
29920,
3163,
7180,
10106,
1716,
21888,
304,
1207,
278,
1708,
408,
5566,
11407,
322,
18066,
292,
408,
1950,
297,
445,
2107,
18197,
3236,
29889,
438,
3901,
21219,
4893,
2058,
297,
5533,
29892,
541,
278,
6534,
1994,
322,
1395,
575,
881,
367,
297,
15129,
4195,
278,
1791,
310,
278,
1629,
29892,
1951,
3805,
8966,
362,
6911,
278,
1395,
575,
7952,
1009,
1900,
29889,
450,
4152,
21888,
526,
1532,
19949,
322,
14283,
304,
411,
278,
13925,
7960,
304,
6985,
366,
411,
6514,
4225,
470,
6589,
366,
1122,
505,
29889,
13,
1451,
392,
1358,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
13,
10401,
278,
678,
392,
1358,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
6496,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
29892,
278,
4818,
471,
278,
13949,
1195,
362,
322,
24771,
310,
3186,
770,
2874,
414,
29892,
1274,
18291,
14722,
322,
6956,
29879,
393,
505,
4240,
263,
16375,
4818,
12343,
346,
393,
1033,
367,
1476,
12214,
297,
278,
3186,
29889,
2973,
278,
2107,
2304,
310,
4272,
20251,
322,
278,
18363,
310,
678,
392,
1358,
29892,
278,
4818,
756,
13978,
287,
14746,
310,
26824,
975,
278,
2440,
393,
505,
1063,
27729,
29892,
18066,
287,
322,
875,
814,
7114,
411,
15129,
11104,
393,
5134,
23291,
3697,
29892,
6121,
17948,
322,
6411,
1026,
534,
1132,
267,
29892,
21230,
13135,
29879,
29892,
24952,
4696,
322,
599,
17690,
310,
3942,
21309,
4266,
4959,
29889,
450,
4818,
338,
16955,
304,
20794,
278,
1900,
297,
1616,
4695,
6003,
1041,
393,
674,
26371,
749,
322,
15319,
278,
7881,
472,
2919,
29889,
2688,
6963,
297,
1784,
11104,
393,
6773,
304,
8681,
533,
322,
17385,
403,
278,
20023,
4665,
411,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
20794,
297,
975,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
8041,
515,
4822,
278,
5120,
393,
6985,
287,
1009,
11898,
322,
6296,
716,
1663,
5861,
964,
1009,
12080,
29889,
739,
338,
278,
2323,
1399,
16946,
16375,
15130,
297,
678,
392,
1358,
322,
697,
310,
278,
2846,
297,
278,
27903,
6163,
13939,
393,
23522,
297,
1880,
11029,
11104,
411,
15590,
26094,
29889,
739,
471,
15074,
278,
15431,
29915,
29879,
3012,
7526,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29953,
363,
967,
7572,
2304,
310,
278,
16930,
322,
278,
1510,
4878,
310,
967,
6003,
1041,
29889,
450,
4818,
338,
263,
2473,
29899,
29883,
499,
2955,
278,
1008,
393,
23522,
297,
15859,
322,
7604,
16930,
322,
338,
1304,
2645,
278,
4723,
363,
3762,
16930,
16256,
12906,
6762,
393,
26371,
749,
278,
9793,
322,
8681,
12232,
310,
967,
4038,
29915,
29879,
12397,
29889,
1670,
526,
2211,
278,
10412,
322,
263,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29900,
6862,
3661,
10371,
277,
12713,
411,
3001,
409,
1218,
363,
29871,
29896,
29892,
29945,
29941,
29953,
2305,
29889,
450,
1274,
18291,
1199,
505,
1063,
731,
701,
304,
2758,
2211,
1422,
6003,
1041,
304,
367,
8560,
472,
697,
931,
1728,
1006,
571,
292,
411,
278,
4045,
29889,
739,
6496,
263,
28421,
4818,
297,
16611,
593,
776,
678,
392,
1358,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29955,
2000,
278,
376,
29963,
2459,
27912,
29920,
7835,
29879,
29908,
393,
427,
2388,
465,
263,
12875,
310,
11104,
1737,
1965,
304,
278,
3762,
4344,
393,
526,
18690,
287,
491,
10257,
1616,
275,
550,
393,
27391,
278,
16930,
297,
9793,
29889,
450,
16984,
11104,
3160,
4094,
27703,
29892,
5147,
314,
1199,
29892,
4216,
886,
29892,
17152,
638,
322,
925,
1048,
1432,
18350,
6382,
262,
519,
29889,
4525,
4344,
526,
18443,
287,
304,
2693,
1009,
1914,
11174,
310,
1616,
6020,
411,
278,
7572,
18872,
310,
278,
10257,
18690,
943,
304,
1371,
963,
411,
263,
2107,
7134,
310,
278,
907,
1230,
10174,
322,
278,
7572,
4066,
310,
599,
29889,
13,
29928,
26810,
390,
296,
29899,
29909,
29899,
8179,
674,
2337,
2367,
366,
278,
1900,
2313,
792,
322,
278,
1556,
23279,
19716,
297,
278,
1559,
364,
13703,
5381,
29889,
887,
1073,
393,
366,
674,
679,
278,
20700,
1254,
1371,
411,
263,
1024,
763,
360,
26810,
29889,
360,
26810,
390,
296,
319,
1704,
5013,
455,
1338,
674,
1207,
1854,
596,
11757,
362,
338,
15982,
3889,
322,
4780,
29889,
13,
29925,
1251,
23534,
16572,
3536,
4089,
3159,
29880,
319,
415,
360,
26810,
448,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29945,
382,
29889,
16572,
3536,
4089,
27927,
317,
29889,
13,
29928,
26810,
390,
13703,
1704,
11032,
1372,
23276,
448,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29900,
29896,
405,
29889,
11032,
1372,
23276,
390,
29881,
29889,
13,
29954,
4233,
6163,
7560,
19184,
13,
8208,
1434,
278,
367,
25600,
6743,
313,
5592,
3270,
3163,
29897,
11977,
304,
278,
402,
4233,
6163,
5120,
29892,
278,
10813,
326,
295,
438,
29915,
720,
290,
17072,
470,
278,
349,
2946,
408,
278,
10432,
2000,
963,
29892,
896,
892,
2107,
2215,
13269,
393,
10600,
297,
18481,
3412,
278,
8580,
322,
13631,
10674,
1161,
29892,
367,
550,
322,
26343,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
304,
29890,
17970,
322,
20118,
880,
29889,
4525,
1532,
8906,
18481,
892,
599,
975,
278,
402,
4233,
6163,
13939,
29892,
411,
269,
3021,
4695,
630,
3805,
8966,
362,
6757,
393,
892,
2825,
411,
8112,
322,
12565,
8492,
322,
21863,
287,
278,
10432,
3902,
272,
414,
29889,
7806,
5720,
471,
14040,
363,
278,
7572,
25413,
310,
278,
18643,
1788,
29892,
322,
278,
2343,
12417,
750,
1063,
1754,
304,
652,
1765,
278,
19922,
515,
278,
8580,
304,
278,
5164,
18481,
29889,
1670,
892,
1746,
12955,
393,
750,
1063,
13319,
2978,
278,
4235,
29892,
541,
278,
1667,
17774,
892,
24046,
297,
278,
5720,
29889,
4525,
349,
2946,
892,
10776,
1319,
2305,
393,
3796,
4208,
363,
278,
1781,
322,
281,
761,
598,
310,
278,
5720,
29892,
322,
746,
263,
3699,
470,
298
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.554355 | -0.860437 | 0.637609 | 0.592975 |
berkeleymeridian.com
Koulibaly is ready to become leader of Napoli
The French midfielder has already managed to become a leader of the team. In the current season, he is in great form, and he is able to score a lot of goals.
Koulibervill is a player who is able not only to score, but also to distribute the ball well. This is especially important when playing in the attack, as the Napoli attack is very strong.
The team is able, thanks to the efforts of Koulibale, to score many points.
Napoli is in the top-4 of the Serie A, and this is not surprising, as it is a team that is able win the title for a long time. This season, the team is in a good shape, and it is ready for the fight for the title.
Napolitano is in good shape. It has a good lineup, and the team has a lot to show. The team has not yet played in the Champions League, but the club has a great chance to win the trophy.
It is now very important to see how the team will perform in the next season. The club has many interesting players, who can help it to become one of the main favorites of the Italian championship.
You can always follow the development of events in the Serie a on the sports statistics website.
Latest news on the team's performance
In the current Serie A season, Napoli is a strong team. It is able of winning the title, and is ready not only for the confrontation with Juventus, but for any other competition.
In general, the club is in excellent shape. The players are in good physical condition, and they are able to perform at their maximum.
This is especially true for the defense, where the team plays well. The main problem of the club in the current campaign is the lack of stability in the lineup.
However, the situation is improving, and Napoli has a chance to become the main favorite of the championship. The following players are the main reasons for this:
1. Excellent selection of players in the team, which allows the coach to rotate the lineup at will.
2. Good teamwork between the players.
3. Good distribution of the ball.
All these factors allow the club to score points. The Napoli fans can be sure that the team can become a real contender for the champion title. It will be very interesting to watch the team's performance in the upcoming season.
What to expect from the team in the future?
The current season has already shown that the club can become one the main contenders for the championship title. The next season, it will be even more interesting to follow the team on the world of sports statistics.
Thanks to the information provided by the sports website, it is easy to follow Napoli's performance. The information on the club' s performance is updated in real time.
Now, the Napolitano team is one of its main competitors. It plays in a very difficult championship, which is not easy to win. The fans can expect a lot from the club, and we can confidently say that it will become one more contender for winning the champion trophy. The season is very important for the club. It can win the championship, but it will not be easy.
Follow the development in the championship of the strongest European leagues on the website of sports information.
Who will be the main contender for victory in the long tournament distance?
This season, Juventus is the main competitor of Napolitana. The Turin club is a very strong team, and its main goal is to win a long tournament.
Juventus is a club that is very active in the transfer market. It makes a lot, and many players from the Serie C team are now playing in Juventus.
For this reason, the Turin team is very interesting for fans. The current season is not going well for the team; it has not won the Champions' League, and there are rumors that the coach of the Bianco Neri, Giorgio Chiellini, will leave the club for a new job.
Despite this, the fans can count on the fact that the season will be long and difficult for the Turinese club.
Fans can follow the performance of the Turinese team on our website. Here, the data is updated live. It allows to follow all the events in real-time.
Current state of the season in the Italian Championship
Juve is in very good shape this season. It managed to win several trophies. This year, it plays in the European Cup. The coach of Juventus, Massimiliano Allegri, is able and willing to use all the resources of the football club to achieve the
|
[
7655,
27800,
962,
261,
333,
713,
29889,
510,
13,
29968,
283,
1982,
14997,
338,
7960,
304,
4953,
11822,
310,
29642,
13,
1576,
5176,
7145,
29888,
709,
672,
756,
2307,
8745,
304,
4953,
263,
11822,
310,
278,
3815,
29889,
512,
278,
1857,
4259,
29892,
540,
338,
297,
2107,
883,
29892,
322,
540,
338,
2221,
304,
8158,
263,
3287,
310,
14433,
29889,
13,
29968,
283,
492,
495,
29894,
453,
338,
263,
4847,
1058,
338,
2221,
451,
871,
304,
8158,
29892,
541,
884,
304,
1320,
2666,
278,
8287,
1532,
29889,
910,
338,
7148,
4100,
746,
8743,
297,
278,
5337,
29892,
408,
278,
29642,
5337,
338,
1407,
4549,
29889,
13,
1576,
3815,
338,
2221,
29892,
3969,
304,
278,
14231,
310,
476,
283,
1982,
744,
29892,
304,
8158,
1784,
3291,
29889,
13,
29940,
481,
5079,
338,
297,
278,
2246,
29899,
29946,
310,
278,
15014,
319,
29892,
322,
445,
338,
451,
26800,
29892,
408,
372,
338,
263,
3815,
393,
338,
2221,
5401,
278,
3611,
363,
263,
1472,
931,
29889,
910,
4259,
29892,
278,
3815,
338,
297,
263,
1781,
8267,
29892,
322,
372,
338,
7960,
363,
278,
8589,
363,
278,
3611,
29889,
13,
29940,
481,
27298,
1562,
338,
297,
1781,
8267,
29889,
739,
756,
263,
1781,
1196,
786,
29892,
322,
278,
3815,
756,
263,
3287,
304,
1510,
29889,
450,
3815,
756,
451,
3447,
5318,
297,
278,
22036,
5165,
29892,
541,
278,
4402,
756,
263,
2107,
8825,
304,
5401,
278,
3147,
11461,
29889,
13,
3112,
338,
1286,
1407,
4100,
304,
1074,
920,
278,
3815,
674,
2189,
297,
278,
2446,
4259,
29889,
450,
4402,
756,
1784,
8031,
10769,
29892,
1058,
508,
1371,
372,
304,
4953,
697,
310,
278,
1667,
7853,
3246,
310,
278,
10545,
22401,
29889,
13,
3492,
508,
2337,
1101,
278,
5849,
310,
4959,
297,
278,
15014,
263,
373,
278,
14717,
13964,
4700,
29889,
13,
13992,
342,
9763,
373,
278,
3815,
29915,
29879,
4180,
13,
797,
278,
1857,
15014,
319,
4259,
29892,
29642,
338,
263,
4549,
3815,
29889,
739,
338,
2221,
310,
15613,
278,
3611,
29892,
322,
338,
7960,
451,
871,
363,
278,
21751,
362,
411,
5342,
794,
375,
29892,
541,
363,
738,
916,
13888,
29889,
13,
797,
2498,
29892,
278,
4402,
338,
297,
15129,
8267,
29889,
450,
10769,
526,
297,
1781,
9128,
4195,
29892,
322,
896,
526,
2221,
304,
2189,
472,
1009,
7472,
29889,
13,
4013,
338,
7148,
1565,
363,
278,
26406,
29892,
988,
278,
3815,
13582,
1532,
29889,
450,
1667,
1108,
310,
278,
4402,
297,
278,
1857,
11531,
338,
278,
10225,
310,
25806,
297,
278,
1196,
786,
29889,
13,
17245,
29892,
278,
6434,
338,
4857,
1747,
29892,
322,
29642,
756,
263,
8825,
304,
4953,
278,
1667,
25448,
310,
278,
22401,
29889,
450,
1494,
10769,
526,
278,
1667,
9590,
363,
445,
29901,
13,
29896,
29889,
1222,
3729,
296,
9262,
310,
10769,
297,
278,
3815,
29892,
607,
6511,
278,
11182,
304,
16734,
278,
1196,
786,
472,
674,
29889,
13,
29906,
29889,
7197,
3815,
1287,
1546,
278,
10769,
29889,
13,
29941,
29889,
7197,
4978,
310,
278,
8287,
29889,
13,
3596,
1438,
13879,
2758,
278,
4402,
304,
8158,
3291,
29889,
450,
29642,
24909,
508,
367,
1854,
393,
278,
3815,
508,
4953,
263,
1855,
640,
1581,
363,
278,
8064,
3611,
29889,
739,
674,
367,
1407,
8031,
304,
6505,
278,
3815,
29915,
29879,
4180,
297,
278,
701,
11506,
4259,
29889,
13,
5618,
304,
2149,
515,
278,
3815,
297,
278,
5434,
29973,
13,
1576,
1857,
4259,
756,
2307,
4318,
393,
278,
4402,
508,
4953,
697,
278,
1667,
640,
21043,
363,
278,
22401,
3611,
29889,
450,
2446,
4259,
29892,
372,
674,
367,
1584,
901,
8031,
304,
1101,
278,
3815,
373,
278,
3186,
310,
14717,
13964,
29889,
13,
16894,
304,
278,
2472,
4944,
491,
278,
14717,
4700,
29892,
372,
338,
4780,
304,
1101,
29642,
29915,
29879,
4180,
29889,
450,
2472,
373,
278,
4402,
29915,
269,
4180,
338,
4784,
297,
1855,
931,
29889,
13,
10454,
29892,
278,
8344,
27298,
1562,
3815,
338,
697,
310,
967,
1667,
5100,
17259,
29889,
739,
13582,
297,
263,
1407,
5189,
22401,
29892,
607,
338,
451,
4780,
304,
5401,
29889,
450,
24909,
508,
2149,
263,
3287,
515,
278,
4402,
29892,
322,
591,
508,
24332,
368,
1827,
393,
372,
674,
4953,
697,
901,
640,
1581,
363,
15613,
278,
8064,
3147,
11461,
29889,
450,
4259,
338,
1407,
4100,
363,
278,
4402,
29889,
739,
508,
5401,
278,
22401,
29892,
541,
372,
674,
451,
367,
4780,
29889,
13,
29943,
2952,
278,
5849,
297,
278,
22401,
310,
278,
4549,
342,
7824,
454,
21628,
373,
278,
4700,
310,
14717,
2472,
29889,
13,
22110,
674,
367,
278,
1667,
640,
1581,
363,
15354,
297,
278,
1472,
14743,
5418,
29973,
13,
4013,
4259,
29892,
5342,
794,
375,
338,
278,
1667,
5100,
2105,
310,
8344,
27298,
1648,
29889,
450,
5383,
262,
4402,
338,
263,
1407,
4549,
3815,
29892,
322,
967,
1667,
7306,
338,
304,
5401,
263,
1472,
14743,
29889,
13,
29967,
29884,
794,
375,
338,
263,
4402,
393,
338,
1407,
6136,
297,
278,
6782,
9999,
29889,
739,
3732,
263,
3287,
29892,
322,
1784,
10769,
515,
278,
15014,
315,
3815,
526,
1286,
8743,
297,
5342,
794,
375,
29889,
13,
2831,
445,
2769,
29892,
278,
5383,
262,
3815,
338,
1407,
8031,
363,
24909,
29889,
450,
1857,
4259,
338,
451,
2675,
1532,
363,
278,
3815,
29936,
372,
756,
451,
2113,
278,
22036,
29915,
5165,
29892,
322,
727,
526,
16558,
943,
393,
278,
11182,
310,
278,
29860,
1111,
405,
13613,
29892,
25906,
601,
18168,
514,
2172,
29892,
674,
5967,
278,
4402,
363,
263,
716,
4982,
29889,
13,
4002,
29886,
568,
445,
29892,
278,
24909,
508,
2302,
373,
278,
2114,
393,
278,
4259,
674,
367,
1472,
322,
5189,
363,
278,
5383,
8233,
4402,
29889,
13,
29943,
550,
508,
1101,
278,
4180,
310,
278,
5383,
8233,
3815,
373,
1749,
4700,
29889,
2266,
29892,
278,
848,
338,
4784,
5735,
29889,
739,
6511,
304,
1101,
599,
278,
4959,
297,
1855,
29899,
2230,
29889,
13,
7583,
2106,
310,
278,
4259,
297,
278,
10545,
8972,
13,
29967,
15008,
338,
297,
1407,
1781,
8267,
445,
4259,
29889,
739,
8745,
304,
5401,
3196,
3147,
561,
583,
29889,
910,
1629,
29892,
372,
13582,
297,
278,
7824,
6536,
29889,
450,
11182,
310,
5342,
794,
375,
29892,
7360,
326,
309,
3328,
838,
1397,
374,
29892,
338,
2221,
322,
17762,
304,
671,
599,
278,
7788,
310,
278,
5733,
4402,
304,
6176,
278
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.158874 | -1.005789 | -0.304058 | -0.337659 |
It was in 1972 when Ferdinand Alexander Porsche decided to establish a design company for watches (and other products) after he retired from the operating business at Porsche. Ever since he has been a designer, not only was it him who developed the 911, but he was also in charge of all design aspects of the car conception at Porsche. It was his goal to continue the philosophy of understatement, simple but efficient design, functionality and purism and adopt this to the product line of Porsche Design. A clear readability and reliable functionality are the core values – paired with aesthetic. You will always find elements that are inspired from the sports and race cars of Porsche. Since the very beginning Ferdinand Alexander Porsche used titanium for the watch cases, which comes from the lightweight constructions of race cars.
Recently we got our hands on some 2018 novelties and took them to a ride to the Dolomites.
The Porsche Design 1919 collection has gained a new member. It's the 1919 Chronotimer Flyback Brown & Leather. As most of the Porsche Design watches are kept in black or natural titanium colour (they are all titanium but sometimes coated), this time the brown colour adds some more dress-watch touch to the rather sporty collection. The case design is kept slim to keep the focus on a clear dial design. This feature is even supported by missing out the tachymeter scale. The new movement Werk 01.200 with Flyback Function is a base movement, which has been jazzed up exclusively to Porsche Design. It was firstly introduced in the 2017 Exclusive Series. The Porsche Design 1919 Chronotimer Flyback Brown & Leather will be on sale from September.
The next novelty we inspect joins the Chronotimer collection. It's the new Chronotimer Flyback Special Edition. Namely similar to the above mentioned 1919 novelty but it differs completely in case design. The Chronotimer Series has the more sporty look with a tachymeter scale and a matte black titanium case – inspiration taken from the cockpit instruments. To strengthen the connection to motorsport cars and their lightweight constructions the dial is made from black carbon and the strap from the same leather, which is used inside the cars – even the red stitching is identically. It also houses the new Werk 01.200 with Flyback Function. The Chronotimer Flyback Special Edition is available mid-June.
For even more adrenaline Porsche Design has added two new editions to their Monobloc Actuator collection. Here we talk sports – the watches have nothing to do with dress-watches but are bursting with power. You can nearly smell the burning tires and dripping oil from the racetrack when looking at this timepiece. It's not without reason that the Monobloc Actuator Chronotimer Flyback Limited Edition is inspired by the Porsche 911 RSR race car. Here again the carbon dial is based on the chassis of the Porsche 911 RSR. The black details against a light background with white and red hands are inspired by the colours of the Porsche GT works team, which with Porsche Design works together closely. It is limited to 251 pieces. Why such an odd number? Because the wheel base of the 911 RSR measures exactly 251 cm which is crucial when it comes to an improved weight distribution between the axes.
The second new piece from the Monobloc Actuator collection is the 24H Chronotimer All Black. Basically the same features as the above mentioned model, just without the new Werk 01.200 but with an additional indication of a 24 hour scale and a black titanium bracelet. What distinguishes these two watches from other collections is that instead of using two standard push-pieces on the side of the case to trigger the stopwatch function, like a conventional chronograph, the Monobloc Actuator's chronograph functions are set into motion by a single pressure-operated rocker switch integrated into the case. Similar to the mechanism used in the engines of the Porsche 911 RSR. The new Monobloc Actuator Chronotimer Flyback Limited Edition comes with a Rubber strap with Alcantara leather inlay and the Monobloc Actuator 24H Chronotimer All Black comes with a titanium strap with black titanium carbide coating. As you can
|
[
739,
471,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
746,
19693,
9428,
7102,
5955,
8459,
304,
10127,
263,
2874,
5001,
363,
6505,
267,
313,
392,
916,
9316,
29897,
1156,
540,
16528,
515,
278,
13598,
5381,
472,
7102,
5955,
29889,
18274,
1951,
540,
756,
1063,
263,
23383,
29892,
451,
871,
471,
372,
1075,
1058,
8906,
278,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
29892,
541,
540,
471,
884,
297,
8323,
310,
599,
2874,
21420,
310,
278,
1559,
26192,
472,
7102,
5955,
29889,
739,
471,
670,
7306,
304,
6773,
278,
22237,
310,
1090,
20788,
29892,
2560,
541,
8543,
2874,
29892,
9863,
322,
3708,
1608,
322,
9332,
445,
304,
278,
3234,
1196,
310,
7102,
5955,
12037,
29889,
319,
2821,
1303,
3097,
322,
23279,
9863,
526,
278,
7136,
1819,
785,
3300,
2859,
411,
263,
342,
29882,
7492,
29889,
887,
674,
2337,
1284,
3161,
393,
526,
20603,
515,
278,
14717,
322,
8175,
18647,
310,
7102,
5955,
29889,
4001,
278,
1407,
6763,
19693,
9428,
7102,
5955,
1304,
4329,
273,
1974,
363,
278,
6505,
4251,
29892,
607,
5304,
515,
278,
3578,
7915,
6787,
1953,
310,
8175,
18647,
29889,
13,
4789,
2705,
591,
2355,
1749,
6567,
373,
777,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29947,
2420,
2152,
583,
322,
3614,
963,
304,
263,
22203,
304,
278,
11201,
290,
3246,
29889,
13,
1576,
7102,
5955,
12037,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29929,
4333,
756,
17515,
263,
716,
4509,
29889,
739,
29915,
29879,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29929,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
9817,
669,
951,
1624,
29889,
1094,
1556,
310,
278,
7102,
5955,
12037,
6505,
267,
526,
8126,
297,
4628,
470,
5613,
4329,
273,
1974,
12384,
313,
19562,
526,
599,
4329,
273,
1974,
541,
6041,
1302,
630,
511,
445,
931,
278,
17354,
12384,
12778,
777,
901,
10714,
29899,
12344,
6023,
304,
278,
3265,
7980,
29891,
4333,
29889,
450,
1206,
2874,
338,
8126,
2243,
326,
304,
3013,
278,
8569,
373,
263,
2821,
270,
616,
2874,
29889,
910,
4682,
338,
1584,
6969,
491,
4567,
714,
278,
260,
496,
962,
1308,
6287,
29889,
450,
716,
10298,
15492,
29871,
29900,
29896,
29889,
29906,
29900,
29900,
411,
28738,
1627,
6680,
338,
263,
2967,
10298,
29892,
607,
756,
1063,
21230,
287,
701,
13489,
3598,
304,
7102,
5955,
12037,
29889,
739,
471,
937,
368,
9129,
297,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29955,
1222,
7009,
573,
10488,
29889,
450,
7102,
5955,
12037,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29929,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
9817,
669,
951,
1624,
674,
367,
373,
14686,
515,
3839,
29889,
13,
1576,
2446,
9554,
1017,
591,
16096,
26205,
278,
15336,
327,
4193,
4333,
29889,
739,
29915,
29879,
278,
716,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
12630,
17138,
29889,
13041,
873,
2788,
304,
278,
2038,
5276,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29929,
9554,
1017,
541,
372,
2923,
414,
6446,
297,
1206,
2874,
29889,
450,
15336,
327,
4193,
10488,
756,
278,
901,
7980,
29891,
1106,
411,
263,
260,
496,
962,
1308,
6287,
322,
263,
1775,
371,
4628,
4329,
273,
1974,
1206,
785,
8681,
12232,
4586,
515,
278,
1302,
384,
23600,
23643,
29889,
1763,
9324,
264,
278,
3957,
304,
3184,
943,
637,
18647,
322,
1009,
3578,
7915,
6787,
1953,
278,
270,
616,
338,
1754,
515,
4628,
22004,
322,
278,
380,
2390,
515,
278,
1021,
454,
1624,
29892,
607,
338,
1304,
2768,
278,
18647,
785,
1584,
278,
2654,
380,
2335,
292,
338,
2893,
1711,
29889,
739,
884,
12955,
278,
716,
15492,
29871,
29900,
29896,
29889,
29906,
29900,
29900,
411,
28738,
1627,
6680,
29889,
450,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
12630,
17138,
338,
3625,
7145,
29899,
29967,
1540,
29889,
13,
2831,
1584,
901,
594,
1267,
284,
457,
7102,
5955,
12037,
756,
2715,
1023,
716,
1226,
2187,
304,
1009,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
4333,
29889,
2266,
591,
5193,
14717,
785,
278,
6505,
267,
505,
3078,
304,
437,
411,
10714,
29899,
12344,
267,
541,
526,
20887,
292,
411,
3081,
29889,
887,
508,
8886,
1560,
514,
278,
25535,
260,
2658,
322,
10293,
3262,
17182,
515,
278,
11021,
300,
22282,
746,
3063,
472,
445,
931,
12343,
346,
29889,
739,
29915,
29879,
451,
1728,
2769,
393,
278,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
28873,
17138,
338,
20603,
491,
278,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
390,
14098,
8175,
1559,
29889,
2266,
1449,
278,
22004,
270,
616,
338,
2729,
373,
278,
521,
465,
275,
310,
278,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
390,
14098,
29889,
450,
4628,
4902,
2750,
263,
3578,
3239,
411,
4796,
322,
2654,
6567,
526,
20603,
491,
278,
28061,
310,
278,
7102,
5955,
21342,
1736,
3815,
29892,
607,
411,
7102,
5955,
12037,
1736,
4208,
16467,
29889,
739,
338,
9078,
304,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29896,
12785,
29889,
3750,
1316,
385,
7736,
1353,
29973,
7311,
278,
18875,
2967,
310,
278,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
390,
14098,
15366,
3721,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29896,
7477,
607,
338,
7618,
1455,
746,
372,
5304,
304,
385,
16710,
7688,
4978,
1546,
278,
27815,
29889,
13,
1576,
1473,
716,
8424,
515,
278,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
4333,
338,
278,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29950,
15336,
327,
4193,
2178,
6054,
29889,
13702,
278,
1021,
5680,
408,
278,
2038,
5276,
1904,
29892,
925,
1728,
278,
716,
15492,
29871,
29900,
29896,
29889,
29906,
29900,
29900,
541,
411,
385,
5684,
4221,
362,
310,
263,
29871,
29906,
29946,
7234,
6287,
322,
263,
4628,
4329,
273,
1974,
4105,
346,
1026,
29889,
1724,
10121,
17006,
1438,
1023,
6505,
267,
515,
916,
16250,
338,
393,
2012,
310,
773,
1023,
3918,
5503,
29899,
12343,
778,
373,
278,
2625,
310,
278,
1206,
304,
7135,
278,
5040,
12344,
740,
29892,
763,
263,
28557,
17168,
1946,
29892,
278,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
29915,
29879,
17168,
1946,
3168,
526,
731,
964,
10884,
491,
263,
2323,
12959,
29899,
3372,
630,
696,
4937,
4607,
23387,
964,
278,
1206,
29889,
13999,
304,
278,
13336,
1304,
297,
278,
24000,
310,
278,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
390,
14098,
29889,
450,
716,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
15336,
327,
4193,
28738,
1627,
28873,
17138,
5304,
411,
263,
14985,
495,
380,
2390,
411,
25761,
424,
2518,
454,
1624,
297,
8387,
322,
278,
2598,
711,
2029,
3185,
29884,
1061,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29950,
15336,
327,
4193,
2178,
6054,
5304,
411,
263,
4329,
273,
1974,
380,
2390,
411,
4628,
4329,
273,
1974,
1559,
29890,
680,
1302,
1218,
29889,
1094,
366,
508
] | 1,024 |
C4
| 1.435362 | -0.009739 | 0.582019 | -0.657356 |
A: Animal Data Access and Updating by Service Providers using only Herdman-Server: This is the most basic option suitable for the Milk Unions or dairy organizations or companies that cannot afford high investment but would like to start the animal data recording program for the benefit of their farmers. In this system once the current status animal data is built up on the server, reports for each AI worker is generated and printed, preferably every 15 days (could even be month, if 15 days not possible). The AI workers get the list of animals that are eligible for various activities, such as, open animals for AI, non-return animals for pregnancy test, pregnant animals for drying off and calving, now-born animals for registration and so on.
The report also has blank column against each animal specifying the data that needs to be recorded. The report after filling up of the information can be returned to the data operator who enters the data for the village animals and a new report is generated and handed over to the AI worker. This system streamlines the data recording system and is very effective in the first phase when the service providers are not technology- savvy. In this system there are some limitations. For example, some animals that could exhibit estrus may not be included in the list.
B: Animal Data Access and Updating by the Service Provider using voip system: This system is very similar to the system earlier described for data access to the farmers. The difference is that the Herdman program identifies the pre-recorded telephone / cell phone numbers of the AI worker and through voice telephony the program provides to the AI worker the ID numbers of animals that are due for undertaking various activities. The parameter for which the Herdman-voip provides download facility is described in Fig. 8. For example, the AI worker / veterinary service provider before starting his day can call dial the dedicated telephone number. In case the telephone or cell phone of the AI worker is already registered, the program would identify him and through the voice telephony he is provided with ID numbers of animals for various activities, such as, due for estrus, due for pregnancy test, etc., which he can record in his diary. After completing the work, the AI worker once again can dial the dedicated number and as per instruction and then dial a specific number (such as '2') to indicate that he is requesting for data upload. He can upload the data for various activities once he does as per voice instructions. The list of data upload for each activity is described in the box given in Fig. 8.
C: Providing 'Action and Alarm' animal data to the AI worker and veterinary guidance services through 'Animal Record BPO': In this system the updated record is maintained at the headquarter server. In order to provide protocol-based services, the AI worker or the veterinarian of the village herd(s) telephones the headquarters animal BPO, which is managed by data operator who have access to 'Herdman-server'. The action and alarm list is generated for the village and the ID numbers of the animals is dictated which is taken down by the AI worker. Accordingly he conducts the days' work. Fig. 9 depicts this scheme. Once the entire day's work is over, the AI worker once again contacts the headquarter 'Animal BPO' and gives details of the work done which is entered directly into the data entry format, directly and the individual animal records are updated. This system can also be used for providing veterinary consultancy to the AI workers. In that case an expert veterinarian can manage this service wherein the AI workers and farmers can contact to get advise on problems. The expert Vet also has access to individual animal file hence appropriate advice is possible.
D: Animal Data Recording using handheld or PDA and tele-veterinary services: In this scheme the AI workers are provided with handheld or PDA so that they can enter the data directly. The handheld is a simple device for passive data entry. It does not maintain individual animal lifetime records. It just permits data entry for activities like, AI, PD, calving, drying off, calving, weight, milk weight, etc. and this data then can be transferred to the server through physical USB port. The PDA being independent computer can maintain the database of all the village animals taken as herd and this also permits information processing to generate action and alarm report. The PDA also permits access to past data of the animal so that decision making is more informed and rational. The data from PDA to server can be transferred either through GPRS connect
|
[
319,
29901,
22809,
3630,
11028,
322,
5020,
26747,
491,
6692,
1019,
29454,
773,
871,
379,
2018,
1171,
29899,
6004,
29901,
910,
338,
278,
1556,
6996,
2984,
13907,
363,
278,
3833,
29895,
853,
1080,
470,
1146,
16129,
25700,
470,
14582,
393,
2609,
21750,
1880,
13258,
358,
541,
723,
763,
304,
1369,
278,
13019,
848,
16867,
1824,
363,
278,
14169,
310,
1009,
2215,
13269,
29889,
512,
445,
1788,
2748,
278,
1857,
4660,
13019,
848,
338,
4240,
701,
373,
278,
1923,
29892,
13676,
363,
1269,
319,
29902,
15645,
338,
5759,
322,
13350,
29892,
5821,
2197,
1432,
29871,
29896,
29945,
3841,
313,
26680,
1584,
367,
4098,
29892,
565,
29871,
29896,
29945,
3841,
451,
1950,
467,
450,
319,
29902,
17162,
679,
278,
1051,
310,
15006,
393,
526,
560,
335,
1821,
363,
5164,
14188,
29892,
1316,
408,
29892,
1722,
15006,
363,
319,
29902,
29892,
1661,
29899,
2457,
15006,
363,
758,
5138,
6906,
1243,
29892,
758,
5138,
424,
15006,
363,
15589,
292,
1283,
322,
1208,
1747,
29892,
1286,
29899,
4939,
15006,
363,
22583,
322,
577,
373,
29889,
13,
1576,
3461,
884,
756,
9654,
1897,
2750,
1269,
13019,
22146,
278,
848,
393,
4225,
304,
367,
10478,
29889,
450,
3461,
1156,
27523,
701,
310,
278,
2472,
508,
367,
4133,
304,
278,
848,
5455,
1058,
24395,
278,
848,
363,
278,
5720,
15006,
322,
263,
716,
3461,
338,
5759,
322,
29692,
975,
304,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
29889,
910,
1788,
4840,
9012,
278,
848,
16867,
1788,
322,
338,
1407,
11828,
297,
278,
937,
8576,
746,
278,
2669,
1326,
11376,
526,
451,
15483,
29899,
4048,
13308,
29889,
512,
445,
1788,
727,
526,
777,
27028,
29889,
1152,
1342,
29892,
777,
15006,
393,
1033,
10371,
277,
707,
15816,
1122,
451,
367,
5134,
297,
278,
1051,
29889,
13,
29933,
29901,
22809,
3630,
11028,
322,
5020,
26747,
491,
278,
6692,
1019,
5489,
773,
992,
666,
1788,
29901,
910,
1788,
338,
1407,
2788,
304,
278,
1788,
8859,
5439,
363,
848,
2130,
304,
278,
2215,
13269,
29889,
450,
4328,
338,
393,
278,
379,
2018,
1171,
1824,
2893,
11057,
278,
758,
29899,
11651,
287,
4382,
6710,
847,
3038,
9008,
3694,
310,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
322,
1549,
7314,
4382,
22214,
278,
1824,
8128,
304,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
278,
3553,
3694,
310,
15006,
393,
526,
2861,
363,
22332,
5086,
5164,
14188,
29889,
450,
3443,
363,
607,
278,
379,
2018,
1171,
29899,
1365,
666,
8128,
5142,
24454,
338,
5439,
297,
5104,
29889,
29871,
29947,
29889,
1152,
1342,
29892,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
847,
25808,
3821,
2669,
13113,
1434,
6257,
670,
2462,
508,
1246,
270,
616,
278,
16955,
4382,
6710,
1353,
29889,
512,
1206,
278,
4382,
6710,
470,
3038,
9008,
310,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
338,
2307,
15443,
29892,
278,
1824,
723,
12439,
1075,
322,
1549,
278,
7314,
4382,
22214,
540,
338,
4944,
411,
3553,
3694,
310,
15006,
363,
5164,
14188,
29892,
1316,
408,
29892,
2861,
363,
707,
15816,
29892,
2861,
363,
758,
5138,
6906,
1243,
29892,
2992,
1696,
607,
540,
508,
2407,
297,
670,
652,
653,
29889,
2860,
1614,
1259,
278,
664,
29892,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
2748,
1449,
508,
270,
616,
278,
16955,
1353,
322,
408,
639,
15278,
322,
769,
270,
616,
263,
2702,
1353,
313,
14565,
408,
525,
29906,
1495,
304,
12266,
393,
540,
338,
2009,
292,
363,
848,
6441,
29889,
940,
508,
6441,
278,
848,
363,
5164,
14188,
2748,
540,
947,
408,
639,
7314,
11994,
29889,
450,
1051,
310,
848,
6441,
363,
1269,
6354,
338,
5439,
297,
278,
3800,
2183,
297,
5104,
29889,
29871,
29947,
29889,
13,
29907,
29901,
9133,
4821,
525,
4276,
322,
838,
2817,
29915,
13019,
848,
304,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
322,
25808,
3821,
27323,
5786,
1549,
525,
2744,
3039,
14164,
350,
13152,
2396,
512,
445,
1788,
278,
4784,
2407,
338,
19949,
472,
278,
2343,
339,
4254,
1923,
29889,
512,
1797,
304,
3867,
9608,
29899,
6707,
5786,
29892,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
470,
278,
25808,
262,
13956,
310,
278,
5720,
902,
29881,
29898,
29879,
29897,
4382,
561,
2873,
278,
26463,
13019,
350,
13152,
29892,
607,
338,
8745,
491,
848,
5455,
1058,
505,
2130,
304,
525,
29950,
2018,
1171,
29899,
2974,
4286,
450,
3158,
322,
21200,
1051,
338,
5759,
363,
278,
5720,
322,
278,
3553,
3694,
310,
278,
15006,
338,
9657,
630,
607,
338,
4586,
1623,
491,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
29889,
7579,
368,
540,
7512,
29879,
278,
3841,
29915,
664,
29889,
5104,
29889,
29871,
29929,
1401,
919,
29879,
445,
11380,
29889,
9038,
278,
4152,
2462,
29915,
29879,
664,
338,
975,
29892,
278,
319,
29902,
15645,
2748,
1449,
25957,
278,
2343,
339,
4254,
525,
2744,
3039,
350,
13152,
29915,
322,
4076,
4902,
310,
278,
664,
2309,
607,
338,
7802,
4153,
964,
278,
848,
6251,
3402,
29892,
4153,
322,
278,
5375,
13019,
6475,
526,
4784,
29889,
910,
1788,
508,
884,
367,
1304,
363,
13138,
25808,
3821,
8799,
6906,
304,
278,
319,
29902,
17162,
29889,
512,
393,
1206,
385,
17924,
25808,
262,
13956,
508,
10933,
445,
2669,
988,
262,
278,
319,
29902,
17162,
322,
2215,
13269,
508,
6958,
304,
679,
22939,
373,
4828,
29889,
450,
17924,
478,
300,
884,
756,
2130,
304,
5375,
13019,
934,
8151,
8210,
9848,
338,
1950,
29889,
13,
29928,
29901,
22809,
3630,
3599,
3278,
773,
1361,
29882,
2495,
470,
349,
7698,
322,
4382,
29899,
29894,
1308,
3821,
5786,
29901,
512,
445,
11380,
278,
319,
29902,
17162,
526,
4944,
411,
1361,
29882,
2495,
470,
349,
7698,
577,
393,
896,
508,
3896,
278,
848,
4153,
29889,
450,
1361,
29882,
2495,
338,
263,
2560,
4742,
363,
1209,
573,
848,
6251,
29889,
739,
947,
451,
7344,
5375,
13019,
25423,
6475,
29889,
739,
925,
3635,
1169,
848,
6251,
363,
14188,
763,
29892,
319,
29902,
29892,
349,
29928,
29892,
1208,
1747,
29892,
15589,
292,
1283,
29892,
1208,
1747,
29892,
7688,
29892,
27274,
7688,
29892,
2992,
29889,
322,
445,
848,
769,
508,
367,
18440,
304,
278,
1923,
1549,
9128,
12951,
2011,
29889,
450,
349,
7698,
1641,
7417,
6601,
508,
7344,
278,
2566,
310,
599,
278,
5720,
15006,
4586,
408,
902,
29881,
322,
445,
884,
3635,
1169,
2472,
9068,
304,
5706,
3158,
322,
21200,
3461,
29889,
450,
349,
7698,
884,
3635,
1169,
2130,
304,
4940,
848,
310,
278,
13019,
577,
393,
10608,
3907,
338,
901,
23388,
322,
17903,
29889,
450,
848,
515,
349,
7698,
304,
1923,
508,
367,
18440,
2845,
1549,
402,
10593,
29903,
4511
] | 1,024 |
C4
| -0.890443 | 0.449677 | 0.278964 | 0.747289 |
ivity or through physical data transfer using USB/Blue-tooth technology. The PDA can also be used for providing tele-veterinary services to the AI workers working in remote areas. The AI worker can take the photograph of the animal and record the symptoms and other data in the animal folder. The updated file of the animal and the photograph of the animal then can be sent through GPRS to the veterinary expert who can respond back with advice which is received on the PDA.
The hardware problems of the cell phone can be attended to promptly since many such repair shops are available in the vicinity.
The AI worker can use the GPRS facility to browse the authorized herd data, down load alerts and action lists and also upload the data of work done during the day.
Only one server software is required so that maintenance work is bare minimum. Since the data is available on web server, its management and attending to problems is also very easy and cost-effective.
The data is available to the stakeholders from anywhere and anytime.
The Managers of the organized dairy farms can also be access data of the farm even when away from the farm.
It is very simple to implement. Load Herdman-server software on your headquarters server with add-on WAP module. The server should be connected to internet so that the data can be made available on the web-server. In case you wish to analyze the data of herds at the veterinarian level also and want to print monthly performance reports for each farmer, the veterinarians should also have Herdman on their PC. This can be connected to the server through internet connection. The database of the concerned herds can be downloaded to the veterinarian's PC.
The field veterinarians can be registered with the server along with an internet account created for each user. The server administrator would provide the user name and password to start with and register the user specifying authorized herds for the user. The next step is to ear-tag the animals and to provide unique identification number for each animal. The AI worker or the field veterinarian then can collect the current status data of the animal in the supplied paper format, which can be sent to the server administrator for creating the animal file. Once this is done the program can be kick-started.
The server every day would generate 'Action and Alarm' list for each herd specifying what work is expected of the veterinarian. This is sent to the email account of each user, who can browse this through WAP-enabled mobile phone by accessing his email. In the evening once the work is done, he can access the data upload formats using the WAP facility of the mobile phone. He can enter the work done for animals on the day and he can send the data through the GPRS to the server. The server would validate the user, cell phone number, the password and then also authenticate the data being uploaded. So in minutes you can send the day's data of work done which is merged in the server data. The entire procedures is very simple and even a moderately literate AI worker, veterinary worker can handle this easily.
The above software applications can be made available on the web-server from where the Milk Unions / the dairy cooperative or any other organization that is into providing veterinary, animal husbandry, extension or genetic improvement services can download the required software. The data can also be stored on the state-level or national-level animal data warehouse. The data warehouse can also be interfaced with other softwares so as to develop a national animal health and productivity information grid.
For providing this service to farmers it is crucial that data of all the animals on server are updated regularly. We have developed a novel system wherein the 'Herdman-server' has been provided with a program application that processes the information and generates farmer-wise 'Action List'.
The program then generates in the morning SMS messages daily and is then sent to the stored mobile number of the farmers. This enables the farmer to examine the animal and carry out the animal management accordingly. This increases the production efficiency.
Access to farmers The farmer can also access information about his animals by sending template SMS message to a dedicated number assigned to the server. The message is then processed in the Herdman-server and the farmer is sent the message on his mobile registered in Herdman-server. The registered farmers are provided with templates in their mobiles so as to maintain uniformity of the message. For example if a farmer wants to know the breeding status of all his female animals then the template code is 'B-AF. The server would recognize the mobile number from which the owner code is identified and then the
|
[
2068,
470,
1549,
9128,
848,
6782,
773,
12951,
29914,
21319,
29899,
517,
720,
15483,
29889,
450,
349,
7698,
508,
884,
367,
1304,
363,
13138,
4382,
29899,
29894,
1308,
3821,
5786,
304,
278,
319,
29902,
17162,
1985,
297,
7592,
10161,
29889,
450,
319,
29902,
15645,
508,
2125,
278,
17739,
310,
278,
13019,
322,
2407,
278,
25828,
4835,
322,
916,
848,
297,
278,
13019,
4138,
29889,
450,
4784,
934,
310,
278,
13019,
322,
278,
17739,
310,
278,
13019,
769,
508,
367,
2665,
1549,
402,
10593,
29903,
304,
278,
25808,
3821,
17924,
1058,
508,
10049,
1250,
411,
9848,
607,
338,
4520,
373,
278,
349,
7698,
29889,
13,
1576,
12837,
4828,
310,
278,
3038,
9008,
508,
367,
14283,
304,
9508,
368,
1951,
1784,
1316,
26032,
528,
3554,
526,
3625,
297,
278,
9467,
13593,
29889,
13,
1576,
319,
29902,
15645,
508,
671,
278,
402,
10593,
29903,
24454,
304,
3347,
344,
278,
4148,
1891,
902,
29881,
848,
29892,
1623,
2254,
6655,
29879,
322,
3158,
8857,
322,
884,
6441,
278,
848,
310,
664,
2309,
2645,
278,
2462,
29889,
13,
11730,
697,
1923,
7047,
338,
3734,
577,
393,
25413,
664,
338,
16079,
9212,
29889,
4001,
278,
848,
338,
3625,
373,
1856,
1923,
29892,
967,
10643,
322,
1098,
2548,
304,
4828,
338,
884,
1407,
4780,
322,
3438,
29899,
15987,
573,
29889,
13,
1576,
848,
338,
3625,
304,
278,
380,
1296,
8948,
414,
515,
12214,
322,
738,
2230,
29889,
13,
1576,
2315,
18150,
310,
278,
19098,
1146,
16129,
2215,
1516,
508,
884,
367,
2130,
848,
310,
278,
17888,
1584,
746,
3448,
515,
278,
17888,
29889,
13,
3112,
338,
1407,
2560,
304,
2334,
29889,
16012,
379,
2018,
1171,
29899,
2974,
7047,
373,
596,
26463,
1923,
411,
788,
29899,
265,
399,
3301,
3883,
29889,
450,
1923,
881,
367,
6631,
304,
8986,
577,
393,
278,
848,
508,
367,
1754,
3625,
373,
278,
1856,
29899,
2974,
29889,
512,
1206,
366,
6398,
304,
27599,
278,
848,
310,
902,
6289,
472,
278,
25808,
262,
13956,
3233,
884,
322,
864,
304,
1596,
4098,
368,
4180,
13676,
363,
1269,
2215,
1050,
29892,
278,
25808,
262,
1306,
550,
881,
884,
505,
379,
2018,
1171,
373,
1009,
9609,
29889,
910,
508,
367,
6631,
304,
278,
1923,
1549,
8986,
3957,
29889,
450,
2566,
310,
278,
15041,
902,
6289,
508,
367,
16532,
304,
278,
25808,
262,
13956,
29915,
29879,
9609,
29889,
13,
1576,
1746,
25808,
262,
1306,
550,
508,
367,
15443,
411,
278,
1923,
3412,
411,
385,
8986,
3633,
2825,
363,
1269,
1404,
29889,
450,
1923,
27443,
723,
3867,
278,
1404,
1024,
322,
4800,
304,
1369,
411,
322,
6036,
278,
1404,
22146,
4148,
1891,
902,
6289,
363,
278,
1404,
29889,
450,
2446,
4331,
338,
304,
2326,
29899,
4039,
278,
15006,
322,
304,
3867,
5412,
29769,
1353,
363,
1269,
13019,
29889,
450,
319,
29902,
15645,
470,
278,
1746,
25808,
262,
13956,
769,
508,
6314,
278,
1857,
4660,
848,
310,
278,
13019,
297,
278,
19056,
5650,
3402,
29892,
607,
508,
367,
2665,
304,
278,
1923,
27443,
363,
4969,
278,
13019,
934,
29889,
9038,
445,
338,
2309,
278,
1824,
508,
367,
24817,
29899,
2962,
287,
29889,
13,
1576,
1923,
1432,
2462,
723,
5706,
525,
4276,
322,
838,
2817,
29915,
1051,
363,
1269,
902,
29881,
22146,
825,
664,
338,
3806,
310,
278,
25808,
262,
13956,
29889,
910,
338,
2665,
304,
278,
4876,
3633,
310,
1269,
1404,
29892,
1058,
508,
3347,
344,
445,
1549,
399,
3301,
29899,
17590,
10426,
9008,
491,
17378,
670,
4876,
29889,
512,
278,
11005,
2748,
278,
664,
338,
2309,
29892,
540,
508,
2130,
278,
848,
6441,
21971,
773,
278,
399,
3301,
24454,
310,
278,
10426,
9008,
29889,
940,
508,
3896,
278,
664,
2309,
363,
15006,
373,
278,
2462,
322,
540,
508,
3638,
278,
848,
1549,
278,
402,
10593,
29903,
304,
278,
1923,
29889,
450,
1923,
723,
12725,
278,
1404,
29892,
3038,
9008,
1353,
29892,
278,
4800,
322,
769,
884,
15585,
403,
278,
848,
1641,
20373,
29889,
1105,
297,
6233,
366,
508,
3638,
278,
2462,
29915,
29879,
848,
310,
664,
2309,
607,
338,
19412,
297,
278,
1923,
848,
29889,
450,
4152,
28648,
338,
1407,
2560,
322,
1584,
263,
17768,
2486,
4631,
403,
319,
29902,
15645,
29892,
25808,
3821,
15645,
508,
4386,
445,
5948,
29889,
13,
1576,
2038,
7047,
8324,
508,
367,
1754,
3625,
373,
278,
1856,
29899,
2974,
515,
988,
278,
3833,
29895,
853,
1080,
847,
278,
1146,
16129,
1302,
3372,
1230,
470,
738,
916,
13013,
393,
338,
964,
13138,
25808,
3821,
29892,
13019,
10216,
719,
29892,
6081,
470,
2531,
7492,
20414,
5786,
508,
5142,
278,
3734,
7047,
29889,
450,
848,
508,
884,
367,
6087,
373,
278,
2106,
29899,
5563,
470,
4797,
29899,
5563,
13019,
848,
281,
598,
8697,
29889,
450,
848,
281,
598,
8697,
508,
884,
367,
1006,
17470,
287,
411,
916,
4964,
4495,
267,
577,
408,
304,
2693,
263,
4797,
13019,
9045,
322,
3234,
2068,
2472,
6856,
29889,
13,
2831,
13138,
445,
2669,
304,
2215,
13269,
372,
338,
7618,
1455,
393,
848,
310,
599,
278,
15006,
373,
1923,
526,
4784,
25704,
29889,
1334,
505,
8906,
263,
9554,
1788,
988,
262,
278,
525,
29950,
2018,
1171,
29899,
2974,
29915,
756,
1063,
4944,
411,
263,
1824,
2280,
393,
10174,
278,
2472,
322,
16785,
2215,
1050,
29899,
3538,
525,
4276,
2391,
4286,
13,
1576,
1824,
769,
16785,
297,
278,
7250,
317,
4345,
7191,
14218,
322,
338,
769,
2665,
304,
278,
6087,
10426,
1353,
310,
278,
2215,
13269,
29889,
910,
28936,
278,
2215,
1050,
304,
25917,
278,
13019,
322,
8677,
714,
278,
13019,
10643,
16205,
29889,
910,
16415,
278,
5802,
19201,
29889,
13,
6638,
304,
2215,
13269,
450,
2215,
1050,
508,
884,
2130,
2472,
1048,
670,
15006,
491,
9348,
4472,
317,
4345,
2643,
304,
263,
16955,
1353,
9859,
304,
278,
1923,
29889,
450,
2643,
338,
769,
19356,
297,
278,
379,
2018,
1171,
29899,
2974,
322,
278,
2215,
1050,
338,
2665,
278,
2643,
373,
670,
10426,
15443,
297,
379,
2018,
1171,
29899,
2974,
29889,
450,
15443,
2215,
13269,
526,
4944,
411,
17475,
297,
1009,
22458,
5475,
577,
408,
304,
7344,
9090,
537,
310,
278,
2643,
29889,
1152,
1342,
565,
263,
2215,
1050,
10753,
304,
1073,
278,
2078,
21219,
4660,
310,
599,
670,
12944,
15006,
769,
278,
4472,
775,
338,
525,
29933,
29899,
5098,
29889,
450,
1923,
723,
18720,
278,
10426,
1353,
515,
607,
278,
12271,
775,
338,
15659,
322,
769,
278
] | 1,024 |
C4
| -0.425146 | 0.452273 | 0.764927 | 1.043271 |
Home to about 1 million people, Sendai is Tohoku region's largest city. It is old, even by local standards, and was founded in 1600 by one of the most powerful feudal lords of Japan, Date Masamune. Several historical attractions are mostly related to the Masamune clan.
The best time to go to Tokyo depends on what you want to see and do. All year round, the city has tons of sights to see and activities to take part in.
Winters (December – February) in Sendai are cool but dry, with temperatures ranging between 0 and 5 degrees, and about half the season experiencing snowy days, with snowfalls of between 15 and 30 cm.
Its summer season (June – August) is quite warm, with day temperatures hitting around 25 to 30 degrees, and it sees a lot of rain, especially in the months of June and July, but very rarely experiences typhoons.
Spring (March – May) and autumn (September – November) offer pleasant days, with temperatures between 10 and 20 degrees, perfect for sakura and autumn leaves viewing.
Osaki Hachimangu shrine
Slope car at Funaoka Castle Ruin Park
Visit the Zuihoden Mausoleum
The resting place of Date Masamune, one of the Japanese Edo Period's most influential feudal lords, Zuihoden is a mausoleum that showcases stunning, detailed and intricate designs and woodwork, tucked into a forested area of the city. In addition to Masamune's tomb, other Date clan members are also entombed there, including his son Tadamune and grandson Tsunamune.
Attend the Tanabata Matsuri
The Tanabata Festivals are observed all over Japan, but Sendai's Tanabata Matsuri is the most popular and among the most well-attended of them all. Also called the "Star Festival", the event is held in the first week of August (6th to 8th) and involves several displays of large, long, brightly-coloured streamers put up at various shopping arcades around the city.
Relax at Akiu Falls
Considered to be one of the 100 best waterfalls in Japan, Akiu Falls is a majestic, 55-metre high natural wonder that is tucked into an untouched part of Sendai, in Miyagi Prefecture's Northern Honshu region. Getting there takes about thirty to forty-five minutes on foot, climbing up several steep staircases and passing through a serene and picturesque wooded area.
Explore the Aoba Castle site
Feudal lord Date Masamune's castle fort, the Aoba Castle, was constructed in 1600 and suffered a number of disasters through the decades (a huge fire in 1882, a bombing in 1945), leaving just a guard tower and some remnants of its outer walls.
A statue of Masamune on a horse overlooking the city of Sendai, and a museum that features some artifacts of the castle's history are also found on the site.
Visit the Osaki Hachimangu Shrine
Dedicated to the Shinto god of war, Hachiman, the Osaki Hachimangu Shrine was built in 1607 in accordance with Date Masamune's orders. It has been restored in recent years, and consists of a main building with a main hall and an offering hall.
Check out the Rinnoji Temple
Built in 1441 by Date Mochimune, the Rinnoji Temple serves as the family temple of the powerful Date clan. It has a main hall, a pagoda and a Japanese garden, which features several walking paths, a pond and beautiful and colourful flowers, trees and shrubs.
Shiroishi River
Silver Torii Gate
Where To Explore
Sendai Downtown – Because of the many trees in its public parks and spaces, Sendai has earned the nickname, "The City of Trees". The downtown area has an abundance of greenery, even inside the Ichibancho Arcade, which is a covered shopping area made up of numerous boutiques, shops, restaurants, stalls and markets that sell a wide selection of goods, from cheap local products to expensive tech gadgets and designer clothing
|
[
8778,
304,
1048,
29871,
29896,
7284,
2305,
29892,
15076,
1794,
338,
323,
1148,
9154,
5120,
29915,
29879,
10150,
4272,
29889,
739,
338,
2030,
29892,
1584,
491,
1887,
20801,
29892,
322,
471,
11091,
297,
29871,
29896,
29953,
29900,
29900,
491,
697,
310,
278,
1556,
13988,
1238,
566,
284,
301,
4339,
310,
5546,
29892,
4712,
8622,
314,
1540,
29889,
21882,
15839,
19650,
1953,
526,
11149,
4475,
304,
278,
8622,
314,
1540,
1067,
273,
29889,
13,
1576,
1900,
931,
304,
748,
304,
20377,
7111,
373,
825,
366,
864,
304,
1074,
322,
437,
29889,
2178,
1629,
4513,
29892,
278,
4272,
756,
23864,
310,
269,
5861,
304,
1074,
322,
14188,
304,
2125,
760,
297,
29889,
13,
29956,
1639,
29879,
313,
6185,
1096,
785,
6339,
29897,
297,
15076,
1794,
526,
12528,
541,
15589,
29892,
411,
6238,
3698,
364,
9776,
1546,
29871,
29900,
322,
29871,
29945,
14496,
29892,
322,
1048,
4203,
278,
4259,
10623,
3277,
15007,
29891,
3841,
29892,
411,
15007,
12559,
310,
1546,
29871,
29896,
29945,
322,
29871,
29941,
29900,
7477,
29889,
13,
29902,
1372,
11801,
4259,
313,
29967,
1540,
785,
3111,
29897,
338,
3755,
14294,
29892,
411,
2462,
6238,
3698,
29425,
2820,
29871,
29906,
29945,
304,
29871,
29941,
29900,
14496,
29892,
322,
372,
18553,
263,
3287,
310,
17251,
29892,
7148,
297,
278,
7378,
310,
5306,
322,
5468,
29892,
541,
1407,
23703,
27482,
7911,
561,
29877,
787,
29889,
13,
19634,
313,
29924,
1279,
785,
2610,
29897,
322,
1120,
1227,
313,
2008,
3266,
785,
3979,
29897,
5957,
21246,
3841,
29892,
411,
6238,
3698,
1546,
29871,
29896,
29900,
322,
29871,
29906,
29900,
14496,
29892,
4922,
363,
269,
557,
2002,
322,
1120,
1227,
11308,
1776,
292,
29889,
13,
24768,
9940,
379,
24039,
2375,
14653,
457,
13,
29903,
417,
412,
1559,
472,
383,
4347,
17029,
15194,
9723,
262,
4815,
13,
6116,
277,
278,
796,
1481,
29882,
13183,
341,
1485,
1772,
398,
13,
1576,
1791,
292,
2058,
310,
4712,
8622,
314,
1540,
29892,
697,
310,
278,
10369,
382,
1867,
29498,
29915,
29879,
1556,
7112,
2556,
1238,
566,
284,
301,
4339,
29892,
796,
1481,
29882,
13183,
338,
263,
611,
375,
1772,
398,
393,
1510,
11436,
380,
27389,
29892,
13173,
322,
11158,
9593,
25517,
322,
8112,
1287,
29892,
260,
2707,
287,
964,
263,
363,
2868,
4038,
310,
278,
4272,
29889,
512,
6124,
304,
8622,
314,
1540,
29915,
29879,
20450,
29892,
916,
4712,
1067,
273,
5144,
526,
884,
875,
290,
2580,
727,
29892,
3704,
670,
1487,
323,
328,
314,
1540,
322,
4595,
1100,
323,
11445,
314,
1540,
29889,
13,
4165,
355,
278,
15066,
370,
532,
341,
1446,
5338,
13,
1576,
15066,
370,
532,
14615,
440,
1338,
526,
8900,
599,
975,
5546,
29892,
541,
15076,
1794,
29915,
29879,
15066,
370,
532,
341,
1446,
5338,
338,
278,
1556,
5972,
322,
4249,
278,
1556,
1532,
29899,
1131,
2760,
310,
963,
599,
29889,
3115,
2000,
278,
376,
16213,
8518,
613,
278,
1741,
338,
4934,
297,
278,
937,
4723,
310,
3111,
313,
29953,
386,
304,
29871,
29947,
386,
29897,
322,
20789,
3196,
14423,
310,
2919,
29892,
1472,
29892,
11785,
368,
29899,
1054,
14076,
4840,
414,
1925,
701,
472,
5164,
17394,
3262,
15232,
3076,
2820,
278,
4272,
29889,
13,
9662,
1165,
472,
319,
1984,
29884,
383,
4293,
13,
13696,
1241,
287,
304,
367,
697,
310,
278,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
1900,
4094,
12559,
297,
5546,
29892,
319,
1984,
29884,
383,
4293,
338,
263,
10067,
15931,
29892,
29871,
29945,
29945,
29899,
2527,
276,
1880,
5613,
4997,
393,
338,
260,
2707,
287,
964,
385,
443,
16747,
287,
760,
310,
15076,
1794,
29892,
297,
5493,
29891,
17698,
27611,
522,
545,
29915,
29879,
14299,
379,
787,
6905,
5120,
29889,
24162,
727,
4893,
1048,
17058,
304,
20949,
29899,
20818,
6233,
373,
3661,
29892,
10784,
10549,
701,
3196,
1886,
1022,
380,
1466,
11436,
322,
6819,
1549,
263,
724,
1600,
322,
14956,
802,
8112,
287,
4038,
29889,
13,
1252,
572,
487,
278,
319,
15330,
15194,
3268,
13,
8263,
566,
284,
18120,
4712,
8622,
314,
1540,
29915,
29879,
20610,
5162,
29892,
278,
319,
15330,
15194,
29892,
471,
13319,
297,
29871,
29896,
29953,
29900,
29900,
322,
17654,
263,
1353,
310,
766,
1901,
29879,
1549,
278,
1602,
3076,
313,
29874,
12176,
3974,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29947,
29906,
29892,
263,
13585,
292,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29945,
511,
10124,
925,
263,
8372,
19372,
322,
777,
1083,
29876,
1934,
310,
967,
11420,
14603,
29889,
13,
29909,
24870,
310,
8622,
314,
1540,
373,
263,
10435,
975,
23261,
278,
4272,
310,
15076,
1794,
29892,
322,
263,
19133,
393,
5680,
777,
24238,
29879,
310,
278,
20610,
29915,
29879,
4955,
526,
884,
1476,
373,
278,
3268,
29889,
13,
6116,
277,
278,
6657,
9940,
379,
24039,
2375,
317,
1092,
457,
13,
29928,
7486,
630,
304,
278,
1383,
8941,
7339,
310,
1370,
29892,
379,
24039,
273,
29892,
278,
6657,
9940,
379,
24039,
2375,
317,
1092,
457,
471,
4240,
297,
29871,
29896,
29953,
29900,
29955,
297,
15017,
749,
411,
4712,
8622,
314,
1540,
29915,
29879,
11299,
29889,
739,
756,
1063,
23119,
297,
7786,
2440,
29892,
322,
11624,
310,
263,
1667,
5214,
411,
263,
1667,
12713,
322,
385,
27032,
12713,
29889,
13,
5596,
714,
278,
390,
262,
1217,
2397,
18057,
13,
3727,
2782,
297,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29946,
29896,
491,
4712,
341,
2878,
326,
1540,
29892,
278,
390,
262,
1217,
2397,
18057,
19700,
408,
278,
3942,
17567,
310,
278,
13988,
4712,
1067,
273,
29889,
739,
756,
263,
1667,
12713,
29892,
263,
10203,
8887,
322,
263,
10369,
16423,
29892,
607,
5680,
3196,
22049,
10898,
29892,
263,
282,
898,
322,
9560,
322,
12384,
1319,
18281,
29892,
10697,
322,
14653,
23954,
29889,
13,
2713,
3350,
29603,
6163,
13,
26729,
369,
4794,
2236,
22510,
13,
11921,
1763,
1222,
572,
487,
13,
12600,
1794,
26028,
593,
776,
785,
7311,
310,
278,
1784,
10697,
297,
967,
970,
610,
2039,
322,
8162,
29892,
15076,
1794,
756,
20591,
278,
25985,
978,
29892,
376,
1576,
4412,
310,
6479,
267,
1642,
450,
16611,
593,
776,
4038,
756,
385,
18666,
749,
310,
7933,
708,
29892,
1584,
2768,
278,
15158,
747,
273,
1859,
826,
6332,
29892,
607,
338,
263,
10664,
17394,
3262,
4038,
1754,
701,
310,
12727,
25927,
3783,
29892,
528,
3554,
29892,
12374,
1934,
29892,
380,
4293,
322,
2791,
1691,
393,
19417,
263,
9377,
9262,
310,
22535,
29892,
515,
28773,
1887,
9316,
304,
19390,
734,
305,
330,
328,
20078,
322,
23383,
1067,
6046
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.16909 | -0.655306 | 1.292135 | 0.714403 |
Great Place to Work Announces Better, a New Podcast Series of Interviews with Leaders from the Best Workplaces
SOURCE Great Place to Work
OAKLAND, Calif., June 18, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Great Place to Work®, the global authority on high trust workplace culture, today unveils BetterTM, a new podcast series of interviews with some of the best leaders in business.
Each episode offers tips, strategy, and advice from executives at Great Place to Work-Certified companies that make their workplace culture a top priority, because they know it's ultimately better for their people, better for business, and better for the world. In each episode, host Christopher Tkaczyk chats with executives from some of the world's best workplaces to learn more about the tools companies need to become better by focusing on the business case-and the results-that come from putting people first.
In the first episode, Michael C. Bush, the CEO of Great Place to Work, explains why he came to the company four years ago, as well as what creates a "For All" culture and the success a company experiences when every employee has a consistently positive work experience. Michael also shares some of the things he learned about workplace culture while working at Hewlett-Packard and how his career goals were shaped by watching "Leave It to Beaver."
The first season of Better was recorded during the 2019 Great Place to Work For All Summit in San Francisco. Podcast episodes can be found on Apple iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, and TuneIn, as well as Great Place to Work's website.
BetterTM Season 1 Schedule
Michael C. Bush, CEO, Great Place to Work (May 31)
Matt Schuyler, Chief Human Resources Officer, Hilton (June 10)
Nancy Vitale, SVP & Chief Human Resources Officer, Genentech (June 17)
Greg Pryor, SVP, People & Performance Evangelist, Workday (June 26)
Gale King, EVP & Chief Administrative Officer, Nationwide (July 10)
Frans Johansson, Founder of The Medici Group (July 17)
Regine Buettner, EVP HR Global, and John Pearson, CEO; DHL Express (July 24)
Christian Clerc, President, Worldwide Hotel Operations, Four Seasons (July 31)
Kelly Grier, Americas Managing Partner, EY (August 7)
Derek Bang, Chief Strategy & Innovation Officer, Crowe (August 14)
Fran Katsoudis, EVP & Chief People Officer, Cisco (August 21)
Ellen McGirt, Senior Editor, Fortune (August 28)
About Better Host Christopher Tkaczyk
Christopher Tkaczyk is the chief content officer at Great Place to Work and oversees thought leadership, research reports, company profiles, and articles for the company's website. A career journalist, he joined Great Place to Work after serving as the senior news editor at Travel + Leisure. Previously, he spent 16 years at Fortune, where he specialized in travel, luxury, workplace, careers, and edited its series of Best Workplaces lists developed in partnership with Great Place to Work.
About the Great Place to Work For All Summit
The Great Place to Work For All Summit assembles executive leaders from Best Workplaces, including Fortune's 100 Best Companies to Work For, Great Place to Work-Certified organizations, and companies embarking on their workplace journey. Its mission is to share best practices for creating and championing high-trust cultures that are better for business, better for people, and better for the world. The 2020 Summit is scheduled for March 3-5, 2020 and registration is open.
About Great Place to Work
Great Place to Work is a global people analytics and consulting firm that helps companies produce better business results by focusing on workplace culture. Powered by more than 25 years of research, Emprising®, its SaaS-enabled survey and analytics platform, gives companies access to the assessments, data, and reporting needed to build a high-trust, high-performance culture.
Read the new book: "A Great Place to Work for All: Better for Business, Better for People, Better for the World." Learn
|
[
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
8081,
1309,
778,
26965,
29892,
263,
1570,
8594,
4384,
10488,
310,
4124,
7406,
411,
951,
24574,
515,
278,
6407,
5244,
29886,
6048,
13,
27839,
4741,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
13,
29949,
22311,
29931,
9468,
29892,
3037,
361,
1696,
5306,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
847,
10593,
4373,
2774,
533,
29914,
1192,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
30342,
29892,
278,
5534,
14329,
373,
1880,
9311,
664,
6689,
9257,
29892,
9826,
443,
345,
2719,
26965,
23081,
29892,
263,
716,
2532,
4384,
3652,
310,
1006,
7406,
411,
777,
310,
278,
1900,
20251,
297,
5381,
29889,
13,
9760,
12720,
16688,
25562,
29892,
13705,
29892,
322,
9848,
515,
6704,
3145,
472,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
29899,
20455,
2164,
14582,
393,
1207,
1009,
664,
6689,
9257,
263,
2246,
20136,
29892,
1363,
896,
1073,
372,
29915,
29879,
18973,
2253,
363,
1009,
2305,
29892,
2253,
363,
5381,
29892,
322,
2253,
363,
278,
3186,
29889,
512,
1269,
12720,
29892,
3495,
18888,
323,
29895,
562,
20973,
521,
1446,
411,
6704,
3145,
515,
777,
310,
278,
3186,
29915,
29879,
1900,
664,
29886,
6048,
304,
5110,
901,
1048,
278,
8492,
14582,
817,
304,
4953,
2253,
491,
12789,
4746,
373,
278,
5381,
1206,
29899,
392,
278,
2582,
29899,
5747,
2041,
515,
10594,
2305,
937,
29889,
13,
797,
278,
937,
12720,
29892,
5765,
315,
29889,
24715,
29892,
278,
14645,
29949,
310,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
29892,
18568,
2020,
540,
2996,
304,
278,
5001,
3023,
2440,
8020,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
825,
10017,
263,
376,
2831,
2178,
29908,
9257,
322,
278,
2551,
263,
5001,
27482,
746,
1432,
19001,
756,
263,
5718,
2705,
6374,
664,
7271,
29889,
5765,
884,
29358,
777,
310,
278,
2712,
540,
10972,
1048,
664,
6689,
9257,
1550,
1985,
472,
379,
809,
13650,
29899,
16638,
538,
322,
920,
670,
6413,
14433,
892,
528,
10501,
491,
21217,
376,
3226,
1351,
739,
304,
1522,
12483,
1213,
13,
1576,
937,
4259,
310,
26965,
471,
10478,
2645,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
1152,
2178,
6991,
2415,
297,
3087,
8970,
29889,
8594,
4384,
23238,
508,
367,
1476,
373,
12113,
474,
29911,
7844,
29892,
5087,
7412,
29892,
624,
2335,
261,
29892,
322,
323,
1540,
797,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
29915,
29879,
4700,
29889,
13,
29933,
19036,
23081,
24791,
29871,
29896,
1102,
11272,
13,
24083,
315,
29889,
24715,
29892,
14645,
29949,
29892,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
313,
12703,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29897,
13,
29924,
1131,
1102,
8631,
1358,
29892,
14546,
12968,
27562,
28288,
29892,
12338,
880,
313,
29967,
1540,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29897,
13,
29940,
6906,
22491,
744,
29892,
13955,
29925,
669,
14546,
12968,
27562,
28288,
29892,
5739,
2016,
305,
313,
29967,
1540,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29897,
13,
29954,
1727,
349,
719,
272,
29892,
13955,
29925,
29892,
11647,
669,
23768,
21827,
391,
29892,
5244,
3250,
313,
29967,
1540,
29871,
29906,
29953,
29897,
13,
29954,
744,
4088,
29892,
382,
18510,
669,
14546,
24510,
1230,
28288,
29892,
22900,
8157,
313,
29967,
11850,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29897,
13,
14438,
550,
1861,
550,
1100,
29892,
7460,
261,
310,
450,
3436,
1654,
6431,
313,
29967,
11850,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29897,
13,
4597,
457,
5373,
1803,
1089,
29892,
382,
18510,
379,
29934,
12002,
29892,
322,
2259,
21265,
1100,
29892,
14645,
29949,
29936,
360,
15444,
14657,
313,
29967,
11850,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29897,
13,
18687,
713,
315,
1358,
29883,
29892,
7178,
29892,
2787,
8157,
16923,
6607,
800,
29892,
12458,
922,
7040,
313,
29967,
11850,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29897,
13,
29968,
14112,
402,
4336,
29892,
2163,
5070,
2315,
6751,
3455,
1089,
29892,
382,
29979,
313,
26197,
29871,
29955,
29897,
13,
29928,
20400,
14320,
29892,
14546,
3767,
8963,
669,
512,
13715,
362,
28288,
29892,
8764,
705,
313,
26197,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29897,
13,
7675,
476,
1446,
283,
2218,
29892,
382,
18510,
669,
14546,
11647,
28288,
29892,
315,
275,
1111,
313,
26197,
29871,
29906,
29896,
29897,
13,
29923,
645,
264,
22805,
2728,
29892,
24260,
14059,
29892,
7236,
1540,
313,
26197,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29897,
13,
28173,
26965,
16956,
18888,
323,
29895,
562,
20973,
13,
18687,
13434,
323,
29895,
562,
20973,
338,
278,
9087,
2793,
12139,
472,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
322,
975,
344,
267,
2714,
26001,
29892,
5925,
13676,
29892,
5001,
28723,
29892,
322,
7456,
363,
278,
5001,
29915,
29879,
4700,
29889,
319,
6413,
24452,
29892,
540,
8772,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
1156,
16330,
408,
278,
16336,
9763,
6920,
472,
3201,
955,
718,
951,
275,
545,
29889,
4721,
16604,
29892,
540,
10398,
29871,
29896,
29953,
2440,
472,
7236,
1540,
29892,
988,
540,
4266,
1891,
297,
9850,
29892,
21684,
2857,
29892,
664,
6689,
29892,
2562,
414,
29892,
322,
8788,
967,
3652,
310,
6407,
5244,
29886,
6048,
8857,
8906,
297,
22056,
4034,
411,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
29889,
13,
28173,
278,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
1152,
2178,
6991,
2415,
13,
1576,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
1152,
2178,
6991,
2415,
24367,
793,
22760,
20251,
515,
6407,
5244,
29886,
6048,
29892,
3704,
7236,
1540,
29915,
29879,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
6407,
3831,
273,
583,
304,
5244,
1152,
29892,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
29899,
20455,
2164,
25700,
29892,
322,
14582,
7232,
935,
292,
373,
1009,
664,
6689,
16342,
29889,
8011,
10655,
338,
304,
6232,
1900,
23274,
363,
4969,
322,
8064,
292,
1880,
29899,
509,
504,
4185,
1973,
393,
526,
2253,
363,
5381,
29892,
2253,
363,
2305,
29892,
322,
2253,
363,
278,
3186,
29889,
450,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29900,
6991,
2415,
338,
21467,
363,
4779,
29871,
29941,
29899,
29945,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29900,
322,
22583,
338,
1722,
29889,
13,
28173,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
13,
25120,
271,
15484,
304,
5244,
338,
263,
5534,
2305,
16114,
1199,
322,
8799,
292,
9226,
393,
6911,
14582,
7738,
2253,
5381,
2582,
491,
12789,
4746,
373,
664,
6689,
9257,
29889,
9206,
287,
491,
901,
1135,
29871,
29906,
29945,
2440,
310,
5925,
29892,
2812,
558,
5921,
30342,
29892,
967,
5701,
29874,
29903,
29899,
17590,
18994,
322,
16114,
1199,
7481,
29892,
4076,
14582,
2130,
304,
278,
24809,
1860,
29892,
848,
29892,
322,
23415,
4312,
304,
2048,
263,
1880,
29899,
509,
504,
29892,
1880,
29899,
546,
13390,
9257,
29889,
13,
6359,
278,
716,
3143,
29901,
376,
29909,
7027,
15484,
304,
5244,
363,
2178,
29901,
26965,
363,
15197,
29892,
26965,
363,
11647,
29892,
26965,
363,
278,
2787,
1213,
19530,
29876
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.358047 | -0.6914 | -0.342836 | 0.375416 |
The cars in Miami Vice mainly involve the Ferrari Daytona Spyder and the Ferrari Testarossa, but also include other automobiles driven by the characters on the show. Currently one Daytona (Car #4) is in a private collection and the other (Car #1) is on display at the Volo Auto Museum; the Ferrari Testarossa stunt car resides in Kingsport, Tennessee and is owned by Carl Roberts of Carl Roberts Motor Group. Today, one of the hero cars (Ferrari Testarossa chassis #63631) is part of The Witvoet collection owned by Bastiaan Witvoet in Belgium.
Daytona Spyder
During the first two seasons and two episodes from the third season, Detective Sonny Crockett drove a black 1972 Ferrari Daytona Spyder 365 GTS/4 replica with a Florida license plate ZAQ178. Ferrari North America had turned down the request by Miami Vice for authentic Ferraris (they did the same with Magnum, P.I., forcing that production to purchase 308 GTSs). Although Tom McBurnie is credited with planting the Daytona Spyder in the mind of the public, it was actually Al Mardekian, an importer of gray-market exoticars, who sold Miami Vice the two look-alike Ferraris for $49,000 each. In total two Corvette Daytona replicas were used for the show, car 4 and then car 1 after the pilot which acted as the stunt car. McBurnie was hired to build the bodies for the Corvette-chassised cars. It was blown to pieces on the show with a hand-held Stinger missile launcher during an illegal arms deal.
The "Ferraris" used in the first two seasons were actually re-bodied Corvettes based on a 1976 Corvette (car 1) and a 1981 (car 4) Chevrolet Corvette C3 chassis that had been modified with fiberglass body panels by specialty car manufacturer McBurnie Coachcraft to resemble an early-1970s Ferrari Daytona Spyder. the tan and black leather interior as well as the convertible top was fabricated by Scott Draizin/Headsup industries based in Ft Lauderdale.
Still, the very first scene in the pilot episode which has the black Daytona appearing, though for a few seconds, makes use of a real Ferrari Daytona owned by Dr. Roger Sherman of Coconut Grove, Florida. It can be clearly identified as a real Daytona (American version) by the door handles, side markers, windshield rake, sun visors, width variation and side vent windows. All moving close-up scenes were done on the back of a flatbed truck under the supervision of TIDE Ferrari Racing crew member / model Kimberly Denson of Ft. Lauderdale, Fl.
Testarossa
Ferrari filed a lawsuit demanding McBurnie and four others to stop producing and selling Ferrari replicas. Miami Vice producers, on the other hand, wanted no legal troubles, and accepted Ferrari's offer of two free 1986 Testarossas on the condition that the replicas be destroyed. Carl Roberts offered to build two new Daytonas for the 1987 season (third season of Miami Vice). When Roberts learned that the Daytona was out, he proposed a trade: he would build Miami Vice a Testarossa stunt car in return for the doomed Daytona. Carl's original plan was to remove the Daytona skin from the Corvette and replace it with Testarossa body pieces, but this yielded poor results and led Roberts to devise another plan.
Roberts searched and found a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera, which was perfectly suited for the Testarossa body pieces. The Pantera was rigidly modified to withstand the duties of filming: it was raised 1.5 inches for additional ground clearance, 2.5 inch wall-thick square tubing was used to prevent potential roof buckling and added a reinforcing railing that doubles as a skid plate. An auxiliary braking system was designed to assist drivers in controlled spins: the master cylinder was repositioned in the brake line to enable it to feed the rear wheels, en
|
[
450,
18647,
297,
23740,
21400,
14364,
25135,
278,
16541,
1306,
8373,
880,
29874,
1706,
29891,
672,
322,
278,
16541,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
29892,
541,
884,
3160,
916,
3345,
711,
5475,
18225,
491,
278,
4890,
373,
278,
1510,
29889,
15447,
697,
8373,
880,
29874,
313,
8179,
396,
29946,
29897,
338,
297,
263,
2024,
4333,
322,
278,
916,
313,
8179,
396,
29896,
29897,
338,
373,
2479,
472,
278,
478,
3543,
11133,
6838,
29936,
278,
16541,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
380,
1657,
1559,
620,
2247,
297,
21701,
637,
29892,
22664,
322,
338,
15205,
491,
8965,
27253,
310,
8965,
27253,
16843,
6431,
29889,
20628,
29892,
697,
310,
278,
13444,
18647,
313,
29943,
3127,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
521,
465,
275,
396,
29953,
29941,
29953,
29941,
29896,
29897,
338,
760,
310,
450,
24363,
1365,
300,
4333,
15205,
491,
25315,
423,
273,
24363,
1365,
300,
297,
9923,
1974,
29889,
13,
13,
12742,
880,
29874,
1706,
29891,
672,
13,
13,
29928,
3864,
278,
937,
1023,
20084,
322,
1023,
23238,
515,
278,
4654,
4259,
29892,
5953,
522,
573,
5791,
1460,
8764,
384,
1803,
26603,
263,
4628,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
16541,
1306,
8373,
880,
29874,
1706,
29891,
672,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29945,
402,
9375,
29914,
29946,
1634,
10123,
411,
263,
13813,
19405,
15284,
796,
29909,
29984,
29896,
29955,
29947,
29889,
16541,
1306,
4644,
6813,
750,
6077,
1623,
278,
2009,
491,
23740,
21400,
363,
15585,
16541,
12260,
313,
19562,
1258,
278,
1021,
411,
3561,
1949,
29892,
349,
29889,
29902,
1696,
28172,
393,
5802,
304,
20590,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29947,
402,
9375,
29879,
467,
8512,
4335,
4052,
29933,
595,
347,
338,
6625,
1573,
411,
8024,
292,
278,
8373,
880,
29874,
1706,
29891,
672,
297,
278,
3458,
310,
278,
970,
29892,
372,
471,
2869,
838,
1085,
25950,
713,
29892,
385,
527,
18505,
310,
16749,
29899,
28549,
429,
13574,
1503,
29892,
1058,
5239,
23740,
21400,
278,
1023,
1106,
29899,
2606,
446,
16541,
12260,
363,
395,
29946,
29929,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
1269,
29889,
512,
3001,
1023,
2994,
29894,
2353,
8373,
880,
29874,
1634,
506,
294,
892,
1304,
363,
278,
1510,
29892,
1559,
29871,
29946,
322,
769,
1559,
29871,
29896,
1156,
278,
19840,
607,
27320,
408,
278,
380,
1657,
1559,
29889,
4052,
29933,
595,
347,
471,
298,
2859,
304,
2048,
278,
17873,
363,
278,
2994,
29894,
2353,
29899,
305,
465,
3368,
18647,
29889,
739,
471,
13031,
29876,
304,
12785,
373,
278,
1510,
411,
263,
1361,
29899,
29882,
2495,
624,
5621,
3052,
488,
6826,
261,
2645,
385,
27302,
10188,
5376,
29889,
13,
13,
1576,
376,
29943,
3127,
12260,
29908,
1304,
297,
278,
937,
1023,
20084,
892,
2869,
337,
29899,
29890,
397,
1000,
2994,
29894,
21158,
2729,
373,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29953,
2994,
29894,
2353,
313,
4287,
29871,
29896,
29897,
322,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
313,
4287,
29871,
29946,
29897,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
315,
29941,
521,
465,
275,
393,
750,
1063,
9120,
411,
5713,
2552,
605,
3573,
7243,
1379,
491,
4266,
1017,
1559,
12012,
9945,
4052,
29933,
595,
347,
3189,
496,
17293,
304,
620,
6967,
385,
4688,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
16541,
1306,
8373,
880,
29874,
1706,
29891,
672,
29889,
278,
10345,
322,
4628,
454,
1624,
13290,
408,
1532,
408,
278,
3588,
1821,
2246,
471,
18187,
630,
491,
8075,
16322,
23111,
29914,
5494,
12587,
6397,
2722,
2729,
297,
383,
29873,
997,
566,
2018,
744,
29889,
259,
13,
855,
453,
29892,
278,
1407,
937,
9088,
297,
278,
19840,
12720,
607,
756,
278,
4628,
8373,
880,
29874,
21534,
29892,
2466,
363,
263,
2846,
6923,
29892,
3732,
671,
310,
263,
1855,
16541,
1306,
8373,
880,
29874,
15205,
491,
4942,
29889,
14159,
1383,
3504,
310,
3189,
535,
329,
6070,
345,
29892,
13813,
29889,
739,
508,
367,
9436,
15659,
408,
263,
1855,
8373,
880,
29874,
313,
14689,
1873,
29897,
491,
278,
3050,
17766,
29892,
2625,
29320,
29892,
8805,
845,
969,
1153,
446,
29892,
6575,
1998,
943,
29892,
2920,
19262,
322,
2625,
9712,
5417,
29889,
29871,
2178,
8401,
3802,
29899,
786,
20407,
892,
2309,
373,
278,
1250,
310,
263,
12151,
2580,
534,
2707,
1090,
278,
2428,
4924,
310,
323,
22027,
16541,
1306,
22582,
17616,
4509,
847,
1904,
12931,
495,
368,
360,
25151,
310,
383,
29873,
29889,
997,
566,
2018,
744,
29892,
2379,
29889,
13,
13,
3057,
279,
20634,
13,
13,
29943,
3127,
1306,
934,
29881,
263,
4307,
29658,
9667,
292,
4052,
29933,
595,
347,
322,
3023,
4045,
304,
5040,
20811,
322,
269,
7807,
16541,
1306,
1634,
506,
294,
29889,
23740,
21400,
1391,
22543,
29892,
373,
278,
916,
1361,
29892,
5131,
694,
11706,
18835,
29892,
322,
9259,
16541,
1306,
29915,
29879,
5957,
310,
1023,
3889,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
4321,
279,
2209,
294,
373,
278,
4195,
393,
278,
1634,
506,
294,
367,
14416,
29889,
8965,
27253,
12520,
304,
2048,
1023,
716,
8373,
880,
294,
363,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
4259,
313,
22585,
4259,
310,
23740,
21400,
467,
1932,
27253,
10972,
393,
278,
8373,
880,
29874,
471,
714,
29892,
540,
7972,
263,
11302,
29901,
540,
723,
2048,
23740,
21400,
263,
4321,
279,
20634,
380,
1657,
1559,
297,
736,
363,
278,
437,
27067,
8373,
880,
29874,
29889,
8965,
29915,
29879,
2441,
3814,
471,
304,
3349,
278,
8373,
880,
29874,
19309,
515,
278,
2994,
29894,
2353,
322,
5191,
372,
411,
4321,
279,
20634,
3573,
12785,
29892,
541,
445,
7709,
287,
6460,
2582,
322,
5331,
27253,
304,
2906,
895,
1790,
3814,
29889,
13,
13,
29934,
4950,
1372,
17371,
322,
1476,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
897,
4335,
17764,
6518,
10120,
29892,
607,
471,
7970,
480,
1573,
363,
278,
4321,
279,
20634,
3573,
12785,
29889,
450,
6518,
10120,
471,
12912,
333,
368,
9120,
304,
411,
1689,
278,
22204,
310,
2706,
292,
29901,
372,
471,
10425,
29871,
29896,
29889,
29945,
30081,
262,
6609,
363,
5684,
5962,
2821,
749,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29945,
30081,
22466,
10090,
29899,
27996,
6862,
23131,
292,
471,
1304,
304,
5557,
7037,
17526,
1321,
384,
1847,
322,
2715,
263,
15561,
1454,
3277,
1153,
6504,
393,
27641,
408,
263,
2071,
333,
15284,
29889,
530,
29587,
653,
4105,
9292,
1788,
471,
8688,
304,
6985,
18563,
297,
20704,
805,
1144,
29901,
278,
5835,
20396,
4995,
471,
337,
3283,
287,
297,
278,
4105,
446,
1196,
304,
9025,
372,
304,
8343,
278,
18983,
21266,
1379,
29892,
427
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -0.150086 | -0.181046 | 1.686644 | -0.976738 |
abling the driver to lock the aft end on command, and the auxiliary master cylinder utilizes the original master cylinder's reservoir and is installed in series with the outlet of the original master cylinder port leading to the rear wheels. When the stock brake is applied, fluid passes freely through the stunt master cylinder inlet port and compensating port and out the exhaust port to the rear wheels. When the stunt brake is applied, the piston in the master cylinder blocks off the compensating port to the exhaust port and pressurizes the rear brake system, cutting off the original brake master cylinder besides the compensating port in the stunt brake. BF Goodrich TA's were added for enhanced traction, as were Tilton brake calipers. The improved traction required installation of a hydraulic in-line brake power booster lifted from a Volvo P-1800. It operates on engine vacuum to aid in breaking loose the pavement-hugging TA's. To further enhance the growl of the vehicle, Robert's team installed a NOS port-injected nitrous system, which was later replaced with a plate-type configuration. He also replaced the stock carburetor with a Predator unit which reduces fuel lag. A Modine all-aluminum four-core radiator was used to guard against Miami's hot weather, and liquid Auto-Meter gauges to monitor the temperature.
In the second episode of the third season, Crockett complained to Lt. Castillo about driving vehicles that did not fit his cover as a high-roller drug dealer, that he was going around "looking like Li'l Abner"; Castillo quietly replied "It's out back." Sonny was then delighted to find his new white 1986 Ferrari Testarossa, Florida license plate AIF00M. The original Testarossas donated by Ferrari North America were black metallic but were then painted white. The Testarossa briefly appears in black in the season 3 episode "El Viejo", which was originally intended to be the season opener, but was then switched with "When Irish Eyes Are Crying" because it was thought that the season needed to start with a "bang" (i.e. the fake Daytona being blown up). Different reasons were given at the time as to why the cars were repainted in white, ranging from a driving mishap by Don Johnson on the set that resulted in one of the cars requiring a new coat of paint, to Michael Mann thinking that, unlike the Daytona, the black exterior paint did not make the Testarossa look good enough in night scenes.
