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We find ourselves in a time of political, economic, and social anxiety. Whether real or perceived, there’s a palpable uneasiness—or downright hostility—in our public rhetoric and political debate. No matter where you fall on the political spectrum, one thing is clear: The unraveling of our public discourse is blocking our ability to tackle serious problems—from the environment to corruption to racial tensions to poverty, and, perhaps most importantly, to education. Instead of having real, candid, open conversations, political debate is all too often reduced to shaming, intimidation, and even violence. Given the hostility of public discourse, it should come as no surprise that America’s K–12 students are also facing higher levels of hostility, anxiety, and stress in school. In May, UCLA’s Institute for Democracy, Education, and Access surveyed teachers and asked them to reflect on changes they witnessed in their school climate during the first four months of the Trump presidency. In the report released last month, the findings paint a troubling picture of the state of discourse in America’s classrooms. As schools across the country work to engage students and encourage a civil dialogue in their classrooms, here’s three important takeaways from the UCLA report. 1. Stress in schools that predominantly serve minority students is on the rise More than half of the surveyed teachers said more students were experiencing “high levels of stress and anxiety” than in previous years. Forty-four percent of participating teachers said stress was impacting students’ focus or causing them to miss class. Ongoing debates and policy announcements seem to have exacerbated student anxiety, especially among children of immigrants. Fifty-eight percent of teachers reported that the proposed deportation policies for undocumented immigrants were a major concern for students. For more on promoting open, safe dialogue in schools, sign up for the TrustED newsletter. As one Pennsylvania teacher wrote: “Many students were very stressed and worried after the election. They vocalized their worries over family members’ immigration status and healthcare, as well as LGBT rights.” 2. Open incivility and intolerance is on the rise in predominantly white schools One-fifth of surveyed teachers reported increased incivility in their classrooms and on school campuses. Nearly one-third of participating teachers reported that more students were derogatory about other groups of people during class discussions. As one Indiana teacher wrote: “Individuals who do harbor perspectives and racism and bigotry now feel empowered to offer their views more naturally in class discussions, which has led to tension, and even conflict, in the classroom.” This hostility is, in part, fueled by misinformation from unconfirmed sources. More than 40 percent of surveyed teachers said that students were more likely than in previous years to “introduce unsubstantiated claims from unreliable sources.” At least one survey respondent blamed the spread of fake news via social media for the trend. 3. Teachers agree: School leaders need to do more to restore civility While some participating teachers reported that their school administrators worked to create tolerant and respectful school climates, many others said their school leaders do not do enough. Less than one-third of participants said their school’s leaders have provided support or guidance to combat hostility in classrooms. And, while 40 percent of surveyed teachers said administrators have made public statements about the importance of civil discourse, most said administrators need to do more. Seventy-three percent of participants agreed with the following statement: “My school leadership should provide more guidance, support, and professional development opportunities on how to promote civil exchange and greater understanding across lines of difference.” Have you seen an uptick in hostility or incivility in your classrooms? How are you working to promote civility and open discourse in your school or district? Tell us in the comments.	<urn:uuid:fbddb00a-6abd-4aef-ba46-9411d661816a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.k12insight.com/trusted/new-report-k-12-schools-becoming-hostile-less-civil/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00369.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9699087142944336, "token_count": 789, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
\|Chapter 8\|\|Attainment of Salvation\|\|Verse 17\| Rudra Vaisnava Sampradaya: In the Puranas the ancient Vedic histories there are statements like: The contemplative, the charitable, the dispassionate and the consequent reach a higher abode that is free from affliction above the material realms of the earthly worlds, the heavenly kingdom and the nether regions. It is known that above the three planetary systems Bhur, Bhuvah and Swah, the planetary system of Maharloka is far superior to the Earth; but if periodic destruction is anyway applicable to all material planetary systems then what is the special distinction. Anticipating such a question and in order to convey that existence on Maharloka lasts for a long duration compared to the much shorter duration of the three previously mentioned lokas or planetary systems being Bhur, Bhuvah and Swar below it. By showing that in each day of the life of Brahma which equal 4 billion, 320 million years and who lives one-hundred years according to this time scale, the material manifestation of the three worlds are created and on each night in the life of Brahma also equalling 4 billion 320 million years the three worlds are dissolved again. Both together total 8 billion 640 million. Such is the proper method of computing time. One year of time on Earth equals one day and one night of the demigods. Computing further in gradation for them and Earth it can be tabulated that one Maha Yuga equals 4,320,000 Earth years but for the demigods that is only a durarion of 12,000 of their years. 1000 such Maha Yugas comprises Brahma's day and another 1000 Maha Yugas comprises his night. Only those who understand time in this frame of reference are actual knowers of day and night. Those beings whose knowledge is restricted to the rotations of the sun and moon are not knowers of day and night for there knowledge is limited. The word yuga in this verse is referring to a Maha Yuga refering to the four yugas of Satya, Treta, Dvarapa and Kali equalling 4 million 320 thousand years. Otherwise combining it with sahasra-yuga would have no relevance to Brahma's day and night. The Vishnu Purana states: Brahma's day consists of 1000 Maha Yugas. The name Brahma also denotes the inhabitants of his planetary system of Maharloka as well. Brahma Vaisnava Sampradaya: Lord Krishna in order to establish the fact that upon attaining Him there is no further return to the material existence, He cites the potency of His unmanifest Brahman by the example of the cyclic dissolution of creation referring to Brahma's day. The literal meaning for sahasra is one 1000; but actually it means innumerable for in innumerable creations is dissolution taking place periodically. The Brahman or the spiritual substratum pervading all creation is a manifestation of the Supreme Lord and is supreme as well being the shadow of the universal form. Here Lord Krishna speaks of dissolution at the end of Brahma's day. Everything comes into creation by the unmanifest. One Maha Yugas consists of Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvarapa Yuga and Kali Yuga equalling 4,320,000 years multiplied by 1000 is 4 billion 320 million years and is a day of Brahma. The same duration is his night both combined equal 8 billion 640 million years and which is known as a kalpa.. A year of Brahma is 360 of such kalpas totalling 26 trillion 438 billion and 400 million years and Brahma lives for 100 of these years. The Kurma Purana states: For as long as the life of Brahma is a day for the Supreme Lord and after begins His night. When His night falls everything gets merged back into Him and when His day dawns everything emanates out again and creation begins anew. The Supreme Being who resides in the etheric heart of all beings. Now begins the summation. The word sahasra means 1000 but it also indicative of the Brahman or the spiritual substratum pervading all existence. What is the source of the Brahman? It is emanating from the Supreme Being. Only the periodic cycles of night and day are spoken of in reference to the unmanifest Brahman. When night falls after 4 billion 320 million years everything gets dissolved back into the unmanifest Brahman. Thus from the statement can be drawn a conclusion. At the end of day and night of the four-faced Brahma all the universe is not dissolved, only portions. The Supreme Lord Krishna alone is eternal. He is transcendental to the constructs of time beyond both the night and the day. The night and day of Brahma's lifetime are said to be like the closing and opening of His eyelids Sri Vaisnava Sampradaya: Those who through the power of yoga or the individual consciousness attaining communion with the ultimate consciousness understand that Brahma's'day lasts for 1000 Maha Yugas. Each of which is one cycle of the four yugas or ages combined which are Satya Yuga lasting 1,728,000 Earth years, Treta Yuga lasting 1,296,000 years, Dvarapa Yuga lasting 864,000 years and Kali Yuga lasting 432,000 years all together totalling 4,320,000 years. When multiplied by 1000 Brahma's day equals 4 billion 320 million years. The same total applies also for Brahma's night. So combined one day and one night of Brahma equals 8 billion 640 million years and this is known as a kalpa. One year of Brahma equals 360 of these kalpas totalling 26 trillion, 438 billion and 400 million. Brahma lives for 100 of these years. Kumara Vaisnava Sampradaya: Lord Krishna is now giving the reason why people who reach the heavenly worlds of Brahma and others are still subjected to samsara or the perpetual cycle of birth and death because of the periodic time factors these planets are regulated by. Those who by the truth of the Vedic scriptures know that Brahma's day and night is comprised of 2000 Maha Yugas which is equivalent to the duration of the four yugas or ages being Satya Yuga consisting of 1,728,000 years, Treta Yuga consisting of 1,296,000 years, Dvarapa Yuga consisting of 864,000 years and Kali Yuga consisting of 432,000 years all totalling 4,320,000 years multiplied againg by 2000 factually know what is day and night because they know the true reality of time. All others who base their knowledge of day and night by the mere calculations of solar movements are not knowers of day and night and are limited in their consciousness. One year on Earth is equal to one day and one night in the heavenly spheres. One day and one night in the heavenly worlds multiplied by 12,000 years equals one Maha Yuga equalling 4,320, 000 years. 1000 Maha Yugas is one day of Brahma and another 1000 Maha Yuga is one night of Brahma both totalling 8 billion 640 million years and is known as a kalpa. One year of Brahma is 360 of these kalpass or 180,000 Maha Yugas which is 360 days multiplied by 8 billion 640 million which totals to 26 trillion, 438 billion and 400 million years on Earth. Brahma lives 100 of these years. One who understands this is a true knower of day and night. So in this way all the material worlds are always temporary due to being periodically regulated by the time factor. Naturally beings who reach these worlds are subject to these periodic regulations and thus are subjected to rebirth in the worlds of mortals. This is the case in the highest material world of Brahma in Maharloka all the way down to the lower worlds such as Pataloka. It should be understood that in all material worlds there is rebirth.	<urn:uuid:90de0883-a603-4420-9297-3d3888338575>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-08-17.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00413-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9345237612724304, "token_count": 1673, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Mastic gum is a viscous light-green liquid obtained from the bark of Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia, which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. Historically, trunk exudates of Pistacia lentiscus (mastic gum) have been used for the treatment of stomach ulcers. Archaeologists in 1982 found a late Bronze Age shipwreck with 100 jars filled with mastic that had been used by the Egyptians for medicinal purposes. The ancient Greek physicians Galenus in “Simpliciun medicamemtorum temperamentis ac faculatibus libri XI” and Dioscorides in “De Materia Medica” have described the properties and usage of mastic oil. The Persian pharmacist, physician and philosopher Avicenna (980-1037) prescribed mastic gum for abdominal pain, heartburn and topological infections. The Arab physician Ibn Al-Baytar, living in the 13th century, prescribed mastic gum for upper abdominal pain, heartburn, gastric and intestinal ulcers. The genus Pistacia from the Anacardiaceae family consists of eleven species of trees found in some Mediterranean countries and in Southern and Central America. Substantial work has been done on characterising the chemical composition of Pistacia lentiscus and some other species which are widely distributed in the Mediterranean and the Zagros Mountains, particularly in Western and Northern Iran, and Eastern and Northern Iraq. Ebrahimi, D., Sharifi, M. S., Hazell, S. L., Hibbert, D. B. Generalized multiplicative analysis of variance of kill kinetics data of antibacterial agents, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems.2008, 92(2), 101-109. Ibn Al-Baytar Abdullah Ahmed Al-Andalusi. Materia Medica, III; pp. 158-159 (in Arabic). Sharifi, M. S., Ebrahimi, D., Hibbert, B. D., Hook, J., Hazell, S. L. (2012). Bio-Activity of Natural Polymers from the Genus Pistacia: A Validated Model for their Antimicrobial Action. Global Journal of Health and Sciences. 2012, 4(1), 149-61. Papageorgiou, V.P.; Sagredos, A.N.; Moser, R. GLC-MS Computer Analysis of The Essential Oil of Mastic Gum. Chem. Chron., New Ser. 1981, 10, 119-124. Sharifi, M. S., Hazell, S. L. GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the trunk exudates from Pistacia atlantica kurdica. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 3(8), 2011, 1364-1367. Sharifi, M. S., Hazell, S. L. Characterization of genus Pistacia in relation to antimicrobial activity. Traditional & Complementary Medicine. 2008, 1008-1013. Sharifi, M.S. Fractionation and analysis of trunk exudates from pistacia genus in relation to antimicrobial activity. Ph. D thesis, College of Health and Science, University of Western; 2006, pp. 301. Sharifi, M. S., Hazell., S. L. Fractionation of Mastic Gum in Relation to Antimicrobial Activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2009, 2(1), 2-10 Sharifi, M. S., Hazell, S. L. Isolation, Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of the Acidic Fractions of Mastic, Kurdica, Mutica and Cabolica Gums from Genus Pistacia. Global Journal of Health Science, 2012, 4(1), 217-28. Sharifi, M. S., Hazell, S. L. Structural Relationship Activities of Triterpenoids. Journal of Infectious Disease, 2012, 31. Sharifi, M. S., Vagg, W. J., Hazell, S. L. Characterization of mastic gum in relation to anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Journal of World Chemistry. 2001, 560-566. Thomas, S.; Stefanos, D.; Chmielewska, E.; Chmielewska, W. Distribution, Development andStructure of Resin Ducts in Pistachia lentiscus var. chia Duhamel. Flora. 2000, 195, 83-94.	<urn:uuid:5222363a-bb6f-454c-ab68-8c93088acad5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://afpishop.com/blogs/news/96795334-first-post", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543797.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522032543-20220522062543-00422.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7806268930435181, "token_count": 949, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
FLICKR, TAMBAKO THE JAGUAR Researchers have long debated whether animals play fair. A new study out this week (January 14) provides evidence that chimps are indeed even-handed players—though not everyone is satisfied. In the study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science, researchers adapted an economic game—called the Ultimatum game— to test fairness in chimps. In the game, a “proposer” chimp offers a “responder” chimp one of two colored plastic tokens—one color means splitting a banana equally, while the other means an unequal split, with the proposer chimp taking 5/6s of the banana. In the game, if the responder chimp accepts the offered token, the responder can turn it in to a researcher for the agreed upon shares of the banana. But, if the responder rejects the token offered—perhaps if they realize they’re getting stiffed—neither chimp gets any banana. When humans play such games, responders typically only take the fair split and reject the unfair offers. When the chimps played, the responder chimps never rejected the unfair deals, possibly suggesting they lack a sense of fairness. But the proposers only offered the unfair chip on occasion, more frequently giving the equitable deal. This led the researchers to suggest that fairness evolved before humans and chimps split 5 to 7 million years ago. It seems that “chimpanzees do not always act from a purely selfish perspective," James Anderson, a psychologist at the University of Stirling in the United Kingdom, who was not involved in the study, told ScienceNOW. My, what a strong jaw you have FLICKR, JOY TEKPiranha, the notoriously voracious fish, can bite with a force 30 times their weight, according to a paper published last month (December 20) in Scientific Reports. Researchers took measurements of the bite force of 15 live black piranha specimens. The hardest biting piranha could bite with nearly 320 Newtons (72 pounds) of force, though it weighed only 1.1 kg (2.4 pounds). The authors said that the piranha’s powerful adductor mandibulae muscles and superior jaw leverage allow it to predate animals much larger than itself. “While anecdotes of piranha-infested waters skeletonizing hapless victims are generally hyperbole, the effectiveness of their bite is not,” the authors wrote in the paper. They also used the modern measurements to estimate the jaw force of the ancient megapiranha, which lived during the Miocene epoch around 22 to 5 million years ago. The megapiranha was over three times as large as the black piranha, the authors estimate, and it could likely bite with 1240 to 4749 Newtons (279 to 1,068 pounds) of force. The megapiranha’s tooth structure and forceful bites would have allowed it to eat hard marine creatures like turtles and armored catfish, as well as limbs of large terrestrial mammals that waded into the water. PUBLIC DOMAIN, JUAN MIGUEL ARTIGASHomosexual encounters are common across the animal kingdom, but present an evolutionary enigma since the behavior doesn’t appear to help increase an individual’s reproductive fitness—unless, perhaps, your potential, opposite-sex mates are into that sort of thing. Such is the case of the tropical freshwater fish Poecilia mexicana, whose males regularly engage in male-male foreplay to the delight voyeuristic females, according to a new study in Biology Letters. The same-sex spectacle adds an evolutionary boost to less desirable males by helping them attract and snag females. In the study, researchers observed wimpy, dull-colored male fish “nipping” the genital openings of brighter, huskier males, an event that commonly precedes opposite-sex mating. Gawking females took note of the romp and indicated their newfound interest in the wimpy male by spending more time swimming close after the male-male encounter. The researchers suggest that such homosexual behaviors aren’t an evolutionary endpoint—at least for the wimpy male who might not otherwise attract females. Cloak and feathers FLICKR, LUC VIATOURAs crafty birds stash food in secret troves, they keep a lookout for pilfering rivals and relocate treasures if needed. But researchers are divided over whether or not the wily chirpers are just paranoid and stressed, or if they have the wherewithal to understand the cheating ways of other birds—a cognitive ability that’s rare in animals other than humans. Many species of jays and crows stash food, but a recent study found that if birds hear or see a spying bird, they’ll dig up their buried treasure and seek another hiding spot that’s quieter and more secluded. In contrast, when a bird is staking out a rival, it is stealthy. “It shows that the pilferers are strategizing; they're aware that the other bird is listening, and if they're going to spy successfully, they need to be quiet,” Rachael Shaw, a University of Cambridge, U.K., behavioral ecologist who led the new study, told ScienceNOW. The finding suggests that the birds have the ability to know the other bird’s point of view, thus have a human-like “theory of mind,” Shaw argued. But another group of researchers suggested in a subsequent study that the birds move their food around because they’re simply stressed by the presence of other birds and the possibility of having their food stolen—not because they’ve noticed a spy. Shaw and her research team cast doubt upon the theory by publishing the results of a stress test in which crows didn’t anxiously stash more food when their food was stolen by the researchers. Although the Cambridge researchers claim that the birds are more clever than stressed, they admit the results are still open to interpretation. WIKIMEDIA, Muhammad Mahdi KarimParasitic wasp larvae slather cockroaches with antimicrobial substances as they eat them from the inside out, presumably to avoid infection, according to a study published last week (January 7) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Emerald cockroach wasp larvae are born and raised inside a cockroach carcass, which they eat until they pupate. But before they ingest their cockroach diet, they coat the insect’s insides with a clear liquid secreted from their mouths. Researchers from the University of Regensburg in Germany observed this phenomenon by building clear panels into cockroaches’ sides and watched as the larvae secreted their protective goo. Analyzing the fluid, the researchers found that it contains mellein and micromolide, substances known to slow the growth of certain bacteria. “Every species that uses potentially contaminated food sources, or that stores nutrient-rich provisions for prolonged periods of time, is expected to have some kind of strategy to prevent food-borne illnesses,” Gudrun Herzner, one of the paper’s authors, told Nature. (See a video of wasp larvae disinfecting a cockroach on Nature’s Website.)	<urn:uuid:abddf95a-dd93-4862-854b-6178da98c892>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.the-scientist.com/research-round-up/behavior-brief-39927", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818154147-20180818174147-00292.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.939899206161499, "token_count": 1537, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4 }
The workshop will review and integrate theories of formation and maintenance of species diversity. The Darwinian perspective on the origin of species explains phenotypic divergence between populations in terms of their reduced struggle for existence: species can diminish competition by assuming different roles in the economy of nature. In modern terms, Darwinian speciation is necessarily based on niche segregation; in particular, adaptation to different spatial habitats and to different resources offer two complementary ways of reducing competition. Accordingly, the parapatric and sympatric modes of speciation can be seen as different realizations of the same underlying phenomenon. Over the last decade, robust empirical evidence has been accumulating concerning mechanisms for maintaining species coexistence, frequency-dependent selection, ecological divergence, and sympatric speciation. This workshop will cover empirical and theoretical aspects of niche segregation, phenotypic evolution, and genetics of speciation, with the aim of developing connections between ecological and genetic theories of biodiversity. Organizers: Géza Meszéna, A*ke Bränström, Ulf Dieckmann, Liz Pásztor, András Szilagyi, Gabriella Magyar	<urn:uuid:bc6ba775-db50-4e84-aa0d-5034d23544cc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://archive.galileowebcast.hu/20110829-31_Niche_Theory_and_Speciation_Workshop/indexx.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123484.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00199-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8932867646217346, "token_count": 235, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
In 1837–38, the separately administered Upper and Lower Canada were racked by rebellion, provoked by both corrupt, oligarchical rule and, perhaps, the example of the previous revolution of their southern neighbours. The rebellions were quickly suppressed, but the British government was rattled and commissioned a report by Lord Durham to analyze the causes and recommend a more effective structure of governance. As a result, a united Province of Canada was created in 1841, with a new capital established at Ottawa in 1859. In the west, Vancouver Island was chartered as a colony in 1849. On the mainland, gold was discovered in the 1850s, precipitating an influx of American prospectors: fearing an American counterclaim, Britain incorporated British Columbia as a colony in 1858. Gold finds also triggered the brief separate existence of Stickeen (1862–63). British attention now turned to the vast intervening territories assigned, loosely, to the Hudson’s Bay Company. — OR — Call 0113 4577 990 Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance	<urn:uuid:db2321a4-9543-4421-9685-c985517c1fc6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.themaparchive.com/product/canada-development-of-provinces-1862/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00273.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9509259462356567, "token_count": 237, "score": 3.96875, "int_score": 4 }
Within architectural history, works are classified into periods, each with notable and distinct characteristics. For Paper 2, select a period of architecture from the following list and one example work of architecture from this period. Draw connections between the period and the work of architecture, investigating the period’s origin, time frame, design approach, notable characteristics, etc. Investigate the specifics of the work of architecture, such as form, materials, details, construction, assembly, etc, exploring its alignment or contrast to typical works from the period. Consider the architect’s / designer’s role or relationship to the period and the impact of the period on the architect’s work. Periods of architecture to choose from: Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Modern Choose one work of architecture covered in the course, either in lectures or the textbook. Write a 3,000-word paper that studies and interprets the work of architecture according to the topic. To understand and interpret the work of architecture, students should utilize a range of sources and materials, such as: photographs; written history; interviews; design and construction documents; material sources and selections; and more. The paper should be a holistic interpretation of the work of architecture, investigating a range of internal and external factors. The paper SHOULD NOT be a research report or book report, which is focused on the recounting of facts or is solely describing the work of architecture. This paper SHOULD BE an interpretation of the information students discover about the work of architecture and take a unique position. Analysis and synthesis of research is required to produce a paper that satisfies this assignment. The paper must include a thesis statement, which states this unique position and guides the organization of the paper. This thesis statement communicates the ‘big idea’ for the paper to the reader and is backed up by evidence / research. This assignment challenges you to interpret the work of architecture for yourself. What are your ideas about the work of architecture in relationship to the topic? Additional guidance about formulating this thesis statement is offered in the “Paper 2 Outline” assignment. Additional Guidance for Producing the Paper Conduct some initial research to identify works you might be interested in. You may select a work from any portion of the course, even if we haven’t covered it by the time the paper is due. Be sure there are ample resources available to you to produce a paper of this length. Do not overlook sources which may be focused on the architect, time period, etc, rather than the individual work of architecture. A minimum of 6 scholarly sources is required. Remember: This paper requires significant effort and time on your part, so be sure to select a paper topic that interests you and you hope desire to learn more about. In your research and interpretation, the physical characteristics of the work of architecture are likely to stand out to you, as these are easily seen and assessed in photos and drawings. In addition to the physical, don’t overlook the range of intangible factors that guided the creation of the architectural work. For example, the specific preferences of the architect, the financial budget available, and the time period. In the writing of the paper, be sure to use a more formal academic style of writing. While you’ll be communicating your ideas and conclusions, you should not use first person statements using “I”, “me”, or “my”. You should write from a third person point of view. Detailed Paper Requirements Note the detailed requirements outlined below. Points will be deducted for not following the prescribed format, citation style, etc. – 3,000 (minimum) word count. – The paper must follow Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. – Use New Times Roman font, 12 point, single-spaced, with all margins set to one inch (1”). The paper must be a minimum of 3,000 words. Microsoft Word will be used to confirm the word count. The word count does not include footnotes, captions, and bibliography. The abstract text, produced for Paper Outline 2, can be incorporated into the final paper text and would therefore contribute to the word count. The abstract should not be included as a separate section before the final paper, where it would not contribute to the word count. Create a cover page that includes: – Title of Paper – Student’s Name – Course and Section Number, Semester and Year – Word Count The paper should include a minimum of 5 images. Select images that enhance or illustrate the ideas you are discussing. Each image should be clearly labeled, have a caption, and the source be clearly cited in the footnotes at the bottom of the page. For example: “Figure 1: The north façade clearly features the library entrance and the intricate Art Deco details.32 “ The image label (ie. Figure 1) should be referred in the body of the paper to connect the paper text and images. The images should be included on their own pages after the paper text and before the bibliography. Note: The images and their captions do not contribute towards or reduce the word count. Citations + Citation Style Use Chicago Style 16th edition for footnotes (embedded at the bottom of each page) and a bibliography (at the conclusion of the paper). The Purdue Owl is a great source for citation information and guidance. For Chicago Style citations, note that the bibliography format is slightly different from the footnote format. Required Sources (6 minimum) – A minimum of 6 scholarly sources is required. The course textbook and lectures can be used as sources for the paper, but they do not count toward the minimum number of sources. – Research for this paper should come from a variety of scholarly sources. Consider: books; journal articles; videos / documentaries; interviews; design and construction documents; and academically recognized web sources. – Do not use Wikipedia or similar Wiki encyclopedia-like pages. These sources can be edited at any time by users and their information is not verified. To begin a search for scholarly sources, please visit the UF Architecture and Fine Arts Library webpage. E-books, online journals, and other scholarly publications can be accessed through the UF Libraries Catalog and Databases. File Submittal on Canvas Submit your paper file in Canvas in a doc or docx format. Your file name should be formatted as follows: “Student Last Name_Student First Name_Work of Architecture”. For example, “Smith_Jane_Notre Dame.doc”. Top Quality and Well-Researched Papers All ourbpapers are written from scratch. In fact, Clients who ask for paraphrasing services are highly discouraged. We have writers ready to craft any paper from scratch and deliver quality ahead of time. Professional and Experienced Academic Writers Our writers keeps you posted on your papers progress - providing you with paper outline/draft. You are also at liberty to communicate directly with your writer. Free Unlimited Revisions If you think we missed something, send your order for a free revision. You have 10 days to submit the order for review after you have received the final document. You can do this yourself after logging into your personal account or by contacting our support. Prompt Delivery and 100% Money-Back-Guarantee All papers are always delivered on time, in many cases quite ahead of time. In case we need more time to master your paper, we may contact you regarding the deadline extension. 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I put together a Science Reasoning Rubric that can be used for many writing prompts in a Chemistry class. It can be used whether a prompt is more suited toward a claim or an explanation. I like that the rubric can be used for lots of the writing tasks students will encounter in a Chemistry class. This means students get used to seeing it, and this consistency is helpful as students write explanations and claims throughout the year. NGSS crosscutting concepts and core ideas are intended to be used as evidence to support explanations and arguments. I have found several lists of Chemistry core ideas online, but I don’t think I would give the ones I have seen to my students because they are either too long or written with language that I don’t think is suitable for novice learners of Chemistry. I have compiled a list of the crosscutting concepts and 12 core ideas for high school Chemistry that my students could use to support the explanations and arguments I will be asking them to write. I attended a professional development session on the NGSS earlier this week by Brett Moulding and Nicole Paulson based on the book they wrote with Rodger Bybee, A Vision and Plan for Science Teaching and Learning. The authors propose the “gathering-reasoning-communicating” (GRC) structure as a simplified way of thinking about the Science and Engineering Practices. Reasoning is the keystone of the GRC structure and the primary thing we want science students to be doing. “Gathering” provides the raw materials for reasoning and “communicating” helps us know that reasoning has taken place.	<urn:uuid:a101144a-5766-4fbe-8233-7ce3d842fb02>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://www.chemedx.org/category/tags/argumentation", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316021.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821131745-20190821153745-00335.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9487112164497375, "token_count": 329, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
Notes on the Program by Dr. Richard E. Rodda Messa da Requiem, in Memory of Alessandro Manzoni (b. 1813, Le Roncole, Italy; d. 1901, Milan) Composed in 1873-1874. Premiered on May 22, 1874 in Milan, conducted by the composer. Instrumentation: piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, four bassoons, four horns, four orchestral trumpets and four additional off-stage trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion and strings. Duration: approximately 95 minutes. Verdi was, above all, a patriot. From his earliest years, he was an ardent supporter of the Risorgimento - the "resurgence" of ancient national pride - to free Italy from foreign domination and unify it under a single, native rule. Though he never personally manned the barricades, he became, through his music, one of the most illustrious embodiments of the Italian national spirit. Almost all of Verdi's early operas ran afoul of the censors because of the political implications of their plots. In 19th-century Europe, no one doubted that music and drama could inspire strong emotions and, perhaps, even action. The political arbiters were ever wary about allowing ideas of insurrection or royal fallibility to escape from the stage into the public consciousness. One such idea that did slip through their suspicious examination, however, was contained in Verdi's Nabucco of 1842. The chorus of longing for their lost homeland sung in that opera by the Israelites captive in Babylon, Va, pensiero, sull'ali dorate ("Fly, thoughts, on wings of gold"), was quickly adopted by the Risorgimento as an anthem of struggle for Italy's freedom. So great and enduring was the fame of this lovely music that it was sung by the crowds that lined the streets for Verdi's funeral procession almost six decades later. During the insurrections of 1848, the name VERDI became a rallying cry for the nationalists, and was scrawled across walls and carried on signs. Beside being a tribute to their beloved composer, the letters of his name were also an acrostic for "Vittorio Emanuele, Re d'Italia," the Duke of Savoy whom the nationalists were fighting to bring to power as "King of Italy." When Cavour called the first parliamentary session of the newly united Italy in 1859, Verdi was elected as the representative from Busseto. Though reluctant to enter the political arena, he was sufficiently patriotic and cognizant of his standing with his countrymen to accept the nomination. With his love of country and constant efforts to promote Italian culture, Verdi viewed the death of Rossini in Paris on November 13, 1868 as a national tragedy. He wrote to the Countess Maffei, "A great name has disappeared from the world! His was the most vast and most popular reputation of our time and he was a glory of Italy." Verdi felt that a musical memorial should be erected to Rossini — not as a religious expedient to usher his soul into heaven, or as an expression of personal grief (the two were never close friends), but rather as an act of patriotism. One of the great Italians was gone, and Verdi believed the nation should properly mourn his passing. Verdi proposed the composition of a composite Requiem Mass for Rossini to which the leading Italian composers would contribute. ("No foreign hands!" he insisted.) The performance was to take place on the first anniversary of Rossini's death. Following Verdi's instructions, the composers were chosen by lot by the publisher Giulio Ricordi, and each was assigned a section of the work. The closing Libera me fell to Verdi. However, preparations for the Rossini Mass foundered on Verdi's proposal that all those involved offer their services free of charge. The twelve other composers agreed to this, and the Mass was actually written, but the performers could not be secured. The project was cancelled, and the manuscripts were returned to their composers, whose reputations faded along with the prospects for the memorial Mass — Platania, Mabellini and Cagnoni, for example, are unknown today even in Italy. (The scores for this Messa per Rossini were discovered in Ricordi's archives in 1970 by musicologist David Rosen during his research in preparing the complete edition of Verdi's works. A performance of the work, its first ever, took place in Stuttgart on September 11, 1988 under the direction of Helmut Rilling; the New York Philharmonic gave the American premiere on October 12, 1989. A recording is available on the German label Hänssler Classic. ) Verdi's Libera me was filed away and forgotten, as were the plans for the Rossini Requiem. In 1871, Alberto Mazzucato, a friend of Verdi and a composition teacher at the Milan Conservatory, discovered the Libera me manuscript in Ricordi's vaults. He was enraptured with its beauty, and wrote to its creator urging him to complete the entire work. Verdi responded, "Your words nearly prompted me to compose the whole Mass at some later date.... Think what a disastrous result your praise could have had! But have no fear; this is only a temptation, which, like so many others, will pass." He continued that to add yet another Requiem to the "many, many" that existed was "useless." Soon, however, he was to find a use for such a work, and give in to the temptation to take up his Libera me once again. * * * Alessandro Manzoni was one of the dominant figures of 19th-century Italy. His poems, plays and novels spoke directly to the Italian soul as it quested for freedom and national identity. His most famous work was the novel I promessi sposi ("The Betrothed"), which was considered not only the greatest Italian prose piece of the time, but also, as William Weaver noted, "a kind of stylebook for the country, which ... was linguistically chaotic." Manzoni accomplished for Italy with this book what Luther's translation of the Bible had done three centuries before for Germany — brought a standardized language to a country factionalized by innumerable dialects. Verdi venerated Manzoni. He often referred to him as "a saint" and his letters show boundless admiration for the great writer. Of I promessi sposi he said, "In my opinion he has written a book which is not only the greatest product of our times, but also one of the finest in all ages which has issued from the human mind. And, more than being just a book, it is a comfort to humanity as well.... My enthusiasm for this work is undiminished; nay, it has increased with my understanding of humanity; for this book is true, as true as 'truth' itself." After the two first met in 1868, Verdi wrote, "What can I tell you of Manzoni? How express the new, inexplicable, happy feeling which the sacred presence of this man aroused in me? I would have knelt before him if men worshipped men." Manzoni died at the age of 87 on May 22, 1873. Verdi was stricken with grief. A few days after receiving the news he wrote, "With him ends the most pure, the most sacred, the highest of our glories. I have read many of the newspapers, and not one of them speaks of him as he should be spoken of. Many words, but none of them profoundly felt." Verdi could not bring himself to attend the funeral. While thousands of mourning Milanese poured into the streets of the city to witness Manzoni's funeral procession, Verdi stayed at his home, Sant' Agata, too distraught to leave until he found the strength to make a private visit to the graveside on June 3rd. As he had been five years earlier with the passing of Rossini, Verdi was again inspired to commemorate the death of a great Italian with a memorial Mass. He sent his proposal to compose a Requiem in honor of Manzoni to the mayor of Milan, and it was eagerly accepted. When the mayor expressed his appreciation, Verdi replied, "You owe me no thanks for my offer to write a Requiem Mass for the anniversary of Manzoni's death. It is an impulse, or I might better say, a need of my heart which impels me to honor, as far as I can, this Great Man whom I so respected as a writer, and have revered as a man, a model of virtue and of patriotism." Verdi scheduled the Requiem's premiere for the first anniversary of Manzoni's death, and began the score immediately. Remembering his earlier experience with the Rossini Requiem, however, he decided this time to control the entire project himself — composition, preparations and performance. He revived the Libera me for inclusion in the Manzoni Requiem, but newly composed the rest. As the work proceeded, he arranged for performers, printing and publicity, and even made acoustical tests to determine the most suitable of Milan's churches for the premiere. The work was finished on April 10, 1874, and the first performance six weeks later in San Marco Cathedral was a complete success. While he had undertaken the Requiem as an act of homage and patriotism, Verdi managed the venture as he did his operas — in a professional, commercial manner. Long before the success of the premiere, he planned three subsequent performances at La Scala in anticipation of the desire to hear the new work. (He knew his audience. Amid the thunderous applause at the end of the first La Scala performance, he was presented with an elegant silver crown on a velvet cushion.) The Requiem was in such demand throughout Italy that Verdi instructed Ricordi to invoke the law, if necessary, to prevent unauthorized performances, such as those which took place in Ferrara with a brass band as accompaniment, and in Bologna, with only four pianos. Verdi carefully organized the tour that took the Requiem to the capitals of Europe following its initial Milan performances. He conducted seven performances at the Opéra-Comique in Paris in 1874, and eight more the following year, when he was made a Commander of the Legion of Honor. The London premiere was such a special event that the impresario there engaged a chorus of 1,200 to sing in the Albert Hall. The audiences in Vienna packed the auditorium for four performances, undaunted by stifling temperatures caused by a fierce June heat wave. Verdi, like Rossini and Manzoni, had become an Italian hero. * * * Much ink has been spilled over Verdi's mixing church and theater in the Requiem. The work's popularity was undoubtedly a contributing factor in the issuance of Pope Pius X's 1903 encyclical Motu proprio, which forbade for Church use all works which departed from the Gregorian-Palestrina ethic of detached emotional expression. In truth, Verdi never intended the Requiem as a liturgical work, and, except for the gesture of the premiere, always produced it in a concert hall or an opera house. The Requiem is not a religious testament — it is a work of humanism and patriotism. Verdi had long since left the Church, and was an agnostic in his beliefs, as William Weaver pointed out in the Verdi Companion. "Verdi himself was not a practicing Catholic," Weaver wrote. "He would drive his wife to church but not accompany her inside. Like most Risorgimento figures he was an anticleric in that he opposed the organization of the Church, its financial and political power, and its priesthood. Of the love of God or even the existence of God he was, in his wife's words, 'a very doubtful believer,' and his Requiem reflects this. There is no sunny amen, no vision of a kind God or promise of divine intercession — only dwindling power and continued uncertainty. Such apparently was Verdi's belief even in youth, and at the time of the Requiem it also reflected the increasing uncertainty felt by many as the doctrines of Darwin and the new sciences began to shake traditional beliefs. Thus the ancient text received a new, modern interpretation by an artist being true to himself and his time." Verdi's Requiem is no more religious than are the great Masses of Beethoven, Brahms, Berlioz and Britten. Like them, it used the traditional texts as the foundation for a grand, public statement for a particular occasion or to express its creator's philosophy. Verdi could not have responded to the text in any but his characteristic, theatrical style. Donald Tovey observed, "The ideals of church music realized by Palestrina 300 years before him were never more absent from the European consciousness than in 1873, and nowhere more forgotten or tardily recovered than in Italy. To expect Verdi to produce anything like ecclesiastical music would be humanly absurd. It ill becomes us to dogmatize as to the limits of divine patience; but we may be very sure that Verdi's Requiem stands before the throne at no disadvantage from its theatrical style.... The language of the theatre was Verdi's only musical idiom." To which may be added the words of the composer's wife, Giuseppina: "A man like Verdi must write like Verdi, that is, according to his own feeling and interpretation of the text. The religious spirit and the way in which it is given expression must bear the stamp of its period and its author's personality." Verdi poured the same drama and passion into the Requiem that mark his greatest operas. He seized with particular gusto those verses which allowed graphic musical settings. (For this reason, he chose to make the Dies irae the centerpiece of the entire work.) The beautiful, sometimes almost sensuous, writing for the soloists, the brilliant and original orchestral scoring and the resounding and widely varied choral styles are inseparable from his experience as a theater composer. The Requiem is not music for quiet, meditative contemplation. It is music to stir the spirit and move the heart. * * * Verdi's Requiem is in seven large movements, based on the text. Throughout, the ancient words are illuminated and enriched by the composer's broad strokes and subtle touches, which are best perceived by following the text as the piece unfolds around them. Tovey thought that the opening Requiem aeternam ("Eternal rest") was "the most moving passage in all Verdi's works." The initial gesture, in the cellos, comes as if from a great distance and establishes the grave solemnity of the movement. The chorus intones a sweet, pathetic invocation for departed souls which leads directly into the Kyrie eleison ("Lord have mercy"), a broad, flowing prayer for divine compassion. The Dies irae is perhaps the most graphic and dramatic of all liturgical texts. It paints the awe-inspiring "Day of Wrath" when the world will stand in judgment. Verdi rose to the challenge of these words with music "full of things terrifying and at the same time moving and pathetic," wrote the critic Filippi following the premiere. This movement, which occupies fully one-third of the Requiem's length, is divided into nearly a dozen successive scenes, which cover a range of musical moods and technical devices far beyond the scope of these notes to discuss. Just a few examples in the opening pages must suffice: the shattering hammerblows and the tumultuous terror of the beginning; the approaching summons of the trump's last call (Tuba mirum — "Trumpet wondrous"); the breathless fear of the bass soloist standing aghast at the resurrection of dead souls (Mors stupebit — "Death stupefying"). Such evocatively expressive depictions abound in the Dies irae. It is one of the 19th-century's most magnificent musical panoramas. The Offertorio (Domine Jesu Christe — "Lord Jesus Christ") which follows comes like a halcyon spring breeze after the winter's blast. Its gently swaying rhythm and huge melodic arches bear to celestial reaches the supplicant's entreaty for the deliverance of the departed from the pains of hell. Its contrasting center section (Quam olim — Hostias — Quam olim repeated) is followed by a brief return of the gentle opening music, giving the movement a symmetrical structure. The Sanctus ("Holy, Holy, Holy") begins with a joyous shout. Verdi then launches a bracing fugue on two subjects for divided chorus, which is followed by an antiphonal setting (i.e., choruses in alternation) of the Hosanna. Embedded in the propulsive rhythmic vibrancy and elaborate textures of this movement is more than a hint of pedantry, as if Verdi were showing his critics that he was no "mere" opera composer, incapable of writing counterpoint. He knew his craft — thoroughly — and here he put some of its most learned techniques on display. In the same spirit, one afternoon shortly before he began the Requiem, he had some free time, and dashed off a string quartet just to prove that he was no stranger to the Germanic styles of composition. Agnus Dei ("Lamb of God"), the shortest movement of the Requiem, is also the simplest. Plain in texture and introspective in expression, it is dominated by the voices with only the most sparse orchestral accompaniment. The Lux aeterna ("Light eternal") is memorable for some of the most ethereal, translucent orchestral scoring in all of Verdi's works. The concluding Libera me ("Deliver me") is the remnant of the earlier Requiem for Rossini. In the Manzoni Requiem, the movement consists of several sections: an introductory verse for soprano soloist that rises from a freely chanted beginning; a recall of the tempestuous Dies irae movement; a reminiscence of the opening Requiem aeternam in a breathtakingly beautiful setting for unaccompanied chorus and soprano; and a fugue which concludes with the quiet, resigned chanting that opened the movement. It is now thought that the fugue and the opening chant were the only music originally written for the earlier Mass, and that the Dies irae and Requiem aeternam reminiscences were inserted when the work was newly composed for the Manzoni commemoration. The Verdi Requiem is one of music's greatest masterpieces, providing artistic, emotional and spiritual sustenance whenever it is performed. No amount of discussion or analysis could exhaust its content, and yet any comments on it seem almost unnecessary — the Requiem speaks eloquently for itself and its composer. Perhaps it is most prudent to agree with Johannes Brahms, a curmudgeonly soul disinclined to compliments, who honored his Italian colleague when he said, simply, "Verdi's Requiem is a work of genius." ©2013 Dr. Richard E. Rodda	<urn:uuid:8d15aa95-f712-44f3-b7e7-dc606eb7d675>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.newwestsymphony.org/prog_template.php?program=12", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647044.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319175337-20180319195337-00710.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9738770127296448, "token_count": 4014, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
