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Sexual Health news - HIV
Public health officials can assist poor HIV populations to improve outcomes
CDC lists Maryland as an AIDS hotspot
Maryland, where Johns Hopkins University is located, is in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) top 10 states/dependent areas for AIDS diagnoses. In 2010, there were 1,259 new cases reported and a total of 37,467 cumulative diagnoses since the origin of the epidemic.
For the study, health officials observed the university's HIV clinic in east Baltimore, where employees also helped homeless patients find places to live or provided bus fare to get to their next scheduled appointment. The study's investigators found that such assistance increased the likelihood of individuals - who contracted the virus in their 20s - living into their early 70s.
"Just like over time we have developed medications that are easier to take, have fewer toxicities and are more effective, I think we've done exactly the same things in our ability to deliver quality care to this particular population," said Richard Moore, M.D., the study's lead author, quoted by Reuters.
Ryan White CARE Act works to improve access to care
Moore also applauds the work of the Ryan White CARE Act (RWCA). The federal program provides HIV-associated medical services in the U.S. for individuals who don't have sufficient healthcare coverage or the financial resources for managing the condition, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. It works specifically with cities, states and local community-based organizations to help more than 500,000 HIV-positive patients each year get the care they need to control symptoms and slow the progression of AIDS.
The RWCA was renewed in 2009 by President Barack Obama and will be due for reauthorization by Congress in 2013.
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David MOORE described himself as a "Dairy Man" when he married Jane COKER in 1846 at St George, Hanover Square (London, England). On Christmas Day 1852, David and Jane MOORE, with their daughters Mary aged 5 and Sarah aged 3, as well as baby son William, sailed from Deptford (London) in the barque Sacramento for the long voyage to the gold rush in Victoria, Australia.
On April 26th as they approached Port Phillip (Melbourne), the Sacramento struck the Point Lonsdale Reef, about a mile from shore and 4 miles from the lighthouse. At 3 am the longboat, lifeboat and 2 smaller boats began landing the 250 passengers. Some were taken straight to the shore and others were landed temporarily on the reef in case the ship broke up rapidly. The ship was carrying ₤60,000 in coins for Colonial Banks. Most of the coins were landed safely, but most of the passengers' luggage was lost.
So David, Jane and family landed in the new colony with only the clothes they were wearing. David indentured himself for 12 months as a farm labourer, thus earning a salary of ₤60. He then took the family to Lexton (a gold mining district) where he worked as a labourer, and presumably did some fossicking as well. David and Jane had the following children:
- Mary Jane MOORE who married Charles Wilson CONNELL, and after she was widowed, married again to George MILLS
- Sarah Ann MOORE who married Edward CARTER
- William Melbourne MOORE
- Emma MOORE who married Charles LOFT
- Ruth MOORE who married Edward TOPP
- Ellen MOORE who married George Thomas CORPS
- Edward MOORE who married Lucy Ellena THICKINS
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How to avoid carcinogens on the barbecue.
Now that summer is here, grills are being fired up for outdoor cooking across the country. Grilling is perceived to be a healthier form of cooking compared with other high-fat methods, such as deep-frying, but studies have shown that some grilled meats contain carcinogens, substances that may cause cancer. However, there are methods for cooking meats that can lessen exposure to these substances.
Results from a nutrition study in Europe, reported in the May issue of The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, support an association between intake of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), a carcinogen found in grilled meat, and colorectal adenoma risk. While colorectal adenomas are benign tumors, they are the starting point of most colon cancers and are used as a marker for colon cancer risk, says Karen Collins, RD, nutrition adviser to the American Institute for Cancer Research. (Studies have linked carcinogens found in grilled meats to higher risk of breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancers, but those links are less clear than with colorectal cancer.)
HCAs form when muscle meats, such as beef, pork, chicken, and fish, are cooked at high temperatures. Amino acids (building blocks of protein) and creatine (a chemical found in muscle) react to high temperatures. Other sources of protein, such as organ meat (liver), eggs, and tofu, have little to no HCA content naturally or when cooked.
Another grilling-related carcinogen is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which form when fat drips off the meat into the flame or heating element and smoke generates. The PAHs rise in the smoke and can deposit on the food, says Carol Frankmann, RD, director of clinical nutrition at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. The chemicals can also be found in the charred, blackened parts of grilled meat.
Currently there are no guidelines concerning the consumption of foods with HCAs or PAHs, and there is no measure of how much of these carcinogens have to be consumed to increase cancer risk.
“The overall advice for cancer survivors is to follow the recommendations for prevention of cancer,” Collins says. “So that would mean, first and foremost, top priorities are weight control, regular physical activity, and a diet with lots of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and limited red and processed meats. Then, moving beyond those priorities, I would suggest enjoying grilled vegetables; and for other grilling options, following lower-risk [grilling] methods and choosing poultry and seafood more often than red meat.”
So don’t throw out the grill. Here are some recommendations from Collins and Frankmann on better ways to grill:
> Most experts agree that grilling vegetables or fruits is safe since HCAs only form on muscle meat. For a substitute, try grilling a veggie burger.
> A simple way to decrease the formation of HCAs is to cook at lower temperatures.
> Raise the grilling surface from the heat source to reduce the temperature and the black char that can form on meat.
> Flip meat frequently when cooking to prevent HCAs from forming.
> Marinating meats can decrease HCA formation by up to 96 percent, although studies are still under way to determine which ingredients help the most.
> Limit exposure by partially cooking meat a couple of minutes in the microwave before grilling.
> Trim meat or grill with leaner cuts of meat that drip less to reduce exposure to PAHs.
> Spread foil on or under the grill to reduce dripping fat.
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Interested in designing solutions for air pollution for Dublin? Next Wednesday afternoon, March 14th from 14.00-18.00 join a ‘HACK THE AIR: SPARKS HACKATHON’ event! a highly interactive, hands-on event at the Science Gallery Dublin where you will have the opportunity to design innovative solutions to air pollution in cities alongside researchers from the area and Science Gallery Dublin staff.
WHO SHOULD JOIN
We are looking for young people (aged between 15-25) with a passion for bringing ideas to reality. If you bring creativity and a curiosity to solve big problems with simple solutions, we’ll provide the materials, the space and the fun to bring it all together!
WHAT TO EXPECT
Working in small teams, you will use a process of design thinking to generate new ideas aimed at reducing pedestrian exposure to air pollution. Using a variety of weird and wonderful materials to create prototypes, you’ll have the opportunity to see your ideas brought to life. Our friendly, knowledgeable facilitators and researchers from both University College Dublin and Trinity College Dublin will be there to guide you throughout the day.
HOW TO REGISTER
To register, please contact email@example.com.
Please note that there is a limited number of places available (25 max) and they will be filled on a first-come, first-serve basis.
Registration is free, more info at https://dublin.sciencegallery.com/events/2018/hackairsparks
HACK THE AIR is part of the iSCAPE project and is delivered in collaboration with the Science Gallery and SPARKS. SPARKS, a travelling exhibition that has already been shown in 33 European countries, aims to stimulate conversations between citizens, scientists, policy makers and education professionals in order to encourage a shared responsibility for science in a way that makes it relevant to the needs of society.
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The class of American Studies this term has been discussing the freedom of slaves in Connecticut in response to the Boston Tea Party in the year of 1774. This is a time period of change. Slavery started to become less tolerated because slaves were suing for their freedom. This is when our class started researching Elizabeth Freeman, better known as Mum Bet. Our class started discussing Elizabeth Freeman and how she was able to fight for freedom. Some students specifically chose Suffield slaves, but I wanted to start off by trying to fully understand Elizabeth’s story and why she was able to do this. Elizabeth and her slave partner Brom were the first African American people to be freed in Massachusetts in 1780. This means that during 1774, Elizabeth was still a slave, but instead, overhearing the Ashley’s arguments about freedom. She then decided, that she should receive freedom as well. A local man who believed slave’s should be freed believed in Mum Bet, and decided to fight for her which is what inspired her to be free. Moving forward, I would like to find the first free slave in Connecticut and how they fought for their freedom. I then started researching Connecticut slavery. It looked like slaves stopped becoming free in 1774, which is peculiar. I came across this paragraph on Slave North, which I found interesting.
“The largest increase came in the period 1749-1774. By the latter year, New London County had become the greatest slaveholding section of New England, with almost twice as many slaves as the most populous slave county in Massachusetts. New London was both an industrial center and the site of large slave-worked farms; with 2,036 slaves, it accounted for almost one-third of all the blacks in Connecticut. New London town itself, with 522 blacks and a white population of 5,366, led the state in number of slaves and percentage of black inhabitants.” 2
Further researching, I realized that the slave got $300 in modern day, which is not a lot. The slaves solely focused on fighting for freedom, and 1774 is when the change began, all because of Mum Bet.
- This source shows great information about the importance of Mum Bet. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p39.html
2. This source discusses slavery in Connecticut. These two sources are how I connected Mum Bet with slavery In Connecticut.
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Rescuing cultural heritage, challenging state inaction
Bosnia and Herzegovina is often described as a fragile democracy. The truth, after more than 20 years since the end of the war, is that it is a “non-country” constantly on the verge of a new secession. It is a country trapped in a pervasive ethnic discourse that fosters and nurtures the three nationalistic oligarchies of the country's constituent peoples – Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs – while the population experiences rampant poverty and a high unemployment rate. In a society in perennial conflict over the recent past, and feverishly busy rewriting history to better serve ethnic divisions, the internet helps to spread the fire.
Political, economic and policy context
Yugoslavia signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971.3 At its collapse, the new states inherited the covenant through a succession process.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina acceded to it on 1 September 1993, during the war.5 This resulted in a constitutional provision reflecting the covenant in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitution.
The main document that provides the framework for legislation and decision making in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Agreement)6 signed in December 1995. The relevant sections, in our case, are Annex 6 (Agreement on Human Rights)7 and Annex 8 (Agreement on a Commission to Preserve National Monuments).8 This background is essential to understand the way in which cultural institutions and culture in general are framed in the post-war society. Annex 6 sets a framework for the respect of internationally recognised human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishes the Office of the Ombudsperson and its powers. Annex 8 establishes and regulates the creation of an independent commission to preserve national monuments, its power and processes.
“I Am the Museum”
The role of the internet here was to make a part of a forgotten collective culture accessible, and to provide access to valuable documents that were otherwise inaccessible. The four-year project, led by the feminist artists and activists Andreja Dugandžić and Adela Jušić, involved researching and curating materials from six different institutions in a unique virtual space. The archive was launched on 8 March 2015, and is available for anyone, including feminists, activists, students and researchers, to browse and learn about a historical period often mystified by the current political elites. The archive is a testimony once more of the strength of civil society collaborating with institutions as equal partners.21
Once more the rights holders – a specific group of citizens – took it upon themselves to fulfil the responsibility of the state as duty bearer. Perhaps because the initiative reached a smaller public than the Ja Sam Muzej initiative – its deeply political content could not count on widespread public interest – it did not receive state support, but instead turned to the public for support through crowdfunding.22 The web was used as a strategic tool to open up an archive which was otherwise inaccessible for the general public.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has submitted two reports to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR): in 2005 and 2012, while a third is expected in November 2018. In its reporting requirements for the first report, the Committee made a specific link between Article 15 on cultural rights and the impact of war on this right in the country: “Please provide information on measures taken by the State party to restore the cultural heritage damaged during the war.”23
This requirement was refined in the subsequent reporting cycles as follows:
Please provide information on legislative and other measures, as well as on the effectiveness of those measures, to ensure equal enjoyment of cultural rights by all groups, while preserving their own cultural identities and promoting intercultural understanding and appreciation of cultural heritage of other communities, in the entire territory of the State party.24
The internet cannot be an enabler of all ESCRs – and its potential to realise rights is diminished if there is no political will. Yet as this report has shown, it has the power to connect, to bypass restrictions and the limitations of authorities, to generate knowledge and to make content visible that is otherwise invisible. It has the potential to generate a critical mass of public support necessary for getting attention from the government as the principal duty bearer.
One thing that needs to be strengthened relates to seeing the internet as a “public interest” infrastructure. Bosnia and Herzegovina needs an open internet to host initiatives that challenge the fragmentation mastered by the political parties in power.
Politicians have learned that the internet is powerful, and after the massive protests in the country in 201326 and 2014,27 they have tried to control it, using terrorism and the safety of children as excuses. Bosnia and Herzegovina citizens cannot risk losing the internet they know if they want to continue their fight for human rights.
3In January 2012, Bosnia and Herzegovina was among the first 10 countries to sign and ratify the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR.
9Shaheed, F. (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, Farida Shaheed. Addendum: Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (13-24 May 2013). www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/Documents/A_HRC_25_49_Add.1_ENG.DOC documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/117/22/PDF/G1411722.pdf?OpenElement
10The 17 minorities as recorded by the 1991 census prior to the 1992-1995 war: Albanians, Czechs, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Jews, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Poles, Roma, Romanians, Russians, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Turks and Ukrainians. www.osce.org/bih/110231?download=true
11Shaheed, F. (2014). Op. cit.
12In her report, Shaheed refers to “the current uncertainty surrounding the fate of seven major cultural institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the National Museum, which had to close in 2012, as well as the National and University Library, the National Gallery, the Museum of History, the Film Archives Kinoteka, the Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired Persons, and the Museum of Theatre and Literature. These institutions were created by the pre-war Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but were never accepted by all as the official State institutions after the conflict.” Ibid.
21The online archive mentions the public institutions where the documents were sourced, such as Historijski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine; Nacionalni arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine; Muzej II zasjedanja AVNOJ-a, Jaice; UABNOR, Centar Sarajevo; and Muzej istorije Jugoslavije, but their banners are not included, suggestive of the democratic structure of the initiative.
23Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2004). List of issues to be taken up in connection with the consideration of the initial report of Bosnia and Herzegovina concerning the rights referred to in articles 1-15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/1990/5/Add.65) (E/C.12/Q/BIH/114). tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2fC.12%2fQ%2fBIH%2f1&Lang=en
24List of issues: Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Pre-sessional working group. (2013). List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of Bosnia and Herzegovina (E/C.12/BIH/2), adopted by the pre-sessional working group at its fifty-first session (21-24 May 2013) (E/C.12/WG/BIH/Q/2). tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FWG%2FBIH%2FQ%2F2&Lang=en
26Mujanović, J. (2013, 11 June). “Bebolucija!”: The #JMBG Movement in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Politics, Re-Spun. politicsrespun.org/2013/06/bebolucija-the-jmbg-movement-in-bosnia-herzegovina/
27Kern, M. (2014, 3 March). The politics of division and sabotage. Bosnia-Herzegovina Protest Files. https://bhprotestfiles.wordpress.com/2014/03/03/the-politics-of-division-and-sabotage
This report was originally published as part of a larger compilation: “Global Information Society Watch 2016: economic, cultural and social rights and the internet” which can be downloaded from https://www.giswatch.org/2016-economic-social-and-cultural-rights-escrs-and-internet
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Some rights reserved.
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George Meredith 1828-1909
English poet, novelist, and essayist.
George Meredith holds a remarkable place as both one of the most undervalued Victorian authors and one of the most overvalued. Critics from his own time to the present have judged him a brilliant innovator, even as they found his poetry at times obscure and inept. Few, however, have disputed the merits of his major achievement, the sonnet cycle Modern Love (1862), which documents in painful detail the failure of a marriage and the disintegration of the individuals involved. Though a commercially successful novelist, Meredith held poetry to be the highest of the arts and labored throughout his life to express his worldview in poems describing the ideal relationship of humanity to nature. However, it has been his acute psychological realism, as exemplified in Modern Love, rather than the moral philosophy expressed in his nature poems, that has obtained for Meredith a place among the major Victorian poets.
Meredith developed a reputation during his lifetime as a private man, and he succeeded in keeping many of the details of his early life obscured from both his contemporaries and his later biographers. He was born in Portsmouth on February 12, 1828, the son of a tailor. His mother died when he was only five years old, and his father declared bankruptcy when George was nine. Discerning autobiographical hints in his fiction, scholars suggest that Meredith was ashamed of his lower-middle-class upbringing and disappointed in his father's inability to support him in his education and career. From 1842 to 1844 Meredith studied at the Moravian school in Neuwied, Germany. The Moravian brothers were known for their liberal humanism, a school of thought that shaped Meredith's own worldview. In 1845 he began an apprenticeship with Richard Charnock, a solicitor in London, who provided Meredith with his early introduction to literary society. He concluded his apprenticeship in 1849, the same year he published his first poem, “Chillianwallah.” That same year he married Mary Ellen Peacock Nicolls, the daughter of the poet and critic Thomas Love Peacock and the widow of a naval officer; they had one son, Arthur Gryffydh Meredith, in 1853. The couple lived initially with Meredith's father-in-law, since Meredith was unable to support them as an author. They were not a happy couple, and their limited finances made the situation worse. In 1858 Mary Ellen eloped with the painter Henry Wallis, and Meredith never saw her again. She died in three years later. Meredith's difficult first marriage is generally considered the inspiration for Modern Love. In the decade the couple was together, Meredith published three early works: his collected Poems of 1851, and the fictions The Shaving of Shagpat (1856) and Farina: A Legend of Cologne (1857). While the works were not universally acclaimed, they were recognized as inventive works by a talented writer. He next wrote two novels, The Ordeal of Richard Feveral (1859) and Evan Harrington (1860), but they did not attract as much interest as his earlier works. He began working as a reader for the London publisher Chapman and Hall in 1860, a post he held for thirty-five years, during which time he helped launch the careers of novelists George Gissing and Thomas Hardy. The publication of Modern Love and Poems of the English Roadside in 1862 brought Meredith back into the center of critical attention, although the initial reaction to the work was mixed. The forthright treatment of such taboo themes as sexuality, infidelity, and suicide drew the censure even of those critics inclined to praise Meredith's technical skills. Meredith remarried in 1864 to Marie Vulliamy, and began publishing novels again. Biographers suggest that while his first wife was Meredith's great love, Vulliamy was the supportive wife that enabled him to focus on his writing. He published a string of novels that achieved minimal success before returning to critical favor with the novel Beauchamp's Career in 1876. The publication of his most acclaimed novel, The Egoist, in 1879 finally established Meredith—now thirty years into his writing career—as an important author. In 1885 he achieved his greatest commercial success with the novel Diana of the Crossways. While he was making his name as a novelist, Meredith had continued to write poetry, publishing in periodicals. In 1883 he released his first volume of poetry in twenty years, Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of the Earth. Although forced to finance his verse publications with his own money, he persisted in his efforts to become recognized as a poet, publishing Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life (1887), A Reading of Earth (1888), Jump-to-Glory Jane (1889), The Empty Purse (1892), Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History (1898), A Reading of Life (1901), and Last Poems (1909). Although much of his later poetry was considered uneven and inferior to his best work of the 1860s and 1870s, by the time of his death Meredith had become a leading man of English letters. His home in Box Hill was a site of pilgrimage for younger British authors, including J. M. Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson, and in 1892 Meredith followed Alfred, Lord Tennyson as president of the Society of Authors. In 1905 he was awarded the Order of Merit. He died May 18, 1909; his final poetic work, Celt and Saxon (1910), remained unfinished.
Major Poetic Works
Meredith's body of poetry does not lend itself to ready classification: throughout his career he wrote in different styles and moods, and with varying quality. In his first collection, Poems, Meredith closely followed his predecessors, especially Tennyson and the Romantics Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and John Keats. By the time he published Modern Love in 1862, Meredith was ashamed of his first volume of poetry, but some critics maintain that Poems does contain a few of Meredith's best poems, including the original version of “Love in the Valley” and “South-West Wind in the Woodland.” Such poems point toward the respect for nature that in his later works would grow into a loose philosophy placing nature at the center of morality and meaning in the universe. Modern Love is in many ways a unique work in Meredith's poetic oeuvre, in its length, its theme, and its attention to psychological realism. The poem tells the story of a failed marriage in a fifty-sonnet cycle, employing Meredith's own sixteen-line form of the sonnet, consisting of four quatrains rather than the traditional fourteen-line form of three quatrains and a concluding couplet. The story of Modern Love is narrated by the husband. He discovers his wife has been writing to another man, but he feels compelled to conceal his jealousy and disappointment in order to present a socially acceptable image of his marriage to the outside world. To spite his wife, he has an affair, and then attempts to reconcile, but neither relationship seems able to fulfill the husband, or to counter the sense of doom surrounding both husband and wife. Misunderstanding her husband's desires, the wife commits suicide, confirming the inevitable tragedy of modern love. Meredith wrote Modern Love with a level of sexual and emotional frankness that was entirely new in Victorian literature, and it is considered by many the most autobiographical of his works. The long pause between Modern Love and the Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth gave Meredith ample time to develop his philosophy of literature and his views of nature. In his return to poetry after making his name as a novelist, Meredith set for himself the task of transcribing the spiritual essence of Earth in order to describe the potential for humankind's communion with nature. In such poems as “The Woods of Westermain,” “Earth and Man,” and “The Day of the Daughter of Hades,” Meredith emphasizes the strong connections between imagination, poetry, humanity, and nature through detailed observations of flora and fauna, and explorations of classical mythology. Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth also contains a revised version of “Love in the Valley,” the Paradise Lost-inspired “Lucifer in Starlight,” and another of Meredith's most praised works, “Lark Ascending,” which inspired a 1914 orchestral work of the same name by the great British composer Vaughn Williams. The volume published following the death of his second wife, Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life, contains darker explorations of human nature, but with A Reading of Earth Meredith returned to the theme of nature, although the poems are still touched by sadness. “A Faith on Trial” in this collection alludes to the death of his second wife, and “Dirge in Woods” was written on the occasion of his father-in-law's death. “Hymn to Colour,” “Inner and Outer,” “The Thrush in February,” and “The South-Wester” are also considered to be among the best poems in A Reading of Earth, and are representative of Meredith's blending of poetry, nature, and concern for the nature of the self.
Meredith is best known as a novelist, but his career suggests that he considered poetry a higher art form than prose, and he hoped that later readers would appreciate his experiments and innovations more than his contemporaries did. The variety of his output, however, and the variability of its quality have made critical evaluation of his talents as a poet difficult. The first major study to address Meredith's poetry came from George Macaulay Trevelyan, who introduced themes that continue to be important in scholarship on Meredith's poetry: the difficulty in establishing a relevant standard by which to judge his poetry, given its uniqueness; the intellectual challenge presented by Meredith's philosophy; and the poet's tendency to be obscure. Trevelyan found that in some poems Meredith sacrificed technique for the sake of compression. John Lucas similarly observed in Meredith's works a mix of faults—including bad rhyming and awkward syntax—and strengths—especially Meredith's clear and unflinching view of the darker side of love, as exemplified in Modern Love. It is this work that dominates most later studies of Meredith's poetry. Critics have often speculated about the autobiographical aspects of Modern Love and the extent to which Meredith drew from his failed first marriage, an approach Lucas cautioned against. Some scholars have focused on the psychological aspects of the poem, noting that the characters of the husband and the wife lend themselves to analysis through modern psychiatric concepts, such as neurosis, narcissism, and Oedipal desire. Dorothy Mermin observed, however, that Modern Love is not only a psychological drama of individuals, but also an exploration of the nature of self and, in turn, a study of the position of the narrator in the evolution of Victorian fiction. Other critics have emphasized Modern Love's strong connections to other developments and transitions in Victorian culture, not only in terms of marriage and gender relations, but also the belief in God as the center of meaning and morality. Such approaches to Modern Love suggest Meredith's success in expressing his uniquely Victorian worldview as well as the nature of a universal and timeless human experience.
Modern Love and Poems of the English Roadside, with Poems and Ballads 1862
Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of the Earth 1883
Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life 1887
A Reading of Earth 1888
Jump-to-Glory Jane 1889
Poems: The Empty Purse, with Odes to the Comic Spirit, to Youth in Memory and Verses 1892
Selected Poems 1897
The Nature Poems 1898
Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History 1898
A Reading of Life, with Other Poems 1901
(The entire section is 269 words.)
SOURCE: Rossetti, William Michael. Review of Poems: 1851. In George Meredith: Some Early Appreciations, edited by Maurice Buxton Forman, pp. 3-13. London: Champman & Hall, Ltd., 1909.
[In the following review, originally published in The Critic on November 15, 1851, Rossetti compares Meredith's poems to those of earlier poets, including Alfred, Lord Tennyson and, especially, John Keats. Rossetti finds the works of Poems: 1851 to be uneven, but concludes that the best of Meredith's writings show him to be a perceptive, accomplished poet, while not quite worthy to be classed among the very best.]
The full poet is a thoroughly balanced compound of...
(The entire section is 2525 words.)
SOURCE: Trevelyan, George Macaulay. “The Poet.” In The Poetry and Philosophy of George Meredith, pp. 7-63. New York: Russell & Russell, 1966.
[In the following excerpt from a work originally published in 1906, Trevelyan emphasizes the inventiveness and variety of Meredith's poetry. He characterizes Meredith's work as uniquely intellectual, sometimes at the expense of accessibility.]
It is the characteristic of George Meredith as a writer both of prose and verse, that poetical inspiration and intellectual power are developed in him each to the same degree. In most writers, one is the handmaid of the other. But in Mr. Meredith they contend or unite on equal...
(The entire section is 6864 words.)
SOURCE: Bailey, John. “The Poetry of George Meredith.” The Fortnightly Review n.s. 86 (July-December 1909): 32-46.
[In the following essay, Bailey attempts to offer a balanced view of Meredith as a poet, acknowledging Meredith's frequent failures to please the ear, as well as the intellectual challenges his poetry poses for readers. Meredith's best poems, Bailey concludes, rival the works of John Milton, William Wordsworth, or Percy Bysshe Shelley, particularly in their ability to present a universal perspective.]
The other day a subscriber to the London Library was told, on asking for Meredith's works, that the novels were all out, and that of the ten or dozen...
(The entire section is 6594 words.)
SOURCE: Lucas, John. “Meredith as Poet.” In Meredith Now: Some Critical Essays, edited by Ian Fletcher, pp. 14-33. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1971.
[In the following essay, Lucas faults Meredith for inept rhyming, excessive grandiloquence, and generally faulty writing. Lucas frames his criticism as an attempt to take Meredith seriously as a poet, arguing that his successes cannot be properly valued unless his failings are clearly understood.]
When Oscar Wilde called Meredith a prose Browning he was no doubt thinking of the novels, but his remark can be applied with equal justice to the poetry. For there is an undeniably prosaic quality about much of Meredith's...
(The entire section is 8116 words.)
SOURCE: Golden, Arline. “‘The Game of Sentiment’: Tradition and Innovation in Meredith's Modern Love.” ELH 40, no. 3 (summer 1973): 264-84.
[In the following essay, Golden considers Meredith's poem within the generic tradition of the sonnet sequence. Comparing the sonnets of Modern Love to Petrarchan and Shakespearean forms, Golden suggests that Meredith's adaptation of poetic tradition parallels his depiction of a marriage that outwardly adheres to traditional forms but suffers from modern sentimentality.]
Lady, I am content To play with you the game of Sentiment
Modern Love, “XXVIII”...
(The entire section is 7868 words.)
SOURCE: Bernstein, Carol L. “The Union of Our Earth and Skies.” In Precarious Enchantment: A Reading of Meredith's Poetry, pp. 73-109. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1979.
[In the following excerpt, Bernstein identifies Meredith's debt to Romanticism, focusing on the poem “Hymn to Colour.” Bernstein emphasizes Meredith's Romantic sympathies to demonstrate that the poem is not merely philosophical, but also sensual.]
Although Meredith dissociated himself from any one poetic tradition, there are strong affinities with romantic poetic experience. Many of the typical romantic metaphors recur in Meredith. But there is a noticeable shift:...
(The entire section is 7454 words.)
SOURCE: Simpson, Arthur L. “Meredith's Alien Vision: ‘In the Woods.’” Victorian Poetry 20, no. 2 (summer 1982): 113-23.
[In the following essay, Simpson contends that “In the Woods” is best read as an example of Meredith's earlier, more pessimistic works, rather than as an awkward version of his later philosophy. Simpson suggests that the poem represents a significant transitional phase of Meredith's naturalism.]
One factor contributing to the difficulty of arriving at an adequate appraisal of Meredith's poetry is that modern critics have for the most part overlooked an important stage in the development of his poetic vision. They have largely ignored...
(The entire section is 5318 words.)
SOURCE: Harris, Wendell. “Sifting and Sorting Meredith's Poetry.” In The Victorian Experience: The Poets, edited by Richard A. Levine, pp. 115-37. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1982.