One of the two main Testarossas used in filming recently resided on display at The Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop. The Swap Shop's owner purchased the car from NBC for $750,000 and has reportedly turned down $1,000,000 offers for it. The other White Ferrari Testarossa was owned by Peter Lima, of Real Muscle Car Boutique also located in Miami, Florida and was put up for auction for $1.75 million through eBay in December 2014, after gaining a lot of buzz from the media. Today, the hero car (Ferrari Testarossa chassis #63631) is documented by Ferrari Classiche and is part of a collection currently owned by Adams Classic & Collector Cars in Buford, GA.
Other characters
Ricardo Tubbs drove a 1964 Cadillac Coupe de Ville Convertible. and a 1982 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am in the pilot episode.
Stan Switek drove a turquoise 1961 Ford Thunderbird. Gina Calabrese drove a 1971 Mercury Cougar XR-7 convertible. When Stan and Larry were undercover, they drove a Dodge Ram Van. Crockett's ex-wife drove a 1983 Ford LTD Country Squire.
Notable cars
Other notable vehicles that appeared in Miami Vice (other than a Ferrari), that were driven by villains, police officers, and other characters on the show included, brands such as Lamborghini, AMG Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Maserati, Lotus, DeLorean, Porsche, and Corvettes. American muscle cars, such as the GTO, Trans Am, Mustang,
|
[
17961,
278,
7156,
304,
7714,
278,
263,
615,
1095,
373,
1899,
29892,
322,
278,
29587,
653,
5835,
20396,
4995,
3667,
7093,
278,
2441,
5835,
20396,
4995,
29915,
29879,
620,
261,
7869,
322,
338,
5130,
297,
3652,
411,
278,
714,
1026,
310,
278,
2441,
5835,
20396,
4995,
2011,
8236,
304,
278,
18983,
21266,
1379,
29889,
1932,
278,
10961,
4105,
446,
338,
7436,
29892,
22576,
14517,
28472,
1549,
278,
380,
1657,
5835,
20396,
4995,
297,
1026,
2011,
322,
22874,
1218,
2011,
322,
714,
278,
27096,
2011,
304,
278,
18983,
21266,
1379,
29889,
1932,
278,
380,
1657,
4105,
446,
338,
7436,
29892,
278,
282,
391,
265,
297,
278,
5835,
20396,
4995,
10930,
1283,
278,
22874,
1218,
2011,
304,
278,
27096,
2011,
322,
3965,
332,
7093,
278,
18983,
4105,
446,
1788,
29892,
28967,
1283,
278,
2441,
4105,
446,
5835,
20396,
4995,
18034,
278,
22874,
1218,
2011,
297,
278,
380,
1657,
4105,
446,
29889,
350,
29943,
7197,
4018,
323,
29909,
29915,
29879,
892,
2715,
363,
427,
29308,
1020,
428,
29892,
408,
892,
323,
309,
880,
4105,
446,
1208,
666,
414,
29889,
450,
16710,
1020,
428,
3734,
11161,
310,
263,
27246,
336,
352,
293,
297,
29899,
1220,
4105,
446,
3081,
14505,
261,
26239,
515,
263,
3684,
1365,
349,
29899,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29900,
29889,
739,
1751,
1078,
373,
6012,
11757,
29884,
398,
304,
16226,
297,
16679,
23819,
278,
23952,
882,
29899,
29882,
688,
3460,
323,
29909,
29915,
29879,
29889,
1763,
4340,
26371,
749,
278,
6548,
29880,
310,
278,
19716,
29892,
4755,
29915,
29879,
3815,
5130,
263,
405,
3267,
2011,
29899,
21920,
287,
21767,
29878,
681,
1788,
29892,
607,
471,
2678,
8611,
411,
263,
15284,
29899,
1853,
5285,
29889,
940,
884,
8611,
278,
10961,
1559,
29890,
545,
7345,
411,
263,
21099,
1061,
5190,
607,
26830,
26413,
11755,
29889,
319,
3382,
457,
599,
29899,
284,
9735,
398,
3023,
29899,
3221,
17937,
1061,
471,
1304,
304,
8372,
2750,
23740,
29915,
29879,
7375,
14826,
29892,
322,
23904,
11133,
29899,
29924,
1308,
13395,
2710,
304,
11819,
278,
10430,
29889,
13,
13,
797,
278,
1473,
12720,
310,
278,
4654,
4259,
29892,
8764,
384,
1803,
15313,
1312,
304,
365,
29873,
29889,
4834,
9093,
1048,
19500,
24413,
393,
1258,
451,
6216,
670,
4612,
408,
263,
1880,
29899,
1825,
15721,
5376,
261,
29892,
393,
540,
471,
2675,
2820,
376,
23261,
763,
2718,
29915,
29880,
1976,
1089,
1769,
4834,
9093,
25970,
10352,
376,
3112,
29915,
29879,
714,
1250,
1213,
5791,
1460,
471,
769,
15319,
287,
304,
1284,
670,
716,
4796,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
16541,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
29892,
13813,
19405,
15284,
319,
6545,
29900,
29900,
29924,
29889,
450,
2441,
4321,
279,
2209,
294,
1016,
630,
491,
16541,
1306,
4644,
6813,
892,
4628,
1539,
497,
293,
541,
892,
769,
23139,
4796,
29889,
450,
4321,
279,
20634,
23359,
5692,
297,
4628,
297,
278,
4259,
29871,
29941,
12720,
376,
6489,
21769,
2212,
613,
607,
471,
10437,
9146,
304,
367,
278,
4259,
1015,
759,
29892,
541,
471,
769,
26263,
411,
376,
10401,
12601,
382,
3582,
4683,
22121,
292,
29908,
1363,
372,
471,
2714,
393,
278,
4259,
4312,
304,
1369,
411,
263,
376,
29890,
574,
29908,
313,
29875,
29889,
29872,
29889,
278,
25713,
8373,
880,
29874,
1641,
13031,
29876,
701,
467,
360,
15622,
9590,
892,
2183,
472,
278,
931,
408,
304,
2020,
278,
18647,
892,
1634,
2365,
287,
297,
4796,
29892,
364,
9776,
515,
263,
19500,
286,
728,
481,
491,
3872,
11717,
373,
278,
731,
393,
20601,
297,
697,
310,
278,
18647,
26795,
263,
716,
24296,
310,
10675,
29892,
304,
5765,
7908,
7291,
393,
29892,
25531,
278,
8373,
880,
29874,
29892,
278,
4628,
25591,
10675,
1258,
451,
1207,
278,
4321,
279,
20634,
1106,
1781,
3307,
297,
4646,
20407,
29889,
13,
6716,
310,
278,
1023,
1667,
4321,
279,
2209,
294,
1304,
297,
2706,
292,
10325,
620,
2618,
373,
2479,
472,
450,
7236,
997,
566,
2018,
744,
3925,
481,
1383,
459,
29889,
450,
3925,
481,
1383,
459,
29915,
29879,
12271,
20848,
278,
1559,
515,
405,
5371,
363,
395,
29955,
29945,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
322,
756,
8967,
368,
6077,
1623,
395,
29896,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
16688,
363,
372,
29889,
450,
916,
8037,
16541,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
471,
15205,
491,
5310,
27832,
29892,
310,
8195,
3077,
2841,
1704,
350,
449,
1387,
884,
5982,
297,
23740,
29892,
13813,
322,
471,
1925,
701,
363,
782,
428,
363,
395,
29896,
29889,
29955,
29945,
7284,
1549,
321,
29933,
388,
297,
5846,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29946,
29892,
1156,
11581,
292,
263,
3287,
310,
1321,
5617,
515,
278,
5745,
29889,
29871,
20628,
29892,
278,
13444,
1559,
313,
29943,
3127,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
521,
465,
275,
396,
29953,
29941,
29953,
29941,
29896,
29897,
338,
23531,
491,
16541,
1306,
4134,
4070,
322,
338,
760,
310,
263,
4333,
5279,
15205,
491,
20359,
24300,
669,
24930,
272,
315,
1503,
297,
350,
1137,
536,
29892,
402,
29909,
29889,
13,
13,
16107,
4890,
13,
29934,
293,
6491,
323,
431,
5824,
26603,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29946,
21542,
2911,
29883,
19401,
316,
28153,
14806,
1821,
29889,
322,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
4103,
1913,
297,
278,
19840,
12720,
29889,
29871,
13,
13,
855,
273,
3925,
568,
29895,
26603,
263,
7013,
339,
29877,
895,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
29889,
402,
1099,
3037,
370,
690,
29872,
26603,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
29389,
29891,
315,
692,
279,
1060,
29934,
29899,
29955,
3588,
1821,
29889,
1932,
7813,
322,
26977,
892,
1090,
11911,
29892,
896,
26603,
263,
360,
17979,
8292,
6556,
29889,
8764,
384,
1803,
29915,
29879,
429,
29899,
29893,
1607,
26603,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
14601,
365,
24495,
15456,
317,
1548,
29889,
13,
13,
3664,
519,
18647,
13,
16107,
18697,
24413,
393,
7470,
297,
23740,
21400,
313,
1228,
1135,
263,
16541,
1306,
511,
393,
892,
18225,
491,
21031,
1144,
29892,
10974,
13049,
29892,
322,
916,
4890,
373,
278,
1510,
5134,
29892,
1506,
4167,
1316,
408,
26832,
990,
29882,
2172,
29892,
13862,
29954,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29892,
350,
25365,
29892,
8622,
261,
2219,
29892,
20815,
375,
29892,
897,
29931,
487,
273,
29892,
7102,
5955,
29892,
322,
2994,
29894,
21158,
29889,
3082,
2301,
2841,
18647,
29892,
1316,
408,
278,
402,
4986,
29892,
4103,
1913,
29892,
19928,
574,
29892
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -0.34703 | -0.170421 | 1.277789 | -1.263865 |
Chevrolet Camaro, and a Plymouth Barracuda also made appearances.
Season 1
1981 Buick Electra Park Avenue
1983 Cadillac Eldorado
1975 Chevrolet Monza Towne
1981 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1982 Chevrolet Camaro
Ford C-Series
1973 GMC C-Series
1981 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine
1982 Plymouth Gran Fury
1976 Pontiac LeMans
1983 BMW 633 CSi
1980 Cadillac DeVille Stretched Limousine
1974 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray
1982 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
Rolls-Royce Phantom V
Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud III
1959 Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud II
1975 Toyota Corona Hardtop
1980 Volkswagen Rabbit Convertible I (Type 17)
1980 Rapid Transit Series
1977 Buick Electra 225
1980 Cadillac Sedan DeVille Stretched Limousine
1981 Chevrolet Malibu
1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28
1983 Ford LTD
1984 Ford Mustang
1984 Lincoln Town Car
1980 Mercury Zephyr
1979 AMC Spirit
1973 Chevrolet C-60
1973 Chevrolet Nova
1975 Chevrolet Chevy Van
1976 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1981 Datsun 210
1974 Dodge Sportsman
1982 Dodge Ram Wagon
1984 Dodge Omni
Fiat-Allis 11 B
1962 Ford Thunderbird
1965 Ford Mustang
1969 Pontiac LeMans
1975 Toyota Corolla Wagon
1980 Toyota Corolla Tercel
1984 Buick Regal
1984 Cadillac Fleetwood
1983 Chevrolet Camaro
Mercedes-Benz 500 SEL
1968 Pontiac GTO
Mercedes-Benz 500 SEC
1975 Checker Marathon
1980 Maserati Quattroporte III
1981 DMC DeLorean
1955 Ford F-100
1983 Maserati Biturbo
1937 Packard
1969 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow I
1968 Chevrolet Corvette
1975 Fiat 124 Spider
1956 Ford Thunderbird
1972 Mercedes-Benz 350 SLC
Lamborghini Countach S
Mercedez-Benz 600 Pullman
1976 Mercedes-Benz 450 SEL 6.9
1974 Checker Marathon
1967 Ford Mustang
1963 MG B
1978 Ford Thunderbird
1970 Dodge Challenger R/T
1961 Ford Thunderbird
Porsche Kremer Racing 935 Gr.5 Street
1983 Renault Alliance
1969 Chevrolet Camaro RS
1981 Chevrolet Corvette
1971 Mercedes-Benz 350 SL
1980 Mercedes-Benz
1985 Pontiac Grand Am
1983 BMW 733i
1978 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine
1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
1972 International Harvester Loadstar 1700
1979 Lincoln Continental
1971 Plymouth Satellite
1975 Plymouth Fury
Season 2
Rolls-Royce Camargue
1972 AMC Jeep CJ-5
1958 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz
1
|
[
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
29892,
322,
263,
349,
368,
21026,
2261,
945,
6191,
884,
1754,
21712,
29889,
13,
13,
2008,
1658,
29871,
29896,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
5373,
860,
10513,
336,
4815,
18874,
29871,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
21542,
2911,
29883,
382,
430,
272,
912,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2598,
1362,
22578,
484,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
11240,
15021,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
13,
29943,
536,
315,
29899,
19204,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
402,
12513,
315,
29899,
19204,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
317,
29899,
29968,
14537,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
349,
368,
21026,
6274,
383,
2857,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29953,
14678,
13544,
951,
29924,
550,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
350,
25365,
29871,
29953,
29941,
29941,
21107,
29875,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
21542,
2911,
29883,
897,
29963,
1924,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
624,
292,
764,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
4103,
1913,
13,
29934,
3028,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
1963,
15762,
478,
13,
29934,
3028,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
16466,
14293,
4786,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29929,
21809,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
16466,
14293,
1944,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
29411,
4616,
2994,
2681,
10999,
3332,
29871,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
14639,
23702,
16155,
2966,
14806,
1821,
306,
313,
1542,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
16866,
333,
4103,
277,
10488,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29955,
5373,
860,
10513,
336,
29871,
29906,
29906,
29945,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
21542,
2911,
29883,
20951,
273,
897,
29963,
1924,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
3792,
747,
29884,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
796,
29906,
29947,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
14601,
365,
24495,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
17274,
8421,
1704,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
29389,
29891,
3091,
561,
4316,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
319,
12513,
20799,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
315,
29899,
29953,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
16216,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
6561,
13308,
6556,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29953,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
11240,
15021,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
360,
1446,
348,
29871,
29906,
29896,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
360,
17979,
12453,
1171,
29871,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
360,
17979,
8292,
399,
12841,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
360,
17979,
13352,
1240,
13,
29943,
7163,
29899,
3596,
275,
29871,
29896,
29896,
350,
29871,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29945,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
14678,
13544,
951,
29924,
550,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
29411,
4616,
2994,
324,
433,
399,
12841,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
29411,
4616,
2994,
324,
433,
5061,
2242,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
5373,
860,
2169,
284,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
21542,
2911,
29883,
13859,
300,
6115,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
13,
15836,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29900,
3725,
29931,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
14678,
13544,
402,
4986,
13,
15836,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29900,
3725,
29907,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
5399,
261,
1085,
25206,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
8622,
261,
2219,
751,
1131,
1336,
10069,
4786,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
360,
12513,
897,
29931,
487,
273,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29945,
14601,
383,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
8622,
261,
2219,
18531,
332,
833,
13,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29955,
18744,
538,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
21809,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
16466,
1383,
6986,
306,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
383,
7163,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29946,
26778,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29941,
29945,
29900,
317,
12182,
13,
29931,
1117,
990,
29882,
2172,
3917,
496,
317,
13,
15836,
1133,
6096,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29900,
349,
913,
1171,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29953,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29946,
29945,
29900,
3725,
29931,
29871,
29953,
29889,
29929,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
5399,
261,
1085,
25206,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29955,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29941,
341,
29954,
350,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
360,
17979,
678,
5442,
914,
390,
29914,
29911,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29925,
272,
5955,
7706,
1050,
22582,
29871,
29929,
29941,
29945,
1632,
29889,
29945,
7103,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
7493,
1292,
29855,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
390,
29903,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29941,
29945,
29900,
27146,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
14678,
13544,
6265,
1913,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
350,
25365,
29871,
29955,
29941,
29941,
29875,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
21542,
2911,
29883,
13859,
300,
6115,
29871,
29955,
29945,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29955,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
4103,
1913,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
4623,
3536,
29894,
4156,
16012,
8508,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29900,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
17274,
2866,
25270,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
349,
368,
21026,
12178,
20911,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
349,
368,
21026,
383,
2857,
13,
13,
2008,
1658,
29871,
29906,
13,
29934,
3028,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
5500,
1191,
434,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
319,
12513,
2581,
1022,
315,
29967,
29899,
29945,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29947,
21542,
2911,
29883,
382,
430,
272,
912,
3457,
279,
18238,
13,
29896
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -1.118676 | -0.983726 | 1.335172 | -1.655976 |
980 Checker Marathon
1941 Dodge WC 41
1944 Dodge WC 51
1981 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine
1978 Porsche 928
1974 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow I
Rolls-Royce Silver Spur
1941 Willys MB 'Jeep'
1969 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine
1957 Chevrolet 3100
1976 Ferrari 308 GTBi
1961 Ford Thunderbird
1983 Porsche 911 SC Cabrio
1954 Reo Comet
1981 Lamborghini Jalpa
1985 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Autoform
1978 Chevrolet Corvette
Mercedes-Benz SL
Nova Sterling
1984 Chevrolet Corvette
1973 Ford Mustang
1984 Chevrolet Corvette
1985 Ford Mustang
1948 GMC 300
1958 Lincoln Premiere
1978 Mercedes-Benz 280 CE
1981 Peugeot 505
1955 Studebaker Commander Regal
1985 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine
1985 Lamborghini Countach 5000 Quattrovalvole
Lamborghini Countach 5000 S
1974 Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse Stretched Limousine
1975 MG B GT
Porsche 911 Turbo
Reo Gold Comet
1984 Chevrolet Corvette
Chevrolet Corvette GTP (Lola T711)
1980 Maserati Quattroporte III
1984 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
1973 Porsche 911 Targa
1969 BMW 3.0 CSi
1969 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray
1984 Nissan 300ZX
AC Shelby Cobra
Ferrari 365 GTS/4
Argo JM16
Argo JM19
Aston Martin Nimrod NRA/C2
1984 Chevrolet Corvette
1986 Ford Mustang Probe
Honda ATC 200S
Jaguar XJR-5 (Fabcar)
1984 Kawasaki 600 R Ninja
Lola T600
Lola T616
March 82G
March 84G
March 85G
1983 Maserati Biturbo
1981 Mazda RX-7
Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo
1985 Pontiac Firebird
Porsche 906
Porsche 962
1957 Ford Thunderbird
1984 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine
Mercedes-Benz SL
Jeep CJ
1979 Mercedes-Benz 300 TD
Season 3
Checker Taxicab
1986 Ferrari Testarossa
Jeep CJ
Mazda RX-7
1975 MG Midget
1971 Opel Manta
Chevrolet Apache
M151 jeep
Aston Martin V8 Volante
1983 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine
1985 Cadillac Professional Coach
1983 Ford Thunderbird
1985 Ford Mustang
1984 Nissan 200SX
Porsche 944
Chevrolet Camaro
1955 Chevrolet Two-Ten Delray
1970 Ford Torino GT
1977 Ford Thunderbird
Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine
Pontiac GTO
1974 Mercedes-Benz 280
Lotus Esprit Turbo
Peugeot 505
1974 BMW 2002
1954
|
[
29929,
29947,
29900,
5399,
261,
1085,
25206,
13,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29896,
360,
17979,
399,
29907,
29871,
29946,
29896,
13,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29946,
360,
17979,
399,
29907,
29871,
29945,
29896,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
317,
29899,
29968,
14537,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29906,
29947,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
21809,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
16466,
1383,
6986,
306,
13,
29934,
3028,
29879,
29899,
9588,
29891,
346,
16466,
1706,
332,
13,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29896,
4624,
368,
29879,
13232,
525,
13836,
1022,
29915,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
21542,
2911,
29883,
13859,
300,
6115,
29871,
29955,
29945,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29955,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29900,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29953,
16541,
1306,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29947,
21342,
20517,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
12314,
11680,
5378,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29946,
830,
29877,
422,
300,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
26832,
990,
29882,
2172,
435,
284,
3274,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
4103,
1913,
11133,
689,
29871,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
15836,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
27146,
13,
29940,
4273,
28588,
1847,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29947,
402,
12513,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29947,
17274,
6097,
10883,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29900,
14645,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
3938,
5710,
327,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29945,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29945,
624,
1151,
29890,
5790,
27317,
2169,
284,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
17274,
8421,
1704,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
26832,
990,
29882,
2172,
3917,
496,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29900,
29900,
751,
19114,
791,
27002,
13,
29931,
1117,
990,
29882,
2172,
3917,
496,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29900,
29900,
317,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
317,
29899,
29968,
14537,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
341,
29954,
350,
21342,
13,
29925,
272,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
5383,
833,
13,
1123,
29877,
6650,
422,
300,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
26856,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
402,
3557,
313,
29931,
2963,
323,
29955,
29896,
29896,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
8622,
261,
2219,
751,
1131,
1336,
10069,
4786,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
4103,
1913,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
7102,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29896,
323,
21899,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
350,
25365,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29900,
21107,
29875,
13,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
624,
292,
764,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
405,
790,
273,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
29999,
29990,
13,
2477,
1383,
295,
1609,
24991,
336,
13,
29943,
3127,
1306,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29945,
402,
9375,
29914,
29946,
13,
1433,
1484,
435,
29924,
29896,
29953,
13,
1433,
1484,
435,
29924,
29896,
29929,
13,
29909,
7352,
6502,
405,
326,
5964,
405,
4717,
29914,
29907,
29906,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
2994,
29894,
2353,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
14601,
19928,
574,
1019,
915,
13,
29950,
14287,
319,
9472,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29903,
13,
29967,
10617,
279,
1060,
29967,
29934,
29899,
29945,
313,
29943,
370,
4287,
29897,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
476,
1450,
294,
9940,
29871,
29953,
29900,
29900,
390,
27960,
1764,
13,
29931,
2963,
323,
29953,
29900,
29900,
13,
29931,
2963,
323,
29953,
29896,
29953,
13,
29924,
1279,
29871,
29947,
29906,
29954,
13,
29924,
1279,
29871,
29947,
29946,
29954,
13,
29924,
1279,
29871,
29947,
29945,
29954,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
8622,
261,
2219,
18531,
332,
833,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
17326,
1388,
390,
29990,
29899,
29955,
13,
29940,
790,
273,
402,
3557,
796,
29990,
29899,
29911,
332,
833,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
14678,
13544,
6438,
18513,
13,
29925,
272,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29900,
29953,
13,
29925,
272,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29953,
29906,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29955,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
17274,
8421,
1704,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
15836,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
27146,
13,
13836,
1022,
315,
29967,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29900,
323,
29928,
13,
13,
2008,
1658,
29871,
29941,
13,
5596,
261,
17847,
293,
370,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
16541,
1306,
4321,
279,
20634,
13,
13836,
1022,
315,
29967,
13,
29924,
834,
1388,
390,
29990,
29899,
29955,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
341,
29954,
341,
3690,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
6461,
295,
341,
6949,
13,
26856,
29894,
307,
1026,
13380,
13,
341,
29896,
29945,
29896,
1444,
1022,
13,
29909,
7352,
6502,
478,
29947,
3684,
1647,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
21542,
2911,
29883,
13859,
300,
6115,
29871,
29955,
29945,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
21542,
2911,
29883,
20031,
3189,
496,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
14601,
19928,
574,
13,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
405,
790,
273,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29903,
29990,
13,
29925,
272,
5955,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29946,
13,
26856,
29894,
307,
1026,
5500,
8854,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29945,
6561,
29894,
307,
1026,
7803,
29899,
29911,
264,
5556,
764,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
14601,
4794,
1789,
21342,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29955,
14601,
498,
5062,
18513,
13,
11667,
16575,
8421,
1704,
624,
10301,
287,
9628,
681,
457,
13,
29925,
609,
13544,
402,
4986,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
4702,
28352,
29899,
29933,
4666,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29900,
13,
29931,
327,
375,
3423,
19428,
5383,
833,
13,
15666,
5710,
327,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29945,
13,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
350,
25365,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
13,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29946
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -1.129544 | -0.800414 | 1.410488 | -1.838119 |
Le Haut Mal est un roman policier de Georges Simenon paru en 1933 aux Éditions Fayard avec pour l'édition originale une jaquette dessinée par Bernard Bécan.
Cet ouvrage a été écrit à La Richardière, Marsilly (Charente-Maritime), pendant l'été 1933.
Résumé
Jean Nalliers, personnage falot, sans autorité, est trouvé mort dans une cour de la ferme, la « Pré-aux-Bœufs », qu'il exploite avec sa femme Gilberte. C'est sa belle-mère, Mme Pontreau, qui l'a poussé par une lucarne ; elle s'est débarrassée ainsi d'un gêneur, car la propriété que le père Nalliers a donnée en cadeau de mariage à son fils revient pour moitié à Gilberte. Celle-ci, devenue veuve, retourne à Nieul, dans la maison maternelle où elle vivra prostrée jusqu'au moment où, apprenant le geste de sa mère, elle se suicide.
Mme Pontreau avait camouflé le crime en accident consécutif à une crise d'épilepsie, car Jean Nalliers souffrait du « haut mal » ; elle a été dénoncée par un jeune cambrioleur, ancien ouvrier agricole à la « Pré-aux-Boeufs », qui, pour se tirer d'un mauvais pas, s'était donné comme complice de Mme Pontreau, à partir d'insinuations recueillies de la femme de ménage, Mme Naquet, personne étrange et agitée.
C'est par le journal que Viève apprend la charge qui pèse sur sa mère, laquelle relève orgueilleusement le défi, tandis que la jeune fille décide de s'enfuir avec le garçon qu'elle aime. Elle ne rentrera plus chez elle et partira pour l'Afrique avec son futur mari.
Hermine, au contraire, se replie sur elle-même : effacée, soumise, confinée dans la maison par l'hostilité des gens de Nieul, jusqu'à l'arrivée de la Naquet. Celle-ci, qui n'a jamais rien voulu révéler à la justice, obtient d'être accueillie au pair dans la maison de Mme Pontreau, pour y partager sa vie, aux côtés de la fille aînée, désormais « prisonnière des deux femmes en noir ».
Fiche signalétique de l'ouvrage
Cadre spatio-temporel
La Rochelle et environs : le « Pré-aux-Boeufs » (ferme entre Esnandes et La Pallice. Nieul. Époque contemporaine.
Personnages
Germaine Pontreau, sans profession, veuve, 3 filles, 50 ans
Jean Nalliers, cultivateur, gendre de madame Pontreau, 28 ans
Hermine Pontreau, fille aînée de madame Pontreau, 30 ans, célibataire
Gilberte, sa sœur, épouse de Jean Nalliers
Geneviève, dite Viève, la cadette, 18 ans, célibataire, travaille à La Rochelle
Madame Naquet, femme de ménage, 60 ans
Éditions
Prépublication en feuilleton dans l'hebdomadaire Radio-Magazine, n° 519-526 du 24 septembre au 12 novembre 1933
Édition originale : Fayard, 1933
Tout Simenon, tome 18, Omnibus, 2003
Livre de Poche n° 14307, 2005
Romans durs, tome 1, Omnibus, 2012
Source
Maurice Piron, Michel Lemoine, L'Univers de Simenon, guide des romans et nouvelles (1931-1972) de Georges Simenon, Presses de la Cité, 1983, p. 32-33
Article connexe
|
[
951,
24838,
3792,
707,
443,
9728,
13665,
631,
316,
18604,
3439,
264,
265,
610,
29884,
427,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29941,
3479,
23140,
383,
388,
538,
2535,
1671,
301,
29915,
24773,
12934,
1597,
12337,
339,
2353,
27869,
1318,
610,
13337,
21303,
3068,
29889,
13,
13,
29907,
300,
19612,
6617,
263,
4370,
19694,
818,
997,
6123,
5289,
29892,
16852,
9403,
313,
5914,
2016,
29899,
7083,
21998,
511,
13180,
301,
29915,
7342,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29941,
29889,
13,
13,
29934,
743,
398,
29948,
29871,
13,
22438,
405,
284,
27801,
29892,
15001,
482,
11092,
327,
29892,
7209,
8478,
2131,
29892,
707,
24889,
29948,
5758,
1465,
1597,
2085,
316,
425,
285,
10877,
29892,
425,
859,
1588,
29948,
29899,
2993,
29899,
29933,
30106,
1137,
29879,
3607,
439,
29915,
309,
16035,
568,
2535,
872,
15096,
11788,
495,
371,
29889,
315,
29915,
342,
872,
26436,
29899,
29885,
1908,
29892,
341,
1004,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
1750,
301,
29915,
29874,
282,
21167,
29948,
610,
1597,
21626,
279,
484,
2056,
4875,
269,
29915,
342,
1437,
1646,
26771,
1318,
8288,
270,
29915,
348,
330,
30037,
16115,
29892,
1559,
425,
10850,
7342,
712,
454,
15732,
405,
284,
27801,
263,
14735,
1318,
427,
274,
1943,
585,
316,
15182,
482,
818,
1487,
14560,
6664,
993,
1671,
2730,
26665,
818,
11788,
495,
371,
29889,
315,
1808,
29899,
455,
29892,
316,
9947,
2453,
15008,
29892,
18948,
484,
818,
19166,
352,
29892,
1465,
425,
18234,
1775,
824,
1808,
6722,
4875,
9364,
336,
410,
710,
1318,
9291,
29915,
585,
3256,
6722,
29892,
623,
1267,
424,
454,
330,
4196,
316,
872,
21428,
29892,
4875,
409,
23921,
680,
29889,
29871,
13,
13,
29924,
1004,
14678,
276,
585,
7905,
3949,
283,
1579,
29948,
454,
17268,
427,
11423,
1136,
4582,
329,
361,
818,
1597,
2181,
895,
270,
29915,
6430,
488,
567,
347,
29892,
1559,
4581,
405,
284,
27801,
3669,
600,
8356,
868,
859,
22916,
4439,
2047,
2056,
4875,
263,
4370,
1437,
5464,
29883,
1318,
610,
443,
17222,
10625,
374,
1772,
332,
29892,
26128,
19612,
4336,
9221,
23249,
818,
425,
859,
1588,
29948,
29899,
2993,
29899,
29933,
7297,
1137,
29879,
3607,
1750,
29892,
1671,
409,
19493,
261,
270,
29915,
348,
286,
585,
1564,
275,
2331,
29892,
269,
29915,
14386,
27282,
4191,
752,
5897,
316,
341,
1004,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
818,
8019,
270,
29915,
1144,
8675,
800,
1162,
434,
453,
583,
316,
425,
15096,
316,
286,
1690,
482,
29892,
341,
1004,
4465,
12621,
29892,
26744,
23428,
927,
634,
946,
277,
1318,
29889,
29871,
13,
13,
29907,
29915,
342,
610,
454,
8955,
712,
10630,
15792,
623,
28759,
425,
8323,
1750,
282,
17449,
1190,
872,
21428,
29892,
22025,
1104,
15792,
1638,
434,
1924,
22527,
454,
1437,
7241,
29892,
27093,
712,
425,
17222,
18003,
1437,
8204,
316,
269,
29915,
264,
21154,
381,
2535,
454,
7171,
15529,
439,
29915,
1808,
263,
603,
29889,
6340,
452,
23990,
13941,
2298,
14255,
4875,
634,
760,
3055,
1671,
301,
29915,
29909,
24361,
2535,
1487,
3105,
332,
15182,
29889,
29871,
13,
13,
29950,
837,
457,
29892,
782,
6761,
533,
29892,
409,
337,
572,
347,
1190,
4875,
29899,
18202,
584,
1801,
562,
1318,
29892,
3669,
29885,
895,
29892,
1970,
262,
1318,
1465,
425,
18234,
610,
301,
29915,
3069,
309,
2131,
553,
26943,
316,
19166,
352,
29892,
9291,
29915,
30001,
301,
29915,
279,
1150,
1318,
316,
425,
4465,
12621,
29889,
315,
1808,
29899,
455,
29892,
1750,
302,
29915,
29874,
18413,
21181,
325,
5059,
29884,
1841,
12491,
1358,
818,
425,
15426,
29892,
14403,
993,
270,
29915,
5474,
1035,
434,
453,
347,
782,
5101,
1465,
425,
18234,
316,
341,
1004,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
1671,
343,
760,
1875,
872,
6316,
29892,
3479,
274,
9373,
743,
316,
425,
18003,
263,
30058,
24697,
29892,
9982,
555,
1759,
859,
8475,
1240,
1908,
553,
4239,
19452,
427,
694,
381,
9871,
13,
13,
29943,
4070,
7182,
19971,
316,
301,
29915,
5128,
6617,
13,
13,
29907,
7151,
805,
20819,
29899,
1356,
1971,
295,
29871,
13,
5661,
1528,
305,
1808,
634,
427,
2405,
787,
584,
454,
859,
1588,
29948,
29899,
2993,
29899,
29933,
7297,
1137,
29879,
2047,
313,
571,
1004,
2637,
3423,
29876,
392,
267,
634,
997,
349,
497,
625,
29889,
19166,
352,
29889,
3067,
15635,
12010,
9874,
29889,
13,
13,
7435,
29876,
1179,
29871,
13,
13,
5681,
655,
457,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
7209,
6351,
29892,
2453,
15008,
29892,
29871,
29941,
5445,
267,
29892,
29871,
29945,
29900,
6063,
13,
4581,
405,
284,
27801,
29892,
18834,
7289,
29892,
330,
9030,
316,
10395,
420,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29947,
6063,
13,
10515,
457,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
18003,
263,
30058,
24697,
316,
10395,
420,
14678,
276,
585,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29900,
6063,
29892,
274,
29948,
1982,
532,
533,
13,
11788,
495,
371,
29892,
872,
269,
16581,
29892,
7930,
1709,
316,
4581,
405,
284,
27801,
13,
15350,
1403,
15792,
29892,
270,
568,
10630,
15792,
29892,
425,
13840,
2353,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
6063,
29892,
274,
29948,
1982,
532,
533,
29892,
6427,
8284,
818,
997,
1528,
305,
1808,
13,
18080,
4465,
12621,
29892,
15096,
316,
286,
1690,
482,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29900,
6063,
13,
13,
30062,
29881,
2187,
29871,
13,
1588,
29948,
3597,
362,
427,
20491,
1924,
880,
1465,
301,
29915,
25842,
3129,
1114,
533,
9204,
29899,
19095,
8985,
29892,
302,
30073,
29871,
29945,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29945,
29906,
29953,
868,
29871,
29906,
29946,
9355,
782,
29871,
29896,
29906,
7005,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29941,
13,
14758,
654,
12934,
584,
383,
388,
538,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29941,
13,
28079,
3439,
264,
265,
29892,
260,
608,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29892,
13352,
29876,
19699,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29941,
29871,
13,
16238,
276,
316,
3929,
1173,
302,
30073,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29941,
29900,
29955,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
29871,
13,
6033,
550,
270,
1295,
29892,
260,
608,
29871,
29896,
29892,
13352,
29876,
19699,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29906,
13,
13,
4435,
29871,
13,
18938,
16937,
265,
29892,
12255,
8836,
29877,
457,
29892,
365,
29915,
11574,
316,
3439,
264,
265,
29892,
10754,
553,
6017,
550,
634,
26957,
313,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
29897,
316,
18604,
3439,
264,
265,
29892,
5254,
267,
316,
425,
315,
2131,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
29892,
282,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29906,
29899,
29941,
29941,
13,
13,
9986,
2512,
1826,
17115,
29871,
13
] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| 0.747945 | -0.021419 | -0.877665 | -0.966619 |
Bournemouth's serendipity outweighing Parker's control - the season's defining period is coming
The nature of victory away to Barnsley showed Bournemouth have reached a crossroads in their season - the next few days and games will define their season
New signings and upcoming fixtures - both will be key in deciding longer term fate (Image: Photo by Robin Jones - AFC Bournemouth/AFC Bournemouth via Getty Images)
Similarly to the House of Commons over the last month, pre-hatched plans for parties and feel good celebrations have been traded in for a sense solemnity and smacks of quick rectification.
Bournemouth and Barnsley, at different points of 2021, have had justifiable reasons for optimism. Valerien Ismael took a low-budget, low-ceiling side to the play-offs and couple of months later, under Scott Parker's new invigoration, Cherries had smashed their unbeaten club record.
Both however, to varying extents, have suffered from the helter-skelter nature of football. While the two teams sit at polarising ends of the table, the recent mood encompassing the pair has been one of deep frustration.
Bournemouth's 1-0 win over Barnsley is likely to be a game viewed in retrospect. One which could be seen as a building block for better or, conversely, a victory which merely papered over the cracks. It was an unconvincing display, but at least halted the decline after successive defeats.
Follow Cherries Live on social media
Keep up with all the latest from the Vitality Stadium via our Facebook page dedicated to the Cherries
You can also follow us on Twitter @Cherries_Live
Our Cherries reporter Jacob Tanswell will also keep you up-to-date with all the goings-on at the club @J_Tanswell
In short, Philip Billing's 12th minute "who wants it? Who fancies it?" header summed up the game in its entirety. Perhaps mitigated by conditions, it was a low-quality, low-tempo match, where a sense of uncertainty underpinned both sides performance. On one hand, you had Barnsley, possessing a back five so obviously unsure of how to deal with a straightforward long ball and as compact, at times, in midfield as a punctured tyre.
On the other you had Bournemouth, who made nearly 350 passes more than their opponents but lost possession on 36 occasions (12 more than in the reverse fixture) and an observer would struggle to remember many incisive ones.
By half time, Barnsley had registered a pass completion rate of 46 per cent, while their opponents had the ball turned over six more times. By the end, it was a match that offered the lowest pass accuracy rate of any game Scott Parker's side have been involved in this season - 50 per cent and 76 per cent, respectively. The longer it went on, the more evident it was that Bournemouth just simply needed to win and get out South Yorkshire unscathed.
(Image: Photo by Robbie Jay Barratt - AMA/Getty Images)
Of course, going to the Championship's worst team and having four less shots on target is a cause for concern. The fact that Mark Travers, who is set to shortly welcome another goalkeeper to the club as competition, had to make key saves underlines the various moving parts that Bournemouth are currently not getting right.
But, having dropped points against teams near Barnsley's calibre in the past, Bournemouth did not cave in. Despite any sort of rhythm being firmly knocked off-kilter and being reduced to ten men by the final whistle.
It was telling the first thing the Cherries boss referred to afterwards was the control he felt his side had. While Parker, a naturally ball-dominant coach, would always gather a sense of satisfaction from such high possession metrics, he now understands Bournemouth need to get through games, rather than pushing for expansivity. Parker told DorsetLive on Thursday that this was the period in a season where players hit a wall in form and, therefore, adding fresh impetus is imperative.
Often, a game before a transfer window shuts becomes the subplot to a story. Questions from journalists tend to centre around the coming days, rather than what had just taken
|
[
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
29915,
29879,
724,
355,
666,
537,
714,
705,
1141,
292,
24239,
29915,
29879,
2761,
448,
278,
4259,
29915,
29879,
16184,
3785,
338,
6421,
13,
1576,
5469,
310,
15354,
3448,
304,
2261,
1983,
2330,
10018,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
505,
7450,
263,
4891,
307,
7925,
297,
1009,
4259,
448,
278,
2446,
2846,
3841,
322,
8090,
674,
4529,
1009,
4259,
13,
4373,
1804,
886,
322,
701,
11506,
5713,
486,
1973,
448,
1716,
674,
367,
1820,
297,
1602,
4821,
5520,
1840,
23779,
313,
2940,
29901,
1963,
3747,
491,
13104,
10920,
448,
319,
8610,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
29914,
5098,
29907,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
3025,
3617,
1017,
1954,
1179,
29897,
13,
8942,
2327,
368,
304,
278,
5619,
310,
3468,
975,
278,
1833,
4098,
29892,
758,
29899,
29882,
905,
287,
13900,
363,
13973,
322,
4459,
1781,
10894,
800,
505,
1063,
3534,
287,
297,
363,
263,
4060,
26384,
537,
322,
1560,
26514,
310,
4996,
7705,
2450,
29889,
13,
29933,
2905,
331,
2438,
322,
2261,
1983,
2330,
29892,
472,
1422,
3291,
310,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29896,
29892,
505,
750,
925,
28677,
9590,
363,
5994,
1608,
29889,
2630,
261,
819,
1317,
655,
295,
3614,
263,
4482,
29899,
15841,
657,
29892,
4482,
29899,
346,
6504,
2625,
304,
278,
1708,
29899,
22450,
322,
7303,
310,
7378,
2678,
29892,
1090,
8075,
24239,
29915,
29879,
716,
2437,
335,
12418,
29892,
23816,
2722,
750,
1560,
25936,
1009,
443,
915,
2579,
4402,
2407,
29889,
13,
29933,
720,
3138,
29892,
304,
24099,
1294,
1237,
29892,
505,
17654,
515,
278,
1081,
357,
29899,
808,
21883,
5469,
310,
5733,
29889,
5806,
278,
1023,
10907,
7845,
472,
16755,
5921,
10614,
310,
278,
1591,
29892,
278,
7786,
286,
2092,
427,
2388,
465,
292,
278,
5101,
756,
1063,
697,
310,
6483,
1424,
11036,
29889,
13,
29933,
2905,
331,
2438,
29915,
29879,
29871,
29896,
29899,
29900,
5401,
975,
2261,
1983,
2330,
338,
5517,
304,
367,
263,
3748,
24774,
297,
3240,
1883,
1103,
29889,
3118,
607,
1033,
367,
3595,
408,
263,
5214,
2908,
363,
2253,
470,
29892,
9678,
873,
29892,
263,
15354,
607,
13586,
5650,
287,
975,
278,
12220,
4684,
29889,
739,
471,
385,
443,
535,
3845,
3277,
2479,
29892,
541,
472,
3203,
25212,
287,
278,
4845,
457,
1156,
2551,
573,
8686,
1446,
29889,
13,
29943,
2952,
23816,
2722,
10782,
373,
5264,
5745,
13,
9598,
1022,
701,
411,
599,
278,
9281,
515,
278,
478,
2410,
537,
17213,
3025,
1749,
13327,
1813,
16955,
304,
278,
23816,
2722,
13,
3492,
508,
884,
1101,
502,
373,
20147,
732,
1451,
261,
2722,
29918,
23859,
13,
29949,
332,
23816,
2722,
1634,
9555,
10968,
323,
550,
5872,
674,
884,
3013,
366,
701,
29899,
517,
29899,
1256,
411,
599,
278,
748,
886,
29899,
265,
472,
278,
4402,
732,
29967,
29918,
29911,
550,
5872,
13,
797,
3273,
29892,
14920,
6682,
292,
29915,
29879,
29871,
29896,
29906,
386,
11015,
376,
15970,
10753,
372,
29973,
11644,
13524,
2478,
372,
3026,
4839,
2533,
2168,
701,
278,
3748,
297,
967,
4152,
1017,
29889,
11637,
1380,
335,
630,
491,
5855,
29892,
372,
471,
263,
4482,
29899,
29567,
29892,
4482,
29899,
1356,
1129,
1993,
29892,
988,
263,
4060,
310,
25812,
1090,
29886,
27464,
1716,
11192,
4180,
29889,
1551,
697,
1361,
29892,
366,
750,
2261,
1983,
2330,
29892,
22592,
292,
263,
1250,
5320,
577,
12879,
9644,
545,
310,
920,
304,
5376,
411,
263,
20837,
1472,
8287,
322,
408,
11071,
29892,
472,
3064,
29892,
297,
7145,
2671,
408,
263,
6035,
312,
2955,
7911,
276,
29889,
13,
2951,
278,
916,
366,
750,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
29892,
1058,
1754,
8886,
29871,
29941,
29945,
29900,
14517,
901,
1135,
1009,
23995,
1237,
541,
5714,
17715,
373,
29871,
29941,
29953,
26108,
313,
29896,
29906,
901,
1135,
297,
278,
11837,
5713,
15546,
29897,
322,
385,
22944,
723,
21117,
304,
6456,
1784,
297,
3476,
573,
6743,
29889,
13,
2059,
4203,
931,
29892,
2261,
1983,
2330,
750,
15443,
263,
1209,
13285,
6554,
310,
29871,
29946,
29953,
639,
1644,
29892,
1550,
1009,
23995,
1237,
750,
278,
8287,
6077,
975,
4832,
901,
3064,
29889,
2648,
278,
1095,
29892,
372,
471,
263,
1993,
393,
12520,
278,
19604,
1209,
13600,
6554,
310,
738,
3748,
8075,
24239,
29915,
29879,
2625,
505,
1063,
9701,
297,
445,
4259,
448,
29871,
29945,
29900,
639,
1644,
322,
29871,
29955,
29953,
639,
1644,
29892,
8307,
29889,
450,
5520,
372,
3512,
373,
29892,
278,
901,
13602,
372,
471,
393,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
925,
3763,
4312,
304,
5401,
322,
679,
714,
4275,
3088,
11750,
443,
1557,
14139,
29889,
13,
29898,
2940,
29901,
1963,
3747,
491,
6417,
10993,
19556,
2261,
29878,
1131,
448,
319,
1529,
29914,
2577,
1017,
1954,
1179,
29897,
13,
2776,
3236,
29892,
2675,
304,
278,
8972,
29915,
29879,
17322,
3815,
322,
2534,
3023,
3109,
528,
1862,
373,
3646,
338,
263,
4556,
363,
5932,
29889,
450,
2114,
393,
4485,
3201,
874,
29892,
1058,
338,
731,
304,
21734,
12853,
1790,
7306,
23935,
304,
278,
4402,
408,
13888,
29892,
750,
304,
1207,
1820,
27401,
1090,
9012,
278,
5164,
8401,
5633,
393,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
526,
5279,
451,
2805,
1492,
29889,
13,
6246,
29892,
2534,
13700,
3291,
2750,
10907,
2978,
2261,
1983,
2330,
29915,
29879,
1208,
747,
276,
297,
278,
4940,
29892,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
1258,
451,
24230,
297,
29889,
19454,
738,
2656,
310,
18178,
29265,
1641,
9226,
368,
18232,
287,
1283,
29899,
16757,
357,
322,
1641,
12212,
304,
3006,
1757,
491,
278,
2186,
377,
391,
280,
29889,
13,
3112,
471,
14509,
278,
937,
2655,
278,
23816,
2722,
289,
2209,
12992,
304,
12335,
471,
278,
2761,
540,
7091,
670,
2625,
750,
29889,
5806,
24239,
29892,
263,
18180,
8287,
29899,
24130,
424,
11182,
29892,
723,
2337,
11705,
263,
4060,
310,
26470,
515,
1316,
1880,
17715,
21556,
29892,
540,
1286,
2274,
29879,
350,
2905,
331,
2438,
817,
304,
679,
1549,
8090,
29892,
3265,
1135,
27556,
363,
1518,
550,
2068,
29889,
24239,
5429,
9579,
842,
23859,
373,
498,
1295,
3250,
393,
445,
471,
278,
3785,
297,
263,
4259,
988,
10769,
7124,
263,
10090,
297,
883,
322,
29892,
5480,
29892,
4417,
10849,
2411,
300,
375,
338,
10112,
1230,
29889,
13,
29949,
15535,
29892,
263,
3748,
1434,
263,
6782,
3474,
528,
8842,
7415,
278,
1014,
5317,
304,
263,
5828,
29889,
894,
29879,
515,
8955,
2879,
10331,
304,
8442,
2820,
278,
6421,
3841,
29892,
3265,
1135,
825,
750,
925,
4586
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.889233 | -0.277407 | -0.326249 | -0.418927 |
Dallas Stars On the Rise
4 Factors that Have the Stars Streaking Through the NHL
November 22, 2019 | Webster Lupton
The Dallas Stars resurgence is a good lesson in patience and perseverance. Not just on the part of the team, but also the fans of said team. With the streaky nature of a long season, it is easy to turn your back for a couple of weeks, only to wake up one day to find a team back in the hunt.
And we have certainly seen this from the Stars before. Remember last year? The Stars were playing around .500 midway through January, then turned on the afterburners and made a run well into the playoffs.
Conversely, two years ago the Stars were on a promising run, then went into a late-season swoon they never recovered from.
This season the Stars have turned a 1-7-1 start into a blistering 12-1-1 streak that has them five points behind the St. Louis Blues in the Central Division and in the thick of the early Western Conference playoff race. Along the way, they have picked off the Edmonton Oilers, Vancouver Canucks and Colorado Avalanche, other teams expected to make a go at the postseason.
So what are the factors that have contributed to the Dallas Stars success of late?
You could say they are simply playing to their potential, or gotten back to playing with the familiar puck-swarming style we became familiar with late last season.
But let's take a look at some specifics:
Simple enough, right? But the Stars have gone from averaging under two goals a game, to averaging almost three, and that's a big jump, even in the course of a month.
Defense and Goal Tending
Net minding is the big one here. The Stars have the luxury of having not
Ben Bishop
just one, but two outstanding goalies in Ben Bishop and Anton Khudobin. Bishop (.926) and Khudobin (.921) now rank among the top five net men in the league in save percentage. And they can share time equally. Not many teams have a duo in goal like that.
Those two, plus the overall efforts of the others on defense has cut the team's goals-against average by a full goal, to 2.36 a game. Defenseman Miro Heiskanen has a plus/minus of 14, contributing at both ends of the ice and putting in a team-high 24:57 of ice time per game.
Team effort
You could say there are no stars on this team – or nothing but stars, when it comes to scoring. A total of 15 different Dallas Stars skaters have scored a goal since mid-October, and seven guys are in double figures in points.
Center Radek Faksa is riding an eight-game point streak, and has more than doubled his production in November. It has been a career effort for the four-year veteran.
Tyler Seguin has run up eight points in the past four games, and has been otherwise steady all season.
Blake Comeau has come back from injury seemingly without missing a beat.
And if you want to project, don't be surprised to see 22-year-old Denis Gurianov turn things up in the near future.
Where Stars Stand
The Stars are riding high, in good position in the standings and have few real traps on their schedule ahead. A couple of back-to-backs over the next two weeks – one with Vegas and Nashville – could be problematic. And the Stars spend much of February on the road.
Could another foul streak arise? Of course. It happens. But barring injury, this team should be sitting pretty when the weather warms again.
Just ahead, the Stars get a chance to test themselves against other Western Conference contenders when the Vegas Golden Knights (Monday) and the St. Louis Blues (Friday, Nov. 29) come to town.
Catch them now, while tickets are hot. You can't tell how long the current run will continue.
Astros Penalties and What They Mean
Dallas Stars Challenge Ahead
Mavs Injuries Scary and Testy
Spurs Problems and Solutions
Astros Cool it For the Winter
Performers San Antonio Spurs Houston Rockets Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl
Venues AT&T Center Staples Center Madison Square Garden
|
[
27043,
25435,
1551,
278,
390,
895,
13,
29946,
26748,
943,
393,
6975,
278,
25435,
11738,
5086,
17044,
278,
405,
15444,
13,
25363,
1096,
29871,
29906,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
891,
2563,
2475,
3182,
12533,
13,
1576,
27043,
25435,
620,
2007,
663,
338,
263,
1781,
3109,
265,
297,
282,
24701,
322,
639,
344,
369,
749,
29889,
2216,
925,
373,
278,
760,
310,
278,
3815,
29892,
541,
884,
278,
24909,
310,
1497,
3815,
29889,
2973,
278,
12243,
557,
29891,
5469,
310,
263,
1472,
4259,
29892,
372,
338,
4780,
304,
2507,
596,
1250,
363,
263,
7303,
310,
11405,
29892,
871,
304,
281,
1296,
701,
697,
2462,
304,
1284,
263,
3815,
1250,
297,
278,
298,
1657,
29889,
13,
2855,
591,
505,
8959,
3595,
445,
515,
278,
25435,
1434,
29889,
22738,
1833,
1629,
29973,
450,
25435,
892,
8743,
2820,
869,
29945,
29900,
29900,
7145,
1582,
1549,
5490,
29892,
769,
6077,
373,
278,
1156,
18712,
414,
322,
1754,
263,
1065,
1532,
964,
278,
1708,
22450,
29889,
13,
1168,
874,
873,
29892,
1023,
2440,
8020,
278,
25435,
892,
373,
263,
2504,
5921,
1065,
29892,
769,
3512,
964,
263,
5683,
29899,
25682,
16768,
265,
896,
2360,
24776,
515,
29889,
13,
4013,
4259,
278,
25435,
505,
6077,
263,
29871,
29896,
29899,
29955,
29899,
29896,
1369,
964,
263,
1999,
1531,
292,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29899,
29896,
12243,
557,
393,
756,
963,
5320,
3291,
5742,
278,
624,
29889,
5899,
23434,
297,
278,
8068,
7946,
322,
297,
278,
12003,
310,
278,
4688,
10504,
16377,
1708,
2696,
8175,
29889,
838,
549,
278,
982,
29892,
896,
505,
18691,
1283,
278,
2155,
14132,
265,
438,
22058,
29892,
478,
29711,
1815,
2707,
29879,
322,
21137,
319,
791,
20372,
29892,
916,
10907,
3806,
304,
1207,
263,
748,
472,
278,
1400,
25682,
29889,
13,
6295,
825,
526,
278,
13879,
393,
505,
26869,
304,
278,
27043,
25435,
2551,
310,
5683,
29973,
13,
3492,
1033,
1827,
896,
526,
3763,
8743,
304,
1009,
7037,
29892,
470,
2355,
841,
1250,
304,
8743,
411,
278,
9985,
2653,
384,
29899,
2774,
2817,
292,
3114,
591,
3897,
9985,
411,
5683,
1833,
4259,
29889,
13,
6246,
1235,
29915,
29879,
2125,
263,
1106,
472,
777,
2702,
29879,
29901,
13,
15427,
3307,
29892,
1492,
29973,
1205,
278,
25435,
505,
7695,
515,
4759,
6751,
1090,
1023,
14433,
263,
3748,
29892,
304,
4759,
6751,
4359,
2211,
29892,
322,
393,
29915,
29879,
263,
4802,
12500,
29892,
1584,
297,
278,
3236,
310,
263,
4098,
29889,
13,
3206,
1947,
322,
2921,
284,
323,
2548,
13,
6779,
3458,
292,
338,
278,
4802,
697,
1244,
29889,
450,
25435,
505,
278,
21684,
2857,
310,
2534,
451,
13,
20841,
16880,
13,
5143,
697,
29892,
541,
1023,
714,
11235,
7306,
583,
297,
4111,
16880,
322,
5774,
12217,
566,
711,
262,
29889,
16880,
14544,
29929,
29906,
29953,
29897,
322,
12217,
566,
711,
262,
14544,
29929,
29906,
29896,
29897,
1286,
7115,
4249,
278,
2246,
5320,
7787,
1757,
297,
278,
13225,
297,
4078,
19649,
29889,
1126,
896,
508,
6232,
931,
18018,
29889,
2216,
1784,
10907,
505,
263,
868,
29877,
297,
7306,
763,
393,
29889,
13,
1349,
852,
1023,
29892,
2298,
278,
12463,
14231,
310,
278,
4045,
373,
26406,
756,
5700,
278,
3815,
29915,
29879,
14433,
29899,
351,
475,
303,
6588,
491,
263,
2989,
7306,
29892,
304,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29941,
29953,
263,
3748,
29889,
5282,
575,
11422,
341,
3350,
940,
3873,
273,
264,
756,
263,
2298,
29914,
12254,
310,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29892,
17737,
17068,
472,
1716,
10614,
310,
278,
14890,
322,
10594,
297,
263,
3815,
29899,
9812,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29901,
29945,
29955,
310,
14890,
931,
639,
3748,
29889,
13,
19409,
7225,
13,
3492,
1033,
1827,
727,
526,
694,
10819,
373,
445,
3815,
785,
470,
3078,
541,
10819,
29892,
746,
372,
5304,
304,
26654,
29889,
319,
3001,
310,
29871,
29896,
29945,
1422,
27043,
25435,
2071,
10412,
505,
15569,
263,
7306,
1951,
7145,
29899,
25375,
4950,
29892,
322,
9881,
18239,
526,
297,
3765,
13994,
297,
3291,
29889,
13,
13409,
390,
1943,
29895,
383,
557,
4977,
338,
364,
4821,
385,
9475,
29899,
11802,
1298,
12243,
557,
29892,
322,
756,
901,
1135,
3765,
29881,
670,
5802,
297,
3979,
29889,
739,
756,
1063,
263,
6413,
7225,
363,
278,
3023,
29899,
6360,
25808,
273,
29889,
13,
21314,
1358,
6667,
29884,
262,
756,
1065,
701,
9475,
3291,
297,
278,
4940,
3023,
8090,
29892,
322,
756,
1063,
6467,
27357,
599,
4259,
29889,
13,
29933,
433,
446,
422,
14531,
756,
2041,
1250,
515,
24092,
2833,
11687,
1728,
4567,
263,
16646,
29889,
13,
2855,
565,
366,
864,
304,
2060,
29892,
1016,
29915,
29873,
367,
18014,
304,
1074,
29871,
29906,
29906,
29899,
6360,
29899,
1025,
3384,
275,
402,
332,
713,
586,
2507,
2712,
701,
297,
278,
2978,
5434,
29889,
13,
11921,
25435,
6679,
13,
1576,
25435,
526,
364,
4821,
1880,
29892,
297,
1781,
2602,
297,
278,
2317,
886,
322,
505,
2846,
1855,
1020,
567,
373,
1009,
20410,
14432,
29889,
319,
7303,
310,
1250,
29899,
517,
29899,
1627,
29879,
975,
278,
2446,
1023,
11405,
785,
697,
411,
17236,
294,
322,
24848,
4909,
785,
1033,
367,
1108,
2454,
29889,
1126,
278,
25435,
18864,
1568,
310,
6339,
373,
278,
6520,
29889,
13,
23323,
1790,
285,
5059,
12243,
557,
29030,
29973,
4587,
3236,
29889,
739,
5930,
29889,
1205,
2594,
5393,
24092,
29892,
445,
3815,
881,
367,
16246,
5051,
746,
278,
14826,
1370,
1516,
1449,
29889,
13,
14084,
14432,
29892,
278,
25435,
679,
263,
8825,
304,
1243,
6053,
2750,
916,
10504,
16377,
640,
21043,
746,
278,
17236,
294,
16108,
8360,
5861,
313,
29924,
898,
388,
29897,
322,
278,
624,
29889,
5899,
23434,
313,
29943,
2429,
388,
29892,
2864,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29929,
29897,
2041,
304,
4726,
29889,
13,
29907,
905,
963,
1286,
29892,
1550,
16892,
1691,
526,
7375,
29889,
887,
508,
29915,
29873,
2649,
920,
1472,
278,
1857,
1065,
674,
6773,
29889,
13,
29909,
303,
1883,
7363,
1997,
583,
322,
1724,
2688,
16316,
13,
29928,
15892,
25435,
27211,
319,
2813,
13,
29924,
485,
29879,
512,
29926,
14886,
2522,
653,
322,
4321,
29891,
13,
5592,
1295,
11583,
29879,
322,
4956,
17925,
13,
29909,
303,
1883,
315,
1507,
372,
1152,
278,
12267,
13,
5894,
689,
414,
3087,
9630,
1706,
1295,
24327,
8027,
1691,
27043,
21638,
833,
952,
5670,
27207,
13,
29963,
264,
1041,
15531,
29987,
29911,
7817,
624,
481,
793,
7817,
4104,
2285,
19256,
19906,
13
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.394727 | -0.897748 | 0.590985 | 0.059513 |
#WurasDiary
#MovingTrain
#SpiritualTonic
USD/NGN 363
Concise News
Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Breaking News – Concise News
Top 10 Nigerian Newspapers Headlines Wednesday, Oct. 31st, 2018
Olugbenga Ige
1. Governors Resolve To Pay N25,500 As Minimum Wage
2. Shi'ites Protest Turns Bloody In Wuse 2, Abuja (Video)
3. PDP To Buhari: If You Have Nothing To Hide, Produce Your Waec Cert
4. Presidency Slams Prophet For Predicting Atiku's Victory Over Buhari
5. NNPC Breaks Silence On Change In Pump Price Of Petroleum Products
6. FG Describes Reports Of Starving Soldiers As Fake
7. Presidency Seeks Enforcement Of Law To Curb Social Media Abuse
8. Afenifere Suspends Omisore For Supporting APC During Osun Poll
9. Keyamo Caught, Exposed For Manipulating Image To Rubbish PDP
10. Fifa Bans Kwesi Nyantakyi For Life
Good morning Nigeria and welcome to the concise roundup of top 10 Nigerian newspapers headlines today, Wednesday, October 31st.
The Nigeria Governors' Forum on Tuesday in Abuja said it can only increase workers' salaries from N18,000 to N25,500 per month. Chairman of the NGF, who is also the Governor of Zamfara State, Abdulaziz Yari, said that the welfare of all Nigerians was the ultimate concern to the governors. The resolve of the governors was contrary to the demand of the Organised Labour, which insists that the minimum wage must be increased to at least N30,000. Federal Government had earlier offered to pay N24,000 as minimum wage.
The protest by members of the Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN), also known as Shi'ites, has turned bloody in Wuse 2, Abuja, with several persons injured. Concise News understands that members of the Islamic group were marching to the Central Business District of Abuja, Nigeria's capital, when they were stopped by operatives of the Nigeria Police Force, who fired gunshots and teargas to disperse them.
The opposition Peoples Democratic Party has asked President Muhammadu Buhari to submit his West African Senior School Examination Certificate to electoral umpire, INEC, if he has nothing to hide. The party was responding to Buhari's media aide Garba Shehu, who had accused the opposition party of sowing division among Nigerians. Spokesman for the PDP, Kola Ologbondiyan, said that Buhari's media aides should "do the needful by placing the certificate in public domain instead of confronting and threatening Nigerians for demanding that Mr. President shows his certificate."
The presidency has lambasted Bishop Wale Olagunju for saying that the candidate of the PDP, Atiku Abubakar, will defeat President Muhammadu Buhari in the 2019 elections. Reacting in a post on Twitter, the president's social media aide, Lauretta Onochie, said the clergyman was in bed with thieves and kingpins of corruption.
The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) has said that there are no plans to review the prices of petroleum products in the country. The came in a statement from the NNPC on Monday where it noted that it is working to ensure the availability of the products during the festive season. The NNPC thus warned against the spread of falsehood as it could have an impact on the price of the commodity.
The Federal Government has dismissed media reports that troops fighting Boko Haram terrorists in the North East were starving and poorly kitted. Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed, made the federal government's position public at a media briefing in Abuja, on Tuesday. He said the troops were being fed centrally, thrice daily and that it was impossible for any of them to starve, as was claimed in the report.
The Presidency has
|
[
396,
29956,
10939,
12130,
653,
13,
29937,
29924,
21081,
5323,
262,
13,
29937,
5592,
14987,
950,
29911,
8927,
13,
3308,
29928,
29914,
9312,
29940,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29941,
13,
1168,
29883,
895,
10130,
13,
29940,
4087,
423,
10130,
29892,
20537,
713,
1570,
1028,
21321,
29892,
5826,
5086,
10130,
785,
23924,
895,
10130,
13,
7031,
29871,
29896,
29900,
20537,
713,
1570,
1028,
21321,
12252,
9012,
15050,
4515,
3250,
29892,
4756,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29896,
303,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29947,
13,
29949,
29880,
688,
29890,
996,
29874,
306,
479,
13,
29896,
29889,
6769,
943,
24062,
345,
1763,
14617,
405,
29906,
29945,
29892,
29945,
29900,
29900,
1094,
3080,
12539,
399,
482,
13,
29906,
29889,
1383,
29875,
29915,
3246,
21723,
9603,
29879,
11447,
1486,
512,
399,
1509,
29871,
29906,
29892,
1976,
29884,
1764,
313,
15167,
29897,
13,
29941,
29889,
349,
11191,
1763,
5373,
29882,
1306,
29901,
960,
887,
6975,
9531,
1763,
379,
680,
29892,
7138,
346,
3575,
22552,
687,
18410,
13,
29946,
29889,
4360,
3615,
1270,
14866,
2232,
1019,
561,
300,
1152,
21099,
919,
292,
2180,
18282,
29915,
29879,
7229,
706,
6811,
5373,
29882,
1306,
13,
29945,
29889,
405,
29940,
9026,
5826,
10327,
5664,
663,
1551,
10726,
512,
349,
3427,
20743,
4587,
5879,
12154,
398,
10969,
29879,
13,
29953,
29889,
383,
29954,
20355,
5707,
830,
4011,
4587,
7828,
1747,
19019,
4285,
1094,
383,
1296,
13,
29955,
29889,
4360,
3615,
1270,
922,
14541,
1174,
1454,
13561,
4587,
7927,
1763,
315,
9265,
10307,
8213,
1976,
1509,
13,
29947,
29889,
10393,
264,
361,
406,
9511,
29886,
1975,
13352,
275,
487,
1152,
18601,
292,
319,
9026,
7133,
6657,
348,
2043,
29880,
13,
29929,
29889,
7670,
10178,
315,
6482,
29892,
1222,
4752,
1152,
2315,
666,
18099,
7084,
1763,
14985,
29890,
728,
349,
11191,
13,
29896,
29900,
29889,
383,
26056,
350,
550,
476,
29893,
10100,
16693,
424,
557,
25675,
1152,
4634,
13,
18420,
7250,
20537,
423,
322,
12853,
304,
278,
3022,
895,
4513,
786,
310,
2246,
29871,
29896,
29900,
20537,
713,
14578,
21321,
2343,
9012,
9826,
29892,
15050,
4515,
3250,
29892,
5533,
29871,
29941,
29896,
303,
29889,
13,
1576,
20537,
423,
6769,
943,
29915,
29474,
373,
323,
1041,
3250,
297,
1976,
29884,
1764,
1497,
372,
508,
871,
7910,
17162,
29915,
4497,
4314,
515,
405,
29896,
29947,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
304,
405,
29906,
29945,
29892,
29945,
29900,
29900,
639,
4098,
29889,
24193,
1171,
310,
278,
405,
29954,
29943,
29892,
1058,
338,
884,
278,
15431,
310,
29225,
29888,
2518,
4306,
29892,
17860,
352,
834,
466,
612,
1306,
29892,
1497,
393,
278,
281,
761,
598,
310,
599,
20537,
5834,
471,
278,
8494,
6490,
5932,
304,
278,
4095,
943,
29889,
450,
8814,
310,
278,
4095,
943,
471,
21138,
304,
278,
9667,
310,
278,
9205,
3368,
29453,
29892,
607,
1663,
2879,
393,
278,
9212,
281,
482,
1818,
367,
11664,
304,
472,
3203,
405,
29941,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29889,
14879,
10354,
750,
8859,
12520,
304,
5146,
405,
29906,
29946,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
408,
9212,
281,
482,
29889,
13,
1576,
10021,
491,
5144,
310,
278,
16427,
293,
14104,
882,
297,
20537,
423,
313,
7833,
29940,
511,
884,
2998,
408,
1383,
29875,
29915,
3246,
29892,
756,
6077,
6668,
1486,
297,
399,
1509,
29871,
29906,
29892,
1976,
29884,
1764,
29892,
411,
3196,
12407,
28606,
29889,
23924,
895,
10130,
2274,
29879,
393,
5144,
310,
278,
16427,
293,
2318,
892,
8575,
292,
304,
278,
8068,
15197,
7457,
310,
1976,
29884,
1764,
29892,
20537,
423,
29915,
29879,
7483,
29892,
746,
896,
892,
11084,
491,
1751,
5056,
310,
278,
20537,
423,
18923,
11004,
29892,
1058,
17285,
13736,
845,
1862,
322,
734,
1191,
294,
304,
766,
546,
344,
963,
29889,
13,
1576,
19626,
3938,
459,
793,
19083,
9173,
756,
4433,
7178,
27100,
29885,
13467,
5373,
29882,
1306,
304,
9752,
670,
3122,
11715,
24260,
4523,
1222,
314,
3381,
18410,
8021,
304,
3546,
11251,
318,
1526,
533,
29892,
2672,
11206,
29892,
565,
540,
756,
3078,
304,
9563,
29889,
450,
6263,
471,
10049,
292,
304,
5373,
29882,
1306,
29915,
29879,
5745,
263,
680,
7455,
2291,
2296,
6905,
29892,
1058,
750,
28886,
278,
19626,
6263,
310,
19687,
292,
8542,
4249,
20537,
5834,
29889,
1706,
23195,
1171,
363,
278,
349,
11191,
29892,
476,
2963,
438,
1188,
29890,
898,
29875,
10094,
29892,
1497,
393,
5373,
29882,
1306,
29915,
29879,
5745,
263,
2247,
881,
376,
1867,
278,
817,
1319,
491,
24421,
278,
12289,
297,
970,
5354,
2012,
310,
21751,
292,
322,
20616,
292,
20537,
5834,
363,
9667,
292,
393,
3237,
29889,
7178,
3697,
670,
12289,
1213,
13,
1576,
28282,
1270,
756,
301,
1117,
28470,
16880,
399,
744,
438,
3110,
348,
4900,
363,
5934,
393,
278,
14020,
310,
278,
349,
11191,
29892,
2180,
18282,
1976,
431,
557,
279,
29892,
674,
20653,
7178,
27100,
29885,
13467,
5373,
29882,
1306,
297,
278,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
20209,
29889,
9537,
292,
297,
263,
1400,
373,
20147,
29892,
278,
6673,
29915,
29879,
5264,
5745,
263,
680,
29892,
997,
545,
18228,
438,
1217,
305,
347,
29892,
1497,
278,
1067,
15064,
21909,
471,
297,
6592,
411,
266,
17180,
322,
6989,
29886,
1144,
310,
1034,
18953,
29889,
13,
1576,
20537,
713,
3086,
5879,
12154,
398,
15025,
313,
10262,
9026,
29897,
756,
1497,
393,
727,
526,
694,
13900,
304,
9076,
278,
26094,
310,
5697,
12154,
398,
9316,
297,
278,
4234,
29889,
450,
2996,
297,
263,
3229,
515,
278,
405,
29940,
9026,
373,
27822,
988,
372,
11682,
393,
372,
338,
1985,
304,
9801,
278,
20847,
3097,
310,
278,
9316,
2645,
278,
10982,
573,
4259,
29889,
450,
405,
29940,
9026,
4550,
1370,
9571,
2750,
278,
9677,
310,
2089,
6614,
408,
372,
1033,
505,
385,
10879,
373,
278,
8666,
310,
278,
844,
397,
537,
29889,
13,
1576,
14879,
10354,
756,
18918,
287,
5745,
13676,
393,
13230,
17770,
350,
15218,
3536,
314,
15115,
2879,
297,
278,
4644,
6932,
892,
5810,
1747,
322,
6460,
368,
413,
4430,
29889,
7668,
310,
10343,
322,
14062,
29892,
997,
29875,
12929,
28913,
29892,
1754,
278,
17097,
5874,
29915,
29879,
2602,
970,
472,
263,
5745,
11473,
292,
297,
1976,
29884,
1764,
29892,
373,
323,
1041,
3250,
29889,
940,
1497,
278,
13230,
892,
1641,
21242,
1644,
29878,
635,
29892,
1468,
625,
14218,
322,
393,
372,
471,
9301,
363,
738,
310,
963,
304,
5810,
345,
29892,
408,
471,
17049,
297,
278,
3461,
29889,
13,
1576,
4360,
3615,
1270,
756
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.0589 | -1.301684 | -0.571843 | -1.172793 |
called for strict enforcement of law by the security agents to curb abuse of social media. Personal Assistant to President on Social Media, Lauretta Onochie, who made the call in an interview in Abuja, said that the challenge in the country was that the laws were not being enforced by the appropriate authorities. She added that the country had the necessary laws to guide what was being published and spoken online.
Afenifere has announced the suspension of Senator Iyiola Omisore for one year for supporting the All Progressives Congress (APC) to win the rerun election in Ife South and North Local Government Areas of Osun State. The group said his action was said to have gone against the position of his party, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Afenifere. In a communique issued at the end of the monthly meeting of the group and read by a chieftain of the group, Chief Korede Duyile, it said Omisore allegedly went against the position of Afenifere during the last governorship election in Osun State.
Festus Keyamo (SAN), Director of Strategic Communications of the Buhari 2019 Campaign Organisation, has been condemned on Twitter for manipulating images. Keyamo had posted a photo of a tree growing on a rail track in Gaza, in the disputed area between Israel and Palestine, and passed it off as Nigeria. But some Twitter users decided to do a Google image search and discovered that the photo was first posted online on October 5 by a Chadi Faraj in Gaza and retweeted by A Paulikevich on October 6.
World football governing body Fifa has banned former Ghana FA President, Kwesi Nyantakyi for life for breaking corruption and bribery rules. The life ban follows extensive investigations by Fifa's Adjudicatory Chamber of the Independent Ethics Committee into the conduct of Nyantakyi who was filmed in an undercover investigation by controversial Ghanaian journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas taking $65,000 (£48,000) from an undercover reporter pretending to be a businessman.
That's the roundup of top 10 Nigerian newspapers headlines this morning. More Nigerian newspapers headlines are available on Concise News website. See you again tomorrow.
Have a story to tell, or images to share on a breaking news in Nigeria or beyond? Send them to Concise News via Whatsapp(0906 928 2577)
Olugbenga Ige is an alumnus of The Polytechnic, Ibadan and the prestigious AAUA. Gbenga is an experienced reporter at Concise News, a new media enthusiast, and fine-grained media influencer.
Learn the secret to truly natural weight loss plus testimonies of people who have benefited.
Shocking Discovery Reveals Natural Viagra that Help Men Last 25minutes and Get Stronger Erections without side effects
New Anti-Infection Herbal Remedy So Effective… Flushes off
Staphylococcus, Gonorrhea and other Related Infections!
Tired of generators? Get PRAG INVERTER, Nigeria's No.1 Inverters
Be the first to know…Get daily round up of top Nigerian newspaper headlines. Click here.
Tired of estimated bills/generator noise? Go off the grid…get PRAG SOLAR for 24/7 noiseless and uninterrupted power supply.
RELATED NEWSMORE FROM AUTHOR
VP Osinbajo Reveals What Stops Him From Sleeping At Night
Boko Haram: Buratai Reveals Those Causing Setback In Army Operation
Buhari Reacts To Re-election Of Ayokunle As CAN President
Nigerian Newspapers: Top 10 Headlines Today Wednesday, June 19th, 2019
EU To Nigeria: Don't Take Your Democracy For Granted
Peter Obi Insists INEC Must Produce Server Used For 2019 Elections
Herdsmen Speak On Killing Of Daughter Of Afenifere Leader Fasoranti
Check Out Full List Of AFCON 2019 Leading Scorers
Latest N-Power News Headlines For Thursday, July 18th
N-Power
|
[
2000,
363,
9406,
24555,
13561,
310,
4307,
491,
278,
6993,
19518,
304,
3151,
29890,
633,
1509,
310,
5264,
5745,
29889,
16224,
4007,
22137,
304,
7178,
373,
10307,
8213,
29892,
997,
545,
18228,
438,
1217,
305,
347,
29892,
1058,
1754,
278,
1246,
297,
385,
15593,
297,
1976,
29884,
1764,
29892,
1497,
393,
278,
18766,
297,
278,
4234,
471,
393,
278,
14243,
892,
451,
1641,
24555,
1133,
491,
278,
8210,
21142,
29889,
2296,
2715,
393,
278,
4234,
750,
278,
5181,
14243,
304,
10754,
825,
471,
1641,
6369,
322,
19182,
7395,
29889,
13,
29909,
11350,
361,
406,
756,
9326,
278,
8872,
2673,
310,
27623,
306,
25675,
2963,
13352,
275,
487,
363,
697,
1629,
363,
20382,
278,
2178,
20018,
3145,
11559,
313,
3301,
29907,
29897,
304,
5401,
278,
364,
261,
348,
8271,
297,
960,
29872,
4275,
322,
4644,
9959,
10354,
4683,
294,
310,
6657,
348,
4306,
29889,
450,
2318,
1497,
670,
3158,
471,
1497,
304,
505,
7695,
2750,
278,
2602,
310,
670,
6263,
29892,
278,
10307,
19083,
9173,
313,
7230,
29925,
29897,
322,
278,
10393,
264,
361,
406,
29889,
512,
263,
3817,
1387,
16610,
472,
278,
1095,
310,
278,
4098,
368,
11781,
310,
278,
2318,
322,
1303,
491,
263,
521,
347,
615,
475,
310,
278,
2318,
29892,
14546,
12555,
2742,
5334,
29891,
488,
29892,
372,
1497,
13352,
275,
487,
16831,
23244,
3512,
2750,
278,
2602,
310,
10393,
264,
361,
406,
2645,
278,
1833,
20221,
3527,
8271,
297,
6657,
348,
4306,
29889,
13,
29943,
342,
375,
7670,
10178,
313,
29903,
2190,
511,
15944,
310,
3767,
1845,
293,
22365,
800,
310,
278,
5373,
29882,
1306,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
7259,
8729,
25783,
29892,
756,
1063,
24905,
9571,
373,
20147,
363,
11525,
18099,
4558,
29889,
7670,
10178,
750,
8059,
263,
15373,
310,
263,
5447,
15678,
373,
263,
8367,
5702,
297,
15853,
29874,
29892,
297,
278,
8937,
287,
4038,
1546,
11996,
322,
22053,
457,
29892,
322,
4502,
372,
1283,
408,
20537,
423,
29889,
1205,
777,
20147,
4160,
8459,
304,
437,
263,
5087,
1967,
2740,
322,
10943,
393,
278,
15373,
471,
937,
8059,
7395,
373,
5533,
29871,
29945,
491,
263,
678,
10129,
8413,
1175,
297,
15853,
29874,
322,
3240,
16668,
287,
491,
319,
3739,
9345,
29894,
436,
373,
5533,
29871,
29953,
29889,
13,
14058,
5733,
14765,
1076,
3573,
383,
26056,
756,
289,
11310,
4642,
13491,
1648,
13515,
7178,
29892,
476,
29893,
10100,
16693,
424,
557,
25675,
363,
2834,
363,
16679,
1034,
18953,
322,
289,
374,
495,
29891,
6865,
29889,
450,
2834,
9892,
4477,
20607,
7405,
800,
491,
383,
26056,
29915,
29879,
2087,
17675,
293,
7606,
25037,
310,
278,
25266,
13772,
1199,
12930,
964,
278,
7512,
310,
16693,
424,
557,
25675,
1058,
471,
977,
2168,
297,
385,
1090,
11911,
22522,
491,
19341,
616,
13491,
1648,
713,
24452,
530,
294,
4683,
1004,
29891,
1450,
530,
294,
5622,
395,
29953,
29945,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
313,
30155,
29946,
29947,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29897,
515,
385,
1090,
11911,
1634,
9555,
14794,
2548,
304,
367,
263,
5381,
1171,
29889,
13,
7058,
29915,
29879,
278,
4513,
786,
310,
2246,
29871,
29896,
29900,
20537,
713,
14578,
21321,
2343,
9012,
445,
7250,
29889,
5853,
20537,
713,
14578,
21321,
2343,
9012,
526,
3625,
373,
23924,
895,
10130,
4700,
29889,
2823,
366,
1449,
6454,
22396,
29889,
13,
25559,
263,
5828,
304,
2649,
29892,
470,
4558,
304,
6232,
373,
263,
16679,
9763,
297,
20537,
423,
470,
8724,
29973,
15076,
963,
304,
23924,
895,
10130,
3025,
806,
1446,
932,
29898,
29900,
29929,
29900,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29906,
29947,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29955,
29955,
29897,
13,
29949,
29880,
688,
29890,
996,
29874,
306,
479,
338,
385,
394,
1227,
375,
310,
450,
21755,
21695,
293,
29892,
306,
12313,
273,
322,
278,
544,
5286,
2738,
22704,
29965,
29909,
29889,
402,
29890,
996,
29874,
338,
385,
18860,
1634,
9555,
472,
23924,
895,
10130,
29892,
263,
716,
5745,
23644,
15736,
29892,
322,
2691,
29899,
3874,
1312,
5745,
13787,
2265,
29889,
13,
29931,
799,
29876,
278,
7035,
304,
19781,
5613,
7688,
6410,
2298,
1243,
20170,
583,
310,
2305,
1058,
505,
7795,
1573,
29889,
13,
29903,
1251,
384,
292,
8565,
22205,
830,
345,
1338,
18385,
10630,
351,
336,
393,
22305,
7567,
9208,
29871,
29906,
29945,
1195,
2667,
322,
3617,
3767,
549,
261,
382,
276,
1953,
1728,
2625,
9545,
13,
4373,
18473,
29899,
797,
20309,
2439,
5521,
5240,
7584,
1105,
26475,
573,
30098,
2379,
1878,
267,
1283,
13,
855,
481,
5819,
2029,
542,
8668,
29892,
12494,
25891,
354,
29874,
322,
916,
6376,
630,
512,
1725,
1953,
29991,
13,
29911,
2859,
310,
1176,
4097,
29973,
3617,
349,
4717,
29954,
2672,
5348,
4945,
29892,
20537,
423,
29915,
29879,
1939,
29889,
29896,
512,
369,
2153,
13,
3629,
278,
937,
304,
1073,
30098,
2577,
14218,
4513,
701,
310,
2246,
20537,
713,
19656,
2343,
9012,
29889,
16297,
1244,
29889,
13,
29911,
2859,
310,
15899,
289,
6090,
29914,
27959,
11462,
29973,
2921,
1283,
278,
6856,
30098,
657,
349,
4717,
29954,
317,
5607,
1718,
363,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29914,
29955,
694,
275,
6393,
322,
443,
1639,
14214,
3081,
11421,
29889,
13,
1525,
29931,
3040,
29928,
14693,
7811,
6720,
1525,
3895,
26524,
29950,
1955,
13,
18510,
438,
5223,
29890,
7069,
830,
345,
1338,
1724,
624,
3554,
18136,
3645,
317,
5436,
292,
2180,
11554,
13,
29933,
15218,
3536,
314,
29901,
6640,
532,
29875,
830,
345,
1338,
16025,
315,
1485,
292,
3789,
1627,
512,
8811,
20462,
13,
3727,
29882,
1306,
9537,
29879,
1763,
830,
29899,
29872,
1464,
4587,
15846,
554,
348,
280,
1094,
315,
2190,
7178,
13,
29940,
4087,
713,
1570,
1028,
21321,
29901,
7488,
29871,
29896,
29900,
12252,
9012,
20628,
15050,
4515,
3250,
29892,
5306,
29871,
29896,
29929,
386,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
13,
29923,
29965,
1763,
20537,
423,
29901,
3872,
29915,
29873,
11190,
3575,
4432,
25804,
1152,
1632,
9714,
13,
23686,
4250,
29875,
13377,
2879,
2672,
11206,
19928,
7138,
346,
5656,
501,
8485,
1152,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
382,
5942,
13,
29950,
2018,
29879,
1527,
5013,
557,
1551,
476,
8873,
4587,
360,
6334,
357,
4587,
10393,
264,
361,
406,
951,
1664,
383,
294,
272,
3656,
13,
5596,
4451,
14846,
2391,
4587,
23844,
6007,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29929,
951,
9382,
2522,
272,
414,
13,
13992,
342,
405,
29899,
21472,
10130,
12252,
9012,
1152,
498,
1295,
3250,
29892,
5468,
29871,
29896,
29947,
386,
13,
29940,
29899,
21472
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.986898 | -1.349377 | -0.511847 | -1.177853 |
Organization Type Art Gallery Arts Council/Alliance Association/Club/Group/Guild Business -- Business Services -- Retail Corporation Creative Design Creative Sonoma Grantee Dance Decorative Arts Education -- Adult Arts Education -- Youth Arts Education Environmental Faith Based/Religious Festivals/Markets Film Office -- Creative Services -- Crew -- Equipment -- Multimedia -- Production Companies -- Talent Film/Video Fine Crafts Food/Drink Foundation Government History/Heritage Holidays Shop Local -- Museum and Gallery Memberships -- Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets Interior Design Kids/Family Library Literature/Poetry Media Museum Music Nonprofit Nonprofit Services Performing Arts Product/Industrial Design Publishing/Printing Recovery Fund Grantee School Special Events Sports/Outdoors Theatre Travel Visual Arts
Select Zip / Postal Code 94922 94923 94926 94927 94928 94931 94951 94952 94953 94954 94955 94972 94975 94999 95401 95402 95403 95404 95405 95406 95407 95408 95409 95412 95416 95421 95425 95430 95431 95433 95436 95439 95441 95442 95446 95448 95450 95452 95465 95471 95472 95473 95476 95492 95497 95550 95562
Share Facebook Twitter Linkedin
Sonoma County is home to more than 200 non-profit arts organizations along with 100s of other creative enterprises who work every day to enrich our lives with exhibits, performances, readings, happenings. Sometimes, they are caretakers of our collective cultural identity. Sometimes they are tour guides, leading us on an exploration into uncharted emotional waters. And always, they are the critical threads that tie together the fabric of our creative community. Browse this ever-growing gathering of our creative eco-system for ideas and opportunities.
Do you work for a creative organization or enterprise in Sonoma County? Register HERE to have your company's page included on CreativeSonoma.org.
A Miracle Production[AMP] Dance, Festivals/Markets, Music, Performing Arts, Theatre A Miracle Production[AMP] Produces & Promotes Bands, Concerts, Festivals, Shows & Events.
Alchemia Adult Arts Education, Art Gallery, Dance, Education, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Youth Arts Education A non-profit organization, Alchemia nurtures the creative expression of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities by providing a vehicle for personal growth and accomplishment. Alchemia supports over 100 artists by offering studio space, exhibition space and mentoring from professional artists in dance, performance, and the visual arts. Located in Sonoma and Marin counties, Alchemia operates a studio/performance space in NW Santa Rosa and retail galleries at 111 Kentucky Street in downtown Petaluma and 1123 Grant Avenue in downtown Novato.
Catalyst Arts Entertainment Business, Creative Design, Dance, Film/Video, Performing Arts, Special Events
Catalyst Arts elevates celebrations through wow-factor entertainment & experiential activations.
We specialize in living decor, cirque & hospitality entertainers, face/body paint, & cutting-edge event styling.
In addition to an outrageous costume warehouse & top-tier talent roster, we have a video production studio, Catalyst Studios with ever-expanding capabilities, including immersive media production.
We're ready to bring your most brilliant ideas to life!
Chalk Hill Artist Residency Art Gallery, Creative Design, Dance, Decorative Arts, Environmental, Fine Craft
|
[
9205,
2133,
5167,
3012,
15230,
11401,
8831,
29914,
2499,
13036,
7993,
29914,
6821,
431,
29914,
4782,
29914,
9485,
789,
15197,
1192,
15197,
15538,
1192,
4649,
737,
15025,
26635,
12037,
26635,
5791,
4125,
6274,
371,
29872,
22440,
3826,
272,
1230,
11401,
13151,
1192,
2087,
499,
11401,
13151,
1192,
26040,
11401,
13151,
16738,
284,
7748,
389,
16564,
29914,
9662,
335,
2738,
14615,
440,
1338,
29914,
9802,
1691,
4643,
11367,
1192,
26635,
15538,
1192,
315,
3973,
1192,
11243,
666,
358,
1192,
9683,
3393,
1192,
19561,
3831,
273,
583,
1192,
10288,
296,
4643,
29914,
15167,
28896,
315,
4154,
29879,
25453,
29914,
25639,
682,
10606,
10354,
5298,
29914,
18650,
16639,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
1192,
6838,
322,
15230,
341,
13415,
14587,
1192,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
4124,
1611,
12037,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
9538,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
8213,
6838,
6125,
10050,
771,
9202,
10050,
771,
9202,
15538,
27313,
292,
11401,
10969,
29914,
2568,
504,
9315,
12037,
19088,
29914,
11816,
292,
3599,
22205,
13249,
6274,
371,
29872,
4523,
12630,
28488,
12453,
29914,
3744,
1867,
943,
15521,
3201,
955,
9249,
11401,
13,
3549,
796,
666,
847,
4918,
284,
5920,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29941,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29955,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29947,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29941,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29945,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29945,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29945,
29941,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29945,
29945,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29955,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29955,
29945,
29871,
29929,
29946,
29929,
29929,
29929,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29941,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29946,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29945,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29955,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29947,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29929,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29896,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29896,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29906,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29906,
29945,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29941,
29900,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29941,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29941,
29941,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29941,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29941,
29929,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29946,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29946,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29946,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29946,
29947,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29945,
29900,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29945,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29953,
29945,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29955,
29896,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29955,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29955,
29941,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29955,
29953,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29929,
29906,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29946,
29929,
29955,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29945,
29945,
29900,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29945,
29953,
29906,
13,
2713,
598,
13327,
20147,
28547,
262,
13,
29903,
265,
4125,
5127,
338,
3271,
304,
901,
1135,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
16930,
25700,
3412,
411,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
29879,
310,
916,
907,
1230,
3896,
558,
4637,
1058,
664,
1432,
2462,
304,
427,
4018,
1749,
12080,
411,
10371,
1169,
29892,
21637,
29892,
1303,
886,
29892,
3799,
886,
29889,
18512,
29892,
896,
526,
2562,
29873,
21079,
310,
1749,
6314,
573,
16375,
10110,
29889,
18512,
896,
526,
6282,
1410,
2247,
29892,
8236,
502,
373,
385,
3902,
12418,
964,
443,
15425,
287,
23023,
1848,
19922,
29889,
1126,
2337,
29892,
896,
526,
278,
12187,
9717,
393,
22134,
4208,
278,
18187,
310,
1749,
907,
1230,
7881,
29889,
22415,
344,
445,
3926,
29899,
29887,
798,
292,
11705,
292,
310,
1749,
907,
1230,
321,
1111,
29899,
5205,
363,
7014,
322,
28602,
1907,
29889,
13,
6132,
366,
664,
363,
263,
907,
1230,
13013,
470,
3896,
7734,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29973,
12577,
379,
27267,
304,
505,
596,
5001,
29915,
29879,
1813,
5134,
373,
26635,
29903,
265,
4125,
29889,
990,
29889,
13,
29909,
5493,
10792,
19561,
29961,
19297,
29962,
22440,
29892,
14615,
440,
1338,
29914,
9802,
1691,
29892,
6125,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
15521,
319,
5493,
10792,
19561,
29961,
19297,
29962,
7138,
778,
669,
9705,
4769,
350,
4167,
29892,
1281,
6327,
29879,
29892,
14615,
440,
1338,
29892,
1383,
1242,
669,
28488,
29889,
13,
2499,
14969,
423,
2087,
499,
11401,
13151,
29892,
3012,
15230,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
319,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
13013,
29892,
838,
14969,
423,
302,
4227,
1973,
278,
907,
1230,
4603,
310,
15724,
411,
29762,
322,
5849,
284,
766,
11614,
491,
13138,
263,
19716,
363,
7333,
14321,
322,
12709,
358,
29889,
838,
14969,
423,
11286,
975,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
17906,
491,
27032,
8693,
2913,
29892,
29130,
2913,
322,
6042,
8253,
515,
10257,
17906,
297,
17948,
29892,
4180,
29892,
322,
278,
7604,
16930,
29889,
5976,
630,
297,
5791,
4125,
322,
1085,
262,
2302,
583,
29892,
838,
14969,
423,
1751,
1078,
263,
8693,
29914,
546,
13390,
2913,
297,
405,
29956,
7510,
21974,
322,
3240,
737,
11798,
6358,
472,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29896,
24043,
7103,
297,
16611,
593,
776,
5879,
284,
10859,
322,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29906,
29941,
18102,
18874,
297,
16611,
593,
776,
2864,
1219,
29889,
13,
29907,
2075,
858,
11401,
18189,
15197,
29892,
26635,
12037,
29892,
22440,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
12630,
28488,
13,
29907,
2075,
858,
11401,
11858,
1078,
10894,
800,
1549,
281,
340,
29899,
19790,
22684,
358,
669,
2902,
993,
616,
5039,
800,
29889,
13,
4806,
4266,
675,
297,
8471,
10200,
29892,
5902,
802,
669,
13457,
537,
22684,
414,
29892,
3700,
29914,
2587,
10675,
29892,
669,
28967,
29899,
12864,
1741,
15877,
1847,
29889,
13,
797,
6124,
304,
385,
714,
6617,
681,
3438,
2017,
281,
598,
8697,
669,
2246,
29899,
29873,
631,
24242,
696,
2475,
29892,
591,
505,
263,
4863,
5802,
8693,
29892,
11732,
858,
23268,
411,
3926,
29899,
18837,
292,
27108,
29892,
3704,
5198,
414,
573,
5745,
5802,
29889,
13,
4806,
29915,
276,
7960,
304,
6963,
596,
1556,
27592,
7014,
304,
2834,
29991,
13,
1451,
2235,
9143,
3012,
391,
2538,
3615,
1270,
3012,
15230,
29892,
26635,
12037,
29892,
22440,
29892,
3826,
272,
1230,
11401,
29892,
16738,
284,
29892,
28896,
315,
4154
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.339707 | -1.065487 | -0.199939 | 0.092083 |
s, Literature/Poetry, Media, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Product/Industrial Design, Visual Arts
Chalk Hill Artist Residency is a unique opportunity for artists across mediums to work and stay at the beautiful Warnecke Ranch and Vineyard.