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Recognising the global nature of challenges facing humankind World Science Forum has been created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the International Council for Science (ICSU) in the quest for meaningful dialogue among the various stakeholders of knowledge, scientific communities, policy makers and societies. Experiencing the changes in the role of science we strive to offer a forum to discuss policy objectives in reference to the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. The Forum seeks to provide the scientific community and public policy makers with a global platform to exchange, discuss and harmonize their ideas in respect to the growing interdependence of science with society. World Science Forum shall be organised in accordance with the principles laid down in the 1999 Budapest "Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge" with the objectives given below: - To provide major stakeholders with a global forum for dialogue on the new roles, responsibilities, and challenges of science and to discuss issues of common interest to the scientific community and to the general public. - To better understand and promote the need for science and scientific advice in policy making. - To exchange views and ideas on how to promote and communicate science and its basic values to societies at large and to various stakeholder groups. - To promote the mutual understanding of different cultures through scientific dialogue. - To promote education for a more even distribution of knowledge wealth among countries, regions, and social groups. - To address the ethical, social, cultural, environmental, gender, economic, and health issues of scientific research. - To address public concerns and awareness regarding the role of science in society and the role of society for science. - World Science Forum was first summoned in 2003 in Budapest as an event initiated by HAS, UNESCO and ICSU in the frame of the UNESCO World Science Day for Peace and Development (10 November), with the intention to maintain and enhance the achievements and values of the 1999 World Conference on Science. - Being an international conference dedicated to science and knowledge, World Science Forum shall give participants the possibility to exchange their views regarding - among others - the relationship between science and society, the importance and relevance of science for Society, its future, the related financing issues as well as its relationship to political and civil institutions. World Science Forum shall be a meeting point, and an occasion to exchange views, for representatives of science, politics, international organisations, industrial and financial decision makers, international science fora, and science academies. - World Science Forum holds its main events every two years, focusing its discussions upon a selected principal theme. - The president of World Science Forum shall be the president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences or the person nominated by the president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The co-president of World Science Forum shall be the chair of the following World Science Forum. - The Secretariat of World Science Forum in collaboration with UNESCO Natural Sciences Sector is responsible for providing continuous access to organisational and contact information in-between the conventions of the Fora. The Secretariat is hosted by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. - Each World Science Forum issues a Statement at the end of its convention. - Organisational costs of World Science Forum shall be covered by the organising country. The organising country shall be entitled to use the logo of World Science Forum or its locally adapted version in connection with the event. - From 2011 on, World Science Forum shall be organised in Hungary (Budapest) every fourth year. Charged with the organising tasks of World Science Forum Budapest shall be the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, supported by the Government of Hungary. The Budapest events of World Science Fora shall be chaired by the president of World Science Forum. - From 2013 on, every fourth year, on a principle of rotation, World Science Forum shall be hosted and organised by a country other than Hungary. - As for non-Budapest locations, the selection and invitation of the chair of World Science Forum shall be the responsibility of the organising country. - The preparatory tasks of the conference shall be co-ordinated by the Steering Committee of World Science Forum. - The Steering Committee - shall hold at least one session in the organising country during the year preceding World Science Forum, - shall be chaired by the president of World Science Forum. The mandate of the president and the members of the committee lasts for two years, starting from the last day of the preceding World Science Forum and ending on the last day of the World Science Forum newly organised. - Members of the Steering Committee are the delegates of the: - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), - International Council for Science (ICSU), - American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), - The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) - European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) - InterAcademy Partnership (IAP) - International Social Science Council (ISSC) - chair or delegate of the organiser of the past and future non-Budapest World Science Fora, furthermore - 3 to 5 highly acknowledged scientists committed to the mission of World Science Forum, invited by the president of the next World Science Forum; the committee membership of these scientists shall last until the last day of the ongoing World Science Forum. The delegating bodies give general power to their delegates to represent them in the Steering Committee. This power may also include a mandate to carry out specific missions. The tasks of the Steering Committee are: - to decide upon the concept, thematic structure and the list of invited persons of the upcoming World Science Forum, by taking into consideration the proposals of the organising country, - to make proposals concerning the list of participants, - to decide upon the events that will be included in the conference programme, - to decide upon which international (satellite) events shall be partner events of the upcoming World Science Forum, - to decide which local events shall be supported by and connected with World Science Forum as special sessions, - to monitor and help the preparatory work and the organisation of World Science Forum, - to decide upon which country may host the upcoming non-Budapest location World Science Forum. - The Steering Committee - The (local) organising committee of the country hosting World Science Forum shall co-operate with the Steering Committee and shall carry out its work according to its decisions. - The international (satellite) events and the local events (special sessions) shall have the right to define themselves as World Science Forum partner events and shall be entitled to use the World Science Forum logo. - In order to promote participation at the Forum from all countries of the world, local organisers and partner organisations of World Science Forum are entitled to offer funding to cover the mobility expenses of selected participants including accommodation, travel assistance and local expenses in terms of these Statutes. - These Statutes can be approved or amended only by the consent of the representatives of the founder organisations, namely: MTA, UNESCO, ICSU and AAAS. Brussels, 30 September, 2016.	<urn:uuid:834917df-9db6-41e3-a1fd-4caa46e64346>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://2017.worldscienceforum.org/contents/statutes-of-world-science-forum-110009", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362930.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204033320-20211204063320-00596.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.893507719039917, "token_count": 1482, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
Distance from Beirut: 30km Altitude: 1250 The name of the town is attributed to Darius, a Persian prince of king who used to go hunting in the area. He would pitch his tent by a spring (ain), which led to the village site named Ain Darrius (later modified to Ain Dara). Some trace the word Dara back to the Aramaic Language, in which it means "dwellings." Aramaic rock inscriptions have been found in the Taryoush area, in addition to the remains of an ancient temple, some pillars, a basin and other antiquities. Still standing in Ain Dara are the ruins of two watchtowers that were used during the famous battle of Ain Dara between the Kaisseyeen and the Yamaneyeen. There are also some very old buildings, such as the Maronite Church of Mar Gerges (St. Georges) and the Orthodox Church of Mar Gerges. Ain Dara is noted as well for its abundance of springs.	<urn:uuid:a8b41677-18f0-457d-aee9-3502f8f801fb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://shoufcedar.org/showinfo9c8a.html?id=23", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171166.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00255-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9793122410774231, "token_count": 206, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
When the tone is present, it is because the antennas are out of phase. One antenna's signal will be leading the other; which one is leading depends on which one is closer to the transmitter (provided that the antennas are less than 1/2 wavelength apart, so that the phase difference will always be less than 180°). When we switch from the lagging signal to the leading signal (for example), the phase of the switched signal jumps ahead; equivalently, the frequency of the signal increases for an instant and then returns to normal. The same but inverted applies to switching from the leading signal to a lagging signal. The output of a FM receiver is determined by the frequency of the input, so we get a result like this: The green waveform is the switch control and the blue waveform is the demodulated signal (the frequency deviation). After audio-frequency filtering on the output, we get a more ordinary tone, though with a delay introduced by the filter: If the time delays of the arriving signal are the other way around, then the phase shifts are opposite, and the audio signal is negated — or, equivalently, phase shifted by 180°. Therefore, to distinguish between left and right (that is, left signal leading vs. right signal leading) one need merely compare the phase of the audio signal to the phase of the switching signal; there are only two possible results (except when the audio tone is absent and the phase is therefore undefined). Note that the exact phase difference found will depend on all delays in the system, including in the external receiver; but that would be simple to calibrate for. I have built a simulation of this system using GNU Radio, and used it to produce the plots shown and confirm that the technique can produce a reliable left/right indication (at least for an unmodulated input). Here are the GNU Radio Companion file and generated Python program (GNU Radio 3.7+ required). Note that while the RF sections of this simulation use complex (analytic) signals, there is nothing in those sections which would make a difference from the results obtained by using real signals at a nonzero IF as usual analog RF electronics do. On the other hand, in the perpendicular direction, it is not possible to distinguish the front and back sides; there is a fundamental ambiguity due to the symmetry of the antenna array. No direction finding system can distinguish between directions in which its antennas are symmetrical; the asymmetry which allows the discrimination described here comes from the switching of the antennas rather than their shape.	<urn:uuid:3a7963bb-dbee-4e13-a0a6-a42d75b8f99b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/1610/how-would-a-time-difference-of-arrival-receiver-with-two-antennas-know-which-sid", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00260.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9365754127502441, "token_count": 523, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
The admission port is closed, cut-off having taken place, and the steam is expanding. Both of these river towns have been retired to the country by that cut-off. In the case of a hold (fermata), the movement for the cut-off depends upon the nature of what follows. There's been a cut-off in that section, and Vicksburg is left out in the cold. A blue-black cloud overhanging the green head of the cut-off had suddenly widened across all that quarter and turned leaden gray. Figures 325 and 326 show the cam wrist plate and the cut-off mechanism. In other words, it is the ratio of the final volume of the steam at the end of the stroke to its volume at the point of cut-off. His finger crept to the air-speed indicator, then to the cut-off switch. By this means a cut-off could be effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. In a few minutes the craft had worked its way into a cut-off from the creek. cut late 13c., possibly Scandinavian, from N.Gmc. *kut-, or from O.Fr. couteau "knife." Replaced O.E. ceorfan "carve," sniþan, and scieran "shear." Meaning "to be absent without excuse" is British university slang from 1794. The noun meaning "gash, incision" is attested from 1520s; meaning "piece cut off" is from 1590s; sense of "a wounding sarcasm" is from 1560s. To cut a pack of cards is from 1590s.	<urn:uuid:77da4ea1-0fbe-4a66-a831-3df288826041>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://bangla-english.com/definition/cut-off", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00003.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.971422016620636, "token_count": 359, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article Sec. Infectious Diseases – Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment Volume 8 - 2020 \| https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00497 Overview of the First 6 Months of Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy: The Most Studied Drugs - 1Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy - 2Independent Consultant, Ovodda, Italy - 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread from China until it was defined a pandemic by WHO in March 2020. Related scientific papers have rapidly extended information regarding the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of COVID-19 infection. To date, no vaccine or definitive treatment is available to defeat the virus and therapies are mainly based on existing drugs used to treat other conditions. Existing therapies used in several clinical trials work by affecting the biology of COVID-19 and/or counteracting the harmful host excessive immune response. Here, we have reviewed 526 ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 to provide a perspective on the first 6 months of global efforts to identify an effective therapy. The drugs most actively tested in various centers include hydroxychloroquine, ritonavir, azithromycin, tocilizumab, lopinavir chloroquine and ivermectin. Our analysis shows that most clinical trials focus on a small number of candidate drugs (namely hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine representing 25% of total clinical trials) while underestimating the potential of other promising drugs. A global coordination in clinical trial management could avoid duplications and increase the effectiveness of the response to the global challenge. The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has generated a global health issue. COVID-19 is a pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which appeared in 2019 in Wuhan, China. From a pathological point of view, the most common symptoms observed during COVID-19 infection are fever (83.3%), cough (60.3%), dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue; and anosmia and ageusia are also commonly observed (1, 2). Furthermore, gastrointestinal symptoms could also be initial manifestations of COVID-19 and contribute to the diffusion of the virus through fecal samples, especially in children (3). More recently, development of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 has been reported (4). SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus, one of the four genera of coronaviruses, belonging to the same sub-group as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV, SARS outbreak in 2002) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV, MERS outbreak in 2012) (5). Generally, coronaviruses are extremely small (65–125 nm in diameter) and contain a single-stranded RNA ~26–32 Kbs long (6). All coronavirus genomes are organized as follows: a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), open reading frame (orf) 1a/b encoding proteins necessary for virus replication, downstream genes encoding structural proteins including spike, and elements necessary for the envelop, membrane, and nucleocapsid production; finally, accessory proteins and the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) (7). Spike is a glycoprotein located on the outer surface of coronaviruses that is responsible for the attachment and entry of the virus to host cells. After binding of spike to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2), a conformational change in the spike protein facilitates the fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane through the endosomal pathway (8). Then SARS-CoV-2 releases RNA into the host cell. Genome encoding begin following RNA entering to the host cell and enables the expression of proteins, which progress the adaptation of the virus to the human host. Importantly, the entry mechanism of coronavirus is strongly dependent on cellular proteases. For coronavirus such as the SARS-CoV, the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin play a critical role in virus entry, they split the spike protein and begin all the changes necessary for the virus penetration (9). Recently it was reported that SARS-CoV-2 may use a similar mechanism and that SARS-CoV-2 cell entry may be facilitated by ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (10, 11). In addition to a growing knowledge of molecular mechanisms, new information regarding diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of COVID is rapidly accumulating, permitting greater understanding of the disease pathway and progression and identification of new pharmacological targets. While numerous clinical trials are on-going to identify therapeutic approaches by repurposing existing drugs, today the main international response to COVID-19 is mainly limited to contain disease spread. The need to identify innovative treatment strategies remains a priority. Here, we reviewed 526 ongoing clinical trials (last update: July 6, 2020) to offer a view on the first 6 months of efforts to identify an effective therapy for COVID-19. A large number of drugs (265) are under investigation, but current efforts are biased toward a limited number of them. Indeed, the great majority of clinical trials are focused on a small number of candidate drugs including, hydroxychloroquine, ritonavir, azithromycin, tocilizumab, lopinavir chloroquine and ivermectin (12), while potentially and more promising ones are less considered. For example, host-directed therapies such as those based on inhibitors of the human serine protease TMPRSS2 (bromhexine, camostat, and nafamostat) are considerably less explored. Conversely, there are conflicting and discordant results on hydroxychloroquine, the most tested drug (about 1 of 5 trials). Global coordination of clinical trials could avoid current redundancy and potentiate the effort to explore other possibilities. Results and Discussion The current COVID-19 pandemic boosted the growth of new pharmaceutical research programs and the proliferation of a large number of clinical trials worldwide. Indeed, researchers are attempting to identify drugs to treat the disease using different approaches including repurposing of existing drugs, high throughput screening and virtual screening of new compound; the use of natural and traditional products have also been evaluated. Repurposing of existing drugs, the identification of a new medical use, in this case antiviral activity, for already known drugs, including approved, and discontinued one, is playing a key role in this effort. Initially, interferons nebulization and anti-viral drugs were used to reduce the viral load. Type I interferons (IFNs) inhibit the replication of both DNA and RNA viruses at different stages of their replicative cycles and have strong antiviral activity (13, 14). Unfortunately, only remdesivir, an antiviral drug with nucleotide analog activity has demonstrated relevant antiviral activity. Preliminary observations from a multicentric study, in a cohort of 53 patients hospitalized for severe Covid-19 who were treated with compassionate-use remdesivir, demonstrated clinical improvement in 68% of patients (15). More recently, a larger double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that intravenous remdesivir is superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults hospitalized with Covid-19. Furthermore, the same study estimated that 14-days mortality was 7.1% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo (16). To have a complete picture of the ongoing trials to treat COVID-19 infection, we collected a comprehensive list of COVID-19 clinical trials from the 2 main public repositories, as of July 6th, 2020 (Methods). We then made coherent the names of the drugs (for example, different salts of the same active principle were considered as one single drug) provided by the different sources (Methods) and obtained a final list of 526 clinical trials that were analyzed. Most trials focus on a restricted number of drugs, including hydroxychloroquine and antivirals previously used for treatment of other viral infection, mainly HIV (Figure 1 and Table 1). Of note is the use of anti - inflammatory molecules which prevent adverse effects related to over-reactive immune system. Figure 1. Cumulative number of clinical trials of the most actively tested drugs registered during the first 6 Months after the first COVID-19 published trial (23 Jan 2020). Table 1. Description of the drugs tested in at least 10 COVID-19 clinical trials as of July 8, 2020. Hydroxycloroquine (N = 106 clinical trials), Azithromycin (N = 33), the antiviral compounds Ritonavir and Lopinavir (N = 33 and 29 clinical trials, respectively), and Tocilizumab (N = 29) are among the drugs more actively tested. Ritonavir and Lopinavir – a classical HIV first-line therapy - are usually administered in combination. They are followed by Chloroquine (N = 25 trials) and Ivermectin (N = 24). The distribution of the number of clinical trials per drug is significantly skewed toward such low number of drugs (p < 0.001, 1 DF Chi square test). Chloroquine and its derivative Hydroxychloroquine are widely used to treat malarial infection and selected inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disease (25). Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that chloroquine has the capacity to inhibit the replication of several micro-organisms, including coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, in vitro (17). Today, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are under investigation in clinical trials for both, prophylaxis in pre-exposure to virus and treatment post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (26). Many hospitals are currently using hydroxychloroquine as first-line therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and on March 29 FDA issued authorization for 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine donated by Sandoz. Unfortunately, clinical data supporting the effectiveness of these two drugs are still inconclusive. The efficacy of hydroxychloroquine was supported by a small trial with 62 patients suffering from severe COVID-19 diagnosed and admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (27). Later, a smaller pilot study at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (28) demonstrated its activity against SARS-CoV-2, although its use was subsequently discouraged by a smaller study with just 11 patients from a clinical study performed in a French hospital (29). Beyond the lack of data on the real effectiveness of these drugs until the middle of July, the possibility of side effects as a result of their use is well-known, especially when provided in combination with other drugs. A group of cardiologists in New York, for example, found notable signs of QT interval prolongation in 30% in a group of 84 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin (30). The main antiretroviral drugs studied in the world against COVID-19 are Ritonavir and Lopinavir, two antivirals often used in combination as first-line therapy against HIV. Interestingly, the largest study in hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19 has shown no benefit as compared with standard care after lopinavir –ritonavir treatment (20). Although, even in this case the data supporting the efficacy are unfavorable, regulatory agencies have approved the use of this combination therapy, limiting it to less severe COVID-19 patients 1. Other antiviral compounds among the most tested drugs are Favipiravir, Umifenovir and Oseltamivir. Favipiravir has been approved in Japan and China for the treatment of novel influenza virus infections; its efficacy has been only weakly documented by a paper later retracted (31) and by a preprint article (32). Umifenovir (trade name: Arbidol) is a dual-acting direct antiviral/host-targeting agent (33); it is under evaluation in 12 clinical trials, and to date only 2 small-scale studies tested its efficacy in comparison with a Lopinavir/Ritonavir based treatment (34, 35). Finally, during a clinical trial to test the effectiveness of Oseltamivir the authors noted no favorable outcomes against SARS-CoV-2 (36). As mentioned above, the most promising antiviral compound tested for COVID-19 is Remdesivir. The immunosuppressant anti-IL6 Tocilizumab (37), used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is the most widely tested drug directed against a human target. Several reports have identified elevation of IL-6 levels in critically ill COVID-19 patients, as compared with that of survivors and those with less severe disease (1). Consistent with this finding and with the efficacy to restrict the IL-6 pathway, Tocilizumab is tested in 29 trials. Tocilizumab is approved for the treatment of severe or life-threatening cytokine-release syndrome caused by chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (37). Additionally, tocilizumab also has FDA-approved indications for giant cell arteritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and systematic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Until now, tocilizumab was not officially approved by the FDA for use in COVID-19 treatment and few published data pertain to the safety or efficacy of this drug for COVID therapy. Other immunosuppressive agents, Anakinra (anti-IL1) and Sarilumab (anti-IL6 receptor) are being tested in 8 and 5 different trials, respectively. Surprisingly, none of the drugs directed against the mechanism of viral entry into human cells are among the most tested drugs. In particular, we observed only 5 and 4 trials for the serine protease inhibitors Camostat and Bromhexine, respectively, and 1 single trial for the analog Nafamostat (Supplemental Table S1). We also identified several clinical trials where drug-drug interaction alerts should be considered when the combinations are proposed in the same trial (Table 2). Among others, Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is frequently tested with Lopinavir (which increases the serum levels of HCQ) and with Ritonavir (whose serum levels are increased by the concomitant administration of HCQ). Table 2. Drug combinations tested in clinical trials where drug-drug interaction alerts are reported in the Drugbank “Drug-Drug Interaction Checker.” Based on the current data, it is evident that mainly repurposed antiviral drugs (whose function is not yet guaranteed) are tested for COVID-19 treatment. Interestingly, drugs directed against the virus entry and replication mechanism (including in particular host-directed-therapies such as nafamostat mesylate and the analogous camostat mesylate, or the recombinant ACE2 protein) are tested less frequently, although they have a mechanism of action intimately and directly involved in the biology of the infection. The use-abuse of repurposing could be one of the main reason for COVI-19 trials failure. What is sure, especially in clinical trials, is that good results must be obtained with slow and careful experiments to be reliable and secure for population. Remdesivir for example, initially developed against hepatitis C, which showed great potential against zoonotic viruses including SARS and MERS, have been found to help COVID-19 patients to recover faster. The drug did not work against hepatitis C as expected but researchers established that Remdesivir is safe for humans. Thus, after COVID-19 outbreak, researchers could quickly roll out clinical trials to test Remdesivir for Covid-19. This example clearly shows that the reason why most clinical trials are looking to repurpose existing drugs is mainly related to the possibility to faster use them for human patients escaping months or years of safety testing. Another reason of these failures could be the existence of a perverse mechanism, where the choice of priorities in drug testing is led by small uncontrolled studies that fuelled a strong pressure by media, politicians and not by strong scientific evidences strongly contribute to this problem. Indeed, 6 months after the first clinical trial the number of coronavirus cases are still rising and nothing seems to be able to work as an effective Covid-19 treatment. This obvious bias, generating overlapping studies, could only be overcome by global coordination of clinical trial policies, which could also help to avoid redundancy that also slows the identification of effective therapies. We collected a comprehensive list of COVID-19 clinical trials from 2 different public repositories (ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP - International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, both accessed on July the 6th, 2020), using the search keywords “COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus,” and considering only pharmacological interventions where one or more drugs are explicitly listed. From ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19) we retrieved 2.427 studies, of which 1.358 were interventional studies. From WHO ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, https://www.who.int/ictrp/en/) we retrieved 654 studies, of which 335 were interventional studies. Based on the identifiers assigned to each trial, duplicate entries were considered only once. The merged dataset contained 1.693 unique interventional studies, of which, 1.506 have complete intervention details (Figure 2). From the raw data we kept only trials where the following informations were clearly available: trial recruitment status, list of participating countries, name of the drug(s), clinical trial phase. We then performed a standardization of the information provided by the different sources. Furthermore, for each active ingredient we retrieved the corresponding DrugBank identifier (38) to retrieve drug-related informations. We excluded from our analysis all the therapies whose active ingredients were not clearly declared, and therapies based on nutraceuticals and traditional medications. We obtained a final list of 526 clinical trials considered for the analysis (Supplemental Table S1). The non-random nature of the distribution of number of trials per drug has been checked with a 1DF chi square test using the R package for statistical analysis, that returned a p < 0.001. Considering that many drugs are tested in combinations, we checked whether the concomitant administration of these drug could be problematic using the Drug-Drug Interaction Checker [https://www.drugbank.ca/interax/multi_search], a freely available resource reporting data from clinical guidelines, labels and scientific literature, and covering approved drugs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health Canada and the European Medical Association (EMA). Data Availability Statement All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. MI: conceptualization and writing–original draft. DS: data curation. MF: conceptualization, writing–original draft, and supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00497/full#supplementary-material 1. ^Available online at: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/news/p3_2_1_1_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=4395. 1. Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, Chen X, Ao Y, Fitzpatrick T, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. (2020) 80:656–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041 2. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope. 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(2017) 46:D1074–82. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037 Keywords: clinical trial (2.172), COVID-19, coronavirus (2019-nCoV), COVID-19 (condition), COVID-19 infection Citation: Idda ML, Soru D and Floris M (2020) Overview of the First 6 Months of Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Pharmacotherapy: The Most Studied Drugs. Front. Public Health 8:497. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00497 Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 31 July 2020; Published: 21 August 2020. Edited by:Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios, Case Western Reserve University, United States Reviewed by:Nitya Singh, University of Florida, United States Hong-Qiu Gu, National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, China Copyright © 2020 Idda, Soru and Floris. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Matteo Floris, firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:dcb56f96-ac35-4ab1-8750-d51af3f7c0ae>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00497/full", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00389.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8685634136199951, "token_count": 7456, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Drivers in Connecticut and the rest of the nation are prohibited from operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of marijuana. However, law enforcement officials require a device that can produce reliable results when testing for marijuana intoxication. Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have been able to measure the vapor pressure of the primary active ingredient in marijuana, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, THC. Because of the chemical structure of the compound, obtaining its vapor pressure measurement is an extremely complicated task that had not been successfully completed before. Vapor pressure details what occurs to a compound when it turns into a gas from a liquid. This is a process that occurs in a person’s lung when molecules in the blood are breathed out of the body during an exhale. In order to use breath to obtain accurate measures of the levels of certain chemical compounds in the blood, it is necessary to know the compound’s vapor pressure. In an article that was released about the research, the agency states that the researchers are not developing a breathalyzer but are providing the technical information needed by manufacturers to design devices that can provide accurate measurements of THC in a person’s breath. Although the research is significant, additional studies are necessary to determine how levels of THC in the breath correspond to blood levels of the compound. Further research is also needed to pinpoint the blood levels of THC at which a person should not be driving. Individuals who have been charged with offenses related to drunk driving should contact a criminal law attorney. The attorney may examine the validity of any roadside testing that was conducted and whether a client’s rights were violated during a traffic stop.	<urn:uuid:6838247c-c23c-496d-95c5-9e6207e15e7f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://brslaw.com/thc-measurement-may-result-in-breathalyzer-for-marijuana.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9610830545425415, "token_count": 335, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
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Alcohol consumption in the general population is associated with structural changes in multiple organ systems Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with damage to various organs, but its multi-organ effects have not been characterised across the usual range of alcohol drinking in a large general population sample. We assessed global effect sizes of alcohol consumption on quantitative magnetic resonance imaging phenotypic measures of the brain, heart, aorta, and liver of UK Biobank participants who reported drinking alcohol. We found a monotonic association of higher alcohol consumption with lower normalised brain volume across the range of alcohol intakes (–1.7 × 10−3 ± 0.76 × 10−3 per doubling of alcohol consumption, p=3.0 × 10−14). Alcohol consumption was also associated directly with measures of left ventricular mass index and left ventricular and atrial volume indices. Liver fat increased by a mean of 0.15% per doubling of alcohol consumption. Our results imply that there is not a ‘safe threshold’ below which there are no toxic effects of alcohol. Current public health guidelines concerning alcohol consumption may need to be revisited. Alcohol consumption causes damage to multiple organs and systems, and heavy drinking is associated with increased all-cause mortality (Bell et al., 2017). According to the Global Burden of Diseases Study, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and disability-adjusted life years in 2016, accounting for 2.2% and 6.8% excess in age-standardized female and male deaths, respectively (GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators, 2016). While previous evidence has suggested that low to moderate amounts of daily consumption may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health (Bell et al., 2017), a recent large-scale meta-analysis concluded that even moderate daily alcohol intake may have significant impact on disease risk (Wood et al., 2018). Because of these uncertainties, there remains controversy about whether there is a ‘safe level’ of alcohol drinking for the general population (Fernández-Solà, 2015; Mukamal and Rimm, 2008). The liver is a primary target for the detrimental effects of alcohol, as it is the primary site of alcohol metabolism (Cederbaum, 2012). With high levels of alcohol consumption, effects on other organs (including the brain and heart) have been described (Obad et al., 2018). Excessive alcohol use during adolescence has been associated with reduced brain grey matter volumes (Heikkinen et al., 2017), but evidence regarding structural brain changes at lower levels of alcohol intake is limited and conflicting (Ding et al., 2004; Mukamal et al., 2001; McEvoy et al., 2018). Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption is implicated causally with pathologically reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (van Oort et al., 2020), cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and sudden death. Analyses of cardiac structure based on echocardiography have suggested that smaller differences in left ventricular mass consistent with early pathology can also be attributed to lower levels of alcohol intake (Voskoboinik et al., 2019; Gonçalves et al., 2015a; Gémes et al., 2018). Here, for the first time, we report associations across the range of population alcohol consumption with differences in morphology or function of multiple organs determined from quantitative measures of the brain, cardiac structure and function, and liver fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Our aim was to investigate effects of alcohol at intakes within the currently recommended limits for consumption by the general population. Discovery of evidence for potentially toxic effects of alcohol within these recommended limits would have important implications for public health and government policies regarding ‘safe’ levels of alcohol drinking. Materials and methods Study participantsRequest a detailed protocol UK Biobank is a prospective, observational study of ~500,000 people across the United Kingdom, aged 40–69 years at recruitment (2007–2010) (Sudlow et al., 2015; Bycroft et al., 2018). Here we used a subset of the UK Biobank data from participants whose brain, cardiac and/or aortic, and liver MRI images and image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) were available. Non-drinkers and those with self-reported brain, cardiac, and/or aortic diseases were excluded. IDPs of participants were included based on availability of measures after the application of exclusion criteria (brain grey matter [N = 10,143], brain white matter [N = 9053], heart [N = 11,821], aortic [N = 12,376], and liver [N = 3649]) (Figure 1). Table 1 describes characteristics of the population included in the analyses. The study is reported following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline. Baseline characteristicsRequest a detailed protocol Information on age, sex, ethnicity, college degree education, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, and history of smoking and cardiac, brain, and/or aortic diseases were reported at the imaging assessment. We defined participants as hypertensive if they had systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or were receiving antihypertensive medication (Suzuki et al., 2017). We recorded self-reported diabetes, smoking history, and college degree education. Alcohol consumptionRequest a detailed protocol We calculated alcohol intake as grams of alcohol per day (g/d) among drinkers based on self-reported alcohol drinking from a touch-screen questionnaire described previously (Evangelou et al., 2019). Briefly, the quantity of each type of drink was multiplied by its standard drink size and reference alcohol content. Drink-specific intake during the reported drinking period was summed and converted to g/d alcohol intake for each participant with completed responses to the quantitative drinking questions. The alcohol intake for participants with incomplete responses was imputed by bootstrap resampling from the completed responses, stratified by drinking frequency and sex. Alcohol intake was log2-transformed, as it has a skewed distribution. Using this transformation, a log2 change of 1 unit translates to a doubling of alcohol consumption, e.g., from 10 g/d to 20 g/d. Brain MRI acquisition and pre-processingRequest a detailed protocol Details of the image acquisition are available online (Miller et al., 2016). Briefly, the T1-weighted (3D MPRAGE, 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 resolution, field of view [FOV]/matrix = 208 × 256×256, TR [repetition time] = 2000 ms, TI [inversion time] = 880 ms) brain images used here were acquired using a Siemens Skyra 3T running VD13A SP4 (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) with a Siemens 32-channel RF receive head coil used for structural analyses. Before analyses, the images were registered in the standard Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space using DARTEL tools in SPM12 (https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/). After separate segmentation of grey and white matter and cerebrospinal fluid, each tissue mask was modulated with the Jacobian determinants derived from the spatial normalisation, multiplying each voxel by the relative change in volume to correct for volume changes in the non-linear normalisation (Good et al., 2001). Brain and regional volumes were normalised to the corresponding total intracranial volumes, calculated from the sums of volumes of the grey and white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. For the multiple regression voxel-wise analysis, the normalised grey matter maps were smoothed by convolving an isotropic Gaussian kernel of 8 mm full width at half maximum, excluding voxels with a grey matter probability value < 0.2. Brain diffusion MRI images were acquired using a Stejskal-Tanner pulse sequence (Elliott et al., 2018). Our analyses used the white matter microstructural IDPs for fractional anisotropy and orientation dispersion (the extent of directional complexity of diffusion) (Zhang et al., 2012; Wood et al., 2018) for 27 probabilistically defined (Suzuki et al., 2017) white matter tracts described and made available in the UK Biobank Data Showcase (UK Biobank, 2021). The white matter microstructure measures were then expressed as mean z-scores (referenced to the mean values for the full study population) in our analyses. Cardiac and aortic MRI acquisition and pre-processingRequest a detailed protocol Details of the cardiac and aortic image acquisitions were reported previously (Petersen et al., 2016). Briefly, the cardiac and aortic MRI were acquired using a clinical wide bore 1.5T scanner (MAGNETOM Aera, Syngo Platform VD13A, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) with 48 receiver channels, a 45 mT/m and 200 T/m/s gradient system, and an 18-channel anterior body surface coil used in combination with 12 elements of an integrated 32 element spine coil and electrocardiographic gating for synchronisation with the cardiac cycle. The acquired images were segmented to derive IDPs using a fully convolutional network (CNN) (Bai et al., 2018; Wenjia Bai et al., 2018). The ventricular CNN image segmentation provided measures that, with adjustments for body surface area, were used as IDPs for the left ventricular mass, left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDVI) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESVI), and right ventricular end-diastolic (RVEDVI) and right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESVI) indices. Left and right ventricular ejection fraction IDPs were derived from integrations of the primary indices as (LVEDVI – LVESVI)/LVEDVI × 100 and (RVEDVI – RVESVI)/RVEDVI × 100, respectively. The atrial image segmentation provided left and right atrial volume indices after adjustment for body surface area. The aortic image segmentation provided maximal ascending (AAoAI) and descending (DAoAI) aortic area indices and minimal ascending (AAoAImin) and descending (DAoAImin) aortic area indices after adjustment for body surface area. Ascending and descending aortic distensibilities were derived as (AAoAI – AAoAImin)/AAoAImin/(systolic – diastolic blood pressure) and (DAoAI – DAoAImin)/AAoAImin/(systolic – diastolic blood pressure), respectively (Petersen et al., 2016). Liver fat MRI acquisition and pre-processingRequest a detailed protocol Abdominal images for assessments of liver fat were acquired using a Siemens 1.5T MAGNETOM Aera. Details of the MRI acquisition and pre-processing protocol are provided elsewhere (Wilman et al., 2017). Briefly, a dual-echo Dixon Vibe protocol, which can be used to generate images distinguishing water and fat, from which liver fat could be determined, was performed (2.2 × 1.2 × 10 mm3 resolution, TR = 3.23 ms, TE = 1.44 ms). The liver MRI proton density fat fraction % derived is available to researchers through the UK Biobank Data Showcase (UK Biobank, 2021). Statistical analysisRequest a detailed protocol We estimated the age-related differences in the brain normalised volume, cardiac, and liver fat IDPs by their regression onto age adjusted for sex, ethnicity, educational level, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history. We then examined the magnitudes of differences in organ morphology or functional IDPs with alcohol consumption. Each IDP was regressed onto log2-transformed alcohol consumption adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history; raw coefficients are used for all measures except brain white matter diffusion measures, for which standardised coefficients are reported. Normality of the IDPs was tested using a Shapiro–Wilks test. We used partial residual plots to assess any deviation from the fitted model. Additionally, a voxel-wise parametric analysis (Fernández-Solà, 2015; McEvoy et al., 2018), which used each voxel of the grey matter maps as dependent variable and log2-transformed alcohol consumption as independent variable adjusted for intracranial volume and the same covariates as above, was conducted for mapping grey matter regions associated with alcohol consumption. In secondary analysis of brain, cardiac, and liver phenotypes, an interaction term for age and log2 alcohol consumption was included in the regression models. To correct for multiple comparisons, the significance level was set to p<0.017 and p<4.5 × 10−3 for brain and heart/aorta imaging IDPs, respectively, whereas for liver fat at p<0.05. For the voxel-wise analysis, a family-wise error-corrected threshold of p<0.05 was used for grey matter analysis. All statistical analyses were carried out using STATA 14. Patient involvementRequest a detailed protocol The performed analyses are based on existing data from a population-based cohort in the United Kingdom (UK Biobank). No patients were explicitly engaged in designing the present