[In the following essay, Harris argues that Meredith's poetry is often misread when critics attempt to analyze it as a coherent body of work. Harris identifies Meredith's “Earth” poems of the 1880s as some of his most successful, aside from Modern Love, which stands apart from both Meredith's corpus and most Victorian poetry as an original expression of love's hypocritical sentimentality.]
Meredith is one of the curiosities of literature: few would seriously challenge his...
(The entire section is 8536 words.)
SOURCE: Ostrom, Hans. “The Disappearance of Tragedy in Meredith's Modern Love.” The Victorian Newsletter 63 (spring 1983): 26-30.
[In the following essay, Ostrom suggests that the “incomplete tragic resolution” of Modern Love demonstrates the particularly Victorian sensibility of the poem and is linked to the Victorian loss of faith in meaning.]
Critics have struggled with George Meredith's Modern Love on virtually every front: besides being explicated as a whole work and through considerations of individual sonnets, it has been variously discussed as fiction, as a sonnet sequence that turns the tradition of the sonnet sequence inside out,...
(The entire section is 4973 words.)
SOURCE: Mermin, Dorothy. “Clough and Meredith.” In The Audience in the Poem: Five Victorian Poets, pp. 109-44. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1983.
[In the following excerpt, Mermin sees Modern Love as a turning point in Meredith's career, from poet to novelist. Mermin proposes that the narrative style of the poem suggests a type of psychological realism and awareness of time that is characteristic of Victorian novels.]
Modern Love1 is composed, like Amours de Voyage, of a series of poems very much like dramatic monologues, framed and interrupted by a highly problematic third-person narrator, that tell a contemporary...
(The entire section is 7981 words.)
SOURCE: Watt, Stephen. “Neurotic Responses to a Failed Marriage: George Meredith's Modern Love.” Mosaic 17, no. 1 (1984): 49-63.
[In the following essay, Watt employs the concept of neurosis to interpret the thoughts and behavior of the husband in Modern Love. Watt reads the husband's actions as symptomatic of his narcissism and his subconscious desire for a reunion with the Mother.]
Most readers of George Meredith's Modern Love (1862)—even those whose interest in the psychology of the poem's husband is ancillary to other issues—are struck by the intensity of the husband's internal battles. For this reason, phrases such as “harrowing...
(The entire section is 7064 words.)
SOURCE: Muendel, Renate. “Meredith's Poetry.” In George Meredith, pp. 16-46. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986.
[In the following excerpt, Muendel gives an overview of Meredith's poetry apart from Modern Love, emphasizing Meredith's concern for aesthetic philosophy. She characterizes Meredith as a clumsy, overwrought poet in much of his work, and reserves highest praise for his earlier poetry.]
To the general reader, Meredith is known as a novelist, not as a poet. Only a few of his poems are accessible in modern anthologies, and only Modern Love appears occasionally in critical discussions of Victorian verse. Meredith would not have been surprised by...
(The entire section is 8826 words.)
SOURCE: Hiemstra, Anne. “Reconstructing Milton's Satan: Meredith's ‘Lucifer in Starlight.’” Victorian Poetry 30, no. 3 (summer 1992): 123-33.
[In the following essay, Hiemstra regards “Lucifer in Starlight” as an adaptation of John Milton's Paradise Lost with nineteenth-century sensibilities and concerns, tracing significant parallels between the poems.]
“LUCIFER IN STARLIGHT”
On a starred night Prince Lucifer uprose. Tired of his dark dominion swung the fiend Above the rolling ball in cloud part screened, Where sinners hugged their spectre of repose. Poor prey to his hot fit of pride were those. And now upon his...
(The entire section is 4345 words.)
SOURCE: Fletcher, Pauline. “‘Trifles light as air’ in Meredith's Modern Love.” Victorian Poetry 34, no. 1 (spring 1996): 87-99.
[In the following essay, Fletcher focuses on the parallels between Modern Love and Shakespeare's Othello in order to highlight Meredith's development of psychology and character. In this essay, the critic refers to the individual sonnets comprising Modern Love as sections of the larger poem.]
The most widely accepted reading of Modern Love is that, as the editors of Victorian Poetry and Poetics claim, it is “in general a fictional interpretation of the poet's own marital experience,” and...
(The entire section is 5534 words.)
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CONSIDERED as a comet, the object 2060 Chiron is unusual in two respects: It exhibits outbursts at very large distances from the Sun1-3, and its nucleus is much larger than that of any other known comet4, 5. It is, however, similar in size to the recently discovered Kuiper-belt objects6—a population of objects with orbits beyond Neptune, which are a possible source of short-period comets. This has led to the conjecture that Chiron is related to these objects, but its chaotic orbit has brought it much closer to the Sun7. Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Chiron which permit the identification of several features associated with Chiron's coma. The observation of discrete, jet-like features provides evidence that the coma material originates from just a few, small active areas, rather than from uniform sublimation, and that the particles in at least one of these features have radii greater than 0.25 μm. The observations also suggest the presence of material in the plane of Chiron's orbit and are consistent with a gravitationally bound coma. Finally, the present data, and those from a previous occultation8, constrain the radius of Chiron to lie between 83 and 156 km.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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A gutter is a channel that carries water from the roof’s edge and directs it to a downspout, which in turn transports rainwater away from your house. Gutters protect against soil erosion, prevent damage to structures, and help hinder the accumulation of debris on roofs.
However, one major issue with gutters is mold growth when they are not properly maintained. Mold needs moisture and darkness to grow, so you don’t have to be surprised if they start building up on your neglected gutter.
Effects on Health
If you notice any black spots on your gutter system, it may be time to remove them, as you won’t want to suffer from their effects. Mold is not only known for damaging your home but can also have significant health impacts on you and your family members. You may not know it, but molds may be the cause of some of your illnesses, especially respiratory problems. Molds can also trigger allergies, skin irritation, and headache.
Mold is a common problem in many homes, especially those with shingles or gutters. Not only is it unsightly, but it also brings health risks. But for you, here are five easy steps to eradicate all the mold in your gutters.
- Step 1: Clear out any forms of debris like leaves and twigs so you can have an easier time clearing out the molds.
- Step 2: Using a pressure washer, wash off the molds on the surface. After this, run your cleaning agent through the gutter and let it soak for a while.
- Step 3: With a soft bristle brush, thoroughly scrub your gutters from one end to the other. Make sure not to leave a single speck of mold. Disconnect the downspouts carefully and use an extended brush to reach every nook and cranny.
- Step 4: Rinse your gutters with clean water and reconnect the downspouts.
- Step 5: Remember to check and clean your gutters at least biannually because leaves, small twigs, and moisture usually pile up here, making it the perfect site for molds.
While cleaning your gutters, don’t forget to prioritize your safety. If you’re ever using a ladder, ensure that it stands firm so you’ll have less risk of falling. Wear proper equipment like gloves to prevent physical contact with the chemicals you’re using. Goggles help you protect your eyes from foreign objects that may fly around like mold or dirt. Wearing a face mask is also sometimes necessary to avoid inhaling dangerous chemicals.
If you’re not up to cleaning the gutters yourself, you may want to hire a professional gutter contractor. Spout Gutter Pros (see homepage) helps you find licensed contractors anywhere in the country who specialize in gutter installation as well as cleaning and repair services.
What Cleaning Agents Should You Use
Choosing suitable cleaning agents is essential to efficiently remove the molds and avoid having any adverse side effects on the environment.
Bleach has been used by many people as a weapon against mold. It works by destroying the cell walls, thereby disabling their ability to reproduce or produce toxins that could harm people’s health. However, bleach is ineffective against molds on porous materials as it cannot penetrate below the surface.
Vinegar is a great natural way to remove mold. It contains acetic acid that kills up to 82% of mold and other bacteria on the surface of guttering. This helps prevent them from spreading inside your home. Moreover, vinegar does not emit dangerous gases, unlike bleach. White distilled vinegar is most effective in removing mold. Spray it on affected areas and let it sit for an hour. You can then effortlessly wipe the area with water and let it dry.
Another option to remove mold is hydrogen peroxide, which can be bought in most pharmacies. Contrary to bleach-based products, hydrogen peroxide is safe and eco-friendly. It works by releasing oxygen bubbles which will then dissolve the mold from the edges of your gutter to make it easy for you to rinse them away with water.
Baking soda is also an excellent alternative to remove mold. You only need two cups of water and one cup of baking soda. Mix them until the consistency becomes like pancake batter. Pour and let everything sit for about an hour before you continue the job. Baking soda and water create a reaction that releases heat and bubbles to cleanse your gutter of any pesky grime.
Removing the mold will not be enough, and it will surely return sooner than you’d expect. So it’s better to think of possible ways to prevent it from coming back.
Mold generally develops in damp, dark areas like attics, walls, basements, and gutters. The best method to stop them from growing in these areas is by keeping them dry, clean, and well-ventilated.
Mold is a pesky infestation that can damage your home and your family. Fortunately, there are many ways to remove and prevent them from growing. It would also be worth noting to hire a reliable gutter contractor with a trustworthy reputation and track record. They can help create a gutter system that will last for years to come.
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Have you ever been in a conversation where people speak Geology terms and you found it difficult to understand? Did you try to shake away your head and smiled when faced with such an awkward situation and wished to know the meaning of terms found in your career.
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The paper also shows that tiny variations in Total Solar Irradiance [TSI] of less than 1 W/m2 correlated with significant changes in reconstructed temperature of up to 5C. The IPCC claims that changes in TSI during the 20th century of about 1.5 W/m2 cannot account for 0.7C observed global warming, but data from this paper and others suggests otherwise. In addition, the paper shows TSI lagged by 50 years is better correlated to reconstructed temperatures, perhaps as a result of the enormous thermal inertia of the oceans.
|Modern temperature shown by double arrows on left vertical axis, coldest winter temps from 8 otoliths shown by red boxes. Grey line is variation in total solar irradiance [TSI] and black line is TSI lagged 50 years.|
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Microbiologist, Microbiological Analyst, Clinical Laboratory Scientist, Bacteriologist
see titles from the Air Force, Army, or Navy.
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What they do:
Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi. Includes medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms.
On the job, you would:
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Math and Science
Arts and Humanities
Education and Training
- teaching and course design
- using scientific rules and strategies to solve problems
- thinking about the pros and cons of different ways to solve a problem
- noticing a problem and figuring out the best way to solve it
People and Technology Systems
- thinking about the pros and cons of different options and picking the best one
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Ideas and Logic
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People interested in this work like activities that include ideas, thinking, and figuring things out.
They do well at jobs that need:
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You might use software like this on the job:
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Word processing software
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Axel, aged 12, invented a tool to help medics learn how to test for corona virus.
When corona virus came along a few months ago, Axel, who’s 12, wanted to help.
He saw on TV how people were being tested to see if they had the virus. Have you seen those tests? A nurse or a doctor pokes a stick in your nose.
It hurts if they don’t do it right. Plus, they often miss the “target”, where the virus sits way back above our throat. Many test results are wrong. Axel learned that lots of medical staff aren’t fully trained in poking noses with sticks. Ouch!
How could he help? He’s not a nose surgeon. Or a medical professor. He’s at school. Though he would like to be a doctor when he’s older.
He did a lot of reading about the problem. Then, bingo! He had it.
What medics needed was practice. Fast. But if they practised on human “guinea pigs”, that would be a quick way to get sore noses!
Enter the nose…
A life-size plastic nose. No, not the kind a clown puts on!
You can see Axel here showing you his invention ; a model of a real human nose with all the tubes and canals on the inside. It’s quite a maze in there!
Axel got talking with his dad, who’s a hospital doctor in Strasbourg, a French city where there was a lot of corona virus. With help from other medics and technical experts, they managed to build a model.
In the “target zone”, right at the back of the nose, Axel added some paper covered in red ink. If a nurse pokes through to exactly the right spot, they get ink on their cotton-wool swab. That proves they’ve hit the bullseye!
They used 3D printing, with hard and soft plastic to copy the bony and fleshy bits of our noses. That way, Axel can generously publish free instructions on the Internet and people with 3D printers anywhere in the world can make one of their own.
A tip for you…
More and more people need to be tested as we stop staying at home. So his invention comes at a vital time.
Friends thought Axel’s plastic nose was pretty good, he says. Though some of them found it a bit “gross”. That doesn’t put him off, though.
You’re never too young to have really important ideas. And as Axel told our readers:
Millions of people will be tested for coronavirus by putting a stick up their nose. Many testers have little experience, which risks sore noses and poor results.
A realistic, plastic nose, downloaded to a 3D printer. Medics can practise till they are pain-free and on-target every time!
The team involved in bringing Axel Sananes‘ idea to reality included: Strasbourg-based ENT medical device firm Dianosic, Paris-based medical 3D printing firm Bone 3D, the Strasbourg public teaching hospitals CHRU Strasbourg and Protège Ton Soignant, a crowd-funding campaign to buy equipment for medics during the crisis, which donated over €6,000 to build the prototype.
Although there is a lot of talk of other kinds of tests for the virus, checking for antibodies in the blood and so on, nasal testing remains the main way to determine whether or not someone is currently infected and infectious. With lockdown easing, millions more such tests are likely to be carried out, many by people with little experience of the procedure. So let’s hope Axel’s nose gets widely distributed!
You can watch Axel and his father Nicolas Sananes present the simulator here on Instagram. (In French)
And finally, our top tip from discovering Axel’s story – if you ever have to be tested for corona virus, just make sure the tester goes in PERPENDICULAR to your face. Pushing the swab up the nose is a recipe for discomfort and false negatives!
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After today's test, a lot of candidates look not happy with the writing part, and have no ideas about this topic, which is also reflected in their writing papers.
Here are some ideas about today's academic writing task2 topic, and hope this post will be helpful for other candidates.
In some countries around the world men and women are having children late in life.What are the reasons for this development? What are the effects on society and family life?
The lifestyle they live (and want to live) doesn’t cater to having kids.
In some cultures, women who delay motherhood are likely to work on their careers first and have kids later.
Although many parents enjoy staying with their kids, they experience a spike in happiness around the birth of a child, which makes many new couples are afraid of parenthood.
Effects on family
Couples who have children at 30 would make more money in the long term as they would if they had started their families at 22, and so on with each additional year of delay.