The program is located in Sonoma County, an hour and a half north of San Francisco. Artists from a diverse range of abilities and geographical locations are able to find the space and time needed to pursue creative work. Chalk Hill Artist Residency offers the use of the artist house, studio space, and access to the ranch property. The property's oak woodlands, hiking trails, vineyards, and private access to the Russian River are sources of inspiration for residents.
Cloverdale Performing Arts Center Dance, Education, History/Heritage, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Literature/Poetry, Museum, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts The Mission of the Cloverdale Performing Arts Center: The Cloverdale Performing Arts Center is committed to being a vital performing arts presence by entertaining, inspiring, and educating our audiences with high-quality live productions. Through theatre, music, dance, and storytelling, we aim to strengthen community ties, broaden the cultural horizons of the entire community, and help prepare people of all ages for careers in the performing arts. Our History: The Cloverdale Performing Arts Center, Inc., a non-profit organization, was originally formed in May 2007 to provide a vehicle for education in, production and development of the performing arts, included but not limited to drama, musical and related cultural productions and to encourage community participation in all aspects thereof. The establishment of a performance space was intended to aid in the ongoing improvement of rundown areas; bolster the economic future and vitality of not only our downtown through increased traffic, but also our hotels and restaurants; and to provide a forum for our community to gather to share in what we, the community, can create. The Cloverdale Grange was our first home. That building, located at 201 Commercial Street, was to have been remodeled into a professional theatre built with funds from the City of Cloverdale, but then the building formerly known as Clover Fitness Center located 209 North Cloverdale Blvd became available early in 2008. CPAC then entered into a contract with the City of Cloverdale to purchase and renovate that building. Cloverdale Performing Arts Center will continue to manage the use of the Grange Building as a performance space, theatre annex, office, classroom and workshop space.
Escolar Art Gallery, Arts Council/Alliance, Association/Club/Group/Guild, Creative Design, Dance, Decorative Arts, Education, Environmental, Film/Video, Fine Crafts, Government, History/Heritage, Interior Design, Kids/Family, Literature/Poetry, Media, Museum, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Product/Industrial Design, Publishing/Printing, Special Events, Visual Arts
Escolar is an art and design research collective working at the intersection of regenerative agriculture and cultural production within an anti-capitalist and de-colonial framework.
We maintain a curatorial practice and an exhibition venue, a residency with production facilities and support, provide design and fabrication support for local activists and maintain a one-acre experimental farm with an emphasis on native flora.
-We provide housing, food and production support for visiting and local artists.
-We produce public art exhibitions and complementary workshops, talks and symposiums.
-We foster a symbiotic relationship between cultural, agricultural and land-use practices.
-We build linkages between theoretical and material labor/ modes of work.
-We organize a space where creative work is separate from the cultural hierarchies and professional roles of global finance capital.
-We develop, explore and deepen communal understandings of regionally specific land management practices and their histories.
-We help provide local youth with access to a world class network of artists, musicians and thinkers.
-We provide educational programs to emerging artists and the public on regenerative agriculture.
Explore Yoga LLC Arts Council/Alliance, Dance, Education, Film/Video, Kids/Family, Music, Performing Arts, Sports/Outdoors, Theatre, Travel, Visual Arts Com
|
[
29879,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
8213,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
10969,
29914,
2568,
504,
9315,
12037,
29892,
9249,
11401,
13,
1451,
2235,
9143,
3012,
391,
2538,
3615,
1270,
338,
263,
5412,
15130,
363,
17906,
4822,
18350,
29879,
304,
664,
322,
7952,
472,
278,
9560,
3362,
484,
10055,
390,
14588,
322,
478,
457,
19852,
29889,
13,
1576,
1824,
338,
5982,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29892,
385,
7234,
322,
263,
4203,
6641,
310,
3087,
8970,
29889,
3012,
2879,
515,
263,
16984,
3464,
310,
633,
9770,
322,
1737,
19711,
14354,
526,
2221,
304,
1284,
278,
2913,
322,
931,
4312,
304,
12359,
434,
907,
1230,
664,
29889,
678,
2235,
9143,
3012,
391,
2538,
3615,
1270,
16688,
278,
671,
310,
278,
7664,
3699,
29892,
8693,
2913,
29892,
322,
2130,
304,
278,
6350,
305,
2875,
29889,
450,
2875,
29915,
29879,
288,
557,
8112,
5252,
29892,
298,
638,
292,
1020,
2719,
29892,
325,
457,
29891,
3163,
29892,
322,
2024,
2130,
304,
278,
10637,
6163,
526,
8974,
310,
8681,
12232,
363,
24060,
29889,
13,
29907,
417,
369,
23276,
27313,
292,
11401,
7817,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
5298,
29914,
18650,
16639,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
6838,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
450,
18971,
310,
278,
27397,
369,
23276,
27313,
292,
11401,
7817,
29901,
450,
27397,
369,
23276,
27313,
292,
11401,
7817,
338,
19355,
304,
1641,
263,
27131,
15859,
16930,
10122,
491,
22684,
292,
29892,
8681,
8491,
29892,
322,
6320,
1218,
1749,
12990,
819,
778,
411,
1880,
29899,
29567,
5735,
1391,
1953,
29889,
17044,
24520,
29892,
4696,
29892,
17948,
29892,
322,
5828,
29873,
7807,
29892,
591,
12242,
304,
9324,
264,
7881,
260,
583,
29892,
2545,
4858,
278,
16375,
4029,
466,
787,
310,
278,
4152,
7881,
29892,
322,
1371,
19012,
2305,
310,
599,
24646,
363,
2562,
414,
297,
278,
15859,
16930,
29889,
8680,
5298,
29901,
450,
27397,
369,
23276,
27313,
292,
11401,
7817,
29892,
9266,
1696,
263,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
13013,
29892,
471,
10437,
8429,
297,
2610,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
304,
3867,
263,
19716,
363,
9793,
297,
29892,
5802,
322,
5849,
310,
278,
15859,
16930,
29892,
5134,
541,
451,
9078,
304,
18621,
29892,
9636,
322,
4475,
16375,
1391,
1953,
322,
304,
13731,
6617,
7881,
27577,
297,
599,
21420,
727,
974,
29889,
450,
25012,
310,
263,
4180,
2913,
471,
9146,
304,
16226,
297,
278,
373,
17696,
20414,
310,
17048,
776,
10161,
29936,
15772,
2475,
278,
17407,
5434,
322,
27131,
537,
310,
451,
871,
1749,
16611,
593,
776,
1549,
11664,
12469,
29892,
541,
884,
1749,
7375,
1379,
322,
12374,
1934,
29936,
322,
304,
3867,
263,
24179,
363,
1749,
7881,
304,
11705,
304,
6232,
297,
825,
591,
29892,
278,
7881,
29892,
508,
1653,
29889,
450,
27397,
369,
23276,
402,
3881,
471,
1749,
937,
3271,
29889,
2193,
5214,
29892,
5982,
472,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29896,
422,
1050,
1455,
7103,
29892,
471,
304,
505,
1063,
1083,
356,
839,
964,
263,
10257,
24520,
4240,
411,
29199,
515,
278,
4412,
310,
27397,
369,
23276,
29892,
541,
769,
278,
5214,
21510,
2998,
408,
27397,
369,
383,
277,
2264,
7817,
5982,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29929,
4644,
27397,
369,
23276,
3164,
27491,
3897,
3625,
4688,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29947,
29889,
28505,
2477,
769,
7802,
964,
263,
8078,
411,
278,
4412,
310,
27397,
369,
23276,
304,
20590,
322,
25615,
403,
393,
5214,
29889,
27397,
369,
23276,
27313,
292,
11401,
7817,
674,
6773,
304,
10933,
278,
671,
310,
278,
402,
3881,
17166,
408,
263,
4180,
2913,
29892,
24520,
385,
13996,
29892,
8034,
29892,
770,
8345,
322,
664,
19032,
2913,
29889,
13,
14190,
1054,
279,
3012,
15230,
29892,
11401,
8831,
29914,
2499,
13036,
29892,
7993,
29914,
6821,
431,
29914,
4782,
29914,
9485,
789,
29892,
26635,
12037,
29892,
22440,
29892,
3826,
272,
1230,
11401,
29892,
13151,
29892,
16738,
284,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
28896,
315,
4154,
29879,
29892,
10354,
29892,
5298,
29914,
18650,
16639,
29892,
4124,
1611,
12037,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
8213,
29892,
6838,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
10969,
29914,
2568,
504,
9315,
12037,
29892,
19088,
29914,
11816,
292,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
9249,
11401,
13,
14190,
1054,
279,
338,
385,
1616,
322,
2874,
5925,
6314,
573,
1985,
472,
278,
17686,
310,
1072,
759,
1230,
18032,
545,
322,
16375,
5802,
2629,
385,
9418,
29899,
5030,
2410,
391,
322,
316,
29899,
17308,
616,
6890,
29889,
13,
4806,
7344,
263,
3151,
24737,
6944,
322,
385,
29130,
6003,
434,
29892,
263,
620,
3615,
1270,
411,
5802,
23330,
322,
2304,
29892,
3867,
2874,
322,
18187,
362,
2304,
363,
1887,
5039,
2879,
322,
7344,
263,
697,
29899,
21160,
17986,
17888,
411,
385,
19310,
275,
373,
7531,
1652,
2207,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
3867,
27261,
29892,
9687,
322,
5802,
2304,
363,
6493,
292,
322,
1887,
17906,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
7738,
970,
1616,
10371,
2187,
322,
19595,
653,
664,
845,
3554,
29892,
5969,
2039,
322,
5016,
1066,
21425,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
9926,
261,
263,
5016,
5365,
13574,
9443,
1546,
16375,
29892,
18032,
3631,
322,
2982,
29899,
1509,
23274,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
2048,
1544,
1179,
1546,
23399,
322,
5518,
10212,
29914,
18893,
310,
664,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
2894,
675,
263,
2913,
988,
907,
1230,
664,
338,
5004,
515,
278,
16375,
6128,
1279,
583,
322,
10257,
16178,
310,
5534,
1436,
749,
7483,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
2693,
29892,
26987,
322,
6483,
264,
3817,
284,
2274,
886,
310,
5120,
635,
2702,
2982,
10643,
23274,
322,
1009,
3603,
583,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
1371,
3867,
1887,
12397,
411,
2130,
304,
263,
3186,
770,
3564,
310,
17906,
29892,
2301,
14722,
322,
1348,
414,
29889,
13,
29899,
4806,
3867,
28976,
11104,
304,
11176,
3460,
17906,
322,
278,
970,
373,
1072,
759,
1230,
18032,
545,
29889,
13,
1252,
572,
487,
612,
14895,
365,
12182,
11401,
8831,
29914,
2499,
13036,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
6125,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
12453,
29914,
3744,
1867,
943,
29892,
15521,
29892,
3201,
955,
29892,
9249,
11401,
422
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.742511 | -0.407185 | 0.553327 | 0.886426 |
bining the arts with movement and meditation has the profound ability to build a community of resilience, authenticity, and compassion. I believe in creating sacred space for curiosity and play, for learning and growing, for creative expression and supportive listening. I work with students from K-8 grades as well as adults. I have an extensive background in dance and the performing arts, I am a certified yoga instructor, a substitute teacher, a PCS art docent. My mission is for all my students/clients to walk away feeling creative, empowered and emboldened to show up in life as themselves. Offerings: Creative Movement, Art & Yoga, Stagecraft, Explore the Elements, Family/Community Yoga
Folklight Film Club Crew, Dance, Education, Film Office, Film/Video, Multimedia, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Production Companies, Special Events, Talent, Theatre, Visual Arts Folklight Film Club is a wine club-inspired membership experience around making a movie. Members attend unique events, get behind the scenes, and influence the movie being made. It's the world's first farm-to-table film. Membership enrollment is open now, space is limited, and enrollment closes in the fall. Sonoma, Napa, Marin, and Mendocino residents are eligible for membership.
Table Read: The table read is the first time a screenwriter hears the script they've written read out loud by a group of actors who may or may not end up in the film. This is one of the important first steps of creating a narrative feature film, and you get to be there from the beginning.
Red Carpet Oscar Party: Get red carpet ready and gather with club members to celebrate movie making's biggest night. Games, red carpet interviews, wine, and surprises will be some highlights of the evening.
Panel Discussion with Filmmakers & Cast: Fresh after wrapping principal photography on your film, get together with the cast and creative team to hear about the process and ask anything you'd like to know.
Gallery Show: Enjoy art in multiple mediums inspired by themes from your film, mingling with members, and wine.
Member-made Short Films: Get in front of or behind the camera and make a short film! Guided by Folklight professionals and our student crew, you make a short film in one day.
Folklight Member Shorts Festival: Enjoy an evening of short films created by you!
Film Inspo Concert: An interactive, 360° concert featuring re-imagined moments and music from beloved films. More details than this would ruin the surprise.
Concert of the Original Soundtrack: A concert of original music created for Folklight's feature film, with performances from the singer/songwriters, presented with a twist.
Members' Red Carpet Premiere: Be the first to see and celebrate the world's first farm-to-table film. Walk the red carpet and become a part of film history in Sonoma County and beyond.
Tell Us Your Stories Survey: This survey is where you plant the seeds of inspiration for the world's first farm-to-table film.
Be a Location Scout: Do you own or manage somewhere? Do you want to see it in your film?
Be a Casting Director: Watch audition videos and vote for your favorite to play a role in your film.
Choose the name of your film: Choose your favorite name from a list created by our screenwriter and director.
Choose your film's poster design: Choose the design that you think most captures the eye and the essence of your film.
Video & email updates getting you behind the scenes of your film's progress: We take you behind the scenes and show you every step of creating your film.
You decide where the money goes: Should your film secure distribution and make money, you choose whether the money goes into growing our education program, to our scholarship fund, toward continued filmmaking (Folklight Film Club is a 501(c)3 (pending) nonprofit), or to the local 501(c)3 charitable organization of your choice.
SWAG:
Digital access to you feature film
Digital download of the original soundtrack
Digital access to the making-of documentary
Healdsburg Center For The Arts Adult Arts Education, Art Gallery, Arts Council/Alliance, Association/Club/Group/Guild, Business, Corporation, Dance, Decorative
|
[
2109,
292,
278,
16930,
411,
10298,
322,
1612,
7018,
756,
278,
2600,
618,
11509,
304,
2048,
263,
7881,
310,
620,
2638,
663,
29892,
15585,
537,
29892,
322,
752,
465,
291,
29889,
306,
4658,
297,
4969,
26546,
2913,
363,
27742,
322,
1708,
29892,
363,
6509,
322,
15678,
29892,
363,
907,
1230,
4603,
322,
2304,
573,
19866,
29889,
306,
664,
411,
8041,
515,
476,
29899,
29947,
867,
3076,
408,
1532,
408,
16157,
29879,
29889,
306,
505,
385,
20607,
3239,
297,
17948,
322,
278,
15859,
16930,
29892,
306,
626,
263,
2284,
2164,
343,
14895,
18690,
272,
29892,
263,
23764,
15703,
29892,
263,
349,
9295,
1616,
1574,
296,
29889,
1619,
10655,
338,
363,
599,
590,
8041,
29914,
11303,
1237,
304,
6686,
3448,
11223,
907,
1230,
29892,
3710,
1680,
287,
322,
7232,
1025,
6419,
304,
1510,
701,
297,
2834,
408,
6053,
29889,
4587,
571,
886,
29901,
26635,
14104,
882,
29892,
3012,
669,
612,
14895,
29892,
24906,
17293,
29892,
1222,
572,
487,
278,
10619,
29879,
29892,
14662,
29914,
5261,
6997,
612,
14895,
13,
29943,
28387,
4366,
4643,
5977,
315,
3973,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
4643,
11367,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
9683,
3393,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
19561,
3831,
273,
583,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
10288,
296,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
8301,
29895,
4366,
4643,
5977,
338,
263,
19006,
4402,
29899,
262,
1028,
2859,
28512,
7271,
2820,
3907,
263,
14064,
29889,
341,
13415,
14333,
5412,
4959,
29892,
679,
5742,
278,
20407,
29892,
322,
9949,
278,
14064,
1641,
1754,
29889,
739,
29915,
29879,
278,
3186,
29915,
29879,
937,
17888,
29899,
517,
29899,
2371,
2706,
29889,
341,
1590,
10475,
427,
1245,
358,
338,
1722,
1286,
29892,
2913,
338,
9078,
29892,
322,
427,
1245,
358,
4694,
267,
297,
278,
6416,
29889,
5791,
4125,
29892,
8344,
29874,
29892,
1085,
262,
29892,
322,
341,
355,
542,
1789,
24060,
526,
560,
335,
1821,
363,
28512,
29889,
13,
3562,
7523,
29901,
450,
1591,
1303,
338,
278,
937,
931,
263,
4315,
13236,
540,
1503,
278,
2471,
896,
29915,
345,
3971,
1303,
714,
22526,
491,
263,
2318,
310,
29701,
1058,
1122,
470,
1122,
451,
1095,
701,
297,
278,
2706,
29889,
910,
338,
697,
310,
278,
4100,
937,
6576,
310,
4969,
263,
15474,
1230,
4682,
2706,
29892,
322,
366,
679,
304,
367,
727,
515,
278,
6763,
29889,
13,
9039,
1704,
10963,
19054,
9173,
29901,
3617,
2654,
1559,
10963,
7960,
322,
11705,
411,
4402,
5144,
304,
10894,
403,
14064,
3907,
29915,
29879,
24842,
4646,
29889,
12482,
29892,
2654,
1559,
10963,
1006,
7406,
29892,
19006,
29892,
322,
11468,
4637,
674,
367,
777,
12141,
29879,
310,
278,
11005,
29889,
13,
7490,
8565,
1558,
291,
411,
2514,
4317,
21079,
669,
4834,
29901,
383,
3781,
1156,
28489,
5882,
6731,
5275,
373,
596,
2706,
29892,
679,
4208,
411,
278,
4320,
322,
907,
1230,
3815,
304,
8293,
1048,
278,
1889,
322,
2244,
3099,
366,
29915,
29881,
763,
304,
1073,
29889,
13,
29954,
23365,
7704,
29901,
1174,
2212,
29891,
1616,
297,
2999,
18350,
29879,
20603,
491,
963,
267,
515,
596,
2706,
29892,
286,
292,
1847,
411,
5144,
29892,
322,
19006,
29889,
13,
13404,
29899,
26350,
13899,
21470,
29901,
3617,
297,
4565,
310,
470,
5742,
278,
10656,
322,
1207,
263,
3273,
2706,
29991,
2088,
2618,
491,
8301,
29895,
4366,
6351,
1338,
322,
1749,
8368,
17616,
29892,
366,
1207,
263,
3273,
2706,
297,
697,
2462,
29889,
13,
29943,
28387,
4366,
19495,
13899,
29879,
8518,
29901,
1174,
2212,
29891,
385,
11005,
310,
3273,
12298,
2825,
491,
366,
29991,
13,
3434,
29885,
512,
1028,
29877,
1281,
6327,
29901,
530,
28923,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29900,
30073,
13135,
23425,
337,
29899,
326,
351,
1312,
19462,
322,
4696,
515,
1339,
8238,
12298,
29889,
5853,
4902,
1135,
445,
723,
5796,
262,
278,
16671,
29889,
13,
1168,
6327,
310,
278,
8533,
14976,
11294,
29901,
319,
13135,
310,
2441,
4696,
2825,
363,
8301,
29895,
4366,
29915,
29879,
4682,
2706,
29892,
411,
21637,
515,
278,
15640,
29914,
21453,
8231,
414,
29892,
9132,
411,
263,
3252,
391,
29889,
13,
29924,
13415,
29915,
4367,
1704,
10963,
6097,
10883,
29901,
1522,
278,
937,
304,
1074,
322,
10894,
403,
278,
3186,
29915,
29879,
937,
17888,
29899,
517,
29899,
2371,
2706,
29889,
12878,
278,
2654,
1559,
10963,
322,
4953,
263,
760,
310,
2706,
4955,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
322,
8724,
29889,
13,
29911,
514,
10783,
3575,
624,
3842,
23218,
29901,
910,
18994,
338,
988,
366,
8024,
278,
409,
5779,
310,
8681,
12232,
363,
278,
3186,
29915,
29879,
937,
17888,
29899,
517,
29899,
2371,
2706,
29889,
13,
3629,
263,
17015,
2522,
449,
29901,
1938,
366,
1914,
470,
10933,
9051,
29973,
1938,
366,
864,
304,
1074,
372,
297,
596,
2706,
29973,
13,
3629,
263,
4834,
292,
15944,
29901,
24274,
12990,
654,
19707,
322,
11719,
363,
596,
25448,
304,
1708,
263,
6297,
297,
596,
2706,
29889,
13,
15954,
852,
278,
1024,
310,
596,
2706,
29901,
14542,
852,
596,
25448,
1024,
515,
263,
1051,
2825,
491,
1749,
4315,
13236,
322,
8881,
29889,
13,
15954,
852,
596,
2706,
29915,
29879,
10368,
2874,
29901,
14542,
852,
278,
2874,
393,
366,
1348,
1556,
4332,
1973,
278,
10977,
322,
278,
3686,
663,
310,
596,
2706,
29889,
13,
15167,
669,
4876,
11217,
2805,
366,
5742,
278,
20407,
310,
596,
2706,
29915,
29879,
6728,
29901,
1334,
2125,
366,
5742,
278,
20407,
322,
1510,
366,
1432,
4331,
310,
4969,
596,
2706,
29889,
13,
3492,
11097,
988,
278,
6909,
5771,
29901,
10575,
596,
2706,
11592,
4978,
322,
1207,
6909,
29892,
366,
6755,
3692,
278,
6909,
5771,
964,
15678,
1749,
9793,
1824,
29892,
304,
1749,
21344,
3527,
5220,
29892,
11183,
7572,
2706,
28990,
313,
29943,
28387,
4366,
4643,
5977,
338,
263,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29896,
29898,
29883,
29897,
29941,
313,
29886,
2548,
29897,
1661,
771,
9202,
511,
470,
304,
278,
1887,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29896,
29898,
29883,
29897,
29941,
1373,
8270,
13013,
310,
596,
7348,
29889,
13,
23066,
10051,
29901,
13,
27103,
2130,
304,
366,
4682,
2706,
13,
27103,
5142,
310,
278,
2441,
6047,
11294,
13,
27103,
2130,
304,
278,
3907,
29899,
974,
1842,
653,
13,
3868,
2741,
29879,
3074,
7817,
1152,
450,
11401,
2087,
499,
11401,
13151,
29892,
3012,
15230,
29892,
11401,
8831,
29914,
2499,
13036,
29892,
7993,
29914,
6821,
431,
29914,
4782,
29914,
9485,
789,
29892,
15197,
29892,
15025,
29892,
22440,
29892,
3826,
272,
1230
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.997915 | -0.643707 | 0.162404 | 0.84848 |
Arts, Education, Festivals/Markets, Film/Video, Fine Crafts, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Literature/Poetry, Media, Museum and Gallery Memberships, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Recovery Fund Grantee, Retail, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts, Youth Arts Education Healdsburg Center for the Arts is a non-profit organization dedicated to creating, inspiring, and promoting the arts through community education programs, events, and exhibitions.
Jake Ward Presents Dance, Festivals/Markets, Music, Performing Arts, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts Jake Ward Presents is a boutique entertainment and event promotion company based in Santa Rosa. In addition to producing local artistic showcase events we offer freelance consultation and event planning services. Jake Ward is the founder/director of multiple local arts enterprises including North Bay Cabaret, a monthly variety show series which occurs every third Friday at Whiskey Tip in Santa Rosa, and most recently, the Roseland Community Festival which debuts on Sunday October 1st. As an emcee, booker, and creative consultant, Jake Ward has worked with a number of local events and clients such as The Handcar Regatta, Railroad Square Music Festival, Rivertown Revival, Courthouse Square Festival, The Kinetic Carnivale, and many more.
Latin Elements Dance Company Dance, Performing Arts, School For the LOVE of DANCE! OUR MISSION IS TO EMPOWER WOMEN TO FEEL COMFORTABLE IN THEIR OWN SKIN...and learn a little something too thanks to our world class professional coaches ;-) We are living THE DREAM because we get to provide a safe space for women to express themselves through the joys of movement and dance. WE PROVIDE:
The opportunity to express your individuality
How to move all Sexy Like - in a healthy and empowering way
Performance, Movement and Choreography Training
Skills on how to tell a story through dance
How to take care of your body in order to continue dancing for as long as you wish
And...Opportunities to Perform - If that's what you're into of course
*NOTE: It is not necessary to perform to be in the Performance Class Go to our website for more information on our current schedule of classes. Latin Elements was born from the passion and drive we all share for movement, health, and empowerment! We look forward to sharing with you!
Le Studio Danse Adult Arts Education, Dance, Education, Kids/Family, Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Youth Arts Education Located in downtown Santa Rosa, Le Studio hosts a variety of both children and adult dance and art classes as well as community workshops.
Luther Burbank Center For The Arts Creative Sonoma Grantee, Dance, Education, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets, Recovery Fund Grantee, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts, Youth Arts Education A 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Luther Burbank Center for the Arts is home to world-class performances, nationally-recognized education programs, contemporary visual art, and many popular events. The Arts Center is located in the heart of the Sonoma wine country and ranked among California's top performing arts presenters. Together with its resident companies, the Center presents more than 100 performances in music, dance, theater, renowned speakers, and comedy; provides education programs serving 50,000+ children and adults; and hosts nearly 1,000 community events a year. Owned and operated by the Luther Burbank Memorial Foundation, the Center relies on charitable community donations to achieve its mission – to enrich, educate, and entertain.
Mina Communications Business, Business Services, Dance, Film/Video, Food/Drink, Media, Music, Performing Arts, Publishing/Printing, Theatre, Visual Arts Mina Communications was established in 2007 by freelance journalist Mina Rios to help facilitate Advertising, Public Relations, and Marketing service needs to arts and hospitality groups with limited resources. Clientele includes Santa Rosa Salsa, the Flamingo Resort & Spa, San Diego Ballet, Duvall Productions, Luscious Noise, Conducting Preparations, and others. Mina Communications also serves as a voice for the global arts community through a variety of media out
|
[
11401,
29892,
13151,
29892,
14615,
440,
1338,
29914,
9802,
1691,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
28896,
315,
4154,
29879,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
8213,
29892,
6838,
322,
15230,
341,
13415,
14587,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
3599,
22205,
13249,
6274,
371,
29872,
29892,
4649,
737,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
940,
2741,
29879,
3074,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
338,
263,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
13013,
16955,
304,
4969,
29892,
8681,
8491,
29892,
322,
2504,
11427,
278,
16930,
1549,
7881,
9793,
11104,
29892,
4959,
29892,
322,
10371,
2187,
29889,
13,
29967,
1296,
21910,
4360,
1237,
22440,
29892,
14615,
440,
1338,
29914,
9802,
1691,
29892,
6125,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
435,
1296,
21910,
4360,
1237,
338,
263,
25927,
1387,
22684,
358,
322,
1741,
22360,
5001,
2729,
297,
7510,
21974,
29889,
512,
6124,
304,
20811,
1887,
1616,
4695,
1510,
4878,
4959,
591,
5957,
3005,
295,
749,
8799,
362,
322,
1741,
18987,
5786,
29889,
435,
1296,
21910,
338,
278,
25331,
29914,
11851,
272,
310,
2999,
1887,
16930,
3896,
558,
4637,
3704,
4644,
6211,
11680,
10474,
29892,
263,
4098,
368,
12875,
1510,
3652,
607,
10008,
1432,
4654,
28728,
472,
806,
275,
1989,
323,
666,
297,
7510,
21974,
29892,
322,
1556,
10325,
29892,
278,
5678,
14045,
19184,
8518,
607,
2553,
8842,
373,
16340,
5533,
29871,
29896,
303,
29889,
1094,
385,
953,
346,
29872,
29892,
3143,
261,
29892,
322,
907,
1230,
8799,
424,
29892,
435,
1296,
21910,
756,
3796,
411,
263,
1353,
310,
1887,
4959,
322,
13154,
1316,
408,
450,
5166,
4287,
2169,
14975,
29892,
9620,
9972,
19256,
6125,
8518,
29892,
21710,
1765,
776,
11459,
2561,
29892,
6325,
386,
1709,
19256,
8518,
29892,
450,
20311,
7492,
1704,
29876,
440,
744,
29892,
322,
1784,
901,
29889,
13,
13992,
262,
10619,
29879,
22440,
6938,
22440,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
4523,
1152,
278,
11247,
12064,
310,
360,
23219,
29991,
438,
4574,
341,
29902,
13507,
8519,
7495,
382,
3580,
9806,
1001,
399,
6488,
1430,
7495,
383,
29923,
6670,
23353,
29943,
8476,
6181,
2672,
6093,
8193,
438,
16048,
18581,
1177,
856,
392,
5110,
263,
2217,
1554,
2086,
3969,
304,
1749,
3186,
770,
10257,
11182,
267,
2056,
15805,
1334,
526,
8471,
6093,
360,
1525,
5194,
1363,
591,
679,
304,
3867,
263,
9109,
2913,
363,
5866,
304,
4653,
6053,
1549,
278,
2958,
952,
310,
10298,
322,
17948,
29889,
399,
29923,
13756,
13044,
29923,
29901,
13,
1576,
15130,
304,
4653,
596,
5375,
537,
13,
5328,
304,
4337,
599,
21703,
29891,
8502,
448,
297,
263,
9045,
29891,
322,
3710,
1680,
292,
982,
13,
5894,
13390,
29892,
14104,
882,
322,
678,
487,
5275,
26101,
13,
15797,
6090,
373,
920,
304,
2649,
263,
5828,
1549,
17948,
13,
5328,
304,
2125,
2562,
310,
596,
3573,
297,
1797,
304,
6773,
6025,
3277,
363,
408,
1472,
408,
366,
6398,
13,
2855,
856,
29949,
3016,
348,
1907,
304,
27313,
448,
960,
393,
29915,
29879,
825,
366,
29915,
276,
964,
310,
3236,
13,
29930,
12256,
29923,
29901,
739,
338,
451,
5181,
304,
2189,
304,
367,
297,
278,
23768,
4134,
2921,
304,
1749,
4700,
363,
901,
2472,
373,
1749,
1857,
20410,
310,
4413,
29889,
13548,
10619,
29879,
471,
6345,
515,
278,
15935,
322,
7899,
591,
599,
6232,
363,
10298,
29892,
9045,
29892,
322,
3710,
1680,
358,
29991,
1334,
1106,
6375,
304,
19383,
411,
366,
29991,
13,
3226,
7448,
3951,
344,
2087,
499,
11401,
13151,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
9249,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
5976,
630,
297,
16611,
593,
776,
7510,
21974,
29892,
951,
7448,
18982,
263,
12875,
310,
1716,
4344,
322,
16157,
17948,
322,
1616,
4413,
408,
1532,
408,
7881,
664,
845,
3554,
29889,
13,
29931,
14107,
6640,
9157,
7817,
1152,
450,
11401,
26635,
5791,
4125,
6274,
371,
29872,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
29892,
3599,
22205,
13249,
6274,
371,
29872,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
319,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29896,
29898,
29883,
5033,
29941,
29897,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
13013,
29892,
24760,
6640,
9157,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
338,
3271,
304,
3186,
29899,
1990,
21637,
29892,
5233,
635,
29899,
29423,
1891,
9793,
11104,
29892,
24952,
7604,
1616,
29892,
322,
1784,
5972,
4959,
29889,
450,
11401,
7817,
338,
5982,
297,
278,
5192,
310,
278,
5791,
4125,
19006,
4234,
322,
26642,
4249,
8046,
29915,
29879,
2246,
15859,
16930,
2198,
414,
29889,
323,
12966,
411,
967,
20201,
14582,
29892,
278,
7817,
22981,
901,
1135,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
21637,
297,
4696,
29892,
17948,
29892,
278,
1008,
29892,
4325,
26689,
7726,
414,
29892,
322,
26228,
29936,
8128,
9793,
11104,
16330,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
29974,
4344,
322,
16157,
29879,
29936,
322,
18982,
8886,
29871,
29896,
29892,
29900,
29900,
29900,
7881,
4959,
263,
1629,
29889,
438,
1233,
287,
322,
19623,
491,
278,
24760,
6640,
9157,
19722,
10606,
29892,
278,
7817,
337,
3687,
373,
1373,
8270,
7881,
1016,
800,
304,
6176,
967,
10655,
785,
304,
427,
4018,
29892,
6320,
403,
29892,
322,
22684,
29889,
13,
29924,
1099,
22365,
800,
15197,
29892,
15197,
15538,
29892,
22440,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
25453,
29914,
25639,
682,
29892,
8213,
29892,
6125,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
19088,
29914,
11816,
292,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
341,
1099,
22365,
800,
471,
7841,
297,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29955,
491,
3005,
295,
749,
24452,
341,
1099,
390,
2363,
304,
1371,
16089,
10388,
2087,
1765,
5921,
29892,
5236,
6376,
800,
29892,
322,
4485,
15133,
2669,
4225,
304,
16930,
322,
13457,
537,
6471,
411,
9078,
7788,
29889,
12477,
6146,
7805,
7510,
21974,
317,
1338,
29874,
29892,
278,
2379,
11500,
29877,
2538,
441,
669,
1706,
29874,
29892,
3087,
16879,
7392,
1026,
29892,
360,
4090,
497,
7138,
1953,
29892,
365,
375,
8802,
1939,
895,
29892,
1281,
2199,
292,
4721,
862,
800,
29892,
322,
4045,
29889,
341,
1099,
22365,
800,
884,
19700,
408,
263,
7314,
363,
278,
5534,
16930,
7881,
1549,
263,
12875,
310,
5745,
714
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.236459 | -1.003193 | -0.523503 | 0.33494 |
lets including: Sonoma Magazine, In Dance for the San Francisco based Dancers' Group, the North Bay Bohemian, the Pacific Sun, and The San Diego Reader.
Music To My Ears Adult Arts Education, Dance, Education, Kids/Family, Music, Theatre, Visual Arts, Youth Arts Education
A Community Oriented Music Center
Music to My Ears is a family owned & operated, local music education center; offering private lessons, group programs, musical theater productions & band instrument rentals. Centrally located in Sonoma County, we strive to provide fun and enriching musical experiences for children and adults.
"Enriching the individual and the community through musical expression & education."
Northern California Public Media Dance, Education, Environmental, Film/Video, History/Heritage, Kids/Family, Literature/Poetry, Media, Music, Nonprofit, Special Events, Theatre, Travel, Visual Arts In order to encourage full participation in society and community, NorCal Public Media provides educational, informational and cultural telecommunication services in partnership with our community. We operate three non-profit media stations: KRCB TV, KPJK TV, and KRCB FM Radio 91. NorCal Public Media is a highly visible local arts, cultural, educational, news, and community information media hub, offering a unique service to the Bay Area in order to encourage full participation in community and society. NorCal Public Media expands options in providing and responding to new technologies through enhancement of technological functions and equipment. NorCal Public Media believes that civil society thrives through community alliances and collaborations.
Occidental Center For The Arts Art Gallery, Dance, Festivals/Markets, Film/Video, Fine Crafts, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Literature/Poetry, Museum and Gallery Memberships, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts Occidental Center for the Arts is West Sonoma County's entertainment hub! Our facilities include an auditorium that holds up to 200; an amphitheater seating 200; an art gallery, classroom space and more! We offer year-round programming that presents a diverse variety of experiences to enrich our community.
Pulse Arts Creative Sonoma Grantee, Dance, Education, Environmental, Film/Video, Kids/Family, Media, Music, Nonprofit, Nonprofit Services, Performing Arts, Special Events, Theatre, Visual Arts, Youth Arts Education
PULSE Arts is dedicated to developing accessible arts programs, supporting intergenerational public arts projects, and connecting schools and professional creatives. We teach the value of social conscience, cultural influence, and empowerment through our work. We bring to life the vision of artists and educators who hope to make a difference in the lives of youth and creatively impact communities throughout California.
Profile Photo Credit: Pulse Arts Teaching Artist and Events Coordinator, Wood Rowe Farguhesen Jr, aka Tsumnu
Raven Performing Arts Theater Dance, Education, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets, Special Events, Theatre, Youth Arts Education
We are a group of individuals just like you – community-minded individuals with an interest in preserving performing arts.
With funding for arts disappearing in our schools, the responsibility for supporting the arts lies firmly with us. When we banded together to save the historic Raven Theater in downtown Healdsburg California, we had big dreams of enhancing the lives of every community member by offering a conveniently located, eclectic array of entertainment.
That same goal pushes us forward today, as we continue to look for ways to broaden our role as a gathering place, wow audiences with top-name acts, bring in both amateur and professional stage productions, add more world music and dance shows to our lineup, and enable a stimulating exchange of ideas through a speaker series. Did we mention that we want to do all of this in a first-rate theater environment? One of our key goals is to raise funds to improve Raven with dressing rooms, better seating, more bathrooms, offices, storage for set pieces, enhanced lighting and sound, and an inviting lobby/concession area.
The mission of the Raven Performing Arts Theater is to provide an inviting venue for performing arts and a vibrant center for community, educational,
|
[
10376,
3704,
29901,
5791,
4125,
17880,
29892,
512,
22440,
363,
278,
3087,
8970,
2729,
3951,
22543,
29915,
6431,
29892,
278,
4644,
6211,
17966,
331,
713,
29892,
278,
14328,
8991,
29892,
322,
450,
3087,
16879,
830,
1664,
29889,
13,
21238,
1763,
1619,
382,
1503,
2087,
499,
11401,
13151,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
6125,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
13,
29909,
19184,
11678,
14927,
6125,
7817,
13,
21238,
304,
1619,
382,
1503,
338,
263,
3942,
15205,
669,
19623,
29892,
1887,
4696,
9793,
4818,
29936,
27032,
2024,
3109,
787,
29892,
2318,
11104,
29892,
9636,
278,
1008,
1391,
1953,
669,
3719,
11395,
23990,
1338,
29889,
29871,
30166,
29907,
14856,
635,
5982,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29892,
591,
380,
4401,
304,
3867,
2090,
322,
427,
4018,
292,
9636,
27482,
363,
4344,
322,
16157,
29879,
29889,
13,
30166,
29908,
2369,
4018,
292,
278,
5375,
322,
278,
7881,
1549,
9636,
4603,
669,
9793,
1213,
13,
29940,
272,
5063,
8046,
5236,
8213,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
16738,
284,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
5298,
29914,
18650,
16639,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
8213,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
3201,
955,
29892,
9249,
11401,
512,
1797,
304,
13731,
6617,
2989,
27577,
297,
12459,
322,
7881,
29892,
4186,
7856,
5236,
8213,
8128,
28976,
29892,
1871,
1288,
322,
16375,
4382,
27820,
362,
5786,
297,
22056,
4034,
411,
1749,
7881,
29889,
1334,
21994,
2211,
1661,
29899,
771,
9202,
5745,
16355,
29901,
476,
10363,
29933,
5648,
29892,
476,
29925,
29967,
29968,
5648,
29892,
322,
476,
10363,
29933,
20499,
9204,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29889,
4186,
7856,
5236,
8213,
338,
263,
10712,
7962,
1887,
16930,
29892,
16375,
29892,
28976,
29892,
9763,
29892,
322,
7881,
2472,
5745,
19766,
29892,
27032,
263,
5412,
2669,
304,
278,
6211,
18320,
297,
1797,
304,
13731,
6617,
2989,
27577,
297,
7881,
322,
12459,
29889,
4186,
7856,
5236,
8213,
1518,
4167,
3987,
297,
13138,
322,
10049,
292,
304,
716,
5722,
11763,
1549,
26371,
27967,
310,
5722,
5996,
3168,
322,
21083,
29889,
4186,
7856,
5236,
8213,
1339,
17180,
393,
7631,
12459,
266,
1150,
267,
1549,
7881,
394,
492,
2925,
322,
11465,
800,
29889,
13,
22034,
1693,
284,
7817,
1152,
450,
11401,
3012,
15230,
29892,
22440,
29892,
14615,
440,
1338,
29914,
9802,
1691,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
28896,
315,
4154,
29879,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
5449,
1535,
29914,
9837,
27184,
29892,
6838,
322,
15230,
341,
13415,
14587,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
16117,
1693,
284,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
338,
3122,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29915,
29879,
22684,
358,
19766,
29991,
8680,
23330,
3160,
385,
12990,
2105,
1974,
393,
8640,
701,
304,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29936,
385,
626,
561,
277,
354,
1008,
409,
1218,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29936,
385,
1616,
23363,
29892,
770,
8345,
2913,
322,
901,
29991,
1334,
5957,
1629,
29899,
14486,
8720,
393,
22981,
263,
16984,
12875,
310,
27482,
304,
427,
4018,
1749,
7881,
29889,
13,
29925,
19994,
11401,
26635,
5791,
4125,
6274,
371,
29872,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
16738,
284,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
8213,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
15538,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
9249,
11401,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
13,
7056,
29931,
1660,
11401,
338,
16955,
304,
14338,
15579,
16930,
11104,
29892,
20382,
1006,
4738,
1288,
970,
16930,
9279,
29892,
322,
16791,
12462,
322,
10257,
907,
5056,
29889,
1334,
6860,
278,
995,
310,
5264,
27688,
29892,
16375,
9949,
29892,
322,
3710,
1680,
358,
1549,
1749,
664,
29889,
1334,
6963,
304,
2834,
278,
18551,
310,
17906,
322,
6320,
4097,
1058,
4966,
304,
1207,
263,
4328,
297,
278,
12080,
310,
12397,
322,
907,
6703,
10879,
23507,
10106,
8046,
29889,
13,
13909,
1963,
3747,
24596,
277,
29901,
349,
19994,
11401,
1920,
9733,
3012,
391,
322,
28488,
3189,
4194,
1061,
29892,
10180,
390,
4657,
383,
1191,
16099,
11954,
13843,
29892,
263,
1335,
19089,
1227,
29884,
13,
29934,
3496,
27313,
292,
11401,
16150,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
13,
4806,
526,
263,
2318,
310,
15724,
925,
763,
366,
785,
7881,
29899,
24021,
287,
15724,
411,
385,
4066,
297,
2225,
29530,
15859,
16930,
29889,
13,
3047,
5220,
292,
363,
16930,
25417,
292,
297,
1749,
12462,
29892,
278,
23134,
363,
20382,
278,
16930,
12185,
9226,
368,
411,
502,
29889,
1932,
591,
3719,
287,
4208,
304,
4078,
278,
22879,
390,
3496,
16150,
297,
16611,
593,
776,
940,
2741,
29879,
3074,
8046,
29892,
591,
750,
4802,
12561,
29879,
310,
427,
5403,
3277,
278,
12080,
310,
1432,
7881,
4509,
491,
27032,
263,
19192,
368,
5982,
29892,
21226,
781,
293,
1409,
310,
22684,
358,
29889,
13,
7058,
1021,
7306,
5503,
267,
502,
6375,
9826,
29892,
408,
591,
6773,
304,
1106,
363,
5837,
304,
2545,
4858,
1749,
6297,
408,
263,
11705,
292,
2058,
29892,
281,
340,
12990,
819,
778,
411,
2246,
29899,
978,
14741,
29892,
6963,
297,
1716,
28800,
322,
10257,
7408,
1391,
1953,
29892,
788,
901,
3186,
4696,
322,
17948,
3697,
304,
1749,
1196,
786,
29892,
322,
9025,
263,
20436,
18099,
14523,
310,
7014,
1549,
263,
25657,
3652,
29889,
7440,
591,
3585,
393,
591,
864,
304,
437,
599,
310,
445,
297,
263,
937,
29899,
10492,
278,
1008,
5177,
29973,
3118,
310,
1749,
1820,
14433,
338,
304,
12020,
29199,
304,
11157,
390,
3496,
411,
10714,
292,
19600,
29892,
2253,
409,
1218,
29892,
901,
27683,
18901,
29892,
25222,
29892,
8635,
363,
731,
12785,
29892,
427,
29308,
3578,
292,
322,
6047,
29892,
322,
385,
2437,
11407,
658,
1327,
29891,
29914,
535,
985,
291,
4038,
29889,
13,
1576,
10655,
310,
278,
390,
3496,
27313,
292,
11401,
16150,
338,
304,
3867,
385,
2437,
11407,
6003,
434,
363,
15859,
16930,
322,
263,
325,
4626,
424,
4818,
363,
7881,
29892,
28976,
29892
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.833533 | -0.701053 | 0.147162 | 1.078687 |
and public service activities.
Specifically,
To provide a long-term home for community performance groups including schools, churches, clubs, and public and private organizations.
To offer programming that encompasses a variety of professional performances including dance, acting, music, and festivals.
To provide a learning environment for children and adults, as individuals and in groups, to learn many aspects of theater operation, production, and presentation.
Short-term goals include a strong desire to expand our program offerings, upgrade the theater to enable a wider range of entertainers to perform on its stage. Longer term, we plan to convert the Raven Performing Arts Theater into a state-of-the-art performance venue, and create an endowment to sustain programming and theater maintenance.
Roustabout Theater Creative Sonoma Grantee, Dance, Education, Music, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Theatre, Youth Arts Education Roustabout Theater is the longest-running Resident Theater company of the Luther Burbank Center for the Arts in Sonoma County. Their award-winning Apprentice Program is one of the leading theatrical training and performance programs for dedicated young actors in the San Francisco Bay Area. Roustabout Theater's mission is creating vibrant professional theater focused on bringing to life less-frequently-produced plays. Roustabout's Apprentice Program is an unparalleled actor training program in Sonoma County highlighting the talents of the county's most extraordinary student performers through its professionally produced productions. Roustabout also provides unique opportunities for our students through our ongoing series of Master Classes with Tony Award-winners, award-winning Broadway actors and nationally recognized Casting Directors. In addition, our Conservatory Classes provide ongoing training in acting, vocal performance, diction, dialect, movement, dance, improv and stage combat.
Sanctuary Productions, Inc. Dance, Music, Performing Arts, Special Events, Theatre A social enterprise supporting artistic and social events for the furtherance of freedom and self-expression in Sonoma County.
Santa Rosa Dance Theater Dance, School Santa Rosa Dance Theater is the premier dance studio in Sonoma County for classical ballet instruction since 2005. We welcome all ages, from tiny dancers and advanced students to adult students, inspiring each one to envision a future in dance. We are pleased to offer the level of ballet instruction required for students who aspire to dance professionally. Santa Rosa Dance Theater annually presents the holiday classic, "The Nutcracker". The cast comprises of our own SRDT student dancers.
Santa Rosa Salsa Dance, Education, Music Santa Rosa Salsa is Sonoma County's Live Latin Music and Dance Connection - since 2001 - dedicated to inspiring joy and connection through Latin dance classes, boot camps and live music events.
Sebastiani Theatre Foundation Inc. Dance, Education, Film/Video, Holidays Shop Local, Kids/Family, Nonprofit, Performing Arts, Performing Arts Membership or Season Tickets, Special Events, Theatre, Youth Arts Education Sonoma's Sebastiani Theatre The Sebastiani Theatre plays a central role in the cultural, recreational, and educational life of our community. Just as the Theatre itself shines as one of the most memorable features of the Plaza, it also occupies a place in the hearts of many Sonomans. Over the past 25 years thousands of young people have performed in Witchie Poo Halloween shows, holiday shows, and Performing Arts Camps. Families cherish Roger and Diana Rhoten's passion for the performing arts as a generator of leadership, self-confidence and creativity in their children. And going to a movie or a live performance at the Sebastiani is one of the defining experiences of life in our town. Films The Theatre has always brought the finest in film entertainment to Sonoma. With more screening areas we can do even more, bringing film series that will appeal to a variety of special interests -- films from other countries, cult classics as well as the standards, films that are "vintage" to the younger generation (Karate Kid or ET, anyone?) innovative food and film pairings, and even mini film festivals. Special Events The Sebastiani hosts many wonderful live performers, and with a new green room and an updated stage area, we can attract a great many more. Classical concerts, dance troupes, magic and cabaret, great names in literature, the arts, and politics—all will be able to bring their talents to enrich the artistic and intellectual life of Sonoma. Children's Programs Nurturing the
|
[
322,
970,
2669,
14188,
29889,
13,
10299,
928,
635,
29892,
13,
1762,
3867,
263,
1472,
29899,
8489,
3271,
363,
7881,
4180,
6471,
3704,
12462,
29892,
26014,
29892,
17651,
29892,
322,
970,
322,
2024,
25700,
29889,
13,
1762,
5957,
8720,
393,
427,
2388,
465,
267,
263,
12875,
310,
10257,
21637,
3704,
17948,
29892,
16684,
29892,
4696,
29892,
322,
29482,
1338,
29889,
13,
1762,
3867,
263,
6509,
5177,
363,
4344,
322,
16157,
29879,
29892,
408,
15724,
322,
297,
6471,
29892,
304,
5110,
1784,
21420,
310,
278,
1008,
5858,
29892,
5802,
29892,
322,
24329,
29889,
13,
21322,
29899,
8489,
14433,
3160,
263,
4549,
13521,
304,
7985,
1749,
1824,
5957,
886,
29892,
14955,
278,
278,
1008,
304,
9025,
263,
25734,
3464,
310,
22684,
414,
304,
2189,
373,
967,
7408,
29889,
6242,
261,
1840,
29892,
591,
3814,
304,
3588,
278,
390,
3496,
27313,
292,
11401,
16150,
964,
263,
2106,
29899,
974,
29899,
1552,
29899,
442,
4180,
6003,
434,
29892,
322,
1653,
385,
1095,
340,
358,
304,
15075,
475,
8720,
322,
278,
1008,
25413,
29889,
13,
29934,
18291,
12717,
16150,
26635,
5791,
4125,
6274,
371,
29872,
29892,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
6125,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
15521,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
15915,
303,
12717,
16150,
338,
278,
27217,
29899,
21094,
2538,
1693,
16150,
5001,
310,
278,
24760,
6640,
9157,
7817,
363,
278,
11401,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29889,
11275,
9862,
29899,
5080,
1076,
2401,
7771,
625,
7835,
338,
697,
310,
278,
8236,
278,
8141,
936,
6694,
322,
4180,
11104,
363,
16955,
4123,
29701,
297,
278,
3087,
8970,
6211,
18320,
29889,
15915,
303,
12717,
16150,
29915,
29879,
10655,
338,
4969,
325,
4626,
424,
10257,
278,
1008,
21309,
373,
20794,
304,
2834,
3109,
29899,
10745,
339,
2705,
29899,
5498,
1133,
13582,
29889,
15915,
303,
12717,
29915,
29879,
2401,
7771,
625,
7835,
338,
385,
443,
862,
3498,
839,
11339,
6694,
1824,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
12141,
292,
278,
5969,
1237,
310,
278,
15178,
29915,
29879,
1556,
28163,
8368,
2189,
414,
1549,
967,
6351,
635,
7371,
1391,
1953,
29889,
15915,
303,
12717,
884,
8128,
5412,
28602,
1907,
363,
1749,
8041,
1549,
1749,
373,
17696,
3652,
310,
9082,
4134,
267,
411,
15293,
7526,
29899,
29893,
16697,
29892,
9862,
29899,
5080,
1076,
23291,
29701,
322,
5233,
635,
14831,
4834,
292,
8797,
943,
29889,
512,
6124,
29892,
1749,
15312,
7606,
4134,
267,
3867,
373,
17696,
6694,
297,
16684,
29892,
20982,
4180,
29892,
21503,
29892,
23725,
29892,
10298,
29892,
17948,
29892,
13153,
322,
7408,
15499,
29889,
13,
22509,
22999,
653,
7138,
1953,
29892,
9266,
29889,
22440,
29892,
6125,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
319,
5264,
3896,
7734,
20382,
1616,
4695,
322,
5264,
4959,
363,
278,
4340,
749,
310,
16082,
322,
1583,
29899,
17471,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29889,
13,
29903,
6949,
21974,
22440,
16150,
22440,
29892,
4523,
7510,
21974,
22440,
16150,
338,
278,
7017,
17948,
8693,
297,
5791,
4125,
5127,
363,
14499,
6411,
1026,
15278,
1951,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29945,
29889,
1334,
12853,
599,
24646,
29892,
515,
21577,
270,
4564,
414,
322,
12862,
8041,
304,
16157,
8041,
29892,
8681,
8491,
1269,
697,
304,
427,
4924,
263,
5434,
297,
17948,
29889,
1334,
526,
22301,
304,
5957,
278,
3233,
310,
6411,
1026,
15278,
3734,
363,
8041,
1058,
7051,
533,
304,
17948,
6351,
635,
29889,
7510,
21974,
22440,
16150,
2889,
1474,
22981,
278,
8753,
22394,
22037,
29892,
376,
1576,
405,
329,
26844,
4937,
1642,
450,
4320,
7199,
4637,
310,
1749,
1914,
21020,
12972,
8368,
270,
4564,
414,
29889,
13,
29903,
6949,
21974,
317,
1338,
29874,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
6125,
7510,
21974,
317,
1338,
29874,
338,
5791,
4125,
5127,
29915,
29879,
10782,
13548,
6125,
322,
22440,
15160,
448,
1951,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29896,
448,
16955,
304,
8681,
8491,
15331,
322,
3957,
1549,
13548,
17948,
4413,
29892,
6579,
3949,
567,
322,
5735,
4696,
4959,
29889,
13,
29903,
774,
579,
11727,
15521,
10606,
9266,
29889,
22440,
29892,
13151,
29892,
4643,
29914,
15167,
29892,
4168,
333,
1036,
1383,
459,
9959,
29892,
476,
4841,
29914,
27104,
29892,
10050,
771,
9202,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
29892,
27313,
292,
11401,
341,
1590,
10475,
470,
24791,
323,
860,
1691,
29892,
12630,
28488,
29892,
15521,
29892,
26040,
11401,
13151,
5791,
4125,
29915,
29879,
16298,
11727,
15521,
450,
16298,
11727,
15521,
13582,
263,
6555,
6297,
297,
278,
16375,
29892,
28709,
1288,
29892,
322,
28976,
2834,
310,
1749,
7881,
29889,
3387,
408,
278,
15521,
3528,
528,
1475,
408,
697,
310,
278,
1556,
26959,
519,
5680,
310,
278,
13494,
1362,
29892,
372,
884,
6919,
583,
263,
2058,
297,
278,
26490,
310,
1784,
317,
4917,
550,
29889,
6811,
278,
4940,
29871,
29906,
29945,
2440,
17202,
310,
4123,
2305,
505,
8560,
297,
399,
2335,
347,
349,
3634,
6573,
4657,
264,
3697,
29892,
8753,
22394,
3697,
29892,
322,
27313,
292,
11401,
5500,
567,
29889,
6280,
583,
14954,
728,
14159,
322,
360,
3857,
7861,
16368,
29915,
29879,
15935,
363,
278,
15859,
16930,
408,
263,
15299,
310,
26001,
29892,
1583,
29899,
5527,
5084,
322,
907,
28157,
297,
1009,
4344,
29889,
1126,
2675,
304,
263,
14064,
470,
263,
5735,
4180,
472,
278,
16298,
11727,
338,
697,
310,
278,
16184,
27482,
310,
2834,
297,
1749,
4726,
29889,
21470,
450,
15521,
756,
2337,
6296,
278,
1436,
342,
297,
2706,
22684,
358,
304,
5791,
4125,
29889,
2973,
901,
4315,
292,
10161,
591,
508,
437,
1584,
901,
29892,
20794,
2706,
3652,
393,
674,
25530,
304,
263,
12875,
310,
4266,
20017,
1192,
12298,
515,
916,
10916,
29892,
4185,
770,
1199,
408,
1532,
408,
278,
20801,
29892,
12298,
393,
526,
376,
29894,
524,
482,
29908,
304,
278,
20023,
12623,
313,
24115,
403,
27912,
470,
382,
29911,
29892,
5019,
7897,
24233,
1230,
9687,
322,
2706,
5101,
886,
29892,
322,
1584,
20629,
2706,
29482,
1338,
29889,
12630,
28488,
450,
16298,
11727,
18982,
1784,
20695,
5735,
2189,
414,
29892,
322,
411,
263,
716,
7933,
5716,
322,
385,
4784,
7408,
4038,
29892,
591,
508,
13978,
263,
2107,
1784,
901,
29889,
4134,
936,
13135,
29879,
29892,
17948,
534,
1132,
267,
29892,
15709,
322,
7776,
10474,
29892,
2107,
2983,
297,
12845,
29892,
278,
16930,
29892,
322,
22661,
30003,
497,
674,
367,
2221,
304,
6963,
1009,
5969,
1237,
304,
427,
4018,
278,
1616,
4695,
322,
29762,
2834,
310,
5791,
4125,
29889,
20986,
29915,
29879,
7835,
29879,
405,
4227,
3864,
278
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.681377 | -0.63008 | 0.067812 | 1.05339 |
Reappraising Political Theory: Revisionist Studies in the History of Political Thought 0198279531, 9780198279532
In this book, Terence Ball injects new life into the great works of political theory. By suggesting new ways of looking
509 134 16MB
The Place of Hooker in the History of Political Thought
A History of Political Thought in the English Revolution
Lectures in the History of Political Thought 1845400933, 9781845400934
Oakeshott's memorable lectures on the history of political thought, delivered each year at the London School of Eco
A History of Chinese Political Thought 9780745652474
China's rapid rise as a regional and global power is one of the most important political developments of the twenty
The Scaffolding of Sovereignty: Global and Aesthetic Perspectives on the History of a Concept (Columbia Studies in Political Thought / Political History) 0231171862, 9780231171861
What is sovereignty? Often taken for granted or seen as the ideology of European states vying for supremacy and conquest
Hegel's Retreat from Eleusis: Studies in Political Thought 0691075891
Flattery and the History of Political Thought 1107043360, 978-1107043367
Flattery is an often overlooked political phenomenon, even though it has interested thinkers from classical Athens to ei
Democracy and the History of Political Thought 1793621594, 9781793621597
This volume provides a fresh perspective on current democratic theory and practice by recovering the rich evaluations of
Political thought in modern India
The Origin of Modern Political Thought [1937]
From Toward "Natural Right and History": Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937–1946
524 114 249KB Read more
Contents......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 15
I. BEARINGS......Page 18
1. Reappraising Political Theory......Page 20
2. Whither Political Theory?......Page 56
II. REAPPRAISALS......Page 80
3. Machiavelli and Moral Change......Page 82
4. Hobbes's Linguistic Turn......Page 100
5. Rousseau's Civil Religion Reconsidered......Page 124
6. The Survivor and the Savant: Two Schemes for Civil Religion Compared......Page 148
7. Benthamite Discipline and Punishment; or, What Foucault Missed......Page 175
8. Utilitarianism, Feminism, and the Franchise......Page 195
9. Vico and Marx on 'Making' History......Page 229
10. Marx and Darwin: A Reconsideration......Page 246
11. Constitutional Interpretation: What's Wrong with 'Original Intent'?......Page 267
12. The Myth of Adam and American Identity......Page 290
Select Bibliography......Page 314
H......Page 323
W......Page 326
REAPPRAISING POLITICAL THEORY
REAPPRAISING POLITICAL THEORY Revisionist Studies in the History of Political Thought TERENCE BALL
CLARENDON PRESS
This book lias been printed digitally and produced in a standard specification in order to ensure its continuing availability
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong
|
[
830,
932,
336,
5921,
25137,
24134,
29901,
830,
4924,
391,
16972,
297,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29900,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
29955,
29929,
29945,
29941,
29896,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29900,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
29955,
29929,
29945,
29941,
29906,
13,
797,
445,
3143,
29892,
5061,
663,
13402,
11658,
29879,
716,
2834,
964,
278,
2107,
1736,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
2648,
26233,
716,
5837,
310,
3063,
13,
29945,
29900,
29929,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29946,
29871,
29896,
29953,
9486,
13,
1576,
15484,
310,
29612,
261,
297,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
13,
29909,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
297,
278,
4223,
14595,
13,
29931,
522,
1973,
297,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29946,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29900,
29929,
29941,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29896,
29947,
29946,
29945,
29946,
29900,
29900,
29929,
29941,
29946,
13,
29949,
6926,
29882,
1501,
29915,
29879,
26959,
519,
13081,
1973,
373,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29892,
20115,
1269,
1629,
472,
278,
4517,
4523,
310,
382,
1111,
13,
29909,
5298,
310,
10013,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29900,
29955,
29946,
29945,
29953,
29945,
29906,
29946,
29955,
29946,
13,
1451,
1099,
29915,
29879,
10952,
14451,
408,
263,
14014,
322,
5534,
3081,
338,
697,
310,
278,
1556,
4100,
8604,
2693,
1860,
310,
278,
10081,
13,
1576,
317,
1113,
600,
1025,
292,
310,
317,
957,
29872,
335,
593,
29891,
29901,
12002,
322,
319,
342,
29882,
7492,
9034,
1103,
3145,
373,
278,
5298,
310,
263,
1281,
1547,
313,
1625,
3774,
423,
16972,
297,
25137,
498,
1774,
847,
25137,
5298,
29897,
29871,
29900,
29906,
29941,
29896,
29896,
29955,
29896,
29947,
29953,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29900,
29906,
29941,
29896,
29896,
29955,
29896,
29947,
29953,
29896,
13,
5618,
338,
577,
9359,
335,
593,
29891,
29973,
438,
15535,
4586,
363,
16896,
470,
3595,
408,
278,
1957,
3002,
310,
7824,
5922,
325,
5414,
363,
22747,
29885,
4135,
322,
378,
1119,
13,
29950,
387,
295,
29915,
29879,
4649,
276,
271,
515,
8317,
375,
275,
29901,
16972,
297,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29900,
29953,
29929,
29896,
29900,
29955,
29945,
29947,
29929,
29896,
13,
8754,
2620,
29891,
322,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29900,
29955,
29900,
29946,
29941,
29941,
29953,
29900,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29900,
29955,
29900,
29946,
29941,
29941,
29953,
29955,
13,
8754,
2620,
29891,
338,
385,
4049,
975,
6914,
287,
8604,
27791,
265,
29892,
1584,
2466,
372,
756,
8852,
1348,
414,
515,
14499,
9193,
575,
304,
321,
29875,
13,
29928,
331,
25804,
322,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29929,
29941,
29953,
29906,
29896,
29945,
29929,
29946,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29896,
29955,
29929,
29941,
29953,
29906,
29896,
29945,
29929,
29955,
13,
4013,
7977,
8128,
263,
10849,
18520,
373,
1857,
1261,
8415,
2454,
6368,
322,
6944,
491,
9792,
292,
278,
8261,
6161,
800,
310,
13,
7713,
277,
936,
2714,
297,
5400,
7513,
13,
1576,
22118,
310,
14624,
25137,
498,
1774,
518,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29955,
29962,
13,
4591,
22578,
538,
376,
29940,
18771,
10428,
322,
5298,
1115,
365,
522,
1973,
322,
11044,
1036,
491,
22533,
7357,
1558,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29955,
29994,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29953,
13,
29945,
29906,
29946,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29946,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29929,
26067,
7523,
901,
13,
21002,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29946,
13,
4920,
1030,
1403,
800,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29945,
13,
29902,
29889,
20700,
1718,
4214,
29903,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29947,
13,
29896,
29889,
830,
932,
336,
5921,
25137,
24134,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29906,
29900,
13,
29906,
29889,
806,
2121,
25137,
24134,
29973,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29945,
29953,
13,
2687,
29889,
5195,
20576,
4717,
3235,
1964,
29903,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29947,
29900,
13,
29941,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
322,
3879,
284,
10726,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29947,
29906,
13,
29946,
29889,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
365,
6202,
4695,
9603,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29900,
13,
29945,
29889,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
12886,
27099,
830,
3200,
1241,
287,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29946,
13,
29953,
29889,
450,
6298,
24759,
272,
322,
278,
9583,
424,
29901,
7803,
1102,
13826,
363,
12886,
27099,
3831,
1965,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29947,
13,
29955,
29889,
27079,
3391,
568,
3295,
13326,
457,
322,
349,
348,
18310,
29936,
470,
29892,
1724,
17787,
1113,
499,
4750,
287,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29945,
13,
29947,
29889,
22310,
3673,
713,
1608,
29892,
19361,
262,
1608,
29892,
322,
278,
1352,
305,
895,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
13,
29929,
29889,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
373,
525,
29924,
5086,
29915,
5298,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29906,
29906,
29929,
13,
29896,
29900,
29889,
28579,
322,
7335,
5080,
29901,
319,
830,
3200,
1241,
362,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29906,
29946,
29953,
13,
29896,
29896,
29889,
20063,
284,
4124,
19819,
362,
29901,
1724,
29915,
29879,
399,
29373,
411,
525,
26036,
11171,
29915,
29973,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29906,
29953,
29955,
13,
29896,
29906,
29889,
450,
341,
1541,
310,
11783,
322,
3082,
27486,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29906,
29929,
29900,
13,
3549,
3351,
5275,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29946,
13,
29950,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29941,
29906,
29941,
13,
29956,
3045,
636,
5074,
29871,
29941,
29906,
29953,
13,
1525,
20576,
4717,
3235,
4214,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
6093,
18929,
13,
1525,
20576,
4717,
3235,
4214,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
6093,
18929,
830,
4924,
391,
16972,
297,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
323,
1001,
1430,
4741,
350,
9818,
13,
6154,
1718,
11794,
1164,
349,
26785,
13,
4013,
3143,
619,
294,
1063,
13350,
13615,
635,
322,
7371,
297,
263,
3918,
21992,
297,
1797,
304,
9801,
967,
3133,
292,
20847,
3097,
13,
25120,
271,
15183,
355,
265,
7103,
29892,
11045,
438,
29990,
29906,
29871,
29953,
11191,
11045,
3014,
5254,
338,
263,
14311,
310,
278,
3014,
310,
11045,
29889,
739,
3261,
3341,
278,
3014,
29915,
29879,
12091,
310,
12567,
663,
297,
5925,
29892,
21344,
3527,
29892,
322,
9793,
491,
27256,
3186,
8157,
297,
11045,
1570,
3088,
319,
2707,
1049,
14320,
29895,
554,
17882,
16981,
20922,
8421,
21589,
1056,
29875,
7335,
831,
317,
2883,
314,
5556,
2918,
12798,
12026
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.324084 | 0.877946 | -0.039004 | 1.033152 |
Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto with an associated company in Berlin Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Terence Ball 1995 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) Reprinted 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer ISBN 0-19-827953-1 ISBN 0-19- 827995- 7 (Pbk) Jacket illustration: The Hermenetic Circuit©1994 by David Ball. Reprinted by permission of the artist.
For Jean and Glenn Willson
Although I do not believe the classics beyond criticism, I hold that they have merits especially well-calculated to counterbalance our defects. They provide support just where we are most likely to fall. De Tocqueville, Democracy in America
PREFACE THIS is the second in a series of three companion volumes travelling under the general title 'Political Theory and the Human Sciences'. The first, Transforming Political Discourse (Blackwell, 1988), dealt with the ways in which political theorizing, argumentation, and criticism change the meanings of the concepts with and through which political discourse is conducted. The third volume—Positivism, Politics, and the Social Sciences—will examine aspects of the history and philosophy of the social sciences, as seen from within, and criticized from outside, the positivist tradition of political and social enquiry. Taken together, this trilogy—if that is not too kind a term for a rough-hewn three-legged stool—is intended as a commentary on, and criticism of, several key features of modern social and political theory. The present work proceeds from the premiss that political theory is in part, and inescapably, a backward-looking historical enterprise. This second volume accordingly consists, in the main, of a series of studies in the history of political thought. I tend to favour the essay as a form and a forum for these reappraisals. For an essay, in its original meaning, is not only a literary form or genre but a 'test' or 'trial' in which an author's views are tried out, tested, and considered from several sides. An essay is also an 'assay' or 'appraisal' of the adequacy or worth of an idea or argument. This is not merely a way of writing but one of thinking and even, one might say, of living one's life. As Robert Musil says of his protagonist Ulrich in The Man Without Qualities: 'It was approximately in the way that an essay, in the sequence of its paragraphs, takes a thing from many sides without comprehending it wholly . . . that he believed he could best survey and handle the world and his life.' For a student of political thought, the world and one's life are inextricably bound up with one's studies. That, it seems to me, is why the essay is especially well suited to the study of political theory and the reappraisal of the thinkers and texts that comprise it. Different though these essays are, all are connected by a common thread. That thread is the idea that the study of political
thought requires the reinterpretation and reappraisal of—to use a now-contentious term—the 'classics' of political theory. That indeed is how they retain their status as classic works. But it is important to note that this 'canon' (if indeed that is what it is) does not consist of timeless truths preserved unchanged for those fortunate few who can decipher the coded messages contained in The Great Books. The ideas that inform and constitute political discourse are not, pace Plato, eternal entities, ideal forms floating freely above the political fray. Political ideas and concepts are conceived and articulated—and
|
[
11066,
273,
8645,
3467,
26213,
10451,
29895,
532,
476,
950,
29874,
365,
3427,
332,
9669,
22103,
12568,
4412,
341,
3774,
1794,
405,
26025,
5365,
5701,
29877,
16038,
27468,
23535,
25960,
17984,
412,
29875,
20377,
17612,
411,
385,
6942,
5001,
297,
5115,
11045,
338,
263,
15443,
11302,
2791,
310,
11045,
3014,
5254,
297,
278,
10261,
322,
297,
3058,
916,
10916,
8042,
3726,
297,
278,
3303,
3900,
491,
11045,
3014,
5254,
9266,
1696,
1570,
3088,
29871,
30211,
5061,
663,
13402,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
450,
14731,
10462,
310,
278,
4148,
505,
1063,
4974,
287,
5470,
1492,
11045,
3014,
5254,
313,
28107,
29897,
830,
2158,
287,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29900,
29906,
2178,
10462,
21676,
29889,
1939,
760,
310,
445,
17745,
1122,
367,
9483,
1133,
29892,
6087,
297,
263,
5663,
16837,
1788,
29892,
470,
18750,
4430,
29892,
297,
738,
883,
470,
491,
738,
2794,
29892,
1728,
278,
7536,
10751,
297,
5007,
310,
11045,
3014,
5254,
29892,
470,
408,
4653,
368,
21905,
491,
4307,
29892,
470,
1090,
4958,
15502,
411,
278,
8210,
28094,
6420,
10462,
13013,
29889,
1174,
6578,
2722,
19813,
9483,
428,
5377,
278,
6874,
310,
278,
2038,
881,
367,
2665,
304,
278,
26863,
10317,
29892,
11045,
3014,
5254,
29892,
472,
278,
3211,
2038,
887,
1818,
451,
18342,
403,
445,
3143,
297,
738,
916,
9956,
470,
4612,
322,
366,
1818,
2411,
852,
445,
1021,
4195,
373,
738,
10695,
381,
261,
2210,
29871,
29900,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29947,
29906,
29955,
29929,
29945,
29941,
29899,
29896,
2210,
29871,
29900,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29899,
29871,
29947,
29906,
29955,
29929,
29929,
29945,
29899,
29871,
29955,
313,
29925,
29890,
29895,
29897,
5457,
300,
8632,
362,
29901,
450,
10515,
264,
7492,
12594,
3121,
30211,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
491,
4699,
13402,
29889,
830,
2158,
287,
491,
10751,
310,
278,
7664,
29889,
13,
2831,
4581,
322,
8467,
2108,
2811,
1100,
13,
2499,
3592,
306,
437,
451,
4658,
278,
770,
1199,
8724,
29035,
29892,
306,
4808,
393,
896,
505,
2778,
1169,
7148,
1532,
29899,
15807,
630,
304,
6795,
5521,
749,
1749,
23503,
29879,
29889,
2688,
3867,
2304,
925,
988,
591,
526,
1556,
5517,
304,
6416,
29889,
897,
323,
542,
802,
4909,
29892,
4432,
25804,
297,
6813,
13,
15094,
29943,
11538,
3446,
3235,
338,
278,
1473,
297,
263,
3652,
310,
2211,
18708,
18167,
6427,
7807,
1090,
278,
2498,
3611,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
24134,
322,
278,
12968,
17253,
4286,
450,
937,
29892,
4103,
689,
292,
25137,
8565,
10242,
313,
18700,
5872,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
511,
316,
1997,
411,
278,
5837,
297,
607,
8604,
278,
272,
5281,
29892,
2980,
362,
29892,
322,
29035,
1735,
278,
2099,
886,
310,
278,
22001,
411,
322,
1549,
607,
8604,
2313,
10242,
338,
18043,
29889,
450,
4654,
7977,
30003,
9135,
277,
440,
1608,
29892,
6934,
1199,
29892,
322,
278,
10307,
17253,
30003,
14043,
25917,
21420,
310,
278,
4955,
322,
22237,
310,
278,
5264,
21195,
29892,
408,
3595,
515,
2629,
29892,
322,
11164,
1891,
515,
5377,
29892,
278,
13686,
440,
391,
11399,
310,
8604,
322,
5264,
22085,
16129,
29889,
323,
9424,
4208,
29892,
445,
534,
309,
6933,
30003,
361,
393,
338,
451,
2086,
2924,
263,
1840,
363,
263,
12164,
29899,
354,
1233,
2211,
29899,
1397,
3192,
380,
1507,
30003,
275,
9146,
408,
263,
3440,
653,
373,
29892,
322,
29035,
310,
29892,
3196,
1820,
5680,
310,
5400,
5264,
322,
8604,
6368,
29889,
450,
2198,
664,
8469,
29879,
515,
278,
5188,
790,
393,
8604,
6368,
338,
297,
760,
29892,
322,
297,
267,
5030,
2197,
29892,
263,
1250,
1328,
29899,
23261,
15839,
3896,
7734,
29889,
910,
1473,
7977,
16205,
11624,
29892,
297,
278,
1667,
29892,
310,
263,
3652,
310,
11898,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
306,
10331,
304,
15381,
278,
3686,
388,
408,
263,
883,
322,
263,
24179,
363,
1438,
337,
932,
23469,
1338,
29889,
1152,
385,
3686,
388,
29892,
297,
967,
2441,
6593,
29892,
338,
451,
871,
263,
22937,
883,
470,
16151,
541,
263,
525,
1688,
29915,
470,
525,
3626,
284,
29915,
297,
607,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
8386,
526,
1898,
714,
29892,
9528,
29892,
322,
5545,
515,
3196,
11192,
29889,
530,
3686,
388,
338,
884,
385,
525,
465,
388,
29915,
470,
525,
932,
23469,
284,
29915,
310,
278,
19967,
339,
4135,
470,
7088,
310,
385,
2969,
470,
2980,
29889,
910,
338,
451,
13586,
263,
982,
310,
5007,
541,
697,
310,
7291,
322,
1584,
29892,
697,
1795,
1827,
29892,
310,
8471,
697,
29915,
29879,
2834,
29889,
1094,
4755,
3077,
309,
4083,
310,
670,
15572,
391,
29732,
297,
450,
2315,
13932,
15146,
1907,
29901,
525,
3112,
471,
14235,
297,
278,
982,
393,
385,
3686,
388,
29892,
297,
278,
5665,
310,
967,
14880,
29879,
29892,
4893,
263,
2655,
515,
1784,
11192,
1728,
15171,
2548,
372,
377,
18368,
869,
869,
869,
393,
540,
13112,
540,
1033,
1900,
18994,
322,
4386,
278,
3186,
322,
670,
2834,
6169,
1152,
263,
8368,
310,
8604,
2714,
29892,
278,
3186,
322,
697,
29915,
29879,
2834,
526,
297,
1062,
2200,
2197,
3216,
701,
411,
697,
29915,
29879,
11898,
29889,
2193,
29892,
372,
2444,
304,
592,
29892,
338,
2020,
278,
3686,
388,
338,
7148,
1532,
480,
1573,
304,
278,
6559,
310,
8604,
6368,
322,
278,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
310,
278,
1348,
414,
322,
26442,
393,
7199,
895,
372,
29889,
360,
15622,
2466,
1438,
3686,
1036,
526,
29892,
599,
526,
6631,
491,
263,
3619,
3244,
29889,
2193,
3244,
338,
278,
2969,
393,
278,
6559,
310,
8604,
13,
386,
1774,
6858,
278,
337,
1639,
19819,
362,
322,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
310,
30003,
517,
671,
263,
1286,
29899,
3051,
2738,
1840,
30003,
1552,
525,
1990,
1199,
29915,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
2193,
6200,
338,
920,
896,
11551,
1009,
4660,
408,
22037,
1736,
29889,
1205,
372,
338,
4100,
304,
4443,
393,
445,
525,
3068,
265,
29915,
313,
361,
6200,
393,
338,
825,
372,
338,
29897,
947,
451,
5718,
310,
5335,
6393,
8760,
29879,
21634,
443,
15033,
363,
1906,
5162,
348,
403,
2846,
1058,
508,
316,
455,
8096,
278,
274,
6797,
7191,
11122,
297,
450,
7027,
13730,
29889,
450,
7014,
393,
1871,
322,
1040,
12356,
8604,
2313,
10242,
526,
451,
29892,
27725,
1858,
1219,
29892,
634,
17196,
16212,
29892,
10839,
7190,
16526,
28472,
2038,
278,
8604,
285,
764,
29889,
25137,
7014,
322,
22001,
526,
10628,
2347,
322,
1616,
293,
7964,
30003,
392
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.554913 | 0.779314 | -0.441912 | 0.877572 |
amended or transformed— within particular political contexts, at specific sites, and within a determinate range of rhetorical possibilities. Although bound by context, political ideas are historical artefacts which can, and characteristically do, exist in several contexts at once. They can, for one, be traced to, and placed back in, the context of their origins, as the tool or brain-child of this or that writer or party with a particular political agenda. Or they can be placed in the context of their subsequent reception by this or that audience, each having its own political problems and agendas, and its own reasons for reworking old ideas for new purposes—purposes unforeseen and perhaps even unforeseeable by an earlier author. One of my purposes in the present volume is to show, by way of a fairly wide-ranging series of studies, how tensions and confusions arise when contexts of origin and reception are confused or are not taken into account by those attempting to write the history of political thought—or, more often, particular episodes therein—for various purposes, be they political or scholarly. To expose, criticize, and solve such interpretive problems is, at the same time, to reappraise the theorist and theory under discussion. Such reappraisals, I contend, are a necessary feature of the political theorist's craft, inasmuch as they inform and enrich our understanding of our predecessors' contribution to the political traditions to which we are heir and to which we contribute even as, and because, we think and write about them. But how, exactly, ought we to think about these works? How, that is, should they be read and understood, i.e. interpreted? My approach in the present study can be characterized in two words: pluralist and problem-driven. That is, no one method of interpretation will suffice in all cases; which of many methods one chooses depends on the particular problem being addressed, and
not the other way around. Mine might be termed the Gertrude Stein approach. Legend has it that, as Stein lay dying, her friend Alice B. Toklas, apparently believing the near-dead to have clairvoyant powers, asked, 'Gertrude, what is the answer?', whereupon Stein rather sensibly replied, 'That depends, Alice, on what the question is.' So it is with textual interpretation. An interpretation is an attempted answer to a question or a tentative solution to a problem. Interpretations therefore follow from some problems and, of course, give rise to others. Students of political theory need never fear the spectre of intellectual unemployment. This account of my aims is, of course, unduly abstract. It will be vindicated—or not, as the case may be—in the following studies. My studies have been supported by several institutions: the University of Minnesota, which has been generous in granting financial support and leaves; the University of California at San Diego, where I was a visiting professor in 1984; Nuffield College, Oxford, where I was a visiting fellow in 1978-9; Christ Church, Oxford, which elected me to the Fowler Hamilton Fellowship in 1993; the National Endowment for the Humanities, which awarded me a Fellowship for Independent Study and Research in 1978-9; the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC, where I was a fellow in 1987. And, not least, six magnificent libraries—the Bodleian, the British Library, the London Library, the Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Scotland, and the Library of Congress—supplied the serenity and the resources without which my work would never have been undertaken, much less completed. I owe a special debt to Tim Barton, my editor at OUP, for his initial interest in and continued support of my work. I should also like to thank two anonymous readers for the OUP for the care and thoroughness with which they reviewed my manuscript. I am also much indebted to Mary Ellen Otis for transforming my rough typescript into a readable manuscript. I owe a much more unusual debt to my brother, David Ball, for painting 'The Hermeneutic Circuit', a picture with a punning title that captures in one succinct image what I have tried to convey in many thousands of words. Since he has kindly allowed me to use that picture on the dust-jacket, I would like to think that this is one book that can be judged by its cover. The studies comprising the present volume have benefited
greatly—though not, I fear,
|
[
626,
2760,
470,
27615,
30003,
2629,
3153,
8604,
3030,
29879,
29892,
472,
2702,
11840,
29892,
322,
2629,
263,
11806,
403,
3464,
310,
364,
9188,
272,
936,
24496,
29889,
8512,
3216,
491,
3030,
29892,
8604,
7014,
526,
15839,
20160,
17028,
29879,
607,
508,
29892,
322,
2931,
391,
1711,
437,
29892,
1863,
297,
3196,
3030,
29879,
472,
2748,
29889,
2688,
508,
29892,
363,
697,
29892,
367,
16703,
287,
304,
29892,
322,
7180,
1250,
297,
29892,
278,
3030,
310,
1009,
1677,
1144,
29892,
408,
278,
5780,
470,
17294,
29899,
5145,
310,
445,
470,
393,
9227,
470,
6263,
411,
263,
3153,
8604,
946,
8395,
29889,
1394,
896,
508,
367,
7180,
297,
278,
3030,
310,
1009,
15352,
25647,
491,
445,
470,
393,
20026,
29892,
1269,
2534,
967,
1914,
8604,
4828,
322,
946,
355,
294,
29892,
322,
967,
1914,
9590,
363,
337,
22899,
2030,
7014,
363,
716,
11976,
30003,
15503,
10590,
443,
1454,
968,
264,
322,
6060,
1584,
443,
1454,
968,
29872,
519,
491,
385,
8859,
4148,
29889,
3118,
310,
590,
11976,
297,
278,
2198,
7977,
338,
304,
1510,
29892,
491,
982,
310,
263,
12558,
9377,
29899,
29878,
9776,
3652,
310,
11898,
29892,
920,
260,
5580,
322,
1970,
375,
1080,
29030,
746,
3030,
29879,
310,
3978,
322,
25647,
526,
9613,
470,
526,
451,
4586,
964,
3633,
491,
1906,
15661,
304,
2436,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
30003,
272,
29892,
901,
4049,
29892,
3153,
23238,
727,
262,
30003,
1454,
5164,
11976,
29892,
367,
896,
8604,
470,
21344,
368,
29889,
1763,
24396,
29892,
11164,
675,
29892,
322,
4505,
1316,
6613,
573,
4828,
338,
29892,
472,
278,
1021,
931,
29892,
304,
337,
932,
22692,
278,
278,
272,
391,
322,
6368,
1090,
10679,
29889,
10506,
337,
932,
23469,
1338,
29892,
306,
640,
355,
29892,
526,
263,
5181,
4682,
310,
278,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
29915,
29879,
25554,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
896,
1871,
322,
427,
4018,
1749,
8004,
310,
1749,
27978,
985,
943,
29915,
11896,
304,
278,
8604,
3534,
2187,
304,
607,
591,
526,
540,
381,
322,
304,
607,
591,
29126,
1584,
408,
29892,
322,
1363,
29892,
591,
1348,
322,
2436,
1048,
963,
29889,
1205,
920,
29892,
3721,
29892,
12722,
591,
304,
1348,
1048,
1438,
1736,
29973,
1128,
29892,
393,
338,
29892,
881,
896,
367,
1303,
322,
11098,
29892,
474,
29889,
29872,
29889,
21551,
29973,
1619,
2948,
297,
278,
2198,
6559,
508,
367,
2931,
1891,
297,
1023,
3838,
29901,
715,
3631,
391,
322,
1108,
29899,
24477,
854,
29889,
2193,
338,
29892,
694,
697,
1158,
310,
19854,
674,
9378,
625,
297,
599,
4251,
29936,
607,
310,
1784,
3519,
697,
3060,
15806,
7111,
373,
278,
3153,
1108,
1641,
20976,
29892,
322,
13,
1333,
278,
916,
982,
2820,
29889,
26833,
1795,
367,
1840,
287,
278,
5681,
509,
1151,
14808,
2948,
29889,
5682,
355,
756,
372,
393,
29892,
408,
14808,
6568,
27116,
29892,
902,
5121,
16308,
350,
29889,
11890,
3333,
29892,
13229,
1339,
15387,
278,
2978,
29899,
311,
328,
304,
505,
3711,
381,
18644,
424,
10801,
29892,
4433,
29892,
525,
29954,
261,
509,
1151,
29892,
825,
338,
278,
1234,
29973,
742,
988,
786,
265,
14808,
3265,
4771,
14981,
10352,
29892,
525,
7058,
7111,
29892,
16308,
29892,
373,
825,
278,
1139,
338,
6169,
1105,
372,
338,
411,
1426,
950,
19854,
29889,
530,
19854,
338,
385,
16388,
1234,
304,
263,
1139,
470,
263,
12033,
1230,
1650,
304,
263,
1108,
29889,
4124,
19819,
800,
5480,
1101,
515,
777,
4828,
322,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
2367,
14451,
304,
4045,
29889,
5088,
1237,
310,
8604,
6368,
817,
2360,
8866,
278,
6683,
276,
310,
29762,
443,
3451,
22812,
29889,
910,
3633,
310,
590,
263,
9893,
338,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
563,
11850,
9846,
29889,
739,
674,
367,
325,
513,
293,
630,
30003,
272,
451,
29892,
408,
278,
1206,
1122,
367,
30003,
262,
278,
1494,
11898,
29889,
1619,
11898,
505,
1063,
6969,
491,
3196,
21561,
29901,
278,
3014,
310,
20994,
29892,
607,
756,
1063,
1176,
681,
297,
16690,
292,
18161,
2304,
322,
11308,
29936,
278,
3014,
310,
8046,
472,
3087,
16879,
29892,
988,
306,
471,
263,
6493,
292,
12251,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
29936,
405,
3096,
969,
6346,
29892,
11045,
29892,
988,
306,
471,
263,
6493,
292,
10404,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29936,
2819,
6291,
29892,
11045,
29892,
607,
11467,
592,
304,
278,
383,
340,
1358,
12372,
25940,
3527,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
29936,
278,
3086,
2796,
340,
358,
363,
278,
12968,
1907,
29892,
607,
15074,
592,
263,
25940,
3527,
363,
25266,
29301,
322,
10550,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29936,
278,
10180,
798,
13015,
4623,
7817,
363,
1102,
324,
1503,
297,
7660,
29892,
13681,
29892,
988,
306,
471,
263,
10404,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
29889,
1126,
29892,
451,
3203,
29892,
4832,
29154,
296,
9562,
30003,
1552,
19929,
280,
713,
29892,
278,
4908,
9538,
29892,
278,
4517,
9538,
29892,
278,
12585,
3014,
9538,
29892,
278,
3086,
9538,
310,
15226,
29892,
322,
278,
9538,
310,
11559,
30003,
19303,
2957,
278,
724,
264,
537,
322,
278,
7788,
1728,
607,
590,
664,
723,
2360,
505,
1063,
22332,
9424,
29892,
1568,
3109,
8676,
29889,
306,
288,
705,
263,
4266,
2553,
29873,
304,
7870,
12245,
265,
29892,
590,
6920,
472,
438,
4897,
29892,
363,
670,
2847,
4066,
297,
322,
7572,
2304,
310,
590,
664,
29889,
306,
881,
884,
763,
304,
6452,
1023,
21560,
22176,
363,
278,
438,
4897,
363,
278,
2562,
322,
17826,
2264,
411,
607,
896,
9076,
287,
590,
27593,
29889,
306,
626,
884,
1568,
5704,
3116,
287,
304,
6182,
29043,
8540,
275,
363,
4327,
292,
590,
12164,
23741,
964,
263,
19909,
27593,
29889,
306,
288,
705,
263,
1568,
901,
22910,
2553,
29873,
304,
590,
8099,
29892,
4699,
13402,
29892,
363,
20413,
525,
1576,
10515,
1600,
329,
293,
12594,
3121,
742,
263,
7623,
411,
263,
6035,
1076,
3611,
393,
4332,
1973,
297,
697,
8348,
5562,
1967,
825,
306,
505,
1898,
304,
27769,
297,
1784,
17202,
310,
3838,
29889,
4001,
540,
756,
25036,
6068,
592,
304,
671,
393,
7623,
373,
278,
19786,
29899,
21452,
300,
29892,
306,
723,
763,
304,
1348,
393,
445,
338,
697,
3143,
393,
508,
367,
6577,
3192,
491,
967,
4612,
29889,
450,
11898,
7199,
5921,
278,
2198,
7977,
505,
7795,
1573,
13,
7979,
271,
368,
30003,
3592,
451,
29892,
306,
8866,
29892
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 2.144515 | 1.197201 | -0.30742 | 1.36202 |
nearly enough—from the suggestions given (and warnings issued) by many friendly critics, none of whom should be held responsible for what I have done, or failed to do, with their criticisms. For friendly criticism, companionship, and conversations from which I always learn a good deal—and, not least, for reading all or part of the present work—I thank Elias Berg, Isaiah Berlin, Terrell Carver, Janet Coleman, Richard Dagger, Fred Dallmayr, Mary Dietz, John Dunn, Peter Euben, James Farr, Bruce Haddock, Iain Hampsher-Monk, Jeremy Jennings, Gregory Leyh, Douglas Long (for musical companionship and scholarly criticism), James Miller, Donald Moon, the late Christopher Morris, John Pocock, the late John Rees, Quentin Skinner, Giorgio Tagliacozzo, William Thomas, James Boyd White, and Donald Winch. It is customary—and in this instance true—to say that all errors are my own. T.B. Madeline Island in Lake Superior May 1994
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS WITH the exception of the first chapter, these studies originated as papers presented to audiences in North America and Europe. Several studies in the present volume—Chapters 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11—have, in shorter and sometimes quite different versions, already appeared in print. Chapters i, 5, 6, 7, and 12 appear here for the first time. Chapter 2 was first presented as an invited 'theme' paper at the 1989 Midwest Political Science Association and appeared in Political Science: Looking to the Future, edited by William Crotty and published by Northwestern University Press in 1991. Chapter 3 was in its first incarnation a paper presented at the University of California at San Diego in 1984 and, under the title 'The Picaresque Prince: Reflections on Machiavelli and Moral Change', appeared in Political Theory, 12/4 (November 1984), 521-36. Chapter 4 began as a paper presented at the 1983 meeting of the American Political Science Association and was, in substantially revised form, subsequently published in Polity, 17 (1985), 739-60. Chapter 5 was the first Elias Berg Lecture in Political Theory, given at the University of Stockholm in 1988. Chapter 6 began as a paper presented to the conference on 'The Scottish Enlightenment in its European Context' at the University of Edinburgh in 1986 and, in a revised version, to John Dunn's and Quentin Skinner's political theory seminar at Christ's College, Cambridge, in the Easter Term 1993. Chapter 7 was my contribution to the International Utilitarian Studies Conference at the University of Western Ontario in 1992 and, in a much revised version, was my 1993 Fowler Hamilton Lecture at Christ Church, Oxford. Chapter 8 began as a paper presented to the Politics Seminar at Nuffield College, Oxford, in 1979 and, under the title 'Utilitarianism, Feminism and the Franchise: James Mill and his Critics', appeared in History of Political Thought, i (1980), 91-115. Chapter 9 was published as 'On "Making" History in Vico and Marx', in Vico and Marx: Affinities and Contrasts, edited by Giorgio Tagliacozzo (Humanities Press, 1983), 78-93. Chapter 10 was originally a paper presented at the universities of Stockholm and Swansea in 1978, and subsequently appeared as 'Marx and Darwin: A Reconsidera-
tion', in Political Theory, 7 (November 1979), 469-83. Chapter 11 was in an earlier and much shorter version a paper presented at the 1987 meeting of the American Political Science Association and, under the title 'Constitutional Interpretation and Conceptual Change', was my contribution to Legal Hermeneutics, edited by Gregory Leyh and published by the University of California Press in 1992. Finally, Chapter 12 was a paper presented at the 1993 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington, DC.