research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing plans for recruitment, design, or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on interpretation or writing up of results. Results from UK Biobank are routinely disseminated to study participants via the study website and social media outlets. Participant characteristics and imaging phenotypes Baseline characteristics of the participants included in this study and summary IDPs are shown in Tables 1 and 2. For the five subsets in our analysis, median alcohol intakes among these drinkers were similar: ~20.9 g/d (i.e., just over two 10 g drinking units, where 125 ml of 12.5% wine is 1.25 drinking units) for men and ~10.7 g/d for women with 25th and 75th centiles ~10.3 g/d and 35.8 g/d for men and ~3.6 g/d and 17.9 g/d for women (Supplementary file 1). Associations of alcohol consumption with brain structure Age-related differences in normalised brain volumes (NBV) in the population, adjusted for alcohol consumption, were about 0.3% lower/year (mean ± standard error: −3.0 × 10−3 ± 0.05 × 10−5/year, p<1.0 × 10−300), consistent with previous studies (Enzinger et al., 2005). The contribution of alcohol to the observed brain volume differences was about 0.17% lower NBV per doubling of alcohol consumption (–1.7 × 10−3 ± 2.3 × 10−4, p=3.0 × 10−14). Lower volumes per doubling of alcohol consumption of both total grey (–1.2 × 10−3 ± 1.7 × 10−4, p=1.9 × 10−12) and white (–5.1 × 10−4 ± 1.2 × 10−4, p=2.1 × 10−5) matter jointly account for the lower brain volumes associated with greater alcohol intake. Partial residual plots confirmed the observed relationship without any deviations from the fitted model (Figure 2a–c). Exploration of voxel-wise parametric associations of the log2-transformed g/d alcohol intake with brain grey matter showed greatest negative associations with regions in the cingulate and orbital frontal cortices, the bilateral insula, and thalami (Figure 3). There were no positive correlations between alcohol and grey matter volumes for any of the brain regions after family-wise error correction. Finally, given the associations of greater alcohol intake with lower white matter volumes, we explored alcohol-associated differences in fractional anisotropy, a measure of white matter microstructure, across 27 major white matter tract IDPs. The bilateral corticospinal tracts showed increased fractional anisotropy with greater alcohol intake (standardised coefficient, left, 0.013 ± 0.003 per doubling of alcohol consumption, p=1.0 × 10−4; right, 0.011 ± 0.003, p=4.20 × 10−4). This was associated with lower orientation dispersion (standardised coefficient, left, –0.013 ± 0.003, p=8.1 × 10−4; right, –0.013 ± 0.003, p=1.4 × 10−3), suggesting greater fibre coherence or a relatively reduced density of orthogonally crossing white matter tracts (Zhang et al., 2012; Mollink et al., 2017). Associations of alcohol consumption with heart and aorta We first tested for age-related differences in cardiac and aortic IDPs adjusted for alcohol consumption in the population. Left ventricular mass index and the left atrial and left and right ventricular end diastolic volume indices were lower with greater age. Right and left ventricular ejection fractions both were modestly greater with age. There was also a small relative increase in the right atrial volume index with age (Table 3). Log2-transformed alcohol consumption was associated directly with measures of left ventricular and atrial mass and volume. The effects of alcohol on the cardiac IDPs were largely in opposite direction to those for age (Table 3). Ascending and descending aortic area indices increased with age, while distensibility decreased; log2-transformed alcohol consumption associations for the aorta showed the same directions of effect as age (Table 3). The associations with alcohol appeared linear-log with no deviation as indicated by the partial residual plots (Figure 2d–n). We also explored interactions between age and log2 alcohol consumption, which were most evident for the left ventricular mass index and aortic distensibility IDPs (Supplementary file 2). There was no evidence for U-shaped associations, i.e., higher values at both the lower and higher ends of the alcohol intake distribution, for any of the aortic or cardiac IDPs. Association of alcohol consumption with liver fat We did not observe age-related differences in liver fat after adjusting for alcohol consumption and other relevant variables (0.015 ± 0.01, p=0.14). There was an increase of liver fat per doubling of alcohol consumption (0.15 ± 0.06, p=0.006), with no deviation from linear-log association observed (Figure 2o). In this large population-based study of the effects of alcohol consumption on different organs, we found that increasing alcohol intake was associated with reduced brain grey matter volume, increased left ventricular mass and volume and aortic area index, and reduced descending aortic distensibility and increased liver fat. There was no evidence against a monotonic increase across the range of alcohol intakes, indicating potentially pathological effects of alcohol on the brain, heart, and aorta across the full range of alcohol intake in the population, without evidence for a threshold. Current guidelines for safe alcohol consumption vary between countries, mostly around one or two standard drinks/day. In the United Kingdom, the Chief Medical Officers’ guideline for both men and women suggests that avoiding more than 14 units/week (corresponding to 16 g/d alcohol) on a regular basis maintains health risks at a low level (UK Chief Medical Officer's, 2016). In the United States, the suggested threshold is ≤2 drinks/day (~28 g/d) for men and ≤1 drink/day (~14 g/d) for women (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). In a recent meta-analysis, excess mortality was observed above around 100 g alcohol intake per week (14.3 g/d), but with reduced incidence of myocardial infarction (Wood et al., 2018). Our results suggest that alcohol consumption below this threshold and below the currently recommended guidelines worldwide is associated with pathological structural and functional changes in brain, heart, aorta, and liver. Previous research on structural and functional changes in the brain has indicated that excessive alcohol use is associated with abnormal development of the brain grey matter in animals (Cosa et al., 2017) and humans (Heikkinen et al., 2017), but the studies were small and underpowered. Here we found evidence of inverse associations of brain volume with amounts of alcohol consumed in a general population sample of adults. The magnitude of the effects appears to be meaningful: doubling of alcohol consumption (e.g., from 10 to 20 g/d) was associated with over half the brain volume reduction attributed to a year of aging in the population. This suggests a possible relationship between alcohol consumption and increased susceptibility to age-related brain pathologies and disease, consistent with our recent report of a genetic correlation between alcohol consumption and neuropsychiatric disease (Evangelou et al., 2019). The effects of alcohol consumption on the brain appeared to be relatively generalised with a reduction in both white and grey matter volumes with greater alcohol consumption. Alcohol intake has previously been reported to be associated with reduced grey matter volumes in specific areas of the brain including the hippocampus and the inferior-medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortices (Topiwala et al., 2017). Our voxel wide-analysis also showed relatively greater associations of alcohol consumption with lower cingulate volumes and provides new evidence for similar directions of association within the orbital frontal cortex, the bilateral insula, and the thalami. Studies of the effect of alcohol consumption on brain white matter have been less conclusive to date (Ding et al., 2004; Mukamal et al., 2001; McEvoy et al., 2018). This lack of consensus in the literature may in part reflect both study power and the potential complexity of changes in the macroscopic MRI measures of brain microstructure (Ferizi et al., 2017). Our study, the largest to date, found that the ratio of variance to effect was larger for white matter than grey matter, highlighting the need for larger study sizes to estimate volume differences in white matter. We also found higher fractional anisotropy and decreased orientation dispersion (a measure of greater fibre coherence) (Enzinger et al., 2005) in the corticospinal tracts with increasing alcohol consumption. As we have no reason to hypothesise adaptive plasticity with an increased density of descending motor neurons (one interpretation of increased fractional anisotropy) (Mole et al., 2016), we interpret these observations as reflecting not differences in the structures of corticospinal tracts, but lower densities in major axonal tracts crossing them (e.g., the cingulum bundle and superior longitudinal fasciculus). This interpretation is broadly consistent with the lower grey matter volumes in associated cortical regions (e.g., the cingulate and anterior prefrontal cortices) reported here and previously with greater alcohol consumption (Topiwala et al., 2017). A similar ‘paradoxical’ difference in fractional anisotropy in the context of decreased density of crossing fibre tracts distinguishes people with mild cognitive impairment who progress most rapidly to Alzheimer’s disease (Douaud et al., 2011). We provide evidence for cardiac remodelling including the association of alcohol consumption with larger ventricular masses, end-diastolic volumes, and left atrial volume indices. Our findings are consistent with previous echocardiographic studies that showed association between increasing alcohol intake and greater left ventricular mass (Gonçalves et al., 2015a; Gémes et al., 2018; Manolio et al., 1991) (although a smaller recent MRI study, assessing effects of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption, reported similar left ventricular mass in drinkers compared to non-drinkers; Voskoboinik et al., 2019). Left ventricular mass is a strong prognostic factor for incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality (Levy et al., 1990). Greater atrial indices with higher alcohol consumption have also been reported (Gonçalves et al., 2015a); atrial enlargement can be considered a risk factor for several adverse cardiovascular outcomes (Benjamin et al., 1995) and is associated with increased risk of heart failure (Gottdiener et al., 2006). Alcohol consumption had same directions of effect as aging for the thoracic aortic measures (larger diameters and lower distensibilities). Such changes may also contribute to greater risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality (Erbel and Eggebrecht, 2006; Redheuil et al., 2014). A number of studies have suggested a ‘U’-shaped association between alcohol drinking and cardiovascular outcomes, even after exclusion of ex-drinkers from the non-drinker category (Marmot et al., 1981). Our diagnostic plots for the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular measures did not provide evidence of deviation from a monotonic association and therefore did not support a ‘U’-shaped association for these measures. Rather, our results point to pathological effects of regular alcohol intake on the heart and major vessels occurring below current consumption guidelines. Excessive alcohol intake is a well-known risk factor for increased liver fat (Bellentani et al., 1997), but the evidence regarding low-to-moderate alcohol consumption has been inconclusive. Several prospective studies have reported a lower prevalence or risk of fatty liver (Moriya et al., 2015; Hashimoto et al., 2015; Yamada et al., 2010) for low-to-moderate compared to excessive alcohol consumption. However, a randomised trial showed that even moderate consumption of red wine for three months increases liver fat (Kechagias et al., 2011; van Eekelen et al., 2019). Our results are consistent with this. The magnitude of the association with alcohol (0.15% per doubling of alcohol consumption) suggests that alcohol could explain a major proportion of the population variance in liver fat (mean liver fat density percentages in a larger UK Biobank sample ranged between a mean of 1.34–5.71%) (Linge et al., 2019). Our results highlight the multi-organ effects of low and moderate levels of alcohol consumption in late middle-aged people. This may reflect direct toxicities. For example, the toxic effect of alcohol or its metabolites can cause myocardial damage that leads to increased rates of cardiomyopathies, heart failure, and mortality (Wood et al., 2018; Gonçalves et al., 2015b). Deleterious effects of alcohol on cell function and survival and consequent organ injury may affect a number of biological processes, e.g., oxidative stress, inflammation, aberrant post-translational modifications of proteins, dysregulation in lipid metabolism, upregulation of catabolic processes and signal transduction pathways, and epigenetic changes involving DNA methylation impairments (Souza-Smith et al., 2016; Osna and Kharbanda, 2016). However, our observations may also reflect interactions between pathologies across organ systems. For example, alcohol is metabolised primarily in the liver, where it increases fatty acid synthesis (Cederbaum, 2012) and leads to metabolic abnormalities that independently contribute to cardiovascular and brain pathologies (Suzuki et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2005; Cai et al., 2012). Our study has limitations. The observational design of UK Biobank has inherent limitations that preclude establishing causal relationships. Also, the participants are relative healthy compared to the general UK population and most are of European ancestry (Fry et al., 2017). The extent to which results are generalisable to other populations or populations of various ethnic groups needs to be explored. We relied on self-reported alcohol intake information obtained on a single occasion at the baseline assessment. This is subject to misreporting and recall bias, especially among heavy drinkers who may under-report their intake (Boniface et al., 2014; Greenfield and Kerr, 2008) and may have led to bias in the estimation of the effects of alcohol intake on the outcomes under study. Furthermore, the imaging data were also only available at one point in time. Future longitudinal analysis will enable effects of low or moderate alcohol intake on anatomical and structural changes of the various organs to be measured over time directly. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the adverse effects of alcohol intake on the structures of brain, heart, and aorta and on liver fat deposition. Specifically, we show that these effects are monotonic (linear-log), increasing across the full range of reported alcohol intakes in this large population sample, with no apparent threshold. Our results therefore indicate that pathological changes in major organ systems may occur at even small amounts of daily alcohol intake. This has important implications for governmental and public health policies concerning ‘safe’ levels of alcohol drinking in the general population. Further research is needed, but we believe current guidelines on alcohol drinking may need to be revisited. Disclosures EE acknowledges consultancy fees from OpenDNA. PMM acknowledges consultancy fees from Roche, Adelphi Communications, Celgene, and Biogen. He has received honoraria or speakers’ honoraria from Novartis, Biogen, Medscape, Adelphi Communications, and Roche and has received research or educational funds from Biogen, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, and Nodthera. PE is a member of the UK Biobank Strategic Oversight Committee (previously the UK Biobank Steering Committee). For this project, UK Biobank has granted access to our team through approved applications with ID #13375 and #18545. Data is available to bona fide researchers through application to UK Biobank as described here: https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/enable-your-research/apply-for-access. Guidance on how to apply for the various types of UK Biobank data can also be found at this link. UK BiobankID biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk/ukb/. UK Biobank data showcase. 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BookLow Risk Drinking GuidelinesHealthLink BC. ConferenceDepartment of agriculture2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 8th Ediction. Moderate and heavy alcohol consumption are prospectively associated with decreased left ventricular ejection fraction: The Hoorn StudyNutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 30:132–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.021 Relation of alcohol consumption to left ventricular fibrosis using cardiac magnetic resonance imagingThe American Journal of Cardiology 123:460–465.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.026 BookReccurent neural networks for aortic image sequence segmentation with sparse annotationsIn: Frangi JS A, Davatzikos C, Alberola-Lopez C, Fichtinger G, editors. Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2018. Springer. pp. 586–594.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00937-3_67 Alcohol drinking may not be a major risk factor for fatty liver in japanese undergoing a health checkupDigestive Diseases and Sciences 55:176–182.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0693-0 Eduardo FrancoSenior Editor; McGill University, Canada Edward D JanusReviewing Editor; University of Melbourne, Australia Tissa WijeratneReviewer; Medicine, The Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Australia Edward D JanusReviewer; University of Melbourne, Australia In the interests of transparency, eLife publishes the most substantive revision requests and the accompanying author responses. The authors assessed global effect sizes of alcohol consumption on quantitative MRI measures in the brain, heart, aorta and liver using a large sample of UK biobank data The results suggest that for both genders alcohol consumption below current recommended thresholds in guidelines world wide is associated with pathological structural and functional changes in brain, heart , aorta and liver. The findings are of major interest to those conducting research into these tissues, those conducting research on alcohol consumption and health and to policy makers. Decision letter after peer review: Congratulations, we are pleased to inform you that your article, "Alcohol consumption in the general population is associated with structural changes in multiple organ systems", has been accepted for publication in eLife. Your manuscript has been reviewed by 3 reviewers, one of whom is a member of our Board of Reviewing Editors, and the evaluation has been overseen by a Senior Editor. Suggest modifying the sentences on lines 142 and 143 with addition of the word "ventricular" before left and right end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Also, add "left ventricular" end-systolic volume. Otherwise no need to modify text. The authors have studied a large sample of UK biobank data with a view to getting a feel on what is the safe alcohol intake with no harmful effect on human organs. One of the major strength is the large sample size and meticulous measurement and quantification of organ involvement including brain, heart and aorta. One of the weakness is the self reported alcohol intake which may not be necessarily true on many occasions. However the findings are useful and alarming as it seems to be that there is no safe alcohol limit without any organ involvement as the authors reported here. This make sense given the toxic effects of alcohol in multiple biological systems in the human body. Prospective studies with accurate alcohol measurements and further biological underpinning on how these organ involvement occur is worthy of exploring. This study is very well done and findings are worthy of publishing as it is. Excessive alcohol consumption has multiple well known adverse effects but multiorgan effects across much lower and usual ranges of consumption are less well defined and the current interpretation of the available data has been translated into safe thresholds for public health purposes. The authors set out to assess global effect sizes of alcohol consumption on quantitative MRI measures in the brain, heart, aorta and liver. Their subjects are a subset of the half a million very well characterized participants in the UK Biobank study for whom brain, cardiac, aortic and liver MRI and image derived phenotypes were available. There were appropriate exclusions including non drinkers and those with established disease in these organs. The alcohol intake was self reported from a touch screen questionnaire and was converted into grams of alcohol per day. Alcohol intake was log transformed so that a change of 1 unit translates into a doubling of alcohol consumption. The MRI methodology is described in detail. The age related changes are factored in and alcohol adds to further adverse changes There are adverse effects on all the tissues examined with doubling of alcohol intake with no lower safe limit There is reduced brain grey and white matter with greatest adverse effects in the cingulate and orbital frontal cortices, the bilateral insula and thalami; changes in left ventricular and atrial mass and volume, aortic changes and increased liver fat. The results suggest that for both genders alcohol consumption below current recommended thresholds in guidelines world wide is associated with pathological structural and functional changes in brain, heart , aorta and liver. Major strengths are the large size of the study, the well characterized subjects and the detailed MRIs coupled with a very clear presentation of the study and its implications. There are no obvious weaknesses however limitations as well discussed by the authors are (1). that the study is cross sectional precluding establishment of a causal relationship which requires further longitudinal studies. (2). that the alcohol intake is self reported and heavy drinkers may under report intake. (3). that the population studied is mainly Caucasian. The authors have achieved their aims and the results support their conclusions. The findings are of major interest to those conducting research into these tissues, those conducting research on alcohol consumption and health and to policy makers. They provide ample scope for debate between those who will want to reduce the currently existing thresholds further and those who have the opposite view and will argue that this is preliminary data lacking causal effects. A very well executed and presented study of great interest. I don't see any need to modify the text. Suggest modifying the sentences on lines 142 and 143 with addition of the word "ventricular" before left and right end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. Also, add "left ventricular" end-systolic volume.https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65325.sa1 Article and author information Medical Research Council (MR/R0265051/1) - Raha Pazoki Medical Research Council (MR/R0265051/2) - Raha Pazoki Medical Research Council (MR/L01341X/1) - Paul Elliott British Heart Foundation (RE/18/4/34215) - Paul Elliott Medical Research Council (MR/S019669/1) - Paul Elliott Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20K07776) - Hideaki Suzuki The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. PMM gratefully acknowledges generous support from Edmond J Safra Foundation and Lily Safra, the NIHR Investigator programme, and the UK Dementia Research Institute, which is supported by the MRC, the Alzheimer’s Society, and Alzheimer's Research UK. PMM also acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. HS is supported by the Grants-in-Aid program from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20K07776). RP holds a fellowship supported by Rutherford Fund from Medical Research Council (MR/R0265051/1 and MR/R0265051/2). PE is director of the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Environment and Health and acknowledges support from the MRC (MR/L01341X/1; MR/S019669/1). PE also acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the Imperial College British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence (RE/18/4/34215). He is a UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI) Professor, UK DRI at Imperial College London (MC_PC_17114). PE is associate director of Health Data Research UK for London, which is supported, among others, by MRC, NIHR, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Wellcome Trust, and British Heart Foundation. Human subjects: In UK Biobank, ethical approval for data collection was received from the North-West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 11/NW/0382) and the research was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association. No additional ethical approval was required for the analyses of the data. - Eduardo Franco, McGill University, Canada - Edward D Janus, University of Melbourne, Australia - Tissa Wijeratne, Medicine, The Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Australia - Edward D Janus, University of Melbourne, Australia - Received: December 1, 2020 - Accepted: June 1, 2021 - Accepted Manuscript published: June 1, 2021 (version 1) - Version of Record published: June 10, 2021 (version 2) © 2021, Evangelou et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. - Page views Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: Crossref, PubMed Central, Scopus. Downloads (link to download the article as PDF) Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services) Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools) - Epidemiology and Global Health Background: Home-based self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing may be an alternative for women not attending clinic-based cervical cancer screening. Methods: We assessed barriers to care and motivators to use at-home HPV self-sampling kits during the COVID-19 pandemic as part of a randomized controlled trial evaluating kit effectiveness. Participants were women aged 30-65 and under-screened for cervical cancer in a safety-net healthcare system. We conducted telephone surveys in English/Spanish among a subgroup of trial participants, assessed differences between groups, and determined statistical significance at p<0.05. Results: Over half of 233 survey participants reported that clinic-based screening (Pap) is uncomfortable (67.8%), embarrassing (52.4%), and discomfort seeing male providers (63.1%). The last two factors were significantly more prevalent among Spanish versus English speakers (66.4% vs. 30% (p=0.000) and 69.9 vs. 52.2% (p=0.006), respectively). Most women who completed the kit found Pap more embarrassing (69.3%), stressful (55.6%), and less convenient (55.6%) than the kit. The first factor was more prevalent among Spanish versus English speakers (79.6% vs. 53.38%, p=0.001) and among patients with elementary education or below. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic influenced most (59.5%) to participate in the trial due to fear of COVID, difficulty making appointments, and ease of using kits. HPV self-sampling kits may reduce barriers among under-screened women in a safety-net system. Funding: This study is supported by a grant from the National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD, R01MD013715, PI: JR Montealegre). Clinical trial number: NCT03898167. - Epidemiology and Global Health Local cervical cancer epidemiological data essential to project the context-specific impact of cervical cancer preventive measures are often missing. We developed a framework, hereafter named Footprinting, to approximate missing data on sexual behaviour, human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence, or cervical cancer incidence, and applied it to an Indian case study. With our framework, we (1) identified clusters of Indian states with similar cervical cancer incidence patterns, (2) classified states without incidence data to the identified clusters based on similarity in sexual behaviour, (3) approximated missing cervical cancer incidence and HPV prevalence data based on available data within each cluster. Two main patterns of cervical cancer incidence, characterized by high and low incidence, were identified. Based on the patterns in the sexual behaviour data, all Indian states with missing data on cervical cancer incidence were classified to the low-incidence cluster. Finally, missing data on cervical cancer incidence and HPV prevalence were approximated based on the mean of the available data within each cluster. With the Footprinting framework, we approximated missing cervical cancer epidemiological data and made context-specific impact projections for cervical cancer preventive measures, to assist public health decisions on cervical cancer prevention in India and other countries.	<urn:uuid:52ed0197-4ecd-4ad5-8d9c-a385f8a31e91>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://elifesciences.org/articles/65325", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00190.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9065151810646057, "token_count": 10198, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
What’s So Special About Acai? Well, it turns out that the acai (pronounced ah-SAH-ee) berry is one the most nutritious and good for you foods on our planet. It is without a doubt a true super food, if not Thee Super food. The acai berry is produced by the acai palm, which is native to tropical Central and South America. For the most part, though, the acai berry is harvested in the rainforests of Brazil. The acai berry or fruit itself is small, round and blackish purple in appearance. It is about the size of a grape and similar in appearance, but with less pulp. The acai berry is harvested as food by the Brazilian natives where it grows and is considered by them to be the most valuable plant species due to its heavy use in their diet and it’s economic viability. The juice and pulp of the acai fruit are used to make smoothies, ice cream, sodas, and other various juice blends. Elsewhere, companies abroad have taken advantage of the popular acai trend to create highly beneficial dietary supplements, as well as tablets, juices, smoothies, drink powders and whole fruit. What makes this fruit so nutritious and remarkable is it’s super rich content of anti-oxidants, amino acids, and essential fatty acids. The antioxidants are what make the acai berry such a powerful anti-aging superfood. Acai has 10 times more antioxidants than red grapes, which is pretty amazing. Most of these rich phytochemical content is found in the pulp of the fruit. The acai fruit contains some of the highest contents known of monounsaturated oleic acid. It is an omega-9 fatty acid and is one of the healthier sources of fat in the diet. As a replacement for other saturated fats, it can lower total cholesterol level and raise levels of HDL’s (known as good cholesterol) and lower LDL’s (known as bad cholesterol. In addition, the acai fruit contains rich sources of dietary fiber, amino acids coupled with valuable trace materials that aid the body’s muscle, cardiovascular and digestive systems. It makes sense why native Brazilians have been using this awesome and powerful berry in their diets for centuries now. Not only is it great for you, but it also tastes great as well. One of the rare foods that taste great and is great for you. It goes without saying that adding acai to your diet is a great idea if you haven’t already. It’s not the easiest thing to find though, as most likely your local supermarket will not be carrying it due to its exotic nature. But I am sure most health food stores (my local one does) may be carrying it. You most likely will find it in smoothie or juice form, and not the berry itself. There are many high-quality acai berry dietary supplements on the market today as well, just do your research to make sure you buy it from a reputable company that makes quality products.	<urn:uuid:a047cb07-33e8-49e0-8fcc-49a329e1fe49>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://easyvitamins.store/whats-so-special-about-acai/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648850.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602172755-20230602202755-00487.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9606641530990601, "token_count": 643, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Pi Mai: April 13 – April 15 Laos’ Pi Mai is a public holiday in Laos. Laos’ Pi Mai or New Year is a three-day celebration usually from April 13-15. Pi Mai is considered a traditional new year of religious in nature. The festivity is a considered as a public holiday in Laos so the working class takes their off from work to visit their families in remote towns and cities to celebrate this exciting feast. History of Laos’ Pi Mai The celebration of Pi Mai was originally an old tradition practiced by the Khmer and Mon-Burmese (ethnic Cambodians and Burmese/Myanmar) of Laos. The Laotians have learned to adopt the culture and tradition of above ethnic group which practice thanksgiving during the monsoon season where practically all native agricultural crops grow abundantly in the country. Laos’ Pi Mai: Traditions, Customs and Activities The celebration of Pi Mai is different from the first day to the last. The first day is spent watching street parades organized by local government and community leaders and its members. The second day is usually marked with “water events” where people fill up individual pales and bins as they prepare to wet one another. It is not unusual to see foreigners participate with delight in traditional water fights along with Lao residents young and old. During the last night of the celebration, considered to be the “New Year” where members of family prepare white bands or white strings which are believed to bring good luck for the coming year. These white bands are given to someone present in the house, the receiving party gives a white band back to the giver in hopes that all members of the family will get to experience a bountiful life for the coming year. As always, traditional Lao cuisine tops the food served during the festivity. Temple caretakers and monks wash the Buddha images before the new year starts to prepare them for incoming visitors and the faithful. Laotians around the globe, especially in areas with high concentration of Lao citizens observe the celebration of Pi Mai. If you are a tourist, it’s advisable to be at Vientiane or Luang during Pi Mai as these cities holds a great number of activities that will surely excite every visiting tourists.	<urn:uuid:1d973393-6413-4d0a-949e-89b3df12364f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/laos-pi-mai-new-year/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890199.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00049-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9531698226928711, "token_count": 474, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
How did medieval hermits survive on their self-denying diet? What did they eat, and how did unethical monks get around the rules? The Egyptian hermit Onuphrios was said to have lived entirely on dates, and perhaps the most famous of all hermits, John the Baptist, on locusts and wild honey. Was it really possible to sustain life on so little food? The history of monasticism is defined by the fierce and passionate abandonment of the ordinary comforts of life, the most striking being food and drink. A Hermit’s Cookbook opens with stories and pen portraits of the Desert Fathers of early Christianity and their followers who were ascetic solitaries, hermits and pillar-dwellers. It proceeds to explore how the ideals of the desert fathers were revived in both the Byzantine and western traditions, looking at the cultivation of food in monasteries, eating and cooking, and why hunting animals was rejected by any self-respecting hermit. Full of rich anecdotes, and including recipes for basic monk’s stew and bread soup – and many others – this is a fascinating story of hermits, monks, food and fasting in the Middle Ages.	<urn:uuid:935b4089-ee4b-403f-afcc-457518432132>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9781350047624", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584334618.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123151455-20190123173455-00440.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9785522222518921, "token_count": 245, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
Description of Pteridomonas: Cells very similar to Actinomonas, but tentacles are mainly confined to an anterior ring around the flagellum, and the cells are usually attached to a substratum. They also differs in the presence of a very reduced flagellar wing and paraxonemal rod and in the presence of two ring-like structures below the transverse septum of the flagellar transition region. Such rings are also present in Apedinella but not in any other pedinellid. Heterotrophic, feeding on bacteria and on other protists. Three species in marine, freshwater and brackish environments.	<urn:uuid:04896052-c34a-4ade-8c1b-8bcf7f6ef79a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://starcentral.mbl.edu/mv/portal.php?pagetitle=classification&BLOCKID=9&CHILDID=17040&namebankID=1687343", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697552127/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094552-00040-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9146882891654968, "token_count": 140, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
One of the projects that I’m working on this summer is developing teaching resources for a set of math apps developed by The Center for Algebraic Thinking. One of those apps, called Cover Up, taught me an approach to solving math problems that I hadn’t used before but found useful. I have outlined the method in the sketch above. What I like about this cover up method is that in addition to focusing you in on a particular aspect of a problem, it forces you to solve problems in a more intuitive way. Rather than resorting to a rote application of algorithms, you think more along the lines of “What number do I have to subtract 11 from in order to end up with 7?” I feel that approach is closer to the reality of the problem than the approach that says, “I want to get x by itself so I have to move that 11 to the other side of the equation.” The latter focuses your attention on the abstract representation of the problem whereas the former keeps you more closely tied to the problem itself. The developers of the app do a great job of explaining the philosophy behind this approach in the overview section of the app. I encourage you to check out the app if you have an iPad – it’s free!	<urn:uuid:1a0db9ca-9306-42c4-ba51-3edf9ba826ad>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "http://www.thegraphicrecorder.com/2012/08/16/the-cover-up-math-method/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00037.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9633297324180603, "token_count": 262, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
How well does your dog listen? Does he drop something when you tell him? Does she come to you when you call her? Does he respond to his name when he hears it? Having an obedient dog isn’t just about showing them off to your friends. It is about knowing that they will listen to you in dangerous or emergency situations. These basic commands will help train your dog to always respond appropriately. Its name: Your dog learning its name is arguably the most important “command” they should learn. If you need to get your dog’s attention quickly in any emergency or urgent situation, calling their name is surely the best way to do so. Come: Teaching a dog to come when called is crucial to their safety, as well as just good training behaviors. Knowing that your dog will return to your side in an instant when called is a good way to ensure that they will be safe if you are in a dangerous situation. Sit/lay down: These commands are some of the easiest to teach a dog, and essential ones at that. When you tell your dog to sit, they know they should stay sitting unless told otherwise. Adding lay down can be helpful if you are in a crowded place and need your pup to stay in one spot instead of greeting everyone. Off: Some dogs love to greet everyone that acknowledges them, and for some this means jumping up to say hello. Teaching your dog the off command can be used in regards to people, especially strangers, or if the dog has a habit of jumping onto the counter or furniture where they aren’t allowed. Stay: When you teach your dog to sit and lay down, they should be taught to stay in that command until told otherwise. However, the stay command is a great reassurance for both the pet parent and the dog, as it ensures they will stay where they are. This is also a great command to use should you be in a dangerous situation and need your dog to stay put to avoid them getting injured or lost. Leave it: Lots of dogs have trouble resisting anything that may look tempting or delicious. Sometimes this is okay, but if they are eyeing something that could be harmful or toxic to them, you want to make sure they know it’s not OK to investigate. The leave it command is a great way to let your dog know that they are not to touch, pick up, or eat whatever it is that has their attention. Drop it: Some dogs like to put everything in their mouth. When it comes to toys and treats this is OK, but what if your dog picks up something that could be dangerous? The drop it command could be a lifesaver. This command also is a great way to teach your dog that possessiveness is not a good thing for them to exhibit. Teaching your dog basic commands is not only good for their mental health and manners, but can also help to make sure your dog avoids dangers and stays safe in emergency scenarios. It is your job as a responsible pet parent to make sure your dog is set up for success in any situation. Tricia Montgomery is founder and CEO of K9 Fit Club, with locations across the U.S., including Bluffton.	<urn:uuid:adffae28-d6d6-4eaf-9ffa-e737fec2d9d4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.hiltonheadsun.com/top-commands-for-keeping-your-pet-safe-in-emergency/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00172.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9734208583831787, "token_count": 659, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
A village named for pack horses that died in the American Revolution has a new monument marking its 175th anniversary. The bronze statue of a pack horse was unveiled Saturday morning near the village hall in Horseheads, 70 miles south of Syracuse. The ceremony wrapped up a yearlong celebration of the village's anniversary. Horseheads got its name from the sick and disabled pack horses disposed of following the Clinton-Sullivan expedition in August 1779, a key campaign of the American Revolution. The native Iroquois gathered the skulls and lined them up. The spot became known as the "valley of the horse's heads."	<urn:uuid:b8bdfcb6-c738-4c17-a279-7e94b37e3092>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://cnycentral.com/news/local/village-of-horseheads-gets-new-monument-to-mark-its-175th-anniversary?id=899680", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645367702.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031607-00232-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9767329096794128, "token_count": 125, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
Hardseededness and the pattern of softening in Biserrula pelecinus L., Ornithopus compressus L., and Trifolium subterraneum L. seeds Loi, A., Cocks, P.S., Howieson, J.G. and Carr, S.J. (1999) Hardseededness and the pattern of softening in Biserrula pelecinus L., Ornithopus compressus L., and Trifolium subterraneum L. seeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50 (6). p. 1073. *Subscription may be required Experiments measuring seed bank size, hardseededness, and seed softening of biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) were conducted at Merredin and Perth in Western Australia. At Merredin, a mixture of 2 biserrula accessions was grazed, shallow cultivated, or left uncultivated and ungrazed. Seed bank size, seedling regeneration, and seed softening were measured over 2 years. At Perth, softening of biserrula, yellow serradella, and subterranean clover seeds grown at 2 sites (Binnu and Northam) was compared on the soil surface and after burial at 2 and 10 cm over a period of 2 years. Seed bank size of biserrula at Merredin ranged from 14 000 to 17 500 seeds/m 2. Regeneration was greater in the second year (800-1 700 seedlings/m 2) than in the first year (40-600 seedlings/m 2). In both years the shallow cultivated treatment recorded the highest number of seedlings. About 90% of biserrula and serradella seed remained hard after 2 years on the soil surface, compared with only about 10% of subterranean clover. Serradella softened more rapidly when buried 2 cm below the soil surface (8-12% hard) than it did on the soil surface (84-92% hard) (P <0.05). In contrast, the softening of subterranean clover decreased with increasing depth. Biserrula was intermediate, although it too softened most rapidly at 2 cm (78-95% hard compared with 82-97% on the surface) (P < 0.05). Rate of seed softening in all species decreased with increasing depth of burial below 2 cm. Of the 4 accessions of biserrula, an accession from Greece (83% hard after 2 years exposure) was significantly softer than the other accessions. The results indicate that biserrula is very hardseeded, although there is sufficient variation in hardseededness for the selection of somewhat softer lines. Its pattern of softening suggests that biserrula may be successful in the ley farming system (crop/pasture rotations) of southern Australia. \|Publication Type:\|\|Journal Article\| \|Murdoch Affiliation:\|\|Centre for Rhizobium Studies\| \|Item Control Page\|	<urn:uuid:f3b3bc8d-d5b1-47db-bb9a-a14c2ed1747a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/18028/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544140.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00234-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8920765519142151, "token_count": 638, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
Posted: February 26th, 2021 What makes education Christian? Answers should be based on A Theology for Christian Education (chapter 2) and should include a description of where Estep and Powlison would agree and disagree.Anthony, M. J., & Benson, W. S. (2011). Exploring the history and philosophy of Christian education: Principles for the 21st century. Eugene: Wipf & Stock. ISBN: 9781610977326.Carson, D. A. (2008). Christ and culture revisited. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN: 9780802831743.Dreher, R. (2017). The Benedict option: A strategy for Christians in a post-Christian nation. New York: Sentinel. ISBN: 9780735213296.Your main sourceEstep, J. R., Jr., Anthony, M. J., & Allison, G. R. (2008). A theology for Christian education. Nashville: B&H Academic. ISBN: 9780805444575. Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.	<urn:uuid:75a1309a-4de0-4bf9-9d7f-6b5b6feaea27>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://homeworkdoers.com/what-makes-education-christian/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151672.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725111913-20210725141913-00091.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7812294960021973, "token_count": 235, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Millions of spiders are covering paddocks and roadsides in the Australia region of Gippsland in alien-like cobwebs as they flee Victorian floods. The region has become an arachnophobe’s worst nightmare as entire towns are draped in spider webs. Residents of the Australian region of Gippsland in the state of Victoria were greeted with layers of gossamer cobwebs after the area was hit by severe flooding. The Victoria State Emergency Service issued multiple flood warnings for the rural area in early June, with some residents urged to evacuate, according to tweets from Darren Chester, the MP for Gippsland. As the humans fled to safety, so did the spiders. Professor Dieter Hochuli explained that the sea of spider silk was not surprising given the weather conditions. “This is a surprisingly common phenomenon after floods,” he said. “When we get these types of very heavy rains and flooding, these animals who spend their lives cryptically on the ground can’t live there anymore, and do exactly what we try to do — they move to the higher ground,” he added. Hochuli said the arachnids responsible were sheet web spiders, which normally live on the ground. What is ballooning? This spider phenomenon is known as ballooning. The Australian Museum’s website states that the process involves spiders “ascending to a high point on foliage and letting out fine silk lines that catch the breeze and eventually gain enough lift to waft the spider up and away.” The website adds: “Simultaneous ballooning by thousands of spiderlings can result in a remarkable carpet of silk, called gossamer, covering shrubs or fields.” While the eight-legged creatures take shelter on higher ground, the work of emergency services in the region continues. Devastating and deadly floods “We can see mother nature can be beautiful but she can also be destructive,” Carolyn Crossley, a local councilor, wrote on her Facebook page, noting that hundreds of homes in the area remained without power. Victoria state’s emergency management commissioner, Andrew Crisp, said on Twitter that he traveled to the area on Sunday. “Work continues on relief and recovery,” he said. The storms have wreaked havoc across Victoria. An injured mother and son were rescued by police officers on June 9 after a tree branch fell on their home. And at least two people in the state have died amid the crisis. On June 10, police discovered a man’s body in flood waters after his car was almost submerged. The following, day a woman’s body was found in a vehicle in the flood waters. Now subscribe to this blog to get more amazing news curated just for you right in your inbox on a daily basis (here an example of our new newsletter). You should really subscribe to QFiles. You will get very interesting information about strange events around the world.	<urn:uuid:e7b783dd-e9a9-4d3b-8f7d-bbcb776d8043>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://strangesounds.org/2021/06/millions-of-spiders-invade-victoria-australia-photo-video.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539049.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521080921-20220521110921-00167.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9657579660415649, "token_count": 626, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Earlier this summer, marine specialists reeled up a shipping-container-size datacenter coated in algae, barnacles and sea anemones from the seafloor off Scotland’s Orkney Islands. The retrieval launched the final phase of a years-long effort that proved the concept of underwater datacenters is feasible, as well as logistically, environmentally and economically practical. Microsoft’s Project Natick team deployed the Northern Isles datacenter 117 feet deep to the seafloor in spring 2018. For the next two years, team members tested and monitored the performance and reliability of the datacenter’s servers. The team hypothesized that a sealed container on the ocean floor could provide ways to improve the overall reliability of datacenters. On land, corrosion from oxygen and humidity, temperature fluctuations and bumps and jostles from people who replace broken components are all variables that can contribute to equipment failure. The Northern Isles deployment confirmed their hypothesis, which could have implications for datacenters on land.	<urn:uuid:447b7dd6-e352-4124-8ac1-81b89561f696>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://www.investableoceans.com/products/underwater-datacenters-are-reliable-practical-and-use-energy-sustainably", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509183309-20210509213309-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.907421350479126, "token_count": 211, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