Children’s test scores and IQ improve with each year of parenthood delay, due to the parents’ increased education and experience.
However, women who get pregnant later in life put their children and themselves at risk.
They have higher risks for high blood pressure, miscarriage, and their children are also having higher risks for prematurity, Down syndrome even stillbirth.
Effects on society
Later parenthood has negative consequences for society.
The trend to later parenthood is often discussed in worried tones, including fears around whether later parents will bear enough children to fill the needs of the workforce.
Delay of family is responsible for the gradual trickle-up of women into policy-making roles in business and government.
If they change the work-system, it should become easier in the future for women to combine having kids and well-paid work without extensive delay.
Having children later in life is not merely personal issues.
It is shaped by our current family-unfriendly work policies, which may cause discontent about their jobs or employers and it would affect our society of tomorrow.
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All cats, big and small, like to keep secrets. It is our task as cat lovers to learn some of those secrets so we can make life even better for these beauties. The cats don’t make it easy for us. So we fool them. Today, technology like camera traps and GPS tracking collars collect a lot of data about unsuspecting domestic and wild cats. Then we laypeople help the experts use these tools to learn more about cats.
Clouded leopards are adorable.
The “clouds” are those beautiful dark blotches on the coat.
These wild felines aren’t close relatives of the leopard, but modern research shows that clouded leopards do belong with the big cats. Their head and face are a little weird looking. That could be because these Southeast Asian cats are primitive – the first big cats to evolve some 11 million years ago. But some paleontologists have a different explanation for it.
Snow leopards aren’t leopards that live in snowy country. “Panthera uncia” is actually a separate species and more closely related to the tiger. While leopards rule in southern Asia, snow leopards own the alpine and subalpine zones from the Himalayas northward, across the Tibet plateau and the Central Asian high country, to mountainous southern Siberia.
This post was intended to be the usual brief fact about how the rare Florida panther survived Hurricane Irma.
I figured that enough time has passed for people to have some idea of how these cats and other wildlife on the mainland fared.
I underestimated Irma’s impact on Florida.
The world’s most famous spotted cat is a little better off than other big cats. Although its range has shrunk, the leopard still calls two continents home. Since leopards can adapt to almost any environment from sea level up to around 17,000 feet in the Himalayas, you will find them in most of sub-Saharan Africa and across much of southern/northeast Asia. While the overall species isn’t endangered, some leopard subspecies are. But in India the high numbers of both leopards and people are causing serious problems.
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Smartphone app now available to boost invasive species data collectionApril 20, 2012 By Charles Schweik in Biology / Ecology
The new smartphone app for the Outsmart Invasive Species Project that lets people learn about, identify and report invasive species using an iPhone or Android is now available for free through iTunes and Google Play.
Thanks to a new collaboration between the Center for Public Policy and Administration (CPPA) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the state Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), efforts to combat potentially devastating species are gaining momentum. Now anyone with a smartphone or a digital camera can help scientists collect valuable data about invasive species throughout Massachusetts.
Charles Schweik, associate professor of public policy and environmental conservation at UMass Amherst, and Jennifer Fish, director of DCRs Service Forestry program in Amherst, have received a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to enlist the help of "citizen scientists" to map invasive species using smartphone technology.
"There are already organizations throughout the commonwealth actively working to identify and eradicate harmful bugs and plants. What were trying to do is complement their efforts by allowing Massachusetts residents to communicate directly with these groups about what they see, said Schweik." The Outsmart Project is already working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Sudbury-Assabet-Concord River Watershed Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area, the Westfield Invasive Species Partnership and the Trustees of Reservations.
The project website www.masswoods.net/outsmart
Provided by University of Massachusetts Amherst
"Smartphone app now available to boost invasive species data collection" April 20, 2012 http://phys.org/news/2012-04-smartphone-app-boost-invasive-species.html
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Cancer, the Flu, and You
Living with cancer increases your risk for complications from influenza ("flu"). If you have cancer now or have had cancer in the past, you are at higher risk for complications from the seasonal flu or influenza, including hospitalization and death.
Get Your Flu Shot!
People with cancer or a history of cancer, and people who live with or care for cancer patients and survivors, should get a seasonal flu shot. People with cancer should NOT get the nasal spray vaccine. The flu shot is made up of inactivated (killed) viruses, and the nasal spray vaccine is made up of live viruses. The flu shot is safer for those with a weakened immune system.
Many people who are at increased risk for flu are also at increased risk for pneumococcal disease. People with cancer or other diseases that compromise your immune system should ask their health care providers if pneumococcal shots are needed.
What to Do If You Get Sick
Make a plan in advance with your doctor about what to do if you get sick. The plan includes when you should call your doctor and how to get a prescription for antiviral medication quickly if needed.
If you have flu symptoms, stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine. Keep away from others as much as possible to avoid making them sick.
Flu Treatment for Cancer Patients and Survivors
CDC recommends antiviral drugs to treat and prevent infection. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines that stop flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications.
If you have received cancer treatment such as chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within the last month, or have a blood or lymphatic form of cancer, call your doctor immediately if you have been within six feet of someone known or suspected to have the flu. Your doctor may give you antiviral drugs to help prevent the flu.
If you have cancer and have not received treatment within the last month, or you have had cancer in the past but are cancer-free now, and you have had close contact with someone known or suspected to have the flu, call your doctor and ask if you should receive antiviral drugs.
Help Prevent the Flu from Spreading
Good health habits can help stop the flu from spreading. For example, cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze and wash your hands often.
Health care providers: Display our “Fight Back! Get Your Flu Shot” poster[PDF-1.5MB] in your office as a reminder for cancer patients.
Send our “If You Have Cancer, Get a Flu Shot” e-card as a reminder for someone you care about.
This podcast shares recommendations for flu vaccination, especially for those at higher risk for complications from the flu.
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Humans are on an endless quest for a fountain of youth -- keys to longevity and health -- and we'd like to know what might help our pets live longer, too. Scientists in the U.K. recently published a study, "Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England" in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, examining factors that were correlated with increased life span and risk of death in domestic cats.
There have been surprisingly few studies on the life span of pet cats. Cats are considered seniors by age 10 and cats typically stop producing offspring by the time they are 11 or 12. Sources report the average life span of cats to be from 10 to 14 years, but little is known about what might cause some cats to live longer lives than others.
The current study utilized veterinary records from September 2009 until December of 2012. To be included in the study, cats had to be noted as deceased in the veterinary records. Other factors that were noted were: sex of the cat (including neuter status), age at time of death, body weight, insurance status, breed and disease status were also included as variables when known. From over 12,000 records of deceased cats, around 4000 were randomly selected for the final dataset.
Some interesting relationships popped up in the dataset. First of all, the median age for cats at the time of death was 14 years, with female cats living a bit longer than males on average (15 vs. 13 years). Purebreds had a shorter life span than "moggies" or crossbred cats (14 vs. 12.5 years on average), with Bengals and Abyssinians having the shortest life span of the purebred cats (it should be noted that the sample sizes for purebreds by breed were relatively small, with an n ranging from 11 to 31). Being neutered and having a lower body weight were also associated with a longer life, and also being non-insured (perhaps insured cats were already ill?).
The causes of death were highly dependent on age, although for all cats, trauma was the number one cause of death (12.2 percent of all deceased cats), with 60 percent of those deaths attributed to being hit by a car. This effect was particularly strong in cats under the age of five. For older cats, kidney disease and tumors were also common, whereas young cats were more likely to succumb to viral infections and respiratory disorders.
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Planet Mars hoax returns | 7th Emerging Talent 2009
Mars hoax returns to misguide astronomy enthusiasts
Karachi, June 04: Astronomy enthusiasts are being misguided yet again this year by
the dissemination of emails and other material of unfounded information about
the closest orbital encounter between Earth and Mars.
Karachi (KU) Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics Director Dr M Shahid
Qureshi said that somehow this information about Mars reaching its
closest point to Earth had re-emerged on the internet or is being spread through
emails. This information should be clarified for sky gazers and other people who
take keen interest in movement of celestial bodies, he said.
said that it was August 27, 2003 when Mars reached its closest distance to earth
that was 346, 44,600 miles. It would take another 60,000 years when Mars would
again come so close to Earth.
He said it seems that after 2003, internet
users are misguided every year by spread of such emails containing
unsubstantiated information about closest encounter between Mars and Earth. He
said that this year the closest distance between Mars and Earth, which in
terminology of astronomy is called conjunction, would be around 686,00,000 miles
and it would occur on December 31.
In his article "Mars Hoax Returns" in
the August 2006 issue of the American monthly magazine Sky & Telescope, Alan
M MacRobert wrote that the problem is that "August 27" is actually August 27,
2003. Mars did make a historically close pass by Earth at that time, and when
magnified 75 times in a telescope, it looked (in the telescope) the size of the
Moon as it appears to the unaided eye. However, that qualifier has long been
lost from some versions of the chain letter.
"As they orbit the Sun,
Earth and Mars make a close approach every 2-1/4 years or so. This time is
called 'opposition', because from our perspective on Earth, Mars then appears
opposite the Sun in the sky. On average, the two planets come within 48 million
miles of each other, but because their orbits are elliptical (oval) rather than
perfectly circular, the minimum separation between the two planets varies from
one opposition to the next," he wrote.
"In late August 2003 Mars came
within 35 million miles of Earth, and in late October and early November 2005 it
came within 43 million miles. Mars's next opposition came in December 2007, when
it was farther still, 55 million miles from Earth. For reference, the Moon
orbits the Earth at an average distance of about 240,000 miles, and the average
Earth–Sun distance is about 93 million miles," MacRobert added. The News
Post your comments
7th Emerging Talent: Out in the open
Karachi: Bright, creative, intriguing, enticing, these are just some of the superlatives that can best
describe the 7th Emerging Talent 2009 exhibit being held at the V M Art Gallery.
In its seventh year, the art exhibit showcased some of the best works of
young art students from all over Pakistan and this year was no exception.
Institutions that took part in this year's Emerging Talent include Indus
Valley School of Art and Architecture (IVSAA), Karachi School of Art (KSA),
University of Karachi (KU), Central Institute of Arts and Crafts (CIAC),
National College of Arts (NCA), University of Punjab (PU), Islamia University
Bahawalpur and Bahauddin Zakariya University-Multan College of Arts.
Depicting work in mediums of oil on canvas, prints, mixed media and
sculptures, the graduates focused on a multitude of themes, unveiling young
talent at various stages of artistic maturity. The theses coming out this year
were full of experimentation, with most artists using their thoughts and
feelings as a focal point.
KSA's Turab Ali Ramzi's etchings were a burst
of feelings that the artist felt with regards to the offerings promised in the
world hereafter, with eternal peace and houris a part of the package. NCA's
Adeela Shah came up with 'Floydian Slip' a parallel reality reflecting her
feelings. Aisha Gul's 'Angels and Devils of Love' had larger than life heels in
striking colours, capturing the joys and hurt that love brings.
up violence from the streets of Karachi and entwining it with Medusa's rage
using coffee stain and charcoal was IVS's Syed Ammad Tahir. "I am attached to
Karachi despite my share of fears and insecurities but then I see something
positive coming out of this and I think that's what makes us all go on," said
Tahir. Uroosa Ishtiaq's cool blue canvas 'Musical Rain' depicted her light and
perky moods thanks to music.
Taking inspiration from Sheikh Saadi's
poem, the hardworking ants symbolising humans, in Salman Hassan's creations
captured an introspective journey, resulting in an insight into a world where
the never ending struggle defines a person. Abreea Asim's 'La La Land' explored
the whimsical and noisy world of rickshaws, where they are more than a humble
means of transportation.
However, the most in-your-face pieces were
'Hidden Lust' and 'Pleasure' by NCA's Madiha Arif. Although the artist could not
make it to the show, her works were self explanatory. Dealing with the sexual
exploitation of women in the society, a majority of women present at the exhibit
agreed that they could relate to experiences depicted on the canvases.
Riffat Alvi, a prominent artist in her own right, is the moving spirit
behind the annual fair that displays a choice selection of thesis works of art
institutions from all over Pakistan. Talking about the exhibit, she said, "Over
all, this year's exhibit is nice and refreshing. There is so much of creativity
on display and the different thoughts and ideas that went behind the creations.
Also, it is nice to see that some of the works by students were sold even before
the exhibition started, giving them the first rush of the professional world."
With more than 50 captivating art pieces by some of the finest
graduates, the exhibition drew a large number of visitors, ranging from art
admirers to critics. Emerging Talent not only provides an excellent platform to
young artists to display their works collectively and gain exposure, it also
gives the much needed encouragement to young artists who have the potential to
define tomorrow's art. Daily Times
Post your comments
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Veteran’s Day is meaningful amongst tribal nation’s in the United States.
There were the large number of Native soldiers serving in World War I that led the U.S. government to pass the Snyder Act in 1924 to extend U.S. citizenship to Native American people.
The Munsee Tribe in Kansas counted a number of veterans amongst it’s community.
Munsee people lived in battle theaters in the American Revolutionary War at Gnadenhutten in Ohio and the War of 1812 in the Battle of Moraviantown in Ontario, Canada, before removing west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s after the government offered 24,000 acres by executive order in 1823.
They first stayed on Delaware lands where Muncie, Kansas, is now when the 24,000 acres of land didn’t exist in the late 1830s. They got their own small reservation near Leavenworth in 1854 but settlers forced them to join the Black River and Swan Creek Chippewa tribe here in 1859.
There were 62 Munsee people on the final 1900 foll. Over a third of this tribe’s members have served in the Armed Forces.
The Munsee Tribe in Kansas is attempting to regain federal recognition.
Those that served in armed forces included:
US CIVIL WAR — Ignatius Caleb, Moses Kilbuck, Benjamin Franklin Spooner.
WORLD WAR II — Irwin Nestor Spooner, Silas Veix, James Bracklin, Joseph Willam Caleb, Rufus L Caleb, Ralph Church,
Elmer Mills, Lynn Murray, Millard Ellis Spooner Sr., Paris Frank Spooner, James P. Spooner, William Ellery Spooner, Cora Veix, George Veix, Raymond Veix
KOREAN WAR —Franklin Truman Plake Jr.
VIETNAM WAR — Jimmie Leroy Johnson, George Gregory Kilbuck, Max Spooner, James L “Jim” Thomas,
VIETNAM ERA — Daniel V. Goodman Jr.