CONTENTS xiv
Abbreviations
|
[
8886,
3307,
30003,
3166,
278,
10529,
2183,
313,
392,
18116,
16610,
29897,
491,
1784,
19780,
28431,
29892,
5642,
310,
6029,
881,
367,
4934,
14040,
363,
825,
306,
505,
2309,
29892,
470,
5229,
304,
437,
29892,
411,
1009,
11164,
12903,
29889,
1152,
19780,
29035,
29892,
18708,
3527,
29892,
322,
9678,
800,
515,
607,
306,
2337,
5110,
263,
1781,
5376,
30003,
392,
29892,
451,
3203,
29892,
363,
5183,
599,
470,
760,
310,
278,
2198,
664,
30003,
29902,
6452,
382,
18849,
9827,
29892,
19899,
21071,
5115,
29892,
5061,
15044,
1704,
369,
29892,
2627,
300,
16816,
1171,
29892,
6123,
360,
9921,
29892,
12001,
360,
497,
13029,
29878,
29892,
6182,
24315,
29920,
29892,
2259,
360,
5963,
29892,
5310,
382,
21341,
29892,
5011,
383,
2749,
29892,
18885,
379,
1202,
1698,
29892,
306,
475,
7904,
567,
2276,
29899,
7185,
29895,
29892,
5677,
6764,
23774,
886,
29892,
29094,
25933,
29882,
29892,
16721,
6242,
313,
1454,
9636,
18708,
3527,
322,
21344,
368,
29035,
511,
5011,
16498,
29892,
18935,
17549,
29892,
278,
5683,
18888,
23112,
29892,
2259,
349,
542,
1698,
29892,
278,
5683,
2259,
830,
267,
29892,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
29892,
25906,
601,
10522,
4456,
1111,
29920,
2502,
29892,
4667,
5569,
29892,
5011,
1952,
2941,
8037,
29892,
322,
18935,
8892,
305,
29889,
739,
338,
2888,
653,
30003,
392,
297,
445,
2777,
1565,
30003,
517,
1827,
393,
599,
4436,
526,
590,
1914,
29889,
323,
29889,
29933,
29889,
4104,
5570,
7935,
297,
9459,
5670,
1611,
2610,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29946,
13,
11375,
6632,
29956,
20566,
1692,
13780,
29903,
22659,
278,
3682,
310,
278,
937,
16385,
29892,
1438,
11898,
3978,
630,
408,
15055,
9132,
304,
12990,
819,
778,
297,
4644,
6813,
322,
4092,
29889,
21882,
11898,
297,
278,
2198,
7977,
30003,
1451,
481,
2153,
29871,
29906,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29892,
29871,
29947,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29892,
322,
29871,
29896,
29896,
30003,
17532,
29892,
297,
20511,
322,
6041,
3755,
1422,
6910,
29892,
2307,
7470,
297,
1596,
29889,
13741,
2153,
474,
29892,
29871,
29945,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29892,
29871,
29955,
29892,
322,
29871,
29896,
29906,
2615,
1244,
363,
278,
937,
931,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29906,
471,
937,
9132,
408,
385,
23610,
525,
18193,
29915,
5650,
472,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
13370,
5933,
25137,
9327,
7993,
322,
7470,
297,
25137,
9327,
29901,
21223,
304,
278,
16367,
29892,
8788,
491,
4667,
8764,
4349,
322,
6369,
491,
4644,
22741,
3014,
5254,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29896,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29941,
471,
297,
967,
937,
5528,
2753,
362,
263,
5650,
9132,
472,
278,
3014,
310,
8046,
472,
3087,
16879,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
322,
29892,
1090,
278,
3611,
525,
1576,
14612,
5114,
802,
10787,
29901,
9897,
5942,
373,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
322,
3879,
284,
10726,
742,
7470,
297,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29914,
29946,
313,
25363,
1096,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
511,
29871,
29945,
29906,
29896,
29899,
29941,
29953,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29946,
4689,
408,
263,
5650,
9132,
472,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
11781,
310,
278,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
322,
471,
29892,
297,
23228,
368,
337,
11292,
883,
29892,
17602,
6369,
297,
2043,
537,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29955,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
511,
29871,
29955,
29941,
29929,
29899,
29953,
29900,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29945,
471,
278,
937,
382,
18849,
9827,
365,
522,
545,
297,
25137,
24134,
29892,
2183,
472,
278,
3014,
310,
17920,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29953,
4689,
408,
263,
5650,
9132,
304,
278,
21362,
373,
525,
1576,
17780,
1174,
4366,
264,
358,
297,
967,
7824,
15228,
29915,
472,
278,
3014,
310,
25200,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
322,
29892,
297,
263,
337,
11292,
1873,
29892,
304,
2259,
360,
5963,
29915,
29879,
322,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
29915,
29879,
8604,
6368,
3031,
18220,
472,
2819,
29915,
29879,
6346,
29892,
12585,
29892,
297,
278,
382,
1901,
11814,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29955,
471,
590,
11896,
304,
278,
4623,
22310,
3673,
713,
16972,
16377,
472,
278,
3014,
310,
10504,
21718,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
322,
29892,
297,
263,
1568,
337,
11292,
1873,
29892,
471,
590,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
383,
340,
1358,
12372,
365,
522,
545,
472,
2819,
6291,
29892,
11045,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29947,
4689,
408,
263,
5650,
9132,
304,
278,
6934,
1199,
9444,
18220,
472,
405,
3096,
969,
6346,
29892,
11045,
29892,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
322,
29892,
1090,
278,
3611,
525,
7270,
3673,
713,
1608,
29892,
19361,
262,
1608,
322,
278,
1352,
305,
895,
29901,
5011,
8649,
322,
670,
15976,
1199,
742,
7470,
297,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29892,
474,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
511,
29871,
29929,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29945,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29929,
471,
6369,
408,
525,
2951,
376,
29924,
5086,
29908,
5298,
297,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
742,
297,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
29901,
13737,
262,
1907,
322,
1281,
509,
19416,
29892,
8788,
491,
25906,
601,
10522,
4456,
1111,
29920,
2502,
313,
29950,
7889,
1907,
5254,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
511,
29871,
29955,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29896,
29900,
471,
10437,
263,
5650,
9132,
472,
278,
4946,
1907,
310,
17920,
322,
3925,
12350,
29874,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
29892,
322,
17602,
7470,
408,
525,
7083,
29916,
322,
7335,
5080,
29901,
319,
830,
3200,
1241,
29874,
29899,
13,
12757,
742,
297,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29955,
313,
25363,
1096,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
511,
29871,
29946,
29953,
29929,
29899,
29947,
29941,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29896,
29896,
471,
297,
385,
8859,
322,
1568,
20511,
1873,
263,
5650,
9132,
472,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
11781,
310,
278,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
322,
29892,
1090,
278,
3611,
525,
12075,
5008,
284,
4124,
19819,
362,
322,
1281,
1547,
950,
10726,
742,
471,
590,
11896,
304,
5682,
284,
10515,
1600,
329,
1199,
29892,
8788,
491,
29094,
25933,
29882,
322,
6369,
491,
278,
3014,
310,
8046,
5254,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
29889,
9788,
29892,
23040,
29871,
29896,
29906,
471,
263,
5650,
9132,
472,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
17568,
11781,
310,
278,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
297,
7660,
29892,
13681,
29889,
13,
22412,
3919,
29903,
921,
440,
13,
4920,
1030,
1403,
800
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.190826 | 1.088187 | 0.107935 | 0.555028 |
I. BEARINGS 1. Reappraising Political Theory 2. Whither Political Theory?
II. REAPPRAISALS 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Machiavelli and Moral Change Hobbes's Linguistic Turn Rousseau's Civil Religion Reconsidered The Survivor and the Savant: Two Schemes for Civil Religion Compared Benthamite Discipline and Punishment; or, What Foucault Missed Utilitarianism, Feminism, and the Franchise Vico and Marx on 'Making' History Marx and Darwin: A Reconsideration Constitutional Interpretation: What's Wrong with 'Original Intent'? The Myth of Adam and American Identity
ABBREVIATIONS AJPS APSA APSR ASJJR
American Journal of Political Science American Political Science Association American Political Science Review Annales de la Societe de Jean-Jacques Rousseau Bentham, CW The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. J. H. Burns, J. R. Dinwiddy, and F. Rosen (London, 1968-) Bentham MSS, UCL Bentham manuscripts, University College, London Bentham, Works The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. J. Bowring, u vols. (Edinburgh, 1838-43) British Library Additional Manuscripts BL Add. MSS The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. EW W. Molesworth, 11 vols. (London, 1839) HPT History of Political Thought JHI Journal of the History of Ideas Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Lev. Macpherson (1651; Harmondsworth, 1968) The Latin Works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. LW W. Molesworth (London, 1839) Thomas Hobbes, Man and Citizen, ed. B. MC Gert (Eng. trans, of De homine) (Garden City, NY, 1972) K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected CorreMESC spondence (Moscow, 1975) K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, i MESW vol. edn. (New York, 1968) K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke, 39 vols. MEW (Berlin, 1968-) Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. J. Mill, CW M. Robson, 29 vols. (Toronto, 1963-89) G. Vico, The New Science (Eng. trans, NS from Scienza nuova), trans. T. G. Bergin and M. H. Fisch (1744; Ithaca, NY, 1984)
Abbreviations OC PW SC SPD WPQ
(Euvres completes de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ed. B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond (Paris, 1959-) James Mill, Political Writings, ed. T. Ball (Cambridge, 1992) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract (my trans, from Rousseau, Contrat social, OCiv) Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (German Social Democratic Party) Western Political Quarterly
REAPPRAISING POLITICAL THEORY i . i INTRODUCTION Several years ago a colleague asked me why it was that scholars specializing in political theory continued to write about the 'great thinkers' of the past. Had not everything that could be said already been said? Why had no one had the last word on, or written the definitive work about, Rousseau or Mill or Marx? Were we too dim to understand what our elders and betters were up to? Or were we merely multiplying the number of articles and books about the great political thinkers in order to secure tenure and promotion? And why all the fuss about 'interpretation'? Why do we bother to devise (or to read) this or that interpretation instead of going straight to the source and seeing what the author has to say? It was an astonishing and unsettling series of questions for which I had no fully satisfactory answers. Some of us, I readily admitted, probably are rather too dim to understand
|
[
306,
29889,
20700,
1718,
4214,
29903,
29871,
29896,
29889,
830,
932,
336,
5921,
25137,
24134,
29871,
29906,
29889,
806,
2121,
25137,
24134,
29973,
13,
2687,
29889,
5195,
20576,
4717,
3235,
1964,
29903,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29871,
29946,
29889,
29871,
29945,
29889,
29871,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29947,
29889,
29871,
29929,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29889,
13,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
322,
3879,
284,
10726,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
365,
6202,
4695,
9603,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
12886,
27099,
830,
3200,
1241,
287,
450,
6298,
24759,
272,
322,
278,
9583,
424,
29901,
7803,
1102,
13826,
363,
12886,
27099,
3831,
1965,
27079,
3391,
568,
3295,
13326,
457,
322,
349,
348,
18310,
29936,
470,
29892,
1724,
17787,
1113,
499,
4750,
287,
22310,
3673,
713,
1608,
29892,
19361,
262,
1608,
29892,
322,
278,
1352,
305,
895,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
373,
525,
29924,
5086,
29915,
5298,
28579,
322,
7335,
5080,
29901,
319,
830,
3200,
1241,
362,
20063,
284,
4124,
19819,
362,
29901,
1724,
29915,
29879,
399,
29373,
411,
525,
26036,
11171,
29915,
29973,
450,
341,
1541,
310,
11783,
322,
3082,
27486,
13,
2882,
29933,
1525,
18118,
8098,
29903,
319,
29967,
7024,
319,
7024,
29909,
319,
7024,
29934,
3339,
29967,
29967,
29934,
13,
14689,
8237,
310,
25137,
9327,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
3082,
25137,
9327,
13957,
8081,
2122,
316,
425,
5329,
2650,
316,
4581,
29899,
24288,
1912,
390,
681,
14654,
27079,
3391,
29892,
315,
29956,
450,
24930,
287,
13976,
310,
5677,
6764,
27079,
3391,
29892,
1226,
29889,
435,
29889,
379,
29889,
16640,
29879,
29892,
435,
29889,
390,
29889,
15651,
29893,
2205,
29891,
29892,
322,
383,
29889,
28929,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
15805,
27079,
3391,
341,
1799,
29892,
501,
6154,
27079,
3391,
27593,
29879,
29892,
3014,
6346,
29892,
4517,
27079,
3391,
29892,
13976,
450,
13976,
310,
5677,
6764,
27079,
3391,
29892,
1226,
29889,
435,
29889,
13432,
5393,
29892,
318,
1700,
29879,
29889,
313,
3853,
23559,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29941,
29947,
29899,
29946,
29941,
29897,
4908,
9538,
3462,
3245,
2315,
375,
924,
29879,
350,
29931,
3462,
29889,
341,
1799,
450,
4223,
13976,
310,
5569,
25302,
5707,
29892,
1226,
29889,
382,
29956,
399,
29889,
341,
6544,
12554,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
1700,
29879,
29889,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29941,
29929,
29897,
379,
7982,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
435,
17628,
8237,
310,
278,
5298,
310,
13001,
294,
5569,
25302,
5707,
29892,
951,
1403,
11385,
29892,
1226,
29889,
315,
29889,
350,
29889,
20708,
29889,
4326,
561,
1330,
313,
29896,
29953,
29945,
29896,
29936,
28804,
898,
2774,
2072,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
29897,
450,
13548,
13976,
310,
5569,
25302,
5707,
29892,
1226,
29889,
365,
29956,
399,
29889,
341,
6544,
12554,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29941,
29929,
29897,
5569,
25302,
5707,
29892,
2315,
322,
21353,
19642,
29892,
1226,
29889,
350,
29889,
21271,
402,
814,
313,
8100,
29889,
1301,
29892,
310,
897,
3632,
457,
29897,
313,
29954,
7879,
4412,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
29897,
476,
29889,
28579,
322,
383,
29889,
2201,
1379,
29892,
22012,
2994,
276,
2303,
7187,
805,
898,
663,
313,
29924,
14174,
340,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
29897,
476,
29889,
28579,
322,
383,
29889,
2201,
1379,
29892,
22012,
13976,
29892,
474,
341,
2890,
29956,
1700,
29889,
1226,
29876,
29889,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
29897,
476,
29889,
28579,
322,
383,
29889,
2201,
1379,
29892,
20992,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29929,
1700,
29879,
29889,
22986,
29956,
313,
17104,
1915,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
15805,
24930,
287,
13976,
310,
2259,
24710,
8649,
29892,
1226,
29889,
435,
29889,
8649,
29892,
315,
29956,
341,
29889,
6417,
1100,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29929,
1700,
29879,
29889,
313,
29911,
272,
10268,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29941,
29899,
29947,
29929,
29897,
402,
29889,
478,
1417,
29892,
450,
1570,
9327,
313,
8100,
29889,
1301,
29892,
3865,
515,
5636,
5723,
26217,
511,
1301,
29889,
323,
29889,
402,
29889,
2292,
5359,
322,
341,
29889,
379,
29889,
383,
783,
313,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29946,
29936,
306,
386,
11989,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
29897,
13,
4920,
1030,
1403,
800,
438,
29907,
349,
29956,
12314,
10937,
29928,
399,
29925,
29984,
13,
29898,
29923,
4090,
690,
1614,
2167,
316,
4581,
29899,
24288,
1912,
390,
681,
14654,
29892,
1226,
29889,
350,
29889,
402,
5889,
2109,
322,
341,
29889,
21380,
313,
2177,
275,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29929,
15805,
5011,
8649,
29892,
25137,
16849,
886,
29892,
1226,
29889,
323,
29889,
13402,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
29897,
4581,
29899,
24288,
1912,
390,
681,
14654,
29892,
10307,
2866,
1461,
313,
1357,
1301,
29892,
515,
390,
681,
14654,
29892,
1281,
26614,
5264,
29892,
438,
29907,
440,
29897,
25094,
2310,
18468,
2010,
27239,
4493,
5252,
313,
29954,
3504,
10307,
19083,
9173,
29897,
10504,
25137,
751,
4254,
368,
13,
1525,
20576,
4717,
3235,
4214,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
6093,
18929,
474,
869,
474,
19578,
1672,
14849,
9838,
21882,
2440,
8020,
263,
23056,
3437,
4433,
592,
2020,
372,
471,
393,
1364,
324,
1503,
4266,
5281,
297,
8604,
6368,
7572,
304,
2436,
1048,
278,
525,
7979,
271,
1348,
414,
29915,
310,
278,
4940,
29889,
14302,
451,
4129,
393,
1033,
367,
1497,
2307,
1063,
1497,
29973,
3750,
750,
694,
697,
750,
278,
1833,
1734,
373,
29892,
470,
3971,
278,
8422,
573,
664,
1048,
29892,
390,
681,
14654,
470,
8649,
470,
28579,
29973,
399,
406,
591,
2086,
3964,
304,
2274,
825,
1749,
560,
8623,
322,
1010,
2153,
892,
701,
304,
29973,
1394,
892,
591,
13586,
6674,
5890,
278,
1353,
310,
7456,
322,
8277,
1048,
278,
2107,
8604,
1348,
414,
297,
1797,
304,
11592,
3006,
545,
322,
22360,
29973,
1126,
2020,
599,
278,
285,
1558,
1048,
525,
1639,
19819,
362,
29915,
29973,
3750,
437,
591,
24738,
304,
2906,
895,
313,
272,
304,
1303,
29897,
445,
470,
393,
19854,
2012,
310,
2675,
7812,
304,
278,
2752,
322,
8790,
825,
278,
4148,
756,
304,
1827,
29973,
739,
471,
385,
24293,
14424,
322,
443,
9915,
1847,
3652,
310,
5155,
363,
607,
306,
750,
694,
8072,
5119,
3832,
6089,
29889,
3834,
310,
502,
29892,
306,
28520,
20186,
29892,
3117,
526,
3265,
2086,
3964,
304,
2274
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.162949 | 1.012916 | -0.505795 | 0.410832 |
what Plato or Machiavelli or Marx were about. And some scholars do, to be sure, write with the instrumental intention of getting tenure or being promoted (although this phenomenon is hardly unique to political theorists). But for the other questions I had no good answer, save to mutter something about the perennial fascination of classic works for succeeding generations of readers, each of which reads them anew and from their own vantage-point. And besides, I added, these authors and their works comprise an important aspect of our Western political tradition, which we renew and enrich by reading, reflecting upon, and criticizing these 'classics'. These answers satisfied neither my colleague nor me. Ihave often thought about this exchange, especially when hearing complaints about a 'canon' of works by 'dead white men'
whose ideas are pickled and preserved (in much the same way, one imagines, as Lenin's and Bentham's corpses continue to be). Such complaints have, if anything, become even more numerous (and nasty) of late. And, perhaps surprisingly, they have a long ancestry and a familiar ring. Earlier but similar criticisms were once heard from 'scientifically' minded political scientists, who complained that the worship of long-dead thinkers was impeding the development of genuinely scientific theories of political behaviour. Nowadays, however, such criticisms come more often from quarters that one would expect to be sympathetic if not friendly to the historical study of political thought. The first include advocates and practitioners of analytical political philosophy, some of whom see a sustained and systematic interest in the history of political thought as an antiquarian distraction and an obstacle to our thinking for ourselves in more modern, and presumably more fruitful ways, about the pressing political concerns of our own time. They tend to favour, not the historical study and interpretation of old texts, but the application of economic, rational choice and game-theoretic models and theories to questions of freedom, justice, political participation, and other concerns. Or, if they do study classic works, it is to mine them for insights or to look for forerunners and ancestors who share their views. Thus (to mention merely one of many examples) Hobbes becomes a proto-rational choice theorist and the Hobbesian state of nature a model of decision-making under conditions of perfect rationality and imperfect information. A second set of objections comes from proponents of 'multiculturalism' in the modern curriculum. We should not, they say, be in the thrall of old books by 'dead white men', since these 'canonical' texts tend to preserve and legitimate the power of living white males, and to 'marginalize' the views of women, blacks, gays, and other minorities. We need first to deconstruct this 'canon' in order to show how it functions to empower some while disempowering or oppressing others; and we need next to discard, or at least delegitimize and move to the margins, the very idea that there are 'classic' works in political theory that repay careful study by both sexes, regardless of race or nationality or sexual preference. Such sweeping criticism has, perhaps predictably, provoked
howls of protest from defenders of 'the great books' and the 'timeless truths' that they teach to the fortunate few. The disciples of the late Leo Strauss have been particularly vocal on this score and have, in the main, succeeded in conforming closely to the stereotype or caricature created by postmodern critics of the texts comprising the canon. Since this is a book about the problems and pleasures of interpreting such texts, I suppose I should begin by saying something in defence of my enterprise, if only to distance myself from certain of its latterday defenders. Consider first the matter of method. There is in modern academic discourse much ado about one's method or approach to the interpretation of texts. Now of course being aware of, and attentive to, matters of method is no doubt necessary, and to proceed methodically is an altogether admirable trait for a scholar (as indeed it is for a motor mechanic or a carpenter or anyone who practises a skilled craft). The danger is that these means have a way of becoming, at least in academic settings, ends in themselves: method becomes 'methodology', and a driving force in its own right. I wish it could be otherwise. The proof of the pudding being in the eating rather than in the recipe, my reappraisals would, if I had my way
|
[
825,
1858,
1219,
470,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
470,
28579,
892,
1048,
29889,
1126,
777,
1364,
324,
1503,
437,
29892,
304,
367,
1854,
29892,
2436,
411,
278,
11395,
284,
16392,
310,
2805,
3006,
545,
470,
1641,
21201,
313,
26492,
445,
27791,
265,
338,
15155,
5412,
304,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
467,
1205,
363,
278,
916,
5155,
306,
750,
694,
1781,
1234,
29892,
4078,
304,
5478,
357,
1554,
1048,
278,
639,
2108,
616,
21028,
3381,
310,
22037,
1736,
363,
9269,
292,
1176,
800,
310,
22176,
29892,
1269,
310,
607,
13623,
963,
385,
809,
322,
515,
1009,
1914,
325,
8501,
29899,
3149,
29889,
1126,
18034,
29892,
306,
2715,
29892,
1438,
15717,
322,
1009,
1736,
7199,
895,
385,
4100,
9565,
310,
1749,
10504,
8604,
11399,
29892,
607,
591,
23011,
322,
427,
4018,
491,
5183,
29892,
9432,
292,
2501,
29892,
322,
11164,
5281,
1438,
525,
1990,
1199,
4286,
4525,
6089,
15787,
9561,
590,
23056,
3437,
3643,
592,
29889,
306,
17532,
4049,
2714,
1048,
445,
14523,
29892,
7148,
746,
22514,
15313,
9466,
1048,
263,
525,
3068,
265,
29915,
310,
1736,
491,
525,
311,
328,
4796,
1757,
29915,
13,
1332,
852,
7014,
526,
5839,
839,
322,
21634,
313,
262,
1568,
278,
1021,
982,
29892,
697,
6382,
1475,
29892,
408,
16206,
262,
29915,
29879,
322,
27079,
3391,
29915,
29879,
14913,
267,
6773,
304,
367,
467,
10506,
15313,
9466,
505,
29892,
565,
3099,
29892,
4953,
1584,
901,
12727,
313,
392,
11777,
29891,
29897,
310,
5683,
29889,
1126,
29892,
6060,
26800,
368,
29892,
896,
505,
263,
1472,
19525,
719,
322,
263,
9985,
9228,
29889,
5290,
4926,
541,
2788,
11164,
12903,
892,
2748,
6091,
515,
525,
29879,
15566,
928,
635,
29915,
3458,
287,
8604,
9638,
2879,
29892,
1058,
15313,
1312,
393,
278,
26320,
310,
1472,
29899,
311,
328,
1348,
414,
471,
2411,
21219,
278,
5849,
310,
29120,
262,
873,
16021,
25841,
310,
8604,
10468,
29889,
2567,
328,
1036,
29892,
3138,
29892,
1316,
11164,
12903,
2041,
901,
4049,
515,
439,
13868,
393,
697,
723,
2149,
304,
367,
17520,
7492,
565,
451,
19780,
304,
278,
15839,
6559,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
450,
937,
3160,
22545,
1078,
322,
4120,
654,
414,
310,
16114,
936,
8604,
22237,
29892,
777,
310,
6029,
1074,
263,
15075,
7114,
322,
1788,
2454,
4066,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
408,
385,
9418,
339,
13956,
1320,
13857,
322,
385,
14979,
6436,
304,
1749,
7291,
363,
20278,
297,
901,
5400,
29892,
322,
2225,
24873,
901,
15774,
1319,
5837,
29892,
1048,
278,
24795,
8604,
21838,
310,
1749,
1914,
931,
29889,
2688,
10331,
304,
15381,
29892,
451,
278,
15839,
6559,
322,
19854,
310,
2030,
26442,
29892,
541,
278,
2280,
310,
17407,
29892,
17903,
7348,
322,
3748,
29899,
1552,
272,
7492,
4733,
322,
25841,
304,
5155,
310,
16082,
29892,
15426,
29892,
8604,
27577,
29892,
322,
916,
21838,
29889,
1394,
29892,
565,
896,
437,
6559,
22037,
1736,
29892,
372,
338,
304,
7903,
963,
363,
1663,
5861,
470,
304,
1106,
363,
363,
261,
5963,
414,
322,
19525,
943,
1058,
6232,
1009,
8386,
29889,
6549,
313,
517,
3585,
13586,
697,
310,
1784,
6455,
29897,
25302,
5707,
7415,
263,
17814,
29899,
29878,
1288,
7348,
278,
272,
391,
322,
278,
25302,
5707,
713,
2106,
310,
5469,
263,
1904,
310,
10608,
29899,
28990,
1090,
5855,
310,
4922,
17903,
537,
322,
10112,
3647,
2472,
29889,
319,
1473,
731,
310,
704,
24247,
5304,
515,
410,
9340,
310,
525,
4713,
3953,
3631,
1608,
29915,
297,
278,
5400,
16256,
12906,
398,
29889,
1334,
881,
451,
29892,
896,
1827,
29892,
367,
297,
278,
1468,
497,
310,
2030,
8277,
491,
525,
311,
328,
4796,
1757,
742,
1951,
1438,
525,
3068,
265,
936,
29915,
26442,
10331,
304,
19905,
322,
25204,
6490,
278,
3081,
310,
8471,
4796,
25269,
29892,
322,
304,
525,
29885,
1191,
979,
675,
29915,
278,
8386,
310,
5866,
29892,
4628,
29879,
29892,
330,
1036,
29892,
322,
916,
9461,
1907,
29889,
1334,
817,
937,
304,
316,
11433,
445,
525,
3068,
265,
29915,
297,
1797,
304,
1510,
920,
372,
3168,
304,
3710,
1680,
777,
1550,
766,
3451,
1680,
292,
470,
4575,
1253,
292,
4045,
29936,
322,
591,
817,
2446,
304,
2313,
538,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
16000,
277,
326,
675,
322,
4337,
304,
278,
15276,
1144,
29892,
278,
1407,
2969,
393,
727,
526,
525,
1990,
293,
29915,
1736,
297,
8604,
6368,
393,
1634,
388,
16010,
6559,
491,
1716,
7916,
267,
29892,
17126,
310,
8175,
470,
4797,
537,
470,
18287,
24583,
29889,
10506,
7901,
26819,
29035,
756,
29892,
6060,
8500,
2197,
29892,
1326,
12504,
13,
3525,
3137,
310,
10021,
515,
822,
21043,
310,
525,
1552,
2107,
8277,
29915,
322,
278,
525,
9346,
6393,
8760,
29879,
29915,
393,
896,
6860,
304,
278,
5162,
348,
403,
2846,
29889,
450,
766,
455,
2701,
310,
278,
5683,
22533,
7357,
1558,
505,
1063,
10734,
20982,
373,
445,
8158,
322,
505,
29892,
297,
278,
1667,
29892,
14792,
297,
14670,
292,
16467,
304,
278,
269,
12358,
327,
668,
470,
1559,
293,
1535,
2825,
491,
1400,
1545,
824,
28431,
310,
278,
26442,
7199,
5921,
278,
15355,
29889,
4001,
445,
338,
263,
3143,
1048,
278,
4828,
322,
5644,
25414,
310,
5133,
1259,
1316,
26442,
29892,
306,
7755,
306,
881,
3380,
491,
5934,
1554,
297,
28399,
310,
590,
3896,
7734,
29892,
565,
871,
304,
5418,
6142,
515,
3058,
310,
967,
7480,
3250,
822,
21043,
29889,
10056,
937,
278,
4383,
310,
1158,
29889,
1670,
338,
297,
5400,
21567,
2313,
10242,
1568,
594,
29877,
1048,
697,
29915,
29879,
1158,
470,
2948,
304,
278,
19854,
310,
26442,
29889,
2567,
310,
3236,
1641,
9543,
310,
29892,
322,
1098,
296,
573,
304,
29892,
13750,
310,
1158,
338,
694,
7404,
5181,
29892,
322,
304,
8469,
1158,
1711,
338,
385,
19148,
594,
2460,
18104,
22917,
363,
263,
21344,
313,
294,
6200,
372,
338,
363,
263,
10992,
7208,
293,
470,
263,
1559,
29886,
5893,
470,
5019,
1058,
4120,
4637,
263,
2071,
24455,
25554,
467,
450,
9703,
338,
393,
1438,
2794,
505,
263,
982,
310,
14171,
29892,
472,
3203,
297,
21567,
6055,
29892,
10614,
297,
6053,
29901,
1158,
7415,
525,
5696,
3002,
742,
322,
263,
19500,
4889,
297,
967,
1914,
1492,
29889,
306,
6398,
372,
1033,
367,
6467,
29889,
450,
5296,
310,
278,
282,
566,
8497,
1641,
297,
278,
321,
1218,
3265,
1135,
297,
278,
9522,
412,
29892,
590,
337,
932,
23469,
1338,
723,
29892,
565,
306,
750,
590,
982
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.639142 | 1.485309 | 0.018064 | 1.372139 |
, be judged according to their merit, or lack thereof. But ours is for better or worse an age in which method precedes matter and sometimes pre-empts substance. If one's enquiries are to be both intelligible and legitimate, one must conform to the norms of one's own age and culture, and ours requires that one begin by describing and defending one's method or approach. My defence of the approach taken here proceeds in the following way. I begin with a brief defence of the claim that interpretation is both inescapable and necessary. Next, I consider several strategies of interpretation now competing for attention and even, one might say, allegiance. I then go on to claim that several of these strategies are mutually compatible, inasmuch as each answers to quite different but entirely legitimate interests. I then offer a defence of a problem-centred and multi-method approach to interpretation. And, finally, I provide a brief overview of the revisionist reappraisals comprising this book.
1.2 THE INESCAPABILITY OF INTERPRETATION Disputes over interpretation are almost certainly as old as the human species itself. Although unwritten, the first 'texts'— omens and portents, animal bones and entrails—had to be 'read' and their meaning made clear. Later still, the singers of tales told and retold stories whose meaning was interpreted and reinterpreted from one generation to another.1 With the advent of the written word came new and even more intractable problems of interpretation, and along with it a written record of the sorts of difficulties faced by interpreters, commentators, and critics.2 Aristotle's Poetics is perhaps the most famous, if not the earliest, example of the genre. Nor were questions of interpretation merely pleasant pastimes enjoyed by the idle and affluent. Then, as now, lives were often at stake in the interpretation of legal and religious texts. What counts as a capital crime, or as heresy or blasphemy, is a matter of interpretation not only of legal or religious texts, but of the intent of the accused. Thus questions of interpretation constitute what I call 'deadly hermeneutics'—deadly inasmuch as people's lives, liberties, and happiness hang in the balance.3 Another feature of this long history is the periodic and recurring call to 'get back to basics'—to the text, the author, the author's intention, or whatever—and eschew interpretation altogether. This is the move made with almost predictable regularity by fundamentalists in law and literature as well as in religion. The law or the scripture, they say, has become encrusted with interpretation, each successive layer of which skews or distorts the original or 'true' meaning of the text and/or its author (or, in the case of holy scripture, Author). The first task must accordingly be to undo the damage done by earlier commentators. Hence Luther's claim that interpretation is 'the scum of holy scripture' and his call for a return to the 'straight road' of scripture, unadorned and undistorted 1 2
See A. B. Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Mass., 1960). R. Thomas, Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, 1993). See my 'Deadly Hermeneutics', in Ball (ed.), Idioms of Inquiry (Albany, NY, 1987). 3
by commentary or interpretation. As he remarks in the preface to his translation of the New Testament, his own preface is necessary only because earlier interpreters 'have perverted the understanding of Christian people till they have no inkling of the meaning of the gospel. . . . This distressing state of affairs calls for some sort of guidance by way of preface, to free the ordinary man from his false though familiar notions [and] to lead him into the straight road . . .'4 The irony is, of course, that Luther's fulmination against interpretation is itself inescapably interpretive, inasmuch as it amounts to a defence of one kind of interpretive strategy against other alternatives. Even now, in one version or another, variations on Luther's complaint can be heard not only from religious fundamentalists, but from judges, lawyers, and literary critics. In the United States some conservative jurists call for a return to the 'original intent' of the Founders.5 And among literary critics some, such as Susan Sontag, take their stand 'ag
|
[
29892,
367,
6577,
3192,
5034,
304,
1009,
2778,
277,
29892,
470,
10225,
727,
974,
29889,
1205,
1749,
29879,
338,
363,
2253,
470,
15029,
385,
5046,
297,
607,
1158,
9399,
267,
4383,
322,
6041,
758,
29899,
3456,
29879,
5960,
749,
29889,
960,
697,
29915,
29879,
427,
6578,
2722,
526,
304,
367,
1716,
13052,
1821,
322,
25204,
6490,
29892,
697,
1818,
14670,
304,
278,
6056,
29879,
310,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
5046,
322,
9257,
29892,
322,
1749,
29879,
6858,
393,
697,
3380,
491,
20766,
322,
822,
2548,
697,
29915,
29879,
1158,
470,
2948,
29889,
1619,
28399,
310,
278,
2948,
4586,
1244,
8469,
29879,
297,
278,
1494,
982,
29889,
306,
3380,
411,
263,
11473,
28399,
310,
278,
5995,
393,
19854,
338,
1716,
297,
267,
5030,
519,
322,
5181,
29889,
8084,
29892,
306,
2050,
3196,
16650,
583,
310,
19854,
1286,
5100,
292,
363,
8570,
322,
1584,
29892,
697,
1795,
1827,
29892,
16831,
8837,
29889,
306,
769,
748,
373,
304,
5995,
393,
3196,
310,
1438,
16650,
583,
526,
5478,
1474,
15878,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
1269,
6089,
304,
3755,
1422,
541,
9186,
25204,
6490,
20017,
29889,
306,
769,
5957,
263,
28399,
310,
263,
1108,
29899,
1760,
1127,
322,
2473,
29899,
5696,
2948,
304,
19854,
29889,
1126,
29892,
7146,
29892,
306,
3867,
263,
11473,
975,
1493,
310,
278,
26554,
391,
337,
932,
23469,
1338,
7199,
5921,
445,
3143,
29889,
13,
29896,
29889,
29906,
6093,
2672,
2890,
29907,
3301,
2882,
6227,
11937,
8079,
2672,
4945,
15094,
29911,
8098,
3295,
649,
267,
975,
19854,
526,
4359,
8959,
408,
2030,
408,
278,
5199,
6606,
3528,
29889,
8512,
443,
17625,
29892,
278,
937,
525,
726,
29879,
29915,
30003,
2703,
575,
322,
2011,
1237,
29892,
13019,
289,
2873,
322,
875,
9912,
30003,
21312,
304,
367,
525,
949,
29915,
322,
1009,
6593,
1754,
2821,
29889,
12699,
1603,
29892,
278,
1809,
414,
310,
29763,
5429,
322,
3240,
1025,
15874,
5069,
6593,
471,
21551,
322,
337,
1639,
1457,
9446,
515,
697,
12623,
304,
1790,
29889,
29896,
2973,
278,
17623,
310,
278,
3971,
1734,
2996,
716,
322,
1584,
901,
938,
1461,
519,
4828,
310,
19854,
29892,
322,
3412,
411,
372,
263,
3971,
2407,
310,
278,
23551,
310,
23553,
20050,
491,
5133,
2153,
29892,
3440,
4097,
29892,
322,
28431,
29889,
29906,
25068,
327,
280,
29915,
29879,
3929,
300,
1199,
338,
6060,
278,
1556,
13834,
29892,
565,
451,
278,
24577,
29892,
1342,
310,
278,
16151,
29889,
4186,
892,
5155,
310,
19854,
13586,
21246,
4940,
1355,
27849,
491,
278,
28132,
322,
2756,
6092,
296,
29889,
1987,
29892,
408,
1286,
29892,
12080,
892,
4049,
472,
380,
1296,
297,
278,
19854,
310,
11706,
322,
12962,
26442,
29889,
1724,
18139,
408,
263,
7483,
17268,
29892,
470,
408,
902,
267,
29891,
470,
1999,
294,
561,
6764,
29892,
338,
263,
4383,
310,
19854,
451,
871,
310,
11706,
470,
12962,
26442,
29892,
541,
310,
278,
7609,
310,
278,
28886,
29889,
6549,
5155,
310,
19854,
1040,
12356,
825,
306,
1246,
525,
311,
328,
368,
18606,
1600,
329,
1199,
29915,
30003,
311,
328,
368,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
2305,
29915,
29879,
12080,
29892,
17176,
583,
29892,
322,
22722,
13958,
297,
278,
17346,
29889,
29941,
7280,
4682,
310,
445,
1472,
4955,
338,
278,
29591,
322,
1162,
1038,
292,
1246,
304,
525,
657,
1250,
304,
2362,
1199,
29915,
30003,
517,
278,
1426,
29892,
278,
4148,
29892,
278,
4148,
29915,
29879,
16392,
29892,
470,
6514,
30003,
392,
831,
305,
809,
19854,
19148,
29889,
910,
338,
278,
4337,
1754,
411,
4359,
8500,
519,
4943,
537,
491,
15281,
2879,
297,
4307,
322,
12845,
408,
1532,
408,
297,
13433,
29889,
450,
4307,
470,
278,
2471,
545,
29892,
896,
1827,
29892,
756,
4953,
2094,
29878,
16656,
411,
19854,
29892,
1269,
2551,
573,
7546,
310,
607,
18109,
5652,
470,
1320,
441,
29879,
278,
2441,
470,
525,
3009,
29915,
6593,
310,
278,
1426,
322,
29914,
272,
967,
4148,
313,
272,
29892,
297,
278,
1206,
310,
26630,
2471,
545,
29892,
13361,
467,
450,
937,
3414,
1818,
16205,
367,
304,
563,
29877,
278,
18658,
2309,
491,
8859,
3440,
4097,
29889,
10133,
24760,
29915,
29879,
5995,
393,
19854,
338,
525,
1552,
885,
398,
310,
26630,
2471,
545,
29915,
322,
670,
1246,
363,
263,
736,
304,
278,
525,
4151,
523,
6520,
29915,
310,
2471,
545,
29892,
443,
328,
1398,
287,
322,
563,
391,
18054,
29871,
29896,
29871,
29906,
13,
13393,
319,
29889,
350,
29889,
6171,
29892,
450,
317,
5621,
310,
323,
2122,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
467,
390,
29889,
5569,
29892,
5449,
4135,
322,
1394,
2877,
297,
530,
15566,
25549,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
467,
2823,
590,
525,
29928,
1479,
368,
10515,
1600,
329,
1199,
742,
297,
13402,
313,
287,
9774,
5163,
29875,
4835,
310,
512,
339,
16129,
313,
2499,
29890,
1384,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
467,
29871,
29941,
13,
1609,
3440,
653,
470,
19854,
29889,
1094,
540,
29360,
297,
278,
758,
2161,
304,
670,
13962,
310,
278,
1570,
29198,
29892,
670,
1914,
758,
2161,
338,
5181,
871,
1363,
8859,
5133,
2153,
525,
17532,
639,
1765,
287,
278,
8004,
310,
6111,
2305,
3428,
896,
505,
694,
297,
29895,
1847,
310,
278,
6593,
310,
278,
330,
26265,
29889,
869,
869,
869,
910,
1320,
1253,
292,
2106,
310,
19469,
5717,
363,
777,
2656,
310,
27323,
491,
982,
310,
758,
2161,
29892,
304,
3889,
278,
15311,
767,
515,
670,
2089,
2466,
9985,
451,
1080,
518,
392,
29962,
304,
3275,
1075,
964,
278,
7812,
6520,
869,
869,
869,
29915,
29946,
450,
3805,
2592,
338,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
393,
24760,
29915,
29879,
6095,
1195,
362,
2750,
19854,
338,
3528,
297,
267,
5030,
2197,
6613,
573,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
372,
26999,
304,
263,
28399,
310,
697,
2924,
310,
6613,
573,
13705,
2750,
916,
27809,
29889,
7753,
1286,
29892,
297,
697,
1873,
470,
1790,
29892,
21833,
373,
24760,
29915,
29879,
15313,
524,
508,
367,
6091,
451,
871,
515,
12962,
15281,
2879,
29892,
541,
515,
6577,
2710,
29892,
4307,
29891,
414,
29892,
322,
22937,
28431,
29889,
512,
278,
3303,
3900,
777,
8976,
1230,
11099,
2879,
1246,
363,
263,
736,
304,
278,
525,
13492,
7609,
29915,
310,
278,
7460,
414,
29889,
29945,
1126,
4249,
22937,
28431,
777,
29892,
1316,
408,
25914,
317,
609,
351,
29892,
2125,
1009,
2317,
525,
351
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.83477 | 1.542412 | -0.149841 | 1.387317 |
ainst interpretation'.6 But surely it is as absurd to be 'against' as it is to be 'for' interpretation, much less to 'love' it, as Professor Fish professes to do.7 Whether one likes or dislikes interpretation is quite beside the point, for one really has no choice in the matter. The decision to interpret or not to interpret is not an option open to human beings, but a requirement that comes, so to speak, with the territory of being human. For our language-using and meaning-seeking species, interpretation is inescapable. Heidegger put the point with uncharacteristic clarity when he said that for human beings interpretation is an ontological category. And Gadamer has underscored the point by saying that hermeneutics—the art and practice of interpretation—is a matter not of method but of ontological necessity.8 The world we inhabit and the texts we read, says Gadamer, are never raw sense-data or some ideal objet trouve but are 4
Luther, Selections, ed. J. Dillenberger (Garden City, NY, 1961), 14. See Ch. 11 below. 6 S. Sontag, Against Interpretation (New York, 1966). 7 S. Fish, Is there a Text in this Class! The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass., 1980). 8 H.-G. Gadamer, Truth and Method (New York, 1984). 5
'always already' interpreted and invested with meaning. We are born and grow into a world made meaningful by the language we speak and the traditions we inherit. And these in turn supply us with our own culturally and historically specific standpoint or set of 'prejudices' (Vorurteile) from which vantage-point we make sense of our world and the creatures, texts, signs, and artefacts that comprise it. But Gadamer also insists that this standpoint, far from being static and unchanging, is historically situated and subject to criticism and alteration. Indeed, the central thrust of Gadamer's hermeneutics is that, while we necessarily begin with our own present-day prejudices, we need not end with them unchanged and forever intact. We extend or expand our present horizon of understanding by encountering and attempting to understand prejudices and practices that at first sight seem strange or alien. By encountering and trying to come to some understanding of the alien and unfamiliar, we gain a better sense of the historically specific limitations of our own parochial horizon. We attempt to make a distant horizon compatible with our own. In thus effecting, or at least attempting, a 'fusion of horizons' (Horizont verschmelzung), we at once appreciate our distance from and kinship with those whose perspectives differ markedly from our own. And in so doing, we also come to appreciate our common, if differently expressed, humanity. The art of interpretation, on this telling, is an essential part of the art of living the life of a human being. This art, however, is not a luxury but a necessity. We cannot dispense with interpretation or get by without it. As communicating and interacting social agents, each of us must in our daily lives interpret the meaning of the actions, practices, and utterances of other people. Suppose, for instance, that I see coming towards me a large man, knife in hand and wearing a blood-smeared smock. How I respond depends on how I interpret the meaning of what I see. Placing that sight in a larger interpretive context constituted by certain customs, conventions, and social roles—this is a meat market, that man is the butcher, and I am a customer—permits me to arrive at a correct interpretation and to act accordingly. Instead of fleeing in terror, I engage in a series of socially appropriate and recognizable acts—placing an order, making a purchase, pay-
ing for it, and the like. Of course, this and other aspects of the everyday taken-for-granted 'life-world' are ordinarily unproblematic in so far as they are preinterpreted; that is, we do not see a situation and then interpret it, but see and interpret it as a single seamless activity.9 Matters are much more difficult, of course, if we find ourselves in an alien age or culture with whose concepts, categories, customs, and practices we are utterly unfamiliar. In such situations we are often at a loss to know what is being
|
[
475,
303,
19854,
4286,
29953,
1205,
18880,
372,
338,
408,
6425,
18245,
304,
367,
525,
351,
475,
303,
29915,
408,
372,
338,
304,
367,
525,
1454,
29915,
19854,
29892,
1568,
3109,
304,
525,
417,
345,
29915,
372,
29892,
408,
11386,
12030,
2600,
15322,
304,
437,
29889,
29955,
26460,
697,
4188,
267,
470,
766,
5081,
267,
19854,
338,
3755,
17620,
278,
1298,
29892,
363,
697,
2289,
756,
694,
7348,
297,
278,
4383,
29889,
450,
10608,
304,
6613,
470,
451,
304,
6613,
338,
451,
385,
2984,
1722,
304,
5199,
367,
886,
29892,
541,
263,
11809,
393,
5304,
29892,
577,
304,
7726,
29892,
411,
278,
20123,
310,
1641,
5199,
29889,
1152,
1749,
4086,
29899,
4746,
322,
6593,
29899,
344,
1416,
292,
6606,
29892,
19854,
338,
297,
267,
5030,
519,
29889,
940,
680,
29887,
914,
1925,
278,
1298,
411,
443,
18609,
4695,
7542,
537,
746,
540,
1497,
393,
363,
5199,
367,
886,
19854,
338,
385,
4625,
5996,
7663,
29889,
1126,
402,
328,
4183,
756,
23400,
2616,
287,
278,
1298,
491,
5934,
393,
18606,
1600,
329,
1199,
30003,
1552,
1616,
322,
6944,
310,
19854,
30003,
275,
263,
4383,
451,
310,
1158,
541,
310,
4625,
5996,
24316,
29889,
29947,
450,
3186,
591,
14117,
277,
322,
278,
26442,
591,
1303,
29892,
4083,
402,
328,
4183,
29892,
526,
2360,
10650,
4060,
29899,
1272,
470,
777,
10839,
13413,
16391,
541,
526,
29871,
29946,
13,
29931,
14107,
29892,
922,
5942,
29892,
1226,
29889,
435,
29889,
360,
453,
264,
15734,
313,
29954,
7879,
4412,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
511,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29889,
2823,
678,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29896,
2400,
29889,
29871,
29953,
317,
29889,
317,
609,
351,
29892,
11454,
303,
4124,
19819,
362,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
467,
29871,
29955,
317,
29889,
12030,
29892,
1317,
727,
263,
3992,
297,
445,
4134,
29991,
450,
13361,
537,
310,
4124,
19819,
573,
20473,
1907,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
467,
29871,
29947,
379,
9229,
29954,
29889,
402,
328,
4183,
29892,
1605,
2806,
322,
8108,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
467,
29871,
29945,
13,
29915,
21936,
2307,
29915,
21551,
322,
2437,
2868,
411,
6593,
29889,
1334,
526,
6345,
322,
6548,
964,
263,
3186,
1754,
6593,
1319,
491,
278,
4086,
591,
7726,
322,
278,
3534,
2187,
591,
13125,
29889,
1126,
1438,
297,
2507,
11421,
502,
411,
1749,
1914,
4185,
332,
635,
322,
3603,
1711,
2702,
2317,
3149,
470,
731,
310,
525,
1457,
17675,
1575,
29915,
313,
14147,
332,
371,
488,
29897,
515,
607,
325,
8501,
29899,
3149,
591,
1207,
4060,
310,
1749,
3186,
322,
278,
907,
3698,
29892,
26442,
29892,
18906,
29892,
322,
20160,
17028,
29879,
393,
7199,
895,
372,
29889,
1205,
402,
328,
4183,
884,
1663,
2879,
393,
445,
2317,
3149,
29892,
2215,
515,
1641,
2294,
322,
443,
305,
9776,
29892,
338,
3603,
1711,
24046,
322,
4967,
304,
29035,
322,
10551,
362,
29889,
14598,
29892,
278,
6555,
29684,
310,
402,
328,
4183,
29915,
29879,
18606,
1600,
329,
1199,
338,
393,
29892,
1550,
591,
12695,
3380,
411,
1749,
1914,
2198,
29899,
3250,
758,
17675,
1575,
29892,
591,
817,
451,
1095,
411,
963,
443,
15033,
322,
22296,
938,
627,
29889,
1334,
10985,
470,
7985,
1749,
2198,
28205,
310,
8004,
491,
11735,
292,
322,
15661,
304,
2274,
758,
17675,
1575,
322,
23274,
393,
472,
937,
11126,
2833,
8515,
470,
394,
819,
29889,
2648,
11735,
292,
322,
1811,
304,
2041,
304,
777,
8004,
310,
278,
394,
819,
322,
443,
8302,
4447,
29892,
591,
11581,
263,
2253,
4060,
310,
278,
3603,
1711,
2702,
27028,
310,
1749,
1914,
610,
2878,
616,
28205,
29889,
1334,
4218,
304,
1207,
263,
21188,
28205,
15878,
411,
1749,
1914,
29889,
512,
4550,
2779,
292,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
15661,
29892,
263,
525,
29888,
3958,
310,
4029,
466,
787,
29915,
313,
17241,
6753,
8038,
12873,
16857,
511,
591,
472,
2748,
11188,
1749,
5418,
515,
322,
19015,
3527,
411,
1906,
5069,
3736,
1103,
3145,
1163,
10902,
368,
515,
1749,
1914,
29889,
1126,
297,
577,
2599,
29892,
591,
884,
2041,
304,
11188,
1749,
3619,
29892,
565,
17587,
13384,
29892,
5199,
537,
29889,
450,
1616,
310,
19854,
29892,
373,
445,
14509,
29892,
338,
385,
18853,
760,
310,
278,
1616,
310,
8471,
278,
2834,
310,
263,
5199,
1641,
29889,
910,
1616,
29892,
3138,
29892,
338,
451,
263,
21684,
2857,
541,
263,
24316,
29889,
1334,
2609,
12272,
1947,
411,
19854,
470,
679,
491,
1728,
372,
29889,
1094,
7212,
1218,
322,
16254,
292,
5264,
19518,
29892,
1269,
310,
502,
1818,
297,
1749,
14218,
12080,
6613,
278,
6593,
310,
278,
8820,
29892,
23274,
29892,
322,
14401,
2925,
310,
916,
2305,
29889,
12142,
29892,
363,
2777,
29892,
393,
306,
1074,
6421,
7113,
592,
263,
2919,
767,
29892,
889,
1607,
297,
1361,
322,
591,
4362,
263,
10416,
29899,
29879,
1004,
1965,
1560,
1698,
29889,
1128,
306,
10049,
7111,
373,
920,
306,
6613,
278,
6593,
310,
825,
306,
1074,
29889,
13494,
3277,
393,
11126,
297,
263,
7200,
6613,
573,
3030,
20016,
3860,
491,
3058,
2888,
29879,
29892,
13064,
1080,
29892,
322,
5264,
16178,
30003,
1366,
338,
263,
27654,
9999,
29892,
393,
767,
338,
278,
541,
4630,
29892,
322,
306,
626,
263,
11962,
30003,
17858,
1169,
592,
304,
18331,
472,
263,
1959,
19854,
322,
304,
1044,
16205,
29889,
8669,
310,
9115,
22430,
297,
15115,
29892,
306,
3033,
482,
297,
263,
3652,
310,
5374,
635,
8210,
322,
5936,
13902,
14741,
30003,
13974,
3277,
385,
1797,
29892,
3907,
263,
20590,
29892,
5146,
29899,
13,
292,
363,
372,
29892,
322,
278,
763,
29889,
4587,
3236,
29892,
445,
322,
916,
21420,
310,
278,
1432,
3250,
4586,
29899,
1454,
29899,
629,
9714,
525,
19264,
29899,
11526,
29915,
526,
22420,
6275,
443,
17199,
2454,
297,
577,
2215,
408,
896,
526,
758,
1639,
1457,
9446,
29936,
393,
338,
29892,
591,
437,
451,
1074,
263,
6434,
322,
769,
6613,
372,
29892,
541,
1074,
322,
6613,
372,
408,
263,
2323,
409,
314,
2222,
6354,
29889,
29929,
5345,
2153,
526,
1568,
901,
5189,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
565,
591,
1284,
20278,
297,
385,
394,
819,
5046,
470,
9257,
411,
5069,
22001,
29892,
13997,
29892,
2888,
29879,
29892,
322,
23274,
591,
526,
14401,
368,
443,
8302,
4447,
29889,
512,
1316,
18845,
591,
526,
4049,
472,
263,
6410,
304,
1073,
825,
338,
1641
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.861941 | 1.480118 | -0.686238 | 1.311425 |
done, much less why it is or what its meaning may be. We therefore need a 'translation', which is neither more nor less than an interpretation effected by fusing that culture's horizon of meaning with ours. A good translation or interpretation is one that diminishes the strangeness of the sight, making it more familiar and accessible to an otherwise puzzled or perplexed observer. To provide such cross-cultural translations is the aim of the anthropologist, among others. The historian of political thought often finds herself in a situation analogous to that of the anthropologist studying an alien culture.10 The artefacts or 'texts' produced in political cultures preceding and differing from our own do not readily reveal their meanings even to the most careful reader. To read a text 'over and over again', as some advise, is no doubt necessary.11 But it is hardly sufficient to enable us to arrive at anything like an adequate understanding of what (say) Machiavelli meant by mrtu or what Rousseau was trying to do in devising his scheme for a religion civile or what Vico and Marx meant in saying that human beings 'make' their own history. To try to make sense of such puzzling terms and actions requires that we interpret their meaning. There is no understanding without interpretation, and no interpretation without the possibility of multiple (mis)understandings. Nor is there a neutral standpoint or Archimedean point from which to interpret and appraise any text, classic or otherwise. All interpretation implies, and originates in, some vantage-point or standpoint or (to use Gadamer's term) 9
A. Schutz, Collected Papers (The Hague, 1962), I. 7-9, 74-5. R. Rorty, J. B. Schneewind, and Q. Skinner (eds.), Philosophy in History (Cambridge, 1984), 6-7. 11 J. Plamenatz, Man and Society (London, 1963), i. x. 10
'prejudice'. Every interpretation, in short, implies an interest— not simply in the sense that one is 'interested' in an author of text, but rather in the deeper (or, to speak German, the transcendental) sense that an interest provides the ground for and possibility of an interpretation—a standpoint from which enquiry can begin and interpretation proceed. These interests are, moreover, multiple and varied. One's interests can be contemporary: what (for example) can Mill still teach us about liberty? Or they may be more historical: why did Mill's arguments in On Liberty take the form they did? Who were Mill's main targets, and who his intended audience? Or one's interests may be more narrowly linguistic or literary: what tropes and rhetorical stratagems did Mill employ, and with what effect? What oppositions and antinomies does Mill set up ('liberty' vs. 'authority'; self- vs. other-regarding acts) and what ones does he deny or explicitly eschew ('liberty' vs. 'necessity')? Or one's interests may be logical or philosophical: is Mill's argument in On Liberty internally coherent and logically consistent? Are there gaps or lacunae in the argument? Does Mill construct a compelling case? None of these interests necessarily excludes the others. But they do dictate what will count as a problem, what constitutes an interesting or important question, and what method might be most appropriate and fruitful for dealing with these matters. One would not, for example, assess the logical adequacy of Mill's argument by examining his use of tropes. Nor would one be able to answer questions posed from a historical interest or vantage-point by looking only at the logical structure of his argument. One's method, in short, is dictated by the problem at hand and the interest that one seeks to serve. Thus all interpretations are, in a word, interest-laden. And because they necessarily answer to some interest or other, they cannot be normatively neutral or value-free. Or, to put the point more plainly, all interpretation implies appraisal; and all reinterpretation implies reappraisal. What is in these instances reappraised is not merely the text and author in question, but the adequacy or inadequacy of other interpretations that seek to satisfy a similar interest. Indeed, one's own attempts at interpretation and reappraisal typically begin in some sort of puz-
zlement arising in one's reading the text or
|
[
2309,
29892,
1568,
3109,
2020,
372,
338,
470,
825,
967,
6593,
1122,
367,
29889,
1334,
5480,
817,
263,
525,
3286,
18411,
742,
607,
338,
9561,
901,
3643,
3109,
1135,
385,
19854,
2779,
287,
491,
285,
4746,
393,
9257,
29915,
29879,
28205,
310,
6593,
411,
1749,
29879,
29889,
319,
1781,
13962,
470,
19854,
338,
697,
393,
22964,
17006,
278,
851,
12644,
404,
310,
278,
11126,
29892,
3907,
372,
901,
9985,
322,
15579,
304,
385,
6467,
20285,
839,
470,
639,
10709,
287,
22944,
29889,
1763,
3867,
1316,
4891,
29899,
29883,
499,
3631,
5578,
800,
338,
278,
12242,
310,
278,
24612,
1336,
19915,
29892,
4249,
4045,
29889,
450,
27629,
310,
8604,
2714,
4049,
14061,
8735,
297,
263,
6434,
15690,
681,
304,
393,
310,
278,
24612,
1336,
19915,
23382,
385,
394,
819,
9257,
29889,
29896,
29900,
450,
20160,
17028,
29879,
470,
525,
726,
29879,
29915,
7371,
297,
8604,
4185,
1973,
26328,
322,
1163,
292,
515,
1749,
1914,
437,
451,
28520,
10320,
284,
1009,
2099,
886,
1584,
304,
278,
1556,
16010,
9591,
29889,
1763,
1303,
263,
1426,
525,
957,
322,
975,
1449,
742,
408,
777,
22939,
29892,
338,
694,
7404,
5181,
29889,
29896,
29896,
1205,
372,
338,
15155,
8002,
304,
9025,
502,
304,
18331,
472,
3099,
763,
385,
19967,
339,
403,
8004,
310,
825,
313,
20834,
29897,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
6839,
491,
286,
2273,
29884,
470,
825,
390,
681,
14654,
471,
1811,
304,
437,
297,
316,
1730,
292,
670,
11380,
363,
263,
13433,
29338,
470,
825,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
6839,
297,
5934,
393,
5199,
367,
886,
525,
5675,
29915,
1009,
1914,
4955,
29889,
1763,
1018,
304,
1207,
4060,
310,
1316,
20285,
1847,
4958,
322,
8820,
6858,
393,
591,
6613,
1009,
6593,
29889,
1670,
338,
694,
8004,
1728,
19854,
29892,
322,
694,
19854,
1728,
278,
13331,
310,
2999,
313,
26737,
29897,
5062,
1689,
886,
29889,
4186,
338,
727,
263,
21104,
2317,
3149,
470,
2595,
326,
2742,
273,
1298,
515,
607,
304,
6613,
322,
623,
22692,
738,
1426,
29892,
22037,
470,
6467,
29889,
2178,
19854,
10469,
29892,
322,
3978,
1078,
297,
29892,
777,
325,
8501,
29899,
3149,
470,
2317,
3149,
470,
313,
517,
671,
402,
328,
4183,
29915,
29879,
1840,
29897,
29871,
29929,
13,
29909,
29889,
27651,
29892,
24930,
287,
8579,
414,
313,
1576,
379,
3437,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
511,
306,
29889,
29871,
29955,
29899,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29955,
29946,
29899,
29945,
29889,
390,
29889,
390,
441,
29891,
29892,
435,
29889,
350,
29889,
21129,
809,
513,
29892,
322,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
313,
5779,
9774,
16407,
29891,
297,
5298,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
511,
29871,
29953,
29899,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29896,
435,
29889,
1858,
5071,
4101,
29892,
2315,
322,
7765,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29941,
511,
474,
29889,
921,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29900,
13,
29915,
1457,
17675,
625,
4286,
7569,
19854,
29892,
297,
3273,
29892,
10469,
385,
4066,
30003,
451,
3763,
297,
278,
4060,
393,
697,
338,
525,
1639,
2868,
29915,
297,
385,
4148,
310,
1426,
29892,
541,
3265,
297,
278,
25871,
313,
272,
29892,
304,
7726,
5332,
29892,
278,
1301,
29883,
3906,
284,
29897,
4060,
393,
385,
4066,
8128,
278,
5962,
363,
322,
13331,
310,
385,
19854,
30003,
29874,
2317,
3149,
515,
607,
22085,
16129,
508,
3380,
322,
19854,
8469,
29889,
4525,
20017,
526,
29892,
25409,
29892,
2999,
322,
23821,
29889,
3118,
29915,
29879,
20017,
508,
367,
24952,
29901,
825,
313,
1454,
1342,
29897,
508,
8649,
1603,
6860,
502,
1048,
24169,
29973,
1394,
896,
1122,
367,
901,
15839,
29901,
2020,
1258,
8649,
29915,
29879,
6273,
297,
1551,
10895,
1017,
2125,
278,
883,
896,
1258,
29973,
11644,
892,
8649,
29915,
29879,
1667,
22525,
29892,
322,
1058,
670,
9146,
20026,
29973,
1394,
697,
29915,
29879,
20017,
1122,
367,
901,
12474,
368,
21110,
4695,
470,
22937,
29901,
825,
9201,
267,
322,
364,
9188,
272,
936,
26742,
351,
1567,
1258,
8649,
5703,
29892,
322,
411,
825,
2779,
29973,
1724,
9209,
2187,
322,
3677,
262,
290,
583,
947,
8649,
731,
701,
6702,
492,
495,
1017,
29915,
7186,
29889,
525,
8921,
537,
2670,
1583,
29899,
7186,
29889,
916,
29899,
1727,
20272,
14741,
29897,
322,
825,
6743,
947,
540,
972,
29891,
470,
9479,
831,
305,
809,
6702,
492,
495,
1017,
29915,
7186,
29889,
525,
15107,
537,
1495,
29973,
1394,
697,
29915,
29879,
20017,
1122,
367,
16667,
470,
11847,
936,
29901,
338,
8649,
29915,
29879,
2980,
297,
1551,
10895,
1017,
25106,
16165,
261,
296,
322,
1480,
1711,
13747,
29973,
4683,
727,
330,
2547,
470,
24011,
348,
3660,
297,
278,
2980,
29973,
5538,
8649,
3386,
263,
752,
7807,
1206,
29973,
6213,
310,
1438,
20017,
12695,
429,
27722,
278,
4045,
29889,
1205,
896,
437,
9657,
403,
825,
674,
2302,
408,
263,
1108,
29892,
825,
20016,
2667,
385,
8031,
470,
4100,
1139,
29892,
322,
825,
1158,
1795,
367,
1556,
8210,
322,
15774,
1319,
363,
16743,
411,
1438,
13750,
29889,
3118,
723,
451,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
24809,
278,
16667,
19967,
339,
4135,
310,
8649,
29915,
29879,
2980,
491,
4392,
2827,
670,
671,
310,
9201,
267,
29889,
4186,
723,
697,
367,
2221,
304,
1234,
5155,
926,
287,
515,
263,
15839,
4066,
470,
325,
8501,
29899,
3149,
491,
3063,
871,
472,
278,
16667,
3829,
310,
670,
2980,
29889,
3118,
29915,
29879,
1158,
29892,
297,
3273,
29892,
338,
9657,
630,
491,
278,
1108,
472,
1361,
322,
278,
4066,
393,
697,
1074,
2039,
304,
9080,
29889,
6549,
599,
6613,
800,
526,
29892,
297,
263,
1734,
29892,
4066,
29899,
4528,
264,
29889,
1126,
1363,
896,
12695,
1234,
304,
777,
4066,
470,
916,
29892,
896,
2609,
367,
6056,
6703,
21104,
470,
995,
29899,
9021,
29889,
1394,
29892,
304,
1925,
278,
1298,
901,
8656,
368,
29892,
599,
19854,
10469,
623,
23469,
284,
29936,
322,
599,
337,
1639,
19819,
362,
10469,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
29889,
1724,
338,
297,
1438,
8871,
337,
932,
336,
3368,
338,
451,
13586,
278,
1426,
322,
4148,
297,
1139,
29892,
541,
278,
19967,
339,
4135,
470,
297,
1943,
339,
4135,
310,
916,
6613,
800,
393,
16508,
304,
15523,
263,
2788,
4066,
29889,
14598,
29892,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
14734,
472,
19854,
322,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
12234,
3380,
297,
777,
2656,
310,
2653,
29920,
29899,
13,
29920,
944,
564,
5921,
297,
697,
29915,
29879,
5183,
278,
1426,
470
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.802165 | 1.786395 | -0.454632 | 1.55934 |
in various interpretations of it. That much, at least, seems to be fairly obvious and unproblematic. But by what means are we, as students of political theory, to interpret, criticize, and perhaps even appropriate for our own use the texts that comprise our contested canon or 'currency' or 'tradition of discourse'?12 These are contentious questions, and one cannot pretend that the terrain on which they are addressed is anything but hotly contested. One part of the battlefield is occupied by neo-Marxists, an adjoining part by 'realists', another by assorted post-structuralists and deconstructionists, yet another by Straussians, and still another by the 'new historians' of political thought. Each takes a distinctive approach to the history of political thought, and each is highly critical of the others. Marxists interpret all political theories, past and present—save their own, perhaps—as ideological masks concealing and justifying the domination of one class by another.13 Realists, some but not all of whom are Marxists of one or another sort, view political ideas and theories as playing a causal role in reproducing and legitimating the structures comprising the social world.14 Poststructuralists are wont to deconstruct works by this or that author in order to show how his search for 'foundations' (in, say, 'nature' or 'human nature' or 'natural law') was actually an arbitrary construct—which, multiculturalist critics contend, contributed to oppression of one or another sort (women by men, blacks by whites, etc.). Straussians, by contrast, claim that a canon of works by Plato and a handful of other authors contains the Whole Truth about politics, a Truth which is eternal, unchanging, and accessible only to the fortunate few.15 The 'new historians' of the 'Cambridge school', on the contrary, tend to view texts in political theory as forms of political action, grasping the point or meaning of 12 See W. E. Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity (Oxford, 1988), p. vii; S. Wolin, The Presence of the Past (Baltimore, 1989), i. 13 See e.g. C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford, 1962); N. Wood, John Locke and Agrarian Capitalism (Berkeley, Calif., 1984). 14 I. Shapiro, 'Realism in the Study of the History of Ideas', HPT 3 (1982), 535-78. 15 See e.g. A. Bloom, 'Leo Strauss', Political Theory, 2 (1974), 372-92.
which requires that one recover the intentions of the actor/author and the linguistic resources and conventions available to him or her.16 Such sketches do not, of course, begin to do justice to the oft-times rich and suggestive insights offered by proponents of these perspectives. But they may at least suggest something of the diversity of views and vantage-points from which we reinterpret the meaning and reappraise the value of a rich and varied heritage.
I.3 STRATEGIES OF INTERPRETATION Various fractures and fault-lines separate the several modern theories of interpretation. One of the most obvious of these concerns the question of authorial intent. Among the most vexed in the recurring set of questions in legal, literary, and other kinds of interpretation are these: Can we identify an author's intention in writing this or that work? If we can, should we? What weight, if any, is to be assigned to an author's intentions? Have we discovered the 'meaning' of a text (or more typically a particular passage), once we discover what the author intended or meant to do in writing* it? Or is the meaning to be found in (the reading of) the text itself? Or do we discount authorial intent altogether and look instead at the consequences—often the unintended consequences—of an utterance or argument or text? These are not abstractly academic questions. For example, some American jurists and constitutional scholars contend that the discovery of the 'original intent' of the framers of the Constitution settles the matter of meaning, once and for all. And a similar argument is advanced, albeit in different ways and for different reasons, by Quentin Skinner and other Cambridge
|
[
297,
5164,
6613,
800,
310,
372,
29889,
2193,
1568,
29892,
472,
3203,
29892,
2444,
304,
367,
12558,
6924,
322,
443,
17199,
2454,
29889,
1205,
491,
825,
2794,
526,
591,
29892,
408,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
304,
6613,
29892,
11164,
675,
29892,
322,
6060,
1584,
8210,
363,
1749,
1914,
671,
278,
26442,
393,
7199,
895,
1749,
640,
2868,
15355,
470,
525,
26095,
29915,
470,
525,
29576,
654,
310,
2313,
10242,
29915,
29973,
29896,
29906,
4525,
526,
2793,
2738,
5155,
29892,
322,
697,
2609,
14794,
355,
393,
278,
28439,
373,
607,
896,
526,
20976,
338,
3099,
541,
7375,
368,
640,
2868,
29889,
3118,
760,
310,
278,
10555,
2671,
338,
16404,
491,
452,
29877,
29899,
7083,
29916,
2879,
29892,
385,
594,
2212,
2827,
760,
491,
525,
6370,
2879,
742,
1790,
491,
1223,
18054,
1400,
29899,
4984,
3631,
2879,
322,
316,
3075,
4080,
2879,
29892,
3447,
1790,
491,
7357,
375,
1039,
550,
29892,
322,
1603,
1790,
491,
278,
525,
1482,
3603,
5834,
29915,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
7806,
4893,
263,
8359,
573,
2948,
304,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29892,
322,
1269,
338,
10712,
12187,
310,
278,
4045,
29889,
28579,
2879,
6613,
599,
8604,
25841,
29892,
4940,
322,
2198,
30003,
7620,
1009,
1914,
29892,
6060,
30003,
294,
1957,
5996,
11105,
29879,
10628,
12818,
322,
925,
9215,
278,
2432,
3381,
310,
697,
770,
491,
1790,
29889,
29896,
29941,
8195,
2879,
29892,
777,
541,
451,
599,
310,
6029,
526,
28579,
2879,
310,
697,
470,
1790,
2656,
29892,
1776,
8604,
7014,
322,
25841,
408,
8743,
263,
3269,
284,
6297,
297,
9483,
3277,
322,
25204,
326,
1218,
278,
12286,
7199,
5921,
278,
5264,
3186,
29889,
29896,
29946,
4918,
4984,
3631,
2879,
526,
20668,
304,
316,
11433,
1736,
491,
445,
470,
393,
4148,
297,
1797,
304,
1510,
920,
670,
2740,
363,
525,
11940,
800,
29915,
313,
262,
29892,
1827,
29892,
525,
29876,
1535,
29915,
470,
525,
26029,
5469,
29915,
470,
525,
25047,
4307,
1495,
471,
2869,
385,
11472,
3386,
30003,
4716,
29892,
1773,
3953,
3631,
391,
28431,
640,
355,
29892,
26869,
304,
4575,
23881,
310,
697,
470,
1790,
2656,
313,
29893,
2770,
491,
1757,
29892,
4628,
29879,
491,
18960,
29892,
2992,
6250,
7357,
375,
1039,
550,
29892,
491,
12814,
29892,
5995,
393,
263,
15355,
310,
1736,
491,
1858,
1219,
322,
263,
1361,
1319,
310,
916,
15717,
3743,
278,
806,
1772,
1605,
2806,
1048,
22661,
29892,
263,
1605,
2806,
607,
338,
634,
17196,
29892,
443,
305,
9776,
29892,
322,
15579,
871,
304,
278,
5162,
348,
403,
2846,
29889,
29896,
29945,
450,
525,
1482,
3603,
5834,
29915,
310,
278,
525,
29907,
1117,
8605,
3762,
742,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
10331,
304,
1776,
26442,
297,
8604,
6368,
408,
7190,
310,
8604,
3158,
29892,
25274,
292,
278,
1298,
470,
6593,
310,
29871,
29896,
29906,
2823,
399,
29889,
382,
29889,
1281,
29876,
18368,
29892,
25137,
24134,
322,
14624,
537,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
511,
282,
29889,
325,
2236,
29936,
317,
29889,
11902,
262,
29892,
450,
4360,
663,
310,
278,
19793,
313,
29933,
1997,
24325,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
511,
474,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29941,
2823,
321,
29889,
29887,
29889,
315,
29889,
350,
29889,
4326,
561,
1330,
29892,
450,
25137,
24134,
310,
29863,
404,
573,
1894,
23352,
1608,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
416,
405,
29889,
10180,
29892,
2259,
18199,
29872,
322,
16503,
13956,
25343,
1608,
313,
17104,
27279,
29892,
3037,
361,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
467,
29871,
29896,
29946,
306,
29889,
1383,
2754,
307,
29892,
525,
21713,
1608,
297,
278,
29301,
310,
278,
5298,
310,
13001,
294,
742,
379,
7982,
29871,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
511,
29871,
29945,
29941,
29945,
29899,
29955,
29947,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29945,
2823,
321,
29889,
29887,
29889,
319,
29889,
11447,
290,
29892,
525,
3226,
29877,
7357,
1558,
742,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29906,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
511,
29871,
29941,
29955,
29906,
29899,
29929,
29906,
29889,
13,
4716,
6858,
393,
697,
9792,
278,
7609,
1080,
310,
278,
11339,
29914,
8921,
322,
278,
21110,
4695,
7788,
322,
13064,
1080,
3625,
304,
1075,
470,
902,
29889,
29896,
29953,
10506,
21256,
267,
437,
451,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
3380,
304,
437,
15426,
304,
278,
18941,
29899,
3706,
8261,
322,
4368,
573,
1663,
5861,
12520,
491,
410,
9340,
310,
1438,
3736,
1103,
3145,
29889,
1205,
896,
1122,
472,
3203,
4368,
1554,
310,
278,
6894,
537,
310,
8386,
322,
325,
8501,
29899,
9748,
515,
607,
591,
337,
1639,
19819,
278,
6593,
322,
337,
932,
22692,
278,
995,
310,
263,
8261,
322,
23821,
902,
16639,
29889,
13,
29902,
29889,
29941,
29486,
3040,
29954,
29059,
8079,
2672,
4945,
15094,
29911,
8098,
9586,
681,
285,
1461,
1973,
322,
12570,
29899,
9012,
5004,
278,
3196,
5400,
25841,
310,
19854,
29889,
3118,
310,
278,
1556,
6924,
310,
1438,
21838,
278,
1139,
310,
4148,
616,
7609,
29889,
17302,
278,
1556,
325,
735,
287,
297,
278,
1162,
1038,
292,
731,
310,
5155,
297,
11706,
29892,
22937,
29892,
322,
916,
17690,
310,
19854,
526,
1438,
29901,
1815,
591,
12439,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
16392,
297,
5007,
445,
470,
393,
664,
29973,
960,
591,
508,
29892,
881,
591,
29973,
1724,
7688,
29892,
565,
738,
29892,
338,
304,
367,
9859,
304,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
7609,
1080,
29973,
6975,
591,
10943,
278,
525,
12676,
292,
29915,
310,
263,
1426,
313,
272,
901,
12234,
263,
3153,
13382,
511,
2748,
591,
6523,
825,
278,
4148,
9146,
470,
6839,
304,
437,
297,
5007,
29930,
372,
29973,
1394,
338,
278,
6593,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
313,
1552,
5183,
310,
29897,
278,
1426,
3528,
29973,
1394,
437,
591,
2313,
792,
4148,
616,
7609,
19148,
322,
1106,
2012,
472,
278,
27721,
30003,
29877,
15535,
278,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
30003,
974,
385,
14401,
749,
470,
2980,
470,
1426,
29973,
4525,
526,
451,
9846,
368,
21567,
5155,
29889,
1152,
1342,
29892,
777,
3082,
11099,
2879,
322,
16772,
284,
1364,
324,
1503,
640,
355,
393,
278,
20699,
310,
278,
525,
13492,
7609,
29915,
310,
278,
22767,
414,
310,
278,
20063,
3604,
793,
278,
4383,
310,
6593,
29892,
2748,
322,
363,
599,
29889,
1126,
263,
2788,
2980,
338,
12862,
29892,
394,
6205,
297,
1422,
5837,
322,
363,
1422,
9590,
29892,
491,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
322,
916,
12585
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.027803 | 1.796778 | -0.293074 | 1.109044 |
new historians. I shall argue later that the propo16 See, inter alia, J. G. A. Pocock, 'The History of Political Thought: A Methodological Enquiry', in P. Laslett and W. G. Runciman (eds.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, 2nd ser. (Oxford, 1964), 183-202; J. Dunn, 'The Identity of the History of Ideas', Philosophy, 43 (1968), 85-116; Q. Skinner, 'Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas', History and Theory, 8 (1969), 3-53, repr. in J. Tully (ed.), Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 97-118.
nents of 'original intent' are wrong about legal or constitutional interpretation, which in its turn differs in important respects from interpretation in the history of political thought.17 Here, however, I want to defend the new historians against an oft-heard criticism—a criticism to which they have not, to my knowledge, offered a wholly satisfactory reply. One criticism levelled repeatedly against Skinner and the new historians of political thought is that the recovery of authorial intention is unimportant or irrelevant, even if possible in principle. For, these critics contend, even if we accept Skinner's claim that political writing is a species of action, the fact remains that these sorts of actions—like all human actions—produce consequences unintended, unforeseen, and perhaps even unforeseeable by the actor/author. Hence, to recover an author's aims or intentions, even if possible, is beside the point.18 The history of political thought is, or at any rate should be, the story of the consequences of authorial actions. It should, that is, be about the uses to which a writer's ideas were later put by actors whose interpretation of the meaning of a term (utterance, phrase, passage, or entire text) may not and need not accord with the authors' own intentions. Or, to put it another way, the historian's task is to trace the unintended consequences of purposive political action, in this instance the action of writing a political tract or treatise.19 While it is of course true that actions, including the act of writing, often produce unintended consequences, the claim that intentions are irrelevant or do not matter simply does not follow. For it is logically impossible to validly claim that a certain consequence X was unintended unless one can do two things. One must first be able to show what the author did intend (or could conceivably have intended); and then one must note that X differs from the end(s) that the author (could conceivably have) intended to bring about. In other words, the very identification of a consequence as 'unintended' 17 19
See Ch. u below. >8 Cf. Shapiro, 'Realism'. This is also K. R. Popper's conception of the social scientist's task; see The Open Society (London, 1969), ii, 95-6. This methodological similarity suggests one way of effecting a rapprochement between political theory and the social sciences. See J. Farr, 'Popper's Hermeneutics', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 13 (1983), 157-76.
requires that one be able to identify what the agent's/author's intentions actually are, or were. Hence, it cannot be the case that reference to an author's intention(s) is irrelevant or beside the point—particularly for anyone wishing to write the history of political thought (or problems or episodes therein) as the story of 'unintended consequences'! A good many grandiose claims about the supposed irrelevance or unimportance of intentions are wrecked on the reef of this logical commonplace. This does not, of course, mean that the historian of political thought should cease her enquiries once she has succeeded in identifying an author's ideological-linguistic context and the intention(s) it makes possible or likely. That may well show what a term or utterance, or even an entire text, 'meant' for its author, and perhaps for his or her audience; and so it may help to recover the 'historical identity' of the text;20
|
[
716,
3603,
5834,
29889,
306,
4091,
27754,
2678,
393,
278,
410,
1129,
29896,
29953,
2823,
29892,
1006,
394,
423,
29892,
435,
29889,
402,
29889,
319,
29889,
349,
542,
1698,
29892,
525,
1576,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29901,
319,
8108,
5996,
1174,
339,
16129,
742,
297,
349,
29889,
7413,
13650,
322,
399,
29889,
402,
29889,
390,
4661,
25895,
313,
5779,
9774,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
29892,
29871,
29906,
299,
724,
29889,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29946,
511,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29941,
29899,
29906,
29900,
29906,
29936,
435,
29889,
360,
5963,
29892,
525,
1576,
27486,
310,
278,
5298,
310,
13001,
294,
742,
16407,
29891,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
511,
29871,
29947,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29953,
29936,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
525,
6816,
273,
292,
322,
7634,
11235,
297,
278,
5298,
310,
13001,
294,
742,
5298,
322,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
511,
29871,
29941,
29899,
29945,
29941,
29892,
2062,
29889,
297,
435,
29889,
27415,
368,
313,
287,
9774,
16316,
292,
322,
15228,
29901,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
322,
670,
15976,
1199,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
511,
29871,
29929,
29955,
29899,
29896,
29896,
29947,
29889,
13,
29876,
1237,
310,
525,
13492,
7609,
29915,
526,
2743,
1048,
11706,
470,
16772,
284,
19854,
29892,
607,
297,
967,
2507,
2923,
414,
297,
4100,
3390,
29879,
515,
19854,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
29896,
29955,
2266,
29892,
3138,
29892,
306,
864,
304,
24663,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
2750,
385,
18941,
29899,
354,
538,
29035,
30003,
29874,
29035,
304,
607,
896,
505,
451,
29892,
304,
590,
7134,
29892,
12520,
263,
377,
18368,
5119,
3832,
8908,
29889,
3118,
29035,
3233,
839,
28424,
2750,
4971,
3993,
322,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
310,
8604,
2714,
338,
393,
278,
24205,
310,
4148,
616,
16392,
338,
443,
17001,
470,
28190,
29892,
1584,
565,
1950,
297,
12502,
29889,
1152,
29892,
1438,
28431,
640,
355,
29892,
1584,
565,
591,
3544,
4971,
3993,
29915,
29879,
5995,
393,
8604,
5007,
338,
263,
6606,
310,
3158,
29892,
278,
2114,
9242,
393,
1438,
23551,
310,
8820,
30003,
4561,
599,
5199,
8820,
30003,
5498,
346,
27721,
443,
524,
2760,
29892,
443,
1454,
968,
264,
29892,
322,
6060,
1584,
443,
1454,
968,
29872,
519,
491,
278,
11339,
29914,
8921,
29889,
10133,
29892,
304,
9792,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
263,
9893,
470,
7609,
1080,
29892,
1584,
565,
1950,
29892,
338,
17620,
278,
1298,
29889,
29896,
29947,
450,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
338,
29892,
470,
472,
738,
6554,
881,
367,
29892,
278,
5828,
310,
278,
27721,
310,
4148,
616,
8820,
29889,
739,
881,
29892,
393,
338,
29892,
367,
1048,
278,
3913,
304,
607,
263,
9227,
29915,
29879,
7014,
892,
2678,
1925,
491,
29701,
5069,
19854,
310,
278,
6593,
310,
263,
1840,
313,
6463,
749,
29892,
16549,
29892,
13382,
29892,
470,
4152,
1426,
29897,
1122,
451,
322,
817,
451,
15017,
411,
278,
15717,
29915,
1914,
7609,
1080,
29889,
1394,
29892,
304,
1925,
372,
1790,
982,
29892,
278,
27629,
29915,
29879,
3414,
338,
304,
9637,
278,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
310,
3708,
1066,
573,
8604,
3158,
29892,
297,
445,
2777,
278,
3158,
310,
5007,
263,
8604,
22330,
470,
7539,
895,
29889,
29896,
29929,
5806,
372,
338,
310,
3236,
1565,
393,
8820,
29892,
3704,
278,
1044,
310,
5007,
29892,
4049,
7738,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
29892,
278,
5995,
393,
7609,
1080,
526,
28190,
470,
437,
451,
4383,
3763,
947,
451,
1101,
29889,
1152,
372,
338,
1480,
1711,
9301,
304,
2854,
368,
5995,
393,
263,
3058,
17004,
1060,
471,
443,
524,
2760,
6521,
697,
508,
437,
1023,
2712,
29889,
3118,
1818,
937,
367,
2221,
304,
1510,
825,
278,
4148,
1258,
24042,
313,
272,
1033,
10628,
440,
2197,
505,
9146,
416,
322,
769,
697,
1818,
4443,
393,
1060,
2923,
414,
515,
278,
1095,
29898,
29879,
29897,
393,
278,
4148,
313,
26680,
10628,
440,
2197,
505,
29897,
9146,
304,
6963,
1048,
29889,
512,
916,
3838,
29892,
278,
1407,
29769,
310,
263,
17004,
408,
525,
348,
524,
2760,
29915,
29871,
29896,
29955,
29871,
29896,
29929,
13,
13393,
678,
29889,
318,
2400,
29889,
1405,
29947,
315,
29888,
29889,
1383,
2754,
307,
29892,
525,
21713,
1608,
4286,
910,
338,
884,
476,
29889,
390,
29889,
3929,
2496,
29915,
29879,
26192,
310,
278,
5264,
9638,
391,
29915,
29879,
3414,
29936,
1074,
450,
4673,
7765,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
511,
13607,
29892,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29899,
29953,
29889,
910,
1158,
5996,
29501,
14661,
697,
982,
310,
2779,
292,
263,
12468,
307,
305,
882,
1546,
8604,
6368,
322,
278,
5264,
21195,
29889,
2823,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
525,
9837,
2496,
29915,
29879,
10515,
1600,
329,
1199,
742,
16407,
29891,
310,
278,
10307,
17253,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
511,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29955,
29899,
29955,
29953,
29889,
13,
276,
339,
2658,
393,
697,
367,
2221,
304,
12439,
825,
278,
10823,
29915,
29879,
29914,
8921,
29915,
29879,
7609,
1080,
2869,
526,
29892,
470,
892,
29889,
10133,
29892,
372,
2609,
367,
278,
1206,
393,
3407,
304,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
16392,
29898,
29879,
29897,
338,
28190,
470,
17620,
278,
1298,
30003,
1595,
16311,
368,
363,
5019,
6398,
292,
304,
2436,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
313,
272,
4828,
470,
23238,
727,
262,
29897,
408,
278,
5828,
310,
525,
348,
524,
2760,
27721,
29915,
29991,
319,
1781,
1784,
4595,
601,
344,
16726,
1048,
278,
7424,
19950,
2608,
749,
470,
443,
5215,
749,
310,
7609,
1080,
526,
281,
18217,
287,
373,
278,
337,
1389,
310,
445,
16667,
3619,
6689,
29889,
910,
947,
451,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
2099,
393,
278,
27629,
310,
8604,
2714,
881,
2257,
559,
902,
427,
6578,
2722,
2748,
1183,
756,
14792,
297,
2893,
9215,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
1957,
5996,
29899,
1847,
29884,
4695,
3030,
322,
278,
16392,
29898,
29879,
29897,
372,
3732,
1950,
470,
5517,
29889,
2193,
1122,
1532,
1510,
825,
263,
1840,
470,
14401,
749,
29892,
470,
1584,
385,
4152,
1426,
29892,
525,
1004,
424,
29915,
363,
967,
4148,
29892,
322,
6060,
363,
670,
470,
902,
20026,
29936,
322,
577,
372,
1122,
1371,
304,
9792,
278,
525,
16211,
936,
10110,
29915,
310,
278,
1426,
29936,
29906,
29900
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.834891 | 1.620279 | -0.346647 | 0.942081 |
but it hardly suffices to show how it was received and interpreted by subsequent reader-authors and their audiences. Here, so-called 'reception' or 'reader-response' theories of interpretation have something to offer.21 A text is not merely an artefact produced by an author; it is also a communication received by a reader. Its meaning must in some part be the product of a 'negotiation' between the two. Gadamer's metaphor for this process—the 'fusion of horizons'—is, for me, at once illuminating and confusing. It is illuminating, inasmuch as it suggests that there is a vast distance to be bridged. But the metaphor is also confusing, in that a 'horizon' in the visual-perspectival sense is one thing, not two, and therefore not the sort of thing that could be joined or 'fused'.22 A more prosaic, and perhaps better, way of putting the matter has been suggested by Alan Ryan. In reading an earlier work of political theory we are, he says, tugged in two different directions at once. On the one hand, we want to know what the author was up to and what he or she meant in say20
Dunn, 'Identity'. See S. R. Suleiman and I. Crosman (eds.), The Reader in the Text (Princeton, NJ, 1980); H. R. Jauss, Toward an Aesthetic of Reception (Minneapolis, 1982); R. C. Holub, Reception Theory (London, 1984). 22 Cf. Gadamer, Truth and Method, 269-74. 21
ing something. But, on the other hand, we also have to recognize that Once the essay or book in which we are interested has been put before the public, it takes on a life of its own. Whatever the copyright laws, an author has only a limited control over his own writings. What he writes will have implications which he did not see—implications in the narrow sense of more or less logical inferences from what he says to the consequences of what he says. . .. Works outlive their authors, and take on lives their writers might be perturbed to see.