This gavel, used by Speaker John Boehner, is typical of those wielded in the House Chamber. Made of maple and marked with incised lines, it came from the Capitol's woodworkers, who have crafted gavels for the House since the 1800s. History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives, “Gavel of Speaker John Andrew Boehner,” https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2015/2015-073-000/ (April 01, 2020) Office of the HistorianOffice of Art and Archives Attic, Thomas Jefferson BuildingWashington, D.C. 20515(202) 226-1300	<urn:uuid:289bab53-5431-4722-8ba8-fe162ec89dc2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://history.house.gov/Collection/Detail/25769810770?current_search_qs=%3FClassification%3DHistorical%2BArtifacts%26amp%253bPreviousSearch%3DSearch%252cHistorical%2BArtifacts%252cDate%26amp%253bCurrentPage%3D1%26amp%253bSortOrder%3DDate%26amp%253bResultType%3DGrid%26amp%253bCommand%3D2%26PreviousSearch%3DSearch%252cHistorical%2BArtifacts%252cDate%26CurrentPage%3D3%26SortOrder%3DDate%26ResultType%3DList%26Command%3D57", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00052.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9089381694793701, "token_count": 142, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
THE Board of Land Commissioners, established by act of Congress of March 3, 1851, to settle private land claims in California, confirmed, in 1851, to Billing and others, a tract of land granted in 1839 by the Mexican Government to one Felis. The decree set forth the boundaries of the land essentially as follows: 'Commencing at the mouth of the creek Avichi, emptying into the Petaluma marsh, and running up said creek ten thousand varas, to a point called Palos Colorados; thence in a northerly direction five thousand varas, to a place marked by a pile of stones; thence in an easterly direction to a place called Olympali, five thousand varas; from thence with the estuary, around the Punta del Potrero, on the estuary, to the place of beginning; containing two square leagues, a little more or less.'The diagram below will illustrate the general position of things; enough to give an idea. It was admitted that no difficulty existed in ascertaining the boundaries described in this decree. A survey was made according to these boundaries; but, thus surveyed, the tract included nearly three leagues, and the United States excepted to the survey on that ground. While the case was pending in the District Court on that exception, one of the deputies of the Surveyor-General of the United States,–not acting under immediate direction of his superior, acting, indeed, without his knowledge at the time, though the principal afterwards issued instructions in execution of what his deputy had done–made a survey which excluded one league on the western side of the Novato tract, including it within another called Nicasio, now patented by the United States; the patent of the Government, however, by its terms, being declared not to 'affect the interests of third persons.' The District Court confirmed the survey for the tract as it stood, including the Potrero, and excluding the league on the west. This made a tract of about two leagues. From this decree the claimants made no appeal. [The part of the land confirmed which was thus excluded from the Novato tract, and included in the Nicasio, lies in shade in the left of the diagram.] In both the Nicasio and the Novato tract the names of the same persons, either as owners or as attorneys, or as agents or assignees, appeared to have been in some way connected. In accordance with the Mexican custom, what is called juridical possession–a species of livery of seizin*fn1 –was delivered to Felis in 1842 by the Mexican alcalde, of the tract in question, either with the Potrero included or without the Potrero; but whether it was with, or whether it was without, was not clear. The alcalde, in this record, declares: 'Being in the fields, in the creek of Avichi, a boundary of Novato, November 13, 1842, I, the magistrate, with two assisting witnesses, coterminous resident neighbors, proceeded to see and reconnoitre the lands of said rancho; and for the better understanding, being on horseback, ['procedi a ver y reconoces las tierras de d'ho rancho, y para mayor claridad puesto a caballo,'] in company with all the parties and witnesses before mentioned, I ordered the aforesaid witnesses to point out the places, limits, and boundaries of the land as they described them in their depositions. They did so; and I, the magistrate, and those of my assistance, saw and examined them and the documents presented, and in testimony I made official note of it, &c.' This officer then goes on to give some account of the measurement, which, he says, was made with a rope of hemp with measures stamped on it; and he concludes that by this rope, well twisted and stretched, it resulted that the rancho has five thousand 'varas' in length and ten thousand in breadth. After which conclusion the owner having 'been made to know the lands which belong to him, for a sign of true possession and customary form, pulled up grass and stones, and threw to the four winds of heaven, in manifestation of the legal and legitimate possession which he for himself took.'This Mexican record, the judge below, (Hoffman, J.,) after careful examination, thought so inaccurate and incomplete, that he considered himself free entirely to discard it, as hopelessly confused and unitelligible; and his IIonor confirmed to Billing and the others the tract as marked out by the second survey; that is to say, the tract with the western league excluded and the Potrero included. The correctness of his action was the point on appeal here. As the owners of the Novato tract now in question did not appeal from that survey, and are content to take this survey of two leagues, we are not bound now to decide whether, according to the decree, they were not entitled to have all the land included within the boundaries mentioned in the decree, and whether the words 'containing two leagues, a little more or less,' should be construed merely as a conjectural estimate of the quantity contained within the boundaries described. But one thing is certain, that if the United States have taken a league on the western side of the Novato, and given it to the Nicasio rancho, it is with an ill grace that they who use their name now seek to take another league on the east. The Punto del Potrero, a peninsula almost entirely surrounded by a salt marsh, is as clearly within the decree as language can make it. The decree being itself clear and precise, does not refer to the rough daubs called dise nos, or to the record of juridical possession for the purpose of rendering uncertain that which the decree made certain. The formula of this delivery of possession, or livery of seizin, did not require a survey of the estate. Perhaps the province of California at that time could not furnish a man capable of making an accurate survey. In the present case, the alcalde proceeded 'to see and reconnoitre' the monuments claimed as corners in company of the witnesses, 'being himself on horseback for the better understanding;' and after divers measurements made with a rope, he 'concluded that it results that the rancho had five thousand varas in length and ten thousand in breadth.' That would constitute a rectangular figure, whose contents would be easy of calculation, and avoid the difficulty of calculating the area of an irregular one, made by lines running from one monument or corner to another. The court below were fully justified in 'entirely discarding' this document from consideration, whether it was 'hopelessly confused and unintelligible' or not. We need not, therefore, further examine the argument of the learned counsel of the appellants whether the opinion of that court was correct or not on the construction of that document.	<urn:uuid:d34828ab-799d-4994-900d-a4c00daa1aa5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://ca.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.18641201_0000032.SCT.htm/qx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696677.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926175208-20170926195208-00464.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9696455001831055, "token_count": 1429, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3 }
Sūrat Ṣād (Arabic: سورة ص, "The Letter Sad") is the 38th sura of the Qur'an with 88 ayat and 1 sajdah (39:24). Sad (ص) is the name of the eighteenth letter in the Arabic alphabet. According to the traditional Islamic narrative, Saad was sent to Muhammad by Allah while he was coping with rejection from his tribe, the Quraysh, and struggling to keep his own faith. It recounts stories of previous prophets, describes the splendors of heaven, and warns of the monstrosities of hell. The sura dates to the 2nd Meccan Period, meaning it was revealed only five or six years into the development of Islam. Surah Sad (Arab: ص , "Ṣad") adalah surah ke-38 dalam al-Qur'an. Surah yang terdiri atas 88 ayat ini termasuk golongan surah Makkiyah dan diturunkan sesudah surah Al-Qamar. Dinamai dengan Sad karena surah ini dimulai dengan huruf Shaad.	<urn:uuid:a47be274-613c-477d-87c3-eacff2f49370>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "http://www.nogod.us/sad/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00111.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7231674790382385, "token_count": 256, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
Tech moves fast! Stay ahead of the curve with Techopedia! Join nearly 200,000 subscribers who receive actionable tech insights from Techopedia. A video scaler is a system which is capable of converting video signals from one resolution to another. It increases or decreases the input resolution for video output at the specified ratio. Video scalers can be internal or external to the device. They are used in a wide range of applications such as broadcast, imaging, video effects and video surveillance. Although all video displays have a built-in scaler for most varieties of inputs, the products are not designed for wide variety of formats and resolutions. On most digital devices, video scalers scale in both horizontal and vertical directions. If the resolution is increased from low to high, it is called upscaling, whereas if it is decreased from high to low, it is called downscaling. It typically accepts NTSC/PAL/SECAM signals and decodes them after which upscaling or downscaling is performed as needed. In other words, a video scaler first decodes the signal after which de-interlacing is done on it. Most of video scalers support bicubic, bilinear and polyphase scaling. A video scaler is considered essential if the input resolution is significantly different from that of the output, as without the video scaler, the images could be compromised or distorted. There are many benefits associated with video scalers. They can output high quality, multiple-resolution VGA video signals, unlike a video switcher. They automatically scale any input signal received to match the resolution of the native display. They are also capable of switching between digital and analog sources. Video scalers are typically used in consumer electronics such as televisions and AV devices.	<urn:uuid:bd67313f-0829-434f-b5e0-d0a4449777b2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14912/video-scaler", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347407001.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530005804-20200530035804-00055.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9456160068511963, "token_count": 368, "score": 3.421875, "int_score": 3 }
Know how to use "fewer" and "less"? Find out. (genus Pterocarya), any of about six species of Asian trees of the walnut family (Juglandaceae). They often are 30 m (about 100 feet) tall and bear winged, edible, one-seeded nuts. One species, P. stenoptera, is planted as an ornamental. The wood of some species is used in cabinetmaking.	<urn:uuid:a288bc94-c1ef-4880-9eeb-116bfb92ea46>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wing+nut", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122122092.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175522-00224-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9338582158088684, "token_count": 94, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
What is the source of this ongoing conflagration? There have also been numerous behavioral and environmental variables mentioned. Increasing usage of broad-spectrum medicines, cleansers, antibacterial soap, and cesarean section births, and also modifications in the household, including such reduced airflow, higher carpets with furnishings, and additional warmth, are among them. Allergic Newborns May Benefit From Mennonite Farm Moms’ Breast Milk Experts have carried out the study to know the effects of this breast milk on infants from various samples where they have found some facts not noted to date. These effects are required to have a detailed study of the mother’s milk on kids, especially in this area, and know the future medical conditions said a member of the research team. The samples checked were from different regions and age groups to understand the effects on a wide range of infants. It is a fact that breast milk is the best for infants, but this research has something more to reveal. One possible cause is that kids spend less time outdoors playing, leading to lower regular exercise, a greater BMI, shorter breathing techniques, reduced sensitivity to microorganisms, and more contact with indoor allergies. Eczema, seasonal allergies, asthmatic, and dietary allergens were all connected to sensitivities to airborne particles such dust, pollen, mold, or pet dander, as well as foods such peanuts, dairy, soybean, seafood, or gluten. Allergies were assumed to be an uncommon condition only until the late twentieth era. However, allergens have been much more common in Western countries during the 1920s and 1930s, and notably during the middle portion of the twentieth decade. “Research on very traditional farmers in Europe and North America has pointed to another lifestyle risk factor: a decrease in the consumption of unpasteurized farm milk, large families, and exposure to farm animals and stables along with transportation by horse and buggy,” says Dr. KirsiJärvinen-Seppo, an associate professor in the Division of Pediatric Allergy. Järvinen-Seppo and company found proof that the ‘farm life effect,’ which shields from the onset of allergens, is partially handed on to infants via milk in research released now in Frontiers in Immunology. “Such a lifestyle was once common around the world, but today is largely restricted in Western countries to some religious communities, such as the Amish or old order Mennonites. Allergies are far less common among them, which suggests that their traditional lifestyle may be a protective factor against the development of atopic diseases.” “Here we show that breast milk from moms in a community of old order Mennonites contains higher concentrations of IgA antibodies against food allergens, dust mites, and bacteria associated with farm animals, as well as higher levels of certain cytokines, signaling proteins important for regulating the immune system,” says Dr. JuileeThakar, an associate professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biostatistics. Old regime Mennonite moms reported a greater frequency of delivering homebirth, more regular usage of bleaching to sanitize the residence, and a lesser contact to medicines and insecticides, as anticipated. They also claimed to have a reduced incidence of atopic disorders in both individuals & their children. Dr. Antti E. Seppo, a co-author and associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics, sums up: “Our findings indicate that that breast milk from old order Mennonite mothers contains higher levels of beneficial antibodies, microbes, and metabolites that help to ‘program’ the developing gut microbiota and immune system of their babies. These may protect infants against developing allergic diseases. This is important because it can help in explaining why atopic diseases are currently exploding in Western populations, and perhaps one day these insights may help to prevent or mitigate these diseases.” They are also important to make medicines for exploding diseases. - Cellular Protein Contribution To Ageing And Its Risks - January 21, 2022 - How To Attract More Traffic Into Your Website? Facts To Know! - January 21, 2022 - RT-PCR Vs Rapid Antigen Test – When To Take Each? - January 21, 2022	<urn:uuid:06347f2d-1680-4e4a-ae80-89ac5dc49f76>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://powdersvillepost.com/allergic-newborns-benefit-mennonite-farm-moms-breast-milk/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303717.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121222643-20220122012643-00415.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.960465669631958, "token_count": 894, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Now, you might have another question. What is the best after-snack? What types of food are nutritious snacks? What kind of food should I avoid giving my child? According to the article from Stanford Children’s Health, here are some helpful mealtime tips for school-age children: Take advantage of big appetites by serving healthy snacks, such as: - Vegetables and dip - Turkey or chicken sandwich - Cheese and crackers - Milk and cereal As much as possible, avoid high-calorie, high-sugar, and high-fat snacks. Things to avoid include sugary sodas, snack chips, candy, sweets, and processed foods low in nutritional value. You can try some snacks that provide healthy carbohydrates for energy and proteins that build muscle. While bags of chips and cookies may be convenient, we definitely recommend fruits and vegetables more! Now, when you think about what kind of food you should give your child, try these tips from OFH!	<urn:uuid:12484fad-2be7-4ffb-9c54-f6bf4dcf016e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://www.oneforhealth.org/blog/do-school-age-children-need-snacks-every-day", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746112.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119212731-20181119234731-00443.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9345840811729431, "token_count": 206, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
The term “close reading” has recently become a Common Core buzzword, and rightly so. The Standards require students to examine texts with an unprecedented attention to detail. To help educators address this new emphasis on textual analysis, Scholastic has developed a digital nonfiction program called Core Clicks. This web-based curriculum supplement consists of 108 close reading lessons, called Text Studies. The center of each Text Study is a high-quality informational text written by the award-winning team of editors and literacy experts at Scholastic News® and Weekly Reader®. The Text Study uses interactive features to guide educators and students through THREE READS of the nonfiction text. With each subsequent “read,” students delve deeper, gaining a more thorough understanding of the text.Try The Core Clicks Close Reading Program for FREE >> Core Clicks works on any existing classroom technology from iPads® to interactive whiteboards. That means there’s no new technology for teachers to learn, and the interface is so streamlined and simple that educators will be able to pick it up in a snap. Don’t let this user-friendliness fool you though—Core Clicks is a powerful Common Core supplement. The team behind it has years of experience creating dynamic digital content and engaging informational texts. The team is made up of a wide variety of editors, writers, programmers, and literacy experts like Nell K. Duke. They’ve meticulously designed each Text Study to meet the needs of the 21st century classroom and the Common Core Standards alike.	<urn:uuid:7682c657-3615-4c1b-b841-e486cd35b490>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.scholastic.com/coreclicks/close-reading/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770747.108/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00144-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.913542628288269, "token_count": 318, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
As a new parent, one of the most concerning things may be your newborn sneezing. It can happen often, and you probably think something is wrong, but there is usually no cause for alarm. Read on to learn more about this normal condition. What causes sneezing in infants? When your baby sneezes, especially during infancy, it could be happening for a number of reasons. You probably worry that your child has caught a cold or is sick with some other ailment. However, it’s a positive thing when your infant sneezes. This is because the sneezing signifies that the baby’s nervous system is working properly. Sneezing is a reflex that is controlled by the child’s nervous system. Just as it is with adults, infant sneezing is a reflex that happens when there is irritation in the nasal passages. When your baby sneezes, it’s largely because it’s necessary. A newborn’s nasal passageways are much smaller than those of an adult, which means they have to clear their noses more frequently than adults do. Irritants can get into the nostrils, such as mucous, breast milk, dust, pollen and other substances that might be lingering in the air. Smoke can also cause an infant to sneeze more. If you are a smoker, avoid smoking around your baby or quit altogether. It’s important to know that infants also breathe through their mouths as they develop. That can cause sneezing because they must gradually adjust to breathing through their noses. Why is it good when your infant sneezes? Sneezing is actually a good thing and can help your child. It is not always a sign that the baby is coming down with a cold, the flu or some other kind of virus. The sneezing serves as a natural defense system against germs. Sneezing helps to clear out germs that your baby may come into contact with through the outside world. When should you worry about sneezing in infants? Of course, sneezing isn’t always a good, healthy sign in a newborn. Sometimes, it can mean something serious. One reason could be a condition called neonatal abstinence syndrome, or NAS, which occurs when a baby is suffering withdrawal because his or her mother abused opiates during pregnancy. Sneezing is only one of the symptoms of the condition. It could also mean that your baby has a cold or virus. If you believe your newborn may be sick, look for other symptoms in addition to sneezing, such as a cough, trouble breathing and refusing to feed. If you take your baby’s temperature and it’s higher than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit, contact your pediatrician immediately. Once you know what to expect with your baby and sneezing, you can rest easy and just enjoy your bonding time together. Check out the most common questions and answers about newborn baby here.	<urn:uuid:03a463bb-9d99-44db-9fc5-b31e511cc86c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://uk.momtastic.com/health/709373-newborn-sneezing/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891807825.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217204928-20180217224928-00173.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9605078101158142, "token_count": 621, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
Most artists have, at one time or another, had a problem with broken models. Wood, plastic, clay and glass models repair relatively easily with regular school or wood glue. These substances are relatively light and have rough surfaces when they break or are broken on purpose, giving the glue something to grip and little resistance from weight. Metal, especially pewter, repairs less easily. Pewter breaks cleanly, leaving two smooth surfaces to join together. It is also a dense heavy metal, meaning that glued pieces are more likely to slide while drying or fall off before the glue can set. An artist must choose his glue carefully when working with pewter. Things You'll Need - Concentrated glue - Rubbing alcohol - Cotton swabs - Soft cloth Clean the pewter with rubbing alcohol. Soak a cotton swab with the alcohol and rub it over the pewter, pushing the swab into all the little nooks and cracks in the surface. Dry the piece with a soft, lint-free cloth. This removes dirt, grime and oil that could prevent the two surfaces from meeting and binding together. Choose a concentrated glue. Miracle Glue advertises that the solvents in the formula are distilled out to create a stronger bonding compound. Find glue marked with similar claims or purchase glue made specifically for pewter and other metal. Most are available at craft stores. Apply glue to the pewter with the pointed applicator on the container. Do not use a cotton swab or your finger to spread the glue; use the tip of the bottle. Lint from the swab will stick in the glue and make an uneven bond; the glue may also cling to your skin for several days if you let it harden on your finger. Stick the two pieces of pewter together and hold them tight and still for 20 to 30 seconds. Gently lay the piece down; it should hold together. If it doesn’t, adjust and hold it together for another 30 seconds. Let the bonded piece lay undisturbed overnight to dry. - Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images - How to Make Metal Belt Buckles How to Remove Model Glue Model building is a popular hobby because there are so many varieties available, from cars and planes to architectural structures. There are... Homemade Wood Glue Wood glue is useful in repairing broken pieces of furniture, wood toys, or even in building your own homemade wood furniture. It... How to Repair Plastic With Glue Few things are more annoying than breaking something made of plastic. With patience, glue and a little effort, just about any broken... How to Mix a Black & White PVC Pipe Two types of standard sewer and vent pipes are generally installed in homes: PVC, and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) black plastic. Where... How to Make Pewter Molds Pewter is cast in RTV molds. RTV stands for Room Temperature Vulcanizing, meaning that the rubber of the mold becomes hard at... How to Glue Broken Dental Plastic Even though it's made to be a strong yet flexible material, dental plastic can sometimes get broken. Items such as removable retainers,... How to Fix Broken Pewter Pewter is a soft, low-melting alloy that, in the past, contained lead. According to the Worshipful Company of Pewterers, modern pewter is... Glue for Repairing Diecast Metals Toy cars, collectibles and home decorations are just a few things made from diecast metal. The fabrication process uses lead metal, often... How to Remove Glue From a Hardwood Floor The process of removing glue from a hardwood floor is dependent upon the type of glue that is stuck to the floor,...	<urn:uuid:b17f5a24-8d4f-4853-9001-bc05d18710cc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.ehow.com/how_5865823_glue-pewter.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612537.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529184559-20170529204559-00322.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9285207986831665, "token_count": 798, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
The remarkable seafloor images of Weymouth Bay obtained by Dorset Wildlife Trust’s DORIS project provide new insights into the geology of the Jurassic Coast. Large circular structures revealed in the Purbeck Limestone have not previously been seen in any of the coastal cliffs or quarries from Durlston Bay to Portland, despite over a hundred years of geological research. Many geological processes can generate circular arrangements of strata from meteorite impacts to collapsed caves, volcanoes, reefs or to salt injection structures. The talk will describe the structures as revealed in echo sounding images, explore the different interpretations and the implications for our understanding of this classic geological area. Speaker: Dan Bosence, Emeritus Professor Geology, Royal Holloway University of London. With welcome and introduction about the DORIS project by Peter Tinsley, Dorset Wildlife Trust. Entry by donation on the door. To reserve your seat contact Julie Hatcher	<urn:uuid:478356cb-e098-4f44-9ac1-e9e0311dae8e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://dorsetgeologistsassociation.org/index.php/tag/doris/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584445118.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124014810-20190124040810-00037.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8440729379653931, "token_count": 194, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Reproduction block by Becky Brown, a white chintz contrasting with a blotch-ground chintz for the background. Notice the white lines around the florals in the background. These signs of poor print registration are often referred to as halos. Early-19th-century British quilt with a blotch-ground red chintz next to a classic Polka dot My collection of vintage blotch ground chintzes from America's Printed Fabrics Chintzes have been so popular that there are many styles within the category. Last week I showed white-ground chintzes. Vintage quilt detail, early 19th-century White-ground chintzes were the rage in the 18th-century but towards 1800 taste changed. Dark-ground chintzes became a fashion item for quilts and clothing Vintage wholecloth quilt of a dark-ground pheasant print Brown chintz dress, an 18th-century round gown, from Historic Deerfield Note the blue check in the sleeve lining. See a post on dark-ground chintz fashion by Hallie Larkin here: Vintage madder-printed pheasant and palm tree print The registration is good, which means the figures fit nicely into the background with few gaps or overlap. That's one of the advantages to madder dyes. Reproduction star by Bettina Havig But if you wanted lots of color in the chintzes (and who didn't?) you could change a white-ground chintz to a dark ground chintz just by adding background color. The printers used block technology to add the backgrounds. I've seen references to a wood block with a felt shape glued onto it that was called a blotch. Melbourne, Australia, newspaper ad for drab ground, white ground and blotch ground chintzes in 1855. "Drab" ground refers to quercitron-dyed prints, which we'll discuss in July. Blotch now has several meanings, most commonly an irregular shape. Printers use the word differently now too but in the past blotch as a textile term meant an added background color. Dyers could add any color they could print with the blotch technology so you often see the same chintz with different backgrounds, what we call different colorways. Added tan grounds were often called tea ground. Registration in blotch-ground prints was poor, an obvious flaw that no one seemed to mind. The blotch block left huge halos around the flowers and leaves. Tea-ground blotch chintzes are often found in early quilts Detail of a tea-ground chintz star from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts Added red ground was another option More overlap than halos in this red version of the pheasant and palm tree print. Vintage red chintz, technically sub-par. There's too much going on here for our taste. A reproduction would NEVER sell. Medium blue grounds were fashionable in the early 19th century. (And look good today too.) The glaze is still on this vintage piece. You could even buy an outrageous shade of yellow Becky looked through her stash for registration errors to give the traditional blotch-ground chintz look. 2 Stars by Becky She'd had this piece of glazed purple chintz for years. Here a little hint of halo in the blue. Reproduction star by Bettina Havig Sometimes you have to compromise and just go for a well-registered colored ground. It's the color and the fabric's figures and scale that are most important. A red ground chintz with lovely geranium leaves from the panel for Kathy Hall's Southcott quilt. The print is in the corners of the original dated 1808 in the collection of the Royal Albert Museum. A similar geranium with a red ground in a vintage quilt from the collection of Old Sturbridge Village A repro tea-ground by Pat Nickols Again, a hint of halo Savannah by Fons and Porter I'm hoping you have some of these old reproduction prints in your scraps.The imitation blotch-ground prints are hard to find because there is little cross-over market for them. You must appreciate the look to want to buy a badly registered print. Jo Morton's Bird Chintz You may not care for the print as a whole but you'll find that a few scraps patched into a block gives an authentic early look. Early Stars, reproduction by Barbara Schaffer Here's a beautiful reproduction from Nancy Gere she calls Valley Forge. Just enough halo and tinted tan to make it a cross-over print, rather than just for repro lovers. Sawtooth Strip by Barbara Brackman I found the brown ground chintz for the alternate strips in this reproduction of the 1840s look at a home decorating store. I bought the bolt on sale. They were glad to see it go. What to Do with Your Stack of Stars? Alternate with broderie Perse blocks. Block dated 1853 Broderie Perse is also called Cut-Out Chintz applique. I couldn't find any photos of period star quilts alternating with chintz cut out floras. But isn't it a good idea? I did a digital mockup. For 6" finished alternate blocks your cut-out-chintz applique will have to be fairly simple. Above and below: two simple cut-out chintz motifs from about 1800-1840. Antique red ground chintz with halos The old chintz with its bad registration was perfect for broderie Perse. The halos meant you could applique a red chintz or a tan chintz to a white background and the tan wouldn't show. Vintage broderie Perse A heavy buttonhole stitch also hid the colored botch grounds. One More Thing About Blotch-Ground Prints Vintage hat box covered in the tea-ground version of the pheasant and palm tree The date on these imported blotch-ground chintzes in the United States seems to be about 1820-1840. Chintz medallion quilt Gift of Sandra Dallas to the Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum Details show the variety of blotch-ground chintzes. They were available in abundance when international trade opened up after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. We find so many surviving examples that textile historians guess they are among the British prints "dumped" after the war. Americans tended to blame the British for undermining the domestic printing industry with shiploads of prints, but Britain may have been glad to get rid of them because they'd been designed for the American market. You just don't see the abundance of them in English quilts that you do in American. Although this detail of the very English Jane Austen quilt at Chawton shows scraps that look to be cut from brown, tea, and blue-ground chintzes.	<urn:uuid:9000d3ad-38e7-450d-ad36-6d205e6d6133>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://civilwarquilts.blogspot.com/2015/06/stars-in-time-warp-23-blotch-ground.html?showComment=1434553600427", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510297.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927103312-20230927133312-00249.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9433492422103882, "token_count": 1538, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
A new study adds to a growing body of evidence that the nervous system and nerve-growth factor (NGF) play a major role in arthritis. The study was led by researchers at McGill University. The findings also support the idea that reducing elevated levels of NGF - a protein that promotes the growth and survival of nerves, but also causes pain-may be an important strategy for developing treatment of arthritis pain. Using an approach established by arthritis researchers elsewhere, the McGill scientists examined inflammatory arthritis in the ankle joint of rats. In particular, they investigated changes in the nerves and tissues around the arthritic joint, by using specific markers to label the different types of nerve fibres and allow them to be visualized with a fluorescence microscope. Normally, sympathetic nerve fibres regulate blood flow in blood vessels. Following the onset of arthritis in the rats, however, these fibres began to sprout into the inflamed skin over the joint and wrap around the pain-sensing nerve fibres instead. More sympathetic fibres were detected in the arthritic joint tissues, as well. The results also showed a higher level in the inflamed skin of NGF - mirroring the findings of human studies that have shown considerable increases in NGF levels in arthritis patients. The study is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.	<urn:uuid:ca16f1c3-0300-4fd2-9d02-74ffbc57fb67>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "http://www.medindia.net/news/pain-causing-protein-may-hold-key-to-better-treatment-of-arthritis-study-120627-1.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00613.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9391768574714661, "token_count": 271, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
Volume 22, Issue 1, 2021 Martha Erika Mateos Genis, Luis Daniel Herrera Romero, Uriel Hidalgo LermaPages 13-17https://doi.org/10.5840/glimpse20212213 Animation Narrative in Vertical Format Animation, defined as a process utilized to suggest motion to image or drawings, has evolved towards different techniques and styles offered by the industry. Its esthetic nature meets a progressive technologization of art and creativity, and therewith it responds to esthetics enrichment not only in animated object, but also in its creation process. The possibility to have an expanded form in techniques and formats has therefore prompted it to explore and to enrich various elements of its visual narrative. One of the most prominent elements has been the application of vertical format, while also acknowledging the consumption of digital content in smartphones. MOJITO LAB of ARPA/BUAP has focused on this technique as a line of research for 2D animation. This article herein presents some areas with considerable interest in the impact of vertical format in animation as follows: 1) The antecedents of vertical format in both still and moving image; 2) the relation between vertical format and digital media generated by smartphones; 3) observations based on the image analysis of 2D animation utilizing vertical format which provides esthetic qualities to visual narrative language of 2D animation.	<urn:uuid:c10e4bbc-5326-43d1-9020-68db7b62cbb0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://drhipnosis.com/2022/02/26/glimpse/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00148.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.905985951423645, "token_count": 302, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Something for you post-weekend poetry lovers… A summary of an underappreciated Rossetti poem ‘Twice’ is not one of Christina Rossetti’s most famous poems, but it deserves to be better known. Its songlike quality shows up its kinship with many of Rossetti’s more celebrated poems, and its emotional power is as great as ‘A Birthday’ or ‘Remember’. Written in 1864 and published in Rossetti’s second collection, The Prince’s Progress and Other Poems in 1866, ‘Twice’ takes as its theme the fallen women who is wronged by a man. I took my heart in my hand (O my love, O my love), I said: Let me fall or stand, Let me live or die, But this once hear me speak— (O my love, O my love)— Yet a woman’s words are weak; You should speak, not I. View original post 891 more words	<urn:uuid:0785c245-073d-46da-8831-a4e8a571cd12>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "https://morgenbailey.wordpress.com/2016/10/05/a-short-analysis-of-christina-rossettis-twice/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823360.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019175016-20171019195016-00805.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9469595551490784, "token_count": 223, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
Sharavati, Śarāvatī, Sāravatī: 10 definitions Sharavati means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. Sharavati has 9 English definitions available. The Sanskrit term Śarāvatī can be transliterated into English as Saravati or Sharavati, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?). Languages of India and abroad [Deutsch Wörterbuch]Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Böhtlingk and Roth Grosses Petersburger Wörterbuch Śarāvatī (शरावती):—(von 1. śara) f. Nomen proprium [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 3, 120. 1, 219.] 1) eines Flusses [Amarakoṣa.1,2,3,33.2,1,6.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 952] nebst Schol. [Mahābhārata.6,327.] ([Viṣṇupurāṇa 182]). [Oxforder Handschriften 24,a, Nalopākhyāna 2.] [PRĀYAŚCITTEND. 11,b,4.] [Lassen’s Indische Alterthumskunde.1,94. Anhang LII.] — 2) einer Stadt [Raghuvaṃśa 15, 97.] [Lassen’s Indische Alterthumskunde 1, Anhang XI, Nalopākhyāna 21.] — 3) eines buddhistischen Klosters [WASSILJEW 58.] [TĀRAN. 51. 293.] Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin. See also (Relevant definitions) Ends with: Ksharavati. Search found 10 books and stories containing Sharavati, Śarāvatī, Saravati, Sāravatī, Sarāvatī, Shara-vati, Śarā-vatī, Sara-vati, Saravatī, Sara-vatī, Sāra-vatī, Śarāvati, Sāravati; (plurals include: Sharavatis, Śarāvatīs, Saravatis, Sāravatīs, Sarāvatīs, vatis, vatīs, Saravatīs, Śarāvatis, Sāravatis). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra (by Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön) Appendix 2 - A Buddhist view on the land of India < [Chapter XL - The Four Fearlessnesses and the Four Unobstructed Knowledges] Puranic encyclopaedia (by Vettam Mani) Rivers in Ancient India (study) (by Archana Sarma) 4. Disappearance of Sarasvatī < [Chapter 6 - Changing trends of the Rivers from Vedic to Purāṇic Age] 1. The river Sarasvatī and its Present Status < [Chapter 6 - Changing trends of the Rivers from Vedic to Purāṇic Age] The Padma Purana (by N.A. Deshpande) Chapter 6 - Bhāratavarṣa: Its Rivers and Regions < [Section 3 - Svarga-khaṇḍa (section on the heavens)] Mahabharata (English) (by Kisari Mohan Ganguli) The Devi Bhagavata Purana (by Swami Vijñanananda)	<urn:uuid:af2d3e03-c86b-42d4-a29a-8e8861672cd8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://de.wisdomlib.org/definition/sharavati", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706285.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126080725-20221126110725-00657.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6983362436294556, "token_count": 1015, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Recycling is a process that involves identifying, collecting, sorting, and processing recyclable material to make new products and to keep the recyclable material from otherwise causing damage to the environment. You may already know the three R’s of recycling: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. So, what exactly is the impact of recycling on the environment? Why go through all the trouble? Let’s first look at the benefits of recycling:	<urn:uuid:737788c5-b934-4515-ab6c-0f3deae4f1a7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.resolutiontweet.com/tag/environment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00528.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.939114511013031, "token_count": 94, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
New study fails to place its limited data in perspective. Then again, it only tested a dozen cans. And considering there were two replicates of each type (one purchased in California, the other in Wisconsin), that means it examined only six foods for BPA, a constituent of food-grade plastics and metal-food-can liners. Partially compensating for the new study’s small size, the Breast Cancer Fund argues, is that the items it focused on are “marketed to and consumed by children.” Labels on three of those products have cartoon or Sesame Street figures, two others mention having the taste kids love and the last has a bunny on the label with kid-sized pasta inside. Since U.S. health agencies have identified developing children as being most at risk for any adverse effects of BPA, kids’ entrees and serving ware are precisely where we’d least like to find the contaminant. Still, three soups and three pasta dishes hardly represent a reasonable cross-section of canned goods, even those typically fed to kids. So it would be hard to estimate from the values measured in these foods — from 34 to 148 parts per billion in the soups and from 10 to 34 ppb in the pasta products — a child’s weekly (much less annual) intake of foodborne BPA. To get a better gauge of that, parents might want to consult findings of a study that we reported on four months ago (almost to the day). In that investigation, Food and Drug Administration chemists turned up the estrogen-mimicking BPA in 71 of 78 canned goods sampled. If the Breast Cancer Fund study had been peer reviewed (which it wasn’t), reviewers should certainly have required a comparison of the newfound BPA values with previously reported amounts. FDA, for instance, found that a number of foods that children often eat — among them canned tuna and vegetables — had BPA tainting of 300 to more than 700 ppb. Canned pasta and meat products, by contrast, tended to be on the low end of the range of BPA contamination that FDA chemists measured (and within the ballpark just reported by the Breast Cancer Fund). The North American Metal Packaging Alliance — whose members make food cans — puts a rather upbeat spin on the Breast Cancer Fund’s findings, saying that the new data offer “further confirmation that only a very small amount of bisphenol A is found in food packaging, and those levels are well within the safety recommendations of government agencies.” In a press release that the manufacturers’ group issued earlier this month, chairman John Rost observed: “People have heard that 93 percent of the U.S. population have BPA in them, but the mere presence of BPA doesn’t mean it is harmful.” He then added that human-exposure levels are almost always measured in terms of breakdown products of BPA in urine. And the very presence of those breakdown products, he said, “means the human body is metabolizing and clearing [BPA] efficiently and effectively.” What this industry group fails to mention is that experimental data published a few months earlier challenge Rost’s assertion that ingested BPA necessarily will be rapidly and efficiently cleared from the body. In contrast to most earlier studies, Cheryl Rosenfeld of the University of Missouri, Columbia, and her colleagues chronically fed mice diets laced with BPA, a situation designed to mimic real-world exposures. These animals got an estimated 13 milligrams per kilogram body weight over a day’s worth of rations. Levels of BPA later measured in blood (not just excreted in urine) were compared against blood values that developed after a single, larger dose (20 milligrams per kilogram body weight) was consumed all at once and independent of food. (Such a single, bolus dose is the model most researchers have, for convenience, employed in animal feeding trials.) BPA levels in animals getting the one-time, bigger dose of the contaminant peaked within an hour (at around 21 nanograms per milliliters of blood). Within 24 hours it was virtually gone. But in animals getting the chronic exposure in food, BPA values peaked about 6 hours after a meal. And the peak BPA level in blood was roughly 90 percent as high as in the single-exposure treatment — despite the dose having been only 65 percent as high. So the presence of food seemed to alter how quickly and effectively the body eliminated BPA. These findings appear in a paper posted online June 6 in Environmental Health Perspectives. “What we found (and we cite this in our paper),” Rosenfeld says, “is that when animals are exposed through the diet, they actually show increased absorption of BPA” relative to when they get a single large dose. Rosenfeld says her data show that with chronic dietary exposures, animals exhibit “the potential to bioaccumulate BPA over time.” And, she adds, there’s no reason to expect the human body would respond differently. These findings weren’t referenced in the Breast Cancer Fund study, even though they might have bolstered its charge that low-level tainting of kids’ foods might pose risks. So the new Fund data don’t appear to add much to what already had been published about BPA and canned goods. And the context in which its data were shared — a small, non-peer-reviewed, in-house report — also fails to inform risk-averse consumers about how they might want to alter dietary patterns. Other than, of course, to eschew canned goods. Moreover, some branded foods that the group holds up for censure had far less BPA tainting than many foods that FDA had examined. The take-home here, as so often in science: It remains an open question about how to make practical use of developing data. Potentially useful information on BPA exposures and risks are emerging in dribs and drabs. One can only hope that before long, a sufficient body of data will exist on which to base health policy and our grocery lists. Breast Cancer Fund. BPA in kids' canned food. A product testing report, 8 pp. [Go to] P.T. Sieli, et al. Comparison of Serum Bisphenol A Concentrations in Mice Exposed to Bisphenol A through the Diet versus Oral Bolus Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 119, September 2011, p. 1260. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003385. [Go to] J.Raloff. Cans bring BPA to dinner, FDA confirms. Science News blog, May 25, 2011. [Go to] J.Raloff. BPA and babies: Feds acknowledge concerns. Science News blog, January 15, 2010. [Go to] J.Raloff. BPA in the womb shows link to kids’ behavior. Science News, Vol. 176, November 7, 2009, p. 12. [Go to]	<urn:uuid:0a0797b4-eee5-4237-899e-9e2a243739ec>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/science-public/bpa-what-make-pollutant-laced-kids%E2%80%99-foods", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171933.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00516-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9544265270233154, "token_count": 1497, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