PEACE TIME — Roscoe “Jack” Bittenbender, George Chaney Caleb, George Edward Markley
Purple Heart and Gold Star soldiers — Gregory Kilbuck).
Vietnam Wall — Gregory Kilbuck (awarded a purple heart) and Jimmie Johnson (parents were Vincent L. and Cornelia Bittenbender Johnson; siblings, Ramona Johnson Hildebrandt and Rebecca Johnson Beers).
The Munsee tribal cemetery in the Chippewa Hills was full of patriotism for Veterans Day. Several tribal members served in the United States armed forces. [SUBMITTED PHOTO].
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The Nothingness that is Something
What is the nothingness that is outside space-time, i.e. that which was before space-time existed? You might be saying hold on, you can’t speak about nothingness, because nothingness means nothing. Does it? Does not the law of causality say that something cannot come from nothing and that the cause must be equal to or greater than the effect. So, when we say that something came from nothing are we not violating the law of causality? Yes, that is why reason will take us to a something instead of a nothing. And it is science that gives us insight to what this something is like.
What do we know about the nothingness that is outside space-time? If we accept the law of causality, we also have to accept that whatever the universe came from, must be greater than the universe. This tell us something about the prime mover; It, He or She must be extremely powerful. So powerful that It is beyond a humans capacity to understand and articulate. This deduction is based on the fact that anything in which existence came out of, must have had its origin in the prime mover. This means that everything, to some degree, was somehow a part of this prime mover before space-time existed. Therefore everything that exists, existed in Him and came forth from Him in some way.
Therefore, whatever we see or experience in the creation was in some form a part of the prime movers consciousness before the beginning of time–space and this constitutes a part of his nature. The implications of this are staggering. Since we see in the creation a mind, or consciousness, this would necessitate, based on the law of causality, that the prime mover would possess consciousness far superior to everything in the creation, for the creation cannot be greater than the creator. We might refer to the consciousness of the prime mover as super consciousness. What would super consciousness encompass? For one thing, it would include super knowledge. We could say it was all knowing; for the essence of all things was designed, created and made by its consciousness.
On the other hand, nothingness is the void created when something is removed, or it is the absence of something. For example, darkness is the absence of light, darkness in itself is nothingness. In like manner, evil is the absence of good and it is equal to anarchy or chaos. Chaos is the absence of order or you could say the absence of law. The reason the universe is a cosmos and not a chaos is the fact that there are laws that govern it.
Because there are laws in the universe we can also know that this super consciousness is principled and creates laws to govern all things. These laws reflect the very nature of the uncreated one. There is no corner of the universe that is not controlled by his laws. This is the reason and the grounds or foundation on which we reason, do science and mathematics. Without the first principle of philosophy, which states that the world is an orderly place governed by principles or laws, there would be no reasoning, science or mathematics. It is unbelievable that some mindless force would create these laws. If there are laws then there must be an intelligent being that created them. It would follow that because there are principles and law, there has to be a something and not nothingness.
Some have responded by saying that they can believe in a super consciousness, but not in one that has a personality. But why not? If that quality that we call personality exists, which we know it does for we each share in it, why would not a super consciousness have a super personality and even the emotions associated with personality. Emotions like super love which would be the complete negation of hate and fear. Of course, super personality and how it is integrated with super consciousness would be impossible for humans to understand seeing we cannot understand our own consciousness, personality and emotions.
Science tells us that there are four forces in nature; gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. However, there is one that they have missed. That force is life. All life is a force that acts on the material world and can copy the prime mover by making decisions and acting on them. In the Greek language the word for this life force is called spirit. We know that all living things have a life force that animates them and gives them the unique thing that we call life. Because there is life we know that the prime mover must be in itself the giver and very essence of life. As the prime mover does not exist, for he is existence. He likewise does not have life, but rather he is life or spirit. It is interesting to note that Jesus said that God is spirit not a spirit. We might interpret spirit as a life force that has personality.
From the above we can gather that super personality and super consciousness is beyond our understanding and beyond our languages ability to explain. It is beyond dispute that we cannot comprehend the Wholly Other but we can apprehend Him by studying the things revealed about him in His creation, this includes the study of nature. From a biblical perspective this would especially include man for the Scriptures say that man was created in the image and likeness of the super consciousness.
The law of causation is being question by some scientists that are trying to justify their materialistic worldview.
I do not believe in a personal God that does my personal bidding. However, I do believe in a super consciousness that knows how many hairs are on my head.
John 4:24.
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How biochemicals interact with the environment to influence the phenotype
So far, we have discuss how different components (metabolites and enzymes) interact in metabolism and how these interactions help us to investigate the function and phenotype of biological systems. We also need to consider the other biochemical or functional levels within a system and the interactions between the four functional levels.
Four Functional Levels
The four functional levels provide us with complementary information.
|Genome||qualitative component of DNA, encodes for all genes in coding and non-coding sequences||provides information on what may happen, static, influential during process of transcription to construct RNA molecules|
|Transcriptome||qualitative set of messenger RNA molecules transcribed from the genetic code of the genome||dynamic and tell us what is happening|
|Proteome||complete set of proteins translated from messenger RNA||dynamic and tell us what is happening|
|Metabolome||complete complement of metabolites that are present in a biological system||dynamic and tell us what is happening|
The genotype is the genetic instructions inherited and encoded in the genome. These instructions produce a wide range of characteristics and functions including the colour of your eyes and how your heart operates. The genome is ‘relatively’ stable but genes are subject to regulatory processes. For example, the methylation of genes by epigenetic processes can switch genes ‘on’ or ‘off’.
The environments in which we live, as well as our lifestyles, influence how we function. For example, an individual who cycles 100 kilometres each week will operate with a much healthier function than someone who has an unhealthy and unbalanced diet and does not exercise. Unlike the genome, the environment and our lifestyles are dynamic and periodically change. For example, we may exercise only at weekends and not during the working week. Our environments and lifestyles are different during the week at work compared to the weekend when we relax and enjoy our hobbies.
The phenotype is defined as the physical and biochemical characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of its genetic constituents and environment, and for humans their lifestyle. The phenotype is also dynamic. For example, the concentration of metabolites detected in urine are different before and after we undertake strenuous exercise, such as an increase in the concentration of lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in muscles. Lactic acid is the metabolite which makes our muscles ache when its concentration increases in muscles during exercise.
The metabolome is the furthest downstream product of the genome and its interaction with the environment and is therefore considered to provide a direct and sensitive measure of the dynamic phenotype at the molecular level – the metabolome defines what has just happened.
There are various levels of interaction in biological systems with feedback and feed-forward loops regulating the molecular interactions that influence the cellular phenotype. These include interactions both within and between the functional levels. One example of interactions between two functional levels is metabolism, where metabolites are metabolised in the presence of an enzyme (and often a cofactor). An example of an interaction within one functional level is protein-protein interactions that occur in the proteome. Here two or more proteins physically interact and form a single multi-protein complex which provides greater efficiency in the synthesis of metabolites, either through the consumption of less energy or a higher rate of synthesis. Through this approach multiple metabolic enzymes can collaborate and work together to synthesis a metabolite or metabolites.
Probably the most frequently used example of interactions which regulate a biological system is the regulation of the lactose operon in the bacteria Escherichia coli. Glucose is the preferred fuel source in E. coli and so in the presence of glucose the enzymes for the catabolism of the alternative carbon source lactose are not activated and the transport proteins used to transport lactose into the cell are inactive. However, when glucose levels are low the lactose operon and lactose transporters are no longer switched off and are instead switched on and lactose is used as an energy source.
© University of Birmingham and Birmingham Metabolomics Training Centre
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LEROUX, Neil R.
Summer 2000, pages 35-54Luther's Use of Doublets
Abstract: Martin Luther's early writings and sermons contain the frequent use of a stylistic feature I call doublets. While there are several variations possible, doublets usually connect two words of the same grammatical formfinite verbs, adjectives or adverbs, and substantiveswith a coordinate conjunction. Rather than necessarily diffusing audience attention, as one contemporary scholar suggests, or typically sacrificing vivacity, as is the concern of an eighteenth-century theorist, Luther's doubletswhen we examine them in contextare an effective tool for consolidating mental focus and strengthening adherence to a thesis. The medieval practice of enarratio, his familiarity with the parallelism and doubling in scripture, and his work with bible translation all probably contributed to Luther's tendency to use doublets
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ESF/N-AERUS 2000 International Workshop: Cities of the South: Sustainable for Whom?
1 May 2000
Have current programmes and projects designed to promote sustainable development shown evidence of improving the quality of life for the broad majority of citizens in the South?
This question was the focus of the debate during the European Science Foundation's annual N-AERUS Workshop, organized by UNRISD and IREC-EPFL at the Palais des Nations in Geneva on 3-6 May. Recognizing that cities and towns already house half of humanity and that they have an essential role in development in general, over 70 participants from developing countries and Europe reaffirmed the importance of questioning assumptions underlying common approaches to urban development problems and opportunities in the South.
The workshop concluded that the following areas figure prominently among those matters needing critical examination:
To carry out effective investigations, the workshop proposed that:
- The dominant model of development, economic globalization, which relies on and promotes the increasing mobility of finance capital, privatisation of public and social services, withdrawal of states from responsibility for safeguarding the public good, and the deepening influence of global corporations in governance at all levels, is largely inimical to genuine forms of sustainable development.
- The realization that approaches to development that may provide healthy and culturally rich lifestyles have been ignored or denigrated by researchers and institutions that subscribe to the dominant approach to development.
- The extent to which social and cultural diversity and differences of country, city, and community has been neglected in debates about the nature of sustainable development.
- The high degree of confusion surrounding the meaning of "sustainable development", which among other things, has resulted at times in some interpretations of sustainable development being imposed upon the poor in the South, either by southern elites or northern donors. This tends to limit rather than expand the approach to development.
- The urgent need to focus attention on lifestyles of the rich in the North as well as in the South in designing more balanced and realistic paths to sustainable urban development.
- The ways in which sustainable urban settlements depend primarily on the actors involved (community, government and business) and on institutions and democratic political systems that allow local actors to determine their own development process.
- Researchers recognize and identify explicitly the groups that are likely to be the main beneficiaries of the policies and actions supported by their research.
- Research be conceived, designed and carried out jointly by institutions of the South and North, and that the findings of such research be made available to those actors involved in efforts to build more democratic and humane cities.
- Researchers in the North forge better links with research networks in the South in order to increase the sensitivities of funding institutions in the North to the research priorities and capabilities of southern researchers and institutions.
- Researchers formulate much clearer theoretical frameworks to guide research on sustainable development in the urban context, and strive to achieve a balance between theoretical and conceptual understanding and research of immediate practical value, recognizing the validity of both.
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How Is Deferred Revenue Connected to Accounts Receivable?
A great irony of accounting on an accrual basis is that it lets companies report revenue that they do not have and actual cash that they have not earned. Accounts receivable and deferred revenue accounts convert to cash over time and represent how customers pay for different products and services. Companies and small businesses that use accrual accounting might be able to leverage both accounts for growth and income.
Also called accrual accounting, accrual-basis accounting is a method for recording cash flows consistent with the transactions that generate them without regard to receipts or payments of physical cash. In other words, upon the sale of a product or service, the consequent income earned is immediately accounted for. Similarly, if a company places an order for supplies, for example, the related cost of those supplies is immediately accounted for. Accrual accounting is practiced by most companies for preparing periodic financial statements. Depending on its size, a small business may be advised to follow a cash-basis accounting method, which records receipts and payments only once money has actually moved. Small businesses should consult a qualified accountant to learn if they can benefit from accrual accounting.
Accounts receivable represents the income from products or services that have been sold and delivered, but for which payment has not yet been received. Accounts receivable, often called AR, is a balance sheet asset that is credited when when revenue has been earned, but not yet received. As a company receives money from clients, it debits the AR balance and credits its cash balance. All companies, but small business in particular, should closely monitor accounts receivable, because high balances may indicate or result in insolvency from low cash inflow.
Deferred revenue reflects cash receipts in connection with goods and services that have not yet been delivered or rendered. Deferred revenue is located in the liabilities section of a balance sheet. Examples of deferred revenue include proceeds from gift certificates and magazine subscriptions wherein products are delivered to the payer at a later time. Each time a company delivers a product or renders a service for which it already received payment, it recognizes the earnings by debiting its deferred revenue balance and crediting its cash balance for the appropriate amount. Small businesses that record deferred revenue should monitor their deferred revenue balance, because a high balance might indicate inefficiency delivering goods and services.
Except that a reduction in either account results in an equal increase in the cash account, there is no causal relationship between accounts receivable and deferred revenue. Both accounts represent a company's purveyance of goods or services on a payment-per-delivery (accounts receivable) or a prepaid (deferred revenue) basis. This means that companies with both accounts on their balance sheets generate potentially higher revenue than those that record only one or the other. Small businesses that pursue accrual accounting may wish to explore if they can expand by integrating both accounts.
Nicholas B. Sisson holds a B.A. in economics from Ithaca College and a certificate in technical communication from J.B.S. Technical Communications, Ltd. Working in investment operations, Sisson participated in an initiative to revise and rewrite his group's procedure manual. More recently, Sisson created definitions of financial terms for the glossary of a major financial website. He has been writing since 2008.
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There are lots of duplicate contents when you look at memory pages in a running system. For example, in cloud hosts, many virtual machines (VMs) are running the same software stack or many apps may statically link similar libraries in your mobile phone.
We hence can save a whole lot of memory if we could eliminate this duplication and this is where memory deduplication comes into play. Memory deduplication periodically scans memory pages and keeps one read-only copy by merging many duplicate pages. When a party (e.g., a VM) wants to write to a shared copy, a copy-on-write event makes sure that correct semantics are preserved by creating a private copy for the writing party.
This works relatively well and people have reported that they could save a lot of memory using memory deduplication. But there are security concerns…
Attacks on Memory Deduplication
In our previous work, we showed that it is possible to abuse memory deduplication to leak high-entropy information using a side channel. This attack relied on the slow writes to figure out whether a page exists in the system. We further showed that it is possible to abuse the predictability of the merge operation for performing deterministic cross-VM Rowhammer attacks.
In this work, we show that the attack surface of memory deduplication is much larger: it is possible to leak the existence of another page in the system by only reading from memory. Further, it is possible to abuse the predictability of memory reuse even when the merge operation itself is not predictable for Rowhammer attacks, as is the case in some implementations (e.g., Windows).