As 'the most obvious instance' of this process, Ryan cites 'the history of how Machiavelli's major works were read, from 1520 to the 19805', with a sidelong glance at Marx's (mis)reading of Hegel.23 What Ryan refers to are in part, and once again, the manifold ways in which purposive political actions can, and typically do, produce unintended consequences. And certainly these do present problems for the historian who takes an intentionalist tack towards textual interpretation. These problems are not, however, insoluble or insurmountable, and need not pose any grave difficulty for an approach to interpretation via authorial intention. To appreciate just how and why this might be so, let us look outside the immediate purview of political theory. Suppose I arrive home late one evening. Entering my house, I flip the light switch and several things happen. The light comes on, as I intended that it should. But the light's coming on also wakes the cat, alerts a burglar in the adjoining room, annoys a neighbour, causes the dial in the electric meter to rotate, and raises my electric bill. Flipping the switch is my 'basic action'.24 The light's coming on is my action under an intentionalist description: that is what I was doing, or trying to do, when I flipped the switch. I did not intend, and could not have intended, to wake the cat or to frighten the burglar, since I was in no position to know that the cat was asleep or 23 A. Ryan, Property and Political Theory (Oxford, 1984), 3-4. To Ryan's list I would add, amongst many others, later Marxists' (mis)reading of Marx; see below, Chs. 9, 10. 24 A. C. Danto, 'Basic Actions', American Philosophical Quarterly, 2 (1965), 141-8.
that the burglar lurked in the adjoining room. And yet I did, i.e. brought about, all these things, not all of which were intended but all of which were made possible by my acting intentionally. The performance of a political action—including the act
|
[
541,
372,
15155,
9378,
1575,
304,
1510,
920,
372,
471,
4520,
322,
21551,
491,
15352,
9591,
29899,
5150,
943,
322,
1009,
12990,
819,
778,
29889,
2266,
29892,
577,
29899,
13998,
525,
276,
1441,
29915,
470,
525,
16950,
29899,
5327,
29915,
25841,
310,
19854,
505,
1554,
304,
5957,
29889,
29906,
29896,
319,
1426,
338,
451,
13586,
385,
20160,
17028,
7371,
491,
385,
4148,
29936,
372,
338,
884,
263,
12084,
4520,
491,
263,
9591,
29889,
8011,
6593,
1818,
297,
777,
760,
367,
278,
3234,
310,
263,
525,
10052,
327,
11685,
29915,
1546,
278,
1023,
29889,
402,
328,
4183,
29915,
29879,
1539,
481,
2015,
363,
445,
1889,
30003,
1552,
525,
29888,
3958,
310,
4029,
466,
787,
29915,
30003,
275,
29892,
363,
592,
29892,
472,
2748,
4486,
9735,
1218,
322,
16051,
29889,
739,
338,
4486,
9735,
1218,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
372,
14661,
393,
727,
338,
263,
13426,
5418,
304,
367,
28635,
3192,
29889,
1205,
278,
1539,
481,
2015,
338,
884,
16051,
29892,
297,
393,
263,
525,
2015,
18162,
29915,
297,
278,
7604,
29899,
6774,
1103,
2561,
4060,
338,
697,
2655,
29892,
451,
1023,
29892,
322,
5480,
451,
278,
2656,
310,
2655,
393,
1033,
367,
8772,
470,
525,
29888,
3880,
4286,
29906,
29906,
319,
901,
410,
4977,
293,
29892,
322,
6060,
2253,
29892,
982,
310,
10594,
278,
4383,
756,
1063,
7829,
491,
17102,
20916,
29889,
512,
5183,
385,
8859,
664,
310,
8604,
6368,
591,
526,
29892,
540,
4083,
29892,
260,
688,
3192,
297,
1023,
1422,
18112,
472,
2748,
29889,
1551,
278,
697,
1361,
29892,
591,
864,
304,
1073,
825,
278,
4148,
471,
701,
304,
322,
825,
540,
470,
1183,
6839,
297,
1827,
29906,
29900,
13,
29928,
5963,
29892,
525,
18415,
4286,
2823,
317,
29889,
390,
29889,
317,
1297,
25895,
322,
306,
29889,
315,
1883,
1171,
313,
5779,
9774,
450,
830,
1664,
297,
278,
3992,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
416,
379,
29889,
390,
29889,
435,
11214,
29892,
22578,
538,
385,
319,
342,
29882,
7492,
310,
830,
1441,
313,
8140,
484,
25332,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
416,
390,
29889,
315,
29889,
4168,
431,
29892,
830,
1441,
24134,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
467,
29871,
29906,
29906,
315,
29888,
29889,
402,
328,
4183,
29892,
1605,
2806,
322,
8108,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29953,
29929,
29899,
29955,
29946,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29896,
13,
292,
1554,
29889,
1205,
29892,
373,
278,
916,
1361,
29892,
591,
884,
505,
304,
18720,
393,
9038,
278,
3686,
388,
470,
3143,
297,
607,
591,
526,
8852,
756,
1063,
1925,
1434,
278,
970,
29892,
372,
4893,
373,
263,
2834,
310,
967,
1914,
29889,
806,
5564,
278,
3509,
1266,
14243,
29892,
385,
4148,
756,
871,
263,
9078,
2761,
975,
670,
1914,
2044,
886,
29889,
1724,
540,
15873,
674,
505,
2411,
5795,
607,
540,
1258,
451,
1074,
30003,
6574,
5795,
297,
278,
12474,
4060,
310,
901,
470,
3109,
16667,
10115,
2063,
515,
825,
540,
4083,
304,
278,
27721,
310,
825,
540,
4083,
29889,
869,
6317,
13976,
714,
9258,
1009,
15717,
29892,
322,
2125,
373,
12080,
1009,
23550,
1795,
367,
13499,
28179,
304,
1074,
29889,
13,
2887,
525,
1552,
1556,
6924,
2777,
29915,
310,
445,
1889,
29892,
20916,
274,
3246,
525,
1552,
4955,
310,
920,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
4655,
1736,
892,
1303,
29892,
515,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29906,
29900,
304,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
29945,
742,
411,
263,
269,
10652,
549,
21798,
472,
28579,
29915,
29879,
313,
26737,
29897,
19715,
310,
379,
387,
295,
29889,
29906,
29941,
1724,
20916,
14637,
304,
526,
297,
760,
29892,
322,
2748,
1449,
29892,
278,
25941,
5837,
297,
607,
3708,
1066,
573,
8604,
8820,
508,
29892,
322,
12234,
437,
29892,
7738,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
29889,
1126,
8959,
1438,
437,
2198,
4828,
363,
278,
27629,
1058,
4893,
385,
7609,
1848,
391,
22002,
7113,
1426,
950,
19854,
29889,
4525,
4828,
526,
451,
29892,
3138,
29892,
1663,
324,
431,
280,
470,
1663,
332,
16476,
519,
29892,
322,
817,
451,
18593,
738,
15258,
14656,
363,
385,
2948,
304,
19854,
3025,
4148,
616,
16392,
29889,
1763,
11188,
925,
920,
322,
2020,
445,
1795,
367,
577,
29892,
1235,
502,
1106,
5377,
278,
16800,
3708,
1493,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
12142,
306,
18331,
3271,
5683,
697,
11005,
29889,
9041,
292,
590,
3699,
29892,
306,
285,
3466,
278,
3578,
4607,
322,
3196,
2712,
3799,
29889,
450,
3578,
5304,
373,
29892,
408,
306,
9146,
393,
372,
881,
29889,
1205,
278,
3578,
29915,
29879,
6421,
373,
884,
281,
6926,
278,
6635,
29892,
6655,
29879,
263,
26072,
4675,
297,
278,
594,
2212,
2827,
5716,
29892,
12327,
952,
263,
17647,
29892,
9946,
278,
270,
616,
297,
278,
12646,
11134,
304,
16734,
29892,
322,
1153,
4637,
590,
12646,
11118,
29889,
383,
492,
3262,
278,
4607,
338,
590,
525,
16121,
3158,
4286,
29906,
29946,
450,
3578,
29915,
29879,
6421,
373,
338,
590,
3158,
1090,
385,
7609,
1848,
391,
6139,
29901,
393,
338,
825,
306,
471,
2599,
29892,
470,
1811,
304,
437,
29892,
746,
306,
285,
492,
2986,
278,
4607,
29889,
306,
1258,
451,
24042,
29892,
322,
1033,
451,
505,
9146,
29892,
304,
281,
1296,
278,
6635,
470,
304,
22739,
264,
278,
26072,
4675,
29892,
1951,
306,
471,
297,
694,
2602,
304,
1073,
393,
278,
6635,
471,
408,
5436,
470,
29871,
29906,
29941,
319,
29889,
20916,
29892,
9079,
322,
25137,
24134,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
511,
29871,
29941,
29899,
29946,
29889,
1763,
20916,
29915,
29879,
1051,
306,
723,
788,
29892,
22611,
1784,
4045,
29892,
2678,
28579,
2879,
29915,
313,
26737,
29897,
19715,
310,
28579,
29936,
1074,
2400,
29892,
678,
29879,
29889,
29871,
29929,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29946,
319,
29889,
315,
29889,
360,
5361,
29892,
525,
16616,
319,
1953,
742,
3082,
16407,
936,
751,
4254,
368,
29892,
29871,
29906,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29945,
511,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29896,
29899,
29947,
29889,
13,
5747,
278,
26072,
4675,
301,
332,
17713,
297,
278,
594,
2212,
2827,
5716,
29889,
1126,
3447,
306,
1258,
29892,
474,
29889,
29872,
29889,
6296,
1048,
29892,
599,
1438,
2712,
29892,
451,
599,
310,
607,
892,
9146,
541,
599,
310,
607,
892,
1754,
1950,
491,
590,
16684,
16392,
635,
29889,
450,
4180,
310,
263,
8604,
3158,
30003,
18271,
278,
1044
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.318528 | 1.345149 | -0.502321 | 0.868718 |
of writing—is not unlike flipping the light switch. The basic action of putting pen to paper can be given an intentionalist description: the author was doing, or attempting to do, a certain thing—to defend or to criticize royal absolutism, to justify or decry regicide, to promote or oppose religious toleration, or any number of other things. But an author's action may well produce unintended consequences. His argument might, for example, later be used for purposes that the author did not address, and did not or perhaps could not have intended or even foreseen. The concepts used in constructing that argument, and the linguistic conventions according to which it was constructed, may well be misunderstood (or deliberately ignored) by later writers who wish to appropriate, extend, or perhaps amend what they took this earlier writer to have been doing. Some of these misunderstandings and/or rank misrepresentations may prove fruitful for other actors with their other, doubtless very different, aims and agendas. Two examples might serve to make my point. Some modern feminists have interpreted Locke as a protofeminist, inasmuch as he was, as they are, critical of 'patriarchalism'. Thus Melissa Butler, for one, contends that Locke's critique of Filmer's Patriarchia in the Two Treatises lays the groundwork, as it were, for modern feminist critiques of male dominion or 'patriarchy'.25 Locke would no doubt be surprised to find himself enlisted as an early forerunner of feminism, and he might well be appalled at the prospect. But, while it would be a mistake to claim that, in criticizing Filmer, Locke meant or even could conceivably have intended to add arguments to the arsenal of modern feminists, there is nothing necessarily wrong or illegitimate in taking the view that arguments constructed for one purpose may subsequently be put to some altogether different use. And this, arguably, 25 M. Butler, 'Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy, APSR 72 (1978), 135-50; and my critique, APSR 73 (1979), 549-50.
has happened in the case of Locke's critique of patriarchalism. Locke has, as it were, no copyright or exclusive title to his ideas and arguments. They are part of the public domain, and may be interpreted, appropriated, and applied in almost any way by any political actor who finds them congenial or useful. My second example comes from Margaret Leslie's critique of Skinner and her defence of 'anachronistic' readings of earlier thinkers.26 Strained analogies, and even anachronisms, may, in the hands of an ingenious writer such as Antonio Gramsci, prove to be politically persuasive when addressed to a certain sort of audience. In redescribing the Communist Party as the 'modern prince', Gramsci adapted and made creative use of what he took to be Machiavelli's notion of a ruthless and all-powerful principe. On Gramsci's reading, the Communist Party, like Machiavelli's prince, must be prepared to use guile, cunning, deceit, and violence to achieve worthy ends. By substituting 'Party' for 'prince', Gramsci was able to adapt Machiavelli's arguments to a more modern and distinctly different context. That Gramsci's use of Machiavelli's text was admittedly anachronistic is beside the point. As a political actor, Gramsci had, and used, the political equivalent of poetic licence. Skinner's contention, in effect, is that no such licence is granted to historians of political thought. If we, as historians, are to understand the meaning that particular terms, utterances, claims, and arguments had for certain authors and their audiences, then surely we must, at a minimum, know something about the linguistic conventions of the day and the political concepts, languages, or idioms available to them. Thus it would in this instance be important to note, for example, that the modern concept of the 'political party', as understood by Gramsci and his audience, was not available to Machiavelli and his contemporaries.27 One might also note that certain key concepts in Machiavelli's vocabulary, such as fortuna, have no place in, and are arguably at
|
[
310,
5007,
30003,
275,
451,
25531,
285,
492,
3262,
278,
3578,
4607,
29889,
450,
6996,
3158,
310,
10594,
6584,
304,
5650,
508,
367,
2183,
385,
7609,
1848,
391,
6139,
29901,
278,
4148,
471,
2599,
29892,
470,
15661,
304,
437,
29892,
263,
3058,
2655,
30003,
517,
24663,
470,
304,
11164,
675,
15150,
4963,
329,
1608,
29892,
304,
26922,
470,
1602,
719,
1072,
293,
680,
29892,
304,
27391,
470,
4575,
852,
12962,
20341,
362,
29892,
470,
738,
1353,
310,
916,
2712,
29889,
1205,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
3158,
1122,
1532,
7738,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
29889,
3600,
2980,
1795,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
2678,
367,
1304,
363,
11976,
393,
278,
4148,
1258,
451,
3211,
29892,
322,
1258,
451,
470,
6060,
1033,
451,
505,
9146,
470,
1584,
363,
968,
264,
29889,
450,
22001,
1304,
297,
3386,
292,
393,
2980,
29892,
322,
278,
21110,
4695,
13064,
1080,
5034,
304,
607,
372,
471,
13319,
29892,
1122,
1532,
367,
19818,
9337,
313,
272,
23663,
2486,
17262,
29897,
491,
2678,
23550,
1058,
6398,
304,
8210,
29892,
10985,
29892,
470,
6060,
626,
355,
825,
896,
3614,
445,
8859,
9227,
304,
505,
1063,
2599,
29889,
3834,
310,
1438,
19818,
1689,
886,
322,
29914,
272,
7115,
3984,
276,
6338,
800,
1122,
6356,
15774,
1319,
363,
916,
29701,
411,
1009,
916,
29892,
7404,
2222,
1407,
1422,
29892,
263,
9893,
322,
946,
355,
294,
29889,
7803,
6455,
1795,
9080,
304,
1207,
590,
1298,
29889,
3834,
5400,
21991,
2879,
505,
21551,
18199,
29872,
408,
263,
17814,
29888,
331,
262,
391,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
540,
471,
29892,
408,
896,
526,
29892,
12187,
310,
525,
5031,
374,
1279,
284,
1608,
4286,
6549,
6286,
16343,
29384,
29892,
363,
697,
29892,
640,
1975,
393,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
2514,
1050,
29915,
29879,
23168,
1279,
423,
297,
278,
7803,
6479,
271,
4637,
301,
1036,
278,
5962,
1287,
29892,
408,
372,
892,
29892,
363,
5400,
21991,
391,
3994,
3783,
310,
14263,
8022,
291,
470,
525,
5031,
374,
12040,
4286,
29906,
29945,
18199,
29872,
723,
694,
7404,
367,
18014,
304,
1284,
3654,
427,
1761,
287,
408,
385,
4688,
363,
261,
348,
1089,
310,
21991,
1608,
29892,
322,
540,
1795,
1532,
367,
623,
4212,
472,
278,
27289,
29889,
1205,
29892,
1550,
372,
723,
367,
263,
10171,
304,
5995,
393,
29892,
297,
11164,
5281,
2514,
1050,
29892,
18199,
29872,
6839,
470,
1584,
1033,
10628,
440,
2197,
505,
9146,
304,
788,
6273,
304,
278,
564,
4881,
284,
310,
5400,
21991,
2879,
29892,
727,
338,
3078,
12695,
2743,
470,
980,
1397,
277,
6490,
297,
5622,
278,
1776,
393,
6273,
13319,
363,
697,
6437,
1122,
17602,
367,
1925,
304,
777,
19148,
1422,
671,
29889,
1126,
445,
29892,
1852,
29884,
2197,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29945,
341,
29889,
29384,
29892,
525,
29923,
279,
368,
25910,
1528,
1862,
310,
19361,
262,
1608,
29901,
2259,
18199,
29872,
322,
278,
6212,
547,
373,
23168,
12040,
29892,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29955,
29906,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
511,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29945,
29899,
29945,
29900,
29936,
322,
590,
29709,
29892,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29955,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
511,
29871,
29945,
29946,
29929,
29899,
29945,
29900,
29889,
13,
5349,
9559,
297,
278,
1206,
310,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
16967,
1279,
284,
1608,
29889,
18199,
29872,
756,
29892,
408,
372,
892,
29892,
694,
3509,
1266,
470,
29192,
3611,
304,
670,
7014,
322,
6273,
29889,
2688,
526,
760,
310,
278,
970,
5354,
29892,
322,
1122,
367,
21551,
29892,
7128,
630,
29892,
322,
7436,
297,
4359,
738,
982,
491,
738,
8604,
11339,
1058,
14061,
963,
378,
1885,
616,
470,
5407,
29889,
1619,
1473,
1342,
5304,
515,
18364,
2664,
3197,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
4971,
3993,
322,
902,
28399,
310,
525,
273,
496,
1617,
4695,
29915,
1303,
886,
310,
8859,
1348,
414,
29889,
29906,
29953,
7357,
1312,
15690,
583,
29892,
322,
1584,
385,
496,
1617,
12903,
29892,
1122,
29892,
297,
278,
6567,
310,
385,
24386,
2738,
9227,
1316,
408,
9630,
1632,
2232,
455,
29892,
6356,
304,
367,
2832,
1711,
20408,
294,
573,
746,
20976,
304,
263,
3058,
2656,
310,
20026,
29889,
512,
2654,
267,
699,
10549,
278,
20473,
391,
9173,
408,
278,
525,
1545,
824,
15927,
742,
1632,
2232,
455,
23430,
322,
1754,
907,
1230,
671,
310,
825,
540,
3614,
304,
367,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
17837,
310,
263,
364,
2806,
2222,
322,
599,
29899,
13519,
1319,
29095,
29889,
1551,
1632,
2232,
455,
29915,
29879,
5183,
29892,
278,
20473,
391,
9173,
29892,
763,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
15927,
29892,
1818,
367,
13240,
304,
671,
1410,
488,
29892,
274,
27389,
29892,
23332,
277,
29892,
322,
21448,
304,
6176,
24717,
10614,
29889,
2648,
5960,
12937,
292,
525,
7439,
29891,
29915,
363,
525,
558,
1239,
742,
1632,
2232,
455,
471,
2221,
304,
7744,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
6273,
304,
263,
901,
5400,
322,
8359,
368,
1422,
3030,
29889,
2193,
1632,
2232,
455,
29915,
29879,
671,
310,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1426,
471,
20186,
368,
385,
496,
1617,
4695,
338,
17620,
278,
1298,
29889,
1094,
263,
8604,
11339,
29892,
1632,
2232,
455,
750,
29892,
322,
1304,
29892,
278,
8604,
7126,
310,
772,
7492,
7794,
663,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29915,
29879,
640,
2509,
29892,
297,
2779,
29892,
338,
393,
694,
1316,
7794,
663,
338,
16896,
304,
3603,
5834,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
960,
591,
29892,
408,
3603,
5834,
29892,
526,
304,
2274,
278,
6593,
393,
3153,
4958,
29892,
14401,
2925,
29892,
16726,
29892,
322,
6273,
750,
363,
3058,
15717,
322,
1009,
12990,
819,
778,
29892,
769,
18880,
591,
1818,
29892,
472,
263,
9212,
29892,
1073,
1554,
1048,
278,
21110,
4695,
13064,
1080,
310,
278,
2462,
322,
278,
8604,
22001,
29892,
10276,
29892,
470,
1178,
29875,
4835,
3625,
304,
963,
29889,
6549,
372,
723,
297,
445,
2777,
367,
4100,
304,
4443,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
393,
278,
5400,
6964,
310,
278,
525,
20087,
936,
6263,
742,
408,
11098,
491,
1632,
2232,
455,
322,
670,
20026,
29892,
471,
451,
3625,
304,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
322,
670,
12010,
4314,
29889,
29906,
29955,
3118,
1795,
884,
4443,
393,
3058,
1820,
22001,
297,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
7931,
370,
352,
653,
29892,
1316,
408,
5162,
4347,
29892,
505,
694,
2058,
297,
29892,
322,
526,
1852,
29884,
2197,
472
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.546761 | 1.474927 | 0.384764 | 1.215294 |
odds with, Gramsci's own rather more deterministic Marxian framework. 26
M. Leslie, 'In Defence of Anachronism', Political Studies, 18 (1970), 433-4727 T. Ball, 'Party', in Ball, J. Farr, and R. L. Hanson (eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge, 1989).
To make these observations is of course to take nothing away from Gramsci, who wrote not as a scholar but as a political actor and activist who was in Skinner's sense an 'innovating ideologist'.28 Gramsci, in other words, used an existing and already well-known stock of concepts and images to redescribe and lend legitimacy to an institution widely regarded as suspect. An interpretation like Gramsci's may be adjudged good (innovative, ingenious, path-breaking, persuasive, etc.) on political grounds even as it is adjudged deficient on scholarly grounds, and vice versa. We must remember that political actors, past and present, are apt to fight dirty by, for example, misrepresenting opponents' views, constructing arguments ad hominem, and using almost any rhetorical weapon that comes to hand. And success in such endeavours depends, as often as not, upon one side's skill or sheer good luck in hitting upon an illuminating image or telling metaphor to make its case persuasive or at least palatable.29 But it is also important to note that such arguments and appeals must be tailored to the tastes, standards, and outlook of the audience at which they are aimed. If one fails to take one's audience's standards into account, one runs the grave risk of having one's actions viewed as unintelligible and/or illegitimate. Both desiderata—intelligibility and legitimacy—are, for political agents, considerations of surpassing importance. As Skinner notes, 'the problem facing an agent who wishes to legitimate what he is doing at the same time as gaining what he wants cannot simply be the instrumental problem of tailoring his normative language in order to fit his projects. It must in part be the problem of tailoring his projects in order to fit the available normative language.'30 Hence, however revolutionary the ideologist . . . he will nevertheless be committed, once he has accepted the need to legitimate his behaviour, to attempting to show that some of the existing range of favourable 28 Q. Skinner, 'Some Problems in the Analysis of Political Thought and Action', in Tully (ed.), Meaning and Context, 112. 29 T. Ball and J. G. A. Pocock (eds.), Conceptual Change and the Constitution (Lawrence, Kan., 1988), 2. 30 Q. Skinner, Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge, 1978), i, pp. xii-xiii.
evaluative-descriptive terms can somehow be applied as apt descriptions of his own apparently untoward actions. Every revolutionary is to this extent obliged to march backward into battle.31 At the same time, however, a political actor/author—particularly one on whom we (retrospectively) bestow the honorific title of political theorist—does things not only with language, but to language, in that his or her actions produce changes (sometimes intended, sometimes not) in the vocabulary available to his or her audience and to subsequent speakers of the language.32 Through the use of argument, analogy, metaphor, and other means, he or she may be able to alter the language of description and appraisal in certain ways, perhaps by extending the meaning of a term, or even by coining a new one. But any author daring to do so is likely to proceed cautiously and perhaps even apologetically, as Locke does, for example, in the Second Treatise. 'It may perhaps be censured as an impertinent Criticism in a discourse of this nature', he writes, 'to find fault with words and names that have obtained in the World: And yet possibly it may not be amiss to offer new ones when the old are apt to lead Men into mistakes . . .'.33 The concept in question is 'paternal power', which in the political-linguistic context of late-seventeenth-century England was being put to a particular political use—nam
|
[
7736,
29879,
411,
29892,
1632,
2232,
455,
29915,
29879,
1914,
3265,
901,
11806,
4695,
28579,
713,
6890,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29953,
13,
29924,
29889,
2664,
3197,
29892,
525,
797,
5282,
663,
310,
530,
496,
1617,
1608,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
511,
29871,
29946,
29941,
29941,
29899,
29946,
29955,
29906,
29955,
323,
29889,
13402,
29892,
525,
7439,
29891,
742,
297,
13402,
29892,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
322,
390,
29889,
365,
29889,
6971,
265,
313,
5779,
9774,
25137,
512,
13715,
362,
322,
1281,
1547,
950,
10726,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
467,
13,
1762,
1207,
1438,
13917,
338,
310,
3236,
304,
2125,
3078,
3448,
515,
1632,
2232,
455,
29892,
1058,
5456,
451,
408,
263,
21344,
541,
408,
263,
8604,
11339,
322,
5039,
391,
1058,
471,
297,
4971,
3993,
29915,
29879,
4060,
385,
525,
2559,
586,
1218,
1957,
19915,
4286,
29906,
29947,
1632,
2232,
455,
29892,
297,
916,
3838,
29892,
1304,
385,
5923,
322,
2307,
1532,
29899,
5203,
10961,
310,
22001,
322,
4558,
304,
2654,
267,
29581,
322,
301,
355,
25204,
326,
4135,
304,
385,
12666,
17644,
17878,
408,
12326,
29889,
530,
19854,
763,
1632,
2232,
455,
29915,
29879,
1122,
367,
12109,
566,
3192,
1781,
313,
2559,
586,
1230,
29892,
24386,
2738,
29892,
2224,
29899,
1030,
5086,
29892,
20408,
294,
573,
29892,
2992,
1846,
373,
8604,
25502,
1584,
408,
372,
338,
12109,
566,
3192,
822,
293,
993,
373,
21344,
368,
25502,
29892,
322,
11289,
1224,
29874,
29889,
1334,
1818,
6456,
393,
8604,
29701,
29892,
4940,
322,
2198,
29892,
526,
10882,
304,
8589,
26616,
491,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
3984,
276,
6338,
292,
23995,
1237,
29915,
8386,
29892,
3386,
292,
6273,
594,
3632,
262,
331,
29892,
322,
773,
4359,
738,
364,
9188,
272,
936,
28639,
393,
5304,
304,
1361,
29889,
1126,
2551,
297,
1316,
26009,
2470,
7111,
29892,
408,
4049,
408,
451,
29892,
2501,
697,
2625,
29915,
29879,
19911,
470,
1183,
261,
1781,
9885,
297,
29425,
2501,
385,
4486,
9735,
1218,
1967,
470,
14509,
1539,
481,
2015,
304,
1207,
967,
1206,
20408,
294,
573,
470,
472,
3203,
5112,
17219,
29889,
29906,
29929,
1205,
372,
338,
884,
4100,
304,
4443,
393,
1316,
6273,
322,
5929,
1338,
1818,
367,
12464,
4395,
304,
278,
260,
579,
267,
29892,
20801,
29892,
322,
714,
6914,
310,
278,
20026,
472,
607,
896,
526,
12242,
287,
29889,
960,
697,
8465,
304,
2125,
697,
29915,
29879,
20026,
29915,
29879,
20801,
964,
3633,
29892,
697,
6057,
278,
15258,
12045,
310,
2534,
697,
29915,
29879,
8820,
24774,
408,
443,
524,
9347,
1821,
322,
29914,
272,
980,
1397,
277,
6490,
29889,
9134,
553,
1241,
532,
30003,
524,
9347,
4127,
322,
25204,
326,
4135,
30003,
598,
29892,
363,
8604,
19518,
29892,
2050,
800,
310,
1190,
3364,
292,
13500,
29889,
1094,
4971,
3993,
11486,
29892,
525,
1552,
1108,
14870,
385,
10823,
1058,
28688,
304,
25204,
6490,
825,
540,
338,
2599,
472,
278,
1021,
931,
408,
11581,
292,
825,
540,
10753,
2609,
3763,
367,
278,
11395,
284,
1108,
310,
12464,
8253,
670,
6056,
1230,
4086,
297,
1797,
304,
6216,
670,
9279,
29889,
739,
1818,
297,
760,
367,
278,
1108,
310,
12464,
8253,
670,
9279,
297,
1797,
304,
6216,
278,
3625,
6056,
1230,
4086,
6169,
29941,
29900,
10133,
29892,
3138,
19479,
653,
278,
1957,
19915,
869,
869,
869,
540,
674,
2360,
16561,
367,
19355,
29892,
2748,
540,
756,
9259,
278,
817,
304,
25204,
6490,
670,
10468,
29892,
304,
15661,
304,
1510,
393,
777,
310,
278,
5923,
3464,
310,
5025,
283,
18104,
29871,
29906,
29947,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
525,
9526,
11583,
29879,
297,
278,
24352,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
322,
9123,
742,
297,
27415,
368,
313,
287,
9774,
16316,
292,
322,
15228,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29929,
323,
29889,
13402,
322,
435,
29889,
402,
29889,
319,
29889,
349,
542,
1698,
313,
5779,
9774,
1281,
1547,
950,
10726,
322,
278,
20063,
313,
29931,
1450,
17540,
29892,
11720,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
511,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29900,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
7460,
800,
310,
14624,
25137,
498,
1774,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
511,
474,
29892,
6499,
29889,
921,
2236,
29899,
29916,
25609,
29889,
13,
24219,
1230,
29899,
2783,
924,
573,
4958,
508,
10431,
367,
7436,
408,
10882,
2342,
1980,
310,
670,
1914,
13229,
443,
29873,
340,
538,
8820,
29889,
7569,
19479,
653,
338,
304,
445,
15834,
24474,
304,
8575,
1250,
1328,
964,
10555,
29889,
29941,
29896,
2180,
278,
1021,
931,
29892,
3138,
29892,
263,
8604,
11339,
29914,
8921,
30003,
1595,
16311,
368,
697,
373,
6029,
591,
313,
2267,
1883,
1103,
3598,
29897,
1900,
340,
278,
10657,
928,
3611,
310,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
30003,
13221,
2712,
451,
871,
411,
4086,
29892,
541,
304,
4086,
29892,
297,
393,
670,
470,
902,
8820,
7738,
3620,
313,
29879,
14618,
9146,
29892,
6041,
451,
29897,
297,
278,
7931,
370,
352,
653,
3625,
304,
670,
470,
902,
20026,
322,
304,
15352,
7726,
414,
310,
278,
4086,
29889,
29941,
29906,
17044,
278,
671,
310,
2980,
29892,
3483,
6933,
29892,
1539,
481,
2015,
29892,
322,
916,
2794,
29892,
540,
470,
1183,
1122,
367,
2221,
304,
10551,
278,
4086,
310,
6139,
322,
623,
23469,
284,
297,
3058,
5837,
29892,
6060,
491,
23771,
278,
6593,
310,
263,
1840,
29892,
470,
1584,
491,
1302,
2827,
263,
716,
697,
29889,
1205,
738,
4148,
270,
4362,
304,
437,
577,
338,
5517,
304,
8469,
274,
1300,
17365,
322,
6060,
1584,
27746,
300,
1711,
29892,
408,
18199,
29872,
947,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
297,
278,
6440,
6479,
271,
895,
29889,
525,
3112,
1122,
6060,
367,
19343,
2955,
408,
385,
10112,
29873,
8946,
15976,
293,
1608,
297,
263,
2313,
10242,
310,
445,
5469,
742,
540,
15873,
29892,
525,
517,
1284,
12570,
411,
3838,
322,
2983,
393,
505,
7625,
297,
278,
2787,
29901,
1126,
3447,
10075,
372,
1122,
451,
367,
626,
790,
304,
5957,
716,
6743,
746,
278,
2030,
526,
10882,
304,
3275,
7567,
964,
28947,
869,
869,
869,
4286,
29941,
29941,
450,
6964,
297,
1139,
338,
525,
5031,
17196,
3081,
742,
607,
297,
278,
8604,
29899,
1847,
29884,
4695,
3030,
310,
5683,
29899,
344,
794,
29872,
9097,
29899,
27371,
5408,
471,
1641,
1925,
304,
263,
3153,
8604,
671,
30003,
8588
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.79957 | 1.438589 | -0.793384 | 0.352648 |
ely, justifying royal absolutism. Locke's refutation of arguments in favour of royal absolutism relies rather less upon the coining of new terms than upon showing that 'paternal power', as used by Filmer and other apologists, was by the logical and linguistic standards of the day contradictory and incoherent, rested on misreadings or misunderstandings of scripture, and so on. Radical as he was, Locke recognized full well that he too must proceed with caution, marching backwards into battle where necessary and couching his arguments as quarrels with contemporaries or predecessors in a language that his audience was likely to understand. Many other examples could be offered, of course, but it seems quite clear that the history of political thought is in no 31 32
Skinner, 'Some Problems', 112. Ball, Farr, and Hanson (eds.), Political Innovation; Ball, Transforming Political Discourse (Oxford, 1988). 33 Locke, Second Treatise, ch. VI, sect. 52.
small part the story of one theorist's commentary on, or criticisms of, a predecessor or a contemporary. And among the most powerful weapons in any theorist's arsenal are arguments, like Locke's against Firmer, which purport to show that an opponent has somehow been inconsistent, incoherent, or has otherwise contradicted himself. Such Socratic questioning and criticism has been, and remains, the political theorist's stock in trade.34 In so far as its practitioners attend closely and critically to matters of logic and language, political theory is at once a form of political action and a species of philosophical enquiry. But the latter, far from being separate from the former, is an integral part of the enterprise. And both are in turn implicated in the process of political innovation and conceptual change.35 As Alasdair Maclntyre aptly observes: philosophical inquiry itself plays a part in changing moral [and political] concepts. It is not that we have a straightforward history of moral concepts and then a separate and secondary history of philosophical comment. For to analyze a concept philosophically may often be to assist in its transformation by suggesting that it needs revision, or is discredited in some way. Philosophy leaves everything as it is—except concepts. And since to possess a concept involves behaving or being able to behave in certain ways in certain circumstances, to alter concepts, whether by modifying existing concepts or by making new concepts available or by destroying old ones, is to alter behaviour. A history which takes this point seriously, which is concerned with the role of philosophy in relation to actual conduct, cannot be philosophically neutral.36
It is in part the hybrid character of political theory that makes its history, or any particular episode therein, so difficult to interpret and so instructive to study and reflect upon. There are, as we shall see, many different ways of interpreting and understanding what earlier thinkers were doing, and why, and what consequences (intended and unintended) followed from their actions. I now want, very briefly, to sketch the outlines of the pluralistic and problem-centred approach taken in the present volume. 34 J. Farr, 'Understanding Conceptual Change Politically', in Ball, Farr, and Hanson (eds.), Political Innovation, 34-6. 35 See my Transforming Political Discourse, ch. I. 36 A. Maclntyre, A Short History of Ethics (New York, 1966), 2-3.
1.4 MEANINGS AND CONTEXTS In trying to understand any aspect of or episode in the history of political thought, one does not and cannot return to the scene directly. The way back has been illuminated—or littered—by an intervening history of commentary and interpretation of both the political and scholarly varieties. In reading Filmer, for example, one cannot but be aware of the uses to which Patriarcha (1680) was put some three decades after his death by defenders of royal absolutism, nor can one be blind to or uninterested in the criticisms that Locke levelled against these latter-day Filmerians. These subsequent uses, interpretations, and criticism have, for us, come to be part of what Patriarcha 'means' and the place it occupies in the history of political thought.37 These are facts about an author named Filmer and a text bearing the title Patriarcha. That they emer
|
[
873,
29892,
925,
9215,
15150,
4963,
329,
1608,
29889,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
2143,
329,
362,
310,
6273,
297,
15381,
310,
15150,
4963,
329,
1608,
337,
3687,
3265,
3109,
2501,
278,
1302,
2827,
310,
716,
4958,
1135,
2501,
6445,
393,
525,
5031,
17196,
3081,
742,
408,
1304,
491,
2514,
1050,
322,
916,
27746,
2879,
29892,
471,
491,
278,
16667,
322,
21110,
4695,
20801,
310,
278,
2462,
27877,
706,
322,
297,
1111,
2276,
296,
29892,
1791,
287,
373,
3984,
949,
886,
470,
19818,
1689,
886,
310,
2471,
545,
29892,
322,
577,
373,
29889,
4957,
936,
408,
540,
471,
29892,
18199,
29872,
14831,
2989,
1532,
393,
540,
2086,
1818,
8469,
411,
5777,
918,
29892,
8575,
292,
28953,
964,
10555,
988,
5181,
322,
274,
3222,
292,
670,
6273,
408,
20089,
2674,
29879,
411,
12010,
4314,
470,
27978,
985,
943,
297,
263,
4086,
393,
670,
20026,
471,
5517,
304,
2274,
29889,
9267,
916,
6455,
1033,
367,
12520,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
541,
372,
2444,
3755,
2821,
393,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
338,
297,
694,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29871,
29941,
29906,
13,
15797,
3993,
29892,
525,
9526,
11583,
29879,
742,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29906,
29889,
13402,
29892,
383,
2749,
29892,
322,
6971,
265,
313,
5779,
9774,
25137,
512,
13715,
362,
29936,
13402,
29892,
4103,
689,
292,
25137,
8565,
10242,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
467,
29871,
29941,
29941,
18199,
29872,
29892,
6440,
6479,
271,
895,
29892,
521,
29889,
5473,
29892,
21149,
29889,
29871,
29945,
29906,
29889,
13,
9278,
760,
278,
5828,
310,
697,
278,
272,
391,
29915,
29879,
3440,
653,
373,
29892,
470,
11164,
12903,
310,
29892,
263,
27978,
985,
272,
470,
263,
24952,
29889,
1126,
4249,
278,
1556,
13988,
25340,
297,
738,
278,
272,
391,
29915,
29879,
564,
4881,
284,
526,
6273,
29892,
763,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
2750,
14152,
1050,
29892,
607,
3708,
637,
304,
1510,
393,
385,
23995,
296,
756,
10431,
1063,
22435,
9696,
29892,
297,
1111,
2276,
296,
29892,
470,
756,
6467,
14250,
18186,
3654,
29889,
10506,
317,
8415,
2454,
1139,
292,
322,
29035,
756,
1063,
29892,
322,
9242,
29892,
278,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
29915,
29879,
10961,
297,
11302,
29889,
29941,
29946,
512,
577,
2215,
408,
967,
4120,
654,
414,
14333,
16467,
322,
3994,
1711,
304,
13750,
310,
5900,
322,
4086,
29892,
8604,
6368,
338,
472,
2748,
263,
883,
310,
8604,
3158,
322,
263,
6606,
310,
11847,
936,
22085,
16129,
29889,
1205,
278,
7480,
29892,
2215,
515,
1641,
5004,
515,
278,
4642,
29892,
338,
385,
10160,
760,
310,
278,
3896,
7734,
29889,
1126,
1716,
526,
297,
2507,
2411,
9169,
297,
278,
1889,
310,
8604,
24233,
362,
322,
6964,
950,
1735,
29889,
29941,
29945,
1094,
838,
294,
1388,
381,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
10882,
368,
5366,
1960,
29901,
11847,
936,
25501,
16129,
3528,
13582,
263,
760,
297,
6480,
14731,
518,
392,
8604,
29962,
22001,
29889,
739,
338,
451,
393,
591,
505,
263,
20837,
4955,
310,
14731,
22001,
322,
769,
263,
5004,
322,
16723,
4955,
310,
11847,
936,
3440,
29889,
1152,
304,
27599,
263,
6964,
11847,
1711,
1122,
4049,
367,
304,
6985,
297,
967,
13852,
491,
26233,
393,
372,
4225,
26554,
29892,
470,
338,
766,
11944,
1573,
297,
777,
982,
29889,
16407,
29891,
11308,
4129,
408,
372,
338,
30003,
19499,
22001,
29889,
1126,
1951,
304,
22592,
263,
6964,
20789,
4010,
292,
470,
1641,
2221,
304,
23389,
297,
3058,
5837,
297,
3058,
14209,
29892,
304,
10551,
22001,
29892,
3692,
491,
23815,
5923,
22001,
470,
491,
3907,
716,
22001,
3625,
470,
491,
8174,
292,
2030,
6743,
29892,
338,
304,
10551,
10468,
29889,
319,
4955,
607,
4893,
445,
1298,
25798,
29892,
607,
338,
15041,
411,
278,
6297,
310,
22237,
297,
8220,
304,
3935,
7512,
29892,
2609,
367,
11847,
1711,
21104,
29889,
29941,
29953,
13,
3112,
338,
297,
760,
278,
7498,
19515,
2931,
310,
8604,
6368,
393,
3732,
967,
4955,
29892,
470,
738,
3153,
12720,
727,
262,
29892,
577,
5189,
304,
6613,
322,
577,
18690,
573,
304,
6559,
322,
9432,
2501,
29889,
1670,
526,
29892,
408,
591,
4091,
1074,
29892,
1784,
1422,
5837,
310,
5133,
1259,
322,
8004,
825,
8859,
1348,
414,
892,
2599,
29892,
322,
2020,
29892,
322,
825,
27721,
313,
524,
2760,
322,
443,
524,
2760,
29897,
5643,
515,
1009,
8820,
29889,
306,
1286,
864,
29892,
1407,
23359,
29892,
304,
21256,
278,
714,
9012,
310,
278,
715,
3631,
4695,
322,
1108,
29899,
1760,
1127,
2948,
4586,
297,
278,
2198,
7977,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29946,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
525,
29177,
11235,
1281,
1547,
950,
10726,
6934,
1711,
742,
297,
13402,
29892,
383,
2749,
29892,
322,
6971,
265,
313,
5779,
9774,
25137,
512,
13715,
362,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29946,
29899,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29945,
2823,
590,
4103,
689,
292,
25137,
8565,
10242,
29892,
521,
29889,
306,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29953,
319,
29889,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29892,
319,
13899,
5298,
310,
13772,
1199,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
511,
29871,
29906,
29899,
29941,
29889,
13,
29896,
29889,
29946,
22986,
2190,
4214,
29903,
5300,
8707,
4330,
29990,
9375,
512,
1811,
304,
2274,
738,
9565,
310,
470,
12720,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29892,
697,
947,
451,
322,
2609,
736,
304,
278,
9088,
4153,
29889,
450,
982,
1250,
756,
1063,
4486,
9735,
630,
30003,
272,
301,
5171,
287,
30003,
1609,
385,
26314,
292,
4955,
310,
3440,
653,
322,
19854,
310,
1716,
278,
8604,
322,
21344,
368,
1197,
20850,
29889,
512,
5183,
2514,
1050,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
697,
2609,
541,
367,
9543,
310,
278,
3913,
304,
607,
23168,
1279,
29874,
313,
29896,
29953,
29947,
29900,
29897,
471,
1925,
777,
2211,
1602,
3076,
1156,
670,
4892,
491,
822,
21043,
310,
15150,
4963,
329,
1608,
29892,
3643,
508,
697,
367,
16842,
304,
470,
443,
1639,
2868,
297,
278,
11164,
12903,
393,
18199,
29872,
3233,
839,
2750,
1438,
7480,
29899,
3250,
2514,
1050,
5834,
29889,
4525,
15352,
3913,
29892,
6613,
800,
29892,
322,
29035,
505,
29892,
363,
502,
29892,
2041,
304,
367,
760,
310,
825,
23168,
1279,
29874,
525,
1004,
550,
29915,
322,
278,
2058,
372,
6919,
583,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
29941,
29955,
4525,
526,
17099,
1048,
385,
4148,
4257,
2514,
1050,
322,
263,
1426,
24638,
278,
3611,
23168,
1279,
29874,
29889,
2193,
896,
11176
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.611971 | 1.692955 | -0.173377 | 1.387317 |
ged or developed only after the text's publication and well after its author's death does not detract from or impugn their status as facts: that, on the contrary, is the nature of historical fact.38 Consider, for example, the following statement: 'The author of On Liberty was born in 1806.' Is this statement true—that is, does it accurately describe a historical fact? It is certainly true that John Stuart Mill was born in 1806, and it is true that he went on to write On Liberty. But can we truthfully say that (someone we now know as) 'the author of On Liberty' was born in 1806? Yes, we can, even though, in the nature of the case, no one could know that in 1806. To put the point paradoxically, we might say that some facts emerge only after the fact. Or, to put it less paradoxically, we might say that facts are not fixed but are dynamic entities that emerge in time and as a consequence of subsequent developments and actions—including, in the case of texts in the history of political theory, the act of reading and interpreting them. But no reading, as I noted earlier, is innocent or naive; it is 37 G. J. Schochet, Patriarchalism in Political Thought (New York, 1975), 268-9. 38 The following is suggested by A.C. Danto's discussion of 'tensed sentences' in Narration and Knowledge (New York, 1985), 56-8.
not a direct return to the text and/or context but is filtered through, and coloured by, other readers' readings. The methodological moral to be drawn from this is that we need to be aware of the ways in which our own readings are apt to be beholden to someone else's—and not so that we can be grateful to them, but so that we can critically assess and perhaps disagree and differ with them, in the hope of overcoming the limitations that they impose upon our understanding of (say) Locke or Rousseau or Marx. We need, in short, periodically to reappraise the value and validity of the interpretations we have inherited from earlier writers. Perhaps surprisingly, this task is in one crucial respect like that of the natural scientist. As Imre Lakatos noted, a scientific theory offers a framework for interpreting 'the data'. But these data do not exist wholly independently of the theory: which data are to count as (relevant) data are determined, in part, by the theory (or interpretive framework) itself. Even our most direct observations are impregnated with expectations generated by the theory we hold. Thus there is no neutral or natural dividing line between 'observational' and 'theoretical' statements. All observation is 'theory-laden' and involves interpretation of some kind. But if that is true, how can a scientist favour one theory or interpretation over another? Is no theory better or worse than any other? The answer, according to Lakatos, is that science is a search for truth, and this search takes the form of a 'three-cornered fight' between the data and two (or more) competing interpretations of it. Competing theories are not redundancies or luxuries, but are necessary to the enterprise of science itself.39 So, too, are competing interpretations of texts essential to the enterprise of political theory. We approach a text, in part, by way of other readings or interpretations of it, against which we counterpose our own or someone else's alternative reading. Out of these competing readings comes a new, and arguably better, interpretation. This process is sometimes aided by the appearance of better and more accurate versions of a particular text, and even by the discovery of new, non39 I. Lakatos, 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge, 1970), 115.
textual 'data'—such as, for example, the fact that Marx did not try to dedicate Das Kapital to Darwin.40 But, these exceptions aside, we more typically begin by puzzling over a text, aided—or, we may come to believe, hindered—by someone else's attempt to make sense of the same work. And we come to reinterpret the former by taking issue with the latter. Lakatos's three-corner
|
[
3192,
470,
8906,
871,
1156,
278,
1426,
29915,
29879,
17745,
322,
1532,
1156,
967,
4148,
29915,
29879,
4892,
947,
451,
1439,
1461,
515,
470,
2411,
688,
29876,
1009,
4660,
408,
17099,
29901,
393,
29892,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
338,
278,
5469,
310,
15839,
2114,
29889,
29941,
29947,
10056,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
278,
1494,
3229,
29901,
525,
1576,
4148,
310,
1551,
10895,
1017,
471,
6345,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29953,
6169,
1317,
445,
3229,
1565,
30003,
5747,
338,
29892,
947,
372,
7913,
2486,
8453,
263,
15839,
2114,
29973,
739,
338,
8959,
1565,
393,
2259,
24710,
8649,
471,
6345,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29953,
29892,
322,
372,
338,
1565,
393,
540,
3512,
373,
304,
2436,
1551,
10895,
1017,
29889,
1205,
508,
591,
8760,
3730,
1827,
393,
313,
5372,
650,
591,
1286,
1073,
408,
29897,
525,
1552,
4148,
310,
1551,
10895,
1017,
29915,
471,
6345,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29953,
29973,
3869,
29892,
591,
508,
29892,
1584,
2466,
29892,
297,
278,
5469,
310,
278,
1206,
29892,
694,
697,
1033,
1073,
393,
297,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29900,
29953,
29889,
1763,
1925,
278,
1298,
610,
912,
29916,
1711,
29892,
591,
1795,
1827,
393,
777,
17099,
11176,
479,
871,
1156,
278,
2114,
29889,
1394,
29892,
304,
1925,
372,
3109,
610,
912,
29916,
1711,
29892,
591,
1795,
1827,
393,
17099,
526,
451,
4343,
541,
526,
7343,
16212,
393,
11176,
479,
297,
931,
322,
408,
263,
17004,
310,
15352,
2693,
1860,
322,
8820,
30003,
18271,
29892,
297,
278,
1206,
310,
26442,
297,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
278,
1044,
310,
5183,
322,
5133,
1259,
963,
29889,
1205,
694,
5183,
29892,
408,
306,
11682,
8859,
29892,
338,
21458,
296,
470,
1055,
573,
29936,
372,
338,
29871,
29941,
29955,
402,
29889,
435,
29889,
1102,
2878,
300,
29892,
23168,
1279,
284,
1608,
297,
25137,
498,
1774,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
511,
29871,
29906,
29953,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29947,
450,
1494,
338,
7829,
491,
319,
29889,
29907,
29889,
360,
5361,
29915,
29879,
10679,
310,
525,
29873,
21144,
25260,
29915,
297,
405,
2749,
362,
322,
19320,
5485,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
511,
29871,
29945,
29953,
29899,
29947,
29889,
13,
1333,
263,
1513,
736,
304,
278,
1426,
322,
29914,
272,
3030,
541,
338,
22289,
1549,
29892,
322,
784,
14076,
491,
29892,
916,
22176,
29915,
1303,
886,
29889,
450,
1158,
5996,
14731,
304,
367,
12061,
515,
445,
338,
393,
591,
817,
304,
367,
9543,
310,
278,
5837,
297,
607,
1749,
1914,
1303,
886,
526,
10882,
304,
367,
2306,
1025,
264,
304,
4856,
1683,
29915,
29879,
30003,
392,
451,
577,
393,
591,
508,
367,
28656,
304,
963,
29892,
541,
577,
393,
591,
508,
3994,
1711,
24809,
322,
6060,
22941,
929,
322,
1163,
411,
963,
29892,
297,
278,
4966,
310,
975,
11506,
278,
27028,
393,
896,
2411,
852,
2501,
1749,
8004,
310,
313,
20834,
29897,
18199,
29872,
470,
390,
681,
14654,
470,
28579,
29889,
1334,
817,
29892,
297,
3273,
29892,
3785,
1711,
304,
337,
932,
22692,
278,
995,
322,
2854,
537,
310,
278,
6613,
800,
591,
505,
23878,
515,
8859,
23550,
29889,
11637,
26800,
368,
29892,
445,
3414,
338,
297,
697,
7618,
1455,
3390,
763,
393,
310,
278,
5613,
9638,
391,
29889,
1094,
1954,
276,
27229,
4507,
11682,
29892,
263,
16021,
6368,
16688,
263,
6890,
363,
5133,
1259,
525,
1552,
848,
4286,
1205,
1438,
848,
437,
451,
1863,
377,
18368,
25499,
310,
278,
6368,
29901,
607,
848,
526,
304,
2302,
408,
313,
276,
6591,
29897,
848,
526,
10087,
29892,
297,
760,
29892,
491,
278,
6368,
313,
272,
6613,
573,
6890,
29897,
3528,
29889,
7753,
1749,
1556,
1513,
13917,
526,
527,
1457,
5138,
630,
411,
2149,
800,
5759,
491,
278,
6368,
591,
4808,
29889,
6549,
727,
338,
694,
21104,
470,
5613,
1933,
4821,
1196,
1546,
525,
26739,
1288,
29915,
322,
525,
1552,
12116,
936,
29915,
9506,
29889,
2178,
15500,
338,
525,
14138,
29899,
4528,
264,
29915,
322,
20789,
19854,
310,
777,
2924,
29889,
1205,
565,
393,
338,
1565,
29892,
920,
508,
263,
9638,
391,
15381,
697,
6368,
470,
19854,
975,
1790,
29973,
1317,
694,
6368,
2253,
470,
15029,
1135,
738,
916,
29973,
450,
1234,
29892,
5034,
304,
27229,
4507,
29892,
338,
393,
10466,
338,
263,
2740,
363,
8760,
29892,
322,
445,
2740,
4893,
278,
883,
310,
263,
525,
17536,
29899,
2616,
1089,
287,
8589,
29915,
1546,
278,
848,
322,
1023,
313,
272,
901,
29897,
5100,
292,
6613,
800,
310,
372,
29889,
3831,
15133,
25841,
526,
451,
22275,
273,
2478,
470,
21684,
14886,
29892,
541,
526,
5181,
304,
278,
3896,
7734,
310,
10466,
3528,
29889,
29941,
29929,
1105,
29892,
2086,
29892,
526,
5100,
292,
6613,
800,
310,
26442,
18853,
304,
278,
3896,
7734,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
1334,
2948,
263,
1426,
29892,
297,
760,
29892,
491,
982,
310,
916,
1303,
886,
470,
6613,
800,
310,
372,
29892,
2750,
607,
591,
6795,
4220,
1749,
1914,
470,
4856,
1683,
29915,
29879,
8671,
5183,
29889,
4451,
310,
1438,
5100,
292,
1303,
886,
5304,
263,
716,
29892,
322,
1852,
29884,
2197,
2253,
29892,
19854,
29889,
910,
1889,
338,
6041,
263,
2618,
491,
278,
10097,
310,
2253,
322,
901,
16232,
6910,
310,
263,
3153,
1426,
29892,
322,
1584,
491,
278,
20699,
310,
716,
29892,
1661,
29941,
29929,
306,
29889,
27229,
4507,
29892,
525,
29943,
1338,
2450,
322,
278,
8108,
3002,
310,
23753,
928,
10550,
7835,
4467,
742,
297,
306,
29889,
27229,
4507,
322,
319,
29889,
3077,
3874,
345,
313,
5779,
9774,
15976,
293,
1608,
322,
278,
402,
798,
386,
310,
19320,
5485,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
511,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29945,
29889,
13,
726,
950,
525,
1272,
29915,
30003,
14565,
408,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
278,
2114,
393,
28579,
1258,
451,
1018,
304,
8856,
403,
3713,
9622,
2410,
304,
7335,
5080,
29889,
29946,
29900,
1205,
29892,
1438,
15283,
17786,
29892,
591,
901,
12234,
3380,
491,
20285,
1847,
975,
263,
1426,
29892,
263,
2618,
30003,
272,
29892,
591,
1122,
2041,
304,
4658,
29892,
298,
4995,
287,
30003,
1609,
4856,
1683,
29915,
29879,
4218,
304,
1207,
4060,
310,
278,
1021,
664,
29889,
1126,
591,
2041,
304,
337,
1639,
19819,
278,
4642,
491,
5622,
2228,
411,
278,
7480,
29889,
27229,
4507,
29915,
29879,
2211,
29899,
2616,
1089
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.758692 | 1.724102 | 0.22965 | 1.701007 |
ed fight is characteristic of all interpretive enquiry and has indeed served as an implicit standard among political theorists for quite some time. I have alluded already to Locke's critique of Filmer—a critique necessitated by the use to which Filmer's text was then being put by proponents of royal absolutism. One could also add many other examples, including Marx's critique of capitalism, which proceeded by way of a critique of political economy, inasmuch as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and others had supplied some of the concepts and categories in which capitalist production and distribution was redescribed, defended—and, not least, legitimated—in supposedly scientific terms. But such three-cornered fights are fought not only by political theorists qua activists, but by academic political theorists as well: the form of the fight, if not the rules according to which it is conducted, are the same, whether the subject be science, political action, or political theory. For scholars the fight must be fair and be conducted, as it were, according to the academic equivalent of the Marquis of Queensbury rules. One may not, for example, deliberately misquote or misleadingly paraphrase an author; one must not conceal or suppress counter-evidence that might weigh against one's interpretation; and so on. These rules for fighting fair do not always or necessarily apply to political actors and activists themselves. The hermeneutical battles waged by innovating ideologists are often far from fair, are rarely scholarly, and are typically conducted by almost any means available. Frederick the Great's AntiMachiavel (1740) is a political tract that merits scholarly study but is not itself a work of scholarship. Much the same might be said of Locke's critique of Filmer, or Marx's reading of Ricardo, or Frau Forster-Nietzsche's selective presentation of 40
See Ch. 10 below.
her brother's views on racial differences. All these were primarily political rather than scholarly works; none can be trusted as reliable guides to the thinkers about whose views they were writing. And that is simply because politics is not scholarship, nor scholarship politics. It seems to me a mistake—and an inexcusable conceit—to say, as some now do, that all scholarship is somehow 'political' or is itself politics practised by other means. That view demeans both politics and scholarship. Now this is not to say that a scholar's motives must not be political, only that the methods and results of her researches must be judged according to scholarly standards, not political ones. The aim of scholarship is to seek and to tell the truth, as best one can discern it, and not to promote any particular partisan cause. Of course, if telling the truth about (say) the sources of Mill's feminism should in some way promote (say) the cause of feminism, well and good; but, qua scholar, one should not suppress or fail to tell the truth simply because one's cause might somehow be sullied or undermined. One may take up a topic or a thinker out of political interest or ideological preference without thereby forfeiting one's scholarly credentials. Indeed, it is probably fair to say that most students of political theory, myself included, have been motivated by political concerns.41 But the worth of one's work is to be judged, not according to its 'political correctness' (or lack thereof), but according to its scholarly (in)adequacy. One historian of political thought may agree with another about politics but disagree strongly about the other's use of evidence and argument. It is just here, and on these grounds, that the three-cornered fight is waged. It may be, and often is, a friendly fight between cordial combatants. But, friendly or no, the form is always the same: one interpretation of 'the data' is challenged by another, and both are assayed according to the available evidence (textual, linguistic, historical, etc.). But, since such evidence is rarely, if ever, self-evident, it requires interpretation to tease out its meaning and significance for and bearing on the problem at hand. And for this purpose a rival interpre41
See Ch. 2.3 below.
tation is indispensable. The second, or rival, account proceeds not only by reference to these data, but by way of a critique of the first's interpretation of it. This critique is not a distraction or an unfortunate necessity, but is instead an essential feature
|
[
287,
8589,
338,
17443,
310,
599,
6613,
573,
22085,
16129,
322,
756,
6200,
6766,
408,
385,
12235,
3918,
4249,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
363,
3755,
777,
931,
29889,
306,
505,
599,
566,
287,
2307,
304,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
2514,
1050,
30003,
29874,
29709,
3520,
22731,
491,
278,
671,
304,
607,
2514,
1050,
29915,
29879,
1426,
471,
769,
1641,
1925,
491,
410,
9340,
310,
15150,
4963,
329,
1608,
29889,
3118,
1033,
884,
788,
1784,
916,
6455,
29892,
3704,
28579,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
7483,
1608,
29892,
607,
24825,
491,
982,
310,
263,
29709,
310,
8604,
26504,
29892,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
11783,
7075,
29892,
4699,
13675,
6491,
29892,
322,
4045,
750,
19056,
777,
310,
278,
22001,
322,
13997,
297,
607,
7483,
391,
5802,
322,
4978,
471,
2654,
267,
23059,
29892,
822,
2760,
30003,
392,
29892,
451,
3203,
29892,
25204,
326,
630,
30003,
262,
7424,
368,
16021,
4958,
29889,
1205,
1316,
2211,
29899,
2616,
1089,
287,
285,
5861,
526,
20722,
451,
871,
491,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
439,
29874,
5039,
2879,
29892,
541,
491,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
408,
1532,
29901,
278,
883,
310,
278,
8589,
29892,
565,
451,
278,
6865,
5034,
304,
607,
372,
338,
18043,
29892,
526,
278,
1021,
29892,
3692,
278,
4967,
367,
10466,
29892,
8604,
3158,
29892,
470,
8604,
6368,
29889,
1152,
1364,
324,
1503,
278,
8589,
1818,
367,
6534,
322,
367,
18043,
29892,
408,
372,
892,
29892,
5034,
304,
278,
21567,
7126,
310,
278,
1085,
7680,
310,
18909,
11059,
6865,
29889,
3118,
1122,
451,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
23663,
2486,
3984,
1396,
470,
3984,
25369,
368,
610,
481,
1092,
559,
385,
4148,
29936,
697,
1818,
451,
10628,
284,
470,
21301,
6795,
29899,
5750,
5084,
393,
1795,
591,
1141,
2750,
697,
29915,
29879,
19854,
29936,
322,
577,
373,
29889,
4525,
6865,
363,
17770,
6534,
437,
451,
2337,
470,
12695,
3394,
304,
8604,
29701,
322,
5039,
2879,
6053,
29889,
450,
18606,
1600,
329,
936,
8957,
793,
281,
4063,
491,
24233,
1218,
1957,
1189,
2879,
526,
4049,
2215,
515,
6534,
29892,
526,
23703,
21344,
368,
29892,
322,
526,
12234,
18043,
491,
4359,
738,
2794,
3625,
29889,
19769,
278,
7027,
29915,
29879,
18473,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
313,
29896,
29955,
29946,
29900,
29897,
338,
263,
8604,
22330,
393,
2778,
1169,
21344,
368,
6559,
541,
338,
451,
3528,
263,
664,
310,
21344,
3527,
29889,
18927,
278,
1021,
1795,
367,
1497,
310,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
29709,
310,
2514,
1050,
29892,
470,
28579,
29915,
29879,
5183,
310,
13675,
6491,
29892,
470,
16547,
1152,
2475,
29899,
29940,
2035,
29920,
5955,
29915,
29879,
1831,
573,
24329,
310,
29871,
29946,
29900,
13,
13393,
678,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29900,
2400,
29889,
13,
2276,
8099,
29915,
29879,
8386,
373,
1153,
1455,
12651,
29889,
2178,
1438,
892,
19434,
8604,
3265,
1135,
21344,
368,
1736,
29936,
5642,
508,
367,
9311,
287,
408,
23279,
1410,
2247,
304,
278,
1348,
414,
1048,
5069,
8386,
896,
892,
5007,
29889,
1126,
393,
338,
3763,
1363,
22661,
338,
451,
21344,
3527,
29892,
3643,
21344,
3527,
22661,
29889,
739,
2444,
304,
592,
263,
10171,
30003,
392,
385,
297,
735,
8668,
519,
10628,
277,
30003,
517,
1827,
29892,
408,
777,
1286,
437,
29892,
393,
599,
21344,
3527,
338,
10431,
525,
20087,
936,
29915,
470,
338,
3528,
22661,
4120,
3368,
491,
916,
2794,
29889,
2193,
1776,
316,
1004,
550,
1716,
22661,
322,
21344,
3527,
29889,
2567,
445,
338,
451,
304,
1827,
393,
263,
21344,
29915,
29879,
3184,
3145,
1818,
451,
367,
8604,
29892,
871,
393,
278,
3519,
322,
2582,
310,
902,
5925,
267,
1818,
367,
6577,
3192,
5034,
304,
21344,
368,
20801,
29892,
451,
8604,
6743,
29889,
450,
12242,
310,
21344,
3527,
338,
304,
16508,
322,
304,
2649,
278,
8760,
29892,
408,
1900,
697,
508,
2313,
824,
372,
29892,
322,
451,
304,
27391,
738,
3153,
760,
21603,
4556,
29889,
4587,
3236,
29892,
565,
14509,
278,
8760,
1048,
313,
20834,
29897,
278,
8974,
310,
8649,
29915,
29879,
21991,
1608,
881,
297,
777,
982,
27391,
313,
20834,
29897,
278,
4556,
310,
21991,
1608,
29892,
1532,
322,
1781,
29936,
541,
29892,
439,
29874,
21344,
29892,
697,
881,
451,
21301,
470,
4418,
304,
2649,
278,
8760,
3763,
1363,
697,
29915,
29879,
4556,
1795,
10431,
367,
5394,
2957,
470,
563,
837,
1312,
29889,
3118,
1122,
2125,
701,
263,
11261,
470,
263,
1348,
261,
714,
310,
8604,
4066,
470,
1957,
5996,
24583,
1728,
27999,
363,
1725,
11407,
697,
29915,
29879,
21344,
368,
16140,
29889,
14598,
29892,
372,
338,
3117,
6534,
304,
1827,
393,
1556,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
6142,
5134,
29892,
505,
1063,
17385,
630,
491,
8604,
21838,
29889,
29946,
29896,
1205,
278,
7088,
310,
697,
29915,
29879,
664,
338,
304,
367,
6577,
3192,
29892,
451,
5034,
304,
967,
525,
20087,
936,
1959,
2264,
29915,
313,
272,
10225,
727,
974,
511,
541,
5034,
304,
967,
21344,
368,
313,
262,
29897,
1943,
339,
4135,
29889,
3118,
27629,
310,
8604,
2714,
1122,
8661,
411,
1790,
1048,
22661,
541,
22941,
929,
13818,
1048,
278,
916,
29915,
29879,
671,
310,
10757,
322,
2980,
29889,
739,
338,
925,
1244,
29892,
322,
373,
1438,
25502,
29892,
393,
278,
2211,
29899,
2616,
1089,
287,
8589,
338,
281,
4063,
29889,
739,
1122,
367,
29892,
322,
4049,
338,
29892,
263,
19780,
8589,
1546,
13793,
616,
15499,
1934,
29889,
1205,
29892,
19780,
470,
694,
29892,
278,
883,
338,
2337,
278,
1021,
29901,
697,
19854,
310,
525,
1552,
848,
29915,
338,
18066,
287,
491,
1790,
29892,
322,
1716,
526,
1223,
388,
287,
5034,
304,
278,
3625,
10757,
313,
726,
950,
29892,
21110,
4695,
29892,
15839,
29892,
2992,
6250,
1205,
29892,
1951,
1316,
10757,
338,
23703,
29892,
565,
3926,
29892,
1583,
29899,
5750,
1693,
29892,
372,
6858,
19854,
304,
734,
559,
714,
967,
6593,
322,
26002,
363,
322,
24638,
373,
278,
1108,
472,
1361,
29889,
1126,
363,
445,
6437,
263,
17055,
5133,
29946,
29896,
13,
13393,
678,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29941,
2400,
29889,
13,
29873,
362,
338,
1399,
11936,
575,
519,
29889,
450,
1473,
29892,
470,
17055,
29892,
3633,
8469,
29879,
451,
871,
491,
3407,
304,
1438,
848,
29892,
541,
491,
982,
310,
263,
29709,
310,
278,
937,
29915,
29879,
19854,
310,
372,
29889,
910,
29709,
338,
451,
263,
1320,
13857,
470,
385,
443,
6477,
403,
24316,
29892,
541,
338,
2012,
385,
18853,
4682
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.563064 | 1.635852 | -0.13256 | 1.301306 |
of the history of political thought. This is precisely the form in which Macpherson, for example, makes his case against the interpretations supplied by commentators who paint a portrait of the tolerant, protodemocratic, 'liberal' Locke. And the critics who have tried to recover the historical identity of the Two Treatises have worked their way back to Locke's texts and context by way of a critique of Macpherson and other interpreters.42 Although this is not a move advocated in the abstract methodological manifestos of the new historians, it is nevertheless one made with scrupulous regularity in their actual practice. Their programme, in practice, is not a 'fundamentalist' one eschewing any reference to an intervening history of interpretation, but is, on the contrary, one which takes off from—by taking issue with—prevailing interpretations that they deem to be defective or deficient. We see this kind of three-cornered fight even in the earlier and more militant phase of the 'new history' of political thought. Consider, by way of example, John Dunn's preface to The Political Thought of John Locke (1969). His is, he says, a 'historical . . . account of what Locke was talking about, not a doctrine written (perhaps unconsciously) by him in a sort of invisible ink which becomes apparent only when held up to the light (or heat) of the twentieth-century mind'. Dunn derides the quixotic attempts by 'a succession of determined philosophers mounting their scholastic Rosinantes and riding forth to do battle with a set of disused windmills, or solemnly and expertly flailing thin air'. Dunn's enquiry aims instead to restore the windmill to its original condition, to show how, creakingly but unmistakably, the sails used to turn. Even at the level of preserving ancient monuments it is perhaps a service to recondition 42 See, inter alia, J. Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969); J. Tully, A Discourse on Property (Cambridge, 1980) and An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993); R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' (Princeton, NJ, 1986).
these hallowed targets. There seems little purpose in recording hits on a target that has no existence outside our own minds.43
Yet the interpretive principles prescribed in Dunn's drily puritanical preface actually make possible the richness, subtlety, and suggestiveness of the reading of the Two Treatises that follows—a reading motivated by, and mounted against, what he takes to be the misreadings offered by Macpherson and Strauss, amongst others. Nor is Dunn alone in following this route. Quentin Skinner's manifesto of 1969, prescribing what historians of political thought ought (not) to do, proceeds by way of a critique of the ways in which historians have heretofore plied their trade. And elsewhere—for example, in his enquiry into the ideological context of Hobbes's theory of obligation— Skinner makes his case, not by eschewing intervening interpretations altogether and somehow returning directly (as though that were possible) to the original text and its context, but by way of a critique of contemporary interpretations of Hobbes's account of obligation, such as those proposed by Taylor and Warrender, amongst others. Exactly the same sort of move is made in his other historical work, including his studies of Machiavelli, More, and other seminal figures in early modern political thought.44 What are we to make of this? If we are to understand the pronouncements and the practices of the new historians, we must, I think, view them in much the same way that they view the writings and actions of historical actors. Their methodological prescriptions must be understood, in part, as polemics directed against a certain sort of historian or commentator. On the one side stand those 'textualists' who read a piece of political theory as a timeless text of the sort imagined and ide43
Dunn, Political Thought, p. x. Dunn has subsequently revised his own reappraisal of Locke's relevance to our time. See 'What is Living and what is Dead in the Political Theory of John Lock
|
[
310,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
910,
338,
17503,
278,
883,
297,
607,
4326,
561,
1330,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
3732,
670,
1206,
2750,
278,
6613,
800,
19056,
491,
3440,
4097,
1058,
10675,
263,
21760,
310,
278,
20341,
424,
29892,
17512,
356,
29885,
8415,
2454,
29892,
525,
492,
495,
284,
29915,
18199,
29872,
29889,
1126,
278,
28431,
1058,
505,
1898,
304,
9792,
278,
15839,
10110,
310,
278,
7803,
6479,
271,
4637,
505,
3796,
1009,
982,
1250,
304,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
26442,
322,
3030,
491,
982,
310,
263,
29709,
310,
4326,
561,
1330,
322,
916,
5133,
2153,
29889,
29946,
29906,
8512,
445,
338,
451,
263,
4337,
22545,
630,
297,
278,
9846,
1158,
5996,
10419,
359,
310,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
29892,
372,
338,
2360,
16561,
697,
1754,
411,
885,
17827,
352,
681,
4943,
537,
297,
1009,
3935,
6944,
29889,
11275,
19607,
29892,
297,
6944,
29892,
338,
451,
263,
525,
27159,
11491,
391,
29915,
697,
831,
305,
809,
292,
738,
3407,
304,
385,
26314,
292,
4955,
310,
19854,
29892,
541,
338,
29892,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
697,
607,
4893,
1283,
515,
30003,
1609,
5622,
2228,
411,
30003,
16304,
737,
292,
6613,
800,
393,
896,
316,
331,
304,
367,
23503,
573,
470,
822,
293,
993,
29889,
1334,
1074,
445,
2924,
310,
2211,
29899,
2616,
1089,
287,
8589,
1584,
297,
278,
8859,
322,
901,
5549,
424,
8576,
310,
278,
525,
1482,
4955,
29915,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
10056,
29892,
491,
982,
310,
1342,
29892,
2259,
360,
5963,
29915,
29879,
758,
2161,
304,
450,
25137,
498,
1774,
310,
2259,
18199,
29872,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
467,
3600,
338,
29892,
540,
4083,
29892,
263,
525,
16211,
936,
869,
869,
869,
3633,
310,
825,
18199,
29872,
471,
9963,
1048,
29892,
451,
263,
22542,
3971,
313,
546,
4252,
443,
3200,
455,
5794,
29897,
491,
1075,
297,
263,
2656,
310,
27597,
297,
29895,
607,
7415,
20295,
871,
746,
4934,
701,
304,
278,
3578,
313,
272,
12871,
29897,
310,
278,
3252,
7268,
621,
29899,
27371,
3458,
4286,
360,
5963,
589,
2247,
278,
439,
861,
13574,
14734,
491,
525,
29874,
25997,
310,
10087,
11847,
414,
5766,
292,
1009,
1364,
324,
6288,
5678,
262,
3794,
322,
364,
4821,
11483,
304,
437,
10555,
411,
263,
731,
310,
766,
3880,
8805,
29885,
6090,
29892,
470,
26384,
368,
322,
17924,
368,
17422,
6504,
16835,
4799,
4286,
360,
5963,
29915,
29879,
22085,
16129,
263,
9893,
2012,
304,
17749,
278,
8805,
19958,
304,
967,
2441,
4195,
29892,
304,
1510,
920,
29892,
907,
5086,
368,
541,
443,
29885,
391,
557,
2197,
29892,
278,
269,
2234,
1304,
304,
2507,
29889,
7753,
472,
278,
3233,
310,
2225,
29530,
12297,
22586,
372,
338,
6060,
263,
2669,
304,
337,
16122,
29871,
29946,
29906,
2823,
29892,
1006,
394,
423,
29892,
435,
29889,
360,
5963,
29892,
450,
25137,
498,
1774,
310,
2259,
18199,
29872,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
416,
435,
29889,
27415,
368,
29892,
319,
8565,
10242,
373,
9079,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
29897,
322,
530,
28268,
496,
304,
25137,
16407,
29891,
29901,
18199,
29872,
297,
15228,
29879,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
416,
390,
29889,
12835,
17293,
29892,
14595,
653,
6934,
1199,
322,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
525,
13985,
6479,
271,
4637,
310,
10354,
29915,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
467,
13,
386,
968,
298,
24622,
22525,
29889,
1670,
2444,
2217,
6437,
297,
16867,
19572,
373,
263,
3646,
393,
756,
694,
10379,
5377,
1749,
1914,
27656,
29889,
29946,
29941,
13,
29979,
300,
278,
6613,
573,
18671,
2225,
23059,
297,
360,
5963,
29915,
29879,
4192,
2354,
3708,
8929,
936,
758,
2161,
2869,
1207,
1950,
278,
8261,
2264,
29892,
12059,
280,
1017,
29892,
322,
4368,
20193,
310,
278,
5183,
310,
278,
7803,
6479,
271,
4637,
393,
4477,
30003,
29874,
5183,
17385,
630,
491,
29892,
322,
19239,
2750,
29892,
825,
540,
4893,
304,
367,
278,
3984,
949,
886,
12520,
491,
4326,
561,
1330,
322,
7357,
1558,
29892,
22611,
4045,
29889,
4186,
338,
360,
5963,
7432,
297,
1494,
445,
5782,
29889,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
29915,
29879,
14682,
4778,
310,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
29892,
2225,
699,
10549,
825,
3603,
5834,
310,
8604,
2714,
12722,
313,
1333,
29897,
304,
437,
29892,
8469,
29879,
491,
982,
310,
263,
29709,
310,
278,
5837,
297,
607,
3603,
5834,
505,
902,
300,
974,
487,
282,
2957,
1009,
11302,
29889,
1126,
17551,
30003,
1454,
1342,
29892,
297,
670,
22085,
16129,
964,
278,
1957,
5996,
3030,
310,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
6368,
310,
10788,
362,
30003,
4971,
3993,
3732,
670,
1206,
29892,
451,
491,
831,
305,
809,
292,
26314,
292,
6613,
800,
19148,
322,
10431,
7863,
4153,
313,
294,
2466,
393,
892,
1950,
29897,
304,
278,
2441,
1426,
322,
967,
3030,
29892,
541,
491,
982,
310,
263,
29709,
310,
24952,
6613,
800,
310,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
3633,
310,
10788,
362,
29892,
1316,
408,
1906,
7972,
491,
12537,
322,
399,
2749,
1581,
29892,
22611,
4045,
29889,
1222,
23617,
278,
1021,
2656,
310,
4337,
338,
1754,
297,
670,
916,
15839,
664,
29892,
3704,
670,
11898,
310,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
5853,
29892,
322,
916,
3031,
979,
13994,
297,
4688,
5400,
8604,
2714,
29889,
29946,
29946,
1724,
526,
591,
304,
1207,
310,
445,
29973,
960,
591,
526,
304,
2274,
278,
11504,
1309,
29883,
4110,
322,
278,
23274,
310,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
29892,
591,
1818,
29892,
306,
1348,
29892,
1776,
963,
297,
1568,
278,
1021,
982,
393,
896,
1776,
278,
2044,
886,
322,
8820,
310,
15839,
29701,
29889,
11275,
1158,
5996,
2225,
699,
1980,
1818,
367,
11098,
29892,
297,
760,
29892,
408,
772,
2409,
1199,
10624,
2750,
263,
3058,
2656,
310,
27629,
470,
3440,
1061,
29889,
1551,
278,
697,
2625,
2317,
1906,
525,
726,
950,
2879,
29915,
1058,
1303,
263,
8424,
310,
8604,
6368,
408,
263,
5335,
6393,
1426,
310,
278,
2656,
6382,
1312,
322,
1957,
29946,
29941,
13,
29928,
5963,
29892,
25137,
498,
1774,
29892,
282,
29889,
921,
29889,
360,
5963,
756,
17602,
337,
11292,
670,
1914,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
310,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
29527,
749,
304,
1749,
931,
29889,
2823,
525,
5618,
338,
26176,
322,
825,
338,
16992,
297,
278,
25137,
24134,
310,
2259,
18199
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.541327 | 1.67219 | -0.005374 | 1.083747 |
e?', in Interpreting Political Responsibility (Oxford, 1990), 9-25. 44 Q. Skinner, 'The Ideological Context of Hobbes's Political Thought', Historical Journal, 9 (1966), 286-317; 'The Idea of Negative Liberty', in Rorty, Schneewind, and Skinner (eds.), Philosophy in History, 193-221; 'More's Utopia and the Language of Renaissance Humanism', in A. Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), 123-57.
alized by New Critics who held that historical context and authorial intention are utterly irrelevant (indeed they claimed that to look for meaning in authorial intention is to commit something they called 'the intentional fallacy').45 On the other side one finds 'contextualists', including conservative Namierites and radical Marxists who, despite their differences, are alike in agreeing that 'ideas' are epiphenomenal, mere flotsam floating on an eternal sea of self- or class or party or national interest. These, then, were among the new historians' intended targets, and this the site, so to speak, from which their enterprise was launched and from which it must be understood, at least in its initial manifesto-issuing stage. My purpose here, however, is neither to expound nor to defend the views of the new historians but to suggest several affinities between their approach and the tack taken in the present volume. Foremost among these are the following. We are alike in agreeing about the importance, indeed the indispensability, of the intellectual, political, and linguistic contexts in which political texts appear and do their work. These contexts are varied and multiple, encompassing not only the context in which a text was composed, but also the successive contexts in which it was received, read, interpreted, criticized, reread, and reinterpreted. These we might call the context of a text's composition and the subsequent contexts of its reception, respectively. From this more complex conception of context, several implications follow. For one, authorial intentions, although important, are not in all cases all-important. For certain purposes one may wish to discover, recover, and restate an author's intentions so as to show what he was trying to do in using a certain word or phrase, or constructing a particular argument in a particular way, or even composing an entire treatise. This is especially important in those instances in which one seeks to understand an author as a political actor. But sometimes we are less interested in Locke, say, than in what subsequent author-actors made of Locke's text, and quite possibly in ways that Locke would not or even could 45 W. K. Wimsatt and M. Beardsly, 'The Intentional Fallacy', Sewanee Review, 54 (1946).
not have intended, did not foresee, and almost certainly would not have approved of. Political actions—including the act of writing—often produce unintended consequences. But, as I noted earlier, it does not follow—pace Marxists, Namierites, New Critics, realists, and assorted deconstructionists—that intentions do not matter or need not be taken into account. And this again for the simple reason that the very identification of an outcome as unintended logically requires that we be able, first, to describe the original intention and, secondly, show that the outcome differs from the one initially intended. More than that, we are less likely to be interested in authors, texts, and/or contexts per se than we are in particular problems that arise as we attempt to understand them. As a rule we do not come to Locke or Rousseau wanting to know all about them or their texts or their times, but because we are puzzled or troubled about something on which a certain sort of enquiry might shed some light. Did Locke really mean to defend the property rights of a rising bourgeoisie? How are we to understand the role of a religion civile in Rousseau's Contrat sociaH What are the probable sources of John Stuart Mill's feminist sympathies? What was the nature of Marx's debt to Darwin and what are its implications for his view of science and social theory? Such problems can come from any source and be of almost any sort. One might be interested in Mill because one is sympathetic to
|
[
29872,
29973,
742,
297,
4124,
1457,
1259,
25137,
2538,
29886,
787,
4127,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
511,
29871,
29929,
29899,
29906,
29945,
29889,
29871,
29946,
29946,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
525,
1576,
13001,
5996,
15228,
310,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
25137,
498,
1774,
742,
20315,
8237,
29892,
29871,
29929,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
511,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29953,
29899,
29941,
29896,
29955,
29936,
525,
1576,
13001,
29874,
310,
12610,
1230,
10895,
1017,
742,
297,
390,
441,
29891,
29892,
21129,
809,
513,
29892,
322,
4971,
3993,
313,
5779,
9774,
16407,
29891,
297,
5298,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29899,
29906,
29906,
29896,
29936,
525,
20761,
29915,
29879,
501,
3332,
423,
322,
278,
17088,
310,
27263,
12968,
1608,
742,
297,
319,
29889,
349,
351,
1145,
313,
287,
9774,
450,
365,
8737,
310,
25137,
24134,
297,
11095,
29899,
2111,
824,
4092,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
511,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29941,
29899,
29945,
29955,
29889,
13,
284,
1891,
491,
1570,
15976,
1199,
1058,
4934,
393,
15839,
3030,
322,
4148,
616,
16392,
526,
14401,
368,
28190,
313,
25201,
287,
896,
17049,
393,
304,
1106,
363,
6593,
297,
4148,
616,
16392,
338,
304,
9063,
1554,
896,
2000,
525,
1552,
7609,
1848,
285,
9864,
1270,
2824,
29946,
29945,
1551,
278,
916,
2625,
697,
14061,
525,
4703,
950,
2879,
742,
3704,
8976,
1230,
13041,
631,
3246,
322,
24818,
28579,
2879,
1058,
29892,
15020,
1009,
12651,
29892,
526,
394,
9345,
297,
8661,
292,
393,
525,
680,
294,
29915,
526,
321,
1631,
9789,
2770,
284,
29892,
15187,
1652,
1862,
314,
16526,
373,
385,
634,
17196,
7205,
310,
1583,
29899,
470,
770,
470,
6263,
470,
4797,
4066,
29889,
4525,
29892,
769,
29892,
892,
4249,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
29915,
9146,
22525,
29892,
322,
445,
278,
3268,
29892,
577,
304,
7726,
29892,
515,
607,
1009,
3896,
7734,
471,
15241,
322,
515,
607,
372,
1818,
367,
11098,
29892,
472,
3203,
297,
967,
2847,
14682,
4778,
29899,
790,
26420,
7408,
29889,
1619,
6437,
1244,
29892,
3138,
29892,
338,
9561,
304,
1518,
618,
3643,
304,
24663,
278,
8386,
310,
278,
716,
3603,
5834,
541,
304,
4368,
3196,
2756,
262,
1907,
1546,
1009,
2948,
322,
278,
22002,
4586,
297,
278,
2198,
7977,
29889,
1152,
331,
520,
4249,
1438,
526,
278,
1494,
29889,
1334,
526,
394,
9345,
297,
8661,
292,
1048,
278,
13500,
29892,
6200,
278,
1399,
11936,
575,
3097,
29892,
310,
278,
29762,
29892,
8604,
29892,
322,
21110,
4695,
3030,
29879,
297,
607,
8604,
26442,
2615,
322,
437,
1009,
664,
29889,
4525,
3030,
29879,
526,
23821,
322,
2999,
29892,
427,
2388,
465,
292,
451,
871,
278,
3030,
297,
607,
263,
1426,
471,
13725,
29892,
541,
884,
278,
2551,
573,
3030,
29879,
297,
607,
372,
471,
4520,
29892,
1303,
29892,
21551,
29892,
11164,
1891,
29892,
364,
406,
328,
29892,
322,
337,
1639,
1457,
9446,
29889,
4525,
591,
1795,
1246,
278,
3030,
310,
263,
1426,
29915,
29879,
15259,
322,
278,
15352,
3030,
29879,
310,
967,
25647,
29892,
8307,
29889,
3645,
445,
901,
4280,
26192,
310,
3030,
29892,
3196,
2411,
5795,
1101,
29889,
1152,
697,
29892,
4148,
616,
7609,
1080,
29892,
5998,
4100,
29892,
526,
451,
297,
599,
4251,
599,
29899,
17001,
29889,
1152,
3058,
11976,
697,
1122,
6398,
304,
6523,
29892,
9792,
29892,
322,
1791,
403,
385,
4148,
29915,
29879,
7609,
1080,
577,
408,
304,
1510,
825,
540,
471,
1811,
304,
437,
297,
773,
263,
3058,
1734,
470,
16549,
29892,
470,
3386,
292,
263,
3153,
2980,
297,
263,
3153,
982,
29892,
470,
1584,
5541,
292,
385,
4152,
7539,
895,
29889,
910,
338,
7148,
4100,
297,
1906,
8871,
297,
607,
697,
1074,
2039,
304,
2274,
385,
4148,
408,
263,
8604,
11339,
29889,
1205,
6041,
591,
526,
3109,
8852,
297,
18199,
29872,
29892,
1827,
29892,
1135,
297,
825,
15352,
4148,
29899,
627,
943,
1754,
310,
18199,
29872,
29915,
29879,
1426,
29892,
322,
3755,
10075,
297,
5837,
393,
18199,
29872,
723,
451,
470,
1584,
1033,
29871,
29946,
29945,
399,
29889,
476,
29889,
399,
9893,
1131,
322,
341,
29889,
1522,
3163,
368,
29892,
525,
1576,
11171,
1848,
383,
9864,
1270,
742,
317,
809,
1662,
29872,
13957,
29892,
29871,
29945,
29946,
313,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29953,
467,
13,
1333,
505,
9146,
29892,
1258,
451,
363,
968,
29872,
29892,
322,
4359,
8959,
723,
451,
505,
23454,
310,
29889,
25137,
8820,
30003,
18271,
278,
1044,
310,
5007,
30003,
29877,
15535,
7738,
443,
524,
2760,
27721,
29889,
1205,
29892,
408,
306,
11682,
8859,
29892,
372,
947,
451,
1101,
30003,
3535,
28579,
2879,
29892,
13041,
631,
3246,
29892,
1570,
15976,
1199,
29892,
1855,
2879,
29892,
322,
1223,
18054,
316,
3075,
4080,
2879,
30003,
5747,
7609,
1080,
437,
451,
4383,
470,
817,
451,
367,
4586,
964,
3633,
29889,
1126,
445,
1449,
363,
278,
2560,
2769,
393,
278,
1407,
29769,
310,
385,
21957,
408,
443,
524,
2760,
1480,
1711,
6858,
393,
591,
367,
2221,
29892,
937,
29892,
304,
8453,
278,
2441,
16392,
322,
29892,
1473,
368,
29892,
1510,
393,
278,
21957,
2923,
414,
515,
278,
697,
12919,
9146,
29889,
5853,
1135,
393,
29892,
591,
526,
3109,
5517,
304,
367,
8852,
297,
15717,
29892,
26442,
29892,
322,
29914,
272,
3030,
29879,
639,
409,
1135,
591,
526,
297,
3153,
4828,
393,
29030,
408,
591,
4218,
304,
2274,
963,
29889,
1094,
263,
5751,
591,
437,
451,
2041,
304,
18199,
29872,
470,
390,
681,
14654,
24507,
304,
1073,
599,
1048,
963,
470,
1009,
26442,
470,
1009,
3064,
29892,
541,
1363,
591,
526,
20285,
839,
470,
7458,
29881,
1048,
1554,
373,
607,
263,
3058,
2656,
310,
22085,
16129,
1795,
28453,
777,
3578,
29889,
7440,
18199,
29872,
2289,
2099,
304,
24663,
278,
2875,
10462,
310,
263,
20493,
289,
473,
479,
11505,
347,
29973,
1128,
526,
591,
304,
2274,
278,
6297,
310,
263,
13433,
29338,
297,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
1281,
26614,
269,
10183,
29950,
1724,
526,
278,
16269,
8974,
310,
2259,
24710,
8649,
29915,
29879,
21991,
391,
17520,
583,
29973,
1724,
471,
278,
5469,
310,
28579,
29915,
29879,
2553,
29873,
304,
7335,
5080,
322,
825,
526,
967,
2411,
5795,
363,
670,
1776,
310,
10466,
322,
5264,
6368,
29973,
10506,
4828,
508,
2041,
515,
738,
2752,
322,
367,
310,
4359,
738,
2656,
29889,
3118,
1795,
367,
8852,
297,
8649,
1363,
697,
338,
17520,
7492,
304
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.139202 | 1.724102 | -0.109493 | 1.230472 |
or highly critical of the liberal tradition, or because one believes that liberty is under threat and that Mill might shed some light on our modern predicament. Or one might wish to assess the (in)adequacy of the Western and liberal conception of tolerance in the light of some contemporary question or issue, such as the Salman Rushdie affair, and find it both necessary and desirable to reread and reappraise Locke on toleration and Mill on liberty.46 In short—and to borrow a distinction from the philosophy of science—the problemdriven 'context of discovery' is wide open, even as the 'context of justification' is rather more restricted.47 The problems can come from anywhere and be addressed via a variety of strate46 B. Parekh, 'The Rushdie Affair: Research Agenda for Political Philosophy', Political Studies, 38 (1990), 695-709. 47 H. Reichenbach, Experience and Prediction (Chicago, 1961), 6-7.