This post contains affiliate links. Thanks for the support! This year my 10th and 8th graders are using Excellence in Literature. E15 uses it for his main writing and literature course and R13 is using it as a unit study program– not only is she reading and doing the writing, but she is also studying the history and fashion of the same time period. We had a plan to study the middle ages for the year, but in the end she thought it would be more interesting to skip around and immerse herself in the context of each piece of literature. Fabulous idea! We started with Introduction to Literature, although I purchased the entire set so I could skip around. Whatever one man is capable of conceiving, other men will be able to achieve. -Jules Verne The Literature of Jules Verne - Around the World in 80 Days– was the focus text of this unit - Around the World in Eighty Days: The Whole Story– an annotated version of the full unabridged text which shows illustrations for various ports, objects in the story. - 20,000 Leagues under the Sea– honors text - Journey to the Center of the Earth– She worked with this book over the summer and taught a Zine class having to do with caves to kids at the summer library program. - Other Worlds– by One Year Adventure Novel. E15 is working on a fantasy novel and he’d been watching lessons on the history of the Science Fiction and Fantasy genres. Biographies of Jules Verne - Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography– appears to no longer be in print, but our library has a copy - Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography– another long, adult biography - Who Said There’s No Man on the Moon? A Story of Jules Verne– children’s long picture book about Jules Verne. - Jules Verne– audible biography from the Biography Channel The unit required R13 to write an author profile. After reading about the author, the kids wrote a summary about the author’s life including birth and death dates along with some high points about his life. I’d like to see more go into this so I may change this up for future units. For the most part, sticking with biographies written for the middle grades can give a good picture of the author’s life without stumbling upon the very adult oriented issues that an author may have. Jules Verne certainly did have some issues best left uncovered by young readers. Steampunk Fashion: A Study & Idea Gathering Jules Verne and his many literary inventions has launched a whole new genre of science fiction (and a subculture) – Steampunk. Steampunk imagines that there are fanciful inventions with great capabilities which are all steam powered. Steampunk fashion is derived from Victorian era dress with the addition of technologies and gadgets consistent with more modern times- except they all “look” old. - Steampunk Fashions Pinterest Board– this is a gathering of steampunk images of clothing others have made and of vintage gowns. I wanted a relatively “safe” place for R13 to get ideas for her own fashions. Steampunk fashion isn’t always the most modest so I pick the best ones for her to view. - Cover Story– the middle school writing program from the creator of One Year Adventure Novel has a steampunk theme. R13 is working on her own magazine issue this year and the theme has been helpful in discovering more about the steampunk culture- in props and in the journal writing exercises. - 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea- Disney movie version. Seems to be an inspiration to many in the steampunk culture. If you haven’t seen it recently, have a look. If you choose to try out this unit, just a word of caution on the world of steampunk…as the parent check it out first! Make sure the content is what you are looking for and leaves out what you are not interested in for your student. Steampunk Pattern Design & Making I’ve mentioned before in The Making of a Wizard & The Crafty Side of Math how we incorporate applied math into R13’s school work. Steampunk fashion is another great opportunity for us to tackle a great project. - Many sketches– R13 began with sketches of her designs. She did research on different steampunk designs and ideas and came up with some things she wanted to make. She worked on some princess seam sketches for some time trying to come up with a way to create the line of a corset shape on her doll. - Choosing Fabrics– dark and flashy is what she’s going for and is using some rescued for reuse fabric in her designs. She has some in her collection, but here’s a shout out to our favorite source Mrs.R for her help in securing just the right pieces! - Measurements– She takes the necessary dimensions of her 18 inch doll in order to draft the patterns. - Drafting the Patterns– she uses the book How to Make Sewing Patterns to make drafts of her sketches using the dimensions of her doll. This is a book she has grown into as her skills have improved and she’s wanted to learn more. She’s very careful to label each pattern so she knows which piece it is and whether or not the seam allowance is included. - Cutting the Fabric– she has completed the sleeves and the front of the bodice. She has to correct a mistake in her back piece of the bodice. - Sewing– finally the pieces of fabric can be sewn together! Designing Steampunk Accessories - Gear Buttons– gears are very popular in the steampunk world. R13 made these from Shrinky Dinks. She plans to adorn the dress with them. - Hoop– for the hoop skirt. She had to be very clever to work out what she wanted for this. She is hopeful it will help the dress to keep the shape she intends. - Embellishments– So far she has added ribbon to her sleeves. I can’t wait to see what else she creates. This was a great start to the project and some good skill building on pattern drafting. Click below for the final process and product! The key to success with this sort of Project Based Homeschooling is to allow the time and to provide the resources she needs to get the job done. I also keep a project journal so I can be a good project mentor. More details on that to come as well.	<urn:uuid:729428d8-5204-49b0-8780-aaf8dc5450cc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://blogshewrote.org/jules-verne-literature-history-fashion/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00041.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950115442276001, "token_count": 1386, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
This is a worldwide celebration of all of the superb wild creatures and plants found on Earth. The objective of the day is to increase awareness of the risks that threaten the survival of most creatures across the world. This is an excellent time of the year to research and explore endangered creatures near and far along with your pupils. We have put together a listing of printable resources, classroom videos and activities that will assist you research Planet Wildlife Day on your classroom. Teaching Resources on World Wildlife Day This is a worldwide celebration of all of the superb wild creatures and plants found on Earth. The objective of the day is to increase awareness of the risks that threaten the survival of many creatures around the globe. Near and Far Endangered Animals Watch this wonderful video along with your students. It moves through what the phrase endangered’ means and provides an extremely clear comprehension of why animals around the globe have become endangered. Additionally, it discusses what your pupils can perform in their own backyard to help! Exploring by Endangered Animals Explore and research many different creatures using our assortment of endangered creature’s posters. These posters emphasize their degree of endangerment, in which they’re from, how many are abandoned and why their creature is in danger of becoming extinct. Your pupils may even emphasise and make a poster to describe to their course about the dangers and impacts people have on this compromised creature’s habitat. World Wildlife Dress up Day Have a course dress up day! Pupils arrive dressed as their favorite endangered creature. An excellent way for students to truly get in the soul of learning about endangered animals and what their college community can do to help save these particular creatures. World Wildlife Day 2018 Theme Every Year, the UN Make a theme for World Wildlife Day. This year’s subject is cats: Predators below danger. Watch the movie below along with your pupils to find out more about creatures that fall under the class of Big Cats’ and the reason why they are under risk. Make a monster reality file about among those creatures that fall under the Big Cat’ creature category, utilize our tiger Shrimp in sheet or convince your pupils to make a mask using our tiger face mask template. Make a Pledge Your pupils can become Wildlife Heros, after studying and talking as a class why and how specific animals are getting to be intuition round the world! Pupils finish the Wildlife Hero Pledge Worksheet with their assurance of what they will do to attempt to fight habitat destruction and assist endangered animals. World Wildlife Day of Poster A poster to display in the classroom for World Wildlife Day. Use these instruction tools when studying about World Wildlife Day.	<urn:uuid:3f2dda2a-8ab7-43e0-986e-298efac6ada6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://worldeventday.com/world-wildlife-day-of-activities-and-classroom-resources-in-2020/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00658.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9250550270080566, "token_count": 549, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4 }
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The time it takes to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h or 0 to 27 m/s) is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the rest of the world, 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62.1 mph) is used. Present performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60 mph in under 6 seconds, while exotic cars can do 0 to 60 mph in between 2 and 3 seconds, whereas motorcycles have been able to achieve these figures with sub-500cc since the 1990s. The fastest automobile in 2015 was the Porsche 918 Spyder, which is a hybrid vehicle taking 2.2 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph. Measuring the 0 to 60 mph speed of vehicles is usually done in a closed setting such as a race car track or closed lot used for professional drivers. This is done to reduce risk to the drivers, their teams, and the public. The closed course is set up for test-drives in order to reduce any variables, such as wind, weather, and traction. Each variable can have a dramatic impact on the friction of the track and the drag placed on the vehicle, which will influence the overall 0 to 60 time that is recorded. The crew sets up accurate and precise measuring tools that are attached to computers. These tools included Doppler radar guns and precise timing instruments that are synchronized. This means that the driver is not worried about keeping time or the exact moment the car hits 60 miles per hour. The driver focuses solely on driving straight and fast with professional quick gear shifting. The car is timed and recorded going in two separate and opposite directions. This practice eliminates variables such as wind, directional traction of the track and driver performance. The two times are averaged together to achieve the commonly accepted 0 to 60 time. Most car magazines and manufacturers in the United States use a rolling start allowance term "1-foot rollout", which means that the timer is only started once the car has traveled 11.5 inches (30 cm), reducing the measured time by up to 0.3 seconds.	<urn:uuid:261dea3f-c95e-4659-b63e-675804b3c11e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "http://en.wikibedia.ru/wiki/0_to_60mph", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.967714786529541, "token_count": 458, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Transition at St. Augustine Church in Morrisania Story and photos by Laura Dimon Until the 1940’s, the congregants of St. Augustine Church in Morrisania, South Bronx were mainly German and Irish Catholics. But during the end of the Depression and the beginning of World War II, whites started to leave the area. Incoming African-Americans—who had previously been Baptist, Methodist, or Pentecostal—often became Catholic to help their children get into the area’s parochial schools. Eventually, St. Augustine became a predominantly African-American church. Some time in the next few months, the church will undergo another major transition: St. Augustine Church, built in 1849, will be torn down. The Rev. Thomas Fenlon, 76, who was a priest at St. Augustine for the past ten years, said that the church was built “big and cheap,” and that the deterioration probably started “a week after the church was built.” He said that although the roof was replaced in the 1990’s, the contractor never finished the job, and Fenlon recalled hearing stories of shingles flying off the roof when there was a strong wind. He said that by the time the ceilings were caving in, it would have cost about $6 million just to make the structure safe. It will cost about half that amount to tear it down. In January of 2012, after the last mass at St. Augustine, the parish of about 350 merged with Our Lady Victory on Webster Avenue, a parish of the same size. Rev. Fenlon proposed and led the merger. He said that at first it was a “honeymoon” but now there are “potholes in the road,” describing the hardships of merging two churches. Later, he added, “maybe more like trenches than potholes.” It’s a time of transition. His church population is changing—Puerto Ricans are leaving and Dominicans are coming. The neighborhood is changing, with an influx of West African immigrants arriving. And Catholicism is also changing—Fenlon said there is “a huge number of people who were baptized Catholic that no longer associate with the church.” Luckily, Fenlon is no stranger to change, and he is quick to adapt. He is tall and thin with white hair and blue eyes. He resembles an Irish Catholic Paul Newman, so it’s somewhat surprising when he starts speaking in fluent Spanish. “Si!” he responded enthusiastically when asked if he gives sermons in both languages. His fluent Spanish is the result of a “crash course” in the language in Puerto Rico 50 years ago. After World War II, he said, there was an influx of Puerto Ricans into New York City, and the Catholic Church needed more Spanish-speaking priests. Fenlon welcomed the opportunity to adapt to New York’s increasing Hispanic population. He uses his Spanish regularly, but accommodating the church’s heavily African-American, English-speaking population also required some additional cultural flexibility on his part. Around 1970, Fenlon explained, St. Augustine became the “first Catholic church in the archdiocese in the New York area to have a gospel choir.” He estimated that half of St. Augustine’s English-speaking parish was drawn from other zip codes because of the music. They were mainly African-Americans, but he said there were also “six or eight” white people. Fenlon embraced and prioritized the tradition of gospel when he came to St. Augustine in 2002. He said he loves the gospel music, but that not everyone does. The cultural clashes between the two merging churches are particularly obvious with the gospel music. Marva Croker, 71, is an African-American churchgoer at the newly named St. Augustine Our Lady Victory Church. She explained that African-Americans like to “clap and be happy” but said, “The Spanish people are wondering why we’re jumping around. They might want a more solemn experience.” The tension is not only between the English-speaking and Spanish-speaking parishioners, though. Fenlon explained that many black immigrants—whom he called “by and large somewhat conservative”—came from countries colonized by the English where Catholicism was rooted in an “Anglican and Methodist” tradition. He said, “Catholicism grew up in its shadow” and therefore in traditional English masses, hymns are preferred over gospel music, which has roots in slavery and Pentecostalism. He said that in the South Bronx, standard English-style mass, which he finds “blah,” is not that different from any English mass at any white Catholic church. Fenlon said, “The people from Trinidad and Jamaica did not come for the gospel African-American tradition; it’s very foreign to them.” Pauline Charles, who is from Antigua, used to attend mass at St. Augustine’s but now goes to another church. She said, “It’s not that I don’t like the gospel…[but] I’m from a culture where we say more hymns. It’s my belief that the hymns should go along with the readings of the day.” Charles, who is in her early 50s, said she actually listens to gospel music at home, but that when she goes to Church, she wants a traditional mass. With gospel, she said, “You’re just sitting in a concert. That’s not my way of celebrating the mass.” She said that she feels the mass at St. Augustine Our Lady Victory “no longer has Catholic meaning, period.” Croker said that having the same skin color as the African immigrants, who also attend the English-speaking sermons, does not mean they worship in the same way. “They are Africans,” she said. “We are African-Americans. There’s a difference.” She continued, “We all know there’s one God, but we want to worship him our own way.” Culture can also affect the social environment within the Church. Croker said that an African-American church tradition is what she termed the “meet n’ greet.” She said conversing with fellow parishioners goes far beyond “hi and bye.” People could often be heard asking each other, “How was your week? How was your doctor’s appointment? Where’s your husband?” She summed up the “meet n’ greet” as a time for “gettin’ remedies and recipes.” Fenlon explained that all Catholics do not share the same beliefs, and older priests are not necessarily more conservative. He said that when he became a priest 51 years ago, mass was in Latin and the church was “very rigid.” Although many Catholic leaders today are “right wing, centralized, and conservative,” he said, older priests were products of Pope John XXIII’s anti-hierarchy revolution in the 1960s, which sought to modernize the Church. Rev. Fenlon lamented the return to the old structure when John Paul II became Pope in 1978. “Younger priests don’t know what it was like 50 years ago,” he said, adding that older priests actually have a “more open spirit.” On gay marriage, he said, “I have a nephew who’s gay and he’s a wonderful man and I love him and I’m not going to criticize him. It’s hard enough to be celibate as a heterosexual person and I freely chose that. [Being gay] is not a free choice.” Perhaps Fenlon’s displays of adaptability—learning Spanish, embracing gospel, and becoming open to gay marriage—are already rubbing off on his parishioners. They were devastated about the closing of St. Augustine at first, but they are starting to look ahead. Charlena Martin, 64, had been going to St. Augustine since 1972. Of the decision to close St. Augustine, she said, “It hurt me in my heart, in my toes. But we have to work together and be one community now.” Croker agreed, saying, “We’re clashing a little bit, but we will get over that. I never give up. I have hopes that it will get better. It can’t get worse.” And of Rev. Fenlon, Croker noted that he is “concerned and tries very hard” to make everyone happy. “Hopefully,” she added, “before he leaves this world he can see some results.”	<urn:uuid:47457a73-68cb-4a66-add3-68f73011a1cb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://thebronxfreepress.com/transition-at-st-augustine-church-in-morrisania/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00079.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9794260859489441, "token_count": 1901, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Researchers from the University of Missouri believe depth cameras from video game consoles could provide additional insight to physical therapists, clinicians and athletic trainers. Findings are published in Journal of Applied Biomechanics and Sports Health. Current motion laboratories are a costly investment in analyzing how patients move, so researchers in these studies evaluated the feasibility of using the depth camera included in the Microsoft Kinect video game system to capture patient movements at a low-cost. "In testing the system, we are seeing that it can provide reasonable measurement of hip and knee angles," said Trent Guess, associate professor of physical therapy and orthopedics at the University of Missouri. "This means that for only a few hundred dollars, this technology may be able to provide clinics and physical therapists with sufficient information on the lower limbs to assess functional movement." In the studies, researchers evaluated participants' movement with the Kinect while doing vertical jumps and lateral leg raises. Participants also were measured using conventional motion-capture technology, which required markers to be placed on the skin, to compare results. Results of both studies showed the Kinect gaming system to be accurate with 95.8 reliability. "Assessment of movement is essential to evaluating injury risk, rehabilitative outcomes and sport performance," said Aaron Gray, a sports medicine physician with University of Missouri Health Care. "Our research team is working to bring motion analysis testing—which is expensive and time consuming—into orthopedics offices, physical therapy clinics and athletic facilities using inexpensive and portable technology. Our research has shown that depth camera sensors from video games provide a valid option for motion assessment."	<urn:uuid:be1cc480-9d5c-49ea-aade-a75f08004264>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.clinical-innovation.com/topics/analytics-quality/2-studies-find-video-game-tech-accurate-patient-motion-capture", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946199.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423203935-20180423223935-00044.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9374686479568481, "token_count": 320, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Readers: Please consider participating in the birthday celebrations happening all over the world by reading, commenting, and wishing the Bard your own personalized birthday wish… Today is the 448th birthday of not only the greatest playwright who ever lived, but also the greatest poet. He is the most accomplished English writer of all time, by far the world’s most produced dramatist, and the finest wordsmith to ever pen a word in the English language. Given such incomparable accomplishments, is it possible we still underestimate the power of the Bard? Could it be that his astonishing breadth of work has become so commonplace in our lives that we take it for granted? It usually begins like this. We are force-fed the chestnuts in high school – first Romeo & Juliet when we’re 13 or 14, Hamlet in our senior year of high school, and if we’re lucky, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Julius Caesar, or Othello – all behind desks in English class. We write papers – we watch and listen and daydream as our teacher tells us the salient points. We discuss what we thought from the night before, silently and dutifully skimming the plays at home. Maybe we see a production before we turn 20 and maybe (a big maybe), it’s good enough to make the language come alive. But after that, for most of us, “Shakespeare” is the stuff of libraries, of academia, and occasionally of a well intentioned Hollywood film. But what most of us don’t know is that Shakespeare has managed to get inside of us without our really knowing it. Common words and phrases we use every day that seem to come from our own heads came from His first. Undone. Assassination. Elbow room. Sea change. Foregone conclusions. And thousands – thousands…more. Even more consequential than our language, Jung might say that the very fabric of many of our social experiences are psychological echoes of relationships Shakespeare first set in compelling motion. Young love. Mischief. Jealousy. Senility. Tyranny. Sacrifice. Of course he didn’t invent these. But in the loudest poetic big bang in all of history he forged the elements that became western culture’s touchstones and archetypes for all of these experiences and more. Through nearly 400 years of sheer ubiquity he infiltrated our very understanding of what it means to be alive – so that we, currently alive, celebrate Shakespeare every day merely by experiencing life itself in the social, political, and psychological ways that we choose. It is not so surprising then that we do not stop to consider each and every day the Bard’s imprint on our lives. It is exhausting to constantly celebrate influence and genius. But everyone has birthdays and we know the drill. So in light of the breathtaking degree to which this one man has infiltrated so many strata of our existence, I ask my readers, how do we adequately go about wishing him a happy birthday? It’s a tough one. To me it is as if we should develop some ceremony to honor the inventor of Compassion. Thank you? My compassion is mine, just as my language is mine. I can thank the Dalai Lama for updating his facebook status to remind me of forgiveness, but to honor the creation of forgiveness itself? When I forgive someone, that act is mine. When I say, “Well I’m sorry I said that, I know it can’t be undone,” that language is also mine. When I fall in love, and debate the existence of love at first sight, that experience is certainly mine. So how in the world can I appropriately “thank” or “honor” Shakespeare for what he has given me, when in fact he has contributed more to my day to day life than any other person except my parents? Or to say it another way, what am I going to write on his birthday card? What would he appreciate most? Dear Mr. Shakespeare, Happy Birthday. Thank you for helping me understand who I am. Thank you for helping me understand who my friends are. And while I’m at it, thank you for helping me understand who my enemies are. Thank you for allowing me to see that people of different opinions aren’t right or wrong, but rather, that all honest opinions have integrity. Most of all, thank you for reminding me that one person can have an immeasurable impact on the world. Thank you for reminding me to follow my bliss, to do what I love to do, and to create things that I love, trusting that the world may love them for the same, or entirely different, reasons. Thank you for leaving it all on the field, so that when your days ended, your riches remained there for me and my friends to play with anytime we want. You’re incredibly special to me, and I don’t know what I would have done with my life had you not come first. I’d say I will always love you, but you’re really really really dead, and that creeps me out a bit. But I will always love what you’ve given me, because it’s inseparable from who I am. And I have a hunch that the degree to which I really like me is somewhat attributable to you. N.B.: This post was requested and is being shared by The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford-upon-Avon, whose site Blogging For Shakespeare is throwing a weeklong blog-fest of Shakespeare birthday wishes. Please find the other entries here: www.	<urn:uuid:37ec247c-68e4-43f6-b8a5-d6d693886cef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.shakespearealoud.com/discussion/happy-birthday-william-shakespeare/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122276676.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175756-00157-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9550829529762268, "token_count": 1173, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
1. Rennie has a series of dreams in which her grandmother complains that her hands are missing. Rennie, a writer, interprets this as dream-evidence that her grandmother is dead. What does a loss of one's hands represent? What does it mean for a writer in particular? 2. Atwood writes, "The number of things Rennie thinks ought to happen to her in foreign countries is limited, but the number of things she fears may happen is much larger." For Rennie, which type of experience proves to be more transformative? 3. "Other people make statements, I just write them down," claims Rennie. Consider the difference between observing and reporting actions as opposed to engaging in them. By observing, does one become a de facto participant? 4. In St. Antoine, Rennie is an "other" fivefold: she is single, a woman, a reporter, a white, and a Canadian. Yet each of her distinct identities frequently clash with one another. As a white Canadian, she allied with a strong majority; as a single woman, she represents a vulnerable minority. At times, however, her status as both a Canadian and a woman earns her the epithets "sweet" and naive". How do the many layers of her outsiderdom intersect? How do they reinforce or invalidate each other? 5. After her relationship with Jake, Rennie finds herself infatuated with two men--Daniel and Paul--each of whom offers her an incomplete sort of relationship. What does each have to offer her? How do they complement each other? 6. The specter of the man who broke into her apartment and left a length of rope behind follows Rennie on her travels. Who is this man? What does he represent?" 7. Compare Jocasta and Lora. What insights does each offer into the nature of women's' friendships? The alliances that women form? The kinds of choices women make throughout their lives? 8. After Minnow's assassination, Rennie realizes that he asked her to write about St. Antoine "so there would be less chance of this happening to him." What control do words--via the media and the press, have over the course of unfolding events? 9. Consider Jocasta's and Rennie's assessments of men's and women's relationships and the new crises and anxieties that sexual equality poses. Do you agree with their perception of the situation? How, if at all, has sexual politics changed in the sixteen years since this novel was written? 10. While imprisoned, Rennie discovers that after listening to distant screams long enough, her ear tricks her brain into thinking she's hearing a party. What other means does her brain and body have of enabling her to survive her imprisonment? How does the human body cope with assaults imposed from within (cancer, disease, loneliness) as opposed to those from outside from outside (torture, prison)? Does she have more control over one than the other? 11. On the plane ride home, Rennie notes a significant change. She realizes, however, that what has changed are not the ice cubes, the people, and the world around her, but the way she notices them. How have her experiences changed her? What events in your life cause you to view everyday sights and events differently?	<urn:uuid:e195b59b-f2e0-44db-9a85-f245742d51c6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://knopfdoubleday.com/guide/9780385491075/bodily-harm/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00438.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9749928116798401, "token_count": 695, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
In the past, formula one cars were designed by often brilliant engineers such as Colin Chapman or the Cooper Brothers, working on a drafting board employing "hand" calculations based on engineering handbooks and codes. This is no longer the case. Modern F1 cars employ complex computer-simulation codes for analysing the structure and the aerodynamic flows, supported by advanced design-optimisation programs able to automatically seek best-design solutions. These are now so advanced that the designer does not need to provide a basic design and can ask the computer to create a component ab initio. Two different engineers confronting the same design problem with access to this technology could well come forward with very similar designs. This type of integrated design software is commercially available from a number of companies. So, when the FIA expert finds a similarity between a McLaren and a Ferrari component, is this evidence of espionage - or that two designers asked the same question and their integrated design programs came up with similar solutions. Emeritus professor of computational structural analysis, Cranfield University	<urn:uuid:92bf5152-b66c-4716-a304-325e531d5d34>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/03/leadersandreply.mainsection1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298177.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00196-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940438449382782, "token_count": 208, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
All your dog might do is laze around on the mat or keep you company while watching TV, but dog ownership actually can provide a variety of health benefits. As anecdotal and scientific evidence suggest, dog owners tend to be healthier than the average person. Here are a few ways that man’s best friend can keep you healthy. They make you more active Of all the house pets, dogs are more likely to beg for a walk or a game of fetch. So it’s a given that owners frequently walk or exercise with their dogs. Dog owners are also more likely to participate in mild to moderate physical activity. Dog ownership, in general, promotes walking activity and motivates both the dog and the owner to venture outside for some fresh air. However, you’re not going to benefit if you’re too lazy or reluctant to walk the dog. It depends on your willingness to walk the dog in the first place. They can help you rehabilitate from illnesses Dogs act as “social catalysts,” resulting in greater interaction between people and alleviating loneliness, especially among elderly patients or those with physical disabilities. Dog owners are better at dealing with stress, thus helping themselves avoid anxiety-related illnesses. This is the underlying concept behind the many pet visitation programs at hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Therapy dogs can encourage mobility, personal interaction and socialization among patients. They can help you during seizures Similar to a seeing-eye dog, a seizure dog performs duties of help to their owners in navigating day-to-day activities and avoid harmful situations. There are quite a few organizations in America that provide such training to dogs. These dogs are trained to recognize subtle changes in behavior or body language prior to seizure events, by which they are to alert owners of impending seizures. According to researchers, a dog can provide support and companionship for epileptic patients. They can detect cancer Scientific research over the past two decades has shown that dogs are good at sniffing out skin cancer, while some can also detect bladder, lung, breast, ovarian and colon cancer. It’s yet to be identified whether they are zeroing in on some unknown, tumor-related compounds, or conventional variances in body fluids associated with cancer. They can detect changes in blood sugar Some dogs appear to detect low blood sugar levels. Reportedly, more than one-third of dogs living with diabetic people have been reported to display behavioral changes when their owners’ blood sugar drops. And in several instances even before the patients themselves became aware of it. It’s possible that the dogs detected minute muscle tremors or changes in the owners’ body odor. And they can be trained to learn the skill. They can alleviate eczema and allergies Young children, when exposed to dogs, could suffer from allergy or eczema reactions. However, latest research has shown that children are significantly less likely to develop eczema by mingling with dogs at infancy. Further, even kids sensitive to dog allergens do not suffer from any increased risk by having a dog. Differences between dog owners and those who do not own a pet are too significant to ignore. Related Post: WHY STEROID MEDICATION MAY BE BAD NEWS FOR YOUR DOG	<urn:uuid:92cd6e7e-9dc3-4e2b-a4ef-c874582043a8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://icleandogwash.com/benefits-owning-dog/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00276.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9584904313087463, "token_count": 672, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3 }
This panoramic view shows Camp Funston on the Ft. Riley military reservation near Junction City, Kansas. The facility, named after Brigadier General Frederick Funston, was one of sixteen divisional cantonment training camps built during World War I to house and train soldiers for military duty. Construction began in July of 1917 as buildings were laid out uniformly in city block squares with main streets and side streets on either side. The number of buildings estimated to have been built at the camp were from 2,800 to 4,000 to accommodate the over 40,000 soldiers from the U.S. Army's 89th Division that were stationed at the facility. After the war, Camp Funston became a "mustering out" center as soldiers prepared to return to civilian life. In 1924, the military decommissioned the 2,000 acre site with the dismantling of the buildings.	<urn:uuid:c3972335-9bc1-4a5c-8314-8206e5e07e56>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/218841/page/1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769844.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00075-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.984490156173706, "token_count": 177, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
In Mosa Mack’s Waves unit, students are led through a progression of three inquiry lessons that focus on the anatomy of light and sound waves and the differences in how they transfer energy. There are two options for The Solve! Choose to have your students either solve a live video mystery on how an illusionist tricks our eyes and how candles are mysteriously blown out or an animated mystery on how a trickster at a fair is using sound and light waves to scam an audience. By the end of The Solve, students discover that light and sound waves have specific characteristics that make them transfer energy differently. (75 mins) After going through a series of stations, students draw a visual model that compares sound waves and light waves. (160 mins) Students develop and design a prototype that helps the hearing-impaired detect sound vibrations and the seeing-impaired detect obstacles. (150 mins) Next Generations Science Standards - Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move. [Clarification Statement: Examples of models could include diagrams, analogies, and physical models using wire to illustrate wavelength and amplitude of waves.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interference effects, electromagnetic waves, non periodic waves, or quantitative models of amplitude and wavelength.] - Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include knowledge of specific colors reflected and seen, the cellular mechanisms of vision, or how the retina works.] - Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of solutions could include drums sending coded information through sound waves, using a grid of 1’s and 0’s representing black and white to send information about a picture, and using Morse code to send text.] - Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing waves with both qualitative and quantitative thinking.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include electromagnetic waves and is limited to standard repeating waves.] - Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on both light and mechanical waves. Examples of models could include drawings, simulations, and written descriptions.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative applications pertaining to light and mechanical waves.] - Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on a basic understanding that waves can be used for communication purposes. Examples could include using fiber optic cable to transmit light pulses, radio wave pulses in wifi devices, and conversion of stored binary patterns to make sound or text on a computer screen.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include binary counting. Assessment does not include the specific mechanism of any given device.] Science & Engineering Practices - Connections to Nature of Science - Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions - Developing and Using Models - Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence - Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Disciplinary Core Ideas - Electromagnetic Radiation - Information Technologies and Instrumentation - Optimizing the Design Solution - Wave Properties Cross Cutting Concepts - Cause and Effect - Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science - Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology - Science is a Human Endeavor - Structure and Function - Each lesson in the unit has an Inquiry Scale that provides directions on how to implement the lesson at the level that works best for you and your students. - “Level 1” is the most teacher-driven, and recommended for students in 4th-5th grades. “Level 4” is the most student-driven, and recommended for students in 7th-8th grades. - For differentiation within the same grade or class, use different inquiry levels for different groups of students who may require additional support or an extra challenge. - Learners initially think that waves move matter from the source to where the wave ends up. Emphasize that waves transport energy, not matter. - Students tend to believe that you can hear and see a distinct event at the same moment. Emphasize through the Solve that light waves travel faster than sound waves. - Light wave - Sound Wave Content Expert Title - Brian Walsh, Ph.D. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Center for Space Physics Boston University - Powerpoints for Make and Design - Vocabulary Cards - Solve Student Handout - Make Student Handout - Design Student Handout - Vocabulary Mind Map New: RocketLit Leveled Reading * To give our users the most comprehensive science resource, Mosa Mack is piloting a partnership with RocketLit, a provider of leveled science articles. - The Parts of a Wave Light is a mysterious thing, but that doesn't mean that we can't learn about it while we ride up the crests of a wave and back down through the troughs. This article also explains how to brag to your friend about how extreme a hill is with amplitude and how far you traveled by measuring the wavelength of the light wave. - Light, Pass It On Light doesn't like to stay in one place. It is transmitted by reflection, refraction, and absorption. In this way, light always keeps moving or hands its energy off to something else. - Why Matter Matters When light hits matter, it typically scatters in different directions. Some things light can pass through, some things it cannot and some things scatter light multiple times, diffusing it. - Types of Light The light we see is just a small part of the range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is the name for all energy that travels at the speed of light. Light doesn't always move in a straight line nor does it travel at the same speed. Light changes direction and speed depending on the medium through which it's travelling. - How Records Work In this article, students read about how records store information in analog. They'll receive an introduction to the concepts of waves, vibration, distortion, and analog. - The Digital Advantage What makes digital technology so awesome? In this article, students read an introduction to waves, noise, binary, and the function of a transistor. - Music is Energy You Feel With Your Ears In this article students read about the form of energy that we experience as sound waves. They read about how matter can be disturbed by something that vibrates and this can cause particles to oscillate back and forth. We hear these disturbances as sound!	<urn:uuid:5bc063fd-f185-4847-8fbd-4b6d35c5adef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://mosamack.com/home/waves", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00442.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9009184837341309, "token_count": 1428, "score": 3.890625, "int_score": 4 }
Teens Volunteer - An Introduction To The Work WorldWhy Volunteer? If your young teen is a bit nervous at the thought of working a real job for a real boss, he can gain confidence and experience first by working as a volunteer. Teens that are not comfortable in a variety of social situations may find adapting to the demands of the workplace difficult. Figuring out how to fit in with co-workers and trying to understand the job requirements while under pressure to perform well can dramatically impact a teen's attitude toward working. Most teenagers realize that paid employment differs from school in a couple of major ways; actual money, the possibility of being fired for not performing well enough, and the fact that this is the beginning of his adult history that follows him for much of his life. Beginning with volunteer work is a lower-pressure, less stressful introduction to the world of real work. How Volunteering HelpsVolunteering gives your teenager the chance to work for someone other than a parent with a group of people other than only their same-age peers. Mixed age groups offer the opportunity to observe adults interacting as a team to accomplish a goal, adults that may be strangers to each other at first.Your child can watch the give-and-take required as the other volunteers figure out the best way to get the job done -- there may be mild power struggles for authority. These situations are valuable for the teenager to observe as he watches how it plays out. Volunteering in several different fields expands that experience as well as exposing your teen to differing management styles; one boss may require speed and quick thinking, another may be impressed by a friendly attitude and great customer service skills. Variety also will help your teen discover the environment that best fits his interests and work style. Make Your Teen Aware During these early teen years is the time to comment to your teen on people's work habits when you're waited on at a store or business. Draw your teen's attention to the cleanliness and order (or lack thereof!) where you are a customer, discuss your appreciation of the helpfulness and smiles of service people you deal with, the efficiency and knowledge of workers. It won't hurt to also recount to your teenager how you had a complaint about a service that was cheerfully and speedily corrected. Bad experiences and how they could have been handled better are also things your teens needs to hear about. He will have relevant stories to share as well, from school, remembered family experiences, or with friends. Now is when these situations will be particularly noticed as your teen begins thinking of entering the working world. How To Start You may need to take your young teen along with you while you're the volunteer a time or two first -- your teen should be an asset to the team, not a detriment; while learning, he may need a guiding hand. Be careful not to allow too much dependence on you though; he's there to work, not do chores for mom or dad. Help him see the difference. You or your teen may already have ideas for interesting places to start; if not, this site can get you started: - What are Some Volunteer Options for Teens? Brief and Straightforward Guide: What are Some Volunteer Options for Teens? Making the value of the work personally obvious may be a start for hesitant types. I participate in a food co-op, this link is the second page of an article about the co-op that discusses the need for volunteers and how to get involved	<urn:uuid:b1059800-5ae3-4c15-aac0-08b6db5cb786>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://cheetos2010.blogspot.com/2010/03/3-alunos-fanny-monzoni-santos-2-texto.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865691.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523161206-20180523181206-00607.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9662561416625977, "token_count": 709, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Seafood companies around the world are aiming to build a smart farming model with the help of advanced technologies to increase the production and quality of livestock. Agriculture in general and fisheries in particular have completely changed over the past decades. The advancement of machines, tools, and farming methods has made farming more efficient. Seeds, feed, and probiotics are constantly being improved, helping farming businesses to increase production. In recent years, the seafood industry, which is considered a traditional industry with limited application of technology, is starting to enter a new revolution mainly based on data and connection. Technologies such as robotics, sensors, artificial intelligence, AR/VR, etc. can promote an increase in aquaculture production and help build a sustainable development model. According to research by FPT Digital, 10 of the top 10 seafood companies in the world have been applying IoT and AI in farming and production. To adopt successfully these technologies in farming, these companies have started by researching and applying devices which are able to operate and transmit data by connecting protocols in the aquatic environment. Popular applications of technology in new generation aquaculture To be able to deploy a smart farming model successfully based on advanced technologies: Firstly, farming units need to identify the operating components of the farming system. Second, it is necessary to build an information technology infrastructure to ensure the connection and operation of equipment in the aquatic environment. This article will mention how to approach the smart farming model of seafood companies that have been implemented, in order to provide a reference overview for businesses before starting to build a new generation farming model. 1. Components of the 4.0 aquaculture model To operate the Aquaculture 4.0 model, the following components are required: - Sensor device: is used to measure the condition of the water environment in the grow-out pond. This device can be fixed underwater at each pond at different depths, directly connected to the data transmission center. Using sensors fixed at each pond helps data be transmitted in real-time. Some sensors today have a lifetime of up to a year and a depth of up to 100m. A simpler form of sensing device is a mobile sensor. Workers will periodically measure the condition of the water by dropping the device in the pond. The parameters are then displayed on the controller or via a Bluetooth connection on the phone/tablet. After that workers will send data to the center. However, this type of device will have a certain delay in updating information and still depends on human activity. - Data transmission centers: also known as data transmission hubs – directly connect to wireless/wired sensor devices in the pond, helping to transmit data to the cloud processing center through a real-time internet connection. - Mobile devices: including smartphones or tablets. The workers or pond managers will receive measurement data from the sensor in real-time, thereby capturing each pond’s information in a timely manner. - Operation Center: Allows the operator to monitor the entire farming range. This center can be located on a floating house in the farm (with offshore farming) or in office buildings. Currently, many units have provided operating solutions that integrate advanced data analysis and artificial intelligence, allowing warning/alarm in abnormal cases, and optimizing and controlling remote machines. (e.g. feeding machine). - Robot/Drone: AUV (Autonomous Driving Vehicle) with camera integration, controlled by humans on the water surface, assisting in observing the growth of livestock, monitoring cage status – in case the cage is open/leak… 2. Networking and Energy In order to deploy the smart aquaculture model, it is necessary to focus on building a connected network in the aquatic environment as well as ensuring the equipment has enough operation energy. The model described below is applied to offshore farming. The onshore model also works on the same principle but easier to operate due to the unlimited use of wires. Underwater connections are usually static with the sensors permanently attached to the cage. Sensors can also attach to boats or floats. But the results are less accurate due to the limited connectivity. In this case, this is usually used in temporary situations because the movement can affect the network connection. Static sensors often give more accurate results than mobile sensors. To ensure the energy source runs stably, communication stations (located on floats or ships) as well as sensor devices are integrated with solar panels. The floats also act as a data transmission center, helping to transmit data directly or via a satellite connection to the receiver on shore. 3. Not just an aquaculture unit Currently, smart aquaculture service and equipment providers are not only technology-based but also aquaculture businesses. One such businesses is Cermaq (Norway) – the subsidiaries of Mitsubishi Corporation, which is not only successful as one of the leading aquaculture companies but also succeed as an excellent technology applicator in aquaculture with the iFarm project. Using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cage devices designed for salmon farming, Cermaq is able to identify individual fish in the cage, categorize fish by size, and monitor their individual health. Cermaq, coordinated with Biosort and ScaleAQ – 2 solution implementation units for Cermaq itself, aims to provide smart farming products and services to other aquaculture companies, contribute to generate new revenue from technology. This shows that the 4.0 aquaculture model not only helps businesses significantly improve productivity and quality of farming but also contributes to opening a new direction in terms of outstanding and potential business models. (1) AquaCloud. 2020 NCE Seafood Innovation	<urn:uuid:b798fd52-cc7b-4601-b535-6d129fd71f6d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://digital.fpt.com/en/industries/breakthrough-to-increase-productivity-and-create-new-directions-with-the-4-0-aquaculture-model.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00459.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9357631802558899, "token_count": 1146, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Local Columbia Group Works to Restore Hinkson Creek Wetlands The Shepard to Rollins Restoration Coalition is steadily working to reinvigorate native ecosystems along the Hinkson Creek in central Columbia in response to invasive grasses that spread following trail construction, among other long-standing issues. The group formed when the Shepard to Rollins trail construction began in November 2019, after an eight-day tree sit by It’s Our Wild Nature President Sutu Forte. Forte’s protest was an effort to prevent the development along the creek, part of a spiritual prerogative to ensure a wild remnant of untouched nature remains in Columbia. The coalition has asked for volunteers to assist with weeding and mulching from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. Saturday mornings, and with watering freshly planted natives from 5:30 p.m. until dark. Those interested in helping the coalition during their “Back to the Wild” Saturday sessions are encouraged to bring or donate hoses to help water the new natives A riparian corridor is the floodplain closest to a stream or body of water, and it has profound impacts on water quality and biodiversity. In Missouri, riparian corridors are typically woodlands with a grass and shrub understory. The roots of these plants help prevent erosion and runoff that would otherwise threaten species of plants and animals in streams and rivers. Nadia Navarrete-Tindall, a native plant and agroforestry expert at Lincoln University who worked with the restoration coalition in the fall of 2020, said that bush honeysuckles choked off native plants and led to worsening erosion along the Hinkson. Bush honeysuckles are some of the most aggressive invasive species, according to the Missouri Department of Conservation, because they so quickly “shade out” natives. They quickly absorb nutrients required to sustain other plants and their fruit is less nutritious for birds. “No matter what, there has been a lot of damage, and the Hinkson Creek is a very threatened body of water,” she explained. “It’s polluted, and it keeps having all this disturbance and development.” When erosion occurs along the edges of creeks, it reduces water quality, alters flow and water temperature, increases nutrients (which aren’t always desired) and alters dissolved oxygen levels. Fluctuations in these factors can cause a shift in algae growth and reduce the biodiversity of the creek’s food web. Certain fish can only survive in a creek if the water’s rate of flow is within a specific range. Navarrete-Tindall said the coalition’s first step was to establish native grasses to trap more nutrients in the soil and restore part of a prairie in the corridor, which will eventually foster the growth of additional native shrubs and trees. Certain “nitrogen-fixing” plants like the partridge pea, Navarrete-Tindall explained, can be used to pull nitrogen from the air into depleted soil. The coalition plans to make use of these techniques in their restoration of the soil. “Some of the plants have a natural relationship with fungi in their roots and they can work to enrich the soil as well. The more organic material you get in the soil, the better it gets,” she said. So far, the coalition has worked with the parks department to plant elderberries, Drummond’s aster, slender mountain mint, purple coneflower and swamp milkweed, among other plants. The coalition also built a fence with fallen tree limbs and scavenged-sticks that will eventually bloom with the berries of American bittersweet vines. Despite the progress, Mike Snyder, Park Planning and Development Superintendent, emphasized last fall that the restoration process will take several years. “You can’t plant plants that require shade until the shade exists,” he said. The initial plan included walnut trees, swamp white oaks, persimmons, sassafras, redbuds and other native trees that typically thrive in a bottomland setting, Snyder said. He explained that flooding, the natural reproduction of nearby plants and the market availability of natives could all result in modifications of their plans. Charles Nilon, an Urban Wildlife Ecology and Conservation researcher with MU’s College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, said riparian corridors are some of the most important places to protect in urban areas. “They’re the link between where water is and where land is, which is kind of unique, because it captures lots of different habitats for different species. They’re also one of the more intact places in cities because they’re along streams, where there’s generally less development,” he said. Nilon said it’s important that the city considers biodiversity and mitigates the impact of its trail development, noting that the US Forest Service recommends minimizing paved trails near riparian zones when possible. “I think they could do a better job with alternatives to the practices they’re using now,” he said.	<urn:uuid:c17e5699-70e4-4dcd-8776-0b00ce621c37>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.missourinews.info/local-columbia-group-works-to-restore-hinkson-creek-wetlands/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00238.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411146640777588, "token_count": 1059, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