We use these findings to build a secure memory deduplication system which we call VUsion.
VUsion’s Secure Design
To address the side-channel attacks, we have to make sure that all pages that are shared should behave the same as the pages that are not shared. To enforce this, we remove all access permissions from all the pages that are considered for deduplication. As soon as they are accessed, we will always duplicate a copy regardless of whether the page was merged (i.e., copy-on-access).
This is secure because the attacker can no longer tell whether the page was originally shared (more details in the paper), but it sounds very expensive, both in terms of performance and deduplication rates. You would expect that performance will be horrible because of copy-on-access on any page regardless of whether they are shared. You would also expect that deduplication rate will be horrible as well, because any access would cause a shared page to reduplicate.
Fortunately, one key insight allows VUsion to operate with both good performance and high deduplication rate! We noticed that most of deduplication benefits come from idle pages in the system. Hence, with a simple working set estimation, we can reduce the performance overhead but preserve deduplication on idle pages. Furthermore, the deduplication process is a slow background process which means that the cost of the extra page faults due to copy-on-access will be amortized over a long period of time.
The diagrams below compare deduplicated (or fused) pages in KSM, the original implementation of memory deduplication in the Linux kernel, and VUsion.
To address the Rowhammer attacks, we rely on a high-entropy pool for allocating physical pages. Using this pool, the attackers cannot rely on predictable behavior in the memory deduplication system for reliable Rowhammer attacks.
VUsion is implemented on top of the Linux kernel 4.10.0-rc6. We make heavy use of various kernel subsystems such as the original KSM, khugepaged and idle page tracking.
We measured that accessing pages always takes the same amount of time regarding their merge status and the allocations are always random, protecting memory deduplication against side-channel and Rowhammer attacks. There are lots of results about security, performance and deduplication rates in our paper. But here are some teasers:
VUsion only introduces 2.7% of performance overhead on top of KSM in the SPEC 2006 benchmark suite as the following figure shows.
VUsion only degrades the deduplication rate by 1% when we started 16 VMs started from different Linux images (including CentOS, debian, etc.) as the following figure shows.
VUsion is available as open-source software: https://github.com/vusec/vusion
Frequently Asked Question
- How can I check whether memory deduplication is enabled in my cloud?
You need to check the support for memory deduplication in your virtualization platform (e.g., KVM, Xen, etc.). Different people call memory deduplication differently: Linux/KVM calls it same-page merging, Windows calls it memory combining, VMWare calls it transparent page merging, and Virtual Box calls it page fusion.
- I checked and memory deduplication is enabled in my cloud. Are my VMs secure against attacks on memory deduplication?
Probably not. As far as we know, none of the virtualization platforms implement techniques for protecting against side-channel and Rowhammer attacks like VUsion does. You can apply our patch to secure memory deduplication if you run Linux/KVM.
- I am a “client” of a cloud provider. How can I check whether memory deduplication is enabled?
You cannot easily check if your cloud provider does not tell you (or lies about it). You can try one of the side channels on your own memory pages to check this as we have described in our paper. Try this on your own risk though.
- Fake Merging and Share XOR Fetch sound prohibitively expensive, but you show that they are indeed practical. How come?
Because most of the deduplicated pages are actually idle like page cache. Do note that it is generally not easy to measure the overhead of advanced memory management features on all corner cases. We did however tried our best to measure VUsion’s overhead on all scenarios we could think of and generally observed low overhead.
- What about Transparent Huge Pages?
VUsion is fully compatible with Transparent Huge Pages while preserving security. Please find more information about it in our paper.
- Why the name VUsion?
Page fusion is another name for memory deduplication. Vusion is pronounced similar to fusion in Dutch and VU is the abbreviation of our university’s name, hence VUsion.
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Many centuries ago yogis in their pursuit of perfection found that psychological development is only possible when the corresponding physical state goes along with it. In other words, a weak and unhealthy organism can't absorb the energy needed to achieve an absolute peace of mind. Only the person practicing Raja yoga which is yoga of the mind development, self control, and the control of the mind can obtain the desired result. Moreover, it was discovered that the energy from above can also have a pernicious effect on the organism by destroying it as bacteria and diseases grow stronger and disorders and imperfections are intensified. However, this only happens when the energy from above is misused.
In the case of both physical and mental disorders, is necessary to improve the energy of the organism to increase metabolism, generate the necessary energy, adapt to the overload, and enhance the immune barrier. Yogis have discovered the method which is very potent in this respect. It is the gymnastic system of different yoga stretches types which serve to stretch the connective tissues. This stage of yoga is called asana.
Generally speaking, asana is a posture that is assumed to stretch the tendon muscle tissues. The more profound that the stretch of the tendons and muscles are then, the greater the immune system improvement and the adaptive capability of the organisms are. The relation between connective tissues and the immune system is no longer a wonder to human beings.
Various yoga stretches types draw attention to the importance of stretching the connective tissues with the goal of increasing the power of the organism. Different yoga stretches types such as the neck stretch, shoulder roll, backbone stretch, and many more stretches have proven extremely useful.
When speaking about various yoga stretches types, mention must be made of the following dilemma. In the case of a person with good starting flexibility and state of connective tissues, changes in the organism will only take place if he performs the challenging stretching exercises and we don't mean the easy ones. In regards to the beginners, they will achieve tangible results by just practicing the basic yoga asanas.
The best conclusion to be drawn from what has been said above are that people who have a good flexibility level and some stretching practice should perform more challenging and complex yoga stretches types. They are just people who have achieved certain results but wish to improve them when they need to.
The main goal of asana practice is to stretch all of the tendons and muscles. However, the desired result can only be achieved if the needed pose is fixed and maintained for a certain period of time.
It is important to remember that only stretching may have negative results because it may loosen the muscle system. For this reason, inverse action is essential. Stretching the tendons and muscles should be combined with static isometric tension of the muscles.
On the important condition of asana practice the practitioner will receive drastic results in terms of the immune system in the shortest period of time. On the other hand incorrect asana practice may cause serious injuries.
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The word teratoma comes from Greek word “Teras”, which has the literal meaning ‘monster’. There are several subtypes of teratoma, ranging from benign to malignant teratoma. Teratoma is a tumor formed by different types of tissues or organs. It is present prior to birth. Depending on the types of cells and the maturity of tumor it can be malevolent. In new- born babies it does not spread usually and is benevolent. On the other hand malevolent teratoma spreads in a hostile way, and other body parts also get affected. Though the tissues of teratoma are regular tissues in themselves but they may be quite dissimilar to the other tissues besides them. Teratoma can contain teeth, hair, bone, and sometimes organs such as limbs, feet, eyes, torso, or hands.
Usually they are germ cells tumors. They normally contain tissues of organs such as lungs, liver, brain, thyroid and are composed of some germ layers. They are usually benign as they are encapsulated. When the teratoma develops fluid filled cyst in its capsule and it enlarges then it usually develop into a structure which is similar to a fetus. Women are more prone to benign teratoma which is mature while men are found to have malignant teratoma which is immature. Even being congenital the small teratoma might not be noticed till quite an age.
What causes teratoma?
Several studies have failed and the actual causes of teratoma are not yet understood by the specialists. It is a birth defect and can also be inherited with defects which affect the lower spine, genitourinary tract, and the central nervous system. There may be other cancers such as Myelodysplasia, Malignant histiocytosis, Acute myelogenous leukemia, and Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma which may be associated with teratoma. Malignant teratoma is often located in the chest area of young men who are in their 20s-30s.
Symptoms of teratoma
The symptoms of teratoma depend on the size, location, and the individual who has teratoma. The most common symptoms may include the following:
v Swelling, tumor, or mass that is visible and can be felt
v Increases and prominent levels of alpha-fetoprotein
v Increase in the level of beta-human chorionic ganadotropin
v Chest pain and pressure
v Leg weakness and incontinence
v Short breath
v Reduced ability to exercise
Diagnosis of teratoma
The doctors have to carry out some examination physically which can show the veins in the chest centre to be blocked due to the increasing pressure. The following tests can be conducted in the diagnosis of tumor:
v Blood tests are done to check the level of beta-HCG and alpha fetoprotein
v Chest x-ray
v Mediastinoscopy with biopsy
v CT scans of pelvis, chest, and abdomen
Complications with teratoma
Unless there is a vascular steal (huge blood amount flowing through the tumor) or mass effect (the effect of growing mass which tend to result in pathological effects) the teratomas are not risky for the fetus. The vascular steal can affect the growing of the fetus’s heart up to the extent of heart failure and the mass effect hinders the fluid flow from the surrounding organs. The vascular steal should be monitored by fetal echocardiography.
v Surgery: Complete resection is done in the surgical method of treating teratoma. As they are usually separated from the surrounding tissues and encapsulated well, this makes it easy to remove them completely. Teratoma in the brain can be large and complex which makes it difficult to resection the tumor as it is interlaced with the surrounding structures and muscles. Even after surgery the teratoma can be regenerated in the same or the nearby place
v Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is needed after surgery in case of malignant tumors. Tumors located in inaccessible locations become malignant due to late diagnosis or treatment so they need chemotherapy followed by surgical removal
v Follow-up: Even benign teratoma has the tendency to be malignant. Even after being treated for teratoma the survival rates in infants has been reported from 85%-95% according to some of the studies conducted in UK and Italy. Different tissues involved in teratoma causes different types of secretions with chemicals and systemic effects. These secretions can be useful in detecting the success rate of the treatment and the relapse in patients. Human chorionic gonadotropin is the pregnancy hormone secreted by some teratoma which is used to monitor the success rates but as it is not released by most teratoma, it is not considered as a diagnostic marker. The alpha-fetoprotein can be used as a diagnostic marker under some situations for the yolk sac presence in the teratoma. Its secretion is of marked concern as these cells have the potential to develop into a malignant tumor called as endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumor.
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A new report from CLIR and the HBCU Library Alliance explores the common barriers and shared visions for creating access to archival collections held by libraries at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Chronicling nearly 300 years of the lived experiences and legacies of African Americans, these materials are vital to enriching our understanding of the achievements, influence, and global impact of African American people and communities. Many of these collections, however, remain inaccessible because of constraints in staffing, space, collections, equipment, and other resources.
Creating Access to HBCU Library Alliance Archives: Needs, Capacity, and Technical Planning is one of few reports that document the needs of HBCU libraries as they relate to archives and special collections. It is based on a series of online focus groups that author Sharon Ferguson Freeman facilitated with HBCU library directors and deans in 2021. The study provides insight into the significance of special and archival collections for HBCU libraries and their communities; the management and capacity of archives and special collections; and these libraries’ values, priorities, needs, and aspirations. The findings also reveal information related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HBCUs and broader topics of significance that were not anticipated when the project began.
The collections described in the report encompass materials relating to organizational affiliations with churches, African American history, the civil rights movement, and institutional histories. Images from these collections are featured throughout the report.
The desire for additional staff, adequate space, digitization of collections, and expansion of collections emerged as key priorities among the focus group participants. Participants also expressed the wish for an endowment to be used exclusively to support archives and special collections.
“The collections within HBCU libraries, the stories they uncover, the voices that must be amplified are more important now than ever before,” said HBCU executive director Sandra Phoenix. Our partnership with CLIR aims to foster awareness and access to diverse historical records that shaped American history, thus informing dialog to promote the common good. This work is a critical step to ensuring the preservation and accessibility of the authentic voice of African American history in the United States. It is imperative that history accurately reflects and acknowledges the innumerable contributions of generations of African Americans to the economic, social, and cultural development of our nation.”
The project grew out of a partnership formalized in 2019 between the HBCU Library Alliance and CLIR, and a 2020 Mellon Foundation grant for a study to inform a sustainable shared infrastructure for creating access to HBCU Library Alliance members’ archival collections.
“History is a dynamic inheritance, requiring diligent stewardship and rigorous assessment,” said CLIR president Charles Henry. “Our partnership with the HBCU Library Alliance and its archives seeks to assure that our national historical narrative is true, respectful, and multidimensional, to include voices that have been marginalized or suppressed, providing a more authentic understanding of our place and our selves.”
Creating Access to HBCU Library Alliance Archives: Needs, Capacity, and Technical Planning is available as a freely downloadable pdf at https://www.clir.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2022/04/Creating-Access-to-HBCU-Library-Alliance-Archives.pdf.
Thirty individuals have been selected to participate in the 2022 Leading Change Institute (LCI), to be held in Washington DC July 10–15. Jointly sponsored by CLIR and EDUCAUSE, LCI is designed for leaders in higher education, including CIOs, librarians, information technology professionals, and administrators, who want to work collaboratively to promote and initiate change on critical issues affecting the academy. These issues include new sources of competition, use of technology to support effective teaching and learning, distance learning, changing modes of scholarly communications, and the qualities necessary for leadership.
Participants will join deans Joanne Kossuth and Elliott Shore along with other thought leaders from the community in discussing approaches to these challenges, including ideas for collaboration, collective creativity, and innovation within and across departments, institutions, and local or regional boundaries; the conceptualization of blended positions and organizations; and the importance of community mentorship and advocacy.
This year, for the first time, a current CLIR staff member, Aliya Reich, will participate in the institute. Reich is CLIR’s program manager for conferences and events. “I am thrilled to represent CLIR at the 2022 Leading Change Institute,” she said. “LCI’s commitment to a collaborative, experimental approach to challenges in higher education and the GLAM sector is well aligned with CLIR’s priorities and my own work as our conference planner. I look forward to contributing my own experiences and learning from others at this year’s event.”