gies; but the (in)adequacy of the solutions must be assessed according to more stringent scholarly criteria. The historical study of political theory is, in sum, a problem-solving activity. It takes other interpretations as alternative solutions to some puzzle or problem, and then goes on to assess their adequacy vis-d-vis each other and in relation to one's own proposed solution. Interpretation is indeed a threecornered fight. Hence we cannot but take others' interpretations into account, reappraising their adequacy and value, as I attempt to do in the studies comprising the present volume. This process of reappraisal is not incidental to the practice of political theory but is instead an indispensable, if not indeed defining, feature of our craft. This craft is in an important sense backward-looking. Political theory, more than any other vocation, takes its own past to be an essential part of its present. Its past includes a history not only of theorizing, of great (and not-so-great) books, but of commentary on and interpretation of those thinkers and texts.48 It is through the latter that the former are reconsidered, criticized, and reevaluated—in short, reappraised. One might even put the point more strongly by saying that the seminal works of political theory are kept alive and vivid—keep their 'classic' status, so to speak—only in so far as they are not worshipped at academic shrines but are, on the contrary, carefully and critically reappraised.49 It might therefore appear that political theory, at least as regards its reappraisive function, is a benign and harmless enterprise, and the modern student of the subject a mildly curious creature in the academic zoo. Yet political theory is not without critics from various quarters, some of whom are on occasion quite vociferous. Some political scientists are apt to think of the political theorists in their midst as historians or, perhaps, philosophers. Historians, however, may not wish to claim them as colleagues, and philosophers might not understand political theorists' interest in history and, stranger still, in politics. All, moreover, are suspicious of the claim that 48 D. Baumgold, 'Political Commentary on the History of Political Theory', APSR 75 (1981), 928-40. 49 C. Condren, The Status and Appraisal of Classic Texts (Princeton, NJ, 1985).
thinkers long dead might somehow be conn ted with, and might in some respects illuminate, the darker recesses of our present condition. Such suspicion sometimes erupts into open hostility. During the 'behavioural revolution' of the 19505 and 19605, many political scientists went on the offensive against the aliens in their midst. Political theory was charged with being antiquarian, non-empirical, and, worst of all, 'normative'—that is, concerned with the 'values' or subjective preferences of this or that long-dead thinker and/or his or her present-day interpreter. This bill of indictment, as I attempt to show in Chapter 2, was predicated on a philosophy of science and a conception of cognitive meaningfulness that has long since been repudiated by philosophers of science. But academic political theorists had no sooner regained their composure and sense of dignity than
|
[
470,
10712,
12187,
310,
278,
26054,
11399,
29892,
470,
1363,
697,
1339,
17180,
393,
24169,
338,
1090,
28469,
322,
393,
8649,
1795,
28453,
777,
3578,
373,
1749,
5400,
4450,
293,
1166,
29889,
1394,
697,
1795,
6398,
304,
24809,
278,
313,
262,
29897,
1943,
339,
4135,
310,
278,
10504,
322,
26054,
26192,
310,
20341,
749,
297,
278,
3578,
310,
777,
24952,
1139,
470,
2228,
29892,
1316,
408,
278,
3956,
1171,
390,
1878,
16217,
26195,
29892,
322,
1284,
372,
1716,
5181,
322,
553,
27797,
304,
364,
406,
328,
322,
337,
932,
22692,
18199,
29872,
373,
20341,
362,
322,
8649,
373,
24169,
29889,
29946,
29953,
512,
3273,
30003,
392,
304,
27942,
263,
21578,
515,
278,
22237,
310,
10466,
30003,
1552,
1108,
24477,
854,
525,
4703,
310,
20699,
29915,
338,
9377,
1722,
29892,
1584,
408,
278,
525,
4703,
310,
925,
2450,
29915,
338,
3265,
901,
22078,
29889,
29946,
29955,
450,
4828,
508,
2041,
515,
12214,
322,
367,
20976,
3025,
263,
12875,
310,
851,
403,
29946,
29953,
350,
29889,
349,
598,
15339,
29892,
525,
1576,
390,
1878,
16217,
13737,
1466,
29901,
10550,
4059,
8395,
363,
25137,
16407,
29891,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
511,
29871,
29953,
29929,
29945,
29899,
29955,
29900,
29929,
29889,
29871,
29946,
29955,
379,
29889,
9320,
264,
6740,
29892,
28224,
5597,
322,
21099,
2463,
313,
1451,
9384,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29896,
511,
29871,
29953,
29899,
29955,
29889,
13,
29887,
583,
29936,
541,
278,
313,
262,
29897,
1943,
339,
4135,
310,
278,
6851,
1818,
367,
1223,
11517,
5034,
304,
901,
1347,
296,
21344,
368,
16614,
29889,
450,
15839,
6559,
310,
8604,
6368,
338,
29892,
297,
2533,
29892,
263,
1108,
29899,
2929,
1747,
6354,
29889,
739,
4893,
916,
6613,
800,
408,
8671,
6851,
304,
777,
20285,
280,
470,
1108,
29892,
322,
769,
5771,
373,
304,
24809,
1009,
19967,
339,
4135,
1998,
29899,
29881,
29899,
1730,
1269,
916,
322,
297,
8220,
304,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
7972,
1650,
29889,
4124,
19819,
362,
338,
6200,
263,
12455,
687,
272,
1089,
287,
8589,
29889,
10133,
591,
2609,
541,
2125,
4045,
29915,
6613,
800,
964,
3633,
29892,
337,
932,
336,
5921,
1009,
19967,
339,
4135,
322,
995,
29892,
408,
306,
4218,
304,
437,
297,
278,
11898,
7199,
5921,
278,
2198,
7977,
29889,
910,
1889,
310,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
338,
451,
15134,
284,
304,
278,
6944,
310,
8604,
6368,
541,
338,
2012,
385,
1399,
11936,
575,
519,
29892,
565,
451,
6200,
16184,
29892,
4682,
310,
1749,
25554,
29889,
910,
25554,
338,
297,
385,
4100,
4060,
1250,
1328,
29899,
23261,
29889,
25137,
6368,
29892,
901,
1135,
738,
916,
7931,
362,
29892,
4893,
967,
1914,
4940,
304,
367,
385,
18853,
760,
310,
967,
2198,
29889,
8011,
4940,
7805,
263,
4955,
451,
871,
310,
278,
272,
5281,
29892,
310,
2107,
313,
392,
451,
29899,
578,
29899,
7979,
271,
29897,
8277,
29892,
541,
310,
3440,
653,
373,
322,
19854,
310,
1906,
1348,
414,
322,
26442,
29889,
29946,
29947,
739,
338,
1549,
278,
7480,
393,
278,
4642,
526,
337,
3200,
1241,
287,
29892,
11164,
1891,
29892,
322,
337,
24219,
630,
30003,
262,
3273,
29892,
337,
932,
336,
3368,
29889,
3118,
1795,
1584,
1925,
278,
1298,
901,
13818,
491,
5934,
393,
278,
3031,
979,
1736,
310,
8604,
6368,
526,
8126,
18758,
322,
325,
3640,
30003,
17462,
1009,
525,
1990,
293,
29915,
4660,
29892,
577,
304,
7726,
30003,
6194,
297,
577,
2215,
408,
896,
526,
451,
6365,
845,
16242,
472,
21567,
14653,
1475,
541,
526,
29892,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
16112,
322,
3994,
1711,
337,
932,
336,
3368,
29889,
29946,
29929,
739,
1795,
5480,
2615,
393,
8604,
6368,
29892,
472,
3203,
408,
21778,
967,
337,
932,
23469,
573,
740,
29892,
338,
263,
3856,
647,
322,
4023,
828,
404,
3896,
7734,
29892,
322,
278,
5400,
8368,
310,
278,
4967,
263,
286,
789,
368,
12758,
23940,
297,
278,
21567,
22424,
29889,
15175,
8604,
6368,
338,
451,
1728,
28431,
515,
5164,
439,
13868,
29892,
777,
310,
6029,
526,
373,
10039,
3755,
7931,
9633,
681,
29889,
3834,
8604,
9638,
2879,
526,
10882,
304,
1348,
310,
278,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
297,
1009,
29214,
408,
3603,
5834,
470,
29892,
6060,
29892,
11847,
414,
29889,
4731,
5834,
29892,
3138,
29892,
1122,
451,
6398,
304,
5995,
963,
408,
23056,
21628,
29892,
322,
11847,
414,
1795,
451,
2274,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29915,
4066,
297,
4955,
322,
29892,
26507,
1603,
29892,
297,
22661,
29889,
2178,
29892,
25409,
29892,
526,
8872,
14803,
310,
278,
5995,
393,
29871,
29946,
29947,
360,
29889,
6000,
398,
29887,
1025,
29892,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
461,
653,
373,
278,
5298,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29955,
29945,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
511,
29871,
29929,
29906,
29947,
29899,
29946,
29900,
29889,
29871,
29946,
29929,
315,
29889,
11790,
1267,
29892,
450,
16034,
322,
2401,
23469,
284,
310,
24300,
3992,
29879,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29945,
467,
13,
386,
682,
414,
1472,
7123,
1795,
10431,
367,
11009,
29748,
411,
29892,
322,
1795,
297,
777,
3390,
29879,
4486,
27024,
29892,
278,
6501,
261,
337,
985,
267,
310,
1749,
2198,
4195,
29889,
10506,
8872,
15353,
6041,
604,
29884,
16485,
964,
1722,
3495,
1793,
29889,
7133,
278,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
19479,
29915,
310,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29900,
29945,
322,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29945,
29892,
1784,
8604,
9638,
2879,
3512,
373,
278,
1283,
6270,
2750,
278,
394,
11689,
297,
1009,
29214,
29889,
25137,
6368,
471,
20139,
411,
1641,
9418,
339,
13956,
29892,
1661,
29899,
3451,
381,
936,
29892,
322,
29892,
17322,
310,
599,
29892,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
30003,
5747,
338,
29892,
15041,
411,
278,
525,
5975,
29915,
470,
4967,
573,
5821,
2063,
310,
445,
470,
393,
1472,
29899,
311,
328,
1348,
261,
322,
29914,
272,
670,
470,
902,
2198,
29899,
3250,
26997,
29889,
910,
11118,
310,
1399,
919,
358,
29892,
408,
306,
4218,
304,
1510,
297,
23040,
29871,
29906,
29892,
471,
4450,
293,
630,
373,
263,
22237,
310,
10466,
322,
263,
26192,
310,
25323,
3321,
6593,
1319,
2264,
393,
756,
1472,
1951,
1063,
1634,
4749,
630,
491,
11847,
414,
310,
10466,
29889,
1205,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
750,
694,
29548,
1072,
7114,
1009,
5541,
545,
322,
4060,
310,
18085,
537,
1135
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.660878 | 1.573559 | -0.258218 | 1.230472 |
they were attacked from the other side by critics who claimed that the 'classics' of political theory were the antiquated, sexist, racist, homophobic texts of 'dead white men', all sharing the aim of perpetuating and legitimating the dominance of themselves and their descendants. There was, accordingly, a call to disavow, if not eliminate from the curriculum, the 'classics', the 'canon' of 'Great Books' that, when read and taken seriously by students, can only serve to justify the unjustifiable.50 Since the present work is intended, in part, to be an answer to this charge, I should say that I do not think it ridiculous or entirely ill founded. There are, if not texts, then certainly ways of reading or interpreting them, that give aid and comfort to those who wish the worst for some of their fellow human beings. One need only think, for example, of the ways in which Hitler and the Nazis used (and arguably abused) the works of Nietzsche, or Stalin the works of Marx, to justify genocidal policies. But it is no less important to note that the disclosure and criticism of such (mis)understandings is itself an integral part of political theory. Far from being the sort of hagiographic exercise portrayed by some of its present-day detractors, the study of political theory is, above all, a relentlessly critical enterprise. As such, one of its essential features 50 J. Searle, 'Storm over the University', New York Review, 37 (Dec. 199°), 34-42-
is its attention to the ways in which authors and texts are appropriated and used—or, as often as not, misappropriated and abused—by would-be defenders or disciples. To enumerate and defend these and other features of my chosen vocation is not all that difficult, at least on a fairly abstract level, as I attempt to do in this and the following chapter. A second task—much more difficult, and more important by far—is to try to show how one might put these precepts into practice in particular cases. The bulk of the present work consists, accordingly, of studies or exercises of the second sort. Both, however, proceed from a particular perspective or point of view. Candour compels me to say something, if only briefly, about the perspective from which I write. Five points merit particular mention. The first and most important, as I have noted already, is that mine is a problemcentred perspective. By this I mean that my method of interpretation varies with and is dictated by the particular interpretive problem being addressed, and not the other way round. A method is not like a stretch sock: one size does not fit all feet. Nor, by the same token, can any single method or approach—textual, contextual, Marxist, realist, Straussian, or whatever—possibly illuminate, much less resolve, every conceivable problem of interpretation. Second, these interpretive problems can come from any source, whether historical, contemporary, literary, political, or whatever. These problems provide the interest or vantagepoint from which interpretation proceeds. In the present volume my enquiries proceed not only from problems within the text, but, no less importantly, from questions raised, and interpretations advanced and defended, by subsequent commentators, often in idioms that were unavailable to the author. Charges that the theories of Plato or Rousseau were 'totalitarian' or that Bentham was a 'feminist' fall under this heading. Although anachronistic, these characterizations are not necessarily illegitimate. They may be useful and illuminating in some contexts but not in others, and a stimulus to the reinterpretation and reappraisal of a theorist and his or her work. Third, I think it worth trying, in so far as possible and where appropriate, to place the text within two contexts, the
first being the context of its composition (which necessarily includes some reference to its author's intentions), and the second being the various contexts of its reception (which may or may not take account of authorial intent). A fourth feature of my approach is that I attempt, wherever possible, to show how an earlier theorist, and/or a subsequent interpretation, casts light on contemporary problems. The light must of necessity, I believe, be indirect or reflected— Machiavelli and Marx, for example, are not our contemporaries—but no less valuable for that. A particular way of reading Thucydides or Machiavelli, for instance, could
|
[
896,
892,
22630,
515,
278,
916,
2625,
491,
28431,
1058,
17049,
393,
278,
525,
1990,
1199,
29915,
310,
8604,
6368,
892,
278,
9418,
339,
630,
29892,
7916,
391,
29892,
11021,
391,
29892,
3632,
3021,
711,
293,
26442,
310,
525,
311,
328,
4796,
1757,
742,
599,
19383,
278,
12242,
310,
25722,
29884,
1218,
322,
25204,
326,
1218,
278,
8022,
749,
310,
6053,
322,
1009,
17086,
1934,
29889,
1670,
471,
29892,
16205,
29892,
263,
1246,
304,
766,
485,
340,
29892,
565,
451,
27399,
515,
278,
16256,
12906,
398,
29892,
278,
525,
1990,
1199,
742,
278,
525,
3068,
265,
29915,
310,
525,
25120,
271,
13730,
29915,
393,
29892,
746,
1303,
322,
4586,
25798,
491,
8041,
29892,
508,
871,
9080,
304,
26922,
278,
443,
5143,
28677,
29889,
29945,
29900,
4001,
278,
2198,
664,
338,
9146,
29892,
297,
760,
29892,
304,
367,
385,
1234,
304,
445,
8323,
29892,
306,
881,
1827,
393,
306,
437,
451,
1348,
372,
8177,
12906,
681,
470,
9186,
4486,
11091,
29889,
1670,
526,
29892,
565,
451,
26442,
29892,
769,
8959,
5837,
310,
5183,
470,
5133,
1259,
963,
29892,
393,
2367,
16226,
322,
13016,
304,
1906,
1058,
6398,
278,
17322,
363,
777,
310,
1009,
10404,
5199,
367,
886,
29889,
3118,
817,
871,
1348,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
310,
278,
5837,
297,
607,
23151,
322,
278,
11409,
275,
1304,
313,
392,
1852,
29884,
2197,
633,
3880,
29897,
278,
1736,
310,
405,
2035,
29920,
5955,
29892,
470,
624,
25977,
278,
1736,
310,
28579,
29892,
304,
26922,
2531,
542,
23670,
24833,
29889,
1205,
372,
338,
694,
3109,
4100,
304,
4443,
393,
278,
766,
25071,
322,
29035,
310,
1316,
313,
26737,
29897,
5062,
1689,
886,
338,
3528,
385,
10160,
760,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
8413,
515,
1641,
278,
2656,
310,
298,
17698,
12122,
15058,
2011,
25724,
491,
777,
310,
967,
2198,
29899,
3250,
1439,
1461,
943,
29892,
278,
6559,
310,
8604,
6368,
338,
29892,
2038,
599,
29892,
263,
1104,
296,
23769,
12187,
3896,
7734,
29889,
1094,
1316,
29892,
697,
310,
967,
18853,
5680,
29871,
29945,
29900,
435,
29889,
317,
799,
280,
29892,
525,
855,
555,
975,
278,
3014,
742,
1570,
3088,
13957,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29955,
313,
6185,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
30073,
511,
29871,
29941,
29946,
29899,
29946,
29906,
29899,
13,
275,
967,
8570,
304,
278,
5837,
297,
607,
15717,
322,
26442,
526,
7128,
630,
322,
1304,
30003,
272,
29892,
408,
4049,
408,
451,
29892,
3984,
932,
6649,
630,
322,
633,
3880,
30003,
1609,
723,
29899,
915,
822,
21043,
470,
766,
455,
2701,
29889,
1763,
26985,
322,
24663,
1438,
322,
916,
5680,
310,
590,
10434,
7931,
362,
338,
451,
599,
393,
5189,
29892,
472,
3203,
373,
263,
12558,
9846,
3233,
29892,
408,
306,
4218,
304,
437,
297,
445,
322,
278,
1494,
16385,
29889,
319,
1473,
3414,
30003,
29885,
987,
901,
5189,
29892,
322,
901,
4100,
491,
2215,
30003,
275,
304,
1018,
304,
1510,
920,
697,
1795,
1925,
1438,
758,
1547,
29879,
964,
6944,
297,
3153,
4251,
29889,
450,
21610,
310,
278,
2198,
664,
11624,
29892,
16205,
29892,
310,
11898,
470,
24472,
3476,
267,
310,
278,
1473,
2656,
29889,
9134,
29892,
3138,
29892,
8469,
515,
263,
3153,
18520,
470,
1298,
310,
1776,
29889,
28433,
473,
752,
1379,
592,
304,
1827,
1554,
29892,
565,
871,
23359,
29892,
1048,
278,
18520,
515,
607,
306,
2436,
29889,
22853,
3291,
2778,
277,
3153,
3585,
29889,
450,
937,
322,
1556,
4100,
29892,
408,
306,
505,
11682,
2307,
29892,
338,
393,
7903,
338,
263,
1108,
1760,
1127,
18520,
29889,
2648,
445,
306,
2099,
393,
590,
1158,
310,
19854,
722,
583,
411,
322,
338,
9657,
630,
491,
278,
3153,
6613,
573,
1108,
1641,
20976,
29892,
322,
451,
278,
916,
982,
4513,
29889,
319,
1158,
338,
451,
763,
263,
16116,
577,
384,
29901,
697,
2159,
947,
451,
6216,
599,
6900,
29889,
4186,
29892,
491,
278,
1021,
5993,
29892,
508,
738,
2323,
1158,
470,
2948,
30003,
726,
950,
29892,
3030,
950,
29892,
28579,
391,
29892,
1855,
391,
29892,
7357,
1558,
713,
29892,
470,
6514,
30003,
28802,
14981,
4486,
27024,
29892,
1568,
3109,
8814,
29892,
1432,
10628,
440,
519,
1108,
310,
19854,
29889,
6440,
29892,
1438,
6613,
573,
4828,
508,
2041,
515,
738,
2752,
29892,
3692,
15839,
29892,
24952,
29892,
22937,
29892,
8604,
29892,
470,
6514,
29889,
4525,
4828,
3867,
278,
4066,
470,
325,
8501,
3149,
515,
607,
19854,
8469,
29879,
29889,
512,
278,
2198,
7977,
590,
427,
6578,
2722,
8469,
451,
871,
515,
4828,
2629,
278,
1426,
29892,
541,
29892,
694,
3109,
4100,
368,
29892,
515,
5155,
10425,
29892,
322,
6613,
800,
12862,
322,
822,
2760,
29892,
491,
15352,
3440,
4097,
29892,
4049,
297,
1178,
29875,
4835,
393,
892,
443,
16515,
304,
278,
4148,
29889,
678,
1191,
267,
393,
278,
25841,
310,
1858,
1219,
470,
390,
681,
14654,
892,
525,
7827,
3673,
713,
29915,
470,
393,
27079,
3391,
471,
263,
525,
29888,
331,
262,
391,
29915,
6416,
1090,
445,
28435,
29889,
8512,
385,
496,
1617,
4695,
29892,
1438,
2931,
17063,
526,
451,
12695,
980,
1397,
277,
6490,
29889,
2688,
1122,
367,
5407,
322,
4486,
9735,
1218,
297,
777,
3030,
29879,
541,
451,
297,
4045,
29892,
322,
263,
20436,
14999,
304,
278,
337,
1639,
19819,
362,
322,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
310,
263,
278,
272,
391,
322,
670,
470,
902,
664,
29889,
18008,
29892,
306,
1348,
372,
7088,
1811,
29892,
297,
577,
2215,
408,
1950,
322,
988,
8210,
29892,
304,
2058,
278,
1426,
2629,
1023,
3030,
29879,
29892,
278,
13,
4102,
1641,
278,
3030,
310,
967,
15259,
313,
4716,
12695,
7805,
777,
3407,
304,
967,
4148,
29915,
29879,
7609,
1080,
511,
322,
278,
1473,
1641,
278,
5164,
3030,
29879,
310,
967,
25647,
313,
4716,
1122,
470,
1122,
451,
2125,
3633,
310,
4148,
616,
7609,
467,
319,
11582,
4682,
310,
590,
2948,
338,
393,
306,
4218,
29892,
29693,
1950,
29892,
304,
1510,
920,
385,
8859,
278,
272,
391,
29892,
322,
29914,
272,
263,
15352,
19854,
29892,
4320,
29879,
3578,
373,
24952,
4828,
29889,
450,
3578,
1818,
310,
24316,
29892,
306,
4658,
29892,
367,
26377,
470,
25312,
30003,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
322,
28579,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
526,
451,
1749,
12010,
4314,
30003,
4187,
694,
3109,
21114,
363,
393,
29889,
319,
3153,
982,
310,
5183,
498,
29884,
1270,
29881,
2247,
470,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
363,
2777,
29892,
1033
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.910848 | 1.500883 | -0.272004 | 1.336722 |
conceivably illuminate the darker corners of our present condition as no reading of a modern self-styled 'realist' such as Henry Kissinger can. Fifth, and finally, my aim in the present volume is not simply to say but to try to show what a pluralist and problem-driven approach to the history of political thought can (and cannot) hope to achieve. If the proof of the pudding be in the eating, then nothing is to be gained by talking about pudding in the abstract, or various recipes for pudding, or what various culinary experts—imported from France or elsewhere—have to say about the matter. Nor will a General Theory of Pudding be of much use. One must sample for oneself and, in so far as possible, trust one's own taste-buds, whether the result be retching or, as I hope, the kind of curiosity that leads one to one's own, and doubtless better, readings and reflections. 1.5 PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK Chapter 2 traces in rough outline selected aspects of the history, present state, and future possibilities of political theory, particularly in the North American academy. This attempt to reassess the role and present predicament of political theory begins by looking at the 'behavioural revolution' in American political science and, more specifically, its animus against 'traditional' or 'normative' political theory. Its hostility towards political theory was driven by a particular philosophy of science—Logical Positivism—which has since been discredited and abandoned by philosophers and latterly by most political
scientists. The recent revival of political theory owes a good deal to the demise of its philosophical nemesis. But before we congratulate ourselves on our ostensible victory, we had better take a careful look at our vocation's increasing withdrawal from the world and its tendency to turn in on itself and to concern itself with esoterica spawned and nurtured within its own hermetically sealed hothouse. The result can only be the increasing 'alienation of political theory'.51 I conclude by suggesting how we might resist these inward-turning tendencies and why we might want to do so. If the studies in Part I are abstract promissory notes, those in Part II are attempts to make good on those promises. Each essay addresses a problem raised in, or prompted by, rival readings of particular texts. Chapter 3, 'Machiavelli and Moral Change', takes issue with the conventional view that Machiavelli is the first genuinely 'modern' political theorist in that he investigates political phenomena in purely instrumental, and not ethical, terms. Taking one of these terms—virtu—I attempt to show that it may be understood as an attempt to resurrect a much older Homeric understanding of 'virtue' (aperrj), which was tied to and partly constitutive of particular social or civic roles. If so, then Machiavelli was more backward- than forward-looking. Indeed, like his fictional contemporary Don Quixote, Machiavelli may be read as having attempted the quixotic feat of reviving an archaic code of conduct—a more manly alternative, as he saw it, to the effeminacy of the modern age. If Machiavelli was not the first modern political thinker, then—so it is sometimes said—Hobbes surely was. If by 'modern' we mean something like 'scientific', then Hobbes may legitimately lay claim to the title. But before bestowing that title we had better be careful to understand what Hobbes himself meant by 'science', and by a 'civil science' in particular. In Chapter 4 I examine and criticize the claim that Hobbes was a proto-positivist precursor of the modern scientific study of politics. Against this interpretation, I argue that Hobbes may be better viewed as a thinker acutely aware of the communicative constitution of human society. In such a society, 51 J. G. Gunnell, Between Philosophy and Politics: The Alienation of Political Theory (Amherst, Mass., 1986).
communicative distortion and breakdown are always possible and the spectre of civil war an almost palpable presence. The role of an all-powerful sovereign is accordingly to prevent, or rather preclude, the linguistic distortion that leads to the sort of civil dissolution that is the state of nature or 'natural condition of mankind'. Hobbes's civil science provides the underpinning for
|
[
10628,
440,
2197,
4486,
27024,
278,
6501,
261,
26995,
310,
1749,
2198,
4195,
408,
694,
5183,
310,
263,
5400,
1583,
29899,
22062,
839,
525,
6370,
391,
29915,
1316,
408,
6498,
476,
790,
5621,
508,
29889,
29008,
386,
29892,
322,
7146,
29892,
590,
12242,
297,
278,
2198,
7977,
338,
451,
3763,
304,
1827,
541,
304,
1018,
304,
1510,
825,
263,
715,
3631,
391,
322,
1108,
29899,
24477,
854,
2948,
304,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
508,
313,
392,
2609,
29897,
4966,
304,
6176,
29889,
960,
278,
5296,
310,
278,
282,
566,
8497,
367,
297,
278,
321,
1218,
29892,
769,
3078,
338,
304,
367,
17515,
491,
9963,
1048,
282,
566,
8497,
297,
278,
9846,
29892,
470,
5164,
9522,
5547,
363,
282,
566,
8497,
29892,
470,
825,
5164,
13949,
3821,
2902,
1372,
30003,
5215,
287,
515,
3444,
470,
17551,
30003,
17532,
304,
1827,
1048,
278,
4383,
29889,
4186,
674,
263,
4593,
24134,
310,
349,
566,
8497,
367,
310,
1568,
671,
29889,
3118,
1818,
4559,
363,
6743,
761,
322,
29892,
297,
577,
2215,
408,
1950,
29892,
9311,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
21779,
29899,
15841,
29879,
29892,
3692,
278,
1121,
367,
3240,
305,
292,
470,
29892,
408,
306,
4966,
29892,
278,
2924,
310,
27742,
393,
11981,
697,
304,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
29892,
322,
7404,
2222,
2253,
29892,
1303,
886,
322,
2143,
5942,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29889,
29945,
16507,
2190,
8079,
6093,
349,
15989,
3919,
399,
1955,
29968,
23040,
29871,
29906,
26695,
297,
12164,
27887,
4629,
21420,
310,
278,
4955,
29892,
2198,
2106,
29892,
322,
5434,
24496,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
10734,
297,
278,
4644,
3082,
263,
9567,
29889,
910,
4218,
304,
337,
465,
404,
278,
6297,
322,
2198,
4450,
293,
1166,
310,
8604,
6368,
16410,
491,
3063,
472,
278,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
19479,
29915,
297,
3082,
8604,
10466,
322,
29892,
901,
10816,
29892,
967,
3778,
375,
2750,
525,
29576,
3245,
29915,
470,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
8604,
6368,
29889,
8011,
3495,
1793,
7113,
8604,
6368,
471,
18225,
491,
263,
3153,
22237,
310,
10466,
30003,
3403,
936,
10321,
277,
440,
1608,
30003,
4716,
756,
1951,
1063,
766,
11944,
1573,
322,
23181,
491,
11847,
414,
322,
7480,
368,
491,
1556,
8604,
13,
29879,
15566,
2879,
29889,
450,
7786,
6664,
2561,
310,
8604,
6368,
8152,
267,
263,
1781,
5376,
304,
278,
1261,
895,
310,
967,
11847,
936,
6583,
6656,
29889,
1205,
1434,
591,
378,
629,
271,
5987,
20278,
373,
1749,
14750,
575,
1821,
15354,
29892,
591,
750,
2253,
2125,
263,
16010,
1106,
472,
1749,
7931,
362,
29915,
29879,
10231,
28679,
284,
515,
278,
3186,
322,
967,
260,
5197,
304,
2507,
297,
373,
3528,
322,
304,
5932,
3528,
411,
831,
17084,
983,
29178,
287,
322,
302,
4227,
2955,
2629,
967,
1914,
18606,
300,
1711,
409,
7943,
298,
720,
1709,
29889,
450,
1121,
508,
871,
367,
278,
10231,
525,
284,
819,
362,
310,
8604,
6368,
4286,
29945,
29896,
306,
17668,
491,
26233,
920,
591,
1795,
9241,
1438,
297,
1328,
29899,
685,
292,
260,
7158,
322,
2020,
591,
1795,
864,
304,
437,
577,
29889,
960,
278,
11898,
297,
3455,
306,
526,
9846,
2504,
790,
706,
11486,
29892,
1906,
297,
3455,
1944,
526,
14734,
304,
1207,
1781,
373,
1906,
27584,
29889,
7806,
3686,
388,
14157,
263,
1108,
10425,
297,
29892,
470,
9508,
287,
491,
29892,
17055,
1303,
886,
310,
3153,
26442,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29941,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
322,
3879,
284,
10726,
742,
4893,
2228,
411,
278,
28557,
1776,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
338,
278,
937,
29120,
262,
873,
525,
1545,
824,
29915,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
297,
393,
540,
7405,
1078,
8604,
17292,
28342,
297,
24837,
11395,
284,
29892,
322,
451,
11314,
936,
29892,
4958,
29889,
323,
5086,
697,
310,
1438,
4958,
30003,
2405,
9161,
30003,
29902,
4218,
304,
1510,
393,
372,
1122,
367,
11098,
408,
385,
4218,
304,
620,
332,
1621,
263,
1568,
9642,
379,
12392,
293,
8004,
310,
525,
15389,
434,
29915,
313,
481,
3127,
29926,
511,
607,
471,
21351,
304,
322,
22669,
20016,
11067,
310,
3153,
5264,
470,
14175,
293,
16178,
29889,
960,
577,
29892,
769,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
471,
901,
1250,
1328,
29899,
1135,
6375,
29899,
23261,
29889,
14598,
29892,
763,
670,
26797,
1848,
24952,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
1122,
367,
1303,
408,
2534,
16388,
278,
439,
861,
13574,
1238,
271,
310,
6664,
4357,
385,
3190,
29874,
293,
775,
310,
7512,
30003,
29874,
901,
767,
368,
8671,
29892,
408,
540,
4446,
372,
29892,
304,
278,
1801,
331,
262,
4135,
310,
278,
5400,
5046,
29889,
960,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
471,
451,
278,
937,
5400,
8604,
1348,
261,
29892,
769,
30003,
578,
372,
338,
6041,
1497,
30003,
29950,
711,
5707,
18880,
471,
29889,
960,
491,
525,
1545,
824,
29915,
591,
2099,
1554,
763,
525,
29879,
15566,
928,
742,
769,
25302,
5707,
1122,
25204,
15084,
6568,
5995,
304,
278,
3611,
29889,
1205,
1434,
1900,
340,
292,
393,
3611,
591,
750,
2253,
367,
16010,
304,
2274,
825,
25302,
5707,
3654,
6839,
491,
525,
29879,
15277,
742,
322,
491,
263,
525,
29883,
5341,
10466,
29915,
297,
3153,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29946,
306,
25917,
322,
11164,
675,
278,
5995,
393,
25302,
5707,
471,
263,
17814,
29899,
1066,
277,
440,
391,
8303,
5966,
310,
278,
5400,
16021,
6559,
310,
22661,
29889,
11454,
303,
445,
19854,
29892,
306,
27754,
393,
25302,
5707,
1122,
367,
2253,
24774,
408,
263,
1348,
261,
1274,
11579,
9543,
310,
278,
7212,
1230,
16772,
310,
5199,
12459,
29889,
512,
1316,
263,
12459,
29892,
29871,
29945,
29896,
435,
29889,
402,
29889,
402,
5963,
514,
29892,
21674,
16407,
29891,
322,
6934,
1199,
29901,
450,
10785,
264,
362,
310,
25137,
24134,
313,
6833,
2276,
303,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
467,
13,
27820,
1230,
1320,
441,
291,
322,
2867,
3204,
526,
2337,
1950,
322,
278,
6683,
276,
310,
7631,
1370,
385,
4359,
5112,
29886,
519,
10122,
29889,
450,
6297,
310,
385,
599,
29899,
13519,
1319,
577,
369,
7577,
338,
16205,
304,
5557,
29892,
470,
3265,
758,
2325,
29892,
278,
21110,
4695,
1320,
441,
291,
393,
11981,
304,
278,
2656,
310,
7631,
23556,
918,
393,
338,
278,
2106,
310,
5469,
470,
525,
25047,
4195,
310,
767,
14380,
4286,
25302,
5707,
29915,
29879,
7631,
10466,
8128,
278,
1090,
12687,
1076,
363
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.823902 | 1.713719 | 0.368401 | 1.453091 |
and justification of a new 'rhetoric of sobriety', a scientifically sanitized language that precludes the very possibility of criticism, dissent, and revolt. Although quite critical of Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau shared his predecessor's preoccupation with the dangers and possibilities of political discourse. Quite unlike Hobbes, however, Rousseau attempted to revive the lost language of republicanism. Yet several features of Rousseau's political theorizing seem—so some interpreters have claimed—strangely at odds with this aim. In particular, his notions of the General Will and a dogmatic 'civil religion' appear to some modern interpreters to have closer ties to twentieth-century totalitarianism than to classical republicanism. If recent scholarship has done much to dispel the 'totalitarian' aura that long surrounded the General Will, it has done little to clear the fog that still surrounds the civil religion. Indeed, of all the problems perplexing Rousseau's interpreters, none has proved more intractable than that posed by his scheme for a civil religion. While his modern critics have been quick to condemn its ostensibly totalitarian implications, his latter-day defenders have been rather at a loss to square it with the rest of his work. In Chapter 5 I advance and defend a revisionist reading of Rousseau's civil religion by attempting to answer three questions. First, what role or place does Rousseau's scheme for a civil religion occupy in his political theory? Second, what were Rousseau's intentions—i.e. what was he trying to do—in devising this scheme? And, third, how might we account for its placement within the text of the Social Contract! Addressing these three questions from an external or contextual as well as internal or textual perspective, I construct a new—and decidedly non-totalitarian—interpretation of Rousseau's religion civile. The evidence is sketchy and circumstantial, but suggestive of a possibility that has not yet, so far as I am aware, been considered.
Chapter 6 continues the theme of a civil religion by comparing the schemes offered by two nineteenth-century thinkers, James Mill and Auguste Comte. It begins with John Stuart Mill's condemnation of Comte's Religion of Humanity and his curious failure to note that his father had advanced his own scheme for a civil religion. By comparing Comte's and James Mill's views of the civil role of religion, we can see similarities and contrasts between the former's decidedly illiberal and priestly views, and the latter's liberal and low-church conception of the role of religion in a modern and essentially secular society. The point or purpose of a civil religion, for Mill, is pedagogical: its aim is to impart civicly useful knowledge and to instil a sense of civic responsibility and restraint. Such a civil religion is quite unlike its alleged Comtean counterpart, which aims to stifle criticism, manipulate the emotions, and procure assent to an authoritarian and undemocratic system of priestly rule. I conclude by considering the most probable Scottish source of Mill's conception of a civil religion. In Chapter 7 I examine Michel Foucault's claim that 'We are less Greek than we believe', in that we dwell 'within the panoptic machine'. Foucault's master metaphor for the modern 'surveillance society' is of course Bentham's plan for a Panopticon prison. I try to show that the rationale for Benthamite prison reform offered by his chief ally and propagandist, James Mill, is—pace Foucault—very 'Greek' indeed. The ostensibly modern Mill reworks and recycles the argument of a 'classic' text—namely, Plato's Republic—and uses Plato's theory of justice and just punishment to justify and legitimate Bentham's plans for reforming penal practices. The methodological moral of this tale is that we should be wary of some modern genealogists' claims about discursive discontinuities between discrete epistemes or systems of thought. But, by the same token, we should be no less suspicious of claims of intellectual ancestry and theoretical affinities across the centuries. The next three chapters examine and criticize such claims. One can of course write the history of political thought in any number of ways and from any of several perspectives. In recent years feminism has proved to be among the most suggestive and fruitful of these
|
[
322,
925,
2450,
310,
263,
716,
525,
29878,
9188,
272,
293,
310,
22810,
374,
3305,
742,
263,
16021,
635,
9753,
277,
1891,
4086,
393,
758,
27722,
278,
1407,
13331,
310,
29035,
29892,
16317,
296,
29892,
322,
13819,
29873,
29889,
8512,
3755,
12187,
310,
25302,
5707,
29892,
4581,
29899,
24288,
1912,
390,
681,
14654,
7258,
670,
27978,
985,
272,
29915,
29879,
758,
26601,
411,
278,
270,
13873,
322,
24496,
310,
8604,
2313,
10242,
29889,
751,
568,
25531,
25302,
5707,
29892,
3138,
29892,
390,
681,
14654,
16388,
304,
6664,
573,
278,
5714,
4086,
310,
23925,
273,
1608,
29889,
15175,
3196,
5680,
310,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
8604,
278,
272,
5281,
2833,
30003,
578,
777,
5133,
2153,
505,
17049,
30003,
710,
574,
873,
472,
7736,
29879,
411,
445,
12242,
29889,
512,
3153,
29892,
670,
451,
1080,
310,
278,
4593,
2811,
322,
263,
11203,
29885,
2454,
525,
29883,
5341,
13433,
29915,
2615,
304,
777,
5400,
5133,
2153,
304,
505,
17649,
260,
583,
304,
3252,
7268,
621,
29899,
27371,
3001,
3673,
713,
1608,
1135,
304,
14499,
23925,
273,
1608,
29889,
960,
7786,
21344,
3527,
756,
2309,
1568,
304,
12272,
295,
278,
525,
7827,
3673,
713,
29915,
263,
2002,
393,
1472,
22047,
278,
4593,
2811,
29892,
372,
756,
2309,
2217,
304,
2821,
278,
16847,
393,
1603,
8388,
3885,
278,
7631,
13433,
29889,
14598,
29892,
310,
599,
278,
4828,
639,
10709,
292,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
5133,
2153,
29892,
5642,
756,
11827,
901,
938,
1461,
519,
1135,
393,
926,
287,
491,
670,
11380,
363,
263,
7631,
13433,
29889,
5806,
670,
5400,
28431,
505,
1063,
4996,
304,
24905,
29876,
967,
14750,
575,
14981,
3001,
3673,
713,
2411,
5795,
29892,
670,
7480,
29899,
3250,
822,
21043,
505,
1063,
3265,
472,
263,
6410,
304,
6862,
372,
411,
278,
1791,
310,
670,
664,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29945,
306,
6564,
322,
24663,
263,
26554,
391,
5183,
310,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
7631,
13433,
491,
15661,
304,
1234,
2211,
5155,
29889,
3824,
29892,
825,
6297,
470,
2058,
947,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
11380,
363,
263,
7631,
13433,
6919,
29891,
297,
670,
8604,
6368,
29973,
6440,
29892,
825,
892,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
7609,
1080,
30003,
29875,
29889,
29872,
29889,
825,
471,
540,
1811,
304,
437,
30003,
262,
316,
1730,
292,
445,
11380,
29973,
1126,
29892,
4654,
29892,
920,
1795,
591,
3633,
363,
967,
2174,
13561,
2629,
278,
1426,
310,
278,
10307,
2866,
1461,
29991,
16428,
292,
1438,
2211,
5155,
515,
385,
7029,
470,
3030,
950,
408,
1532,
408,
7463,
470,
1426,
950,
18520,
29892,
306,
3386,
263,
716,
30003,
392,
8459,
368,
1661,
29899,
7827,
3673,
713,
30003,
1639,
19819,
362,
310,
390,
681,
14654,
29915,
29879,
13433,
29338,
29889,
450,
10757,
338,
21256,
29891,
322,
11708,
424,
616,
29892,
541,
4368,
573,
310,
263,
13331,
393,
756,
451,
3447,
29892,
577,
2215,
408,
306,
626,
9543,
29892,
1063,
5545,
29889,
13,
1451,
3314,
29871,
29953,
18172,
278,
10929,
310,
263,
7631,
13433,
491,
17420,
278,
27715,
12520,
491,
1023,
17081,
2650,
9097,
29899,
27371,
1348,
414,
29892,
5011,
8649,
322,
3111,
29872,
422,
371,
29889,
739,
16410,
411,
2259,
24710,
8649,
29915,
29879,
24905,
29876,
362,
310,
422,
371,
29915,
29879,
27099,
310,
12968,
537,
322,
670,
12758,
10672,
304,
4443,
393,
670,
4783,
750,
12862,
670,
1914,
11380,
363,
263,
7631,
13433,
29889,
2648,
17420,
422,
371,
29915,
29879,
322,
5011,
8649,
29915,
29879,
8386,
310,
278,
7631,
6297,
310,
13433,
29892,
591,
508,
1074,
2788,
1907,
322,
12814,
29879,
1546,
278,
4642,
29915,
29879,
8459,
368,
4486,
12347,
284,
322,
18781,
368,
8386,
29892,
322,
278,
7480,
29915,
29879,
26054,
322,
4482,
29899,
305,
2458,
26192,
310,
278,
6297,
310,
13433,
297,
263,
5400,
322,
13674,
5226,
1070,
12459,
29889,
450,
1298,
470,
6437,
310,
263,
7631,
13433,
29892,
363,
8649,
29892,
338,
8939,
13247,
936,
29901,
967,
12242,
338,
304,
527,
1595,
14175,
293,
368,
5407,
7134,
322,
304,
832,
309,
263,
4060,
310,
14175,
293,
23134,
322,
1791,
5270,
29889,
10506,
263,
7631,
13433,
338,
3755,
25531,
967,
16831,
287,
422,
371,
273,
6795,
1595,
29892,
607,
263,
9893,
304,
380,
361,
280,
29035,
29892,
26749,
278,
23023,
1080,
29892,
322,
9580,
545,
1223,
296,
304,
385,
4148,
3673,
713,
322,
563,
331,
8415,
2454,
1788,
310,
18781,
368,
5751,
29889,
306,
17668,
491,
13858,
278,
1556,
16269,
17780,
2752,
310,
8649,
29915,
29879,
26192,
310,
263,
7631,
13433,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29955,
306,
25917,
12255,
17787,
1113,
499,
29915,
29879,
5995,
393,
525,
4806,
526,
3109,
12311,
1135,
591,
4658,
742,
297,
393,
591,
24013,
525,
2541,
262,
278,
282,
1562,
23000,
4933,
4286,
17787,
1113,
499,
29915,
29879,
5835,
1539,
481,
2015,
363,
278,
5400,
525,
7610,
345,
453,
749,
12459,
29915,
338,
310,
3236,
27079,
3391,
29915,
29879,
3814,
363,
263,
349,
1562,
415,
4144,
8475,
29889,
306,
1018,
304,
1510,
393,
278,
364,
11464,
363,
27079,
3391,
568,
8475,
11736,
12520,
491,
670,
9087,
394,
368,
322,
13089,
392,
391,
29892,
5011,
8649,
29892,
338,
30003,
3535,
17787,
1113,
499,
30003,
1201,
525,
29954,
7285,
29915,
6200,
29889,
450,
14750,
575,
14981,
5400,
8649,
337,
13129,
322,
1162,
29891,
7799,
278,
2980,
310,
263,
525,
1990,
293,
29915,
1426,
30003,
8588,
873,
29892,
1858,
1219,
29915,
29879,
8063,
30003,
392,
3913,
1858,
1219,
29915,
29879,
6368,
310,
15426,
322,
925,
6035,
18310,
304,
26922,
322,
25204,
6490,
27079,
3391,
29915,
29879,
13900,
363,
11736,
292,
6584,
284,
23274,
29889,
450,
1158,
5996,
14731,
310,
445,
17694,
338,
393,
591,
881,
367,
281,
653,
310,
777,
5400,
18530,
27330,
2879,
29915,
16726,
1048,
2313,
25397,
766,
20621,
1907,
1546,
19554,
9358,
391,
13826,
470,
6757,
310,
2714,
29889,
1205,
29892,
491,
278,
1021,
5993,
29892,
591,
881,
367,
694,
3109,
8872,
14803,
310,
16726,
310,
29762,
19525,
719,
322,
23399,
2756,
262,
1907,
4822,
278,
21726,
29889,
450,
2446,
2211,
10708,
2153,
25917,
322,
11164,
675,
1316,
16726,
29889,
3118,
508,
310,
3236,
2436,
278,
4955,
310,
8604,
2714,
297,
738,
1353,
310,
5837,
322,
515,
738,
310,
3196,
3736,
1103,
3145,
29889,
512,
7786,
2440,
21991,
1608,
756,
11827,
304,
367,
4249,
278,
1556,
4368,
573,
322,
15774,
1319,
310,
1438
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 2.155383 | 2.175731 | 0.813344 | 1.77184 |
theoretical vantage-points.
Feminist historians have, in their quest for forerunners, found a number of lesser known and largely unsung heroines and heroes, along with others of greater fame. In Chapter 8 I reexamine John Stuart Mill's claim to the title of feminist, with particular attention to the sources from which Mill may have drawn his then-remarkably advanced view of women. After looking closely at two candidates—Jeremy Bentham and Harriet Taylor Mill—I conclude that neither seems suited for the role assigned to them by later feminist commentators. A third, and heretofore unsuspected, thinker proves to be a much more plausible and probable source of Mill's feminist views. The next two chapters assess claims about Karl Marx's intellectual patriomony and affinities. In Chapter 9 I consider the supposed connection between Vico and Marx, particularly as regards their claim that humans 'make' their own history. For both thinkers, this contention has an epistemic dimension: one has a special sort of knowledge of what one has made. On that much, at least, Marx and Vico agreed. I attempt to show, however, that they had very different conceptions of 'making'. Vice's view that Verum et factum convertuntur—that knowing and making are one—relies on a distinctly non-material or linguistic or communicative conception of making (as when we 'make sense' or 'make' a promise), while Marx's conception of making is decidedly materialist and concerned with the human transformation of nature through productive labour. In Chapter 10 I re-examine the oft-heard claim that Marx's materialist conception of history owed something to, or at least shared certain affinities with, Darwin's theory of natural selection. Why else—so at any rate many commentators have claimed—might Marx have wished to dedicate Das Kapital to Darwin? As it happens, claims about a connection between the two thinkers, methodological or otherwise, rely on a series of mix-ups. Marx did indeed send an inscribed copy of the first volume of Das Kapital to Darwin; Darwin did in fact write to thank Marx; but—contrary to a long-standing myth—Marx never offered to dedicate a later volume of Capital to Darwin, nor did Darwin refuse his request. What actually happened, and why it matters, I discuss in some detail. Many modern American students of political theory, it
seems to me, are rather too eager to embrace European thinkers and theories as somehow superior to or more sophisticated than their own humbler and more prosaic ancestors and contemporaries. There is, of course, nothing wrong with looking abroad—quite the contrary—but there is something wrong with ignoring or dismissing out of hand what lies in one's own back yard. The last two chapters represent a modest effort to exhibit some of the things that one can discover by digging in one's own garden. But, while the topics are American—constitutional interpretation (Chapter n) and the myth of a distinctly American identity (Chapter 12)—they raise, I believe, questions of more universal interest and import. Chapter 11 takes up the vexed and vexing question of legal, and more particularly constitutional, interpretation. How ought American citizens, and of course members of the Supreme Court, to read and understand the Constitution? In the law, as in political theory, rival schools supply very different answers. But, I contend, lawyers and jurists do not, or ought not, to enjoy the hermeneutical leeway that political theorists enjoy. By taking a fresh look at one theory of interpretation—'originalism' or 'original intent'—I try to show some heretofore unsuspected pitfalls awaiting anyone who adopts such a strategy. Chief among these is that a thoroughgoing originalism would require one to accept the once-credible but now-discredited or defunct theories and vocabularies within whose terms the Founders thought about politics and framed the Constitution. And this, I argue, is a retrograde move for which there is no rational justification. The concluding chapter looks at American individualism and national identity in the light of the contemporary 'communitarian/liberaP debate. If Americans have inherited—and either eagerly embraced or vehemently rejected—a dominant myth, it is surely that of the 'American Adam'. This myth holds that America is, or was, a veritable Eden, the garden of the New World, and Americans like Adam before the Fall, fresh, innoc
|
[
23399,
325,
8501,
29899,
9748,
29889,
13,
29943,
331,
262,
391,
3603,
5834,
505,
29892,
297,
1009,
21126,
363,
363,
261,
5963,
414,
29892,
1476,
263,
1353,
310,
3109,
261,
2998,
322,
18425,
9644,
686,
13444,
1475,
322,
13444,
267,
29892,
3412,
411,
4045,
310,
7621,
27965,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29947,
306,
337,
735,
314,
457,
2259,
24710,
8649,
29915,
29879,
5995,
304,
278,
3611,
310,
21991,
391,
29892,
411,
3153,
8570,
304,
278,
8974,
515,
607,
8649,
1122,
505,
12061,
670,
769,
29899,
26294,
2197,
12862,
1776,
310,
5866,
29889,
2860,
3063,
16467,
472,
1023,
21669,
30003,
29967,
261,
6764,
27079,
3391,
322,
3536,
374,
300,
12537,
8649,
30003,
29902,
17668,
393,
9561,
2444,
480,
1573,
363,
278,
6297,
9859,
304,
963,
491,
2678,
21991,
391,
3440,
4097,
29889,
319,
4654,
29892,
322,
902,
300,
974,
487,
9644,
375,
6021,
29892,
1348,
261,
28281,
304,
367,
263,
1568,
901,
2174,
375,
1821,
322,
16269,
2752,
310,
8649,
29915,
29879,
21991,
391,
8386,
29889,
450,
2446,
1023,
10708,
2153,
24809,
16726,
1048,
8425,
28579,
29915,
29879,
29762,
16967,
290,
2592,
322,
2756,
262,
1907,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29929,
306,
2050,
278,
7424,
3957,
1546,
478,
1417,
322,
28579,
29892,
10734,
408,
21778,
1009,
5995,
393,
25618,
525,
5675,
29915,
1009,
1914,
4955,
29889,
1152,
1716,
1348,
414,
29892,
445,
640,
2509,
756,
385,
9358,
391,
331,
293,
9927,
29901,
697,
756,
263,
4266,
2656,
310,
7134,
310,
825,
697,
756,
1754,
29889,
1551,
393,
1568,
29892,
472,
3203,
29892,
28579,
322,
478,
1417,
15502,
29889,
306,
4218,
304,
1510,
29892,
3138,
29892,
393,
896,
750,
1407,
1422,
26192,
29879,
310,
525,
28990,
4286,
21400,
29915,
29879,
1776,
393,
1798,
398,
634,
2114,
398,
3588,
1657,
332,
30003,
5747,
13797,
322,
3907,
526,
697,
30003,
276,
3687,
373,
263,
8359,
368,
1661,
29899,
15388,
470,
21110,
4695,
470,
7212,
1230,
26192,
310,
3907,
313,
294,
746,
591,
525,
5675,
4060,
29915,
470,
525,
5675,
29915,
263,
11640,
511,
1550,
28579,
29915,
29879,
26192,
310,
3907,
338,
8459,
368,
5518,
391,
322,
15041,
411,
278,
5199,
13852,
310,
5469,
1549,
3234,
573,
23390,
29889,
512,
23040,
29871,
29896,
29900,
306,
337,
29899,
735,
314,
457,
278,
18941,
29899,
354,
538,
5995,
393,
28579,
29915,
29879,
5518,
391,
26192,
310,
4955,
8152,
287,
1554,
304,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
7258,
3058,
2756,
262,
1907,
411,
29892,
7335,
5080,
29915,
29879,
6368,
310,
5613,
9262,
29889,
3750,
1683,
30003,
578,
472,
738,
6554,
1784,
3440,
4097,
505,
17049,
30003,
29885,
523,
28579,
505,
20024,
304,
8856,
403,
3713,
9622,
2410,
304,
7335,
5080,
29973,
1094,
372,
5930,
29892,
16726,
1048,
263,
3957,
1546,
278,
1023,
1348,
414,
29892,
1158,
5996,
470,
6467,
29892,
19104,
373,
263,
3652,
310,
6837,
29899,
14340,
29889,
28579,
1258,
6200,
3638,
385,
1663,
23059,
3509,
310,
278,
937,
7977,
310,
3713,
9622,
2410,
304,
7335,
5080,
29936,
7335,
5080,
1258,
297,
2114,
2436,
304,
6452,
28579,
29936,
541,
30003,
9996,
653,
304,
263,
1472,
29899,
11235,
22082,
30003,
7083,
29916,
2360,
12520,
304,
8856,
403,
263,
2678,
7977,
310,
25343,
304,
7335,
5080,
29892,
3643,
1258,
7335,
5080,
26506,
670,
2009,
29889,
1724,
2869,
9559,
29892,
322,
2020,
372,
13750,
29892,
306,
5353,
297,
777,
9493,
29889,
9267,
5400,
3082,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
372,
13,
344,
1567,
304,
592,
29892,
526,
3265,
2086,
19888,
304,
953,
13842,
7824,
1348,
414,
322,
25841,
408,
10431,
11558,
304,
470,
901,
269,
3021,
4695,
630,
1135,
1009,
1914,
3165,
29890,
1358,
322,
901,
410,
4977,
293,
19525,
943,
322,
12010,
4314,
29889,
1670,
338,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
3078,
2743,
411,
3063,
28177,
30003,
339,
568,
278,
21138,
30003,
4187,
727,
338,
1554,
2743,
411,
5330,
8253,
470,
18918,
292,
714,
310,
1361,
825,
12185,
297,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
1250,
29413,
29889,
450,
1833,
1023,
10708,
2153,
2755,
263,
878,
342,
7225,
304,
10371,
277,
777,
310,
278,
2712,
393,
697,
508,
6523,
491,
4697,
3460,
297,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
16423,
29889,
1205,
29892,
1550,
278,
23820,
526,
3082,
30003,
3075,
5008,
284,
19854,
313,
1451,
3314,
302,
29897,
322,
278,
22082,
310,
263,
8359,
368,
3082,
10110,
313,
1451,
3314,
29871,
29896,
29906,
29897,
30003,
19562,
12020,
29892,
306,
4658,
29892,
5155,
310,
901,
15968,
4066,
322,
1053,
29889,
23040,
29871,
29896,
29896,
4893,
701,
278,
325,
735,
287,
322,
325,
735,
292,
1139,
310,
11706,
29892,
322,
901,
10734,
16772,
284,
29892,
19854,
29889,
1128,
12722,
3082,
18363,
29892,
322,
310,
3236,
5144,
310,
278,
22569,
9245,
29892,
304,
1303,
322,
2274,
278,
20063,
29973,
512,
278,
4307,
29892,
408,
297,
8604,
6368,
29892,
17055,
12462,
11421,
1407,
1422,
6089,
29889,
1205,
29892,
306,
640,
355,
29892,
4307,
29891,
414,
322,
11099,
2879,
437,
451,
29892,
470,
12722,
451,
29892,
304,
13389,
278,
18606,
1600,
329,
936,
454,
809,
388,
393,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
13389,
29889,
2648,
5622,
263,
10849,
1106,
472,
697,
6368,
310,
19854,
30003,
29915,
13492,
1608,
29915,
470,
525,
13492,
7609,
29915,
30003,
29902,
1018,
304,
1510,
777,
902,
300,
974,
487,
9644,
375,
6021,
22754,
12559,
7272,
292,
5019,
1058,
9332,
29879,
1316,
263,
13705,
29889,
14546,
4249,
1438,
338,
393,
263,
17826,
17696,
2441,
1608,
723,
1996,
697,
304,
3544,
278,
2748,
29899,
11944,
1821,
541,
1286,
29899,
2218,
11944,
1573,
470,
822,
18049,
25841,
322,
7931,
370,
1070,
583,
2629,
5069,
4958,
278,
7460,
414,
2714,
1048,
22661,
322,
1424,
2795,
278,
20063,
29889,
1126,
445,
29892,
306,
27754,
29892,
338,
263,
24877,
8228,
4337,
363,
607,
727,
338,
694,
17903,
925,
2450,
29889,
450,
378,
22368,
16385,
3430,
472,
3082,
5375,
1608,
322,
4797,
10110,
297,
278,
3578,
310,
278,
24952,
525,
2055,
348,
3673,
713,
29914,
492,
495,
29874,
29925,
27836,
29889,
960,
23035,
505,
23878,
30003,
392,
2845,
19888,
368,
7232,
945,
287,
470,
10852,
882,
368,
22225,
30003,
29874,
28526,
22082,
29892,
372,
338,
18880,
393,
310,
278,
525,
14689,
11783,
4286,
910,
22082,
8640,
393,
6813,
338,
29892,
470,
471,
29892,
263,
1147,
8270,
382,
1145,
29892,
278,
16423,
310,
278,
1570,
2787,
29892,
322,
23035,
763,
11783,
1434,
278,
14053,
29892,
10849,
29892,
21458
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.660878 | 1.376295 | 0.969355 | 1.695947 |
ent, and full of hope. Like all myths, this one clarifies by simplifying or ignoring a great deal (what, for example, of Native Americans or of Africans forcibly imported as slaves?). My aim here, however, is not to expose the myth's
flaws and fallacies—which are notorious and legion—but to show how it pops up in quite unexpected places and is embraced by thinkers apparently unaware of its power and pervasiveness in American culture. I illustrate this claim by looking afresh at three thinkers—John Rawls, Gerard O'Neill, and Richard Rorty—all of whom would, I suspect, disavow my redescription of their respective projects. My aim here, however, is not to identify their intentions but to show how a redescription in cultural or, if you like, 'mythic' terms may call attention to and illuminate certain aspects of their work in ways that they might not recognize or agree with. No author is—or can be—aware of all possible sources of or influences on his or her thinking. Nor can one be aware of all the affinities that one's work might have with that of others, past and present. Nor, for that matter, can any author foresee all possible implications of any line of argument. And it is both daunting and humbling to reflect on the fact that this stricture also applies to the author of the present work.
WHITHER POLITICAL THEORY? 2.1 INTRODUCTION The periodic reassessment and reappraisal of the value of what we have inherited from thinkers living and dead is always undertaken from the vantage-point of our own time and circumstance. We reappraise in the light of problems we encounter or choose to emphasize. And we do so with some sense of where we, as students of political theory, have been and hope to go. My aim in this chapter is to say something about where we have been, are now, and might yet go. To supply any sort of forecast for the future direction and condition of political theory is always dangerous, if only because predictions about changing human thoughts, actions, and practices are notoriously unreliable and almost always wide of the mark. One need not be a Hegelian to appreciate the point of Hegel's warning about the dangers inherent in attempting to go beyond the world one knows and inhabits: Whatever happens, every individual is a child of his time; so philosophy too is its own time apprehended in thoughts. It is just as absurd to fancy that a philosophy can transcend its contemporary world as it is to fancy that an individual can overleap his own age, jump over Rhodes. If his theory really goes beyond the world as it is and he builds an ideal one as it ought to be, that world exists indeed, but only in his opinions, an unsubstantial element where anything you please may, in fancy, be built.1 A warning well taken by the wise and prudent. Hegel's warning notwithstanding, there is another adage that might apply to the present case: fools rush in where angels (and even Hegel) fear to tread. So, having set off on 1
G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Right (Oxford, 1967), n.
Whither Political Theory?
what some might think a fool's errand, I propose to proceed in the following way. Believing that the past and present may be the best guides to (though not necessarily predictors of) the future, I shall begin by retracing some of the steps taken by political theory and its critics over the last three decades. Second, having said something about where we have come from, I want to say where I think we stand now. And, third, I want to hazard a few half-educated guesses about where we might be headed. Before beginning, I should say I do not claim or pretend to speak for anyone but myself. Many, perhaps most, of my fellow political theorists would tell the story differently and some—Straussians, say, or Marxists, or postmodernists—will doubtless take exception to what I have to say. And their objections should surely carry considerable weight. But I propose to call the shots as I see them, and to speak autobiographically where it seems appropriate to do so. 2.2 THE WAY WE WERE From the mid-1950s until the early 19708 or thereabouts, it was de rigueur to celebrate (if
|
[
296,
29892,
322,
2989,
310,
4966,
29889,
8502,
599,
22082,
29879,
29892,
445,
697,
7542,
11057,
491,
5466,
9215,
470,
5330,
8253,
263,
2107,
5376,
313,
5816,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
310,
19042,
23035,
470,
310,
6308,
16708,
363,
455,
29890,
368,
19673,
408,
25569,
29973,
467,
1619,
12242,
1244,
29892,
3138,
29892,
338,
451,
304,
24396,
278,
22082,
29915,
29879,
13,
29888,
433,
5652,
322,
285,
9864,
2478,
30003,
4716,
526,
451,
23308,
322,
2814,
291,
30003,
4187,
304,
1510,
920,
372,
1835,
29879,
701,
297,
3755,
15668,
7600,
322,
338,
7232,
945,
287,
491,
1348,
414,
13229,
1185,
2519,
310,
967,
3081,
322,
639,
4428,
20193,
297,
3082,
9257,
29889,
306,
28475,
445,
5995,
491,
3063,
2511,
3781,
472,
2211,
1348,
414,
30003,
11639,
22038,
3137,
29892,
5681,
538,
438,
29915,
8139,
453,
29892,
322,
6123,
390,
441,
29891,
30003,
497,
310,
6029,
723,
29892,
306,
12326,
29892,
766,
485,
340,
590,
2654,
267,
3395,
310,
1009,
18067,
9279,
29889,
1619,
12242,
1244,
29892,
3138,
29892,
338,
451,
304,
12439,
1009,
7609,
1080,
541,
304,
1510,
920,
263,
2654,
267,
3395,
297,
16375,
470,
29892,
565,
366,
763,
29892,
525,
1357,
386,
293,
29915,
4958,
1122,
1246,
8570,
304,
322,
4486,
27024,
3058,
21420,
310,
1009,
664,
297,
5837,
393,
896,
1795,
451,
18720,
470,
8661,
411,
29889,
1939,
4148,
338,
30003,
272,
508,
367,
30003,
28327,
310,
599,
1950,
8974,
310,
470,
7112,
2063,
373,
670,
470,
902,
7291,
29889,
4186,
508,
697,
367,
9543,
310,
599,
278,
2756,
262,
1907,
393,
697,
29915,
29879,
664,
1795,
505,
411,
393,
310,
4045,
29892,
4940,
322,
2198,
29889,
4186,
29892,
363,
393,
4383,
29892,
508,
738,
4148,
363,
968,
29872,
599,
1950,
2411,
5795,
310,
738,
1196,
310,
2980,
29889,
1126,
372,
338,
1716,
1146,
348,
1259,
322,
3165,
21435,
304,
9432,
373,
278,
2114,
393,
445,
851,
4781,
884,
16058,
304,
278,
4148,
310,
278,
2198,
664,
29889,
13,
25039,
1806,
4448,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
6093,
18929,
29973,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29896,
19578,
1672,
14849,
9838,
450,
29591,
337,
465,
404,
358,
322,
337,
932,
23469,
284,
310,
278,
995,
310,
825,
591,
505,
23878,
515,
1348,
414,
8471,
322,
7123,
338,
2337,
22332,
9424,
515,
278,
325,
8501,
29899,
3149,
310,
1749,
1914,
931,
322,
11708,
749,
29889,
1334,
337,
932,
22692,
297,
278,
3578,
310,
4828,
591,
11735,
470,
6755,
304,
19310,
675,
29889,
1126,
591,
437,
577,
411,
777,
4060,
310,
988,
591,
29892,
408,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
505,
1063,
322,
4966,
304,
748,
29889,
1619,
12242,
297,
445,
16385,
338,
304,
1827,
1554,
1048,
988,
591,
505,
1063,
29892,
526,
1286,
29892,
322,
1795,
3447,
748,
29889,
1763,
11421,
738,
2656,
310,
29821,
579,
363,
278,
5434,
5305,
322,
4195,
310,
8604,
6368,
338,
2337,
18215,
29892,
565,
871,
1363,
27303,
1048,
6480,
5199,
13133,
29892,
8820,
29892,
322,
23274,
526,
451,
272,
17365,
443,
276,
492,
519,
322,
4359,
2337,
9377,
310,
278,
2791,
29889,
3118,
817,
451,
367,
263,
379,
387,
27185,
304,
11188,
278,
1298,
310,
379,
387,
295,
29915,
29879,
9177,
1048,
278,
270,
13873,
7846,
296,
297,
15661,
304,
748,
8724,
278,
3186,
697,
9906,
322,
14117,
1169,
29901,
806,
5564,
5930,
29892,
1432,
5375,
338,
263,
2278,
310,
670,
931,
29936,
577,
22237,
2086,
338,
967,
1914,
931,
623,
9003,
2760,
297,
13133,
29889,
739,
338,
925,
408,
6425,
18245,
304,
19231,
393,
263,
22237,
508,
1301,
29883,
355,
967,
24952,
3186,
408,
372,
338,
304,
19231,
393,
385,
5375,
508,
975,
280,
481,
670,
1914,
5046,
29892,
12500,
975,
7861,
2631,
29889,
960,
670,
6368,
2289,
5771,
8724,
278,
3186,
408,
372,
338,
322,
540,
23315,
385,
10839,
697,
408,
372,
12722,
304,
367,
29892,
393,
3186,
4864,
6200,
29892,
541,
871,
297,
670,
26971,
29892,
385,
443,
22492,
424,
616,
1543,
988,
3099,
366,
3113,
1122,
29892,
297,
19231,
29892,
367,
4240,
29889,
29896,
319,
9177,
1532,
4586,
491,
278,
19396,
322,
544,
10385,
29889,
379,
387,
295,
29915,
29879,
9177,
451,
2541,
11235,
29892,
727,
338,
1790,
594,
482,
393,
1795,
3394,
304,
278,
2198,
1206,
29901,
285,
8789,
364,
1878,
297,
988,
2614,
1379,
313,
392,
1584,
379,
387,
295,
29897,
8866,
304,
260,
949,
29889,
1105,
29892,
2534,
731,
1283,
373,
29871,
29896,
13,
29954,
29889,
399,
29889,
383,
29889,
379,
387,
295,
29892,
16407,
29891,
310,
10428,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29955,
511,
302,
29889,
13,
8809,
2121,
25137,
24134,
29973,
13,
5816,
777,
1795,
1348,
263,
17928,
29915,
29879,
4589,
392,
29892,
306,
16193,
304,
8469,
297,
278,
1494,
982,
29889,
3741,
15387,
393,
278,
4940,
322,
2198,
1122,
367,
278,
1900,
1410,
2247,
304,
313,
3592,
451,
12695,
8500,
943,
310,
29897,
278,
5434,
29892,
306,
4091,
3380,
491,
3240,
945,
292,
777,
310,
278,
6576,
4586,
491,
8604,
6368,
322,
967,
28431,
975,
278,
1833,
2211,
1602,
3076,
29889,
6440,
29892,
2534,
1497,
1554,
1048,
988,
591,
505,
2041,
515,
29892,
306,
864,
304,
1827,
988,
306,
1348,
591,
2317,
1286,
29889,
1126,
29892,
4654,
29892,
306,
864,
304,
447,
29920,
538,
263,
2846,
4203,
29899,
287,
1682,
630,
4140,
267,
1048,
988,
591,
1795,
367,
2343,
287,
29889,
10949,
6763,
29892,
306,
881,
1827,
306,
437,
451,
5995,
470,
14794,
355,
304,
7726,
363,
5019,
541,
6142,
29889,
9267,
29892,
6060,
1556,
29892,
310,
590,
10404,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
723,
2649,
278,
5828,
17587,
322,
777,
30003,
855,
336,
375,
1039,
550,
29892,
1827,
29892,
470,
28579,
2879,
29892,
470,
1400,
1545,
824,
2879,
30003,
14043,
7404,
2222,
2125,
3682,
304,
825,
306,
505,
304,
1827,
29889,
1126,
1009,
704,
24247,
881,
18880,
8677,
15620,
7688,
29889,
1205,
306,
16193,
304,
1246,
278,
528,
1862,
408,
306,
1074,
963,
29892,
322,
304,
7726,
1120,
15647,
1946,
1711,
988,
372,
2444,
8210,
304,
437,
577,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29906,
6093,
399,
29909,
29979,
399,
29923,
399,
27267,
3645,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29900,
29879,
2745,
278,
4688,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29947,
470,
727,
12717,
29879,
29892,
372,
471,
316,
364,
12137,
332,
304,
10894,
403,
313,
361
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.688049 | 1.023298 | -0.597026 | 0.785236 |
you were a 'behaviouralist') or to lament (if you were a 'theorist') the 'decline of political theory'.2 In 1953 David Easton announced the end of political theory as it had been and, in a way that might bring the blush of embarrassment even to the cheek of H. G. Wells, predicted the shape of things to come. A 'normative' political theory concerned with the structure and proper ordering of 'the state' was at last being superseded. The 'systems' approach discarded the concept of the state and bracketed, if not eschewed altogether, any merely normative concerns. Henceforth 'the political system' was to be pared down and seen in proper perspective, as one of several 'sub-systems', each having its own characteristic 'inputs' and 'outputs'.3 This, needless to say, was a language far removed from the idioms in which political theorists had been accustomed to speak. 2 A. Cobban, The Decline of Political Theory', Political Science Quarterly, 68 (1953), 321-37. 3 D. Easton, The Political System (New York, 1953).
Easton was not, of course, the only critic of 'normative' or (as it was sometimes called) 'traditional' political theory. A veritable chorus of critics soon appeared.4 To their voices were added those celebrating the 'end of ideology', at least in the West.5 The major social problems had, it seemed, been resolved, or were at any rate well on the way to being resolved. A widespread normative consensus was said to pervade the Western democracies, and the United States in particular. The American 'consensus historians' showed that it had always been thus, and that the dreams, schemes, and theories of 'utopian' thinkers and ideologues were bound to come a cropper in an essentially pragmatic culture.6 Unable (or unwilling) to forgo at least a scholarly interest in the unorthodox and the Utopian, political theory was tarred with this very brush. Among the first to note, if not to celebrate, the passing of Utopian thinking were, unsurprisingly, political theorists themselves.7 It was in this climate that Peter Laslett intoned, 'For the moment, anyway, political philosophy is dead.'8 (A curious kind of death, this; but then political theory is a curious kind of vocation.) And even those unwilling to write its obituary were wont to lament political theory's precarious position. Sheldon Wolin prefaced Politics and Vision with a lamentation for the near-dead: In many intellectual circles today there exists a marked hostility towards, and even contempt for, political philosophy in its traditional form. My hope is that this volume, if it does not give pause to those who are eager to jettison what remains of the tradition of 4
See e.g. R. Dahl, 'Political Theory: Truth and Consequences', World Politics, ii (1956), 89-102. For an overview of earlier disputes and a more recent survey, see, respectively, J. P. Euben, 'Political Science and Political Silence', in P. Green and S. Levinson (eds.), Power and Community: Dissenting Essays in Political Science (New York, 1970), 3-58; and J. G. Gunnell, Between Philosophy and Politics: The Alienation of Political Theory (Amherst, Mass., 1986). 5 E. Shils, 'The End of Ideology?', Encounter, 5 (1955), 52-8; D. Bell, The End of Ideology (New York, 1960). 6 See R. Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians (New York, 1969), 444—66. 7 J. Shklar, After Utopia (Princeton, NJ, 1957); G. Kateb, Utopia and its Enemies (New York, 1963). 8 P. Laslett, 'Introduction' to Laslett (ed.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, ist ser. (Oxford, 1956), p. vii.
political philosophy, may at least succeed in making clear what it is
|
[
366,
892,
263,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
391,
1495,
470,
304,
301,
1166,
313,
361,
366,
892,
263,
525,
1552,
272,
391,
1495,
278,
525,
27787,
457,
310,
8604,
6368,
4286,
29906,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29941,
4699,
6932,
265,
9326,
278,
1095,
310,
8604,
6368,
408,
372,
750,
1063,
322,
29892,
297,
263,
982,
393,
1795,
6963,
278,
1999,
1878,
310,
21620,
26771,
358,
1584,
304,
278,
923,
1416,
310,
379,
29889,
402,
29889,
5674,
29879,
29892,
25383,
278,
8267,
310,
2712,
304,
2041,
29889,
319,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
8604,
6368,
15041,
411,
278,
3829,
322,
1571,
20520,
310,
525,
1552,
2106,
29915,
471,
472,
1833,
1641,
480,
6774,
19226,
29889,
450,
525,
5205,
29879,
29915,
2948,
2313,
25600,
278,
6964,
310,
278,
2106,
322,
4105,
3522,
287,
29892,
565,
451,
831,
305,
809,
287,
19148,
29892,
738,
13586,
6056,
1230,
21838,
29889,
10133,
1454,
386,
525,
1552,
8604,
1788,
29915,
471,
304,
367,
282,
1965,
1623,
322,
3595,
297,
1571,
18520,
29892,
408,
697,
310,
3196,
525,
1491,
29899,
5205,
29879,
742,
1269,
2534,
967,
1914,
17443,
525,
2080,
29879,
29915,
322,
525,
4905,
29879,
4286,
29941,
910,
29892,
817,
2222,
304,
1827,
29892,
471,
263,
4086,
2215,
6206,
515,
278,
1178,
29875,
4835,
297,
607,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
750,
1063,
1035,
1796,
287,
304,
7726,
29889,
29871,
29906,
319,
29889,
24991,
2571,
29892,
450,
3826,
1220,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
25137,
9327,
751,
4254,
368,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29941,
511,
29871,
29941,
29906,
29896,
29899,
29941,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29941,
360,
29889,
6932,
265,
29892,
450,
25137,
2184,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29941,
467,
13,
29923,
579,
265,
471,
451,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
278,
871,
11164,
310,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
470,
313,
294,
372,
471,
6041,
2000,
29897,
525,
29576,
3245,
29915,
8604,
6368,
29889,
319,
1147,
8270,
521,
16566,
310,
28431,
4720,
7470,
29889,
29946,
1763,
1009,
28848,
892,
2715,
1906,
10894,
1218,
278,
525,
355,
310,
1957,
3002,
742,
472,
3203,
297,
278,
3122,
29889,
29945,
450,
4655,
5264,
4828,
750,
29892,
372,
6140,
29892,
1063,
11527,
29892,
470,
892,
472,
738,
6554,
1532,
373,
278,
982,
304,
1641,
11527,
29889,
319,
281,
2247,
29886,
949,
6056,
1230,
1136,
8841,
471,
1497,
304,
639,
1564,
311,
278,
10504,
1261,
542,
336,
2478,
29892,
322,
278,
3303,
3900,
297,
3153,
29889,
450,
3082,
525,
3200,
8841,
3603,
5834,
29915,
10018,
393,
372,
750,
2337,
1063,
4550,
29892,
322,
393,
278,
12561,
29879,
29892,
27715,
29892,
322,
25841,
310,
525,
329,
459,
713,
29915,
1348,
414,
322,
1957,
1189,
1041,
892,
3216,
304,
2041,
263,
8182,
2496,
297,
385,
13674,
282,
1431,
29885,
2454,
9257,
29889,
29953,
20065,
313,
272,
18500,
8873,
29897,
304,
363,
1484,
472,
3203,
263,
21344,
368,
4066,
297,
278,
443,
2072,
17324,
322,
278,
501,
3332,
713,
29892,
8604,
6368,
471,
9913,
1127,
411,
445,
1407,
1506,
1878,
29889,
17302,
278,
937,
304,
4443,
29892,
565,
451,
304,
10894,
403,
29892,
278,
6819,
310,
501,
3332,
713,
7291,
892,
29892,
443,
7610,
558,
5921,
368,
29892,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
6053,
29889,
29955,
739,
471,
297,
445,
23622,
393,
5310,
7413,
13650,
297,
880,
287,
29892,
525,
2831,
278,
3256,
29892,
8763,
29892,
8604,
22237,
338,
7123,
6169,
29947,
313,
29909,
12758,
2924,
310,
4892,
29892,
445,
29936,
541,
769,
8604,
6368,
338,
263,
12758,
2924,
310,
7931,
362,
1846,
1126,
1584,
1906,
18500,
8873,
304,
2436,
967,
704,
1981,
653,
892,
20668,
304,
301,
1166,
8604,
6368,
29915,
29879,
8303,
1306,
681,
2602,
29889,
1383,
2495,
265,
11902,
262,
758,
17470,
287,
6934,
1199,
322,
478,
2459,
411,
263,
301,
1166,
362,
363,
278,
2978,
29899,
311,
328,
29901,
512,
1784,
29762,
22558,
9826,
727,
4864,
263,
10902,
3495,
1793,
7113,
29892,
322,
1584,
640,
3456,
363,
29892,
8604,
22237,
297,
967,
13807,
883,
29889,
1619,
4966,
338,
393,
445,
7977,
29892,
565,
372,
947,
451,
2367,
19957,
304,
1906,
1058,
526,
19888,
304,
432,
1803,
2285,
825,
9242,
310,
278,
11399,
310,
29871,
29946,
13,
13393,
321,
29889,
29887,
29889,
390,
29889,
360,
4494,
29892,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
24134,
29901,
1605,
2806,
322,
1281,
6831,
2063,
742,
2787,
6934,
1199,
29892,
13607,
313,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
511,
29871,
29947,
29929,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29906,
29889,
1152,
385,
975,
1493,
310,
8859,
8937,
267,
322,
263,
901,
7786,
18994,
29892,
1074,
29892,
8307,
29892,
435,
29889,
349,
29889,
382,
21341,
29892,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
9327,
322,
25137,
5664,
663,
742,
297,
349,
29889,
7646,
322,
317,
29889,
951,
3845,
1100,
313,
5779,
9774,
9206,
322,
19184,
29901,
360,
19047,
292,
11044,
1036,
297,
25137,
9327,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
511,
29871,
29941,
29899,
29945,
29947,
29936,
322,
435,
29889,
402,
29889,
402,
5963,
514,
29892,
21674,
16407,
29891,
322,
6934,
1199,
29901,
450,
10785,
264,
362,
310,
25137,
24134,
313,
6833,
2276,
303,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
467,
29871,
29945,
382,
29889,
1383,
2719,
29892,
525,
1576,
2796,
310,
13001,
3002,
29973,
742,
11346,
5336,
29892,
29871,
29945,
313,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29945,
511,
29871,
29945,
29906,
29899,
29947,
29936,
360,
29889,
10914,
29892,
450,
2796,
310,
13001,
3002,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
467,
29871,
29953,
2823,
390,
29889,
15599,
17569,
357,
29892,
450,
20018,
573,
4731,
5834,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
511,
29871,
29946,
29946,
29946,
30003,
29953,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29955,
435,
29889,
1383,
29895,
4675,
29892,
2860,
501,
3332,
423,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29955,
416,
402,
29889,
23738,
29890,
29892,
501,
3332,
423,
322,
967,
1174,
331,
583,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29941,
467,
29871,
29947,
349,
29889,
7413,
13650,
29892,
525,
25898,
29915,
304,
7413,
13650,
313,
287,
9774,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
29892,
1752,
724,
29889,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
511,
282,
29889,
325,
2236,
29889,
13,
20087,
936,
22237,
29892,
1122,
472,
3203,
9269,
297,
3907,
2821,
825,
372,
338
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.228865 | 1.236135 | -0.101424 | 0.570207 |
we shall have discarded.9
And what was about to be discarded, on Wolin's subsequent telling, is a pearl beyond price whose value only real swine could fail to appreciate. Not all commentators were so pessimistic. Some, such as Isaiah Berlin and John Plamenatz, held that political theory could not die, at least while its parent—politics—lived. Both, however, prefaced their accounts with apologies, albeit assertive ones. In 1960, some four years after Laslett's obituary appeared, Plamenatz wrote: Even in Oxford, which more perhaps than any other place in the English-speaking world is the home of political theory or philosophy, it is often said that the subject is dead or sadly diminished in importance. I happen to have a professional interest in assuming that it is still alive, and as likely to remain so as any other subject as long as man continues to be a speculative and enterprising animal. I do not think that I am biased; I do not think that I need to be. The importance of the subject seems to me so obvious, and the reasons for questioning the importance so muddled, that I do not look upon myself as defending a lost or difficult cause.10 At about the same time, Isaiah Berlin, in a similar spirit, began an influential essay on the fate of political theory with a question. 'Is there', he asked bluntly, 'still such a subject as political theory?' Before going on to answer affirmatively, Berlin voiced an oft-heard suspicion that his opening question had posed so directly. 'This query, put with suspicious frequency in English-speaking countries,' Berlin wrote, 'questions the very credentials of the subject; it suggests that political philosophy, whatever it may have been in the past, is today dead or dying.'11 Both Berlin and Plamenatz went on to deny that political theory was dead, or even moribund. Who then is, or was, right—those who warned of the death or at any rate the imminent demise of political theory, or those who held that political theory was not dead and could 9 10
S. Wolin, Politics and Vision (Boston, 1960), v. J. Plamenatz, 'The Uses of Political Theory', Political Studies, 8 (1960),
I. Berlin, 'Does Political Theory Still Exist?', in Philosophy, Politics and Society, 2nd ser. (Oxford, 1962), I.
not die? I want to suggest that each, in their own way, was entirely right. To put my point in paradoxical terms: political theory was in some quarters dead or dying; and yet it could not die. We can resolve the paradox if we begin by drawing (and later withdrawing) a provisional distinction between first- and second-order theorizing. First-order theorizing arises in connection with the activity of attending to the arrangements of one's society.12 So long as people live together in communities, fundamental questions will inevitably arise. No community can long exist without addressing and answering, at least provisionally, questions of the following sort. To begin with, there are questions about justice and fairness in the distribution of duties and resources. What is due to whom, and in what order? Questions about offices and authority are also likely to arise: who is to resolve issues of common concern— all the members of the community, or only a few? If the latter, which ones and how or by whom are they to be chosen? There are, moreover, questions about conceptual-cum-political demarcation: by what criteria shall we distinguish between matters that are political or public and those that are nonpolitical or private? These, in their turn, give rise to questions about grounds and justification: where do the aforementioned criteria come from and on what basis might they be justified (or criticized, for that matter)? Or consider questions about punishment: what shall we do with dissident or deviant members of our community—tolerate, exile, or execute them? And then there are, of course, questions about the extent and limits of obligation: does every able-bodied citizen have an obligation to fight and perhaps die for the state, if the survival of the state should seem to require it? The list could continue to grow, but the point is perhaps clear enough: the questions in which political theorists are interested are precisely those which any civilized community must address and attempt to answer. The greatest political thinkers—an Aristotle or
|
[
591,
4091,
505,
2313,
25600,
29889,
29929,
13,
2855,
825,
471,
1048,
304,
367,
2313,
25600,
29892,
373,
11902,
262,
29915,
29879,
15352,
14509,
29892,
338,
263,
282,
799,
29880,
8724,
8666,
5069,
995,
871,
1855,
2381,
457,
1033,
4418,
304,
11188,
29889,
2216,
599,
3440,
4097,
892,
577,
282,
404,
326,
4695,
29889,
3834,
29892,
1316,
408,
19899,
21071,
5115,
322,
2259,
1858,
5071,
4101,
29892,
4934,
393,
8604,
6368,
1033,
451,
762,
29892,
472,
3203,
1550,
967,
3847,
30003,
20087,
1199,
30003,
29880,
2347,
29889,
9134,
29892,
3138,
29892,
758,
17470,
287,
1009,
15303,
411,
3095,
11763,
29892,
394,
6205,
4974,
573,
6743,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29892,
777,
3023,
2440,
1156,
7413,
13650,
29915,
29879,
704,
1981,
653,
7470,
29892,
1858,
5071,
4101,
5456,
29901,
7753,
297,
11045,
29892,
607,
901,
6060,
1135,
738,
916,
2058,
297,
278,
4223,
29899,
5965,
5086,
3186,
338,
278,
3271,
310,
8604,
6368,
470,
22237,
29892,
372,
338,
4049,
1497,
393,
278,
4967,
338,
7123,
470,
14610,
368,
22964,
3276,
297,
13500,
29889,
306,
3799,
304,
505,
263,
10257,
4066,
297,
10241,
393,
372,
338,
1603,
18758,
29892,
322,
408,
5517,
304,
3933,
577,
408,
738,
916,
4967,
408,
1472,
408,
767,
18172,
304,
367,
263,
1580,
28524,
322,
3896,
558,
5921,
13019,
29889,
306,
437,
451,
1348,
393,
306,
626,
4768,
1463,
29936,
306,
437,
451,
1348,
393,
306,
817,
304,
367,
29889,
450,
13500,
310,
278,
4967,
2444,
304,
592,
577,
6924,
29892,
322,
278,
9590,
363,
1139,
292,
278,
13500,
577,
17439,
29881,
839,
29892,
393,
306,
437,
451,
1106,
2501,
6142,
408,
822,
2548,
263,
5714,
470,
5189,
4556,
29889,
29896,
29900,
2180,
1048,
278,
1021,
931,
29892,
19899,
21071,
5115,
29892,
297,
263,
2788,
8548,
29892,
4689,
385,
7112,
2556,
3686,
388,
373,
278,
23779,
310,
8604,
6368,
411,
263,
1139,
29889,
525,
3624,
727,
742,
540,
4433,
1999,
1657,
368,
29892,
525,
303,
453,
1316,
263,
4967,
408,
8604,
6368,
17901,
10949,
2675,
373,
304,
1234,
2756,
3568,
6703,
29892,
5115,
992,
7612,
385,
18941,
29899,
354,
538,
8872,
15353,
393,
670,
8718,
1139,
750,
926,
287,
577,
4153,
29889,
525,
4013,
2346,
29892,
1925,
411,
8872,
14803,
10868,
297,
4223,
29899,
5965,
5086,
10916,
5501,
5115,
5456,
29892,
525,
2619,
278,
1407,
16140,
310,
278,
4967,
29936,
372,
14661,
393,
8604,
22237,
29892,
6514,
372,
1122,
505,
1063,
297,
278,
4940,
29892,
338,
9826,
7123,
470,
27116,
6169,
29896,
29896,
9134,
5115,
322,
1858,
5071,
4101,
3512,
373,
304,
972,
29891,
393,
8604,
6368,
471,
7123,
29892,
470,
1584,
3036,
747,
870,
29889,
11644,
769,
338,
29892,
470,
471,
29892,
1492,
30003,
386,
852,
1058,
1370,
9571,
310,
278,
4892,
470,
472,
738,
6554,
278,
527,
1195,
296,
1261,
895,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
470,
1906,
1058,
4934,
393,
8604,
6368,
471,
451,
7123,
322,
1033,
29871,
29929,
29871,
29896,
29900,
13,
29903,
29889,
11902,
262,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
478,
2459,
313,
29933,
11253,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
511,
325,
29889,
435,
29889,
1858,
5071,
4101,
29892,
525,
1576,
10783,
267,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
511,
13,
29902,
29889,
5115,
29892,
525,
25125,
25137,
24134,
12074,
1222,
391,
29973,
742,
297,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
29892,
29871,
29906,
299,
724,
29889,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
511,
306,
29889,
13,
1333,
762,
29973,
306,
864,
304,
4368,
393,
1269,
29892,
297,
1009,
1914,
982,
29892,
471,
9186,
1492,
29889,
1763,
1925,
590,
1298,
297,
610,
912,
29916,
936,
4958,
29901,
8604,
6368,
471,
297,
777,
439,
13868,
7123,
470,
27116,
29936,
322,
3447,
372,
1033,
451,
762,
29889,
1334,
508,
8814,
278,
610,
912,
29916,
565,
591,
3380,
491,
11580,
313,
392,
2678,
28679,
292,
29897,
263,
1326,
275,
1848,
21578,
1546,
937,
29899,
322,
1473,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
29889,
3824,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
564,
4637,
297,
3957,
411,
278,
6354,
310,
1098,
2548,
304,
278,
15196,
4110,
310,
697,
29915,
29879,
12459,
29889,
29896,
29906,
1105,
1472,
408,
2305,
5735,
4208,
297,
23507,
29892,
15281,
5155,
674,
297,
5750,
277,
2197,
29030,
29889,
1939,
7881,
508,
1472,
1863,
1728,
3211,
292,
322,
22862,
29892,
472,
3203,
25161,
635,
29892,
5155,
310,
278,
1494,
2656,
29889,
1763,
3380,
411,
29892,
727,
526,
5155,
1048,
15426,
322,
6534,
2264,
297,
278,
4978,
310,
22204,
322,
7788,
29889,
1724,
338,
2861,
304,
6029,
29892,
322,
297,
825,
1797,
29973,
894,
29879,
1048,
25222,
322,
14329,
526,
884,
5517,
304,
29030,
29901,
1058,
338,
304,
8814,
5626,
310,
3619,
5932,
30003,
599,
278,
5144,
310,
278,
7881,
29892,
470,
871,
263,
2846,
29973,
960,
278,
7480,
29892,
607,
6743,
322,
920,
470,
491,
6029,
526,
896,
304,
367,
10434,
29973,
1670,
526,
29892,
25409,
29892,
5155,
1048,
6964,
950,
29899,
29883,
398,
29899,
20087,
936,
1261,
5666,
362,
29901,
491,
825,
16614,
4091,
591,
20820,
1546,
13750,
393,
526,
8604,
470,
970,
322,
1906,
393,
526,
1661,
20087,
936,
470,
2024,
29973,
4525,
29892,
297,
1009,
2507,
29892,
2367,
14451,
304,
5155,
1048,
25502,
322,
925,
2450,
29901,
988,
437,
278,
263,
1454,
882,
28487,
16614,
2041,
515,
322,
373,
825,
8405,
1795,
896,
367,
925,
2164,
313,
272,
11164,
1891,
29892,
363,
393,
4383,
6877,
1394,
2050,
5155,
1048,
6035,
18310,
29901,
825,
4091,
591,
437,
411,
16317,
1693,
470,
29668,
424,
5144,
310,
1749,
7881,
30003,
25027,
261,
403,
29892,
429,
488,
29892,
470,
6222,
963,
29973,
1126,
769,
727,
526,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
5155,
1048,
278,
15834,
322,
13071,
310,
10788,
362,
29901,
947,
1432,
2221,
29899,
29890,
397,
1000,
14497,
264,
505,
385,
10788,
362,
304,
8589,
322,
6060,
762,
363,
278,
2106,
29892,
565,
278,
10503,
2561,
310,
278,
2106,
881,
2833,
304,
1996,
372,
29973,
450,
1051,
1033,
6773,
304,
6548,
29892,
541,
278,
1298,
338,
6060,
2821,
3307,
29901,
278,
5155,
297,
607,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
526,
8852,
526,
17503,
1906,
607,
738,
7631,
1891,
7881,
1818,
3211,
322,
4218,
304,
1234,
29889,
450,
14176,
8604,
1348,
414,
30003,
273,
25068,
327,
280,
470
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.503288 | 1.21537 | -0.059955 | 1.182407 |
a Hobbes, say—have tried to elaborate theories on the basis of which such questions can be (re)framed, addressed, and perchance answered in a coherent, 12
Cf. M. Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics (London, 1962).