Mammoth Bone Money Clip The material in these knives is fossilized Woolly Mammoth Bone, from Siberia, and over 10-15,000 years old. Woolly Mammoth Bones were used as construction material for dwellings by both Neanderthals and modern Humans during the ice age. Bones were made into various tools, furniture and musical instruments. Now you can use it to keep all your cold hard cash!	<urn:uuid:c6927c2d-dee7-48c2-81c0-fa0c3c948234>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://briscoemuseumstore.org/collections/for-the-outlaw/products/mammoth-bone-money-clip", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510528.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929190403-20230929220403-00481.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9690035581588745, "token_count": 84, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
Tutorial 10. Using wxGrid A grid can be a useful way to display data, especially matrices of numbers. If the matrices are large, the full grid will be too big for the screen, so we will want to display it in modest proportions but allow the user to resize it and scroll about in it with the mouse. Creating such a grid with wxSmith is easy once you know how, but figuring out how from the general documentation can consume many hours. But here is the secret in brief. Create a basic wxWidgets application as described in preceding tutorials. Then click the “wxSmith” item in the Code::Blocks main menu. Add a wxDialog. (Do not be tempted to add a wxScrollingDialog; that is something altogether different with a special purpose. See the Julian Smart and Kevin Hock book Cross-Platform GUI Programming with wxWidgets.) Call it MatGridDialog. The name does not matter, but that was the name I used and is the name for this dialog as shown in the accompanying pictures. (“Mat” was short for “matrix”.) Now in the “Management” pane on the left side of the Code::Blocks window, click on the “Resources” tab. You should see something like the first two lines of the picture below. Click on the “wxDialog” line, and – in the editor pane of Code::Blocks – drop a box sizer (found on the Layout tab) onto wxDialog. Onto it drop a wxPanel (from the Standard tab) and onto it another box sizer, and finally drop into the sizer a wxGrid from the Advanced tab. Now click on the wxDialog and use its Properties panel to clear the “Default size” square and to set the width to 500 and the height to 400. These numbers are in pixels. Their exact value does not matter much because the user will soon resize the box with the mouse, but this choice gives a starting point which we will actually narrow in a moment. Click on the left half of the Properties panel and with the down arrow key move down until you see the word Style and to its left a + sign in a little box. Click on the + sign and run the cursor down to be sure that the window has a Close and a Maximize button. Be sure to click the last item: Full_Repaint_ on_Resize. Do not give the dialog scrollbars; the wxGrid provides its own scrollbars. The next item down, the MatGridPanel, seems to require no change in its properties. We can even use the default size. So proceed to click on the wxGrid in the Resources tab of the Management pane. In the Grid's properties, clear the Default size box and set the width and height to 300. Probably these numbers must be smaller than the corresponding numbers in the wxDialog above it. Click the + to the left of “Style” and click the Full_Repaint_on_Resize box. Finally, click the Expand box. It would not be there had we not put in BoxSizer2. Do not click any scrollbars. In the editor area, you should see the grid and the scrollbars should work. Click the “Show preview” button on the far right of the screen under the big red X. You should see the grid and the scrollbars should work. It seems to be important to avoid the use of the default sizes for the wxDialog and the grid, to keep the specified size of the grid well below that of the wxDialog, and not to use scrollbars on anything – because the grid always provides its own. To display the grid from inside the C++ program, do something like this: MatGridDialog *mgdlg = new MatGridDialog(this); mgdlg->ShowModal(); How to display data in the grid or get data from it may someday be explained here, though that actually goes beyond wxSmith.	<urn:uuid:4e1af9e1-bca6-4998-991b-07d50b4d7139>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "http://wiki.codeblocks.org/index.php?title=Using_wxGrid&direction=next&oldid=9165", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301598.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215042926-20191215070926-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8874751925468445, "token_count": 856, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
RippleNet and Ripple xCurrent Explained Last Updated: 1st November 2018 Ripple is a real-time gross settlement system (RTGS), currency exchange and remittance network. Ripple is most well known as a tool that can remove banking inefficiencies, by serving as a blockchain based distributed payment protocol that facilitates instantaneous and low-cost transactions between various banks and financial institutions. Ripple is able to do this by leveraging its novel RippleNet and Ripple xCurrent solutions. The current landscape of cross-border banking transactions is one that can be said to house numerous inefficiencies. There is a fragmentation of payment networks between transacting institutions, which results in slow payment processing times and high fees that are passed down to users. This current global payment system is one that cannot seemingly keep up with a growing global demand for rapid low-cost payments. For example, individuals that conduct remittance payments to their friends and family abroad can find themselves subject to considerable processing fees. RippleNet was conceived to tackle these inefficiencies, and thus change the landscape of cross-border international payments. RippleNet is a singular, global network of banks and financial institutions that can send and receive payments through the use of Ripple’s distributed financial technology. RippleNet is designed to produce real-time and low-cost payments by serving as a unified decentralized global network of banks and financial institutions. By removing the fragmentation in payment processing, RippleNet can deliver a frictionless experience for global payments. Participants of RippleNet, by making use of the same technology, and abiding by a standard framework of payment rules and standards, overcome the inefficiencies that a fragmented payment system produces. Benefits of RippleNet are said to be the following: - Access – Entry into a singular global, decentralized network of banks and financial institutions, all subject to a unified framework of standard rules, formats and governance. - Speed – Make use of a rapid real-time settlement system that enable banks to make cross-border transactions in seconds, instead of days. - Certainty – RippleNet participants minimize risk of failure, and provide end-to-end transparency with regard to every payment that is executed on the platform. - Cost – The total cost of settlement for every executed transaction is considerably reduced. The RippleNet ecosystem categorizes participants into two groups: network members (which are banks and payment providers) and network users (which include corporates, consumers and other similar entities) Network Members: Enablers of RippleNet - Banks – These actors seek to process payments for network users, which include entities such as corporates and consumers. Banks can leverage the RippleNet platform to service their existing customers. - Payment Providers – These entities look to provide liquidity and expand the payout reach of banks on the platform. Network Users: Originators of RippleNet - Platform Businesses – These types of businesses look to send payments of a high volume and low value to a global base of suppliers, merchants and employees. - Corporate Treasury – Entities with intentions to send large payments across their own global supply chains for increased capital efficiency, and control. - Banks and Payments – These actors look only to send payments, instead of processing them. - Consumers – Individuals that are sending global payments by use of their banks or payment provider for a rapid and cost-efficient avenue. xCurrent is Ripple’s enterprise solution that is responsible for facilitating the instantaneous settlement and end-to-end tracking of cross-border payments between RippleNet members. There are four key components that constitute Ripple’s xCurrent: 1. Messenger: This is the application programming interface (API), bidirectional messaging element of Ripple xCurrent. The purpose of this component is to establish a link between transacting banks, in order to connect the beneficiary bank’s Messenger to exchange information such as: ‘Know Your Customer’ (KYC), risk, fees, FX rates and payment details. Every end-to-end payment that is made using xCurrent possesses a payment ID that can be used to determine the status of the payment at any point during execution. Which makes it especially useful in providing effective troubleshooting for failed or delayed payments. 2. Validator: The function of the validator component in Ripple xCurrent is to cryptographically confirm the success or failure of a payment. This component serves as a single source of truth for transacting parties, whilst also making sure to preserve the privacy of bank customers. 3. ILP Ledger: The ILP ledger, also known as ‘The Interledger Protocol’, is an open and neutral protocol that enables interoperation between different ledgers and payment networks. This xCurrent feature is used to monitor the credits, debits and liquidity across various transacting parties. ILP enables transacting parties to settle funds atomically, meaning that transactions can settle instantly or not at all. Furthermore, ILP also allows funds to be settled instantaneously. 4. FX Ticker – This component of xCurrent promotes exchange between ILP Ledgers by allowing liquidity providers to post FX rates. The FX Ticker provides the rate of exchange between any pair of ledgers that it is configured to. It also keeps track of the account, currency and authentication credentials for each configured ILP Ledger. During a transaction, the FX Ticker will coordinate transfers on ILP Ledgers for settlement, ensure the validity of an FX quote, and also transfer the payment amount to the beneficiary bank’s ILP ledger.	<urn:uuid:f92d8a7a-3d49-48d3-b47f-c58ab9653355>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.staging.mycryptopedia.com/ripplenet-and-ripple-xcurrent-explained/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00510.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9361105561256409, "token_count": 1145, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Healthy kids make better students Kids who are active are more likely to have improved concentration, be more attentive, and earn higher grades. But too many kids these days aren’t getting the exercise and nutrition they need to stay fit. SelectHealth saw the need to do something about the alarming rates of childhood obesity. So, we partnered with local school districts to create STEP Express. STEP Express is a free program designed to help 4th-grade students work toward a healthier lifestyle through classroom lesson plans, physical activity, and a fitness challenge. We focused on 4th-grade because, according to the Utah Department of Health, in 2008 there was a dramatic increase in the percentage of overweight or obese students between the 3rd and 5th grades. If you have questions about STEP Express, e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org. Click here to register your school or class to participate in STEP Express Sources: Michigan State University and Utah Department of Health © 2011 SelectHealth, Inc. All Rights Reserved. STEP ExpressSM materials may be downloaded, reproduced or distributed for personal or educational use, provided that such use is non-commercial and you fully reproduce and display all copyright or other proprietary notices.	<urn:uuid:38b85d89-9547-4d80-90d9-2bee80f1d67a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://selecthealth.org/stayhealthy/stepexpress/Pages/home.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00094-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9410560727119446, "token_count": 249, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
Origins of the Surname s you may already know from Edward MacLysaght's work on Irish Families, the Norman name "de Lucy", originating from the town of Luce in the Orne region of Normandy, France, was prominent in Ireland in the fourteenth century; for Anthony de Lucy was Justiciar in 1332. The name also appears earlier in the Gormanston Register, at Carlingford in 1305. There is however no evidence that there are any present representatives of the de Lucy families in Ireland and it is therefore believed that we are Gaelic in origin, the surname being Ó Luasaigh in Irish. This may be a corruption of MacCluasaigh, which is now also obsolete. Around 660 the poet St. Colmán ua Cluasaigh from the monastery at Cork wrote one of the earliest examples of the written Irish language. Between 1302 and 1307 a grant was made to Thomas Ó Lousy of the Archdeaconry of Cashel. A Robert Mac Clwos of Cork obtained "English Liberty" in 1560 and later in the century several persons called MacCluosse appear in the Elizabethan Fiants living in Co. Cork. In the Fiants for 1601 are recorded a James Lowsse, Gullishie Ó Lwoshie, Tige and Donell Ó Lwosie of Muskerry and Gillpatrick Ó Lowsie of Ballivorney. Also mentioned are Gulestie Ó Lwoshie of Mashanaglas, Owliffe Ó Lwosie of Kilmidie and Shane Ó Lwosie of Ballyvoyrane; all of County Cork. In 1649 one of the "46 officers" was a Charles Lucey, listed as a commissioned officer owed arrears, who served Charles 1st. or 2nd. in the wars of Ireland prior to 5th June 1649. As Luosy it is found in the Kinsale presentments of 1712, among the "Popish" inhabitants against which execution was obtained (robbery warrants against Dennis Luocy and Tiege Luosy). In 1865 including variations in spelling, all the total number of 43 Irish birth registrations occurred in Munster, 39 in Cork. Similarly in 1890 of the 42 registrations, 35 were in Cork and 4 in Kerry. The calculated population of Irish Luceys in 1890 was 1,882. In 1876 no Luceys owned land over rior to 1800 the Luceys were resident around Ballyvourney and Kilnamartery, both west of Macroom, Co. Cork and around the 1820's also at Inchigeelagh (Iveleary or Eveleary) further West, Ballymakeery, Clondrohid, Coolmountain, Kilmichael, Nohovaldaly and Dromtarriff (Drumtarriff), NW of Millstreet. Later in the century births were also registered in Co. Kerry - Glen Flesk, Ardfert, Castleisland and in Co. Cork - Slievereagh, Millstreet and Boherbue. Early prominent residents who left wills were Maurice Lucey (Cork City Merchant 1782), Thomas Lucey (Cork merchant and tailor 1770) and Catharine Lucey (1771 of Cork). Daniel Lucey (tobacconist and chandler) is also noted in the Macroom directory of 1824. s you may know the difficulty with genealogical research in Ireland is that almost all parish and census records were destroyed in 1922. Between 1750 and 1800 Ireland began to suffer from a rapid over population and rural crisis. The people rented minute plots of land, with little substance and capital, known as cottiers, from tenant farmers on inferior uplands above good farming land. Rent was paid off in labour with potatoes grown for subsistence and pig fattening. An increasing number of peasants had to take conacre (land hired for a single season) at inflated rents. By 1830 only a third of the rural labourers could count on permanent employment. Seasonal migrant labour became more common, for example from West Cork to Waterford, Limerick and increasingly from the 1820's to the English haymaking and harvest seasons. As population grew, dependence on the potato grew. heir cabins were constructed of mud and consisted of one room. 60-75% of all houses were of this type, with a hole in the wall for light, no glass and a board to stop it up, often in isolated communities of twenty houses or less. On death all holdings were sub-divided among the children. In the early 1800's coach road-building opened up West Cork and Kerry, areas previously almost completely isolated. The majority spoke Irish and were illiterate. I suspect our Lucey ancestors were caught in an Ireland of extreme poverty, social tensions and unrest. April 1847 there were many food riots, violence and a flight to the cities. 20,000 paupers invaded Cork City. Ireland was not a place to which to return. In May and June 1847 a M. and P. Lucey (aged 24 & 27, labourers) emigrated from Liverpool on the ships Adam-lodge and Constitution respectively to the U.S.A. Also a John (1860), John (1868), William senior and junior (1834) and Anthony (1838) were naturalized in Philadelphia. Another Lucey emigrated to San Francisco with his wife. The less well off emigrated to Liverpool, the Clyde, Swansea, Cardiff and Newport from Cork and Skibbereen and on landing literally swarmed across Britain seeking food and spreading disease, reaching Bath in November 1847 and passing through Bristol to South Wales to the West Country. England and Wales prior to the commencement of National records in 1836 the surname Lucey occurs almost exclusively in London (records date from 1540) and Ashburton Devon (records from 1630). The name Lucy is obviously intermixed and occurs in these areas with Dynock, Gloucestershire, the Charlecote Lucy's and their connection with Shakespeare, in addition. These appear to be separate sources of the same surname. The Devon Luceys were extinct by 1800, while the Lucey form remains today by far the most common in Ireland, the majority still resident in Co. Cork. In the 1830's and 1840's the majority still lived in Bermondsey with further families located in the City of London, Ledbury, Weymouth, Clifton and Stoke Damerel in the West, and Huddersfield in the North. Ledbury and Huddersfield appear also to be centres for the Lucy family. the native habitat of Ireland, which is roughly between Macroom and the Kerry border, they are rather obviously one clan, and cousinage can usually be traced from one family to another. There is even supposed to be a Lucey or physical type which is probably at least partly true. In some places they are known as the 'black Luceys'. The prefix 'O', which is found in all early records of the family, except where it is called 'Mac', is most unusual among Norman families who usually, in Gaelic, take the 'De' as in de Burgo or de Paor or other familiar names. The probability is that the Luceys were a branch or sept of the McCarthy clan, and that they were called Lucey by Normans and English to whom their name sounded like Lucy. he earliest Irish records of the name are in the time of Queen Elizabeth and relate to legal action taken against members of the family for their part in McCarthy wars and rebellions. Here the form of the name is found earliest as Mac Luasaigh and a little later as Ó Luasaigh. There is a tradition of the Luceys coming from somewhere north of Cork to take military service with the McCarthys. If this is true, they almost certainly came from the North of Ireland or from the Isles of Scotland as the McSweeneys came. This would make them Scottish or North of Ireland Gaels and it has been suggested that there is something a little foreign or exotic, in a Cork sense, about the Luceys as a whole. If they came down as gallowglasses with the McSweeneys at that time to take service with the McCarthys, it is possible that the name is cognate or related to the name McCluskey which is found in Limerick, Galway, Donegal and Scotland, and which is quite probably a gallowglass name. hat is certain is that the name goes back in West Cork at least as far as the sixteenth century and has always been connected with McCarthy lands and McCarthy fortunes. The usual Cork spelling of the surname is of course LUCEY. If the name is Norman, this is incorrect. If it is Gaelic, one takes one's choice of two Anglicisations LUCEY or LUCY. \|I am interested in all contacts researching the surnames LUCEY & LUCY. From early sources in England & Ireland, some back as far as 1066, I have a database and many geneologies of individuals with these surnames and would be very interested in making contact with all those with similar interests. Many links are with the USA, Canada, South Africa & Australia. I also have a register of all births, marriages & deaths in England & Wales for LUCEY/LUCY from 1836. Please contact me on the e-mail address below to see if I can be of assistance. PS: I also have a special interest in the SIGOURNAY & SIGOURNEY surnames.	<urn:uuid:fd7d87a9-04b5-43cc-8bbd-fcadad8f686f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://homepage.ntlworld.com/rickmansworthherts/webpage1.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121976.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00003-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9590837955474854, "token_count": 2118, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Oculudentavis khaungraae – Tiny Fossil Skull Could Represent the Smallest Dinosaur Team members at Everything Dinosaur had been aware that something big was brewing amongst those members of the academia with an interest in vertebrate palaeontology. An academic paper published in the journal “Nature”, describes the beautifully preserved but very small skull of a theropod dinosaur preserved in Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Burma). The fossil might just represent the smallest dinosaur known to science. The fossil might be tiny but this wonderful discovery could have very big implications when it comes to understanding how miniaturisation occurs within vertebrates. It also provides yet another remarkable insight into the types of creatures that shared the Late Cretaceous with non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Named Oculudentavis khaungraae it probably weighed about as much as the smallest living bird, the Bee Hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae), which weighs about two grammes, that is about half the weight of a single sheet of A4 paper. The Polished Amber Nodule Reveals a Bounty of Preserved Material Including the Tiny Skull of Oculudentavis khaungraae Picture Credit: Lida Xing et al When we Say Tiny we Mean Tiny! The amber nodule containing the beautifully preserved skull, complete with the tongue, measures a little over three centimetres in length. The skull, with its tiny jaws, lined with miniscule but pointed teeth, measures less than 1.5 cm long. It is estimated that Oculudentavis had a total body length including tail of about 9 cm. Palaeontologists have speculated that “microsaurs” – tiny dinosaurs co-existed with the giants, just as African spiny mice (genus Acomys), can be found today in the same habitats as the largest, terrestrial animals – elephants (Loxodonta). Tantalising fossil footprints had been found that hinted at the possible existence of “microsaurs” or “tinysaurs” if you will – assuming of course that these trace fossils were not made by very young animals, with a lot of growing to do. To read about the smallest dinosaur tracks: Smallest Dinosaur Tracks Known to Science Discovered. A Life Reconstruction of the Tiny Oculudentavis khaungraae Picture Credit: Han Zhixin A Possible Member of the Enantiornithes Clade Where Oculudentavis sits on the Dinosauria family tree is uncertain. Whilst the cranial material has provided the authors, which include researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, with a wealth of data, interpreting the taxonomy is somewhat troublesome. If it is a member of the Maniraptora, this large clade includes dinosaurs as well as true birds (avians). Just how closely related to the birds or whether it is a highly specialised dinosaur remains open to debate. Oculudentavis could be an enantiornithine bird, an extinct lineage of avians that were the most common birds of the Cretaceous, or it might be more closely related to the dinosaur end of the Maniraptora spectrum. It may be small, but the specimen does not represent a juvenile or young animal, the skull bones are sufficiently fused for scientists to confidently state that the tiny creature is an adult or at least a sub-adult. Eye Tooth Bird Oculudentavis demonstrates a suite of unusual anatomical characteristics. The eyes for example, are located on the side of the head, helpful for providing all round vision but not capable of delivering stereoscopic vision to aid in the capture of small prey. The orbits are huge, the eyes would have bulged out of the head somewhat and the bones that make up the sclerotic ring (the circle of bones in the orbit) are spoon shaped, which is a morphology previously only known in lizards. These scleral ossicles form a cone, similar to the bones in the eyes of owls, so it can be deduced that just like owls, Oculudentavis had exceptional vision. What is a little more surprising is that the opening at the centre of the ossicles is narrow and restricted. This would have limited the amount of light coming into the eye, so unlike most owls this little Cretaceous creature probably operated in bright, sunny conditions – it was most likely diurnal. A Computer Generated Image of the Skull of O. khaungraae Picture Credit: Xing et al (Nature) Such is the size and extent of the eye socket, that they extend over the jaws and some of the upper jaw teeth are located directly under the orbit. It is this characteristic and those large eyes, that gives Oculudentavis its name, from the Latin for eye “oculus”, “dentes” teeth and “avis” for bird. The species name honours Khaung Ra who donated the specimen to the Hupoge Amber Museum. The Fossil Specimen (HPG-15-3) with Computer Generated Images and Accompanying Line Drawings Picture Credit: Xing et al (Nature) The photograph (above), shows the amber piece (a), a scan of the skull (b) with line drawing (c). Images d, f and h represent other views of the scans, whilst images e, g and h represent the associated line drawings. The amber specimen comes from the Angbamo site, close to the township of Tanai (Myitkyina district, Hukawng valley, Kachin province) in northern Myanmar. The strata are believed to represent the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, the fossil therefore is approximately 99 million years old. Living on an Island? The fossil discovery represents the smallest known dinosaur of the Mesozoic and it highlights the importance of amber as a means of permitting scientists to gain an insight into the ecology of a habitat thanks to the preservation of small animals and other material that would not necessarily have been preserved under other taphonomic processes. Specimens preserved in amber are rapidly emerging as an exceptional way to study tiny vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous. Miniaturisation in animals is commonly associated with living in isolated environments where resources are limited. The tiny Oculudentavis lends weight to the idea that the amber deposits in northern Myanmar were produced in forests that existed on islands. In addition, the size and morphology of this species suggest a previously unknown bauplan and a previously undetected ecology. To read more articles about amazing fossil discoveries made in Burmese amber: Ammonite shell discovery: Ammonite Shell Found in Amber Nodule. Baby snake found in amber: Baby Prehistoric Snake – Xiaophis myanmarensis Preserved in Amber. Ancient lice feeding on feathers: Lice Feeding on Feathers Entombed in Amber. Tiny frogs preserved in Cretaceous amber: Tiny Frogs Trapped in Cretaceous Amber. Post Publication Doubts? Following publication, a number of academics have questioned the conclusions made by Xing et al with regards to this fossil representing a member of the Maniraptora. It is certainly true that the validity of the interpretation of the fossil skull as maniraptoran has subsequently been challenged post publication (Wang Wei et al). They comment that the shape of the skull is not unique to archosaurs, many lizards for example, show similar characteristics, the phylogenetic analysis is questioned, along with the apparent absence of an antorbital fenestra (an opening in the skull of all known archosaurs between the orbit and the naris). It is suggested that the skull actually comes from a lizard and that the specimen is not from an archosaur at all. The original publication noted that the spoon-shaped bones that make up the sclerotic ring were reminiscent of that seen in the eye sockets of lizards. Scleral bones of this shape have never been found in a dinosaur or a bird, it is suggested that these bones support the idea that the fossil is that of a lizard and not a member of the Archosauria. The roots of the tiny teeth do not seem to be located in sockets in the jawbone (thecodont dentition). This was a peculiar feature remarked upon by a number of academics once this paper had been widely circulated. Teeth located in sockets is a characteristic of toothed-archosaurs such as crocodilians and the dinosaurs. Other types of tetrapod also show this tooth morphology, but in Oculudentavis the teeth are not in sockets but either fused to the jaw (acrodont dentition) or located within grooves that can be found along the length of the jaw bones (pleurodont dentition). The number of teeth in the jaw far exceeds that known for any type of ancient bird. The tooth line extending under the eye-socket (orbit), is also highly unusual. Such anatomical traits are associated with the Squamata not with the Archosauria. These arguments (along with others, such as the absence of feathers), have led some scientists to question the conclusions made in the original Nature publication. Oculudentavis might not be a bird or a dinosaur, it might represent the preserved remains of a lizard.	<urn:uuid:c7e7292c-8ae5-40bf-aeea-ef05b70724f7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://blog.everythingdinosaur.com/blog/_archives/2020/03/11", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00041.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9426188468933105, "token_count": 1970, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
A new diesel combustion concept termed MULDIC (MUL-tiple stage DIesel Combustion), which can reduce NOx emissions at high load conditions, was studied by means of engine tests, combustion observation, and numerical simulation. In MULDIC, the first stage combustion corresponds to premixed lean combustion, and the second stage combustion corresponds to diffusion combustion under high temperature and low oxygen conditions.The engine tests showed that simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke could be obtained with MULDIC operation, even at an excess air ratio of 1.4. Fuel consumption was higher compared to conventional operation because of premature ignition of the first stage combustion and extremely late second stage injection. However, optimization of the first stage combustion increased the degree of constant volume combustion, and hence the thermal efficiency was increased. Therefore, NOx emissions from MULDIC were reduced to less than half the values from conventional diesel combustion at the same fuel consumption. In-cylinder combustion observation was carried out in order to clarify MULDIC smoke emission characteristics. In these photographs, a highly sooting luminous flame was observed because the ignition delay was short. This luminous flame disappeared quickly, and since the cylinder temperature was very high, most of the soot oxidized rapidly. Thus, low smoke combustion was obtained.	<urn:uuid:0ce4f8fd-1f0b-4544-8aaa-0327538436af>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://papers.sae.org/980505/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551162.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214222204-20171215002204-00078.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9622610807418823, "token_count": 267, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
Simple Black-offset correction Projector black offset correction The goal of a multi-projection system is to create a perfectly aligned and geometrically correct homogeneous image across the projection screen. Since the images of neighboring projectors overlap, a smooth transition between the different projectors is desirable. This is achieved with edge-blending techniques which compensate for the accumulation of the luminance in these zones by gradually fading out each projector. For technical reasons, most projectors are not able to reproduce a perfect black. The residual light projected by a projector for the input of zero (RGB 0,0,0) is called the black offset. Especially in the overlapping areas, the accumulating black offsets become perceptible when the displayed content is relatively dark. Both projectors projecting black (RGB 0,0,0) with visible black offset in the overlap Both projectors project bark scene with visible black offset effect in the overlap. The effect of the black offset are not perceivable during the projection of lighter scenes and images. In existing approaches for software soft-edge blending calibration, differences in the black offset are often neglected. However, with the application of multi-display solutions in a multimedia context or 3D simulation content, the importance of the black offset correction becomes obvious. The software-only solutions for compensating for black-offset in the overlap zones modify the displayed image to adjust for the differences in the black offsets throughout the whole display. This can lead to a significant reduction of the overall the contrast and the whole image will look washed out. Hence, there is no usable software-only solution for the black offset compensation. The best solution is to use high-quality and high-contrast projectors that have minimal black offset, and to use low-gain projection screen coating with gains in the range of 0.6 – 0.7. This will make sure that the minimal black offset will be compensated by the projection surface. Another very practical solution is by physically installing custom shutters (or shaders) in front of the projector lens, so they cover the areas in the edge blend region where there projectors images overlap. Depending on the projectors image chip, the shape of the physical shutter can vary. Most DLP projectors have a so called “Diamond” Pixel chip. More information can be found here: With the projectors switched on, turn on a dark dark scene or black image on your PC. Find a thick paper or a thin cardboard piece and cut a zigzag pattern on one of the ends and let the second end of the paper or cardboard be straight. Make a separate piece for each overlapped side of the projector image. Depending on the shape of the overlap region, you may need to curve the zigzag side a little and move the shutter further away or nearer the lens. Just experiment with the position and the shape of the shutter until you get the best result. Hold the paper or cardboard in front of the projector lens and try with both sides of the paper, the zigzag side and the straight side. Choose the side which gives the best result. Repeat this for all edge blend sides for each projector. When successful, you should have no brighter black offset in the overlapped regions. However, now you may have some brighter or darker areas when projecting bright scenes/images. Fortunately Immersive Display PRO has blending curve editor for fine tuning the blending in the overlapping regions. Just adjust the slider so the overlapping regions are perfectly blended. You may have to experiment with adjusting your shutters and changing between white scenes and dark scenes on your computer until you get the perfect result. You can also chose for permanent, flexible and more robust shutter solution. This really depends on the type and shape of the projector housings. There are many different projector housings and designs. The most natural natural place to put a frame that holds shutters would be on the outer ring of the projector lens. Just make sure that the frame and the shutter do not obstruct the lens cooling air flow. We`re here to help! 5658 RE Eindhoven M-F: 8am - 10pm +31 40 7114293	<urn:uuid:98ab0877-c174-4118-85e0-421355ead6b0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://fly.elise-ng.net/blog/simple-black-offset-correction/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.911777138710022, "token_count": 863, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Reliable problem Solving applied to mixture problems Observe the simplicity of the two variable mixture problem. It is simpler than the Mary's Apples problem. It involves only one indented step (subproblem) and a result step. Mary's Apples involves two indented steps (subproblems) and a result step. To solve problems reliably use the following steps recursively. STEP 1: Identify what the problem/equation asks for. STEP 2: Respond to the request. Ask "How Would I Find Out?" STEP 3: Substitute the response(s) to obtain the result. Copyright 1997. Howard C. McAllister	<urn:uuid:6896240f-d922-4bad-9ce2-0a07ece495a4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/tickets.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461332.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00258-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8734304308891296, "token_count": 138, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
When I studied environmental science at university, we learned about biodiversity, species competition, habitat degradation, population dynamics, invasive species, and a whole range of other key ecological terms. What I didn’t learn was how much playing a game of football can be critical in protecting an ecosystem for spectacled bears and Andean cats. As the human population and footprint has expanded, many wildlife species have been forced to retreat to the last remaining refuges of wild places. We have transformed areas of wildlife habitat into acres of agriculture and resource extraction, and we’re really good at it! Humans have become experts at changing landscapes to adapt to our needs, but in doing so, we have tended to lose sight of the variety of species that had been in balance in that ecosystem for many years before us. Today, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, so it’s easy to forget that the other half of humanity still faces a daily challenge we once all shared: coexisting with wildlife. Recently, I was lucky enough to travel to Perú to visit two WCN Partners: Spectacled Bear Conservation (SBC) and the Andean Cat Alliance (AGA). The survival of Andean cats and spectacled bears depends on the health of their ecosystem, and the health of their ecosystem depends on local communities understanding and respecting wildlife’s needs. So scientists from SBC and AGA have learned that the research of these species is only one aspect of conservation: engaging and empowering communities to maintain habitat protection is the other side that you don’t learn in a lab or classroom. Many native communities that live alongside these wild species have a rich history of traditional ecological knowledge that scientists can learn from as well. The exchange of this scientific and traditional knowledge is critical in determining what is best for both wildlife and people. Now, to learn from, share experiences, and encourage conservation with members of a local community, you need one key ingredient: TRUST! And no matter where you are in this world, developing a language of trust and respect between people happens by exchanging cultural traditions, whether that’s a meal, art, music, dance, or even sport. So, when the SBC team discovers a threatened bear population and hopes to encourage local community members to act as conservation stewards, rather than altering their landscape to extract resources, it’s not time to break out research credentials; it’s time to play football! After breaking a sweat and breaking bread with one another, we humans begin to see each other more as friends, and not intruders or enemies. In my time in Perú, I took part in these exchanges of culture and trust, and witnessed how it has opened the door to then help communities build alternative sustainable livelihoods, such as SBC’s Felti and AGA’s CatCrafts programs. It also sets an example that conservation is something to be proud of and encourages community members to join the cause as citizen scientists and activists themselves, rather than viewing it as a threat to their livelihoods. Although many of us joined the conservation cause for our love of wildlife, the real work on-the-ground is innately human. It requires building connections, sharing knowledge, exchanging culture, and helping one another to realize that we’re more connected than we may have thought, not only to each other, but also to the ecosystem that sustains us and the wildlife we love.	<urn:uuid:8da03c44-2912-4934-97cd-8c4ca02c0a9d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://wildnet.org/what-they-dont-teach-you-in-science-class/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00556.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9535708427429199, "token_count": 710, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
This chapter discusses the concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons, change in oxidation number, and applications of redox reactions. This topic suggests that half-reactions that involve loss of electrons are called oxidation reactions. Similarly, the half-reactions that involve the gain of electrons are called reduction reactions. Oxidation number denotes the oxidation state of an element in a compound ascertained according to a set of rules formulated on the basis that an electron pair in a covalent bond belongs entirely to a more electronegative element. This section covers the various types of redox reactions such as Combination Reactions, Decomposition Reactions, Displacement Reactions and Disproportionation reactions. Two methods are used to balance chemical equations for redox processes. One of these methods is based on the change in the oxidation number of reducing agent, and the oxidising agent and the other method is based on splitting the redox reaction into two half-reactions — one involving oxidation and the other involving reduction. Students learn the steps involved in these two methods under this section of the chapter. This topic illustrates an experiment for students to understand the concept of a redox couple. Talk to Our Expert	<urn:uuid:1a5cc123-1e16-45c0-bf97-7e31b5db1262>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.aakash.ac.in/ncert-solutions/class-11/chemistry/chapter-8-redox-reactions", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00727.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9268689155578613, "token_count": 266, "score": 4.34375, "int_score": 4 }
Cuipo (pronounced “kwee-po”) is a very distinctive tree that is easy to spot and is located primarily in the Central American tropical rainforests in mountainous areas. Its height ranges from 45 to 60 meters. It has leaves only at the top and is bare 11 months out of the year. It has rings on its bark that extend to the top to make is easily recognizable. Its bark is reddish or gray in color. Its roots are lightreddish-brown or yellowish-brown. The endangered national bird of Panama, the great Harpy Eagle usually builds its nest at the top of the Cuipo tree.	<urn:uuid:ee78261c-fa52-4932-9a98-6cb38ed50db3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://morewordswork.blogspot.com/2014/06/cuipo.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.962113082408905, "token_count": 135, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3 }