Nancy Abashian, Senior Director of Public Services and Office of Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility (IDEA), Binghamton University
Devin Becker, Head, Data and Digital Services & Director, Center for Digital Inquiry and Learning (CD?L), University of Idaho Library
Elizabeth Brown, Department Chair, Instruction Coordinator, Central Washington University
Kirsten Clark, Director, University of Minnesota Libraries
Leighana Coe, Support Services Manager, Linn-Benton Community College
Hilary Davis, Head, Collections & Research Strategy, NC State University Libraries
Kristen Dietiker, Chief Information Security Officer, Santa Clara University
Damecia Donahue, Librarian III/Strategic Foresight Librarian, Wayne State University
Uche Enwesi, Director, IT Systems Support and Facilities Management, Univ of Maryland
Emily Ferrier, Librarian, Economics, Entrepreneurship, STEM, Brown University
Joshua Finnell, Interim Associate University Librarian, Associate Professor in the Libraries, Colgate University
Shay Foley, Director of Metadata and Digital Strategies, Hamilton College
Travis Grandy, Associate Director, Learning Research & Technology, Smith College
Martha Horan, Head of Preservation Strategies, The University of Miami
Jennifer Hunter, Head of Firestone General Service Operations, Princeton University
Carrie Johnston, Digital Humanities Research Designer, Wake Forest University
Vickery Lebbin, Interim Associate University Librarian, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
Ryan MacTaggart, Manager, Professional Learning, EDUCAUSE
Katie McCormick, Associate Dean for Special Collections & Archives, Florida State University
Robert Morse, Senior Instructional Designer, Statewide Assessment, Ivy Tech Community College
Joy Novak, Head of Special Collections Management, Washington University in St. Louis
Kristi Park, Executive Director, Texas Digital Library
Leah Plocharczyk, Interim Director, Florida Atlantic University
Anguelina Popova, Associate Professor; Director, American University of Central Asia
Crystal Ramsay, Director (interim), Penn State
Gregory Reeve, Metadata and Identities Librarian, Brigham Young University
Aliya Reich, Program Manager for Conferences and Events, Council on Library and Information Resources
Philip Schreur, Associate University Librarian for Technical and Access Services, Stanford University
Jameson Watkins, Chief Information Officer, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences
David Woodbury, Department Head, Learning Spaces & Services, NC State University Libraries
CLIR has awarded $570,595 to fund 20 Recordings at Risk projects. This ninth cohort of recipients will build on the work of the 127 previously funded projects, which have already digitally preserved nearly 38,000 at-risk audio and/or visual recordings.
Analog audiovisual materials are increasingly at risk because of their fragility, a lack of easily available playing equipment, and environmental threats. The grant recipients will digitize a variety of formats using state-of-the-art technologies with the help of qualified digitization service providers. The recordings document twentieth-century Native life in America, music history, labor and social justice activism, animal life, and the perspectives and creativity of people from California to Puerto Rico.
Cycle 9 awarded projects:
Organization: Blank FormsProject: The Cecil Taylor Preservation Project: Digitizing the Personal Recordings of Cecil Taylor, Pioneering Composer, Multi-Instrumentalist, Artist, and PoetAmount: $12,125
Organization: Boston City ArchivesProject: Preserving Boston’s Voices: Digitizing the Boston 200 Community Oral History CollectionAmount: $39,155
Organization: Boston CSJ ArchivesProject: Throw Open the Windows! Digitizing the Experiences of the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Boston During the Era of Vatican IIAmount: $16,845
Organization: Boston Symphony Orchestra (The BSO)Project: Preserving a Conducting Legacy: John Williams with the Boston Pops (1979 – 1991)Amount: $14,025
Organization: Bowling Green State UniversityProject: Filk Collections at BGSU: Preserving 1980s Fan Culture and CommunityAmount: $16,675
Organization: Catawba NationProject: Digitizing Catawba VoicesAmount: $36,570
Organization: Georgia State University FoundationProject: Digitizing Southern Labor’s 20th and 21st Century Spoken WordAmount: $23,945
Organization: GLBT Historical SocietyProject: Preserving LGBTQ Voices: Digitizing Interviews Conducted by Mary Richards, Journalist for the Bay Area ReporterAmount: $17,642
Organization: Incubadora Microempresa Bieke, Inc.Project: Archivo Histórico de Vieques Digitization ProjectAmount: $50,000
Organization: Minnesota Historical Society (MNHS)Project: Guerilla Television Meets Broadcast Journalism – Preserving the Early History of Intermedia Arts MinnesotaAmount: $12,495
Organization: National GeographicProject: Crittercam Collection – Digitizing Animal Behavior Through Their Own Point of ViewAmount: $24,360
Organization: New York University (NYU)Project: Reframing 1970s-1980s NYC Through the Lens of Chinese Cable TV (CCTV): Preserving the Community-Produced Television ProgramAmount: $27,215
Organization: North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (N.C. A&T)Project: Digitizing the History of North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, 1937 – 1979Amount: $47,570
Organization: Piedmont UniversityProject: Preserving Southern Progressive History: Digitizing Original Recordings of Social Justice Author and Activist Lillian E. Smith’s Laurel Falls Camp for Girls and Other Recordings ca. 1940s-1950sAmount: $26,278
Organization: San Francisco Jazz Organization (SFJAZZ)Project: SFJAZZ Historic Archive DigitizationAmount: $41,671
Organization: UC Santa Barbara LibraryProject: Preserving America’s Radio Heritage: The Recordings of Variety Show Pioneer Rudy ValléeAmount: $49,985
Organization: University of IdahoProject: Unheard Voices: Digitizing the Oral Histories of Underrepresented Communities in IdahoAmount: $17,321
Organization: University of Pittsburgh Library SystemProject: Preserving the Experiences of African Americans and Immigrants Racing to Pittsburgh’s Steel ValleyAmount: $36,826
Organization: University of TennesseeProject: A More Comprehensive Picture: Saving the Audiovisual Records of Congressional Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Papers of U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver and Ray JenkinsAmount: $49,200
Organization: Willard LibraryProject: Digitizing Oral Histories of Battle CreekAmount: $10,692
Visit the program’s Funded Projects page for more information about individual projects and about the independent review panel which makes all funding recommendations for this program.
Funded by the Mellon Foundation and administered by CLIR, the Recordings at Risk program supports the preservation of rare and unique audio and/or visual recordings of high scholarly value. Since 2017, the program has awarded grants of between $10,000 and $50,000 to diverse organizations, providing necessary funds to save cultural memory that would otherwise be lost. This was the last cycle of funding under the current iteration of the program, and at this time, CLIR has no information to share about future funding. Those interested are encouraged to sign up for CLIR’s Grants + Programs Newsletter for updates.
Two new resources are available from DLF working groups. The DLF Born-Digital Access Working Group’s (BDAWG) Visioning Access Systems (VAS) subgroup has released An Exploration of Ideal Access Systems. This framework on access systems for born-digital materials incorporates community input, and is intended to be a living document. Community members–particularly those who are actively using the framework in their professional work–are encouraged to provide feedback on, questions about, or comments regarding this document by using this Google form.
DLF’s Digital Library Pedagogy group has released the #DLFTeach Toolkit Volume 2. The toolkit aggregates lesson plans and pedagogical guidance for practitioners seeking disciplinary and interdisciplinary applications of 3D technologies (including Virtual and Augmented Reality) in classrooms, libraries, and other teaching contexts. Because the editorial team supports ethical use of these technologies, the Toolkit is based on a decolonial, anti-ableist, and feminist pedagogical framework for collaboratively developing and curating humanities content. Lesson plans are adaptable to a range of disciplines and address various stages of the 3D data life cycle and types of immersive media. The Toolkit aims to provide educators with the tools to navigate the complex process of adopting emerging 3D technologies while illustrating the possibilities for extending critical thinking using 3D/VR/AR.
Less than two weeks remain to submit your proposal for our conferences happening in Baltimore, Maryland, this October: the Digital Library Federation’s (DLF) Forum and Learn@DLF; NDSA’s Digital Preservation 2022: Preserving Legacy; and CLIR’s Digitizing Hidden Collections Symposium.
For all events, we welcome submissions from members and nonmembers alike. Students, practitioners, and others from any related field are invited to submit for one conference or multiple (though, different proposals for each, please).
Events will take place on the following dates:
Learn more about our events and session options on the DLF Blog.
The deadline for all opportunities is Monday, April 25, at 11:59 pm Eastern Time.
View the Calls for Proposals and submit:
If you have any questions, please write to us at email@example.com. If you’d like to know more about our Covid-19 Health Protocols, click here. We’re looking forward to seeing you in Baltimore this fall. Want to stay updated on all things #DLFforum? Subscribe to our Forum newsletter or follow us at @CLIRDLF on Twitter.
The IIPC’s Archiving Conference (WAC) 2022, #WhyWebArchiving, will be hosted online by the Library of Congress and the IIPC. WAC will begin with a day of workshops on May 23, and continue with the conference from May 24-25. The event is free of charge, and registration will open soon. More information is available at https://netpreserve.org/ga2022/.
ISSN 1944-7639Content is not copyrighted and can be freely distributed
Council on Library and Information Resources1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 600Alexandria, VA firstname.lastname@example.org
CLIR is an independent, nonprofit organization that forges strategies to enhance research, teaching, and learning environments in collaboration with libraries, cultural institutions, and communities of higher learning.
Sign up for news from CLIR.
Unless otherwise indicated, content on this site is available for re-use under CC BY-SA 4.0 License
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Hate & Bias Crimes
Hate crimes are offenses that consist of willingly injuring, intimidating or interfering with another person, or attempting to do so, by force because of the other person’s race, color, religion or national origin.
- Behaviorally, a hate crime is about offensive behavior, such as physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse, insult, propaganda, or offensive graffiti.
Hate crimes are considered to have negative effects on society as a whole.
- Not only does it create generalized terror within the group to which the victim belongs, but it is a direct threat to equality and social harmony by unnecessarily stimulating divisions in society.
A bias crime is an act that is motivated by the perpetrator’s bias against the group to which the victim belongs.
A bias-motivated crime has been defined as “a crime in which the offender is motivated by a characteristic of the victim that identifies the victim as a member of some group toward which the offender feels animosity.
The key criterion in hate crime legislation is motivation. The act must be bias-motivated. Its purpose must be to harm a person or property because of race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation. In some cases, the bias will be apparent; in other cases, the motive will have to be inferred from crime scene clues or other evidence, such as:
- Offensive symbols
- Offensive language overheard by bystanders/witnesses
- Prior history of similar acts in similar area/similar victims
- Involvement with an organized hate group
- Victim different from other potential victims in the area
- Other motives, like financial gain, are absent
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With a $160,000 grant from FRAXA Research Foundation from 1999-2000, Drs. Menahem Segal at the Weizmann Institute and Katarina Braun at the Leibnitz Institute for Learning analyzed the Fragile X protein’s influence on spine synapses in neurons. Results published.
by Menahem Segal, 1/1/1999
A stunning observation made decades ago is that major deficits in the ability to acquire and store information, as is the case of mental retardation, is associated with minimal, if any, change in the structure of the brain. While scientists are still puzzled by the lack of apparent difference between the brain of a genius and that of a mentally retarded person, exciting information which can explain how an organism becomes mentally retarded begins to emerge. It focuses on the dendritic spine, that part of a nerve cell which is the locus of synaptic interaction, neuronal plasticity and long term memory. The recent advent in molecular cloning helped in isolating the protein FMRP, which is absent in Fragile X mentally retarded children, and morphological studies have linked this protein to the dendritic spine. Also, the morphology (shape) of synaptic structures is abnormal in Fragile X syndrome. Having access to new and advanced technologies, we have now reached a turning point where, for the first time, it is possible to address these issues in our established models for synaptic plasticity.
The objective of the current proposal is to better understand the role of FMRP in synaptic structure and function in a controlled, in vitro test system involving the tissue-cultured neuron. We propose the hypothesis that mental retardation, typical of patients with the Fragile X syndrome, may be manifested by abnormal and malfunctioning synaptic connections. We also propose that expression of FMRP at the synapse could be involved in the synapse maturation process. A continuing role of FMRP expression in adult synaptic plasticity may indicate that synaptic FMRP synthesis is a critical factor in synapse stabilization and elimination, both in developmental brain organization and in adult learning and memory. We will analyze FMRP-mediated functional maturation of spine synapses in two brain regions, the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex. Both regions are known to mature during late postnatal stages and therefore are vulnerable to disruption of normal synaptic selection processes. Both brain regions are part of the limbic system, which mediates emotional responses as well as learning and memory formation, functions that are severely impaired in the Fragile X syndrome.
We will study the expression of FMRP in developing cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons and follow the responses of these neurons to experimentally-induced changes in synaptic activity. We will modify the expression of FMRP and study the changes in synaptic properties and integration of the affected neurons. The identification and characterization of the role of FMRP in normal and pathological synaptic plasticity during brain maturation is a prerequisite for future design of clinical preventive or therapeutic strategies for the treatment of mental retardation associated with the Fragile X syndrome.
January 2000, by Katarina Braun
We have used tissue-cultured neurons to examine differences in morphology (shape) and synaptic connectivity between wild-type and knockout mice. We have already found that hippocampal neurons taken from knockout mice and grown in culture for three weeks have shorter dendrites and fewer dendritic spines compared to controls. Also, knockout cells tend to develop fewer active synaptic connections, which produce smaller excitatory synaptic currents than controls. These preliminary observations may have important functional implications for the ability of the cells taken from the knockout mice to express long term plasticity, which may underlie the mental retardation seen in patients who lack FMRP.
Results and other research by Dr. Segal can be found here.
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A lot of people have good intentions when it comes to recycling but they forget to do it. Social scientists say this is a main problem with humans sustaining an activity. The use of prompts to remind us can work to change behavior.
Prompts should be made to encourage households to recycle with reminders as to what can be recycled in their community or the day of the week that their recycling will be picked up. Simple prompts can be very effective at reminding and encouraging participation in curbside recycling programs.
Here are some tips about using prompts:
Dawn, from Harris Teeter, discusses the use of 'shelf talkers' in the grocery store. Consumers like to be reminded or educated about the products they buy. Using shelf talkers, Harris Teeter indicates which products can be easily recycled once you are through using them.
Look at using stickers, door hangers, magnets, key chains, bags, etc. Below are some local government sample prompts.
Magnets with local recycling information
Stickers placed near faucets can be used as prompts to remind people to turn off the water or report leaks
Key chains about oil recycling and anti-littering
Food scraper for fats, oil and grease education and a rain gauge for water conservation information
Koosie for college students
Doorhangers for hotel sustainability issues
Web Content Display
N.C. Division of Environmental Assistance and Customer Service • Mailing Address: 1639 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1639 • Physical Address: 217 W. Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27603 • Toll Free: (877) 623-6748
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Ampalaya, also called bitter melon or balsam pear, makes up a staple in Indian and Chinese cuisines, and is highly regarded in tropical Asia for its medicinal properties, explains Ohio State University. Like most other veggies, ampalaya is low in calories, and each pod contains just 21 calories, or 1 percent of the calorie intake in a 2,000-calorie diet. Within ampalaya's white and bitter flesh, you'll find several essential nutrients, including vitamins that support your health.