comprehensive, and systematic way.13 But, however magnificent or mediocre the minds of those who wrestle with questions about the proper ordering of society, the fact remains that political thinking or theorizing is in this sense an important, indeed a necessary, activity. Therefore Plamenatz and Berlin were right to suggest that political theory—understood as first-order theorizing—could not die, and a more recent commentator is quite correct in deeming it indispensable.14 By contrast, much of what passes for political theory in the academy might, at a first cut, be termed second-order theorizing. It consists largely, though by no means exclusively, of the activity of studying, teaching, and commenting on the 'classics' of political thought. If first-order theorizing is well-nigh immortal, second-order theorizing is eminently mortal. It can die or disappear—or at least be discredited, discounted, or ignored, as happened in many departments of political science during the heyday of behaviouralism. Political theory, as practised in political science departments, was relegated to a kind of limbo, or living death: the worst kind. Many who practised second-order theorizing were made to feel unwelcome, and some were even encouraged to ply their trade in the more congenial setting supplied by departments of philosophy or history. So, returning to the paradox posed earlier—how could political theory be both dead and alive at the same time?—we can now see that the paradox was only apparent and its resolution really quite simple. Those who, like Laslett, announced the death or imminent demise of political theory were speaking of it as a specialized academic discipline within departments of political science—as second-order theorizing, in other words. And they were at least arguably right in suggesting that political theory in this sense was in mortal peril, if not dead already. But Berlin and Plamenatz were no less correct in suggesting that political theory—understood as first-order 13 Political theorists disagree over whether there are 'perennial questions' or whether these questions change over time. My own view is that the questions themselves change, in part because the concepts constituting the moral languages or idioms in which the questions are framed have historically mutable meanings. See my Transforming Political Discourse (Oxford, 1988). 14 A. Maclntyre, 'The Indispensability of Political Theory', in D. Miller and L. Seidentop (eds.), The Nature of Political Theory (Oxford, 1983).
theorizing—was neither dead nor dying, nor could it be. That activity is indeed indispensable. As it turned out, however, all reports of the death of (academic or second-order) theory proved to be premature if not perhaps wholly unwarranted in the first place. By the mid1970s academic political theorists were wont to quote Mark Twain's remark upon reading his own obituary. 'The reports of my death', Twain cabled to his distraught editor, 'have been greatly exaggerated.' What had happened? How and why was this academic Lazarus brought back from the dead? 2.3 THE REVIVAL OF POLITICAL THEORY Several explanations, all partial and none entirely satisfactory, help to account for the revival, indeed the astonishing resurgence, of academic political theory since the late 19705 or so.15 The explanation often given is that political theory has prospered as, and because, its nemesis, 'behaviouralism', fell on hard times. Although an adequate history of the 'behavioural revolution'—and the larger history of political science of which it is an important part—still remains to be written, it would, at a minimum, have to include an account of the rise and demise of its philosophical foundations.16 Although behaviouralists were wont to draw a sharp distinction between philosophy and science, discarding the former in favour of the latter, behaviouralism was in fact deeply dependent on a particular philosophy—positivism. For it was from positivism— or, as
|
[
263,
25302,
5707,
29892,
1827,
30003,
17532,
1898,
304,
19430,
25841,
373,
278,
8405,
310,
607,
1316,
5155,
508,
367,
313,
276,
29897,
1341,
2795,
29892,
20976,
29892,
322,
639,
305,
749,
7699,
297,
263,
16165,
261,
296,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29906,
13,
29907,
29888,
29889,
341,
29889,
438,
6926,
29882,
1501,
29892,
390,
1288,
1608,
297,
6934,
1199,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
467,
13,
510,
1457,
29882,
6270,
29892,
322,
1788,
2454,
982,
29889,
29896,
29941,
1205,
29892,
3138,
29154,
296,
470,
14457,
542,
276,
278,
27656,
310,
1906,
1058,
24613,
280,
411,
5155,
1048,
278,
1571,
20520,
310,
12459,
29892,
278,
2114,
9242,
393,
8604,
7291,
470,
278,
272,
5281,
338,
297,
445,
4060,
385,
4100,
29892,
6200,
263,
5181,
29892,
6354,
29889,
7857,
1858,
5071,
4101,
322,
5115,
892,
1492,
304,
4368,
393,
8604,
6368,
30003,
5062,
9337,
408,
937,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
30003,
26680,
451,
762,
29892,
322,
263,
901,
7786,
3440,
1061,
338,
3755,
1959,
297,
316,
331,
292,
372,
1399,
11936,
575,
519,
29889,
29896,
29946,
2648,
12814,
29892,
1568,
310,
825,
14517,
363,
8604,
6368,
297,
278,
263,
9567,
1795,
29892,
472,
263,
937,
5700,
29892,
367,
1840,
287,
1473,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
29889,
739,
11624,
18425,
29892,
2466,
491,
694,
2794,
13489,
3598,
29892,
310,
278,
6354,
310,
23382,
29892,
18819,
29892,
322,
3440,
292,
373,
278,
525,
1990,
1199,
29915,
310,
8604,
2714,
29889,
960,
937,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
338,
1532,
29899,
29876,
1141,
5198,
441,
284,
29892,
1473,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
338,
953,
262,
2705,
5758,
284,
29889,
739,
508,
762,
470,
25417,
30003,
272,
472,
3203,
367,
766,
11944,
1573,
29892,
2313,
792,
287,
29892,
470,
17262,
29892,
408,
9559,
297,
1784,
5840,
1860,
310,
8604,
10466,
2645,
278,
540,
2941,
388,
310,
10468,
284,
1608,
29889,
25137,
6368,
29892,
408,
4120,
3368,
297,
8604,
10466,
5840,
1860,
29892,
471,
337,
1397,
630,
304,
263,
2924,
310,
2485,
833,
29892,
470,
8471,
4892,
29901,
278,
17322,
2924,
29889,
9267,
1058,
4120,
3368,
1473,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
892,
1754,
304,
4459,
18500,
295,
2763,
29892,
322,
777,
892,
1584,
18443,
287,
304,
282,
368,
1009,
11302,
297,
278,
901,
378,
1885,
616,
4444,
19056,
491,
5840,
1860,
310,
22237,
470,
4955,
29889,
1105,
29892,
7863,
304,
278,
610,
912,
29916,
926,
287,
8859,
30003,
3525,
1033,
8604,
6368,
367,
1716,
7123,
322,
18758,
472,
278,
1021,
931,
29973,
30003,
705,
508,
1286,
1074,
393,
278,
610,
912,
29916,
471,
871,
20295,
322,
967,
10104,
2289,
3755,
2560,
29889,
16025,
1058,
29892,
763,
7413,
13650,
29892,
9326,
278,
4892,
470,
527,
1195,
296,
1261,
895,
310,
8604,
6368,
892,
13590,
310,
372,
408,
263,
4266,
1891,
21567,
29822,
2629,
5840,
1860,
310,
8604,
10466,
30003,
294,
1473,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
29892,
297,
916,
3838,
29889,
1126,
896,
892,
472,
3203,
1852,
29884,
2197,
1492,
297,
26233,
393,
8604,
6368,
297,
445,
4060,
471,
297,
5758,
284,
639,
309,
29892,
565,
451,
7123,
2307,
29889,
1205,
5115,
322,
1858,
5071,
4101,
892,
694,
3109,
1959,
297,
26233,
393,
8604,
6368,
30003,
5062,
9337,
408,
937,
29899,
2098,
29871,
29896,
29941,
25137,
278,
272,
2879,
22941,
929,
975,
3692,
727,
526,
525,
546,
2108,
616,
5155,
29915,
470,
3692,
1438,
5155,
1735,
975,
931,
29889,
1619,
1914,
1776,
338,
393,
278,
5155,
6053,
1735,
29892,
297,
760,
1363,
278,
22001,
1040,
12937,
292,
278,
14731,
10276,
470,
1178,
29875,
4835,
297,
607,
278,
5155,
526,
1424,
2795,
505,
3603,
1711,
26691,
2099,
886,
29889,
2823,
590,
4103,
689,
292,
25137,
8565,
10242,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
467,
29871,
29896,
29946,
319,
29889,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29892,
525,
1576,
1894,
11936,
575,
3097,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
297,
360,
29889,
16498,
322,
365,
29889,
922,
1693,
459,
313,
5779,
9774,
450,
17677,
310,
25137,
24134,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
467,
13,
1552,
272,
5281,
30003,
11102,
9561,
7123,
3643,
27116,
29892,
3643,
1033,
372,
367,
29889,
2193,
6354,
338,
6200,
1399,
11936,
575,
519,
29889,
1094,
372,
6077,
714,
29892,
3138,
29892,
599,
13676,
310,
278,
4892,
310,
313,
562,
1943,
13076,
470,
1473,
29899,
2098,
29897,
6368,
11827,
304,
367,
5188,
1535,
565,
451,
6060,
377,
18368,
18500,
2749,
9714,
297,
278,
937,
2058,
29889,
2648,
278,
7145,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
892,
20668,
304,
14978,
4485,
8168,
475,
29915,
29879,
8509,
2501,
5183,
670,
1914,
704,
1981,
653,
29889,
525,
1576,
13676,
310,
590,
4892,
742,
8168,
475,
274,
3606,
304,
670,
1320,
336,
688,
400,
6920,
29892,
525,
17532,
1063,
11180,
429,
9921,
630,
6169,
1724,
750,
9559,
29973,
1128,
322,
2020,
471,
445,
21567,
19575,
26465,
6296,
1250,
515,
278,
7123,
29973,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29941,
6093,
5195,
29963,
5667,
1964,
8079,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
6093,
18929,
21882,
7309,
800,
29892,
599,
7687,
322,
5642,
9186,
5119,
3832,
29892,
1371,
304,
3633,
363,
278,
6664,
2561,
29892,
6200,
278,
24293,
14424,
620,
2007,
663,
29892,
310,
21567,
8604,
6368,
1951,
278,
5683,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29945,
470,
577,
29889,
29896,
29945,
450,
8252,
4049,
2183,
338,
393,
8604,
6368,
756,
25831,
287,
408,
29892,
322,
1363,
29892,
967,
6583,
6656,
29892,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
1608,
742,
8379,
373,
2898,
3064,
29889,
8512,
385,
19967,
339,
403,
4955,
310,
278,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
19479,
29915,
30003,
392,
278,
7200,
4955,
310,
8604,
10466,
310,
607,
372,
338,
385,
4100,
760,
30003,
303,
453,
9242,
304,
367,
3971,
29892,
372,
723,
29892,
472,
263,
9212,
29892,
505,
304,
3160,
385,
3633,
310,
278,
14451,
322,
1261,
895,
310,
967,
11847,
936,
1476,
800,
29889,
29896,
29953,
8512,
10468,
284,
2879,
892,
20668,
304,
4216,
263,
15301,
21578,
1546,
22237,
322,
10466,
29892,
2313,
20272,
278,
4642,
297,
15381,
310,
278,
7480,
29892,
10468,
284,
1608,
471,
297,
2114,
24344,
14278,
373,
263,
3153,
22237,
30003,
1066,
277,
440,
1608,
29889,
1152,
372,
471,
515,
13686,
440,
1608,
30003,
470,
29892,
408
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.949008 | 1.448971 | -0.483156 | 0.916783 |
it was more commonly called, Logical Positivism or Logical Empiricism—that behaviouralism borrowed many of its key categories and distinctions.17 For the behaviouralists, this borrowing took three important forms. First, as an account of meaning, logical positivism 15 See B. Barry, 'The Strange Death of Political Theory', Government and Opposition, 15 (1980), 276-88; and D. Miller, 'The Resurgence of Political Theory', Political Studies, 38 (1990), 421-37. 16 See J. Farr, 'Remembering the Revolution: Behaviouralism in American Political Science', in J. Farr, J. S. Dryzek, and S. T. Leonard (eds.), Political Science in History: Research Programs and Political Traditions (Cambridge, 1995), ch. 8. 17 See Euben, 'Political Science'.
distinguished three sorts of statements: 'synthetic' statements of empirical fact (The cat is on the mat' was a favourite); 'analytic' statements of logical necessity ('All bachelors are unmarried males'); and a residual catch-all category of 'normative' utterances that neither describe some state of the world nor state logically necessary truths, but serve only to express attitudes, feelings, preferences, or 'values'. Second, this theory of meaning in its turn supplied the basis for an 'emotivist' theory of ethics which holds that ethical utterances are cognitively empty and meaningless; they are merely (in A. J. Ayer's colourful if slightly salacious term) 'ejaculations', expressive of nothing, save, perhaps, the speaker's subjective preference or state of mind. Thus the utterance 'Stealing is wrong' says nothing at all about the world, nor anything about relationships of logical entailment, but merely expresses the speaker's disapproval of stealing. And, third, as a philosophy of science, positivism provided criteria for demarcating between science and non-science.18 Science is not about any particular subject-matter but about meaning and method. There can be a science of politics just as surely as there can be a science of chemistry or physics, provided that its statements are cognitively meaningful (i.e. synthetic) statements of ascertainable empirical fact and that its explanations conform to the requirements of the deductive-nomological (D-N) model. According to the latter, we can be said to have explained some phenomenon X if and only a statement describing X (the explanandum) is deducible as a conclusion from premisses containing one or more general laws, along with statements of initial conditions (the explanans). Philosophical positivism served, so to speak, a normative or regulative function for behaviouralism in that positivism defined for behaviouralists what 'science' is—and what political science ought to be, if it is to be a science. First, political science ought to distinguish between 'facts' and 'values'. Second, it should be 'empirical' instead of 'normative'. And, third, it ought to be explanatory in the aforementioned sense. All genuinely scientific explanation, according to positivist criteria of explanatory adequacy, depends on the discovery and 18 See e.g. J. D. Moon, 'The Logic of Political Inquiry', in F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science (Reading, Mass., 1975).
deployment of timeless universal 'laws'. Because most 'traditional' political theory did not conform to positivist criteria of cognitive meaningfulness and explanatory adequacy, it was dismissed as unscientific or, ,at best, pre-scientific and therefore destined to be superseded in due course. But in the hands of behaviouralist critics, the positivist's scalpel cut both ways, wounding those who wielded it. It soon became clear that virtually all of what passed for 'empirical' or 'scientific' political science did not conform to those positivist criteria on the basis of which political theory had been criticized and dismissed as meaningless because 'normative'. It required no great semantic skill to show that 'values' lurked in the shadows of even the most sanitized 'scientific' statements: there were, in fact, no normatively neutral
|
[
372,
471,
901,
15574,
2000,
29892,
4522,
936,
10321,
277,
440,
1608,
470,
4522,
936,
7361,
381,
293,
1608,
30003,
5747,
10468,
284,
1608,
27942,
287,
1784,
310,
967,
1820,
13997,
322,
1320,
262,
1953,
29889,
29896,
29955,
1152,
278,
10468,
284,
2879,
29892,
445,
27942,
292,
3614,
2211,
4100,
7190,
29889,
3824,
29892,
408,
385,
3633,
310,
6593,
29892,
16667,
13686,
440,
1608,
29871,
29896,
29945,
2823,
350,
29889,
23032,
29892,
525,
1576,
3767,
927,
14450,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
10354,
322,
438,
407,
4490,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
511,
29871,
29906,
29955,
29953,
29899,
29947,
29947,
29936,
322,
360,
29889,
16498,
29892,
525,
1576,
2538,
2007,
663,
310,
25137,
24134,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29900,
511,
29871,
29946,
29906,
29896,
29899,
29941,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29953,
2823,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
525,
7301,
1096,
292,
278,
14595,
29901,
1522,
8708,
8975,
284,
1608,
297,
3082,
25137,
9327,
742,
297,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
435,
29889,
317,
29889,
360,
719,
11907,
29892,
322,
317,
29889,
323,
29889,
26921,
313,
5779,
9774,
25137,
9327,
297,
5298,
29901,
10550,
7835,
29879,
322,
25137,
18375,
2187,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29945,
511,
521,
29889,
29871,
29947,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29955,
2823,
382,
21341,
29892,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
9327,
4286,
13,
5721,
6202,
3276,
2211,
23551,
310,
9506,
29901,
525,
19274,
386,
7492,
29915,
9506,
310,
29190,
936,
2114,
313,
1576,
6635,
338,
373,
278,
1775,
29915,
471,
263,
15381,
568,
416,
525,
7054,
3637,
293,
29915,
9506,
310,
16667,
24316,
6702,
3596,
289,
496,
295,
943,
526,
443,
3034,
1255,
25269,
2157,
322,
263,
10995,
950,
4380,
29899,
497,
7663,
310,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
14401,
2925,
393,
9561,
8453,
777,
2106,
310,
278,
3186,
3643,
2106,
1480,
1711,
5181,
8760,
29879,
29892,
541,
9080,
871,
304,
4653,
1098,
20816,
29892,
21737,
29892,
5821,
2063,
29892,
470,
525,
5975,
4286,
6440,
29892,
445,
6368,
310,
6593,
297,
967,
2507,
19056,
278,
8405,
363,
385,
525,
331,
327,
440,
391,
29915,
6368,
310,
11314,
1199,
607,
8640,
393,
11314,
936,
14401,
2925,
526,
25323,
277,
3598,
4069,
322,
6593,
2222,
29936,
896,
526,
13586,
313,
262,
319,
29889,
435,
29889,
319,
7598,
29915,
29879,
12384,
1319,
565,
10029,
269,
2883,
8802,
1840,
29897,
525,
10337,
562,
8250,
742,
4653,
573,
310,
3078,
29892,
4078,
29892,
6060,
29892,
278,
25657,
29915,
29879,
4967,
573,
24583,
470,
2106,
310,
3458,
29889,
6549,
278,
14401,
749,
525,
7789,
12818,
338,
2743,
29915,
4083,
3078,
472,
599,
1048,
278,
3186,
29892,
3643,
3099,
1048,
21702,
310,
16667,
875,
737,
358,
29892,
541,
13586,
4653,
267,
278,
25657,
29915,
29879,
8796,
307,
791,
310,
1886,
12818,
29889,
1126,
29892,
4654,
29892,
408,
263,
22237,
310,
10466,
29892,
13686,
440,
1608,
4944,
16614,
363,
1261,
5666,
1218,
1546,
10466,
322,
1661,
29899,
29879,
15277,
29889,
29896,
29947,
9327,
338,
451,
1048,
738,
3153,
4967,
29899,
29885,
2620,
541,
1048,
6593,
322,
1158,
29889,
1670,
508,
367,
263,
10466,
310,
22661,
925,
408,
18880,
408,
727,
508,
367,
263,
10466,
310,
8950,
6020,
470,
17558,
29892,
4944,
393,
967,
9506,
526,
25323,
277,
3598,
6593,
1319,
313,
29875,
29889,
29872,
29889,
14710,
7492,
29897,
9506,
310,
408,
14082,
519,
29190,
936,
2114,
322,
393,
967,
7309,
800,
14670,
304,
278,
11780,
310,
278,
28262,
5313,
573,
29899,
11522,
5996,
313,
29928,
29899,
29940,
29897,
1904,
29889,
7579,
304,
278,
7480,
29892,
591,
508,
367,
1497,
304,
505,
10824,
777,
27791,
265,
1060,
565,
322,
871,
263,
3229,
20766,
1060,
313,
1552,
7309,
392,
398,
29897,
338,
21049,
15520,
408,
263,
15997,
515,
5188,
29284,
6943,
697,
470,
901,
2498,
14243,
29892,
3412,
411,
9506,
310,
2847,
5855,
313,
1552,
7309,
550,
467,
16407,
936,
13686,
440,
1608,
6766,
29892,
577,
304,
7726,
29892,
263,
6056,
1230,
470,
24378,
1230,
740,
363,
10468,
284,
1608,
297,
393,
13686,
440,
1608,
3342,
363,
10468,
284,
2879,
825,
525,
29879,
15277,
29915,
338,
30003,
392,
825,
8604,
10466,
12722,
304,
367,
29892,
565,
372,
338,
304,
367,
263,
10466,
29889,
3824,
29892,
8604,
10466,
12722,
304,
20820,
1546,
525,
17028,
29879,
29915,
322,
525,
5975,
4286,
6440,
29892,
372,
881,
367,
525,
3451,
381,
936,
29915,
2012,
310,
525,
12324,
1230,
4286,
1126,
29892,
4654,
29892,
372,
12722,
304,
367,
7309,
7606,
297,
278,
263,
1454,
882,
28487,
4060,
29889,
2178,
29120,
262,
873,
16021,
8252,
29892,
5034,
304,
13686,
440,
391,
16614,
310,
7309,
7606,
19967,
339,
4135,
29892,
7111,
373,
278,
20699,
322,
29871,
29896,
29947,
2823,
321,
29889,
29887,
29889,
435,
29889,
360,
29889,
17549,
29892,
525,
1576,
4522,
293,
310,
25137,
512,
339,
16129,
742,
297,
383,
29889,
306,
29889,
7646,
5465,
322,
405,
29889,
399,
29889,
2043,
29879,
1609,
313,
5779,
9774,
5166,
2909,
310,
25137,
9327,
313,
6359,
292,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
467,
13,
16519,
358,
310,
5335,
6393,
15968,
525,
433,
5652,
4286,
7311,
1556,
525,
29576,
3245,
29915,
8604,
6368,
1258,
451,
14670,
304,
13686,
440,
391,
16614,
310,
25323,
3321,
6593,
1319,
2264,
322,
7309,
7606,
19967,
339,
4135,
29892,
372,
471,
18918,
287,
408,
9644,
15566,
928,
470,
29892,
1919,
271,
1900,
29892,
758,
29899,
29879,
15566,
928,
322,
5480,
2731,
1312,
304,
367,
480,
6774,
19226,
297,
2861,
3236,
29889,
1205,
297,
278,
6567,
310,
10468,
284,
391,
28431,
29892,
278,
13686,
440,
391,
29915,
29879,
8716,
13111,
5700,
1716,
5837,
29892,
281,
12449,
1906,
1058,
281,
969,
287,
372,
29889,
739,
4720,
3897,
2821,
393,
4610,
1474,
599,
310,
825,
4502,
363,
525,
3451,
381,
936,
29915,
470,
525,
29879,
15566,
928,
29915,
8604,
10466,
1258,
451,
14670,
304,
1906,
13686,
440,
391,
16614,
373,
278,
8405,
310,
607,
8604,
6368,
750,
1063,
11164,
1891,
322,
18918,
287,
408,
6593,
2222,
1363,
525,
12324,
1230,
4286,
739,
3734,
694,
2107,
28837,
19911,
304,
1510,
393,
525,
5975,
29915,
301,
332,
17713,
297,
278,
528,
23626,
310,
1584,
278,
1556,
9753,
277,
1891,
525,
29879,
15566,
928,
29915,
9506,
29901,
727,
892,
29892,
297,
2114,
29892,
694,
6056,
6703,
21104
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.677302 | 1.838307 | -0.024987 | 1.184937 |
or non-theoretical descriptive statements (or 'protocol sentences', as earlier positivists had termed them).19 Worse still, there turned out to be no 'laws' of political behaviour. None—not even the ofttouted 'laws' propounded by Michels and Duverger—could pass muster under positivist criteria.20 In the philosophy of science, meanwhile, the critics of positivism had carried the day, and by the mid-1970s all but the most die-hard positivists had conceded defeat. Asked by an interviewer in 1977 what the main defects of positivism had been, A. J. Ayer replied: 'Well, I suppose the most important of the defects was that nearly all of it was false.'21 Among the many false claims that positivism had made—and that behaviouralists had borrowed—was the oft-heard chestnut that one cannot derive 'ought from is'. As it turns out, however, it is not only possible but actually quite easy to perform this purportedly impossible feat.22 Beholden as it had been to one particular philosophy of science, behavioural political science's fortunes could not but be affected adversely by the demise of positivism. It would, 19 C. Taylor, 'Neutrality in Political Science', in Philosophy, Politics and Society, 3rd ser. (Oxford, 1967), 25-57. 20 See J. Farr, 'Resituating Explanation', in T. Ball (ed.), Idioms of Inquiry (Albany, NY, 1987), 45-66. 21 B. Magee (ed.), Men of Ideas (New York, 1978), 131. 22 See G. E. M. Anscombe, 'On Brute Facts', in J. J. Thomson and G. Dworkin (eds.), Ethics (New York, 1968); J. R. Searle, Speech Acts (Cambridge, 1969), ch. 8.
however, be wrong, or at any rate one-sided and simplistic, to suggest that the resurrection of academic political theory can be traced exclusively to the declining fortunes of philosophical positivism and the allied decline of behaviouralism. Another factor which must figure in our explanation is what Alasdair Maclntyre termed 'the end of the end of ideology'.23 From the mid-1960s on, it became abundantly clear that ideology had not ended, nor was it likely to; on the contrary, new political movements—among students, blacks, women, anti-war activists, and others—were raising new questions and setting new agendas. However haltingly and raggedly, first-order theorizing was being done in the streets and in classrooms.24 From the Free Speech Movement in Berkeley in 1964 to les evenements of May 1968 in Paris (which very nearly toppled the Gaullist government), old orthodoxies—including the end-of-ideology thesis itself—were being questioned and unmasked as 'ideological' in their own right. In 1972 the editors of the distinguished series Philosophy, Politics and Society—in whose first number Laslett's obituary had appeared—acknowledged that we were never right to think in terms of such pathological metaphors, and it is clear in any case that they are no longer applicable. It has now become a commonplace that both the intellectual movements prevailing at the time of our first introduction [in 1956], in terms of which it looked plausible for sociologists to speak of 'the end of ideology' and even for philosophers to speak of 'the death of political theory', were themselves the masks of disputable ideological positions.23
Any explanation of the revival of political theory would also have to include an account of the political consequences of a particular conception of the relation between social science and political practice—not in the abstract, but (to use a phrase once frequently hurled against academic political theorists) in 'the real world'. The war in Vietnam, although undeclared, was real enough. It was a war not only fought by GIs 23
A. Maclntyre, Against the Self-images of the Age (Notre
|
[
470,
1661,
29899,
1552,
12116,
936,
29037,
573,
9506,
313,
272,
525,
20464,
25260,
742,
408,
8859,
13686,
440,
2879,
750,
1840,
287,
963,
467,
29896,
29929,
19662,
344,
1603,
29892,
727,
6077,
714,
304,
367,
694,
525,
433,
5652,
29915,
310,
8604,
10468,
29889,
6213,
30003,
1333,
1584,
278,
310,
698,
449,
287,
525,
433,
5652,
29915,
3107,
7261,
491,
3375,
1379,
322,
5334,
369,
914,
30003,
26680,
1209,
1818,
261,
1090,
13686,
440,
391,
16614,
29889,
29906,
29900,
512,
278,
22237,
310,
10466,
29892,
2099,
8000,
29892,
278,
28431,
310,
13686,
440,
1608,
750,
8988,
278,
2462,
29892,
322,
491,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
599,
541,
278,
1556,
762,
29899,
6800,
13686,
440,
2879,
750,
27943,
287,
20653,
29889,
26579,
287,
491,
385,
1006,
29894,
15580,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29955,
825,
278,
1667,
23503,
29879,
310,
13686,
440,
1608,
750,
1063,
29892,
319,
29889,
435,
29889,
319,
7598,
10352,
29901,
525,
11284,
29892,
306,
7755,
278,
1556,
4100,
310,
278,
23503,
29879,
471,
393,
8886,
599,
310,
372,
471,
2089,
6169,
29906,
29896,
17302,
278,
1784,
2089,
16726,
393,
13686,
440,
1608,
750,
1754,
30003,
392,
393,
10468,
284,
2879,
750,
27942,
287,
30003,
11102,
278,
18941,
29899,
354,
538,
521,
342,
21305,
393,
697,
2609,
21340,
525,
1774,
515,
338,
4286,
1094,
372,
12169,
714,
29892,
3138,
29892,
372,
338,
451,
871,
1950,
541,
2869,
3755,
4780,
304,
2189,
445,
3708,
637,
23244,
9301,
1238,
271,
29889,
29906,
29906,
1522,
8948,
264,
408,
372,
750,
1063,
304,
697,
3153,
22237,
310,
10466,
29892,
10468,
284,
8604,
10466,
29915,
29879,
5162,
7844,
1033,
451,
541,
367,
15201,
19901,
873,
491,
278,
1261,
895,
310,
13686,
440,
1608,
29889,
739,
723,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
315,
29889,
12537,
29892,
525,
8139,
329,
1705,
537,
297,
25137,
9327,
742,
297,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
29892,
29871,
29941,
5499,
724,
29889,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29955,
511,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29899,
29945,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29900,
2823,
435,
29889,
383,
2749,
29892,
525,
1666,
1981,
1218,
1222,
9018,
362,
742,
297,
323,
29889,
13402,
313,
287,
9774,
5163,
29875,
4835,
310,
512,
339,
16129,
313,
2499,
29890,
1384,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
511,
29871,
29946,
29945,
29899,
29953,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29896,
350,
29889,
341,
482,
29872,
313,
287,
9774,
7567,
310,
13001,
294,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
511,
29871,
29896,
29941,
29896,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29906,
2823,
402,
29889,
382,
29889,
341,
29889,
21877,
510,
915,
29892,
525,
2951,
1771,
1082,
26748,
29879,
742,
297,
435,
29889,
435,
29889,
4609,
1100,
322,
402,
29889,
360,
1287,
262,
313,
5779,
9774,
13772,
1199,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
416,
435,
29889,
390,
29889,
317,
799,
280,
29892,
5013,
5309,
3185,
29879,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
511,
521,
29889,
29871,
29947,
29889,
13,
3525,
1310,
29892,
367,
2743,
29892,
470,
472,
738,
6554,
697,
29899,
29879,
2618,
322,
5466,
4695,
29892,
304,
4368,
393,
278,
620,
20503,
428,
310,
21567,
8604,
6368,
508,
367,
16703,
287,
13489,
3598,
304,
278,
4845,
2827,
5162,
7844,
310,
11847,
936,
13686,
440,
1608,
322,
278,
394,
2957,
4845,
457,
310,
10468,
284,
1608,
29889,
7280,
7329,
607,
1818,
4377,
297,
1749,
8252,
338,
825,
838,
294,
1388,
381,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
1840,
287,
525,
1552,
1095,
310,
278,
1095,
310,
1957,
3002,
4286,
29906,
29941,
3645,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29879,
373,
29892,
372,
3897,
18666,
10835,
2821,
393,
1957,
3002,
750,
451,
9698,
29892,
3643,
471,
372,
5517,
304,
29936,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
716,
8604,
24147,
30003,
314,
549,
8041,
29892,
4628,
29879,
29892,
5866,
29892,
9418,
29899,
4495,
5039,
2879,
29892,
322,
4045,
30003,
29893,
406,
29263,
716,
5155,
322,
4444,
716,
946,
355,
294,
29889,
2398,
8870,
1259,
368,
322,
1153,
1505,
23244,
29892,
937,
29899,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
471,
1641,
2309,
297,
278,
19756,
322,
297,
770,
18901,
29889,
29906,
29946,
3645,
278,
12362,
5013,
5309,
14104,
882,
297,
2292,
27279,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29946,
304,
966,
1584,
4110,
310,
2610,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29947,
297,
3681,
313,
4716,
1407,
8886,
304,
407,
839,
278,
10415,
913,
391,
5874,
511,
2030,
14219,
17324,
583,
30003,
18271,
278,
1095,
29899,
974,
29899,
680,
3002,
266,
6656,
3528,
30003,
29893,
406,
1641,
1139,
287,
322,
443,
13168,
287,
408,
525,
680,
5996,
29915,
297,
1009,
1914,
1492,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
278,
3863,
943,
310,
278,
20660,
3652,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
30003,
262,
5069,
937,
1353,
7413,
13650,
29915,
29879,
704,
1981,
653,
750,
7470,
30003,
547,
3707,
839,
3192,
393,
591,
892,
2360,
1492,
304,
1348,
297,
4958,
310,
1316,
2224,
5996,
1539,
12451,
943,
29892,
322,
372,
338,
2821,
297,
738,
1206,
393,
896,
526,
694,
5520,
22903,
29889,
739,
756,
1286,
4953,
263,
3619,
6689,
393,
1716,
278,
29762,
24147,
12379,
737,
292,
472,
278,
931,
310,
1749,
937,
18707,
518,
262,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
1402,
297,
4958,
310,
607,
372,
5148,
2174,
375,
1821,
363,
5374,
1189,
2879,
304,
7726,
310,
525,
1552,
1095,
310,
1957,
3002,
29915,
322,
1584,
363,
11847,
414,
304,
7726,
310,
525,
1552,
4892,
310,
8604,
6368,
742,
892,
6053,
278,
11105,
29879,
310,
8937,
519,
1957,
5996,
11909,
29889,
29906,
29941,
13,
10773,
8252,
310,
278,
6664,
2561,
310,
8604,
6368,
723,
884,
505,
304,
3160,
385,
3633,
310,
278,
8604,
27721,
310,
263,
3153,
26192,
310,
278,
8220,
1546,
5264,
10466,
322,
8604,
6944,
30003,
1333,
297,
278,
9846,
29892,
541,
313,
517,
671,
263,
16549,
2748,
13672,
12166,
839,
2750,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29897,
297,
525,
1552,
1855,
3186,
4286,
450,
1370,
297,
18444,
29892,
5998,
563,
687,
433,
1127,
29892,
471,
1855,
3307,
29889,
739,
471,
263,
1370,
451,
871,
20722,
491,
402,
3624,
29871,
29906,
29941,
13,
29909,
29889,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29892,
11454,
303,
278,
21782,
29899,
8346,
310,
278,
16767,
313,
3664,
276
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.133768 | 1.67219 | 0.188854 | 0.916783 |
Dame, Ind., 1971), ch. i. 24 J. Miller, Democracy is in the Streets (New York, 1987). 25 P. Laslett, W. G. Runciman, and Q. Skinner (eds.), Philosophy, Politics and Society, 4th ser. (Oxford, 1972), i.
but, more importantly, 'managed' by experts. Called 'the new Mandarins' by their critics and 'defence intellectuals' by their defenders, their claim to expertise was grounded in an instrumentalist and positivist view of social science and its relation to political practice.26 The hope of establishing a positivistic policy science—an aspiration which can be traced back to Saint-Simon and Comte in the nineteenth century—was dealt a decisive if perhaps not mortal blow by the United States' experience in Vietnam. But what has this to do with the rising fortunes of academic political theory? Just this: Vietnam raised anew and brought to the forefront exactly the sorts of normative questions that political theory was supposed to address—questions about the rights and duties of citizens, about one's obligation to fight for the state, about just (and unjust) wars, about active and passive resistance, and related matters.27 History having some connection with biography, and vice versa, I would like to pause briefly for an autobiographical aside about how I came to be an academic political theorist. To put it bluntly, I got into this line of work not so much because I was enamoured of philosophy or the history of ideas but because of the war in Vietnam. From the age of 12 until my junior year in 1965 I was certain that I wanted to be a physicist, and most of my education had been directed to that end. My interest in history and philosophy was largely restricted to the history and philosophy of science. I called myself a positivist, regarded Russell and Ayer as my heroes, and felt somewhat superior to those lesser minds labouring in lesser vineyards. I was, in short, insufferable. But what a difference a war makes! The prospect of having to choose between going to Vietnam, going to Canada, or going to prison concentrated the mind wonderfully. The more I found out about the war, the more I believed it to be both misguided and unwinnable. Besides, it was being fought by the poor, the black, and the uneducated, few of whom had 26 See my 'American Political Science in its Postwar Political Context', in J. Fair and R. Seidelman (eds.), Discipline and History (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1993), 207-22. 27 See M. Walzer, Obligations (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), and Just and Unjust Wars (New York, 1977).
student deferments. That I, then a student at the University of California, did have such a deferment seemed unfair on its face. Conceding the point, the Selective Service agreed to end student deferments and inaugurate a lottery system. In the meantime, I thought, I might help to redress the unfairness by enlisting; but this would also make me complicit in a war that seemed patently unjust. Having never before faced a deep moral dilemma I had few, if any, resources upon which to draw. What should I do? Where do my duties lie? Should I support my government even when I think its policies mistaken and misguided or, worse yet, patently evil? Is there something like a duty to resist? I did not know what to do, or even how to begin to think, about such troubling questions. So, swallowing my pride, I enrolled in a seminar in political theory—a subject I had heard about before but had dismissed as irrelevant to my interests—in which these questions were to be discussed and debated. We read Sophocles' Antigone, Plato's Apology and Crito, Calvin and Luther and Locke, Thoreau, Tolstoy, Gandhi, Camus, and Martin Luther King (who was then still very much alive and active, and not yet the safely dead martyr he has since become). Our discussions inside that seminar—and outside, through the wee hours of the night—had a special urgency for many of us. That seminar and those discussions did not make me decide on a course of action, although they did help to
|
[
360,
420,
29892,
1894,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
511,
521,
29889,
474,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29946,
435,
29889,
16498,
29892,
4432,
25804,
338,
297,
278,
11738,
1691,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
467,
29871,
29906,
29945,
349,
29889,
7413,
13650,
29892,
399,
29889,
402,
29889,
390,
4661,
25895,
29892,
322,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
313,
5779,
9774,
16407,
29891,
29892,
6934,
1199,
322,
7765,
29892,
29871,
29946,
386,
724,
29889,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
511,
474,
29889,
13,
4187,
29892,
901,
4100,
368,
29892,
525,
25240,
29915,
491,
2902,
1372,
29889,
3037,
839,
525,
1552,
716,
15419,
279,
1144,
29915,
491,
1009,
28431,
322,
525,
1753,
663,
18715,
27101,
29915,
491,
1009,
822,
21043,
29892,
1009,
5995,
304,
17924,
895,
471,
5962,
287,
297,
385,
11395,
284,
391,
322,
13686,
440,
391,
1776,
310,
5264,
10466,
322,
967,
8220,
304,
8604,
6944,
29889,
29906,
29953,
450,
4966,
310,
10127,
292,
263,
13686,
440,
4695,
8898,
10466,
30003,
273,
7051,
12232,
607,
508,
367,
16703,
287,
1250,
304,
4107,
29899,
8942,
265,
322,
422,
371,
297,
278,
17081,
2650,
9097,
6462,
30003,
11102,
316,
1997,
263,
22442,
573,
565,
6060,
451,
5758,
284,
13031,
491,
278,
3303,
3900,
29915,
7271,
297,
18444,
29889,
1205,
825,
756,
445,
304,
437,
411,
278,
20493,
5162,
7844,
310,
21567,
8604,
6368,
29973,
3387,
445,
29901,
18444,
10425,
385,
809,
322,
6296,
304,
278,
26839,
8862,
3721,
278,
23551,
310,
6056,
1230,
5155,
393,
8604,
6368,
471,
7424,
304,
3211,
30003,
2619,
1048,
278,
10462,
322,
22204,
310,
18363,
29892,
1048,
697,
29915,
29879,
10788,
362,
304,
8589,
363,
278,
2106,
29892,
1048,
925,
313,
392,
443,
5143,
29897,
29129,
29892,
1048,
6136,
322,
1209,
573,
17711,
29892,
322,
4475,
13750,
29889,
29906,
29955,
5298,
2534,
777,
3957,
411,
4768,
5275,
29892,
322,
11289,
1224,
29874,
29892,
306,
723,
763,
304,
19957,
23359,
363,
385,
1120,
15647,
19711,
17786,
1048,
920,
306,
2996,
304,
367,
385,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
29889,
1763,
1925,
372,
1999,
1657,
368,
29892,
306,
2355,
964,
445,
1196,
310,
664,
451,
577,
1568,
1363,
306,
471,
427,
314,
14076,
310,
22237,
470,
278,
4955,
310,
7014,
541,
1363,
310,
278,
1370,
297,
18444,
29889,
3645,
278,
5046,
310,
29871,
29896,
29906,
2745,
590,
20183,
1629,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29945,
306,
471,
3058,
393,
306,
5131,
304,
367,
263,
4824,
293,
391,
29892,
322,
1556,
310,
590,
9793,
750,
1063,
10624,
304,
393,
1095,
29889,
1619,
4066,
297,
4955,
322,
22237,
471,
18425,
22078,
304,
278,
4955,
322,
22237,
310,
10466,
29889,
306,
2000,
6142,
263,
13686,
440,
391,
29892,
17878,
20679,
322,
319,
7598,
408,
590,
13444,
267,
29892,
322,
7091,
10579,
11558,
304,
1906,
3109,
261,
27656,
23390,
292,
297,
3109,
261,
325,
457,
29891,
3163,
29889,
306,
471,
29892,
297,
3273,
29892,
1663,
3043,
519,
29889,
1205,
825,
263,
4328,
263,
1370,
3732,
29991,
450,
27289,
310,
2534,
304,
6755,
1546,
2675,
304,
18444,
29892,
2675,
304,
7400,
29892,
470,
2675,
304,
8475,
14953,
630,
278,
3458,
4997,
3730,
29889,
450,
901,
306,
1476,
714,
1048,
278,
1370,
29892,
278,
901,
306,
13112,
372,
304,
367,
1716,
3984,
2543,
2618,
322,
18500,
2559,
519,
29889,
19065,
29892,
372,
471,
1641,
20722,
491,
278,
6460,
29892,
278,
4628,
29892,
322,
278,
443,
287,
1682,
630,
29892,
2846,
310,
6029,
750,
29871,
29906,
29953,
2823,
590,
525,
14689,
25137,
9327,
297,
967,
4918,
4495,
25137,
15228,
742,
297,
435,
29889,
13822,
322,
390,
29889,
922,
10652,
1171,
313,
5779,
9774,
3295,
13326,
457,
322,
5298,
313,
2744,
29876,
826,
4089,
29892,
3375,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29941,
511,
29871,
29906,
29900,
29955,
29899,
29906,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29955,
2823,
341,
29889,
5260,
3298,
29892,
438,
2204,
335,
800,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
511,
322,
3387,
322,
853,
5143,
9149,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29955,
467,
13,
18945,
316,
571,
1860,
29889,
2193,
306,
29892,
769,
263,
8368,
472,
278,
3014,
310,
8046,
29892,
1258,
505,
1316,
263,
316,
571,
358,
6140,
29395,
1466,
373,
967,
3700,
29889,
1281,
1133,
292,
278,
1298,
29892,
278,
7605,
573,
6692,
15502,
304,
1095,
8368,
316,
571,
1860,
322,
21865,
403,
263,
3287,
22005,
1788,
29889,
512,
278,
6839,
603,
29892,
306,
2714,
29892,
306,
1795,
1371,
304,
2654,
1253,
278,
29395,
1466,
2264,
491,
427,
1761,
292,
29936,
541,
445,
723,
884,
1207,
592,
752,
4019,
297,
263,
1370,
393,
6140,
2373,
2705,
443,
5143,
29889,
15950,
2360,
1434,
20050,
263,
6483,
14731,
270,
488,
29885,
655,
306,
750,
2846,
29892,
565,
738,
29892,
7788,
2501,
607,
304,
4216,
29889,
1724,
881,
306,
437,
29973,
6804,
437,
590,
22204,
3804,
29973,
10575,
306,
2304,
590,
5874,
1584,
746,
306,
1348,
967,
24833,
25257,
322,
3984,
2543,
2618,
470,
29892,
15029,
3447,
29892,
2373,
2705,
16126,
29973,
1317,
727,
1554,
763,
263,
13360,
304,
9241,
29973,
306,
1258,
451,
1073,
825,
304,
437,
29892,
470,
1584,
920,
304,
3380,
304,
1348,
29892,
1048,
1316,
12111,
21435,
5155,
29889,
1105,
29892,
2381,
9536,
292,
590,
24967,
29892,
306,
427,
24476,
297,
263,
3031,
18220,
297,
8604,
6368,
30003,
29874,
4967,
306,
750,
6091,
1048,
1434,
541,
750,
18918,
287,
408,
28190,
304,
590,
20017,
30003,
262,
607,
1438,
5155,
892,
304,
367,
15648,
322,
2553,
630,
29889,
1334,
1303,
19122,
542,
793,
29915,
5459,
335,
650,
29892,
1858,
1219,
29915,
29879,
6225,
3002,
322,
315,
9296,
29892,
3037,
3845,
322,
24760,
322,
18199,
29872,
29892,
498,
487,
585,
29892,
16977,
7864,
29891,
29892,
28572,
2918,
29892,
5500,
375,
29892,
322,
6502,
24760,
4088,
313,
15970,
471,
769,
1603,
1407,
1568,
18758,
322,
6136,
29892,
322,
451,
3447,
278,
23511,
7123,
14436,
4316,
540,
756,
1951,
4953,
467,
8680,
5353,
1080,
2768,
393,
3031,
18220,
30003,
392,
5377,
29892,
1549,
278,
591,
29872,
6199,
310,
278,
4646,
30003,
21312,
263,
4266,
5065,
14703,
363,
1784,
310,
502,
29889,
2193,
3031,
18220,
322,
1906,
5353,
1080,
1258,
451,
1207,
592,
11097,
373,
263,
3236,
310,
3158,
29892,
5998,
896,
1258,
1371,
304
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.946291 | 1.127121 | 0.136403 | 1.028092 |
clarify the thinking that went into that decision.28 As it turned out, my interest in political theory did not end there; it grew, it got deeper, and it became my vocation and life's work. But enough of autobiography. I mention my own experience only because it was not, I suspect, unique—nor were such experiences unrelated to the revival of political theory through the 19708. There were, in addition and closely related to the anti-war movement, the earlier and concurrent civil rights and women's movements.29 Political theory prospered to the extent that it dealt with real political problems and the movements that raised and addressed them. In emphasizing the role of such extracurricular activities, however, I do not 28
Other friends made different decisions. Two of their names are now engraved on the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, DC. 29 S. Evans, Personal Politics (New York, 1979).
mean to deny or denigrate the very important contri tions being made within the academy. Political theory received a notable boost in the early 19703 with the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). Unlike some who credit him with having singlehandedly revived political theory, I do not want to exaggerate Rawls's importance, considerable though it was, and is. But I do believe that his thinking about justice had a special importance and appeal for those who had lived through, thought about, and participated in the civil rights and anti-war movements. Despite its awesomely abstract formalisms—the 'original position', the 'veil of ignorance', and the rest—Rawls's theory was nevertheless closely connected with real-world politics. It dealt incisively with pressing questions of rights, duties, and obligations; with the justification of civil disobedience; and, with his wholly original enquiry into intergenerational justice, he spoke to the concerns of the fledgling environmental movement.30 Although—or rather perhaps because—Rawls's theory was subjected to a good deal of critical scrutiny, commentary, and attempted refutation, its publication and reception proved to be an important factor in the revival of political theory within the academy.31 Another, albeit rather different sort of importance must also be ascribed to the historical enquiries of Peter Laslett, John Pocock, Quentin Skinner, John Dunn, and others among the so-called 'new historians' of political thought; to the critical theory of Jurgen Habermas and the revived Frankfurt School; to the role of Ronald Dworkin and others in renewing interest in philosophy of law; and to Michel Foucault's important studies of the institutions (prisons, clinics, asylums) and other means by which modern men and women are constituted and disciplined. The revival of political theory that began in the early 19703 30 J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 284-93. Cf. R. I. Sikora and B. Barry (eds.), Obligations to Future Generations (Philadelphia, 1978); E. Partridge (ed.), Responsibilities to Future Generations (Buffalo, NY, 1981); P. S. Wenz, Environmental Justice (Albany, NY, 1988), ch. ii. 31 See B. Barry, The Liberal Theory of Justice (Oxford, 1973); N. Daniels (ed.), Reading Rawls (New York, 1975); R. Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York, 1974).
was also aided by the appearance of new journals specializing in the subject. The first of these was Interpretation, a journal with decidedly 'Straussian' leanings launched in 1970. This was followed a year later—the same year that saw the publication of Rawls's A Theory of Justice—by Philosophy and Public Affairs, a journal dedicated to the proposition that issues of public concern often have an important philosophical dimension. The new journal's editors wrote that Philosophy & Public Affairs is founded in the belief that a philosophical examination of these issues can contribute to their clarification and to their resolution. It welcomes philosophical discussions of substantive legal, social, and political problems, as well as the more abstract questions to which they give rise. In addition, it expects to publish studies of the
|
[
15544,
278,
7291,
393,
3512,
964,
393,
10608,
29889,
29906,
29947,
1094,
372,
6077,
714,
29892,
590,
4066,
297,
8604,
6368,
1258,
451,
1095,
727,
29936,
372,
13631,
29892,
372,
2355,
25871,
29892,
322,
372,
3897,
590,
7931,
362,
322,
2834,
29915,
29879,
664,
29889,
1205,
3307,
310,
1120,
15647,
5275,
29889,
306,
3585,
590,
1914,
7271,
871,
1363,
372,
471,
451,
29892,
306,
12326,
29892,
5412,
30003,
15459,
892,
1316,
27482,
443,
12817,
304,
278,
6664,
2561,
310,
8604,
6368,
1549,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29947,
29889,
1670,
892,
29892,
297,
6124,
322,
16467,
4475,
304,
278,
9418,
29899,
4495,
10298,
29892,
278,
8859,
322,
21984,
7631,
10462,
322,
5866,
29915,
29879,
24147,
29889,
29906,
29929,
25137,
6368,
25831,
287,
304,
278,
15834,
393,
372,
316,
1997,
411,
1855,
8604,
4828,
322,
278,
24147,
393,
10425,
322,
20976,
963,
29889,
512,
19310,
5281,
278,
6297,
310,
1316,
1294,
945,
1038,
16311,
14188,
29892,
3138,
29892,
306,
437,
451,
29871,
29906,
29947,
13,
16107,
7875,
1754,
1422,
1602,
12112,
29889,
7803,
310,
1009,
2983,
526,
1286,
3033,
336,
1490,
373,
278,
18444,
19722,
297,
7660,
29892,
13681,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29929,
317,
29889,
24056,
29892,
16224,
6934,
1199,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
467,
13,
12676,
304,
972,
29891,
470,
972,
4481,
403,
278,
1407,
4100,
640,
374,
260,
1080,
1641,
1754,
2629,
278,
263,
9567,
29889,
25137,
6368,
4520,
263,
18697,
14505,
297,
278,
4688,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29941,
411,
278,
17745,
310,
2259,
22038,
3137,
29915,
29879,
319,
24134,
310,
17181,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
467,
853,
4561,
777,
1058,
16200,
1075,
411,
2534,
2323,
3179,
23244,
6664,
2347,
8604,
6368,
29892,
306,
437,
451,
864,
304,
429,
9921,
403,
22038,
3137,
29915,
29879,
13500,
29892,
15620,
2466,
372,
471,
29892,
322,
338,
29889,
1205,
306,
437,
4658,
393,
670,
7291,
1048,
15426,
750,
263,
4266,
13500,
322,
25530,
363,
1906,
1058,
750,
10600,
1549,
29892,
2714,
1048,
29892,
322,
25223,
297,
278,
7631,
10462,
322,
9418,
29899,
4495,
24147,
29889,
19454,
967,
3773,
267,
290,
873,
9846,
883,
5711,
1516,
30003,
1552,
525,
13492,
2602,
742,
278,
525,
345,
309,
310,
16245,
749,
742,
322,
278,
1791,
30003,
22131,
3137,
29915,
29879,
6368,
471,
2360,
16561,
16467,
6631,
411,
1855,
29899,
11526,
22661,
29889,
739,
316,
1997,
297,
3476,
3598,
411,
24795,
5155,
310,
10462,
29892,
22204,
29892,
322,
10788,
800,
29936,
411,
278,
925,
2450,
310,
7631,
766,
711,
287,
5597,
29936,
322,
29892,
411,
670,
377,
18368,
2441,
22085,
16129,
964,
1006,
4738,
1288,
15426,
29892,
540,
12707,
304,
278,
21838,
310,
278,
27481,
29887,
1847,
29380,
10298,
29889,
29941,
29900,
8512,
30003,
272,
3265,
6060,
1363,
30003,
22131,
3137,
29915,
29879,
6368,
471,
4967,
287,
304,
263,
1781,
5376,
310,
12187,
14387,
329,
4901,
29892,
3440,
653,
29892,
322,
16388,
2143,
329,
362,
29892,
967,
17745,
322,
25647,
11827,
304,
367,
385,
4100,
7329,
297,
278,
6664,
2561,
310,
8604,
6368,
2629,
278,
263,
9567,
29889,
29941,
29896,
7280,
29892,
394,
6205,
3265,
1422,
2656,
310,
13500,
1818,
884,
367,
408,
23059,
304,
278,
15839,
427,
6578,
2722,
310,
5310,
7413,
13650,
29892,
2259,
349,
542,
1698,
29892,
751,
15440,
4971,
3993,
29892,
2259,
360,
5963,
29892,
322,
4045,
4249,
278,
577,
29899,
13998,
525,
1482,
3603,
5834,
29915,
310,
8604,
2714,
29936,
304,
278,
12187,
6368,
310,
16081,
1885,
15221,
837,
294,
322,
278,
6664,
2347,
16339,
4523,
29936,
304,
278,
6297,
310,
11546,
2741,
360,
1287,
262,
322,
4045,
297,
23011,
292,
4066,
297,
22237,
310,
4307,
29936,
322,
304,
12255,
17787,
1113,
499,
29915,
29879,
4100,
11898,
310,
278,
21561,
313,
558,
14125,
29892,
24899,
1199,
29892,
408,
2904,
6762,
29897,
322,
916,
2794,
491,
607,
5400,
1757,
322,
5866,
526,
20016,
3860,
322,
17119,
1312,
29889,
450,
6664,
2561,
310,
8604,
6368,
393,
4689,
297,
278,
4688,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29941,
29871,
29941,
29900,
435,
29889,
22038,
3137,
29892,
319,
24134,
310,
17181,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
7360,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29896,
511,
29871,
29906,
29947,
29946,
29899,
29929,
29941,
29889,
315,
29888,
29889,
390,
29889,
306,
29889,
317,
638,
2207,
322,
350,
29889,
23032,
313,
5779,
9774,
438,
2204,
335,
800,
304,
16367,
3251,
800,
313,
4819,
309,
11165,
16271,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
416,
382,
29889,
3455,
8605,
313,
287,
9774,
2538,
29886,
787,
747,
9770,
304,
16367,
3251,
800,
313,
29933,
3096,
7003,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
416,
349,
29889,
317,
29889,
399,
4666,
29892,
16738,
284,
17181,
313,
2499,
29890,
1384,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29947,
511,
521,
29889,
13607,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29896,
2823,
350,
29889,
23032,
29892,
450,
25910,
24134,
310,
17181,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
416,
405,
29889,
8432,
29879,
313,
287,
9774,
21439,
22038,
3137,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
416,
390,
29889,
1939,
29920,
860,
29892,
530,
12040,
29892,
4306,
322,
501,
3332,
423,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
467,
13,
11102,
884,
263,
2618,
491,
278,
10097,
310,
716,
21824,
1338,
4266,
5281,
297,
278,
4967,
29889,
450,
937,
310,
1438,
471,
4124,
19819,
362,
29892,
263,
8955,
411,
8459,
368,
525,
855,
336,
1558,
713,
29915,
20793,
886,
15241,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29889,
910,
471,
5643,
263,
1629,
2678,
30003,
1552,
1021,
1629,
393,
4446,
278,
17745,
310,
22038,
3137,
29915,
29879,
319,
24134,
310,
17181,
30003,
1609,
16407,
29891,
322,
5236,
26049,
29892,
263,
8955,
16955,
304,
278,
26619,
393,
5626,
310,
970,
5932,
4049,
505,
385,
4100,
11847,
936,
9927,
29889,
450,
716,
8955,
29915,
29879,
3863,
943,
5456,
393,
16407,
29891,
669,
5236,
26049,
338,
11091,
297,
278,
17750,
393,
263,
11847,
936,
4392,
3381,
310,
1438,
5626,
508,
29126,
304,
1009,
7542,
2450,
322,
304,
1009,
10104,
29889,
739,
5476,
26807,
11847,
936,
5353,
1080,
310,
20446,
573,
11706,
29892,
5264,
29892,
322,
8604,
4828,
29892,
408,
1532,
408,
278,
901,
9846,
5155,
304,
607,
896,
2367,
14451,
29889,
512,
6124,
29892,
372,
23347,
304,
9805,
11898,
310,
278
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.611971 | 1.500883 | 0.55512 | 1.539102 |
moral and intellectual history of such problems.
The aim of this new journal, its editors concluded, was to bring the 'distinctive methods' of philosophy 'to bear on problems that concern everyone'.32 These new journals were joined in 1973 by Political Theory, a journal generally devoted to the sort of political theory done not by philosophers but by those who plied their trade within departments of political science. To review the contents of back issues of that journal is to see how political theory began to be revived and reshaped from the early 19703 on. The first issues were devoted largely, though not exclusively, to the analysis of political concepts such as 'power', 'liberty', 'equality', 'interests', even 'polities' itself. By the mid-1970s interest had shifted toward Rawls and justice, Habermas and critical theory, Marx and neo-Marxism, and other topics. One way of reading these old tea-leaves is that by the mid-1970s or thereabouts theorists had ceased to play the part of handmaid, conceptual clarifier, or 'underlabourer' to the larger discipline of political science, and that political theory was well on the way to developing an identity of its own. But this breaking-away went unrecognized and unappreciated within many departments of political science. In a 1982 editorial, the then-editor of Political Theory, Benjamin Barber, observed rather peevishly that 32
M. Cohen, Philosophy and Public Affairs,
I (1973), I.
Political philosophy continues to nourish within the discipline of political science—for which the discipline remains curiously ungrateful. For a number of years now, political theory panels have outdrawn all others at the American Political Science Association meetings by two to one, and various theory subgroups . . . continue to multiply . . . At the same time, political science seems to have lost its bearings with declining membership in the professional associations and the lost sense of purpose following the demise of the positivist project as conceived in the early 19605 . . . The discipline of political science would serve itself well if it ... paid heed to the message found in the numbers to which it purports to pay homage.33
Exactly what 'message' was to be found in those growing numbers Barber did not say. But one was led to infer that political theory was back, and bolder and more popular than ever. 2.4 TOWARDS THE FUTURE
As measured by Barber's criteria, academic political theory continued to flourish through the 19805 and shows no sign of abating during the closing decade of this century. This turn of fortune is, no doubt, well deserved and long overdue. But this turn towards prosperity and respectability is also troubling in ways and for reasons that I find difficult to articulate in any satisfactory way. Lacking any better way of saying it, let me be blunt in stating a strong and growing suspicion: political theory's new-found pride may presage a fall. Indeed, I see political theory following much the same trajectory that behavioural political science followed from the mid-1950s to the early or mid-1970s. It is by no means impossible that political theory might meet with a similar fate. Several signs, it seems to me, are too obvious to miss. The first troubling sign is to be found in political theory's increasing isolation from its own subject-matter, which it supposedly shares with political science—namely, politics. A second and closely related sign has to do with the growing specialization and professionalization of political theory. A 33
B. R. Barber, Political Theory, 10 (1982), 491.
third danger signal is to be found in political theorists' increasing preoccupation with questions of method and technique. And a fourth sign is discernible in our penchant for engaging in methodological and/or metatheoretical disputes. We are, in short, becoming the sorts of creatures we once criticized. Let me say just a bit more about each of these worries. The best and most profound political theories have been closely connected with politics and have generally been born of crisis. And in today's world there are crises aplenty. But if one takes the table of contents of successive issues of Political Theory as any indication of where political theory is or might be going, one is bound to wonder what is even remotely 'political' about
|
[
14731,
322,
29762,
4955,
310,
1316,
4828,
29889,
13,
1576,
12242,
310,
445,
716,
8955,
29892,
967,
3863,
943,
22834,
29892,
471,
304,
6963,
278,
525,
5721,
5562,
573,
3519,
29915,
310,
22237,
525,
517,
11460,
373,
4828,
393,
5932,
14332,
4286,
29941,
29906,
4525,
716,
21824,
1338,
892,
8772,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
491,
25137,
24134,
29892,
263,
8955,
6892,
24600,
304,
278,
2656,
310,
8604,
6368,
2309,
451,
491,
11847,
414,
541,
491,
1906,
1058,
282,
2957,
1009,
11302,
2629,
5840,
1860,
310,
8604,
10466,
29889,
1763,
9076,
278,
8118,
310,
1250,
5626,
310,
393,
8955,
338,
304,
1074,
920,
8604,
6368,
4689,
304,
367,
6664,
2347,
322,
620,
29882,
10501,
515,
278,
4688,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29941,
373,
29889,
450,
937,
5626,
892,
24600,
18425,
29892,
2466,
451,
13489,
3598,
29892,
304,
278,
7418,
310,
8604,
22001,
1316,
408,
525,
13519,
742,
525,
492,
495,
1017,
742,
525,
13895,
742,
525,
1639,
9197,
742,
1584,
525,
3733,
1907,
29915,
3528,
29889,
2648,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
4066,
750,
9500,
287,
11183,
22038,
3137,
322,
15426,
29892,
15221,
837,
294,
322,
12187,
6368,
29892,
28579,
322,
452,
29877,
29899,
7083,
29916,
1608,
29892,
322,
916,
23820,
29889,
3118,
982,
310,
5183,
1438,
2030,
23429,
29899,
280,
5989,
338,
393,
491,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
470,
727,
12717,
29879,
278,
272,
2879,
750,
24886,
304,
1708,
278,
760,
310,
1361,
655,
333,
29892,
6964,
950,
7542,
3709,
29892,
470,
525,
5062,
8205,
473,
261,
29915,
304,
278,
7200,
29822,
310,
8604,
10466,
29892,
322,
393,
8604,
6368,
471,
1532,
373,
278,
982,
304,
14338,
385,
10110,
310,
967,
1914,
29889,
1205,
445,
16679,
29899,
21694,
3512,
443,
29423,
1891,
322,
443,
932,
4361,
630,
2629,
1784,
5840,
1860,
310,
8604,
10466,
29889,
512,
263,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
6920,
616,
29892,
278,
769,
29899,
15204,
310,
25137,
24134,
29892,
20212,
2261,
495,
29892,
8900,
3265,
1236,
5750,
728,
368,
393,
29871,
29941,
29906,
13,
29924,
29889,
315,
14899,
29892,
16407,
29891,
322,
5236,
26049,
29892,
13,
29902,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
511,
306,
29889,
13,
7713,
277,
936,
22237,
18172,
304,
302,
473,
728,
2629,
278,
29822,
310,
8604,
10466,
30003,
1454,
607,
278,
29822,
9242,
12758,
368,
443,
629,
22279,
29889,
1152,
263,
1353,
310,
2440,
1286,
29892,
8604,
6368,
7243,
1379,
505,
714,
19811,
1233,
599,
4045,
472,
278,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
5870,
886,
491,
1023,
304,
697,
29892,
322,
5164,
6368,
1014,
13155,
869,
869,
869,
6773,
304,
22932,
869,
869,
869,
2180,
278,
1021,
931,
29892,
8604,
10466,
2444,
304,
505,
5714,
967,
11460,
886,
411,
4845,
2827,
28512,
297,
278,
10257,
27733,
322,
278,
5714,
4060,
310,
6437,
1494,
278,
1261,
895,
310,
278,
13686,
440,
391,
2060,
408,
10628,
2347,
297,
278,
4688,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
29945,
869,
869,
869,
450,
29822,
310,
8604,
10466,
723,
9080,
3528,
1532,
565,
372,
2023,
12530,
540,
287,
304,
278,
2643,
1476,
297,
278,
3694,
304,
607,
372,
3708,
4011,
304,
5146,
3632,
482,
29889,
29941,
29941,
13,
1252,
23617,
825,
525,
4906,
29915,
471,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
1906,
15678,
3694,
2261,
495,
1258,
451,
1827,
29889,
1205,
697,
471,
5331,
304,
10115,
393,
8604,
6368,
471,
1250,
29892,
322,
289,
3194,
322,
901,
5972,
1135,
3926,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29946,
7495,
29956,
1718,
8452,
6093,
383,
2692,
11499,
13,
2887,
17005,
491,
2261,
495,
29915,
29879,
16614,
29892,
21567,
8604,
6368,
7572,
304,
1652,
473,
728,
1549,
278,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29900,
29945,
322,
3697,
694,
1804,
310,
633,
1218,
2645,
278,
14382,
316,
6332,
310,
445,
6462,
29889,
910,
2507,
310,
19717,
338,
29892,
694,
7404,
29892,
1532,
553,
9841,
322,
1472,
975,
29123,
29889,
1205,
445,
2507,
7113,
25831,
537,
322,
3390,
3097,
338,
884,
12111,
21435,
297,
5837,
322,
363,
9590,
393,
306,
1284,
5189,
304,
1616,
293,
5987,
297,
738,
5119,
3832,
982,
29889,
365,
547,
292,
738,
2253,
982,
310,
5934,
372,
29892,
1235,
592,
367,
1999,
1657,
297,
23659,
263,
4549,
322,
15678,
8872,
15353,
29901,
8604,
6368,
29915,
29879,
716,
29899,
11940,
24967,
1122,
2225,
482,
263,
6416,
29889,
14598,
29892,
306,
1074,
8604,
6368,
1494,
1568,
278,
1021,
23324,
706,
393,
10468,
284,
8604,
10466,
5643,
515,
278,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29900,
29879,
304,
278,
4688,
470,
7145,
29899,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
29879,
29889,
739,
338,
491,
694,
2794,
9301,
393,
8604,
6368,
1795,
5870,
411,
263,
2788,
23779,
29889,
21882,
18906,
29892,
372,
2444,
304,
592,
29892,
526,
2086,
6924,
304,
3052,
29889,
450,
937,
12111,
21435,
1804,
338,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
8604,
6368,
29915,
29879,
10231,
11695,
362,
515,
967,
1914,
4967,
29899,
29885,
2620,
29892,
607,
372,
7424,
368,
29358,
411,
8604,
10466,
30003,
8588,
873,
29892,
22661,
29889,
319,
1473,
322,
16467,
4475,
1804,
756,
304,
437,
411,
278,
15678,
4266,
2133,
322,
10257,
2133,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
319,
29871,
29941,
29941,
13,
29933,
29889,
390,
29889,
2261,
495,
29892,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
511,
29871,
29946,
29929,
29896,
29889,
13,
22585,
9703,
7182,
338,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29915,
10231,
758,
26601,
411,
5155,
310,
1158,
322,
11043,
29889,
1126,
263,
11582,
1804,
338,
2313,
824,
1821,
297,
1749,
6584,
13775,
363,
3033,
6751,
297,
1158,
5996,
322,
29914,
272,
1539,
271,
354,
12116,
936,
8937,
267,
29889,
1334,
526,
29892,
297,
3273,
29892,
14171,
278,
23551,
310,
907,
3698,
591,
2748,
11164,
1891,
29889,
2803,
592,
1827,
925,
263,
2586,
901,
1048,
1269,
310,
1438,
6365,
2722,
29889,
450,
1900,
322,
1556,
2600,
618,
8604,
25841,
505,
1063,
16467,
6631,
411,
22661,
322,
505,
6892,
1063,
6345,
310,
24161,
29889,
1126,
297,
9826,
29915,
29879,
3186,
727,
526,
2181,
4637,
263,
572,
6478,
29889,
1205,
565,
697,
4893,
278,
1591,
310,
8118,
310,
2551,
573,
5626,
310,
25137,
24134,
408,
738,
4221,
362,
310,
988,
8604,
6368,
338,
470,
1795,
367,
2675,
29892,
697,
338,
3216,
304,
4997,
825,
338,
1584,
1083,
327,
873,
525,
20087,
936,
29915,
1048
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.174524 | 1.054445 | 0.216425 | 1.121693 |
political theory. Even the most careful reader might not suspect that there was a world outside its pages, afflicted with problems unprecedented in scope and severity. One would not know, for example, that there is an environmental crisis of global proportions that raises troubling questions about the rights of, and our duties toward, future generations.34 One might instead infer that there is something called the crisis of 'the constitution of the subject' or of the 'body' and 'desire'. Strangely self-absorbed crises for strangely self-absorbed times. Amidst real destruction—economic, environmental, ethical—we engage in deconstruction. One does not have to be a 'Straussian' to say of much of modern academic political theory what Leo Strauss once said of behavioural political science: 'One may say of it that it fiddles while Rome burns. It is excused by two facts: it does not know that it fiddles, and it does not know that Rome burns.'35 The isolation of political theory from politics doubtless has a good deal to do with the dynamics of professionali/ation in the American academy. Political theory shows every sign of ceasing to be a vocation and of fast becoming a 'profession', with all that this entails about the division of labour, the specialization of functions, and the like. Already we 'theorists' have 'our' specialized organizations—the Foundations of 34 The sole exception is a short note by B. Sandman, 'Do Future Generations have the Right to Breathe Clean Air?', Political Theory, 10 (1982), 95-102. 35 L. Strauss, 'Epilogue' to H. J. Storing (ed.), Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics (New York, 1962), 327.
Political Thought group and the Conference for the Study of Political Thought—and a lengthening list of 'our' journals, including History of Political Thought, Journal of Political Philosophy, and Studies in Political Thought. And we have 'our' panels and round tables at the American Political Science Association and other professional meetings. Such specialization is not altogether a bad thing; it has its advantages, but also, and no less importantly, its disadvantages. Professionalization is a little like moving to the suburbs: one is less likely to be mugged; but one is also less likely to meet new people and more likely to talk only to people like oneself. Pretty soon, the suburb becomes its own little self-contained world—safe, secure, familiar, friendly, and utterly predictable. In 1969 Sheldon Wolin criticized behaviouralists for their 'methodism'—that is, their preoccupation with refining their methods of measurement, statistical techniques, and the like, while giving short shrift to pressing political problems.36 Now, a quarter-century later, the same criticism might well be levelled against many political theorists. We do not, to be sure, do very much measuring (although some of us do apparently keep a careful count of attendance at APSA political-theory panels); but we do, of necessity, interpret texts. And so some of our methodological disputes tend, perhaps understandably, to rage around methods and techniques of 'reading' or textual interpretation.37 Historical 'contextualists' dispute with 'textualists' of various stripes, while postmodernists turn everything—wars, revolutions, gender relations—into 'texts' to be deconstructed. The latter seems to have gained some ground of late. Some have welcomed this development, while others, myself included, have doubts and reservations aplenty. The former view is well represented by William E. Connolly, the very able former editor of Political Theory. He points with pride to 'young scholars [who] present exotic imports such as ... deconstruction, dialogical analysis, genealogy, or intertextuality, as if these orientations were part of an ongoing conversation somewhere or other'.38 That 'somewhere', as it turns out, is not any politically pertinent site but is confined 36 37 38
S. Wolin, 'Political Theory as a Vocation', APSR 63 (1969), 1062-83. See Ch. i above. W. E. Connolly, Political Theory, 17 (1989), 4.
to an
|
[
8604,
6368,
29889,
7753,
278,
1556,
16010,
9591,
1795,
451,
12326,
393,
727,
471,
263,
3186,
5377,
967,
6515,
29892,
2756,
506,
9446,
411,
4828,
443,
1457,
1133,
14927,
297,
6874,
322,
2775,
537,
29889,
3118,
723,
451,
1073,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
393,
727,
338,
385,
29380,
24161,
310,
5534,
12098,
1080,
393,
1153,
4637,
12111,
21435,
5155,
1048,
278,
10462,
310,
29892,
322,
1749,
22204,
11183,
29892,
5434,
1176,
800,
29889,
29941,
29946,
3118,
1795,
2012,
10115,
393,
727,
338,
1554,
2000,
278,
24161,
310,
525,
1552,
16772,
310,
278,
4967,
29915,
470,
310,
278,
525,
2587,
29915,
322,
525,
2783,
533,
4286,
3767,
574,
873,
1583,
29899,
6897,
272,
2580,
2181,
4637,
363,
851,
574,
873,
1583,
29899,
6897,
272,
2580,
3064,
29889,
1913,
333,
303,
1855,
22104,
30003,
29872,
4599,
293,
29892,
29380,
29892,
11314,
936,
30003,
705,
3033,
482,
297,
316,
3075,
4080,
29889,
3118,
947,
451,
505,
304,
367,
263,
525,
855,
336,
1558,
713,
29915,
304,
1827,
310,
1568,
310,
5400,
21567,
8604,
6368,
825,
22533,
7357,
1558,
2748,
1497,
310,
10468,
284,
8604,
10466,
29901,
525,
6716,
1122,
1827,
310,
372,
393,
372,
285,
2205,
793,
1550,
9184,
12138,
29879,
29889,
739,
338,
5566,
3880,
491,
1023,
17099,
29901,
372,
947,
451,
1073,
393,
372,
285,
2205,
793,
29892,
322,
372,
947,
451,
1073,
393,
9184,
12138,
29879,
6169,
29941,
29945,
450,
11695,
362,
310,
8604,
6368,
515,
22661,
7404,
2222,
756,
263,
1781,
5376,
304,
437,
411,
278,
19753,
310,
6351,
2606,
29914,
362,
297,
278,
3082,
263,
9567,
29889,
25137,
6368,
3697,
1432,
1804,
310,
2257,
5832,
304,
367,
263,
7931,
362,
322,
310,
5172,
14171,
263,
525,
23221,
1211,
742,
411,
599,
393,
445,
875,
2234,
1048,
278,
8542,
310,
23390,
29892,
278,
4266,
2133,
310,
3168,
29892,
322,
278,
763,
29889,
838,
2040,
591,
525,
1552,
272,
2879,
29915,
505,
525,
473,
29915,
4266,
1891,
25700,
30003,
1552,
7460,
800,
310,
29871,
29941,
29946,
450,
14419,
3682,
338,
263,
3273,
4443,
491,
350,
29889,
8564,
1171,
29892,
525,
6132,
16367,
3251,
800,
505,
278,
10428,
304,
5826,
271,
354,
315,
14044,
5593,
29973,
742,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29900,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
511,
29871,
29929,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29945,
365,
29889,
7357,
1558,
29892,
525,
29923,
29886,
26140,
434,
29915,
304,
379,
29889,
435,
29889,
624,
8253,
313,
287,
9774,
11044,
1036,
373,
278,
23753,
928,
29301,
310,
6934,
1199,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29906,
511,
29871,
29941,
29906,
29955,
29889,
13,
7713,
277,
936,
498,
1774,
2318,
322,
278,
16377,
363,
278,
29301,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
30003,
392,
263,
3309,
8333,
1051,
310,
525,
473,
29915,
21824,
1338,
29892,
3704,
5298,
310,
25137,
498,
1774,
29892,
8237,
310,
25137,
16407,
29891,
29892,
322,
16972,
297,
25137,
498,
1774,
29889,
1126,
591,
505,
525,
473,
29915,
7243,
1379,
322,
4513,
6131,
472,
278,
3082,
25137,
9327,
7993,
322,
916,
10257,
5870,
886,
29889,
10506,
4266,
2133,
338,
451,
19148,
263,
4319,
2655,
29936,
372,
756,
967,
25486,
29892,
541,
884,
29892,
322,
694,
3109,
4100,
368,
29892,
967,
766,
17263,
19771,
29889,
20031,
2133,
338,
263,
2217,
763,
8401,
304,
278,
1014,
332,
5824,
29901,
697,
338,
3109,
5517,
304,
367,
286,
688,
3192,
29936,
541,
697,
338,
884,
3109,
5517,
304,
5870,
716,
2305,
322,
901,
5517,
304,
5193,
871,
304,
2305,
763,
6743,
761,
29889,
4721,
4349,
4720,
29892,
278,
1014,
9265,
7415,
967,
1914,
2217,
1583,
29899,
1285,
7114,
3186,
30003,
11177,
29892,
11592,
29892,
9985,
29892,
19780,
29892,
322,
14401,
368,
8500,
519,
29889,
512,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
1383,
2495,
265,
11902,
262,
11164,
1891,
10468,
284,
2879,
363,
1009,
525,
5696,
1608,
29915,
30003,
5747,
338,
29892,
1009,
758,
26601,
411,
2143,
2827,
1009,
3519,
310,
20039,
29892,
24148,
13698,
29892,
322,
278,
763,
29892,
1550,
6820,
3273,
528,
7532,
304,
24795,
8604,
4828,
29889,
29941,
29953,
2567,
29892,
263,
12616,
29899,
27371,
2678,
29892,
278,
1021,
29035,
1795,
1532,
367,
3233,
839,
2750,
1784,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29889,
1334,
437,
451,
29892,
304,
367,
1854,
29892,
437,
1407,
1568,
7540,
3864,
313,
26492,
777,
310,
502,
437,
13229,
3013,
263,
16010,
2302,
310,
14333,
749,
472,
319,
7024,
29909,
8604,
29899,
14138,
7243,
1379,
416,
541,
591,
437,
29892,
310,
24316,
29892,
6613,
26442,
29889,
1126,
577,
777,
310,
1749,
1158,
5996,
8937,
267,
10331,
29892,
6060,
2274,
2197,
29892,
304,
1153,
479,
2820,
3519,
322,
13698,
310,
525,
19715,
29915,
470,
1426,
950,
19854,
29889,
29941,
29955,
20315,
525,
4703,
950,
2879,
29915,
28447,
411,
525,
726,
950,
2879,
29915,
310,
5164,
10076,
5547,
29892,
1550,
1400,
1545,
824,
2879,
2507,
4129,
30003,
29893,
1503,
29892,
19479,
29879,
29892,
23346,
5302,
30003,
8941,
525,
726,
29879,
29915,
304,
367,
316,
11433,
287,
29889,
450,
7480,
2444,
304,
505,
17515,
777,
5962,
310,
5683,
29889,
3834,
505,
5476,
510,
287,
445,
5849,
29892,
1550,
4045,
29892,
6142,
5134,
29892,
505,
27455,
1372,
322,
620,
6972,
800,
263,
572,
6478,
29889,
450,
4642,
1776,
338,
1532,
9875,
491,
4667,
382,
29889,
1281,
29876,
18368,
29892,
278,
1407,
2221,
4642,
6920,
310,
25137,
24134,
29889,
940,
3291,
411,
24967,
304,
525,
6293,
865,
1364,
324,
1503,
518,
15970,
29962,
2198,
429,
13574,
24802,
1316,
408,
2023,
316,
3075,
4080,
29892,
7928,
936,
7418,
29892,
18530,
284,
6933,
29892,
470,
1006,
726,
950,
537,
29892,
408,
565,
1438,
7769,
800,
892,
760,
310,
385,
373,
17696,
14983,
9051,
470,
916,
4286,
29941,
29947,
2193,
525,
5372,
3062,
742,
408,
372,
12169,
714,
29892,
338,
451,
738,
2832,
1711,
13499,
8946,
3268,
541,
338,
1970,
1312,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29871,
29941,
29955,
29871,
29941,
29947,
13,
29903,
29889,
11902,
262,
29892,
525,
7713,
277,
936,
24134,
408,
263,
478,
10610,
742,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29953,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29929,
511,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29953,
29906,
29899,
29947,
29941,
29889,
2823,
678,
29889,
474,
2038,
29889,
399,
29889,
382,
29889,
1281,
29876,
18368,
29892,
25137,
24134,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29955,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29929,
511,
29871,
29946,
29889,
13,
517,
385
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.601103 | 1.163459 | -0.32737 | 0.815593 |
increasingly inbred, self-important, and self-absorbed academy. Postmodernism and other 'exotic imports' are not without their value, of course, nor do they want for critics. John Searle, for one, has said of deconstruction that 'This is the kind of philosophy that could give bullshit a bad name.'39 One need not be as nasty as Professor Searle to have reservations about this particular import. One can even appreciate its initial appeal, at least in France, where the lycee system has long dictated not only what the canon is to consist of but what each of its constituent texts 'mean', sentence by sentence and word by word. If as a student I were told that—on pain of failing the baccalaureat examination—there is one and only one way to read or interpret Rousseau or Balzac or Victor Hugo, then I, too, would rebel. And if I had been taught, as French university students once were, that 'structure' fait tout—that meaning (and much else) was structurally (over)determined—then I would no doubt deconstruct and talk about 'the free play of signifiers' and such like. But I am not a Frenchman, nor did I receive a French education. Nor, for that matter, did most self-styled postmodernists among American political theorists. Which is why their way of approaching political theory has an ethereal, free-floating quality that makes it ideal for an esoteric academic hot-house but ill suits it for engagement with a world full of real political problems. For my part, I confess that postmodernism, or at least the version transplanted into the American academy, strikes me as remarkably unworldly, not to say profoundly aor anti-political. Indeed, it seems to be a kind of intellectual autism which leads those thus afflicted to fantasize that they can dispense with discipline and remake the world in their own image. Their logic would appear to lend itself to succinct syllogistic reformulation: I have the power to interpret texts as I like; all the world's a text; ergo, the world is within my power. Right; and if wishes were horses, beggars would ride. But this is not the place to criticize postmodernism, poststructuralism, deconstruction, or any other particular perspective. My aim here is not to say where political theory should 39
J. Searle, 'On Deconstruction', New York Review, 30 (1983), 74-9.
not go, but where it might and perhaps should go as we prepare to enter the twenty-first century. I therefore want to conclude on a more positive note by briefly tracing three possible and complementary routes that we might follow into the next century. First, I believe that political theory can, and should, return to its rightful role. That role is not to ape the latest fad from Frankfurt or Paris, but to draw upon all available sources in reviewing, appraising, criticizing, and perchance occasionally appreciating, the arrangements of one's own society. As it happens, we students of political theory are especially fortunate in having at our disposal an extraordinarily wide and rich range of sources. The greatest of these is, I believe—and I am well aware of the arguments against this contentious claim—the tradition of Western political thought itself. Warts and all, it is the most valuable source upon which we have to draw. If you ask, why draw upon such a flawed source?, I can only answer: because there is no other—and certainly no perfect—alternative. There exists no Archimedean point outside our world, no Cartesian cogito, no ideal observer's vantagepoint from which to perceive and pass judgement on our world and its inhabitants' actions and practices. We can only work with, and on, materials already at hand. It is ironic, to say the least, that, as some Westerners increasingly ignore, deny or denigrate their heritage, many non-Westerners are eager to appropriate what they can from our tradition of individual rights, of freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and the like. No doubt they have something to learn from us; but so, I think, do we have a good deal to learn from them and their aspirations—and from their attitude toward political theory, which they take to be of immediate and immense importance. This brings me to my second hopeful route into the future. An otherwise sympathetic reader might concede that (say) the Chinese are
|
[
10231,
368,
297,
1030,
29881,
29892,
1583,
29899,
17001,
29892,
322,
1583,
29899,
6897,
272,
2580,
263,
9567,
29889,
4918,
1545,
824,
1608,
322,
916,
525,
735,
13574,
24802,
29915,
526,
451,
1728,
1009,
995,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
3643,
437,
896,
864,
363,
28431,
29889,
2259,
317,
799,
280,
29892,
363,
697,
29892,
756,
1497,
310,
316,
3075,
4080,
393,
525,
4013,
338,
278,
2924,
310,
22237,
393,
1033,
2367,
289,
913,
845,
277,
263,
4319,
1024,
6169,
29941,
29929,
3118,
817,
451,
367,
408,
11777,
29891,
408,
11386,
317,
799,
280,
304,
505,
620,
6972,
800,
1048,
445,
3153,
1053,
29889,
3118,
508,
1584,
11188,
967,
2847,
25530,
29892,
472,
3203,
297,
3444,
29892,
988,
278,
21261,
346,
29872,
1788,
756,
1472,
9657,
630,
451,
871,
825,
278,
15355,
338,
304,
5718,
310,
541,
825,
1269,
310,
967,
10719,
296,
26442,
525,
12676,
742,
10541,
491,
10541,
322,
1734,
491,
1734,
29889,
960,
408,
263,
8368,
306,
892,
5429,
393,
30003,
265,
6788,
310,
17581,
278,
289,
562,
9256,
545,
271,
4392,
3381,
30003,
12711,
338,
697,
322,
871,
697,
982,
304,
1303,
470,
6613,
390,
681,
14654,
470,
7392,
29920,
562,
470,
12684,
20650,
29892,
769,
306,
29892,
2086,
29892,
723,
337,
6596,
29889,
1126,
565,
306,
750,
1063,
16187,
29892,
408,
5176,
16372,
8041,
2748,
892,
29892,
393,
525,
23905,
29915,
5246,
5646,
30003,
5747,
6593,
313,
392,
1568,
1683,
29897,
471,
2281,
332,
635,
313,
957,
29897,
4801,
837,
1312,
30003,
6098,
306,
723,
694,
7404,
316,
11433,
322,
5193,
1048,
525,
1552,
3889,
1708,
310,
1804,
14903,
29915,
322,
1316,
763,
29889,
1205,
306,
626,
451,
263,
5176,
1171,
29892,
3643,
1258,
306,
7150,
263,
5176,
9793,
29889,
4186,
29892,
363,
393,
4383,
29892,
1258,
1556,
1583,
29899,
22062,
839,
1400,
1545,
824,
2879,
4249,
3082,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29889,
8449,
338,
2020,
1009,
982,
310,
28702,
8604,
6368,
756,
385,
11314,
406,
284,
29892,
3889,
29899,
29888,
417,
1218,
11029,
393,
3732,
372,
10839,
363,
385,
831,
17084,
293,
21567,
7375,
29899,
8697,
541,
4486,
480,
1169,
372,
363,
3033,
5049,
411,
263,
3186,
2989,
310,
1855,
8604,
4828,
29889,
1152,
590,
760,
29892,
306,
1970,
404,
393,
1400,
1545,
824,
1608,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
278,
1873,
1301,
572,
9714,
964,
278,
3082,
263,
9567,
29892,
19492,
267,
592,
408,
8509,
2197,
443,
11526,
368,
29892,
451,
304,
1827,
2600,
618,
368,
263,
272,
9418,
29899,
20087,
936,
29889,
14598,
29892,
372,
2444,
304,
367,
263,
2924,
310,
29762,
1120,
1608,
607,
11981,
1906,
4550,
2756,
506,
9446,
304,
13568,
294,
675,
393,
896,
508,
12272,
1947,
411,
29822,
322,
337,
5675,
278,
3186,
297,
1009,
1914,
1967,
29889,
11275,
5900,
723,
2615,
304,
301,
355,
3528,
304,
8348,
5562,
269,
2904,
1188,
4695,
11736,
2785,
29901,
306,
505,
278,
3081,
304,
6613,
26442,
408,
306,
763,
29936,
599,
278,
3186,
29915,
29879,
263,
1426,
29936,
604,
1484,
29892,
278,
3186,
338,
2629,
590,
3081,
29889,
10428,
29936,
322,
565,
28688,
892,
15100,
29892,
25945,
1503,
723,
22203,
29889,
1205,
445,
338,
451,
278,
2058,
304,
11164,
675,
1400,
1545,
824,
1608,
29892,
1400,
4984,
3631,
1608,
29892,
316,
3075,
4080,
29892,
470,
738,
916,
3153,
18520,
29889,
1619,
12242,
1244,
338,
451,
304,
1827,
988,
8604,
6368,
881,
29871,
29941,
29929,
13,
29967,
29889,
317,
799,
280,
29892,
525,
2951,
897,
3075,
4080,
742,
1570,
3088,
13957,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29900,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29941,
511,
29871,
29955,
29946,
29899,
29929,
29889,
13,
1333,
748,
29892,
541,
988,
372,
1795,
322,
6060,
881,
748,
408,
591,
19012,
304,
3896,
278,
10081,
29899,
4102,
6462,
29889,
306,
5480,
864,
304,
17668,
373,
263,
901,
6374,
4443,
491,
23359,
16703,
292,
2211,
1950,
322,
19595,
653,
12049,
393,
591,
1795,
1101,
964,
278,
2446,
6462,
29889,
3824,
29892,
306,
4658,
393,
8604,
6368,
508,
29892,
322,
881,
29892,
736,
304,
967,
1492,
1319,
6297,
29889,
2193,
6297,
338,
451,
304,
263,
412,
278,
9281,
285,
328,
515,
16339,
470,
3681,
29892,
541,
304,
4216,
2501,
599,
3625,
8974,
297,
9076,
292,
29892,
623,
336,
5921,
29892,
11164,
5281,
29892,
322,
639,
305,
749,
23025,
5108,
1218,
29892,
278,
15196,
4110,
310,
697,
29915,
29879,
1914,
12459,
29889,
1094,
372,
5930,
29892,
591,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
526,
7148,
5162,
348,
403,
297,
2534,
472,
1749,
11549,
284,
385,
4805,
4194,
6275,
9377,
322,
8261,
3464,
310,
8974,
29889,
450,
14176,
310,
1438,
338,
29892,
306,
4658,
30003,
392,
306,
626,
1532,
9543,
310,
278,
6273,
2750,
445,
2793,
2738,
5995,
30003,
1552,
11399,
310,
10504,
8604,
2714,
3528,
29889,
399,
5708,
322,
599,
29892,
372,
338,
278,
1556,
21114,
2752,
2501,
607,
591,
505,
304,
4216,
29889,
960,
366,
2244,
29892,
2020,
4216,
2501,
1316,
263,
17422,
8734,
2752,
14579,
306,
508,
871,
1234,
29901,
1363,
727,
338,
694,
916,
30003,
392,
8959,
694,
4922,
30003,
26123,
1230,
29889,
1670,
4864,
694,
2595,
326,
2742,
273,
1298,
5377,
1749,
3186,
29892,
694,
12370,
18970,
274,
468,
2049,
29892,
694,
10839,
22944,
29915,
29879,
325,
8501,
3149,
515,
607,
304,
17189,
573,
322,
1209,
6577,
29887,
882,
373,
1749,
3186,
322,
967,
19681,
29915,
8820,
322,
23274,
29889,
1334,
508,
871,
664,
411,
29892,
322,
373,
29892,
17279,
2307,
472,
1361,
29889,
739,
338,
3805,
8927,
29892,
304,
1827,
278,
3203,
29892,
393,
29892,
408,
777,
10504,
414,
10231,
368,
11455,
29892,
972,
29891,
470,
972,
4481,
403,
1009,
902,
16639,
29892,
1784,
1661,
29899,
16128,
824,
414,
526,
19888,
304,
8210,
825,
896,
508,
515,
1749,
11399,
310,
5375,
10462,
29892,
310,
3005,
287,
4835,
310,
12032,
29892,
3965,
29892,
11470,
29892,
322,
278,
763,
29889,
1939,
7404,
896,
505,
1554,
304,
5110,
515,
502,
29936,
541,
577,
29892,
306,
1348,
29892,
437,
591,
505,
263,
1781,
5376,
304,
5110,
515,
963,
322,
1009,
7051,
381,
800,
30003,
392,
515,
1009,
26309,
11183,
8604,
6368,
29892,
607,
896,
2125,
304,
367,
310,
16800,
322,
29403,
13500,
29889,
910,
23522,
592,
304,
590,
1473,
4966,
1319,
5782,
964,
278,
5434,
29889,
530,
6467,
17520,
7492,
9591,
1795,
27943,
29872,
393,
313,
20834,
29897,
278,
10013,
526
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.337548 | 1.220561 | -0.6302 | 0.58412 |
faced with crises worthy of theoretical reflection, but that we are not so situated. Setting aside the comfortable but questionable assumption that we are as democratic as can be, there remain a number of crises which academic political theorists have, as yet, failed to recognize as worthy of theoretical attention and treatment. One that I mentioned earlier—
that interconnected series of actual and potential disasters that often goes under the name of the environmental crisis—raises a whole host of questions to which we have so far paid scant attention. It raises questions about who we are and where we belong in the order of nature; about our obligations to other people, including the members of other cultures and unborn future generations; about our conceptions of private property and profit; and about the strengths, shortcomings, and limitations of our institutions and of the moral, political, economic, and religious traditions that we have inherited from thinkers long dead. And this we need to do not merely because these matters are interesting to a few odd-ball theorists, but because they are of pressing importance to all of us, as moral agents, as citizens, and as political enquirers.40 This is 'first-order' theorizing with a vengeance. My third route to the future is concerned with the last of these roles. To put it simply, the questions of political theory are too important to be left to those who call themselves, or are conventionally classified as, political theorists. We theorists have no corner on wisdom or insight. If we are to speak knowledgeably about and intervene intelligently in the crises of our time, we will need at least some of the sensibilities of those among our fellow political enquirers who are conventionally classified as 'empirical' political scientists. We—and I do not use the pronoun lightly—are in desperate need of each others' talents, techniques, and sensibilities. But if we are to get together, then we must overcome a number of old obstacles, many of which are legacies of the older behaviouralism and of the anti-behaviouralist reaction. Old rifts are not bridged easily or without effort. But let me suggest one possible way of shouting across, and perchance bridging, a longstanding divide between two camps which have more in common than they might otherwise suspect. The conventional curricular division of labour assigns to theorists the task of tracing and accounting for ideas, ideals, and beliefs, and leaves to empirical enquirers the task of describing and explaining the actual behaviour of political 40 See R. E. Goodin, Green Political Theory (Cambridge, 1992); Wenz, Environmental Justice', R. Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory (Albany, NY, 1992).