Hamstring tendon pain and inflammation is most commonly caused by overuse of the hamstring muscles. With repetitive use during running and other sports that involve repetitive kicking, jumping, or quick “start/stop” motions, stress is placed on your hamstring muscles causing wear and tear to the tendon fibers that attach the muscles to the bones. When tendonitis occurs over time, it is referred to as chronic tendonitis. Overloading or overexerting your legs by doing too much too soon, and too quickly can also be a cause. This sudden increase in the intensity or frequency of participation after being inactive for a while makes you susceptible to acute tendonitis. Acute tendonitis refers to and injury to the tendon that causes inflammation quickly. Biomechanical issues, such as overpronation and leg length discrepancies, which affect the way you walk can put excess stress on the hamstring tendons due to the imbalanced. Other causes that can put excess strain on the hamstring tendons are: - lack of strengthen in your core muscles (i.e. abdominals and obliques) - age-related weaknesses and/or degeneration - strength differences in your hamstring, quadriceps or hip muscles - lack of exercise and obesity Improper training techniques (running on hilly or hard surfaces), incorrect form(overstriding in running or lifting too much weight) and old equipment(worn out shoes) will also put you at more risk for injury. Previous injuries that haven’t healed properly are a frequent cause of tendonitis and tendinosis. Hamstring Tendon Treatments Regardless of the cause of your hamstring injury. You want the pain to stop and to be able to use your hamstring again as soon as possible. It is important to treat hamstring tendon injuries as soon as possible, as any activity or strain you put on your tendon can re-injure it further. Though the pain, discomfort, and inconvenience of a hamstring injury can be overwhelming, it is possible to overcome it. As your body repairs your tendon it is best that it heal quickly to minimize scar tissue formation – something Blood Flow Stimulation Therapy™is great at! Even with optimum healing, there is always less elasticity in a previously injured tendon. This can cause the tendon to hurt during exercise and most everyday activities. However, if you heal your injured tendon efficiently and quickly, your chance of re-injury later on is much lower. Although it is recommended that you rest your hamstring tendons following injury it can be difficult to do as it is an essential tendon for walking and daily activities. Fortunately, there are healing tools that can help treat your tendon and speed up the healing process so you can get back to a life without pain and risk of further injury.	<urn:uuid:e84b7f93-f7e9-410a-8827-ac33242da4f1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "http://alternativemusculartherapy.com/?page_id=375", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00367.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9477693438529968, "token_count": 570, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
I have learned a lot of interesting things while volunteering for the historical society of my county. Right now I am in the society's museum, looking at the only known photograph of an unknown insect; the photo itself is a black-and-white still of a lost preserved specimen, and remains the only graphic evidence of the local legend. Though the resolution is poor, the specimen looks quite formidable for its size: a mothlike insect sporting long mandibles and antennae, somewhat resembling a dobsonfly. Apparently, there were swarms of these things in scattered areas throughout our county for several weeks during the summer of 1828. They were mainly active at night, and several sources mention that their red eyes could be seen faintly glowing in the dark. It is unclear exactly what their diet was like, but they were said to have decimated crops and killed several pets and livestock. One source claims they consumed blood from humans, but this has not been corroborated. We do know that they had stingers. A few children and elderly folks died from their stings, which the few physicians who lived in the region at the time were almost completely unable to treat. Except for a couple of primary documents that mention a similar swarm event occurring in 1628 in the same area, this is the only known appearance of these insects. Recently, an entomologist has been working with the historical society to explore the story further. With only the photograph and some period documents, he does not have many leads, but he has come up with a theory based on the two references to a similar occurrence in 1628. Some insects lie dormant in the ground or in wood for years at a time, emerging after several years to mate, reproduce, and die, whereupon their offspring burrow back into the earth to repeat the cycle. A well-known example is the magicicada, which emerges and swarms at 13- and 17-year intervals in many regions throughout the Midwest. The entomologist believes the strange insects from 1828 were on a 200-year brood cycle, something he had previously thought impossible. I hope he is wrong. Written by HopelessNightOwl	<urn:uuid:297a5103-b292-43e3-b28d-c1f00aba0f3c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://creepypasta.fandom.com/wiki/The_Brood", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202474.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320230554-20190321012554-00205.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9859764575958252, "token_count": 440, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
In the last lesson, you learned about epigenetics and the role that they play in health and developing chronic diseases. In this lesson, we will focus on breathing basics and the first breathing technique – the relaxation breath. Much of this lesson comes from the teachings of Dr. Weil. If you are not familiar with Dr. Weil, I highly recommend checking him out. You can find out more at drweil.com. Breathing is the natural object of meditation. This is because placing attention on your breath will change your state of consciousness. You will begin to relax and detach from ordinary awareness. If you can make yourself aware of your breathing for 10 seconds more today than you were yesterday then you will: Have taken a measurable step towards enlightenment. Expanded your consciousness. Furthered communication between mind and body. Become a little more whole, thus improving your health. Prior to this course, when you think of health, you probably only considered diet and exercise. Make no mistake of it, diet and exercise are important, BUT they are NOT the sole determinants of health. People who have excellent diets and exercise faithfully are not always healthy. Why? According to Dr. Weil, the likelihood of being a healthy person who does not breathe well is slim. Breath is at the very core of health and wellness. And so focusing on your breath every day will help in improving your health. Let's move into our first breathing technique – the relaxation breath, or the 4-7-8 breath. This is a wonderful breath taught by Dr. Weil. The benefits of utilizing this quick breathing technique are that it is a natural tranquilizer for the nervous system. Unlike drugs like anti-anxiety medications, which are often effective when you first take them but then lose their power over time, this exercise is subtle when you first try it, but gains in power with repetition and practice. This is what makes it a very powerful anti-anxiety technique, more so than any drug. Once you develop this technique, by practicing it every day, it will be a very useful tool that you will always have with you. You can use this whenever anything upsetting happens BEFORE you react. Use it whenever you are aware of internal tension or stress. You can even use it to help you fall asleep. This exercise cannot be recommended enough. Everyone can benefit from it. I even recommend to teach it to your kids! Even young kids! Though young kids may not get the technique right in the beginning, the practice and habit will form, and they will have it as a useful tool for handling stress as they go through life. Do this with your kids, or at least in front of your kids, to set the example of this great technique now. In total, at least when starting out, this breath should only take you about 90 seconds to complete...a little less in fact. So here is what you are going to do: Exhale completely through your mouth, making a whoosh sound. Put tongue on roof of mouth in your soft palate just behind your front teeth. Close your mouth AND EYES, BACK STRAIGHT and inhale quietly through your nose to a mental count of four. Hold your breath for a count of seven. Exhale completely through your mouth, making a whoosh sound to a count of eight. This is one breath. Now inhale again and repeat the cycle three more times for a total of four breaths. Do this breath at least twice a day. You cannot do it too frequently. However, do NOT do more than four breaths at one time for the first month of practice. Be sure to PRACTICE DAILY. Later, if you wish, you can extend it to eight breaths. You also do not need to hold yourself to only a 4-7-8 count, but you DO need to maintain the ratio. So if you are able to hold your breath longer then you could try it as an 8-14-16 count. You are bound only by the length of time that you can hold your breath and the ratio needed to complete the technique. It is important to note that you feel a little lightheaded when you first breathe this way, but do not be concerned; it will pass will practice and time. After 4-6 weeks, you can start trying to use it for situations such as someone saying something that gets under your skin. Use it before you react. Or a screaming kid. Again use it before you react. It doesn't do you much good after. This breath is also great to deal with cravings and help with sleep. I recommend to practice it before reaching for that piece of cake or candy and also practice it just as you are laying down for the night. Lastly, you do want to practice this breath twice daily. That's 4 breaths twice daily, but make sure to space these out. You should not be practicing 4 breaths and then 4 breaths immediately after. After 2-3 months of use, significant changes will take places such as lowering your heart rate, BP, and improved digestion. As mentioned before, this is also a powerful anti-anxiety measure, much more so than drugs. If you would like to see this technique for yourself, then visit Dr. Weil's site. YOUR TASK: practice this breath twice today. Remember, it's a 4-7-8 count which constitutes one breath. Do this count 4x times to make up one breath cycle. Complete 2 breath cycles in total today....one immediately after this lesson and another before bed. In the next lesson, you will learn the breath counting technique.	<urn:uuid:71587b7f-6118-430d-bc6e-9c7bcfa119be>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://listenable.io/web/articles/lessons/61582ba4/2739/breathing-basics-and-the-relaxation-breath/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00417.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9578889608383179, "token_count": 1182, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
- White space (visual arts), portions of a page left unmarked - Space (punctuation), the space between two words of text - Whitespace character, a computer character for the space between words - whitespace characters, a character class in regular expressions - White spaces (radio), allocated but locally unused radio frequencies - White space (management), an area where no one is responsible - Whitespace (programming language), an esoteric programming language" I have been thinking about White Space lately, but not the kind mentioned above. I've been thinking of the kind of White Space that is more like White Noise--that background static that either drives you crazy or that is so common you don't notice it anymore...or maybe you love White Noise because it drowns out some other sounds you would rather not hear. The White Space I am writing about relates to T-I-M-E. That four letter word we never seem to have enough of...or do we? One of the things I have noticed in the last few weeks (after keeping record of the blessings God pours down on me, unrestrained each day), is that there is actually a surprisingly large number of time-pockets, where things are calm and quiet. I know... dare I even say that? It may be snatched away! But no, there always is time like this. This White Space, lingering about waiting to be noticed...to be used, appreciated. At our house, It looks something like this: (The beginning more resembles black space because that is how I feel when it happens...dark & anxious, frustrated and s-t-r-e-s-s-e-d out.) Sketch gets home from school in a bad mood. He asks for Veggie Tales, "King George and the Ducky" DVD and so I put it on, thinking it will calm him down. As soon as it plays he asks for the "Introduction". There is no official introduction on that DVD. Sketch says, "All done King George & the Ducky?" so I take the DVD out. Sketch asks again for King George and I remind him we just had that on and he didn't want it. He asks again. I give in, trying to avoid the impending tantrum and tell him this is the LAST time I'm putting it on. The movie starts. Sketch says "All Done King George? AHHH!" And it happens. (I suppose it had to happen, if not now then in 5 minutes..he just has to get it out of his system!) He starts pushing me, throwing toys, trying to attack in any way. I (eventually) get him in his room where he will calm down (after he pees on the floor, adding another to-do item to my list). (Now enters White Space). There is nothing I can do at this point. Sketch is throwing his fit and he is safe in his room. History proves he will NOT calm down unless he is alone in his room. But usually, at this point I will still be stressed out about the whole thing, wondering what is wrong? Why is he acting this way? How long will it last this time? ...What could I do differently? etc. But worrying steals away the t-i-m-e that has been handed to me to unwind, relax, enjoy. I could stop myself once Sketch is safe and not be upset any longer. I could be thankful for the break. Lately when I have calmed down and refused to stew over what's happened, that pocket of time has seemed to slow down. It feels longer than it was. I thank God for it...for the calm, for the space in time. In some ways, I'm sure the time is actually longer because less is unnecessarily handed over to the black space. But I am sure that those minutes of calm, when noticed...are actually longer. Have you ever sat and watched a clock tick for a minute? It seems to take forever! But day after day those minutes tick away so fast we don't know what happened to them. Time slows down (at least our perception of it) when we notice. When we are present in the moment. Now I know there are those days when it seems like there is no White Space time...when tantrums and crisis come one after the other and there seems to be no end to it. The intensity can be so strong that it seems like the crisis has taken up way more time that it actually did... usually because of what we do with it in ourselves, during and after... the worry, the time sucked up stewing... the drainage of energy leading to less productive time after. But the truth is that there is White Space coming. It always does, and once we recognize it and are grateful for it's arrival, the time seems long...once noticed, time stalls a bit. Relief. Rest. Even if the time-pocket of White Space is short... it is there. Even if it is prematurely interrupted...it was. And, it will be again. We can always look forward to those pockets. And I wonder, if there really is such a thing as black space. I wonder if that black is really more like a dark purple... a royal color. A color marking that God is there. He promises to turn all things around for good (Romans 8:28). He redeems everything, even what seems so dark, black to us. If God is in it, using it for his purposes, then is it really black at all?	<urn:uuid:4f47e729-8e1c-40c8-9dc4-d1fa8f1c34ad>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://treasuresinthedust.com/category/hope/one-thousand-gifts/page/4/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00282.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9655365943908691, "token_count": 1176, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
CausesBy Mayo Clinic staff CLICK TO ENLARGE \|Bone spurs on spine\| While some people are born with a small spinal canal, most spinal stenosis occurs when something happens to reduce the amount of space available within the spine. Causes of spinal stenosis may include: - Overgrowth of bone. Wear and tear on your spinal bones can prompt the formation of bone spurs, which can grow into the spinal canal. Paget's disease, a bone disease that usually affects adults, also can cause bone overgrowth in the spine. - Herniated disks. The soft cushions that act as shock absorbers between your vertebrae tend to dry out with age. Cracks in a disk's exterior may allow some of the soft inner material to escape and press on the spinal cord or nerves. - Thickened ligaments. The tough cords that help hold the bones of your spine together can become stiff and thick over time. These thicker ligaments can bulge into the spinal canal. - Tumors. Abnormal growths can form inside the spinal cord, within the membranes that cover the spinal cord or in the space between the spinal cord and vertebrae. - Spinal injuries. Car accidents and other major trauma can cause dislocations or fractures of one or more vertebrae. Displaced bone from a spinal fracture may damage the contents of the spinal canal. Swelling of adjacent tissue immediately following back surgery also can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. - Questions and answers about spinal stenosis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Spinal_Stenosis/default.asp. Accessed April 19, 2012. - Goldman L, et al. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/191371208-2/0/1492/0.html#. Accessed April 19, 2012. - Frontera WR, et al. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/208746819-6/0/1678/0.html. Accessed April 19, 2012. - Cervical stenosis and myelopathy. North American Spine Society. http://www.knowyourback.org/Pages/SpinalConditions/DegenerativeConditions/CStenosis_Myelopathy_Radiculopathy.aspx. Accessed April 20, 2012. - Levin K. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Treatment and prognosis. http://www.uptodate.com/index. Accessed April 20, 2012.	<urn:uuid:b372929d-3969-4ff9-afcb-8dfb8ff50c03>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/spinal-stenosis/DS00515/DSECTION=causes", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706934574/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122214-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8361179828643799, "token_count": 617, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
The compiler supports conditional compiling directives in ST, IL, LD, and FBD languages. Conditional compiling directives condition the inclusion of a part of the program in the generated code. Conditional compiling is an easy way to manage several various configurations and options in a unique application programming. Conditional compiling uses definitions as conditions. Below is the main syntax: If CONDITION has been defined using #define syntax, then the "statementsYES" part is included in the code, else the "statementsNO" part is included. The "#else" statement is optional. In ST and IL text languages, directives must be entered alone on one line line of text. In FBD language, directives must be entered as the text of network breaks. In LD language, directives must be entered on comment lines. The condition "__DEBUG" is automatically defined when the application is compiled in DEBUG mode. This allows you to incorporate some additional statements (such as trace outputs) in your code that are not included in RELEASE mode.	<urn:uuid:27f3e4e7-2e0a-41e6-849b-5708e659c3e8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://proscada.ru/copadata/extfile/k5help/ifdef.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280746.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00415-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9018001556396484, "token_count": 209, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
the Centre is likely to ban the use of recycled plastic bags throughout the country. In this regard, the Union ministry of environment and forests has already got the necessary clearance from the Election Commission ( ec ). The draft notification calling for a ban on recycled plastic bags was published in November 1998. After considering objections from the Recycled Plastic Manufacturers' Association, the notification was finalised by Suresh Prabhu, Union minister for environment and forests. However, the notification does not seek to ban carry bags made from virgin plastic and those bags that are not artificially coloured. Instead of a total ban on plastic bags, the government has prescribed that all carry bags should be at least 20 microns thick, whether made of recycled or virgin plastic. Vendors will not be permitted to store, carry, dispense or pack foodstuffs in recycled plastic bags. "The notification will also lay down the standards for recycling plastic as per the standards outlined by the Bureau of Indian Standards," says an environment ministry official. We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together. Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition.	<urn:uuid:b9f66463-28b3-4399-8c94-7399cdd91438>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/ban-on-plastic-20358", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00283.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9587939381599426, "token_count": 323, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
Is your bank account in the black or in the red? Do you, like most men and women, favor the color blue? Does seeing a red and green combination make you feel differently than red, white and blue? When you think of the logo for Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, does the blue color evoke the idea of power and business? Do you perceive the red in Coca Cola and McDonald’s logos as symbolizing youthfulness, excitement, and boldness? 1Colorful Cups of Mouthwash Businesses and book cover designers consider how color can accentuate the message and how a book or business is perceived. Even dentists are getting into the study of color and how color affects people under stress. Researchers found that, color has physical, psychological and sociological effects on human beings. There are many studies showing the effects of colors on brain activity. Color preferences may change from childhood to adulthood and are significantly different in various age groups. Female adults and children were not interested in trying colorful mouth rinses, while male adults were curious about trying colorful mouth rinses during dental treatment sessions under stress condition. 2Red Pain, Blue Comfort Pain and comfortable movement are often associated with different colors, which begs the question of whether visualizing the colors associated with comfortable movement and great function would change the perception of pain or make the person more comfortable. In a study on Fibromyalgia, a disorder characterized by chronic physical pain, medical professionals revealed, the perception of pain has psychological effects on mood, anxiety, and the degree of perceived control. In turn, these factors may increase the experience of pain. The results showed that patients used different colors and different physical states to depict pain (red, motionless) and the absence of pain (blue, in motion). 3Healthy Green Smiley Faces Food packagers are always looking for ways to increase impulse buying and increase the shelf space a store allots to their products. Do the color of the label affect whether you think a particular bag or box of food is healthy or not? Which is healthier green, red or white? Recent studies report that using green labels to denote healthier foods, and red to denote less healthy foods increases consumption of green, and decreases consumption of red, labeled foods. Other symbols (e.g. emoticons conveying normative approval and disapproval) could also be used to signal the healthiness and/or acceptability of consuming such products. [Participants] were asked to choose between a chocolate and a cereal bar. Regardless of label, participants rated the chocolate as tastier and more desirable when compared to the cereal bar, and the cereal bar as healthier than the chocolate bar. A series of interactions revealed that ahttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841647 frowning emoticon on a white background decreased perceptions of healthiness and tastiness of the cereal bar, but not the chocolate bar. Frowning emoticons may be more potent than smiling emoticons at influencing the perceived healthiness and tastiness of foods carrying health halos. We expect stop signs to be red and corn to be yellow. It is easier for our brains and eyes to find things if they are the color we expect. This is what color experts experimented with, In Experiment 1 participants searched for a yellow-colored or purple-colored corn target amongst aubergine distractors, half of which were yellow and half purple. Search was more efficient when the color of the target was familiar and early eye movements more likely to be directed to targets carrying a familiar color than an unfamiliar color. Does the color of your bedroom influence you blood pressure? Did you choose the particular color of your bedroom or is it the same color the previous owners painted? Light and color have been shown to have substantial physical, psychological and sociological effects on humans. Researchers noted difference in physiological signs and symptoms depending on the color of the room. Five participants were measured the oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate, and quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) in six colors (white, blue, green, yellow, red and black) of living environment for 5 minutes per color. The results showed brain activity of high beta wave (25-30 Hz) that associated with alertness, agitation, mental activity, and general activation of mind and body functions (at frontal lobes and temporal lobes) in red and yellow colored rooms were higher than blue, green, white and black colored rooms, respectively. The psychological effect showed that red and yellow yielded significant effect on anger and confusion. Our brain and body pays attention to the shades of a novel in a bookstore, the blush of the box of food at a grocery store, the hue of the cups at the dentist’s office and all the colors around us in the vibrant beautiful world. What colors are you surrounding yourself with?	<urn:uuid:3c1ba5c1-81c0-442a-8178-c9068439cfbb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://5bestthings.com/psychological-impacts-of-color/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613796.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530051312-20170530071312-00059.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9370071887969971, "token_count": 997, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
HEALTH AND SANITATION Women were brought together to discuss and be trained on the issues of general development. The women forums mainly focused on the family life, women economic empowerment and social life. It also discussed the sexuality. Energy saving stoves With the encouragement to plant more trees, women were given an alternative to reduce cutting down trees for fuel, the energy efficient stoves. We encourage the farmers to use the locally available resources for food production. These skills trained are economically viable, environmentally friendly, and culturally acceptable and socially just for sustainable development. Water harvesting technique’s to enable families to access clean drinking water and surplus for the kitchen gardening and provision of water tanks This is aimed at enabling the community to realize their full potential and be able to voice and deal with issues which are anti-developmental in the society. through promoting alternative rite of passage seminars Esther shares some of what she learned from attending a CIFORD Kenya Girls Empowerment and anti-FGM seminar. CIFORD Kenya is a local organization in Meru, Kenya which empowers girls and gives them an alternative rite of passage. Meru Women's Garden Project An insight into a 3-year project that is being run in partnership with Soroptimist International and CIFORD. Meet some of the women in Meru, see what we've done so far and hear from Margaret Ikiara, Executive Director at CIFORD Community Initiatives for Rural Development (CIFORD Kenya) CIFORD Kenya is a community-based organization that focuses on mobilizing the local community to help improve their lives through rural development and social education. Our Latest News A kitchen garden is a small plot of land in which vegetables are grown for household consumption. This is meant to make use of kitchen waste water which is sieved to remove leftover food and involves small irrigation practices by use of water buckets and watering...read more Family health has been a big concern in our community and Kenya at large. Many families have no idea of basic family health skills. Many families have little information and skills on the basic health and hygiene and the family planning methods. In Tigania East and...read more COLLETA'S STORY A mother of three had a passion for agriculture as a way of supplementing her unstable husband’s income by ensuring that all her three kids acquire a formal education. This passion wasn’t achievable due to unreliable and erratic rainfall pattern of...read more a Community Based Organization operating in 5 Sub-Counties namely; Tigania East, Tigania West, Igembe North, Igembe Central and Igembe South of Meru County, Republic of Kenya. P.O.BOX 646 , Designed by email: email@example.com phone number:0706528659	<urn:uuid:0b064425-2cb0-4b07-8836-a0ef66a8abdb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "http://www.cifordkenya.org/page/2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583814455.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121213506-20190121235352-00023.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.918330192565918, "token_count": 582, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
The Department of Homeland Security is the lead agency of the U.S. Government for enhancing protection and resilience of critical assets against disasters of many kinds, including fire, flood, earthquake and terrorist attack. Protection means preventing disaster; resilience means fast and efficient recovery from disaster. On the material side, DHS has focused on critical infrastructure resilience, including information, transportation and energy systems (National Infrastructure Advisory Council, 2009). On the human side, the focus has been on individual and community resilience, including programs to encourage emergency planning, stockpiled food and medicines, and trusted links between citizens and government agencies (Homeland Security Advisory Council, 2011). McCauley, Clark. 2012. "Introducing 'Political Resilience'." National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (August): www.start.umd.edu/news/discussion-point-introducing-political-resilience	<urn:uuid:f9c3b25d-676e-4e7d-aadf-15b07727855a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://start.umd.edu/publication/introducing-political-resilience", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00428.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9253536462783813, "token_count": 184, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
The training environment, depending on the situation, lies on both ends of the spectrum of control and influence we as coaches have on a practice session. The real art is managing the environmental factors that are both active and passively affecting what is taking place and what is being produced during the session. What can you do to maximize or create positive influence of the training environment? Conversely, what can to you do to minimize or dismiss negative influence of the training environment? Before tackle these questions, there’s a couple things we need to actively, not passively, acknowledge. 1) All learning takes place in a physical environment with quantifiable and perceptible physical characteristics. Whether sitting and watching film in a small room, outside in 80 degree heat, having music blaring from a loud system or stereo, or in the presence of other training groups training simultaneously, students are engulfed by environmental information. Specific targets within the environment draw the students’ attention, such as movement at the entrance of the track/gym, another athletes block settings, the set up of a track at an away meet or unfamiliar facility, and they continuously monitor the ambient properties such as the light of the building, the sensation of the grass field, and the heat of the sun. In any learning environment students/learners/athletes are awash in environmental information, only a small fraction of which constitutes the sights and sounds of instruction. 2) Students/learners/athletes do not touch, see, or hear passively; they feel, look, and listen actively. They cannot attend to all the environmental information bombarding them at any given time; their ability to gather and understand incoming information is limited. Through automatic and controlled processes, students select information for consideration. They try to understand what they are sensing by piecing bits of information together from the bottom up and by applying existing thoughts and preconceptions from the top down. 3) The physical characteristics of learning environments can affect learners emotionally, with important cognitive and behavioral consequences. Although emotional reactions to environmental stimuli have been shown to vary widely across individuals and activities, most students would probably find learning difficult in temperatures that are on either end of the temperature spectrum. Now that we have a better understanding of how (training) environment affects learning and performance, where do we as track coaches go from here? My next stop is with two of the three “c’s” of involving multi-lateral training (as highlighted by Coach Cliff Rovelto) Complementary and Compatible training. In this case, the training environment. Rovelto states that An example in my daily work would be an acceleration session with my short sprinters and the horizontal jumpers. We are lucky to have a very nice indoor facility complete with a very loud sound system. During the first half of the session, no music is played, and athletes either complete their reps individually, or with no more than two other athletes. A great deal of feedback is taking place throughout this portion of the session and athletes are made aware of the technical focus we’re striving for. The second half of the session, we shift to a higher gear (no pun intended), cranking up the sound system, starting in larger groups now with a gun start and feedback is given less frequently (mainly reserved for picking gross changes from ideal technical models). We went from a lower state of arousal allowing for a greater focus of technical components and teaching, to a higher state of arousal with the simple addition of music and larger group, enhancing the acceleration/power theme of the day. What does an ideal extensive tempo environment look like? Weight room session? Speed or Special Endurance environment? Acceleration session early GPP versus late SPP? The answer’s simple: It’s never ideal, but it can always be optimal. Best of luck in fostering yours. Reference: * The Psychology of Learning EnvironmentsÂ©2006 Ken A. Graetz EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 41, no. 6 (November/December 2006): 60-75 *The Three C’s of Combined Events Training – Rovelto	<urn:uuid:70aeb522-92ae-4341-a6da-e239763bdc02>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://elitetrack.com/blogs-details-6672/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00057.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9450687170028687, "token_count": 838, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
Climate change is already affecting the Caribbean. But there is concern that a gap still exists between what the region’s leaders are saying about the issue and what residents believe. Climate change has brought with it many challenges for the people of Antigua and Barbuda. In the last 15 years, El Salvador has managed to reduce the proportion of hungry people living in extreme poverty by four percentage points. But they still represent 12.4 percent of the population, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The 2013 National Food Security Act of the Government of India seeks, according to its preamble, to “provide for food and nutritional security by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people”.Despite rapid economic growth and gains in reducing poverty, India has with among the highest levels of hunger and malnutrition in the world. Guyana's new president, David Granger, sits down with IPS correspondent Desmond Brown to talk about how his country is preparing for climate change – and hoping to avert the worst before it happens. As the United Nations closes its chapter on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and charts a new plan of action under the framework of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), India – a country of 1.2 billion people – is confronting its resource challenges. Although forced prostitution and trafficking of women remains a huge challenge in India, health experts, policy-makers and legal advocates say that most of the country’s estimated four million commercial sex workers join the trade of their own free will. Two Somali migrants who survived crossing the Mediterranean and reached the Italian island of Sicily describe their ordeal and hopes for the future, while local opinion is divided over the issue of immigration. Grenada and its tourism-dependent Caribbean neighbours are thought to be among the globe's most vulnerable countries to the myriad impacts of climate change, especially coastal flooding due to natural disasters and storm surges. When 26-year-old Laxmi married into the Archaya household in Chhaimale village, Pharping, south of Nepal’s capital Kathmandu, she didn’t think she would be spending half the day in the kitchen inhaling smoke from the stove. IPS Correspondent Desmond Brown interviews Richard Huber, chief of the Sustainable Communities, Hazard Risk, and Climate Change Section of the Department of Sustainable Development of the Organisation of American States (OAS), who works to foster resilient, more sustainable cities – reducing, for example, consumption of water and energy – while simultaneously improving the quality of life and the participation of the community. IPS Editor in Chief Ramesh Jaura talked to Professor Huang Haoming, Vice Chairman & Executive Director of China Association for NGO Cooperation (CANGO), about interaction for people-to-people cooperation in Northeast Asia in Sendai, Japan, during the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) from 14 to 18 March 2015. IPS Editor in Chief Ramesh Jaura talked to UNDP Assistant Administrator Izumi Nakamitsu, Director of the Crisis Response Unit in Sendai, Japan, at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) on 17 March 2015, to learn what the Unit is tasked with, the challenges the U.N. Development Programme is facing and its role in disaster risk reduction. The conference concluded 18 March 2015 declaring the participants' determination "to enhance efforts to strengthen disaster risk reduction to reduce disaster losses of lives and assets worldwide". IPS Editor in Chief Ramesh Jaura talked to Margareta Wahlström - head of UNISDR, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General - in Sendai, Japan, at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) from 14 to 18 March 2015, exploring the outcome of the conference and its implication for funding and transfer of technology, the future of official development assistance (ODA) and the crucial role of the civil society in general and faith-based organisations in particular in reducing disaster risk. UNFPA's Liberia representative Remi Sogunro talks to IPS News Agency, explaining the importance of Disaster Risk Reduction strategies to address epidemics such as Ebola and keep women's concerns on top. Sogunro was taking part in the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, from 14 to 18 March 2015.	<urn:uuid:c5e2cd48-bcfa-4165-90b1-2de807d44aee>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.ipsnews.net/news/multimedia/video/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153998.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00028-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9332061409950256, "token_count": 905, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
“As a parent, I had a child who was living through losing classmates to youth suicide. Every morning when I opened his bedroom door, I wondered if he was going to be okay.” Youth suicide is a stark reality that affects our children, us as parents and our community. Unfortunately we can not always know what our kids are thinking or how they are processing these tragedies. Suicide is a leading cause of death for our children and young people. Sadly, in 2017, the number and rate of children under 18 who died by suicide in New South Wales was the highest in 20 years. Globally about 800,000 people commit suicide each year. The loss of a young person can seem particularly devastating. Our young people should have their whole lives ahead of them. When a young person takes their own life, the impact can be felt across families, friends, schools and entire communities. In recent years much has been said about the impact of social media on youth suicide. It has both a positive and negative role to play. The constantly evolving nature of social media can make it difficult to understand its true impact on youth suicide and self-harm. While it can be used to promote help-seeking and link young people in crisis to support, it may also expose young people to trauma or otherwise increase their distress. Our children and young people can be reluctant to seek help, or may not know where to start. Of those young people from New South Wales who did seek help last year, only 58 per cent were successful in contacting Kids Helpline. To solve a problem, you have to first understand it. For this reason, the Committee on Children and Young people has recommended improvements to the way data on suicide and self-harm is collected in New South Wales, including the creation of a suicide register and mortality review team. Our kids need to have access to help and support —whether through SRE, chaplaincy or school nurses. I do not care what the program is: Kids must have a gateway to share their emotional needs and health in our schools and communities. Kids need to be able to get the help they need. One person committing suicide because they want to stop the world and get off, or because the pain they are feeling in their mind, heart and world is too much, is one too many. They are not realising that in doing so they are ending their future, they are ending family relationships and all the blessings that come with growing older. They will not grow to experience all the wonders of growing as brothers and sisters, fathers, mothers, and they will miss out on all the beautiful things that come with life. We must do more to tackle this growing concern.	<urn:uuid:dc97d8bd-83a1-4d54-b52d-30d9326b1083>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://www.paulgreen.com.au/youth_suicide", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201329.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318132220-20190318154220-00270.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9756360650062561, "token_count": 560, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
1. The Parable of the Lost Sheep 2. The Parable of the Lost Coin 3. The Parable of the Lost Son (also called The Prodigal son) In Luke 15, Jesus gives three parables that all teach the value of a Man's Soul and the Persistence of the soul Winner.\| The back ground:A number of times during Jesus' earthly ministry the Scribes & Pharisees expressed their extreme disapproval of Jesus' habit of spending time with the down and out people of Society, those that the Scribes and Pharisees would call sinners. Jesus pursued the tax collectors, the drunkards, the prostitute and all those that self-righteous people would never think of spending time with. If that wasn't BAD Enough, Jesus Made it Clear, that these were just the type of People He looked for. He invited this type of person to spend time with Him.Mark 2:17, When Jesus heard it, He said to them, "Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick. I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners, to repentance." Let's begin to unfold these 3 parables in Luke 15: v.1,"Then all the tax collectors and the sinners drew near to Him to hear Him. 2, And the Pharisees and scribes complained, saying..." What's the First thing you notice about these two groups of People? We'll call them the: 1. Self-Righteous (sinners) and 2. Sinners (those who saw their sinfulness before a Holy God) Sinners Drew Near to Hear the Lord because they understood their NEED. Notice "drew near to HIM." They knew who could heal them spiritually. Now notice how the Pharisees and the Scribes conducted themselves around Jesus. They complained! People that complain often don't complain about themselves, but about others. Others are not right, others are not doing good works, others are not as good as the self-righteous. Let's look at the complaint of the Scribes and Pharisees: Luke 15:4... "This Man receives sinners and eats with them." Jesus involved Himself in a most intimate way with sinners, those that needed Him. He asked them to spend time with Him and He even had meals with them. The Jewish religious leaders of Jesus' day would never think of sitting down with or eating with the unrighteous. The problem was that the Scribes and the Pharisees had become their own standard for determining who was righteous. Jesus will teach these men in these parables that there are many spiritual truths that these religious leaders did not understand and were not practicing. Question: Does the OT teach that men should keep from sinners? Yes! Ps. 1:1, Blessed is the man Who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, Nor stands in the path of sinners, Nor sits in the seat of the scornful; Question: Doesn't the OT also teach that the Righteous "believers" should reach out to the lost sinners? Ps. 51:12, Restore to me the joy of Your salvation, And uphold me by Your generous Spirit. 13 Then I will teach transgressors Your ways, And sinners shall be converted to You. 14 , Deliver me from the guilt of bloodshed, O God, The God of my salvation, And my tongue shall sing aloud of Your righteousness. Ps. 25:7, Do not remember the sins of my youth, nor my transgressions; According to Your mercy remember me, For Your goodness' sake, O LORD. 8, Good and upright is the LORD; Therefore He teaches sinners in the way. 9, The humble He guides in justice, And the humble He teaches His way. The Scribes & Pharisees that boasted in their understanding of Scripture, failed to know and practice the truths of Ps. 25:7-9. Back to Luke 15: v. 3 v. 3, "So He spoke this parable to them, saying." Here we begin the first of 3 parables. Now, I've never lost any sheep, but I have lost a couple of Goats in the past. illustrate lost sheep, what they do, how they act... v. 4, "What man of you, having a hundred sheep, if he loses one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness, and go after the one which is lost until he finds it?" The 99 sheep back in the wilderness are NOT lost, (so they think). They have NO need of someone to come looking for them... (so they think). They're not in danger (so they think). At the end of Luke 15, Jesus makes it clear that the Scribes and the Pharisees are always represented by the thing that is not lost. One of the 99 sheep is lost! Why would the shepherd LEAVE the 99 to go and look for JUST one LOST (sheep)? What does this tell us about the ONE "Lost"? What does this tell us about the Shepherd? It's the Lost He's concerned about. How difficult would it be to find a lone sheep in the wilderness of Palestine? There would be urgency on the part of the Shepherd, because of Wolves and Thieves that could harm or kill the sheep. Next we see the Persistence on the part of the Shepherd.... v. 5, "And when he has found it" Implies the shepherd did not stop UNTIL He found the lost sheep. Expand on the persistence of the Soul winner throughout these lessons. Now we see the Rejoicing on the part of the Shepherd ...v. 5, "he lays it on his shoulders, rejoicing. 6, And when he comes home, he calls together his friends and neighbors, saying to them, Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep which was lost!" Notice the Care and Tenderness of the Shepherd, He "lays the sheep on his shoulders." The Scribes and Pharisees lacked tenderness, but that's the way of the self-righteous, SELF is the consuming element in their lives. Many can be religious and yet not be godly, because to be godly, as Christ most certainly was, is to give of yourself to and for others. Next the Shepherd "Call friends" Rejoicing because the sheep has been found. Notice "my sheep". In each parable in Luke 15, Jesus emphasizes the Seeker's ownership of that which was lost and then restored. Now in v. 7, Jesus applies the Parable. 7, "I say to you that likewise there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine just persons who need no repentance." Looking to the end of v. 7, Jesus is not saying that the Scribes & Pharisees don't need to repent or that they are Truly "just." The Problem of the Self-righteous... they don't see there Lost condition. Therefore they don't seek to be found by the Shepherd, carried by the Shepherd or cared for by the Shepherd. The Scribes and Pharisees are spiritually independent and self-righteous. Therefore they remain lost even though they believe in their own hearts that they are their own guides and are in no danger before a Holy God. Notice who does the restoring of the Lost, who does the pursuing of the lost, who does the most rejoicing. It's the Lord Jesus represented by the Shepherd.This parable teaches us the following truths: 1. The value of a Lost Soul 2. The Persistence and Diligence of the Soul Winner 3. The Caring heart of the soul winner seeking out the lost carrying the lost The greatest Moment in a Christians life after salvation is the time of rejoicing over the salvation of one you've led to the Chief Shepherd. If you have questions please email us. to Bible Studies Return to Home Page	<urn:uuid:2758d230-d941-4ea2-b7ff-7020103ec01f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.have-faith.org/luke15.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119655893.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030055-00296-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9654387831687927, "token_count": 1629, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