agents. This division of labour suggests that there are two quite separate domains, one of thought or 'theory' and the other of action or 'behaviour', each of which can be characterized without reference to the other. But this picture is patently false. The agent who holds certain beliefs is not separable from the agent who acts. In fact, his or her actions are not even describable without reference to his or her beliefs, and vice versa. Thus the hope of devising a science of political 'behaviour' was every bit as misbegotten as was a detached 'history of political thought'. And this, as we so often see, is a truth more readily recognizable if we look to the past. As Alasdair Maclntyre reminds us, There ought not to be two histories, one of political and moral action and one of political and moral theorising, because there were not two pasts, one populated only by actions and the other by theories. Every action is the bearer and expression of more or less theory-laden beliefs and concepts; every piece of theorising and every expression of belief is a political and moral action. It is only because of the peculiar 'habits of mind engendered by our modern academic curriculum', he adds, that we have arrived at the mistaken belief 'that ideas are endowed with a falsely independent life of their own on the one hand and political and social action is presented as peculiarly mindless on the other'.41 Thus the 'ideas' or 'beliefs' studied by the theorist and the 'behaviour' studied by the political scientist are not two things, but one. Let me give a brief example of how this might work in practice. Consider the concept of interest, which (along perhaps with power) is surely one of the central notions in the
|
[
20050,
411,
2181,
4637,
24717,
310,
23399,
17842,
29892,
541,
393,
591,
526,
451,
577,
24046,
29889,
21605,
17786,
278,
25561,
541,
1139,
519,
11833,
393,
591,
526,
408,
1261,
8415,
2454,
408,
508,
367,
29892,
727,
3933,
263,
1353,
310,
2181,
4637,
607,
21567,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
505,
29892,
408,
3447,
29892,
5229,
304,
18720,
408,
24717,
310,
23399,
8570,
322,
14502,
29889,
3118,
393,
306,
5276,
8859,
30003,
13,
5747,
1006,
18045,
3652,
310,
3935,
322,
7037,
766,
1901,
29879,
393,
4049,
5771,
1090,
278,
1024,
310,
278,
29380,
24161,
30003,
336,
4637,
263,
3353,
3495,
310,
5155,
304,
607,
591,
505,
577,
2215,
12530,
885,
424,
8570,
29889,
739,
1153,
4637,
5155,
1048,
1058,
591,
526,
322,
988,
591,
6852,
297,
278,
1797,
310,
5469,
29936,
1048,
1749,
10788,
800,
304,
916,
2305,
29892,
3704,
278,
5144,
310,
916,
4185,
1973,
322,
443,
4939,
5434,
1176,
800,
29936,
1048,
1749,
26192,
29879,
310,
2024,
2875,
322,
21665,
29936,
322,
1048,
278,
9324,
29879,
29892,
3273,
510,
886,
29892,
322,
27028,
310,
1749,
21561,
322,
310,
278,
14731,
29892,
8604,
29892,
17407,
29892,
322,
12962,
3534,
2187,
393,
591,
505,
23878,
515,
1348,
414,
1472,
7123,
29889,
1126,
445,
591,
817,
304,
437,
451,
13586,
1363,
1438,
13750,
526,
8031,
304,
263,
2846,
7736,
29899,
2135,
278,
272,
2879,
29892,
541,
1363,
896,
526,
310,
24795,
13500,
304,
599,
310,
502,
29892,
408,
14731,
19518,
29892,
408,
18363,
29892,
322,
408,
8604,
22085,
381,
414,
29889,
29946,
29900,
910,
338,
525,
4102,
29899,
2098,
29915,
278,
272,
5281,
411,
263,
6003,
479,
749,
29889,
1619,
4654,
5782,
304,
278,
5434,
338,
15041,
411,
278,
1833,
310,
1438,
16178,
29889,
1763,
1925,
372,
3763,
29892,
278,
5155,
310,
8604,
6368,
526,
2086,
4100,
304,
367,
2175,
304,
1906,
1058,
1246,
6053,
29892,
470,
526,
15687,
635,
770,
2164,
408,
29892,
8604,
278,
272,
2879,
29889,
1334,
278,
272,
2879,
505,
694,
11155,
373,
29714,
470,
25483,
29889,
960,
591,
526,
304,
7726,
7134,
2197,
1048,
322,
26314,
29872,
13052,
2705,
297,
278,
2181,
4637,
310,
1749,
931,
29892,
591,
674,
817,
472,
3203,
777,
310,
278,
4771,
747,
9770,
310,
1906,
4249,
1749,
10404,
8604,
22085,
381,
414,
1058,
526,
15687,
635,
770,
2164,
408,
525,
3451,
381,
936,
29915,
8604,
9638,
2879,
29889,
1334,
30003,
392,
306,
437,
451,
671,
278,
11504,
1309,
3578,
368,
30003,
598,
297,
553,
21194,
817,
310,
1269,
4045,
29915,
5969,
1237,
29892,
13698,
29892,
322,
4771,
747,
9770,
29889,
1205,
565,
591,
526,
304,
679,
4208,
29892,
769,
591,
1818,
25688,
263,
1353,
310,
2030,
14979,
23435,
29892,
1784,
310,
607,
526,
2814,
29874,
2478,
310,
278,
9642,
10468,
284,
1608,
322,
310,
278,
9418,
29899,
915,
8708,
8975,
284,
391,
19848,
29889,
8198,
17018,
1372,
526,
451,
28635,
3192,
5948,
470,
1728,
7225,
29889,
1205,
1235,
592,
4368,
697,
1950,
982,
310,
21272,
292,
4822,
29892,
322,
639,
305,
749,
28635,
3460,
29892,
263,
1472,
11235,
16429,
1546,
1023,
3949,
567,
607,
505,
901,
297,
3619,
1135,
896,
1795,
6467,
12326,
29889,
450,
28557,
16256,
16311,
8542,
310,
23390,
3566,
29879,
304,
278,
272,
2879,
278,
3414,
310,
16703,
292,
322,
3633,
292,
363,
7014,
29892,
1957,
1338,
29892,
322,
17750,
29879,
29892,
322,
11308,
304,
29190,
936,
22085,
381,
414,
278,
3414,
310,
20766,
322,
24232,
278,
3935,
10468,
310,
8604,
29871,
29946,
29900,
2823,
390,
29889,
382,
29889,
7197,
262,
29892,
7646,
25137,
24134,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
416,
399,
4666,
29892,
16738,
284,
17181,
742,
390,
29889,
382,
384,
414,
2330,
29892,
16738,
284,
1608,
322,
25137,
24134,
313,
2499,
29890,
1384,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29929,
29906,
467,
13,
351,
1237,
29889,
910,
8542,
310,
23390,
14661,
393,
727,
526,
1023,
3755,
5004,
21904,
29892,
697,
310,
2714,
470,
525,
14138,
29915,
322,
278,
916,
310,
3158,
470,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
742,
1269,
310,
607,
508,
367,
2931,
1891,
1728,
3407,
304,
278,
916,
29889,
1205,
445,
7623,
338,
2373,
2705,
2089,
29889,
450,
10823,
1058,
8640,
3058,
17750,
29879,
338,
451,
2903,
519,
515,
278,
10823,
1058,
14741,
29889,
512,
2114,
29892,
670,
470,
902,
8820,
526,
451,
1584,
2342,
29890,
519,
1728,
3407,
304,
670,
470,
902,
17750,
29879,
29892,
322,
11289,
1224,
29874,
29889,
6549,
278,
4966,
310,
316,
1730,
292,
263,
10466,
310,
8604,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
29915,
471,
1432,
2586,
408,
3984,
28060,
327,
841,
408,
471,
263,
1439,
3791,
525,
18434,
310,
8604,
2714,
4286,
1126,
445,
29892,
408,
591,
577,
4049,
1074,
29892,
338,
263,
8760,
901,
28520,
5936,
13902,
565,
591,
1106,
304,
278,
4940,
29889,
1094,
838,
294,
1388,
381,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
1083,
12772,
502,
29892,
1670,
12722,
451,
304,
367,
1023,
3603,
583,
29892,
697,
310,
8604,
322,
14731,
3158,
322,
697,
310,
8604,
322,
14731,
278,
272,
5921,
29892,
1363,
727,
892,
451,
1023,
4940,
29879,
29892,
697,
24146,
871,
491,
8820,
322,
278,
916,
491,
25841,
29889,
7569,
3158,
338,
278,
11460,
261,
322,
4603,
310,
901,
470,
3109,
6368,
29899,
4528,
264,
17750,
29879,
322,
22001,
29936,
1432,
8424,
310,
278,
272,
5921,
322,
1432,
4603,
310,
17750,
338,
263,
8604,
322,
14731,
3158,
29889,
739,
338,
871,
1363,
310,
278,
18036,
525,
7308,
1169,
310,
3458,
3033,
1581,
287,
491,
1749,
5400,
21567,
16256,
12906,
398,
742,
540,
12778,
29892,
393,
591,
505,
11977,
472,
278,
25257,
17750,
525,
5747,
7014,
526,
1095,
20937,
411,
263,
285,
1338,
873,
7417,
2834,
310,
1009,
1914,
373,
278,
697,
1361,
322,
8604,
322,
5264,
3158,
338,
9132,
408,
18036,
368,
3458,
2222,
373,
278,
916,
4286,
29946,
29896,
6549,
278,
525,
680,
294,
29915,
470,
525,
6596,
2575,
29879,
29915,
12399,
491,
278,
278,
272,
391,
322,
278,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
29915,
12399,
491,
278,
8604,
9638,
391,
526,
451,
1023,
2712,
29892,
541,
697,
29889,
2803,
592,
2367,
263,
11473,
1342,
310,
920,
445,
1795,
664,
297,
6944,
29889,
10056,
278,
6964,
310,
4066,
29892,
607,
313,
284,
549,
6060,
411,
3081,
29897,
338,
18880,
697,
310,
278,
6555,
451,
1080,
297,
278
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.628273 | 1.776013 | 0.128333 | 1.77184 |
social sciences generally, and political science in particular. Political scientists and other social scientists and historians typically explain why someone acts as they do (or did) because they have or seek to satisfy certain interests. But what an actor takes to be in his or her interest depends upon beliefs about what is and is not good for or beneficial to him or her. What one believes to be in one's interest depends upon one's ideas about what human flourishing consists of and what is required to bring it about. And these beliefs can be well or 41
A. Maclntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame, Ind., 1981), 58.
ill-founded, valid or invalid: one can, that is, hold mistaken beliefs about what is (not) in one's interest. (This of course comes as no surprise to anyone who has read and reflected upon the exchange between Socrates and Thrasymachus in Book I of Plato's Republic.) But, mistaken or no, political actors interpret their situation in the light of these beliefs and ideas, and act accordingly. The social scientist in turn interprets or explains that behaviour by noting that the actor had certain interests—i.e. held certain beliefs about what is good for him or her—and acted on the basis of those beliefs.42 Thus 'ideas' or 'beliefs' are inseparable from 'behaviour', and vice versa. It is assuredly not the case that the former are the province of the political theorist and the latter that of the political scientist. To appreciate this interdependence is to pave the way, perhaps, for a rapprochement between political 'theory' and political 'science'. 2.5 A CONCLUDING RETRACTION In this spirit, then, let me conclude by reiterating and then withdrawing my earlier distinction between first- and secondorder theorizing. The distinction is standardly made between those who do political theory and those who simply study or talk about it. In its most vulgar form, this amounts to a variation on the old chestnut: 'Those who can, do; those who can't, teach.' In its more sophisticated form, the first- and second-order distinction demarcates between actors and observers, or, to put it another way, between a particular subject-matter and its scholarly study. Even so, this more sophisticated statement of the distinction fails to do justice to what we do—or try to do—as students of political theory. And why? Because, I believe, the distinction cuts in the wrong direction. The relevant distinction is not between firstand second-order but between first- and second-rate theorizing. We are not only scholars and students of political theory, but citizens interested in and concerned about the polity and the wider world in which we live. We therefore have reason to 42
See my 'Interest-Explanations', Polity, 12 (1979), 187-201.
think critically and systematically—in short, to theorize— about that world's problems, possibilities, and prospects. This is a job, or a vocation, in which we not only want but badly need to excel, or at least to do as well as we possibly can. We therefore have reason to consult, to draw upon, and to appropriate—though not simply to imitate or slavishly duplicate— the thinking of first-rate theorists. And this we do not because we are 'second order' but because we are second-rate and trying to do better. This does not, I hasten to add, mean that one must agree with those from whom one appropriates. Far from it. One can learn more from a first-rate thinker with whom one disagrees than from a thinker who simply ratifies or reinforces what one already believes. That is why conservatives should read Marx, and Marxists should read Burke. And that, no less importantly, is why 'empirical' political scientists should heed what 'normative' theorists have to say, and vice versa. What this amounts to can, I suppose, be restated by borrowing Wendell Berry's distinction between two types of learning: learning about and learning from.43 Too much of modern education is concerned with learning about—that is, with acquiring 'information'. E5ut education generally—and the study of political theory in particular—is not merely a matter of acquiring information, of 'learning about' some subject or other; it is, more importantly, a kind of learning from—
|
[
5264,
21195,
6892,
29892,
322,
8604,
10466,
297,
3153,
29889,
25137,
9638,
2879,
322,
916,
5264,
9638,
2879,
322,
3603,
5834,
12234,
5649,
2020,
4856,
14741,
408,
896,
437,
313,
272,
1258,
29897,
1363,
896,
505,
470,
16508,
304,
15523,
3058,
20017,
29889,
1205,
825,
385,
11339,
4893,
304,
367,
297,
670,
470,
902,
4066,
7111,
2501,
17750,
29879,
1048,
825,
338,
322,
338,
451,
1781,
363,
470,
7795,
5611,
304,
1075,
470,
902,
29889,
1724,
697,
1339,
17180,
304,
367,
297,
697,
29915,
29879,
4066,
7111,
2501,
697,
29915,
29879,
7014,
1048,
825,
5199,
1652,
473,
14424,
11624,
310,
322,
825,
338,
3734,
304,
6963,
372,
1048,
29889,
1126,
1438,
17750,
29879,
508,
367,
1532,
470,
29871,
29946,
29896,
13,
29909,
29889,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29892,
2860,
478,
2728,
434,
313,
3664,
276,
360,
420,
29892,
1894,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
511,
29871,
29945,
29947,
29889,
13,
453,
29899,
29888,
7261,
29892,
2854,
470,
8340,
29901,
697,
508,
29892,
393,
338,
29892,
4808,
25257,
17750,
29879,
1048,
825,
338,
313,
1333,
29897,
297,
697,
29915,
29879,
4066,
29889,
313,
4013,
310,
3236,
5304,
408,
694,
16671,
304,
5019,
1058,
756,
1303,
322,
25312,
2501,
278,
14523,
1546,
317,
8415,
1078,
322,
498,
3417,
962,
496,
375,
297,
6726,
306,
310,
1858,
1219,
29915,
29879,
8063,
1846,
1205,
29892,
25257,
470,
694,
29892,
8604,
29701,
6613,
1009,
6434,
297,
278,
3578,
310,
1438,
17750,
29879,
322,
7014,
29892,
322,
1044,
16205,
29889,
450,
5264,
9638,
391,
297,
2507,
5133,
1372,
470,
18568,
393,
10468,
491,
451,
292,
393,
278,
11339,
750,
3058,
20017,
30003,
29875,
29889,
29872,
29889,
4934,
3058,
17750,
29879,
1048,
825,
338,
1781,
363,
1075,
470,
902,
30003,
392,
27320,
373,
278,
8405,
310,
1906,
17750,
29879,
29889,
29946,
29906,
6549,
525,
680,
294,
29915,
470,
525,
6596,
2575,
29879,
29915,
526,
297,
25048,
519,
515,
525,
915,
8708,
8975,
742,
322,
11289,
1224,
29874,
29889,
739,
338,
28715,
368,
451,
278,
1206,
393,
278,
4642,
526,
278,
12291,
310,
278,
8604,
278,
272,
391,
322,
278,
7480,
393,
310,
278,
8604,
9638,
391,
29889,
1763,
11188,
445,
1006,
2716,
355,
663,
338,
304,
282,
1351,
278,
982,
29892,
6060,
29892,
363,
263,
12468,
307,
305,
882,
1546,
8604,
525,
14138,
29915,
322,
8604,
525,
29879,
15277,
4286,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29945,
319,
8707,
6154,
15789,
4214,
28081,
4717,
9838,
512,
445,
8548,
29892,
769,
29892,
1235,
592,
17668,
491,
337,
1524,
1218,
322,
769,
28679,
292,
590,
8859,
21578,
1546,
937,
29899,
322,
1473,
2098,
278,
272,
5281,
29889,
450,
21578,
338,
3918,
368,
1754,
1546,
1906,
1058,
437,
8604,
6368,
322,
1906,
1058,
3763,
6559,
470,
5193,
1048,
372,
29889,
512,
967,
1556,
12799,
5397,
883,
29892,
445,
26999,
304,
263,
19262,
373,
278,
2030,
521,
342,
21305,
29901,
525,
1349,
852,
1058,
508,
29892,
437,
29936,
1906,
1058,
508,
29915,
29873,
29892,
6860,
6169,
512,
967,
901,
269,
3021,
4695,
630,
883,
29892,
278,
937,
29899,
322,
1473,
29899,
2098,
21578,
1261,
5666,
1078,
1546,
29701,
322,
5366,
874,
29892,
470,
29892,
304,
1925,
372,
1790,
982,
29892,
1546,
263,
3153,
4967,
29899,
29885,
2620,
322,
967,
21344,
368,
6559,
29889,
7753,
577,
29892,
445,
901,
269,
3021,
4695,
630,
3229,
310,
278,
21578,
8465,
304,
437,
15426,
304,
825,
591,
437,
30003,
272,
1018,
304,
437,
30003,
294,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29889,
1126,
2020,
29973,
7311,
29892,
306,
4658,
29892,
278,
21578,
5700,
29879,
297,
278,
2743,
5305,
29889,
450,
8018,
21578,
338,
451,
1546,
937,
392,
1473,
29899,
2098,
541,
1546,
937,
29899,
322,
1473,
29899,
10492,
278,
272,
5281,
29889,
1334,
526,
451,
871,
1364,
324,
1503,
322,
8041,
310,
8604,
6368,
29892,
541,
18363,
8852,
297,
322,
15041,
1048,
278,
24694,
322,
278,
25734,
3186,
297,
607,
591,
5735,
29889,
1334,
5480,
505,
2769,
304,
29871,
29946,
29906,
13,
13393,
590,
525,
4074,
342,
29899,
1252,
9018,
800,
742,
2043,
537,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29906,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
511,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29955,
29899,
29906,
29900,
29896,
29889,
13,
386,
682,
3994,
1711,
322,
1788,
19574,
30003,
262,
3273,
29892,
304,
278,
272,
675,
30003,
1048,
393,
3186,
29915,
29879,
4828,
29892,
24496,
29892,
322,
27289,
29879,
29889,
910,
338,
263,
4982,
29892,
470,
263,
7931,
362,
29892,
297,
607,
591,
451,
871,
864,
541,
28042,
817,
304,
10616,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
304,
437,
408,
1532,
408,
591,
10075,
508,
29889,
1334,
5480,
505,
2769,
304,
8799,
29892,
304,
4216,
2501,
29892,
322,
304,
8210,
30003,
3592,
451,
3763,
304,
527,
10388,
470,
269,
4112,
728,
368,
7929,
30003,
278,
7291,
310,
937,
29899,
10492,
278,
272,
2879,
29889,
1126,
445,
591,
437,
451,
1363,
591,
526,
525,
7496,
1797,
29915,
541,
1363,
591,
526,
1473,
29899,
10492,
322,
1811,
304,
437,
2253,
29889,
910,
947,
451,
29892,
306,
14973,
264,
304,
788,
29892,
2099,
393,
697,
1818,
8661,
411,
1906,
515,
6029,
697,
7128,
1078,
29889,
8413,
515,
372,
29889,
3118,
508,
5110,
901,
515,
263,
937,
29899,
10492,
1348,
261,
411,
6029,
697,
22941,
11003,
1135,
515,
263,
1348,
261,
1058,
3763,
7548,
11057,
470,
15561,
1454,
778,
825,
697,
2307,
1339,
17180,
29889,
2193,
338,
2020,
8976,
5056,
881,
1303,
28579,
29892,
322,
28579,
2879,
881,
1303,
6640,
446,
29889,
1126,
393,
29892,
694,
3109,
4100,
368,
29892,
338,
2020,
525,
3451,
381,
936,
29915,
8604,
9638,
2879,
881,
540,
287,
825,
525,
12324,
1230,
29915,
278,
272,
2879,
505,
304,
1827,
29892,
322,
11289,
1224,
29874,
29889,
1724,
445,
26999,
304,
508,
29892,
306,
7755,
29892,
367,
1791,
630,
491,
27942,
292,
29022,
514,
2292,
719,
29915,
29879,
21578,
1546,
1023,
4072,
310,
6509,
29901,
6509,
1048,
322,
6509,
515,
29889,
29946,
29941,
1763,
29877,
1568,
310,
5400,
9793,
338,
15041,
411,
6509,
1048,
30003,
5747,
338,
29892,
411,
10695,
8491,
525,
19678,
4286,
382,
29945,
329,
9793,
6892,
30003,
392,
278,
6559,
310,
8604,
6368,
297,
3153,
30003,
275,
451,
13586,
263,
4383,
310,
10695,
8491,
2472,
29892,
310,
525,
21891,
1048,
29915,
777,
4967,
470,
916,
29936,
372,
338,
29892,
901,
4100,
368,
29892,
263,
2924,
310,
6509,
515,
30003
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.381021 | 1.365913 | -0.886631 | 1.5644 |
of wrestling with, and critically appropriating, alternative perspectives that complicate and enrich one's view of the world and one's place in it by questioning conventional assumptions and conceptual schemes. And that, surely, must be foremost among the reasons for periodically reappraising the value of an intellectual inheritance whose value is forever in question and open to a variety of different interpretations and assessments. 43 W. Berry, 'The Loss of the University', in Home Economics: Fourteen Essays (San Francisco, 1987), 79.
REAPPRAISALS
MACHIAVELLI AND MORAL CHANGE The guiding thread of Machiavelli's thought is to be found in the concept of 'political virtue', which is synonymous neither with 'moral virtue' nor its negation. Benedetto Croce 3.1 INTRODUCTION
It sometimes seems that there were several sixteenth-century Florentine writers, all named Machiavelli but sharing little else in common. The most famous, or notorious, is the 'murd'rous Machiavel' mentioned by Shakespeare and, as 'Old Nick', decried as the devil himself. An apostle of violence and advocate of murder in the name of political expediency, Machiavelli has been vilified and roundly condemned by critics from Frederick the Great until the present. He has been called everything from a proto-Nazi and a 'teacher of evil' to a misogynist.1 But there are also other, ostensibly more benign Machiavellis: the first 'scientific' political analyst to focus on 'facts' while forgoing 'values',2 the resuscitator of republican political ideals,3 a skilful satirist of political folly,4 1
See, respectively, E. Cassirer, Myth of the State (New Haven, Conn., 1946); L. Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Glencoe, 111., 1958), 9; H. F. Pitkin, Fortune is a Woman (Berkeley, Calif., 1984). 2 L. Olschki, Machiavelli the Scientist (Berkeley, Calif., 1945); J. Bronowski and B. Mazlish, Western Intellectual Tradition (New York, 1960), 30-4. Cf. Bacon: 'We are much indebted to Machiavelli, who honestly describes what men do, and not what they ought to do' (Francis Bacon, De augmentis scientarium, bk. VII, ch. 2). 3 J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton, NJ, 1975); Q. Skinner, Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge, 1978), i, ch. 6. 4 G. Mattingly, 'Machiavelli's Prince: Political Science or Political Satire?', American Scholar, 27 (1957-8), 482-91.
Machiavelli and Moral Change
a proto-liberal who was perhaps the first to recognize the irreducible plurality of values,5 a cunning deceiver and trapper of princes,6 and many others besides. Despite this diversity there was of course only one Renaissance writer named Machiavelli, and a great many interpretations of what he was about. These interpretations and assessments are remarkable not only for their variety but, as often as not, for their ingenuity. More remarkable still is their sheer number. And, as if to underscore the point, I propose to add yet another to the long list of Machiavellis. I shall argue that one piece of conventional wisdom—that Machiavelli is (for whatever reason) a distinctly modern thinker—is somewhat doubtful, because he did not think as a thinker must if he is to be accounted 'modern'. He did not, that is, think of history in linear terms, but as a series of cycles and returns. Nor did he view morality, including political morality, as set within historically mutable moral codes or idioms which are doomed to disappear and be superseded by other ways of thinking and acting. Rather, Machiavelli saw right conduct as a matter of emulation—of imitating longdead human models of moral rectitude and virtue whose moral codes
|
[
974,
24613,
1847,
411,
29892,
322,
3994,
1711,
7128,
1218,
29892,
8671,
3736,
1103,
3145,
393,
752,
5926,
322,
427,
4018,
697,
29915,
29879,
1776,
310,
278,
3186,
322,
697,
29915,
29879,
2058,
297,
372,
491,
1139,
292,
28557,
20813,
322,
6964,
950,
27715,
29889,
1126,
393,
29892,
18880,
29892,
1818,
367,
363,
331,
520,
4249,
278,
9590,
363,
3785,
1711,
337,
932,
336,
5921,
278,
995,
310,
385,
29762,
20328,
5069,
995,
338,
22296,
297,
1139,
322,
1722,
304,
263,
12875,
310,
1422,
6613,
800,
322,
24809,
1860,
29889,
29871,
29946,
29941,
399,
29889,
2292,
719,
29892,
525,
1576,
365,
2209,
310,
278,
3014,
742,
297,
8778,
12884,
1199,
29901,
12458,
9404,
11044,
1036,
313,
22509,
8970,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29955,
511,
29871,
29955,
29929,
29889,
13,
1525,
20576,
4717,
3235,
1964,
29903,
13,
1529,
3210,
29902,
7520,
29923,
2208,
29902,
5300,
341,
1955,
1964,
5868,
24336,
450,
1410,
4821,
3244,
310,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
2714,
338,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
278,
6964,
310,
525,
20087,
936,
27935,
742,
607,
338,
5222,
11428,
9561,
411,
525,
29885,
11251,
27935,
29915,
3643,
967,
3480,
362,
29889,
20265,
8563,
8764,
346,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29896,
19578,
1672,
14849,
9838,
13,
3112,
6041,
2444,
393,
727,
892,
3196,
4832,
19839,
29899,
27371,
6953,
296,
457,
23550,
29892,
599,
4257,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
541,
19383,
2217,
1683,
297,
3619,
29889,
450,
1556,
13834,
29892,
470,
451,
23308,
29892,
338,
278,
525,
29885,
18245,
29915,
29878,
681,
17197,
423,
955,
29915,
5276,
491,
23688,
322,
29892,
408,
525,
21648,
13853,
742,
316,
699,
287,
408,
278,
29754,
3654,
29889,
530,
18115,
280,
310,
21448,
322,
22545,
403,
310,
13406,
297,
278,
1024,
310,
8604,
15310,
13396,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
756,
1063,
11928,
2164,
322,
4513,
368,
24905,
9571,
491,
28431,
515,
19769,
278,
7027,
2745,
278,
2198,
29889,
940,
756,
1063,
2000,
4129,
515,
263,
17814,
29899,
29940,
18861,
322,
263,
525,
371,
11665,
310,
16126,
29915,
304,
263,
3984,
468,
948,
391,
29889,
29896,
1205,
727,
526,
884,
916,
29892,
14750,
575,
14981,
901,
3856,
647,
17197,
423,
29894,
514,
275,
29901,
278,
937,
525,
29879,
15566,
928,
29915,
8604,
3483,
858,
304,
8569,
373,
525,
17028,
29879,
29915,
1550,
363,
17696,
525,
5975,
742,
29906,
278,
620,
375,
20752,
1061,
310,
23925,
273,
8604,
1957,
1338,
29892,
29941,
263,
2071,
309,
1319,
3290,
381,
391,
310,
8604,
900,
368,
29892,
29946,
29871,
29896,
13,
13393,
29892,
8307,
29892,
382,
29889,
13088,
381,
261,
29892,
341,
1541,
310,
278,
4306,
313,
4373,
379,
3496,
29892,
1281,
29876,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29953,
416,
365,
29889,
7357,
1558,
29892,
498,
1774,
29879,
373,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
313,
29954,
2435,
1111,
29872,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29896,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29947,
511,
29871,
29929,
29936,
379,
29889,
383,
29889,
29244,
9089,
29892,
7236,
1540,
338,
263,
22712,
313,
17104,
27279,
29892,
3037,
361,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29946,
467,
29871,
29906,
365,
29889,
7137,
816,
1984,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
278,
23753,
391,
313,
17104,
27279,
29892,
3037,
361,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29945,
416,
435,
29889,
14165,
11716,
322,
350,
29889,
17326,
1674,
29892,
10504,
18555,
781,
950,
18375,
654,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29900,
511,
29871,
29941,
29900,
29899,
29946,
29889,
315,
29888,
29889,
6000,
535,
29901,
525,
4806,
526,
1568,
5704,
3116,
287,
304,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
1058,
15993,
368,
16612,
825,
1757,
437,
29892,
322,
451,
825,
896,
12722,
304,
437,
29915,
313,
7675,
3476,
6000,
535,
29892,
897,
18765,
275,
9638,
22826,
29892,
289,
29895,
29889,
13408,
29892,
521,
29889,
29871,
29906,
467,
29871,
29941,
435,
29889,
402,
29889,
319,
29889,
349,
542,
1698,
29892,
450,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
341,
2932,
313,
4040,
3742,
20666,
29892,
405,
29967,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
416,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
7460,
800,
310,
14624,
25137,
498,
1774,
313,
29907,
1117,
8605,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29947,
511,
474,
29892,
521,
29889,
29871,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29946,
402,
29889,
9811,
11687,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
10787,
29901,
25137,
9327,
470,
25137,
12178,
533,
29973,
742,
3082,
1102,
10170,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29955,
313,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29955,
29899,
29947,
511,
29871,
29946,
29947,
29906,
29899,
29929,
29896,
29889,
13,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
322,
3879,
284,
10726,
13,
29874,
17814,
29899,
492,
495,
284,
1058,
471,
6060,
278,
937,
304,
18720,
278,
3805,
29622,
715,
332,
2877,
310,
1819,
29892,
29945,
263,
274,
27389,
23332,
2147,
322,
1020,
2496,
310,
23251,
29892,
29953,
322,
1784,
4045,
18034,
29889,
19454,
445,
6894,
537,
727,
471,
310,
3236,
871,
697,
27263,
9227,
4257,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
322,
263,
2107,
1784,
6613,
800,
310,
825,
540,
471,
1048,
29889,
4525,
6613,
800,
322,
24809,
1860,
526,
22567,
451,
871,
363,
1009,
12875,
541,
29892,
408,
4049,
408,
451,
29892,
363,
1009,
2348,
4814,
537,
29889,
5853,
22567,
1603,
338,
1009,
1183,
261,
1353,
29889,
1126,
29892,
408,
565,
304,
23400,
3221,
278,
1298,
29892,
306,
16193,
304,
788,
3447,
1790,
304,
278,
1472,
1051,
310,
17197,
423,
29894,
514,
275,
29889,
306,
4091,
27754,
393,
697,
8424,
310,
28557,
29714,
30003,
5747,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
338,
313,
1454,
6514,
2769,
29897,
263,
8359,
368,
5400,
1348,
261,
30003,
275,
10579,
7404,
1319,
29892,
1363,
540,
1258,
451,
1348,
408,
263,
1348,
261,
1818,
565,
540,
338,
304,
367,
3633,
287,
525,
1545,
824,
4286,
940,
1258,
451,
29892,
393,
338,
29892,
1348,
310,
4955,
297,
5608,
4958,
29892,
541,
408,
263,
3652,
310,
25785,
322,
3639,
29889,
4186,
1258,
540,
1776,
3036,
2877,
29892,
3704,
8604,
3036,
2877,
29892,
408,
731,
2629,
3603,
1711,
26691,
14731,
11561,
470,
1178,
29875,
4835,
607,
526,
437,
27067,
304,
25417,
322,
367,
480,
6774,
19226,
491,
916,
5837,
310,
7291,
322,
16684,
29889,
390,
1624,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
4446,
1492,
7512,
408,
263,
4383,
310,
953,
2785,
30003,
974,
527,
277,
1218,
1472,
311,
328,
5199,
4733,
310,
14731,
7705,
4279,
322,
27935,
5069,
14731,
11561
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.234299 | 1.298428 | 0.197666 | 0.967378 |
were archaic and anything but modern. Of course it used to be fashionable to say that Machiavelli was immoral, or at any rate amoral; but now it is more fashionable—and arguably more accurate—to suggest that he did in fact subscribe to a system of morality, even if there is as yet no consensus about what this code consists of. My aim here is to attempt to crack this code, or at least one part of it, and to do so in a way that has not heretofore been attempted by any of his critics or commentators. In making this attempt I hope to shed some light on Machiavelli's morals and along the way to say something about the mutability of our own moral concepts and convictions. My argument takes the following form. I begin by noticing the obvious though often overlooked fact that moral concepts change over time and vary from one culture to another. The moral codes and concepts of classical Greece, of the Hopi, the 5 6
I. Berlin, Against the Current (London, 1979), 25-79. M. G. Dietz, 'Trapping the Prince: Machiavelli and the Politics of Deception', APSR 80 (1986), 777-99.
Samurai, and the medieval Christian are radically different. And yet we consider them to be moral codes because they are all concerned, in their very different ways, with shaping and directing the course of human conduct. All, that is, set standards by reference to which conduct can be praised or blamed, criticized and condemned, judged and justified. It is this function, rather than their specific temporal or culturebound content, that marks them as 'moral'. And it is for this reason that Machiavelli can be considered a moralist. For he, too, stipulates standards and criteria of virtuous conduct, not for human beings generally but (in The Prince at least) for princes in particular. There are, in Machiavelli's view, at least two different varieties of virtue—one for private persons, another for princes. Machiavelli's conception of princely virtue is entirely consistent with the brutal precepts and practices prescribed in The Prince, and for which his own and succeeding generations have roundly condemned him. My aim is to recover and re-examine Machiavelli's standards, and in particular to reconsider his central concept of princely virtue— virtu —and its place in his political thinking. My claim is that Machiavellian virtu shares some crucial conceptual affinities with the older Homeric conception of virtue (aperr/). In attempting to resurrect and reinstate something like this archaic conception of virtue, Machiavelli's model prince rather resembles Don Quixote. For both are alike in failing to recognize the mutability of our moral concepts. From this perspective Machiavelli emerges as a misguided moralist from whose mistakes we might yet learn something about morality, and about moral change in particular. 3.2 THE MUTABILITY OF MORAL AND POLITICAL CONCEPTS Moral and political concepts are historically mutable in two related and mutually reinforcing ways. The first is that their meanings change over time. And secondly, some concepts cease to be central to (and indeed constitutive of) our thought and action, while others become paramount before they, too, subsequently suffer the same fate. As Kierkegaard remarked,
'Concepts, like individuals, have their histories and are just as incapable of withstanding the ravages of time as are individuals.'7 One only need think, for example, of the virtual oblivion into which the concept of virtue has passed, and the paramount place now accorded the very different concepts of obligation, right, and duty.8 Oddly, the mutability of our moral concepts is a theme rarely explored by philosophers. There are, to be sure, some notable exceptions. Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche had a lively appreciation of the historicity and mutability of our moral concepts; so, in our own century, do R. G. Collingwood, Hannah Arendt, and Alasdair Maclntyre. Yet by and large these remain brilliant exceptions to the dismal rule that moral philosophers—especially of the modern AngloAmerican 'analytical' variety—have tended to treat moral concepts as though they had no history, or as though their having a history
|
[
892,
3190,
29874,
293,
322,
3099,
541,
5400,
29889,
4587,
3236,
372,
1304,
304,
367,
13460,
519,
304,
1827,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
471,
5198,
11251,
29892,
470,
472,
738,
6554,
626,
11251,
29936,
541,
1286,
372,
338,
901,
13460,
519,
30003,
392,
1852,
29884,
2197,
901,
16232,
30003,
517,
4368,
393,
540,
1258,
297,
2114,
1014,
13086,
304,
263,
1788,
310,
3036,
2877,
29892,
1584,
565,
727,
338,
408,
3447,
694,
1136,
8841,
1048,
825,
445,
775,
11624,
310,
29889,
1619,
12242,
1244,
338,
304,
4218,
304,
26755,
445,
775,
29892,
470,
472,
3203,
697,
760,
310,
372,
29892,
322,
304,
437,
577,
297,
263,
982,
393,
756,
451,
902,
300,
974,
487,
1063,
16388,
491,
738,
310,
670,
28431,
470,
3440,
4097,
29889,
512,
3907,
445,
4218,
306,
4966,
304,
28453,
777,
3578,
373,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
3036,
1338,
322,
3412,
278,
982,
304,
1827,
1554,
1048,
278,
5478,
3097,
310,
1749,
1914,
14731,
22001,
322,
7602,
919,
1080,
29889,
1619,
2980,
4893,
278,
1494,
883,
29889,
306,
3380,
491,
451,
18499,
278,
6924,
2466,
4049,
975,
6914,
287,
2114,
393,
14731,
22001,
1735,
975,
931,
322,
13100,
515,
697,
9257,
304,
1790,
29889,
450,
14731,
11561,
322,
22001,
310,
14499,
25549,
29892,
310,
278,
20727,
29875,
29892,
278,
29871,
29945,
29871,
29953,
13,
29902,
29889,
5115,
29892,
11454,
303,
278,
9626,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29929,
511,
29871,
29906,
29945,
29899,
29955,
29929,
29889,
341,
29889,
402,
29889,
24315,
29920,
29892,
525,
5323,
3262,
278,
10787,
29901,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
322,
278,
6934,
1199,
310,
897,
1441,
742,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29947,
29900,
313,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29953,
511,
29871,
29955,
29955,
29955,
29899,
29929,
29929,
29889,
13,
22966,
332,
1794,
29892,
322,
278,
27690,
6111,
526,
2971,
1711,
1422,
29889,
1126,
3447,
591,
2050,
963,
304,
367,
14731,
11561,
1363,
896,
526,
599,
15041,
29892,
297,
1009,
1407,
1422,
5837,
29892,
411,
528,
21430,
322,
1513,
292,
278,
3236,
310,
5199,
7512,
29889,
2178,
29892,
393,
338,
29892,
731,
20801,
491,
3407,
304,
607,
7512,
508,
367,
7213,
3368,
470,
1999,
2795,
29892,
11164,
1891,
322,
24905,
9571,
29892,
6577,
3192,
322,
925,
2164,
29889,
739,
338,
445,
740,
29892,
3265,
1135,
1009,
2702,
25406,
470,
9257,
9917,
2793,
29892,
393,
17997,
963,
408,
525,
29885,
11251,
4286,
1126,
372,
338,
363,
445,
2769,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
508,
367,
5545,
263,
14731,
391,
29889,
1152,
540,
29892,
2086,
29892,
380,
666,
352,
1078,
20801,
322,
16614,
310,
4610,
17269,
7512,
29892,
451,
363,
5199,
367,
886,
6892,
541,
313,
262,
450,
10787,
472,
3203,
29897,
363,
23251,
297,
3153,
29889,
1670,
526,
29892,
297,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1776,
29892,
472,
3203,
1023,
1422,
1197,
20850,
310,
27935,
30003,
650,
363,
2024,
12407,
29892,
1790,
363,
23251,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
26192,
310,
544,
3742,
873,
27935,
338,
9186,
13747,
411,
278,
26644,
284,
758,
1547,
29879,
322,
23274,
2225,
23059,
297,
450,
10787,
29892,
322,
363,
607,
670,
1914,
322,
9269,
292,
1176,
800,
505,
4513,
368,
24905,
9571,
1075,
29889,
1619,
12242,
338,
304,
9792,
322,
337,
29899,
735,
314,
457,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
20801,
29892,
322,
297,
3153,
304,
337,
3200,
1241,
670,
6555,
6964,
310,
544,
3742,
873,
27935,
30003,
4610,
29884,
813,
392,
967,
2058,
297,
670,
8604,
7291,
29889,
1619,
5995,
338,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
4610,
29884,
29358,
777,
7618,
1455,
6964,
950,
2756,
262,
1907,
411,
278,
9642,
379,
12392,
293,
26192,
310,
27935,
313,
481,
3127,
12495,
512,
15661,
304,
620,
332,
1621,
322,
337,
2611,
403,
1554,
763,
445,
3190,
29874,
293,
26192,
310,
27935,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1904,
15927,
3265,
620,
1590,
793,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
29889,
1152,
1716,
526,
394,
9345,
297,
17581,
304,
18720,
278,
5478,
3097,
310,
1749,
14731,
22001,
29889,
3645,
445,
18520,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
11176,
2710,
408,
263,
3984,
2543,
2618,
14731,
391,
515,
5069,
28947,
591,
1795,
3447,
5110,
1554,
1048,
3036,
2877,
29892,
322,
1048,
14731,
1735,
297,
3153,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29906,
6093,
341,
2692,
2882,
6227,
11937,
8079,
341,
1955,
1964,
5300,
349,
5607,
1806,
2965,
1964,
8707,
4741,
7982,
29903,
3879,
284,
322,
8604,
22001,
526,
3603,
1711,
26691,
297,
1023,
4475,
322,
5478,
1474,
15561,
1454,
3277,
5837,
29889,
450,
937,
338,
393,
1009,
2099,
886,
1735,
975,
931,
29889,
1126,
1473,
368,
29892,
777,
22001,
2257,
559,
304,
367,
6555,
304,
313,
392,
6200,
20016,
11067,
310,
29897,
1749,
2714,
322,
3158,
29892,
1550,
4045,
4953,
1828,
792,
1434,
896,
29892,
2086,
29892,
17602,
8812,
278,
1021,
23779,
29889,
1094,
476,
631,
29895,
2442,
538,
25211,
29892,
13,
29915,
1168,
1547,
29879,
29892,
763,
15724,
29892,
505,
1009,
3603,
583,
322,
526,
925,
408,
297,
5030,
519,
310,
411,
11235,
278,
27710,
1179,
310,
931,
408,
526,
15724,
6169,
29955,
3118,
871,
817,
1348,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
310,
278,
6901,
704,
17843,
291,
964,
607,
278,
6964,
310,
27935,
756,
4502,
29892,
322,
278,
1828,
792,
2058,
1286,
15017,
287,
278,
1407,
1422,
22001,
310,
10788,
362,
29892,
1492,
29892,
322,
13360,
29889,
29947,
438,
1289,
368,
29892,
278,
5478,
3097,
310,
1749,
14731,
22001,
338,
263,
10929,
23703,
3902,
4395,
491,
11847,
414,
29889,
1670,
526,
29892,
304,
367,
1854,
29892,
777,
18697,
15283,
29889,
379,
387,
295,
29892,
476,
631,
29895,
2442,
538,
29892,
322,
405,
2035,
29920,
5955,
750,
263,
301,
3598,
5108,
362,
310,
278,
22879,
537,
322,
5478,
3097,
310,
1749,
14731,
22001,
29936,
577,
29892,
297,
1749,
1914,
6462,
29892,
437,
390,
29889,
402,
29889,
1530,
1847,
6115,
29892,
13889,
801,
826,
355,
29873,
29892,
322,
838,
294,
1388,
381,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29889,
15175,
491,
322,
2919,
1438,
3933,
27592,
15283,
304,
278,
766,
5156,
5751,
393,
14731,
11847,
414,
30003,
267,
25009,
310,
278,
5400,
3218,
417,
14689,
525,
7054,
3637,
936,
29915,
12875,
30003,
17532,
260,
2760,
304,
7539,
14731,
22001,
408,
2466,
896,
750,
694,
4955,
29892,
470,
408,
2466,
1009,
2534,
263,
4955
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 2.041267 | 1.786395 | 0.634022 | 1.695947 |
was a matter of no philosophical interest or importance. Fortunately for us, however, the myopia of the moral philosophers is at least partially compensated for and corrected by novelists and playwrights. The theme of conceptual change runs like a red thread through novels by authors as different as Lermontov and Balzac, Jane Austen and Thomas Hardy, George Eliot and Henry James, Tolstoy and Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Dickens. One need only think, for example, of Lermontov's implicit charting of changes in the concept of heroism, when he warns the reader that his hero Pechorin embodies none of the traditional virtues but, on the contrary, 'all the vices of our generation in the fullness of their development'.9 Consider the concept of honour. The message of Boll's novel is less that Katharina Blum has lost her honour than that she lives in an age and a society in which the idea of honour itself has been lost. Her desperate defence of her honour is therefore unintelligible to her contemporaries.10 Or consider again the concept of virtue. In The 7
S. Kierkegaard, The Concept of Irony (London, 1966), 47. See S. G. Salkever, 'Virtue, Obligation and Polities', APSR 68 (1974), 78-92; A. Maclntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame, Ind., 1981). 9 M. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Time (New York, 1958), 2. 10 H. Boll, The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum (New York, 1975). Cf. P. Berger, 'On the Obsolescence of the Concept of Honour', Archives europeennes de sociologie, n (1970), 339-47. 8
Magic Mountain Thomas Mann puts into Hans Castorp's mouth the profound sense of unease and discomfort that modern men and women are apt to feel in invoking the very idea of virtue. Speaking of Settembrini, who exemplifies and embodies the classical ideals of an earlier age, young Castorp exclaims: 'What a vocabulary! and he uses the word virtue just like that, without the slightest embarrassment. What do you make of that? I've never taken the word in my mouth as long as I've lived; in school, when the book said 'virtus', we always just said 'valour' or something like that. It certainly gives me a queer feeling inside, to hear him.'11 This same sense of curiosity, astonishment, and incomprehension in the face of conceptual change pervades much of modern literature. But the greatest novelistic treatment of the theme is surely Cervantes' Don Quixote. The Don attempts, in vain and with comic results, to follow the moral code of knight errantry in an age which thinks and speaks in an entirely different moral vocabulary. In the moral framework of the modern age, certain concepts—chivalry, for example, or courtly love, or the concept of a quest—are out of place, inappropriate, and irrelevant, if not, indeed, utterly unintelligible. It is because Don Quixote speaks, thinks, and attempts to act in accordance with these archaic notions that we—and indeed his own contemporaries—view him as a comic character and his quest (as we would say nowadays) as 'quixotic'.12 It is Don Quixote's failure to appreciate the fact of moral and conceptual change that makes him a comic character and his quest a quixotic one. One of Cervantes' central lessons is that our conceptually constituted moral frameworks are historically located and notoriously mutable. The fine wine of one age may prove to be the vinegar of another. Cervantes is the progenitor of a genre whose central insight is that our moral codes and concepts are forever passing away. It is a genre to which subsequent satirical and comic novelists like Mark Twain—and, 11 12
T. Mann, The Magic Mountain (New York, 1966), 101. Cf. M. Foucault, The Order of Things (New York, 1973), 50.
more recently, Graham Greene13—have contributed. Twain
|
[
471,
263,
4383,
310,
694,
11847,
936,
4066,
470,
13500,
29889,
7236,
348,
2486,
363,
502,
29892,
3138,
29892,
278,
590,
459,
423,
310,
278,
14731,
11847,
414,
338,
472,
3203,
22039,
22874,
630,
363,
322,
24114,
491,
9554,
2879,
322,
1708,
29893,
1266,
29879,
29889,
450,
10929,
310,
6964,
950,
1735,
6057,
763,
263,
2654,
3244,
1549,
2420,
1379,
491,
15717,
408,
1422,
408,
365,
837,
10268,
29894,
322,
7392,
29920,
562,
29892,
10447,
3330,
264,
322,
5569,
10999,
29891,
29892,
5122,
26864,
327,
322,
6498,
5011,
29892,
16977,
7864,
29891,
322,
323,
2007,
1600,
29894,
29892,
360,
5548,
5750,
7912,
322,
12488,
575,
29889,
3118,
817,
871,
1348,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
310,
365,
837,
10268,
29894,
29915,
29879,
12235,
8727,
292,
310,
3620,
297,
278,
6964,
310,
13444,
1608,
29892,
746,
540,
1370,
1983,
278,
9591,
393,
670,
13444,
3938,
8420,
262,
7232,
397,
583,
5642,
310,
278,
13807,
4610,
1041,
541,
29892,
373,
278,
21138,
29892,
525,
497,
278,
325,
1575,
310,
1749,
12623,
297,
278,
2989,
2264,
310,
1009,
5849,
4286,
29929,
10056,
278,
6964,
310,
19107,
29889,
450,
2643,
310,
350,
3028,
29915,
29879,
9554,
338,
3109,
393,
19663,
23558,
3164,
398,
756,
5714,
902,
19107,
1135,
393,
1183,
12080,
297,
385,
5046,
322,
263,
12459,
297,
607,
278,
2969,
310,
19107,
3528,
756,
1063,
5714,
29889,
2439,
553,
21194,
28399,
310,
902,
19107,
338,
5480,
443,
524,
9347,
1821,
304,
902,
12010,
4314,
29889,
29896,
29900,
1394,
2050,
1449,
278,
6964,
310,
27935,
29889,
512,
450,
29871,
29955,
13,
29903,
29889,
476,
631,
29895,
2442,
538,
29892,
450,
1281,
1547,
310,
20492,
29891,
313,
26682,
265,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
511,
29871,
29946,
29955,
29889,
2823,
317,
29889,
402,
29889,
3956,
446,
369,
29892,
525,
29963,
2728,
434,
29892,
438,
2204,
335,
362,
322,
2043,
1907,
742,
319,
7024,
29934,
29871,
29953,
29947,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29946,
511,
29871,
29955,
29947,
29899,
29929,
29906,
29936,
319,
29889,
4326,
29880,
593,
29891,
276,
29892,
2860,
478,
2728,
434,
313,
3664,
276,
360,
420,
29892,
1894,
1696,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
467,
29871,
29929,
341,
29889,
365,
837,
10268,
29894,
29892,
319,
22167,
310,
8680,
5974,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29947,
511,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29900,
379,
29889,
350,
3028,
29892,
450,
25133,
18236,
310,
19663,
23558,
3164,
398,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29945,
467,
315,
29888,
29889,
349,
29889,
2292,
914,
29892,
525,
2951,
278,
4250,
2929,
9977,
663,
310,
278,
1281,
1547,
310,
7906,
473,
742,
28320,
14721,
9387,
316,
5374,
5458,
29892,
302,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29900,
511,
29871,
29941,
29941,
29929,
29899,
29946,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29947,
13,
19095,
293,
18204,
5569,
7908,
15223,
964,
6971,
4834,
26423,
29915,
29879,
13394,
278,
2600,
618,
4060,
310,
1597,
559,
322,
766,
510,
3921,
393,
5400,
1757,
322,
5866,
526,
10882,
304,
4459,
297,
2437,
17223,
278,
1407,
2969,
310,
27935,
29889,
5013,
5086,
310,
3789,
1356,
1182,
2172,
29892,
1058,
29455,
11057,
322,
7232,
397,
583,
278,
14499,
1957,
1338,
310,
385,
8859,
5046,
29892,
4123,
4834,
26423,
5566,
8342,
29879,
29901,
525,
5618,
263,
7931,
370,
352,
653,
29991,
322,
540,
3913,
278,
1734,
27935,
925,
763,
393,
29892,
1728,
278,
7248,
342,
21620,
26771,
358,
29889,
1724,
437,
366,
1207,
310,
393,
29973,
306,
29915,
345,
2360,
4586,
278,
1734,
297,
590,
13394,
408,
1472,
408,
306,
29915,
345,
10600,
29936,
297,
3762,
29892,
746,
278,
3143,
1497,
525,
15389,
375,
742,
591,
2337,
925,
1497,
525,
791,
473,
29915,
470,
1554,
763,
393,
29889,
739,
8959,
4076,
592,
263,
712,
261,
11223,
2768,
29892,
304,
8293,
1075,
6169,
29896,
29896,
910,
1021,
4060,
310,
27742,
29892,
24293,
18310,
29892,
322,
297,
510,
1457,
29882,
2673,
297,
278,
3700,
310,
6964,
950,
1735,
639,
29894,
3076,
1568,
310,
5400,
12845,
29889,
1205,
278,
14176,
9554,
4695,
14502,
310,
278,
10929,
338,
18880,
315,
6972,
3794,
29915,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
29889,
450,
3872,
14734,
29892,
297,
15722,
322,
411,
419,
293,
2582,
29892,
304,
1101,
278,
14731,
775,
310,
889,
523,
4589,
15328,
297,
385,
5046,
607,
22405,
322,
7726,
29879,
297,
385,
9186,
1422,
14731,
7931,
370,
352,
653,
29889,
512,
278,
14731,
6890,
310,
278,
5400,
5046,
29892,
3058,
22001,
30003,
305,
2561,
719,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
470,
8973,
368,
5360,
29892,
470,
278,
6964,
310,
263,
21126,
30003,
598,
714,
310,
2058,
29892,
297,
932,
6649,
403,
29892,
322,
28190,
29892,
565,
451,
29892,
6200,
29892,
14401,
368,
443,
524,
9347,
1821,
29889,
739,
338,
1363,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
7726,
29879,
29892,
22405,
29892,
322,
14734,
304,
1044,
297,
15017,
749,
411,
1438,
3190,
29874,
293,
451,
1080,
393,
591,
30003,
392,
6200,
670,
1914,
12010,
4314,
30003,
1493,
1075,
408,
263,
419,
293,
2931,
322,
670,
21126,
313,
294,
591,
723,
1827,
1286,
328,
1036,
29897,
408,
525,
339,
861,
13574,
4286,
29896,
29906,
739,
338,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
29915,
29879,
10672,
304,
11188,
278,
2114,
310,
14731,
322,
6964,
950,
1735,
393,
3732,
1075,
263,
419,
293,
2931,
322,
670,
21126,
263,
439,
861,
13574,
697,
29889,
3118,
310,
315,
6972,
3794,
29915,
6555,
3109,
787,
338,
393,
1749,
6964,
1474,
20016,
3860,
14731,
29143,
526,
3603,
1711,
5982,
322,
451,
272,
17365,
26691,
29889,
450,
2691,
19006,
310,
697,
5046,
1122,
6356,
304,
367,
278,
13848,
387,
279,
310,
1790,
29889,
315,
6972,
3794,
338,
278,
410,
1885,
2105,
310,
263,
16151,
5069,
6555,
25483,
338,
393,
1749,
14731,
11561,
322,
22001,
526,
22296,
6819,
3448,
29889,
739,
338,
263,
16151,
304,
607,
15352,
3290,
381,
936,
322,
419,
293,
9554,
2879,
763,
4485,
8168,
475,
30003,
392,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29871,
29896,
29906,
13,
29911,
29889,
7908,
29892,
450,
26494,
18204,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29953,
511,
29871,
29896,
29900,
29896,
29889,
315,
29888,
29889,
341,
29889,
17787,
1113,
499,
29892,
450,
8170,
310,
28706,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
511,
29871,
29945,
29900,
29889,
13,
5514,
10325,
29892,
22196,
4122,
1600,
29896,
29941,
30003,
17532,
26869,
29889,
8168,
475
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 2.030398 | 1.173841 | 0.157921 | 0.972438 |
's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is Don Quixote in reverse. Twain's hapless Yankee finds himself technologically transported back into a pre-technological, pre-utilitarian period. He is utterly perplexed by the precepts and practices of a courtly and chivalrous age, and so he persistently fails to understand his new/old contemporaries, or they him. Although he and they speak the same natural language (namely, English), they speak very different moral languages and live, accordingly, in different worlds. The limits of my moral language, one might say, mark the limits of my moral world. Communication between these different conceptually constituted worlds requires translation, but translation of a kind that is always difficult, often unreliable, and occasionally impossible. Such translation is not unlike an archaeological excavation undertaken in order to recover and reconstruct fragmented and long-lost meanings. 3.3 THE PICARESQUE PRINCE What has all this to do with Machiavelli? Just this: I want to suggest that Machiavelli's model prince, like Don Quixote, attempts, not to create a new conception of morality but, in effect, to resurrect and revive an archaic one. Not unlike Cervantes' hapless hero, Machiavelli's prince can be viewed as a comic character on a serious but misbegotten mission. I hasten to add that the achievement of this comic effect was assuredly not Machiavelli's manifest intention in writing The Prince. I do not mean to suggest that Machiavelli set out to compose a comedy (or a satire either, for that matter).14 On the contrary, he apparently meant to add his own unorthodox contribution to (and perhaps the subversion or, to speak French, the deconstruction of) the already well-established 'mirror-of-princes' genre.15 Like other writers in this genre, 13
G. Greene, Monsignior Quixote (New York, 1982). Mattingly, 'Machiavelli's Prince'. F. Gilbert, 'The Humanist Concept of the Prince and the Prince of Machiavelli', Journal of Modern History, 11 (1939), 449-83; Q. Skinner, Machiavelli (Oxford, 1981), ch. 2. 14 15
Machiavelli offered guidance and advice to princes, particularly to new ones who are most obviously in need of it.16 But in Machiavelli's mirror the light of reason—ragion di stato or raison d'etat, that is—is refracted and reflected in a peculiarly comedic, almost Cervantian way. Yet Cervantes knows what Machiavelli does not. Machiavelli is apparently as ignorant of the irreversibility of moral change as is Don Quixote himself. Machiavelli's advice to aspiring princes has, accordingly, a decidedly quixotic character and tenor. To the new prince Machiavelli says, in effect: if you wish to acquire and hold political power you must not think and act within the moral framework of our own age, but in that of another, earlier time. The dominant moral framework of our corrupt and effeminate age (he continues) is Christian, and its listing and ordering of the virtues is a veritable recipe for the prince's political suicide. And since no one should, morally speaking, be required to commit suicide, there is good reason to believe that the princely virtues are not identical with the virtues vaunted by the Church. A good prince, he insists, must 'learn to be not good'.17 By this Machiavelli does not mean that the prince must learn to be evil simpliciter, but that he must, in his role as prince, unlearn the Christian virtues, substituting in their place virtues of another variety entirely. These distinctly political, or princely, virtues Machiavelli designates by the single word, virtu. The word virtu recurs in Machiavelli's political writings. Indeed, one might even read his three best-known works—The Prince, The Discourses, and The Art of War—as explications of three varieties of virtu. The Prince explicates and illustrates the concept of princely virtu; The Discourses that of civic virtu; and The Art of War that of military virtu. Although one might plaus
|
[
29915,
29879,
319,
27230,
23094,
23137,
297,
4088,
11498,
29915,
29879,
9245,
338,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
297,
11837,
29889,
8168,
475,
29915,
29879,
447,
572,
404,
23094,
23137,
14061,
3654,
5722,
1189,
1711,
8608,
287,
1250,
964,
263,
758,
29899,
21695,
5996,
29892,
758,
29899,
4422,
3673,
713,
3785,
29889,
940,
338,
14401,
368,
639,
10709,
287,
491,
278,
758,
1547,
29879,
322,
23274,
310,
263,
8973,
368,
322,
521,
2561,
29878,
681,
5046,
29892,
322,
577,
540,
24379,
2705,
8465,
304,
2274,
670,
716,
29914,
1025,
12010,
4314,
29892,
470,
896,
1075,
29889,
8512,
540,
322,
896,
7726,
278,
1021,
5613,
4086,
313,
8588,
873,
29892,
4223,
511,
896,
7726,
1407,
1422,
14731,
10276,
322,
5735,
29892,
16205,
29892,
297,
1422,
3186,
29879,
29889,
450,
13071,
310,
590,
14731,
4086,
29892,
697,
1795,
1827,
29892,
2791,
278,
13071,
310,
590,
14731,
3186,
29889,
22365,
362,
1546,
1438,
1422,
6964,
1474,
20016,
3860,
3186,
29879,
6858,
13962,
29892,
541,
13962,
310,
263,
2924,
393,
338,
2337,
5189,
29892,
4049,
443,
276,
492,
519,
29892,
322,
23025,
9301,
29889,
10506,
13962,
338,
451,
25531,
385,
3190,
3660,
5996,
5566,
485,
362,
22332,
9424,
297,
1797,
304,
9792,
322,
337,
11433,
9376,
287,
322,
1472,
29899,
18767,
2099,
886,
29889,
29871,
29941,
29889,
29941,
6093,
349,
2965,
29909,
15989,
11144,
12089,
1177,
4741,
1724,
756,
599,
445,
304,
437,
411,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29973,
3387,
445,
29901,
306,
864,
304,
4368,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1904,
15927,
29892,
763,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
29892,
14734,
29892,
451,
304,
1653,
263,
716,
26192,
310,
3036,
2877,
541,
29892,
297,
2779,
29892,
304,
620,
332,
1621,
322,
6664,
573,
385,
3190,
29874,
293,
697,
29889,
2216,
25531,
315,
6972,
3794,
29915,
447,
572,
404,
13444,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
15927,
508,
367,
24774,
408,
263,
419,
293,
2931,
373,
263,
10676,
541,
3984,
28060,
327,
841,
10655,
29889,
306,
14973,
264,
304,
788,
393,
278,
27012,
882,
310,
445,
419,
293,
2779,
471,
28715,
368,
451,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
10419,
16392,
297,
5007,
450,
10787,
29889,
306,
437,
451,
2099,
304,
4368,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
731,
714,
304,
27435,
263,
26228,
313,
272,
263,
3290,
533,
2845,
29892,
363,
393,
4383,
467,
29896,
29946,
1551,
278,
21138,
29892,
540,
13229,
6839,
304,
788,
670,
1914,
443,
2072,
17324,
11896,
304,
313,
392,
6060,
278,
1014,
3259,
470,
29892,
304,
7726,
5176,
29892,
278,
316,
3075,
4080,
310,
29897,
278,
2307,
1532,
29899,
342,
370,
3726,
525,
11038,
729,
29899,
974,
29899,
558,
262,
778,
29915,
16151,
29889,
29896,
29945,
8502,
916,
23550,
297,
445,
16151,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29941,
13,
29954,
29889,
4122,
1600,
29892,
341,
787,
647,
1611,
751,
861,
866,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29906,
467,
9811,
11687,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
10787,
4286,
383,
29889,
23657,
29892,
525,
1576,
12968,
391,
1281,
1547,
310,
278,
10787,
322,
278,
10787,
310,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
742,
8237,
310,
14624,
5298,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29896,
313,
29896,
29929,
29941,
29929,
511,
29871,
29946,
29946,
29929,
29899,
29947,
29941,
29936,
660,
29889,
4971,
3993,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29947,
29896,
511,
521,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29946,
29871,
29896,
29945,
13,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
12520,
27323,
322,
9848,
304,
23251,
29892,
10734,
304,
716,
6743,
1058,
526,
1556,
12879,
297,
817,
310,
372,
29889,
29896,
29953,
1205,
297,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
19571,
278,
3578,
310,
2769,
30003,
1431,
291,
652,
7550,
470,
18836,
270,
29915,
300,
271,
29892,
393,
338,
30003,
275,
2143,
1461,
287,
322,
25312,
297,
263,
18036,
368,
419,
7486,
29892,
4359,
315,
6972,
424,
713,
982,
29889,
15175,
315,
6972,
3794,
9906,
825,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
947,
451,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
338,
13229,
408,
16245,
424,
310,
278,
19950,
874,
4127,
310,
14731,
1735,
408,
338,
3872,
751,
861,
866,
3654,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
9848,
304,
7051,
8491,
23251,
756,
29892,
16205,
29892,
263,
8459,
368,
439,
861,
13574,
2931,
322,
3006,
272,
29889,
1763,
278,
716,
15927,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
4083,
29892,
297,
2779,
29901,
565,
366,
6398,
304,
1274,
1548,
322,
4808,
8604,
3081,
366,
1818,
451,
1348,
322,
1044,
2629,
278,
14731,
6890,
310,
1749,
1914,
5046,
29892,
541,
297,
393,
310,
1790,
29892,
8859,
931,
29889,
450,
28526,
14731,
6890,
310,
1749,
1034,
6685,
322,
1801,
331,
16976,
5046,
313,
354,
18172,
29897,
338,
6111,
29892,
322,
967,
18028,
322,
20520,
310,
278,
4610,
1041,
338,
263,
1147,
8270,
9522,
412,
363,
278,
15927,
29915,
29879,
8604,
23921,
680,
29889,
1126,
1951,
694,
697,
881,
29892,
3036,
635,
13590,
29892,
367,
3734,
304,
9063,
23921,
680,
29892,
727,
338,
1781,
2769,
304,
4658,
393,
278,
544,
3742,
873,
4610,
1041,
526,
451,
13557,
411,
278,
4610,
1041,
2947,
28000,
491,
278,
6291,
29889,
319,
1781,
15927,
29892,
540,
1663,
2879,
29892,
1818,
525,
19668,
304,
367,
451,
1781,
4286,
29896,
29955,
2648,
445,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
947,
451,
2099,
393,
278,
15927,
1818,
5110,
304,
367,
16126,
3053,
506,
1524,
29892,
541,
393,
540,
1818,
29892,
297,
670,
6297,
408,
15927,
29892,
443,
19668,
278,
6111,
4610,
1041,
29892,
5960,
12937,
292,
297,
1009,
2058,
4610,
1041,
310,
1790,
12875,
9186,
29889,
4525,
8359,
368,
8604,
29892,
470,
544,
3742,
873,
29892,
4610,
1041,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
2874,
1078,
491,
278,
2323,
1734,
29892,
4610,
29884,
29889,
450,
1734,
4610,
29884,
8304,
297,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
8604,
2044,
886,
29889,
14598,
29892,
697,
1795,
1584,
1303,
670,
2211,
1900,
29899,
5203,
1736,
30003,
1576,
10787,
29892,
450,
8565,
29781,
29892,
322,
450,
3012,
310,
3362,
30003,
294,
1518,
5795,
310,
2211,
1197,
20850,
310,
4610,
29884,
29889,
450,
10787,
1518,
15815,
322,
8632,
1078,
278,
6964,
310,
544,
3742,
873,
4610,
29884,
29936,
450,
8565,
29781,
393,
310,
14175,
293,
4610,
29884,
29936,
322,
450,
3012,
310,
3362,
393,
310,
9121,
4610,
29884,
29889,
8512,
697,
1795,
2174,
375
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.323962 | 1.474927 | 0.046742 | 0.704284 |
ibly make and defend that claim, I shall not do so here. My aim is to look in particular at princely virtu in order to trace its likely lineage and some of its possible implications for present-day political thought and action. Virtu is among the most contested and controversial 16 N. Machiavelli, The Prince in The Prince and the Discourses (New York, 1950), 6. 17 Ibid. 56
concepts in Machiavelli's moral lexicon.18 Virtu, as Machiavelli uses the term, has no exact English equivalent. Nor, for that matter, is it exactly equivalent to the Latin virtus from which it ostensibly derives. Virtu is, however, clearly connected to its Latin antecedent in at least one respect. Virtus derives from vir, or 'man' (cf. our adjective 'virile'), which however should not be understood to be a synonym for human being. Virtus refers, rather, to the qualities and character traits to be found in the vir, the free male citizen. It is indeed the possession of particular virtues—courage, temperance, prudence, and justice—which distinguishes the true vir from slaves or ordinary labourers or even, indeed, from women.19 The etymological point here is that Machiavelli's concept of virtu, like its Latin antecedent, refers not to qualities or characteristics of human beings as such but to those qualities displayed by viri in filling their respective roles. Virtu, like virtus, is a role-related concept; in this the two differ radically from the Christian virtues which all human beings, regardless of role or rank, are at least potentially capable of exhibiting, especially in interpersonal or intimate interactions. The Christian virtues—humility, charity, meekness, piety, and the rest—can as well be characteristic of the attitudes and actions of women and slaves. Not for nothing did Nietzsche characterize Christianity as a 'slave morality'.20 The Christian concept of virtue, in other words, has no necessary connection with public or political life; it is concerned primarily with private life and only tangentially, if at all, with the public realm. Political power and position are not goods to be actively sought after by the virtuous Christian but are, rather, evils inflicted upon and borne patiently by passive subjects. Christ's 18 See, inter alia, F. De Sanctis, Storia della literatura italiana (Naples, 1870), ii; E. W. Mayer, Machiavellis Geschictsauffassung und sein Bergriff Virtu (Munich, 1912); J. H. Whitfield, Machiavelli (Oxford, 1947), 92-105; N. Wood, 'Machiavelli's Concept of virtu Reconsidered', Political Studies, 15 (1967), 159-72; I. Hannaford, 'Machiavelli's Concept of virtu in The Prince and the Discourses Reconsidered', Political Studies, 20 (1972), 185-9; J. Plamenatz, 'In Search of Machiavellian virtu', in A. Parel (ed.), The Political Calculus (Toronto, 1972), 157-78; and R. Price, 'The Senses of virtu in 19 Machiavelli', European Studies Review, 3 (1973), 315-45. Cicero, De officiis, bk. I, sects. 15-18; Skinner, Machiavelli, 35-7. 20 F. Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals (Garden City, NY, 1956), first essay.
resigned but resolute 'Render unto Caesar . . .' might well serve as their moral motto. Little wonder, then, that Machiavelli (like later republicans, including Rousseau) should have had such contempt for Christianity, at least in so far as its precepts might be used in guiding political practice. Whatever its other merits may be, Christianity will not suffice as a civil religion.21 That Machiavellian virtu bears scant resemblance to the Christian conception of virtue should now be
|
[
14981,
1207,
322,
24663,
393,
5995,
29892,
306,
4091,
451,
437,
577,
1244,
29889,
1619,
12242,
338,
304,
1106,
297,
3153,
472,
544,
3742,
873,
4610,
29884,
297,
1797,
304,
9637,
967,
5517,
1196,
482,
322,
777,
310,
967,
1950,
2411,
5795,
363,
2198,
29899,
3250,
8604,
2714,
322,
3158,
29889,
478,
2728,
29884,
338,
4249,
278,
1556,
640,
2868,
322,
19341,
616,
29871,
29896,
29953,
405,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
450,
10787,
297,
450,
10787,
322,
278,
8565,
29781,
313,
4373,
3088,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29900,
511,
29871,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29955,
306,
23883,
29889,
29871,
29945,
29953,
13,
535,
1547,
29879,
297,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
14731,
19566,
4144,
29889,
29896,
29947,
478,
2728,
29884,
29892,
408,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
3913,
278,
1840,
29892,
756,
694,
2684,
4223,
7126,
29889,
4186,
29892,
363,
393,
4383,
29892,
338,
372,
3721,
7126,
304,
278,
13548,
4610,
375,
515,
607,
372,
14750,
575,
14981,
589,
3145,
29889,
478,
2728,
29884,
338,
29892,
3138,
29892,
9436,
6631,
304,
967,
13548,
15053,
1133,
296,
297,
472,
3203,
697,
3390,
29889,
478,
2728,
375,
589,
3145,
515,
10636,
29892,
470,
525,
1171,
29915,
313,
6854,
29889,
1749,
594,
25674,
525,
1403,
13816,
5477,
607,
3138,
881,
451,
367,
11098,
304,
367,
263,
5222,
4735,
363,
5199,
1641,
29889,
478,
2728,
375,
14637,
29892,
3265,
29892,
304,
278,
4021,
1907,
322,
2931,
1020,
1169,
304,
367,
1476,
297,
278,
10636,
29892,
278,
3889,
14263,
14497,
264,
29889,
739,
338,
6200,
278,
17715,
310,
3153,
4610,
1041,
30003,
16589,
6617,
29892,
6238,
749,
29892,
544,
566,
663,
29892,
322,
15426,
30003,
4716,
10121,
17006,
278,
1565,
10636,
515,
25569,
470,
15311,
23390,
414,
470,
1584,
29892,
6200,
29892,
515,
5866,
29889,
29896,
29929,
450,
634,
962,
5996,
1298,
1244,
338,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
6964,
310,
4610,
29884,
29892,
763,
967,
13548,
15053,
1133,
296,
29892,
14637,
451,
304,
4021,
1907,
470,
21862,
310,
5199,
367,
886,
408,
1316,
541,
304,
1906,
4021,
1907,
8833,
491,
3516,
374,
297,
27523,
1009,
18067,
16178,
29889,
478,
2728,
29884,
29892,
763,
4610,
375,
29892,
338,
263,
6297,
29899,
12817,
6964,
29936,
297,
445,
278,
1023,
1163,
2971,
1711,
515,
278,
6111,
4610,
1041,
607,
599,
5199,
367,
886,
29892,
17126,
310,
6297,
470,
7115,
29892,
526,
472,
3203,
19998,
15390,
310,
10371,
11407,
29892,
7148,
297,
1006,
10532,
284,
470,
938,
6490,
22060,
29889,
450,
6111,
4610,
1041,
30003,
16063,
1793,
29892,
1373,
537,
29892,
592,
1416,
2264,
29892,
282,
21549,
29892,
322,
278,
1791,
30003,
3068,
408,
1532,
367,
17443,
310,
278,
1098,
20816,
322,
8820,
310,
5866,
322,
25569,
29889,
2216,
363,
3078,
1258,
405,
2035,
29920,
5955,
2931,
675,
6111,
537,
408,
263,
525,
29879,
18398,
3036,
2877,
4286,
29906,
29900,
450,
6111,
6964,
310,
27935,
29892,
297,
916,
3838,
29892,
756,
694,
5181,
3957,
411,
970,
470,
8604,
2834,
29936,
372,
338,
15041,
19434,
411,
2024,
2834,
322,
871,
18806,
9247,
29892,
565,
472,
599,
29892,
411,
278,
970,
1855,
29885,
29889,
25137,
3081,
322,
2602,
526,
451,
22535,
304,
367,
1044,
3598,
18365,
1156,
491,
278,
4610,
17269,
6111,
541,
526,
29892,
3265,
29892,
3415,
2719,
3041,
506,
9446,
2501,
322,
9820,
484,
16500,
368,
491,
1209,
573,
17800,
29889,
2819,
29915,
29879,
29871,
29896,
29947,
2823,
29892,
1006,
394,
423,
29892,
383,
29889,
897,
3087,
312,
275,
29892,
19719,
2005,
4631,
7969,
18431,
313,
29940,
481,
793,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29955,
29900,
511,
13607,
29936,
382,
29889,
399,
29889,
2610,
261,
29892,
17197,
423,
29894,
514,
275,
5009,
919,
29879,
28411,
465,
686,
563,
2757,
2292,
629,
2593,
478,
2728,
29884,
313,
29924,
348,
436,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29896,
29906,
416,
435,
29889,
379,
29889,
20572,
2671,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
313,
29949,
29916,
4006,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29946,
29955,
511,
29871,
29929,
29906,
29899,
29896,
29900,
29945,
29936,
405,
29889,
10180,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1281,
1547,
310,
4610,
29884,
830,
3200,
1241,
287,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29945,
313,
29896,
29929,
29953,
29955,
511,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29929,
29899,
29955,
29906,
29936,
306,
29889,
13889,
2142,
536,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
1281,
1547,
310,
4610,
29884,
297,
450,
10787,
322,
278,
8565,
29781,
830,
3200,
1241,
287,
742,
25137,
16972,
29892,
29871,
29906,
29900,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
511,
29871,
29896,
29947,
29945,
29899,
29929,
29936,
435,
29889,
1858,
5071,
4101,
29892,
525,
797,
11856,
310,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
4610,
29884,
742,
297,
319,
29889,
349,
17243,
313,
287,
9774,
450,
25137,
20535,
375,
313,
29911,
272,
10268,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29906,
511,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29955,
29899,
29955,
29947,
29936,
322,
390,
29889,
20743,
29892,
525,
1576,
317,
11259,
310,
4610,
29884,
297,
29871,
29896,
29929,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
742,
7824,
16972,
13957,
29892,
29871,
29941,
313,
29896,
29929,
29955,
29941,
511,
29871,
29941,
29896,
29945,
29899,
29946,
29945,
29889,
24945,
1489,
29892,
897,
29158,
275,
29892,
289,
29895,
29889,
306,
29892,
21149,
29879,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29945,
29899,
29896,
29947,
29936,
4971,
3993,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
29871,
29941,
29945,
29899,
29955,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29900,
383,
29889,
405,
2035,
29920,
5955,
29892,
450,
15350,
284,
6933,
310,
3879,
1338,
313,
29954,
7879,
4412,
29892,
23526,
29892,
29871,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29953,
511,
937,
3686,
388,
29889,
13,
690,
12961,
541,
3770,
1082,
525,
10716,
20550,
9243,
26892,
869,
869,
869,
29915,
1795,
1532,
9080,
408,
1009,
14731,
3184,
517,
29889,
11143,
4997,
29892,
769,
29892,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
313,
4561,
2678,
23925,
550,
29892,
3704,
390,
681,
14654,
29897,
881,
505,
750,
1316,
640,
3456,
363,
6111,
537,
29892,
472,
3203,
297,
577,
2215,
408,
967,
758,
1547,
29879,
1795,
367,
1304,
297,
1410,
4821,
8604,
6944,
29889,
806,
5564,
967,
916,
2778,
1169,
1122,
367,
29892,
6111,
537,
674,
451,
9378,
625,
408,
263,
7631,
13433,
29889,
29906,
29896,
2193,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
4610,
29884,
367,
1503,
885,
424,
620,
13365,
749,
304,
278,
6111,
26192,
310,
27935,
881,
1286,
367
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.829457 | 1.53203 | -0.511119 | 0.458898 |
clear. Less clear, perhaps, are the pronounced and profound differences between the Ciceronian-humanist concept of virtus and the Machiavellian concept of virtu. The qualities ascribed by Cicero to the virtuous statesman are not those ascribed by Machiavelli to the virtuoso prince. Machiavelli's prince is at least prepared to act in ways that Cicero and his humanist successors would have thought disgusting and distasteful, to say the least. Consider, for example, Cicero's acknowledgment in De officiis that one might on occasion achieve one's ends more efficiently by resorting to force or fraud. It might even appear to be rational to resort to such means. But the appearance, says Cicero, is misleading. To be fully rational is to be most fully human and therefore not at all 'bestial'. Force and fraud are ruled out as being 'unworthy of man' inasmuch as they are characteristic of the behaviour of beasts—force being characteristic of the lion and fraud of the fox.22 Machiavelli explicitly rejects the Ciceronian view that the best and most rational human action differs categorically from the behaviour of the beasts. Tweaking the Roman nose of the humanists, he says that the prince must learn to imitate both beasts by combining the cunning of the fox with the forceful courage of the lion.23 If he is to be truly virtuoso, the prince must know which animal to imitate on the appropriate occasions. Clearly virtu is not virtus, at least as Cicero and later humanists used and understood that concept.24 With what other concept or cluster of concepts, then, might 21
Machiavelli, Discourses, bk. I, chs. 11-14. Cf. Ch. 5 below. Cicero, De officiis', Skinner, Machiavelli, 40. Machiavelli, Prince, 64. 24 Contra B. Wall, 'Machiavelli and the Italian Tradition', Dublin Review, 452 (1951), 36. 22
Machiavellian virtu be more nearly allied? My conjecture is that Machiavelli's conception of princely virtue—which encompasses lying, deceit, treachery, and so on—has obvious but heretofore unnoticed affinities with a much older conception of 'virtue'. Machiavellian virtu, I want to suggest, shares certain crucial conceptual affinities with the heroic conception of virtue found in the Iliad and the Odyssey. But before I can defend this claim, I must enter several caveats. The first point to note is, of course, that our own concept of virtue did not exist in the Homeric moral vocabulary. 'Virtue' is our modern (and in many respects unsatisfactory) translation of the Greek apery. A better, if rather more awkward, translation of arete would be 'role-related specific excellence'. Arete is that quality or set of qualities which enables one to fill a particular role and to discharge its duties. From this a second point follows: arete does not and cannot refer to the excellence (moral or otherwise) of man qua man but of man qua role-bearer in relation to other role-bearers. Thirdly, arete need not denote specifically human qualities at all. The arete of a sword, for example, is its sharpness; the arete of a racehorse, its speed; the arete of a guard-dog, its ferocity and loyalty to its master. Thus Odysseus' faithful dog Argos exhibits canine arete by remaining fiercely loyal, by recognizing his returning master, despite his disguise, and by staying alive long enough to welcome him home before dying, his duty done, from a combination of delight, relief, and old age. Similarly, Penelope displays wifely arete in remaining faithful to her husband, even though this requires duplicity and deception in her dealings with the suitors. This brings me to a fourth, and for my purposes crucial, point: to be 'virtuous' in the Homeric sense requires on occasion that one act in ways that are, by our standards, immoral and vicious. If animal cunning and treachery are required to play one's part or fill one's role, then cunning and treachery are not only morally acceptable: they are morally required by one'
|
[
2821,
29889,
27898,
2821,
29892,
6060,
29892,
526,
278,
11504,
20979,
322,
2600,
618,
12651,
1546,
278,
24945,
261,
25813,
29899,
26029,
391,
6964,
310,
4610,
375,
322,
278,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
6964,
310,
4610,
29884,
29889,
450,
4021,
1907,
408,
23059,
491,
24945,
1489,
304,
278,
4610,
17269,
5922,
1171,
526,
451,
1906,
408,
23059,
491,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
304,
278,
4610,
29884,
9064,
15927,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
15927,
338,
472,
3203,
13240,
304,
1044,
297,
5837,
393,
24945,
1489,
322,
670,
5199,
391,
2551,
943,
723,
505,
2714,
766,
29887,
504,
292,
322,
1320,
4350,
1319,
29892,
304,
1827,
278,
3203,
29889,
10056,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
24945,
1489,
29915,
29879,
24084,
19422,
297,
897,
29158,
275,
393,
697,
1795,
373,
10039,
6176,
697,
29915,
29879,
10614,
901,
29497,
491,
25362,
292,
304,
4889,
470,
5227,
566,
29889,
739,
1795,
1584,
2615,
304,
367,
17903,
304,
25362,
304,
1316,
2794,
29889,
1205,
278,
10097,
29892,
4083,
24945,
1489,
29892,
338,
3984,
25369,
29889,
1763,
367,
8072,
17903,
338,
304,
367,
1556,
8072,
5199,
322,
5480,
451,
472,
599,
525,
13318,
616,
4286,
11004,
322,
5227,
566,
526,
29490,
714,
408,
1641,
525,
348,
12554,
29891,
310,
767,
29915,
297,
11625,
987,
408,
896,
526,
17443,
310,
278,
10468,
310,
367,
19416,
30003,
10118,
1641,
17443,
310,
278,
301,
291,
322,
5227,
566,
310,
278,
1701,
29916,
29889,
29906,
29906,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
9479,
12560,
29879,
278,
24945,
261,
25813,
1776,
393,
278,
1900,
322,
1556,
17903,
5199,
3158,
2923,
414,
11608,
1711,
515,
278,
10468,
310,
278,
367,
19416,
29889,
27637,
5086,
278,
5917,
26414,
310,
278,
5199,
2879,
29892,
540,
4083,
393,
278,
15927,
1818,
5110,
304,
527,
10388,
1716,
367,
19416,
491,
29299,
278,
274,
27389,
310,
278,
1701,
29916,
411,
278,
4889,
1319,
19872,
310,
278,
301,
291,
29889,
29906,
29941,
960,
540,
338,
304,
367,
19781,
4610,
29884,
9064,
29892,
278,
15927,
1818,
1073,
607,
13019,
304,
527,
10388,
373,
278,
8210,
26108,
29889,
17732,
368,
4610,
29884,
338,
451,
4610,
375,
29892,
472,
3203,
408,
24945,
1489,
322,
2678,
5199,
2879,
1304,
322,
11098,
393,
6964,
29889,
29906,
29946,
2973,
825,
916,
6964,
470,
9867,
310,
22001,
29892,
769,
29892,
1795,
29871,
29906,
29896,
13,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
8565,
29781,
29892,
289,
29895,
29889,
306,
29892,
521,
29879,
29889,
29871,
29896,
29896,
29899,
29896,
29946,
29889,
315,
29888,
29889,
678,
29889,
29871,
29945,
2400,
29889,
24945,
1489,
29892,
897,
29158,
275,
742,
4971,
3993,
29892,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29900,
29889,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29892,
10787,
29892,
29871,
29953,
29946,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29946,
2866,
336,
350,
29889,
14406,
29892,
525,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
322,
278,
10545,
18375,
654,
742,
24533,
13957,
29892,
29871,
29946,
29945,
29906,
313,
29896,
29929,
29945,
29896,
511,
29871,
29941,
29953,
29889,
29871,
29906,
29906,
13,
29924,
496,
423,
955,
492,
273,
4610,
29884,
367,
901,
8886,
394,
2957,
29973,
1619,
25466,
545,
338,
393,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
29915,
29879,
26192,
310,
544,
3742,
873,
27935,
30003,
4716,
427,
2388,
465,
267,
19214,
29892,
23332,
277,
29892,
2578,
496,
708,
29892,
322,
577,
373,
30003,
5349,
6924,
541,
902,
300,
974,
487,
443,
1333,
7612,
2756,
262,
1907,
411,
263,
1568,
9642,
26192,
310,
525,
15389,
434,
4286,
17197,
423,
955,
492,
273,
4610,
29884,
29892,
306,
864,
304,
4368,
29892,
29358,
3058,
7618,
1455,
6964,
950,
2756,
262,
1907,
411,
278,
13444,
293,
26192,
310,
27935,
1476,
297,
278,
306,
492,
328,
322,
278,
6715,
952,
7759,
29889,
1205,
1434,
306,
508,
24663,
445,
5995,
29892,
306,
1818,
3896,
3196,
24230,
1446,
29889,
450,
937,
1298,
304,
4443,
338,
29892,
310,
3236,
29892,
393,
1749,
1914,
6964,
310,
27935,
1258,
451,
1863,
297,
278,
379,
12392,
293,
14731,
7931,
370,
352,
653,
29889,
525,
29963,
2728,
434,
29915,
338,
1749,
5400,
313,
392,
297,
1784,
3390,
29879,
9644,
27685,
3832,
29897,
13962,
310,
278,
12311,
29271,
29891,
29889,
319,
2253,
29892,
565,
3265,
901,
13689,
1328,
29892,
13962,
310,
526,
371,
723,
367,
525,
12154,
29899,
12817,
2702,
12567,
663,
4286,
4683,
371,
338,
393,
11029,
470,
731,
310,
4021,
1907,
607,
28936,
697,
304,
5445,
263,
3153,
6297,
322,
304,
766,
23367,
967,
22204,
29889,
3645,
445,
263,
1473,
1298,
4477,
29901,
526,
371,
947,
451,
322,
2609,
2737,
304,
278,
12567,
663,
313,
29885,
11251,
470,
6467,
29897,
310,
767,
439,
29874,
767,
541,
310,
767,
439,
29874,
6297,
29899,
29890,
799,
261,
297,
8220,
304,
916,
6297,
29899,
29890,
799,
414,
29889,
18008,
368,
29892,
526,
371,
817,
451,
13530,
10816,
5199,
4021,
1907,
472,
599,
29889,
450,
526,
371,
310,
263,
22378,
29892,
363,
1342,
29892,
338,
967,
15301,
2264,
29936,
278,
526,
371,
310,
263,
8175,
2015,
344,
29892,
967,
6210,
29936,
278,
526,
371,
310,
263,
8372,
29899,
26169,
29892,
967,
6013,
25245,
322,
28108,
1017,
304,
967,
5835,
29889,
6549,
6715,
952,
344,
375,
29915,
27057,
11203,
11842,
359,
10371,
1169,
508,
457,
526,
371,
491,
9886,
21334,
29883,
873,
28108,
29892,
491,
5936,
5281,
670,
7863,
5835,
29892,
15020,
670,
766,
2543,
895,
29892,
322,
491,
7952,
292,
18758,
1472,
3307,
304,
12853,
1075,
3271,
1434,
27116,
29892,
670,
13360,
2309,
29892,
515,
263,
10296,
310,
15319,
29892,
18892,
29892,
322,
2030,
5046,
29889,
20175,
29892,
7363,
295,
2300,
14423,
281,
361,
873,
526,
371,
297,
9886,
27057,
304,
902,
10216,
29892,
1584,
2466,
445,
6858,
5141,
17024,
322,
316,
1441,
297,
902,
5376,
886,
411,
278,
14726,
943,
29889,
910,
23522,
592,
304,
263,
11582,
29892,
322,
363,
590,
11976,
7618,
1455,
29892,
1298,
29901,
304,
367,
525,
2405,
9161,
681,
29915,
297,
278,
379,
12392,
293,
4060,
6858,
373,
10039,
393,
697,
1044,
297,
5837,
393,
526,
29892,
491,
1749,
20801,
29892,
5198,
11251,
322,
325,
14803,
29889,
960,
13019,
274,
27389,
322,
2578,
496,
708,
526,
3734,
304,
1708,
697,
29915,
29879,
760,
470,
5445,
697,
29915,
29879,
6297,
29892,
769,
274,
27389,
322,
2578,
496,
708,
526,
451,
871,
3036,
635,
22691,
29901,
896,
526,
3036,
635,
3734,
491,
697,
29915
] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.595669 | 1.822733 | 0.160835 | 0.916783 |