As unusual as the idea of blind photography may seem at first, there have been many people and organizations at the intersection of visual impairment and visual arts for a long time. Famous visual artists Many famous visual artists continued to work with varying degrees of success after becoming visually impaired, among them Mary Cassatt, Honoré Daumier, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Edvard Munch, and Georgia O’Keeffe. Degas and Munch even took up photography later in their careers, partly because of their failing eyesight. A good resources in this area is The Eye of the Artist by Michael Marmor. Notable blind photographers - Ralph Baker - Evgen Bavcar - Henry Butler - George Covington - John Dugdale - Flo Fox - Alice Wingwall - Tim O'Brien Faith & Seeing The metaphors from Seeing Beyond Sight find resonance across various religious beliefs. See examples of how the stories from the book have been used in Jewish and Christian and Buddhist traditions. Literature & film - "Cathedral" - a short story by Raymond Carver - "Seeing" - chapter two in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book by Annie Dillard. - Sound Shadows of the New World, a book by Ved Mehta, a long-time writer for the New Yorker. This book inspired the name of the literacy-through-photography program featured in the SEEING BEYOND SIGHT book. - And There Was Light, a book by Jacques Lusseyran - Proof, a film about the life of a blind photographer (Hugo Weaving) who is looked after by a housekeeper is disrupted by the arrival of an agreeable restaurant worker (Russell Crowe). People have written that this film was inspired by the life of Evgen Bavcar, but I checked with the writer/director Jocelyn Moorhouse, and there is no connection. - A Janela Da Alma (Window of the Soul), a 2001 Brazilian movie about blind photographers. - To See and Not See, by Oliver Sachs (article from the New Yorker). "What happens when an adult who has been blind since childhood suddenly has his vision restored? The experience of Virgil, a fifty-year-old Oklahoman who regained his sight after forty-five years, raises questions about perception that have haunted philosophers and scientists for centuries." Videos on human perception - Physics & Seeing — "Is it so hard to believe that the blind can take beautiful pictures? Perhaps. But, may be not. Let’s explore our senses and see what we might find." ~ David S. Mazel (see full post) - New research — Blind man walks around obstacles using hidden pathways in the brain, suggesting that "we all use subconscious brain resources and can do things we think we are unable to do." Full story on the BBC from 12/22/08. - New Camera for people who are blind — One of Time Magazine's top inventions of 2008. - Eating Blind? — Abandon vision in exchange for a new, multi-sensual dining experience. Three restaurants around the world where people dine in the dark! - Sight of Emotion, (AKA Ojos Que Sienten) - a project to celebrate blind photography. Runs workshops in Mexico & worldwide. (their website translated in English). - INSIGHTS, Lighthouse for the Blind's annual art exhibit in San Francisco's City Hall. - Blind Photographers — an online power-house for blind photography: blog, Twitter and Flickr group by and for blind and visually impaired photographers (run by Tim O'Brien). - Blind at the Museum, an exhibit that investigates the nature of blindness and the “visual arts” through the work of many artists - Seeing with Photography Collective & Shooting Blind book - here's an incredible Flash site they've built - SEEING Collection at the Exploratorium, San Francisco - Literacy Through Photography started by Wendy Ewald at the Center for Documentary Studies - Blind with Camera - a program in India run by Partho Bhowmick - Media Dis&Dat - blog about media images & disability - There is recent evidence that suggests that "blindsight" - i.e., the ability "see" even if completely blind to visual stimuli - is real (and is due to previously unknown ancient evolutionary sensory pathways). See Blind Man Navigates Maze. A few inspiring stories - John Bramblitt, a blind painter in Texas, in a YouTube video (the reporter's voice is a bit cheesy for me) - "No one knew it, but the fiddler standing against a bare wall outside the Metro (Washington DC) in an indoor arcade at the top of the escalators was one of the finest classical musicians in the world, playing some of the most elegant music ever written on one of the most valuable violins ever made. His performance was arranged by The Washington Post as an experiment in context, perception and priorities..." FULL ARTICLE in The Washington Post. Note: Please upgrade your Flash plug-in to view our enhanced content.	<urn:uuid:0ff3a745-2633-46bc-afce-5407035b1910>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://www.seeingbeyondsight.org/links/index.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815034.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224013638-20180224033638-00589.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9274083971977234, "token_count": 1071, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
Using the Pringles Challenge, students plan and carry out an investigation to create a Pringles shipping container. Emphasis needs to be placed on PLANNING and CARRYING out the investigation. Using a medium agreed upon by the teacher, such as a narrative, oral report, presentation, etc., students create a plan. The plan could include, but is not limited to, the following: - Necessary materials - Step-by-step plan for their Pringles shipping container - Description of the data collection - Timeline of the investigation - Example of data collection strategy (tables, graphs, etc.) - How the results will be reported Students then carry out the investigation and share the results.	<urn:uuid:37284980-be42-4586-af89-b0d7c1fec95e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "http://www.mtscienceducation.org/toolkit-home/scientific-engineering-practices/planning-carrying-out-investigations/activity-3-pringles-challenge/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00427.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8691373467445374, "token_count": 149, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
Archange de Lyon, a preacher of the Capuchin order whose name was Michael Desgranges, b. at Lyons, March 2, 1736; d. at Lyons, October 13, 1822. He joined the Capuchins March 4, 1751, and held the post of lector in theology about the end of the eighteenth century. In 1789, having preached against the States General he was obliged to leave France. He returned in disguise to Lyons about 1796 and became cure of the parish of the Carthusians and on the reestablishment of his order at Chambery he resumed his monastic habit there in 1818. He devoted himself to preaching missions and stations in Savoy and France until, in 1821, he was able to reopen the former convent of his order at Crest in Valence. He died at Lyons October 13, 1822. He is regarded as the restorer of the Capuchin order in France. His works comprise: “Discours adresse aux juifs et utile aux chretiens pour les confirmer dans leur foi” (Lyons, 1788); “Apercu nouveau d’un plan d’education catholique” (Lyons 1814); “Reflexions interessantes sur le `Genie du christianisme'” (Turin, 1815); “Precis abrege des verites, qui distinguent le culte catholique de toutes les sectes chretiennes et avouses par l’eglise de France” (Lyons, 1817); “Explication de la lettre encyclique du pape Benoit XIV sur les usures” (Lyons, 1822); “Dissertations philosophiques, historiques et theologiques sur la religion catholique” (Lyons, 1836). De Manne, “Nouveau dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes,” attributes to him an “Essai sur le jeu considers sous le rapport de la morale et du droit naturel” (Paris, 1835). Click to enlarge Enjoying this content? Please support our mission! Donate	<urn:uuid:2064d154-a199-4872-bbee-9ebeddad7bec>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archange-de-lyon", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513144.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117174558-20210117204558-00687.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7724899053573608, "token_count": 475, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
\|Home ▸ Catalog ▸ Greek Coins ▸ Geographic - All Periods ▸ North Africa ▸ MauretaniaView Options: \| \| \| \| Mauretania is a region of Africa, separated from Spain by the straits of Gibraltar, and from Numidia by the river Ampsaga. It is now Morocco. Julius Caesar vanquished its king, Juba, and reduced the country to a Roman province. Augustus later exchanged it with Juba, the son, for Numidia. The region remained under the Romans until about 441 A.D., when Genseric, King of the Vandals, gained possession of it. Valentinian fought for it for three years, with various success; at length, peace was established and they divided Northern Africa between them. At the death of Valentinian, Genseric not only recovered all which he had ceded but overthrew the Empire of the West. Justinian reconquered this territory ninety-five years after the Vandals had permanently occupied it.	<urn:uuid:55676216-55e5-4cd8-9285-e0626efdba00>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "http://forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=3062&pos=0", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524502.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716035206-20190716061206-00484.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9521714448928833, "token_count": 208, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3 }
Prisoner reentry was not “discovered” until the last ten years, when it started to dominate American policy. This is caused in part by the enormous number of prisoners who have been released, as well as a movement that has identified the problem as “reentry.” Unfortunately, a lot of inmates who are released from prison or jail do so for a variety of reasons within three years. It’s crucial to comprehend the significance of this shift for offenders and their families, as well as its ramifications for public safety, as these individuals make the move from life in jail or prison to life in the community, or what we usually refer to as offender reentry. Why certain offenders experience late-onset failure, whether it matters who comes home, why recidivism rates are high in the first year after homecoming, and how stigma and other collateral repercussions of conviction might be addressed are all issues that require more research. Fortunately, more and more programs have been developed in both the community and prisons. But putting them into practice successfully presents significant difficulties. The category encompasses a wide range of initiatives, although just a few thorough reviews have been carried out. Reentry programs may, on the whole, reduce recidivism, although program results might vary and occasionally have a criminogenic effect. The risk-need responsiveness model is typically congruent with programs that are effective. The national plan to improve the criminal justice system is heavily reliant on funding reentry programs, which help jailed people make a smooth transition back into society after being released. According to statistics, half of state convicts are reincarcerated and more than two-thirds are rearrested within three years of their release. Increased crime, more victims, and pressure on the already overworked criminal justice system are all results of high rates of recidivism. Reentry programs are created to help jailed people make a smooth transition back into society once they are released. Enhancing reintegration is a crucial part of assisting with post-incarceration reentry efforts by facilitating access to drug-free housing, helping with job placement, and offering other supportive services. Reentry programs’ main goals are to reduce recidivism, help inmates become productive, tax-paying citizens, and save the government money by reducing the direct and indirect costs of incarceration. Reentry programs and reentry courts are created to assist ex-offenders in successfully “reentering” society after their time in prison. This decreases recidivism, boosts public safety, and saves taxpayer money. The reintegration initiatives place a major emphasis on removing or minimizing obstacles to effective reentry, enabling determined people who have served their sentence and paid their responsibility to society to compete for employment, find stable housing, care for their families, and give back to their communities. Here are some of the most well-known and effective recidivism programs that can serve as role models for communities that need assistance with offender re-entry. The Detroit Catholic Pastoral Alliance’s Friends of Returning Citizens (FORC) program was introduced on September 18, 2022. Craig Whilby and Jamil Allen-Bey, who developed the program after serving more than 30 years in the Michigan prison system, are co-founders. Their goals are “to fight for criminal justice reform and to provide aid to returning citizens as they navigate life after prison.” With their new facility, they hope to spread the word and assist even more people after starting just before the epidemic and continuing to do so ever since. The pair explains that a lack of resources and a person’s anxiety of adjusting to life outside of prison might result in a mindset that motivates them to commit crimes again. For this reason, they offer former inmates more than just bus passes, clothing, gift cards, and computer instruction. They are providing emotional assistance. Craig and Allen hope that the training will help many convicts who have accepted the label of “prisoner” to think more broadly about who they are and how they see themselves as citizens. A nonprofit program called the Prison Entrepreneurship Program links recently released offenders with business leaders. Leadership and creative skills are emphasized in this re-entry program. Since PEP started in 2004, hundreds of graduates have started their professions with starting salaries that are 60% more than the minimum wage, and nearly all of them are still in employment 12 months following their release. PEP is committed to providing the best prisoner re-entry outcomes in the country. We offer inmates unmatched resources and real-world, values-based business skills so that when they are released back into society, they will have the means to live wholesome, contented lives and be active members of society. PEP participants participate in a tried-and-true program that includes one-on-one coaching from executives who give their time, business plan mentoring from seasoned professionals, and a fiercely competitive business plan competition. PEP’s work begins inside with mentoring, character, and leadership development in addition to its academic program. Many have compared it to a mini-MBA because of the depth of business knowledge it imparts and the demanding pace the students go through. PEP is not a simple program, and not everyone is a good fit. Students who want to succeed must be prepared to change, be open to change, and be willing to master new abilities. According to statistics, up to half of the inmates in our prisons are mentally ill. People can receive assistance from Community Bridges in the Phoenix region in a number of ways, including through arranging treatment schedules and/or finding housing possibilities. The FACT team also assists individuals in finding employment and benefits. A wide range of services are provided to individuals who have been diagnosed with a significant mental illness and are at a medium to high risk of relapsing into the criminal justice system through the Forensic Assertive Community Treatment program, or FACT. By offering patients extensive treatment services to help them live successfully in the community, FACT hopes to reduce interactions with the criminal justice system and work closely with patients to plan for re-entry back into society. Participants’ hospitalizations, days spent in jail, and number of arrests have all decreased as a result of the program. The program had an 85% success rate in keeping its participants from going back to jail as of January 2015. A residential self-help program for drug addicts, ex-offenders, ex-gang members, and the homeless is called the Delancey Street Foundation. According to DSF, the typical resident has been a hard-core drug addict for sixteen years, abusing several substances and alcohol, dropping out of school in the seventh grade, and being institutionalized multiple times. Many have been gang members, and the majority have lived in abject poverty for many generations. DSF say they made the decision to manage Delancey Street without any employees or financing rather than hiring professionals to assist the people who were having issues. Their inhabitants must learn to hone their skills and support one another, just like in a big family. It is a method of transforming lives “despite all obstacles.” Residents of Delancey Street receive education that enables work as well as skills that can be applied in the job market. Over 10,000 men and women have graduated into society as tax-paying citizens enjoying prosperous lives since its foundation 40 years ago. Other risk indicators, such as drug usage and general wellbeing, have significantly decreased for participants along with recidivism. The Safer Foundation has been in business in the state of Illinois for more than 44 years, and its primary goals have always been to assist those with criminal histories and lower recidivism. Their goal has been to provide a path for those involved in the legal system to walk down by providing stable support, job, education, and advocacy. Participants in the program who have found employment upon reentering society are 58% less likely to reoffend than those who do not receive assistance from SAFER. Through their programs, SAFER assists more than 300 people each year in obtaining their GED; they have a network of more than 400 employers who hire participants; and in 2014, they were able to place 4,200 people in jobs. The mission of the Safer Foundation is to continue empowering people, enhancing communities, and paving the road for a brighter future for all. They have been working toward this goal for more than 50 years; it was not easy to rid the world of structural legal and social barriers. The Last Mile offers business and technological training to inmates in order to prepare them for successful reintegration. It provides a course for teaching computer programming to pupils named Code.7370. 2015 saw the offenders receive genuine offers for entry-level front-end coding jobs from businesses outside the institution. Recidivism rates for initiatives led by San Quentin prison are as low as 7.1%. The Last Mile offers programs for learning web development, career building, technology training, and opportunity acceleration, as well as for expanding and reentering the workforce.	<urn:uuid:79c27aca-54ba-4818-9442-96cf89ae7f16>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.planstreetinc.com/top-prisoner-reentry-programs-that-turn-exit-into-a-new-meaningful-entry/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00789.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9711867570877075, "token_count": 1883, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
Basing on a research paper format, the researchers must commit to a consistent style 15 page research paper topics of writing. differences between term paper and research 15 page research paper topics paper. persuasive essay hook generator you might also have the option begins choosing from macbeth essays examples a selection list of controversial issues research paper topics of analysis essay topics. the long odd hour working in business firm and industry is exploitation with the workers which should be accompanied by a comparative essay thesis examples law. you can examples of a good thesis statement for a research paper read good biology research paper topics pdf direct on your mobile phones or pc. a successful philosophy how to write a notice letter research paper topics is the first step towards good grade. we all know how hard is to find good topics for research papers sometimes. research papers, if from college or high school, will likely essay writer be written in keeping with the topic or 15 page research paper topics subject that is being studied. define racism and describe the impact macroeconomics topics for paper it can have on society. sample topics the role of the government in the lives of its citizens this paper translation words for essay could very well start with biblical 15 page research paper topics tribes, then move through ancient greece, rome, the rise of monarchy and nationalism in europe, revolutions in france and america, the rise of fascism and communism, homework oh homework poem global wars, education, freedom of religion, aids, etc i am working onet job description writer expository essay model on a 12-15 page research paper. a good verizon small business plans rule of thumb is at least 2 scholarly sources per page of content. choose the one you need according to the discipline and time you have for implementing the task. the topic of international relations is very research and you can base a 15 page research paper topics research project on many aspects of this concept of international politics how to write a short analysis and the relationships between nations, businesses paper foreign entities.	<urn:uuid:e7ac443c-1d65-4a0a-82cd-b2a3857954d5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "url": "https://essaywritercheap.com/2021/04/23/15-page-research-paper-topics_b6/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988802.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507181103-20210507211103-00150.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9305926561355591, "token_count": 399, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
All program times are subject to change without notice. Now Open on Level 1 This hands-on exhibit hall celebrates the richness of the natural world, with a special focus on the diverse ecosystems of Central Florida. Visitors discover the insects, plants and animals of coral reefs, salt marshes, mangrove swamps and other Florida environments. They learn how living and non-living things interact with each other and their environment. The dramatic centerpiece of NatureWorks is Florida’s Habitats, a glimpse into the natural world of Central Florida. In this realistic exhibit area, visitors explore the distinctive environments of Sand Pine Scrub, Cypress Swamp, Pine Flatwoods and Sinkhole Lake. There are also ample opportunities for guests to encounter live animals during regularly scheduled presentations. Observe a typical cypress swamp, complete with live alligators See how sea turtles make their nest at the sandy beach Discover the intricate system of roots at the mangrove swamp Watch how bees build their hive, care for young and gather nectar at the BeeHive Encounter At 164.5 pounds and 17.5 feet long, researchers and scientists of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida are currently examining the largest Burmese python ever found in Florida! The Burmese python, which was also pregnant with 87 eggs (setting yet another record), was found in the Everglades and has shed some light on how dangerously comfortable this species has become in its new home. The Burmese python is one of the six largest snakes in the world and is native to both tropic and sub-tropic areas of Southern and Southeast Asia. This species was first observed in the Everglades National Park in 1979. We see lizards scurrying around on sidewalks, buildings and just about everywhere, but have you ever stopped to wonder exactly what type of lizard they are? The two most common lizards to Florida are the green anole and the brown anole. However, do not be fooled by their similar names because these critters have their differences. The green anole, also known as the Carolina anole, is the only anole species native to Florida. They are small lizards usually ranging from six to eight inches long – about half of which is comprised by its tail. It is also mainly an arboreal species, meaning they are primarily found living in trees or branches of trees. The green anole's colors range from the brightest of greens to the darkest of browns, the latter of which typically indicates distress. Their diets consist mainly of small insects such as crickets and grasshoppers, but they have also been known to consume grasses as well. On Tuesday, the city of Orlando will install three swan feeders at Lake Eola in an effort curb people feeding swans the wrong food, which can make them sick. Feeding the swans food such as bread or popcorn can lead them to become sick and even develop a syndrome known as angel wing. Angel wing is a syndrome that affects aquatic birds and is due to a high-protein or high-calorie diet. It is incurable in adults and results in the birds’ flight feathers to twist and protrude from its wings at odd angles instead of lying against the body. In extreme cases, the stripped feathers may appear as blue straw protruding from the wings. Until recently, the eastern diamondback rattlesnake used to be one of the most common snakes that could be found in the Central Florida area just hanging out in your backyard or residing near a body of water. The diamondback populates the woodlands and costal habitats from southern North Carolina to Florida; however, their presence continues to diminish as time goes on. Due to indiscriminate killing, hunting and widespread loss of habitat, the number of diamondbacks has been steadily declining. The eastern diamondback is not endangered, however. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced earlier this summer a 90-day finding for a petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake as a threatened species. The organization is currently researching and reviewing the status of the species to determine if the threatened species classification is warranted under the Endangered Species Act. The Fish and Wildlife Service has taken action by reaching out to state and federal natural resource agencies for information regarding the eastern diamondback and its habitat. A number of different parties have come together to help address this issue, as one of Florida’s well-known habitants slowly disappears. Once the review is complete, the listing of the eastern diamondback as an endangered species will either be: warranted; warranted, but precluded by other higher priority activities; or not warranted at all. On June 24 the world lost a superstar and an icon; at least within the wildlife conservation community. It was not a movie star, rock star or a reality TV personality… his name was George, "Lonesome George", and he was the last Pinta Island tortoise on Earth. Pinta Island is the northernmost island within the Galapagos Archipelago. The islands are of course famous for Darwin, finches, strange iguanas, and of course, giant tortoises. The Galapagos Islands are situated about 620 miles off the coast of Ecuador and until fairly recent times were some of the most remote and desolate islands in the world. The islands are millions of years old and volcanic in origin and all native species arrived on the islands soon after their volcanic beginnings pierced the ocean surface. Animals and plants must have arrived by sea or air. The reptile fauna of the islands have ancestors on the mainland South American continent and traveled via either direct floating in ocean currents or on natural rafts of trees or vegetation. Reptiles are well adapted to surviving weeks at sea without access to fresh water or food. In fact, the only two non-marine mammal species native to the islands are two bat and two rice rat species. A COPY OF THE OFFICIAL REGISTRATION AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR ORLANDO SCIENCE CENTER, A FLORIDA-BASED NONPROFIT CORPORATION (REGISTRATION NO. CH2342), MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE DIVISION OF CONSUMER SERVICES BY CALLING TOLL-FREE 1-800-HELP-FLA (435-7352) WITHIN THE STATE OR VISITING THEIR WEBSITE. REGISTRATION DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT, APPROVAL, OR RECOMMENDATION BY THE STATE.	<urn:uuid:5bfa4b17-0ff6-4155-867f-a7412b510131>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://www.osc.org/index.php/images/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=4&Itemid=12&limitstart=5", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657868.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00158-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9417691230773926, "token_count": 1349, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4 }
In recent decades, a large part of the U.S. economy has shifted to providing services rather than manufacturing products. Despite the presumption that the change bodes well for the environment, service industries such as the retail trade are creating just as much planet-warming carbon dioxide as the manufacture and operation of motor vehicles do, a new analysis suggests. Industrial ecologist Sangwon Suh of the University of Minnesota in St. Paul scrutinized the movement of energy, raw materials, and products through various sectors of the economy. In such an analysis, emissions "that happen behind the scenes can then be taken into account," he notes. In aggregate, all the companies that provide services are directly responsible for less than 5 percent of U.S. greenhouse-gas emissions, says Suh. However, when researchers also account for emissions that are generated in supporting activities such as the manufacture of equipment and supplies for service industries, some of	<urn:uuid:f71500b3-b6c5-4a9e-98be-df3f11a78958>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.sciencenews.org/article/not-so-clean-service-industries-emit-greenhouse-gases-too", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116195543-20190116221543-00568.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9696692228317261, "token_count": 188, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Children love animals. Homes, classrooms, and daycare centers have many stuffed animals on shelves and in cubbies. Use these much-loved toys to help children learn more about the world around them. Stuffed animals can be used by children to classify. Ask children to make groups of animals. One such grouping can be wild animals versus pet animals. We encourage children to gather a group of various animals as shown in this picture: \|This child collected his bears and dogs.\| Ask your child to verbalize the difference between a pet animal and a wild animal. If your child has a pet, talk about what kinds of things need to be done to care for this animal. \|Talk about how people feed pets. They take them to a vet and keep them safe. See how many examples your child can give about taking care of pet animals.\| Encourage your child to find all the examples of pet animals in the grouping of stuffed animals. Have your child then talk about wild animals. Talk about where wild animals live and how they find food. You may want to encourage an environmental sense of responsibility by discussing the role of humans in protecting wild animals and in preserving their habitat. \|This child groups all of his "wild" bears together. He talked about how bears like to eat berries and fish. Even at his young age, he wants to be sure bears "have what they need to live."\| After your child groups the stuffed animals into two or more categories, get out books to find more examples of wild and pet animals. Have your child point out the differences he or she sees, using the illustrations or photos in books. This is a good way to introduce children to the idea that books can help us learn new information. \|This child points out a pet dog. This shows him the connection between text and the activity, an important literacy background skill.\| \|Informational text is appealing to many children. Books such as R Is For Raccoon, A Northwoods Alphabet Book by Lesley A. DuTemple, illustrated by Susan Robinson, help children distinguish the differences between wild and pet animals.\|	<urn:uuid:96ba0f4a-124d-42dc-bc40-7d8f367c02f5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.maggiesbighome.com/2014/03/wild-or-pet.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806768.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123085338-20171123105338-00215.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9492152333259583, "token_count": 437, "score": 3.96875, "int_score": 4 }
THE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A GAMMA TYPE STIRLING ENGINE This study aims to investigate the function of a Gamma type Stirling engine, analyzing mainly the influence of the temperature gradient on the angular velocity and power produced by it. To determine the power generated by the engine, the collected data was processed using an algorithm based on the Schmidt theory modeled in Mathcad. The importance of the temperature gradient was also very well highlighted by the increase in maximum angular velocity with over 150 [rpm] when a cooling rib was added. In time, both the angular velocity and the power reach an approximate constant value, the fluctuations appearing due to the fact that the heat source is not an ideal one.Key words: Stirling engine, Gamma type, temperature, pressure, angular velocity, working fluid, mechanical power, multifuel engine Homutescu CA, et.al. Introducere ȋn maşini Stirling, Iasi, Editura CERMI, 2003. Martaj N, Grosu L,Rochelle P. Thermodynamic study of a low temperature difference Stirling engine at steady state operations, DOAJ, Paris, 2007. Çinar C, Karabulut H. Manufacturing and testing of a gamma type Stirling engine, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. Gheith R, et.al. Experimental investigations of a gamma Stirling engine, International journal of energy research, Chichester, 2011. Gheith R. et.al. Optimization of Stirling engine performance based on experimental design, International journal of energy research, Chichester, 2013. www.bekkoame.ne.jp/ ~khirata/ academic/ schmidt/schmidt.htm, Koichi Hirata, 1997. Chen WL, et.al. A numerical analysis of a pressurized twin power piston gamma-type Stirling engine, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012. Çinar C, et.al. The effect of displacer material on the performance of a low temperature differential Stirling engine, International journal of energy research, Chichester, 2012. Kongtragool B, Wongwises S. Investigations of the power output of the gamma configuration low-temperature differential Stirling engine, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. Kongtragool B, Wongwises S. Performance of a twin power low temperature differential Stirling engine powered by a solar simulator, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012. Kongtragool B, Wongwises S. Performances of low temperature differential Stirling engine, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006. Kongtragool B, Wongwises S. Thermodynamic analysis of a Stirling engine including dead volumes of hot space, cold space and regenerator, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. Oberweis S, Al-Shemmeri TT. γ – Stirling engine – The effect of different gases and pressures, ICREPQ, Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, 2010. Parlak N, et.al. Thermodynamic analysis of a gamma type Stirling engine in non-ideal adiabatic conditions, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2009. Senft JR. Optimum Stirling engine geometry, International journal of energy research, Chichester, 2002. - There are currently no refbacks.	<urn:uuid:81491bf3-0dd3-443f-9251-d0386dfb3f99>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://atna-mam.utcluj.ro/index.php/Acta/article/view/748", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00474.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7797435522079468, "token_count": 710, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
Is your child getting enough calcium? Young bodies need adequate calcium to build strong bones, especially during growth spurts. In fact, 90 percent of a person’s peak bone mass for adulthood is established by the late teen years: The strength and health of an adult’s bones largely depends on calcium intake during formative years. Some experts call osteoporosis a juvenile disease because poor bone mass in adulthood often begins in adolescence. Other factors also help build bones, such as engaging in weight-bearing physical activity, for example: - jumping rope - team sports - weight lifting But calcium intake remains critical. An added bonus to consuming calcium in dairy products: Some studies link diets rich in dairy products with more lean body mass and better weight management. According to the current Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, children from 1 to 3 years old need 500 milligrams of calcium a day; 4 to 8 years, 800 milligrams; and 9 to 18 years, 1,300 milligrams. However, the problem is that many children are just not consuming enough calcium. In fact, according to the National Institutes of Health, fewer than one in 10 girls and just one in four boys ages 9 through 13 are getting enough calcium. To determine how much calcium your children consume, use the Nutrition Facts label. It gives a percentage of the “Daily Value” for calcium per serving. But it’s important to know the label’s Daily Value for calcium is only based on 1,000 milligrams while most children (9-18 years) have the recommended daily intake of 1300 mg. Keep that in mind because it means they need 130 percent of the Daily Value. While looking at labels, check for vitamin D, too. It helps the body absorb calcium. Most milk sold commercially has vitamin D added, but other dairy products, including cheese and ice cream, rarely are fortified with vitamin D. Some types of yogurt are, and some aren’t. Just check the label. Some calcium-rich foods include: - Milk – One cup of milk has about 300 milligrams. - Yogurt – Calcium content varies from about 275 up to 450 milligrams per cup. - Cheese – Different varieties have different levels of calcium. An ounce of Swiss cheese has 225 milligrams; pasteurized process American cheese food has 160 milligrams per ounce. - Cereals and juices – Some are fortified with calcium and can be an important source. Check the labels. - Spinach – A cup of cooked frozen spinach has 290 milligrams, but unfortunately it also contains oxalic acid, which reduces the body’s ability to absorb the calcium. For more information, see the health institute’s “Milk Matters” Web site at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/milk/. This article originally appeared in Chow Line (07/13/07), a service of Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and was adapted for use on NetWellness with permission, 2009. For more information: Go to the Children’s Health health topic.	<urn:uuid:3eebdcdc-1e75-4421-8fd8-c051adb319f1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "http://www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/ch/childrencalcium.cfm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00559.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9172783493995667, "token_count": 655, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4 }
This article categorizes and graphically analyzes research trends around the mechanisms, and new innovation in Driverless Car technologies from various perspectives and highlights the key companies involved. It is of no surprise that the deaths occurring by traffic accidents is on the rise every year. Evidently, there are several companies who have been working aggressively and tirelessly to research safe methods to execute driverless cars. In our study we have covered nearly 7000 patents to identify where the research is happening, what countries are involved and what companies are spending big buck in the R&D of it. The driverless car-compliant microcontroller and processor units alone will be a $500 million market by 2020; as per an IEEE study and looking at the pace at which the market is booming, we can have self-driving cars on the roads in the near future. Our study has identified Toyota Motor Corporation as one of the key player in terms of filling the patent’s application. Perhaps, that is the reason why Japan has filed far more patents than any other countries like Germany, USA or China. Some of the advantages of self-driving vehicles are fewer accidents, congestion reduction and increased roadway capacity, reduction of physical read signage and smoother traffic. These technologies have arrived rapidly on the market and their future deployment is expected to accelerate. With the growth rate for driverless cars at an all-time high, several prototypes are already available in the market. LIDAR, GPS and odometry are some of the necessary technologies that act as a foundation of building an autonomous car. With the capabilities such as recreating a complete 3D-virtual image, the cars are safer and more feature enabled these days. Through this report we have tried to analyze the innovation in the field of autonomous cars with respect to the different technologies curated from a detailed patent analysis. Patent Filing Activity (Overall) The chart below represents the research trend in the domain. There are evidences of technology being available as early as 1930s and have continued to evolve. It is also evident from the chart that a boom is observed around the year 2009-2010 and has been consistently growing upwards. With several players such as Fujifilm, BASF, Merck, LG and Sony aggressively doing the R&D and filing patents. The trends of the last two years do not reflect an accurate observance as most the patents are not yet available in the public domain. If the trend is extrapolated, it is surely to go upwards. Top Countries Researching In many countries, different companies already filled their patents related to the field of Autonomous Car-Control Mechanism. There is an immense enhancement in different countries for Self-Driving Car Technology. According our research prospective out of nearly 7500 patent families, Japan holds at least 48% patents followed by Germany and USA, related to the Autonomous Car Technology. Interestingly, the big U.S. companies like Google, Tesla already have their products in the market. However, the automakers and not the technology companies are leading the way in developing self-driving, “autonomous” cars, and Japan’s Toyota Motors is best positioned to lead the way. Toyota is, far and away, the global leader in the number of self-driving car patents, as per our analysis. Toyota is followed by Germany’s Robert Bosch, Japan’s Denso Corporation, Korea’s Hyundai Motor Corporations and General Motors Corporation. The top tech. company with the most autonomous-driving patents is Alphabet Inc.’s (Google). It is evident that Japan, Germany and USA has a huge market potential and is going to generate a great amount of consumer base. Top Companies researching With the technology at the cusp of booming, there is no doubt that a lot of research is happening. Different companies have different focus areas when it comes to sub technologies. Toyota, Robert Bosch and Nissan leads the way when it comes to overall patenting activity. However, when we take into consideration the focus areas such as collision detection and avoidance, signaling, then Mitsubishi, Daimler, Porsche and Volkswagen are the top companies vested heavily. The graph below gives details of top assignees along with percentage distribution. There are several areas where an Autonomous Car comes handy. There are lots of new innovations and ideas introduced in driverless car technology. Modern driverless cars will sense their environment (and other drivers) like a person. Right from the implementation of technology for public transport, cabs to acting as a convenient option for people traveling to offices daily or planning a long drive on a crowded weekend – the options are only going to expand. Recently, Google has launched two types of vehicles on public roads, The Engineering team of Google is working hard and at the end of this year, there target is to make 100 odd vehicles more for public transportation. a. Lexus RX450h vehicle b. Prototype Vehicle Well Google also intends on bringing the self-driving feature in cabs and for that they have a working prototype in place. B. Food Delivery If in the near future, an autonomous cars be used for takeout delivery, then it shall mean savings such as driver fees and driver tips which will help to cut down on frustrating mark-ups involved right now. C. Fleet Management/E-commerce Logistics Efficiency and route optimization, and a potential reduction in fuel costs are very tempting for the fleet companies to switch to autonomous logistics and the industry is set to be revamped by 2020 with major players like Fedex, DHL and UPS already investing heavily in the R&D. Products in the Market It’s 2017 and by now we already know that there are huge advancements established in the field of self-driving car technology. We already know that major companies have already launched his products. Interestingly these major companies do not lead the list of top companies when it comes to patent filing. Mostly, they are technology companies like Google, Tesla etc. who already have their Self Driving cars in the market. Waymo (Google Driverless Car Project) Waymo, previously known as the Google self-driving car project, is an autonomous car developer and an independent company under Alphabet Inc. The company began in 2009 as a project under Google. In 2015, the project completed its first driverless ride on public roads, giving a ride to a sole blind man in Austin, Texas. Vehicles have sensors and software that are designed to detect pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, road work and more from a distance of up to two football fields away in all directions. Do also catch our read on the latest patent related to Google self-driving cars in our older posts. Toyota’s Lexus GS Highway Teammate Toyota’s approach to self-driving technology is called the Mobility Teammate Concept. The car has already been tested on Tokyo’s Shuto Expressway in a series of trials covering functions like merging onto or exiting the highway, and maintaining or changing lanes. The driver can switch into automated mode only after passing through a toll gate and entering an on-ramp. The car uses detailed maps and its own sensors for orientation purpose to keep track of everything around it. Toyota has mentioned that the technology is being tested and is expected to be production-ready by 2020. Tesla is the king of the advancement in the car technology especially in electrically plugs in car. Starting October 2016, all Tesla cars are built with the necessary hardware to allow full self-driving capability at a safety level. After the required testing, Tesla expects to enable full self-driving by the end of 2017. a. Tesla Model S Tesla Model S play a major role of the semi-autonomous car market. The vehicle has proven to be self-efficient. It is equipped with automatic steering, wheel and braking control. The vehicular Communications System in this car is also futuristic. All the Tesla Model S cars function through a network. They can share and access information processed by other cars. b. Tesla Model X Tesla Model X car is following the Self Driving Technology. Also, Model X ranked top selling electric plug in car in Norway in September 2016. c. Tesla Model 3 On March 31, 2016, Elon Musk revealed the full supportive self-driving technology model named as Model 3; have the hardware needed for full self-driving capability at a safety level substantially greater than that of a human driver. Future Indicators for technology adoption The future is very bright for autonomous vehicles and we can expect a huge growth and advancement. The main purpose of autonomous driving in this scenario is to act as a back-up for the driver in order to avoid an accident. The autonomous capability is not meant to control the car but acts only as a second line of defense in the event that a mistake by the driver is imminently going to cause an accident. Google’s Waymo, Uber’s venture into self-driving technology, Tesla’s brilliant ecosystem to run the car on a software are all strong indicators that Industry is headed towards automation with likely a 100% adoption by 2025. Japan, which holds the leading patents in terms of Driverless Car technology, the government there is working towards enablement of the Self-driving on Japanese highways. A fully automated driverless technology is envisioned by 2025, but it is likely to be restricted to the freeway driving and not the city driving adoption. According to one of the Morgan Stanley Papers, it shows that an Autonomous car’s adoption by the world is very likely, as per the graph above, representing the Future reviews Self Driving Cars. The Self driving cars improve vehicles efficiency and helps to minimize loss of control on the road. Self-driving car is designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction and drowsiness. Considering the fact that companies are pouring billions of dollars into research and design, while petitioning governments for approval, it is only a matter of time when we discover driverless technology to be adopted on a larger scale and offers endless convenience to us. Not to ignore the fact that the patenting activity worldwide is on an exponential rise for the past decade and is likely to go up over the next 5 or 7 years. The higher adoption of electric cars and with lots of car players focusing on the technology, the implementation of fully automated driverless cars is not far away. Citius Minds is a technical consulting firm based out of Chicago. We provide specialized patent analytics and litigation services to patent professionals across the globe. We are highly appreciated and loved by our clients for the following service offerings: \| Patent Invalidity Search \| Patentability Search \| Freedom to Operate Search \| Infringement search \| Patent Landscape Analysis \| Patent Portfolio Analysis \| Infringement Contentions \| Invalidity Contentions \| Prior art search \| Rule 11 charts \| Source Code review \| Pre-litigation analysis \| Clearance search \| Patent Validity Search \|	<urn:uuid:64d6fdc6-366d-4b76-814b-3dee01430f59>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.citiusminds.com/blog/can-driverless-cars-really-go-driverless-technology-landscape/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00477.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510110020637512, "token_count": 2256, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
CSPD Training Project Module One: The Massachusetts IEP Process Introduction - IEP Cautions and Connections The goal of this unit is to draw attention to the components of the IEP that continue to be problematic. Areas of concern have been highlighted, and the elements of each component identified. The IEP Writing Guide and the IEP Rubric are tools that have been developed to assist IEP Team members to better understand the elements of each component, and to evaluate their response in each component of the IEP. The activity associated with this unit requires several complete IEPs from your district. The participants will work in small groups, with each member of the small group working with the same IEPs (each group should have at least three IEPs). Using the PowerPoint presentation, the trainer will introduce the unit, go over the data collection sources (see talking points slide #1), review areas of lesser concern (see talking points slide #1) and identify the areas of CAUTION! (slide #2): - IEP 1 - Student Strengths and Key Evaluation Results Summary - IEP 2, 3 - How does the disability(ies) affect progress (PLEP) - IEP 2 - Accommodations/Specially Designed Instruction - IEP 6 - Non-participation Justification - IEP 7 - State and District-wide Assessment After introducing the unit, the presenter will go over the information on slide #3 A) IEP 1 - Student Strengths and Key Evaluation Results Summary. Using the district IEPs, each group will choose an IEP from their collection, and review the responses against the expectations. They will ascertain what is there and what is missing. They will then repeat this process with the other IEPs (depending on the time constraints). Each group will report out their findings. The final task is for the large group to look for trends. This process is repeated with each area of concern, using the same set of IEPs.	<urn:uuid:555ff2ed-d1e0-4cea-8c05-65ee06b136c7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.doe.mass.edu/sped/cspd/mod1D.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9125714302062988, "token_count": 416, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3 }

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