Ampalaya is low in fat -- each pod provides just a quarter of a gram of total fat -- but provide you with proteins and carbohydrates needed to fuel your active lifestyle. Each pod contains 1.3 grams of protein, which helps maintain healthy bones and other tissues, as well as 4.6 grams of carbohydrates. Some of these carbs -- approximately 1 gram -- provide fuel for your cells, while the remaining 3.5 grams come from dietary fiber, a type of carbohydrate that fights cardiovascular disease, as well as constipation and hemorrhoids. The dietary fiber found in one ampalaya provides 9 and 14 percent of the recommended daily fiber intakes for men and women, respectively, according to the National Academy of Sciences Research Council.
Vitamin C and Folate
Ampalaya's generous vitamin C and folate content promotes cardiovascular health. Folate helps you metabolize homocysteine -- an amino acid that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin C reduces your cardiovascular disease risk, and a diet rich in the nutrient cuts your risk of coronary heart disease. Each ampalaya provides you with 89 micrograms of folate -- 22 percent of your recommended daily intake -- as well as 104 milligrams of vitamin C, or your entire recommended daily intake, according to the Institute of Medicine.
Add ampalaya to your diet to boost your intake of vitamin A. Your body utilizes vitamin A to control gene activity -- an essential process for guiding new cell development. Vitamin A also supports new red blood cell growth and maintains healthy vision. Each ampalaya provides you with 584 international units of vitamin A, and provides 19 and 25 percent of the recommended daily vitamin A intakes for men and women, respectively, according to the Institute of Medicine.
Serving Tips and Suggestions
Lightly salt sliced ampalaya before cooking -- this draws out some of the liquid and improves its flavor. Enjoy it sauteed with your favorite vegetables as a side dish, or make it a main course by adding lean protein, such as shrimp, chicken breast, tofu or tempeh. Use sliced ampalaya in salads -- it pairs particularly well with tomatoes, shredded carrots and thinly sliced onion. Alternatively, combine chopped ampalaya with mango and cilantro for a healthful salsa.
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Bloating in dogs is an emergency medical condition that must be treated immediately as the condition can be fatal in a few minutes. There are several factors that make bloating more or less likely. These include increased age, the dog’s breed, deep and narrow chests, stress and over feeding and eating foods, such as kibble, that expand the stomach.
Dogs that gobble their food are at high risk for bloating. The foremost reason for gas buildup involves a dysfunctional sphincter between the dog’s stomach and esophagus. Bloating occurs when the stomach becomes stretched from too much gas. It can also cause the stomach to turn in the abdomen and then cut off blood flow to critical organs. Bloating in dogs can also be called torsion or gastric torsion.
Other Contributing Factors and Causes of Bloating in Dogs
Allowing a dog to eat only once a day can increase bloating. It is better to feed your dog twice daily with half of his food in the morning and half at night. If your dog gobbles his food try adding raw carrots cut to about 3 inch lengths to his food so that he has to chew more. One friend put 3 tennis balls in the dog food bowl and the dog has to root around to get the kibble.. thus the gobbling is slowed down.
A few years ago dog nutritionist thought that raising a dog’s bowl while he or she eats would decrease the chance of bloating. This has proven to be false and, in fact, increases the risk of bloating.
Any dog that gobbles their food is prone to bloating which, as stated, is an extreme medical emergency. Boston Terriers have a short snout and may not chew their food well. In addition they have a barrel chest which makes them vulnerable. My Susi Q just about inhales her food so I am always on the lookout for new ideas in how to slow her down. It makes it worse that she doesn’t seem to like vegetables.
I find that if I cook baby carrots until they are very firm and not soft then she will sometimes eat them when I mix them in with her kibble. Other times she siphons them out and eats the kibble and then looks at me as if to say, “Mom, did you think I wouldn’t notice these big orange things in my food?”
Great Danes have a 37% chance of getting bloat over their lifetime. Serious stuff!!
Difficult to Diagnose
Bloating in dogs is difficult to diagnose because symptoms are not necessarily different from other kinds of distress that dogs may exhibit. Dogs may appear to be uncomfortable with no apparent reason. They may stand differently than they normally do. The dog may also have firm distension of the stomach and may be weak, express symptoms of depression, have difficulty breathing, salivate much more than normal, and may attempt to throw up unsuccessfully.
Veterinarians use several factors to diagnose a dog. First is the dog’s breed. Also vets will examine the stomach to determine if there is distension. If your dog is a breed that is vulnerable to bloating ask your vet in advance of any problems what you can do to help prevent the condition from happening.
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উদারতা, অসাম্প্রদায়িকতা, বদান্যতা, নিরপেক্ষতা, সরলতা, দান, অসঙ্কোচসংস্কারহীনতা, উদারচিত্ততা
Noun(1) an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom(2) the trait of being generous in behavior and temperament
(1) liberality toward bisexuality(2) This in part explains the extraordinary liberality of parole decisions between 1942 and 1945.(3) The teacher went on to explain that liberality and tolerance did not just mean liberality and tolerance of liberal minorities, but tolerance of Christianity.(4) The judge was a member of the Romilly family, a byword for liberality and compassionate public service, active in penal reform and similar good causes.(5) There are degrees of liberality among Islamic states.(6) The article observes that Dutch politicians and media have for years tried to conceal such ominous developments under the cover of political correctness and a society committed to tolerance and liberality .(7) A nation, he argues, can move toward democracy and, at the same time, diminish liberality generally and human rights particularly.(8) The basic premise of liberality is tolerance, open-mindedness, and diversity.(9) London's character, its liberality , religious tolerance and diversity, is the very thing that makes it vulnerable.(10) Thus his apparent liberality on this question rested on pragmatic considerations rather than on principle.(11) I hope ever to see America among the foremost nations of justice and liberality .(12) We've heard of your liberality with magistrates and the like, so we thought to come and see for ourselves.(13) liberality towards bisexuality(14) Since then, the country's famously relaxed drug laws have attracted droves of weed lovers from across the globe and earned the country a sometimes controversial reputation for unparalleled liberality .(15) Would such liberality be shown towards the unmarried?(16) The charm of the various Scandinavian civilizations is that they assume everyone else is striving for the same open liberality .
1. parsimony ::
English to Bengali Dictionary: liberality
Meaning and definitions of liberality, translation in Bengali language for liberality with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of liberality in Bengali and in English language.
Tags for the entry "liberality"
What liberality means in Bengali, liberality meaning in Bengali, liberality definition, examples and pronunciation of liberality in Bengali language.
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THE SCIENCE OF WINE: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTISTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WASHINGTON WINE INDUSTRY, 1937-1992
Kaag, Cynthia Stewart
MetadataShow full item record
WSU scientists and researchers were the main force behind creating the knowledge base necessary for the Washington grape and wine industry to grow from a few hundred acres of vines, producing undistinguished grapes for undistinguished wines, to a major state industry. Horticulturists, plant pathologists, entomologists, food microbiologists, enologists, climatologists, soil scientists, agricultural engineers—they came from many disciplines across the University—worked to solve the problems of cold hardiness and efficient vineyard management, trellising and mechanical harvesting, certification of virus-free stock and testing of hundreds of grape varieties, balance of sugars and acidity in wines, and consumer preferences. Their research results were shared with growers, processors, and winemakers in several ways: they corresponded with individual viticulturists and enologists, they spoke at local luncheons, state conventions, and national meetings, and they published their results in scholarly journals, popular magazines, newspapers, conference proceedings, and through the University’s outreach and Extension programs. This intersection between basic research and practical application was the crux of the University’s obligations to the citizens of the state, and testament to the value WSU added to their lives.
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The first Outdoors and Active workshop was hosted by Edith Kerrison Nursery and Children’s Centre, where the garden enables children to explore and test their bodies using built and natural features to create physical challenges. Deputy Headteacher Jo Aylett took our group on a tour of the large and varied outdoor space. A covered transition area immediately outside of the rooms is richly resourced with loose parts such as hollow blocks, sofas, art and craft materials, small world resources and a mud kitchen, creating small, personal spaces for children to relax and collaborate in.
By contrast, the main garden is extensive and uncluttered and provides opportunities for running, rolling, ball games, parachute play and games that help children become ‘puffed out’. Children are able to range freely all over the space, choosing construction or gardening or sand play or transporting, as the fancy takes them. Using heavy, awkwardly shaped or wheeled equipment – such as wheelbarrows, tools and trolleys - helps young children at Edith Kerrison develop an awareness of the extent of their own bodies and a sense of how their bodies can then operate within a space.
Jo says, “Our two years olds spend the most time outside, where their progress in gaining control of their bodies and movements is very clear. The outdoors gives them far greater challenge in terms of balance and co-ordination and the opportunities it gives for big movements and more boisterous play.”
The Nursery provides good quality outdoor clothing meaning that the weather never prevents children getting active and physical every day. The other crucial component, explains Jo, is “enabling adults that truly understand the importance of physical play for children, giving children the ability to get messy, to jump in and out and over puddles and to climb, crawl, slide, jump, spin and swing – gaining stronger muscles and bodies in the process.”
This case study was first published in Nursery World magazine, October 2016
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The Scythians were nomadic horsemen who dominated a vast realm of the Pontic steppe north of the Black Sea, in present-day Ukraine and southern Russia, from the seventh century to the third century b.c. Unlike other ancient peoples who left not a trace, the Scythians continued to haunt and terrify long after they were gone. Herodotus recorded that they “ravaged the whole of Asia. They not only took tribute from each people, but also made raids and pillaged everything these peoples had.” Napoleon, on witnessing the Russians’ willingness to burn down their own capital rather than hand it over to his army, reputedly said: “They are Scythians!”
The more chilling moral for modern audiences involves not the Scythians’ cruelty, but rather their tactics against the invading Persian army of Darius, early in the sixth century b.c. As Darius’s infantry marched east near the Sea of Azov, hoping to meet the Scythian war bands in a decisive battle, the Scythians kept withdrawing into the immense reaches of their territory. Darius was perplexed, and sent the Scythian king, Idanthyrsus, a challenge: If you think yourself stronger, stand and fight; if not, submit.
Idanthyrsus replied that since his people had neither cities nor cultivated land for an enemy to destroy, they had nothing to defend, and thus no reason to give battle. Instead, his men harassed and skirmished with Persian foraging parties, then quickly withdrew, over and over again. Each time, small groups of Persian cavalry fled in disorder, while the main body of Darius’s army weakened as it marched farther and farther away from its base and supply lines. Darius ultimately retreated from Scythia, essentially defeated, without ever having had the chance to fight.
Killing the enemy is easy, in other words; it is finding him that is difficult. This is as true today as ever; the landscape of war is now vaster and emptier of combatants than it was during the set-piece battles of the Industrial Age. Related lessons: don’t go hunting ghosts, and don’t get too deep into a situation where your civilizational advantage is of little help. Or, as the Chinese sage of early antiquity Sun Tzu famously said, “The side that knows when to fight and when not will take the victory. There are roadways not to be traveled, armies not to be attacked, walled cities not to be assaulted.” A case in point comes from the ill-fated Sicilian Expedition of the late fifth century b.c., chronicled by Thucydides, in which Athens sent a small force to far-off Sicily in support of allies there, only to be drawn deeper and deeper into the conflict, until the prestige of its whole maritime empire became dependent upon victory. Thucydides’s story is especially poignant in the wake of Vietnam and Iraq. With the Athenians, as with Darius, one is astonished by how the obsession with honor and reputation can lead a great power toward a bad fate. The image of Darius’s army marching into nowhere on an inhospitable steppe, in search of an enemy that never quite appears, is so powerful that it goes beyond mere symbolism.
Your enemy will not meet you on your own terms, only on his. That is why asymmetric warfare is as old as history. When fleeting insurgents planted car bombs and harassed marines and soldiers in the warrens of Iraqi towns, they were Scythians. When the Chinese harass the Filipino navy and make territorial claims with fishing boats, coast-guard vessels, and oil rigs, all while avoiding any confrontation with U.S. warships, they are Scythians. And when the warriors of the Islamic State arm themselves with knives and video cameras, they, too, are Scythians. Largely because of these Scythians, the United States has only limited ability to determine the outcome of many conflicts, despite being a superpower. America is learning an ironic truth of empire: you endure by not fighting every battle. In the first century A.D., Tiberius preserved Rome by not interfering in bloody internecine conflicts beyond its northern frontier. Instead, he practiced strategic patience as he watched the carnage. He understood the limits of Roman power.
The United States does not chase after war bands in Yemen as Darius did in Scythia, but occasionally it kills individuals from the air. The fact that it uses drones is proof not of American strength, but of American limitations. The Obama administration must recognize these limitations, and not allow, for example, the country to be drawn deeper into the conflict in Syria. If the U.S. helps topple the dictator Bashar al-Assad on Wednesday, then what will it do on Thursday, when it finds that it has helped midwife to power a Sunni jihadist regime, or on Friday, when ethnic cleansing of the Shia-trending Alawites commences? Perhaps this is a battle that, as Sun Tzu might conclude, should not be fought. But Assad has killed many tens of thousands, maybe more, and he is being supported by the Iranians! True, but remember that emotion, however righteous, can be the enemy of analysis.
So how can the U.S. avoid Darius’s fate? How can it avoid being undone by pride, while still fulfilling its moral responsibility as a great power? It should use proxies wherever it can find them, even among adversaries. If the Iranian-backed Houthis are willing to fight al‑Qaeda in Yemen, why should Americans be opposed? And if the Iranians ignite a new phase of sectarian war in Iraq, let that be their own undoing, as they themselves fail to understand the lesson of the Scythians. While the Middle East implodes through years of low-intensity conflict among groups of Scythians, let Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran jostle toward an uneasy balance of power, and the U.S. remain a half step removed—caution, after all, is not the same as capitulation. Finally, let the U.S. return to its roots as a maritime power in Asia and a defender on land in Europe, where there are fewer Scythians, and more ordinary villains. Scythians are the nemesis of missionary nations, nations that obey no limits. Certainly America should reach, but not—like Darius—overreach.
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This old argument is getting another airing among the internet climate change contrarian/denier ghetto. Briefly it claims that humans have nothing to do with current climate change – it’s all caused by the sun! Specifically the influence of cosmic rays originating from the sun on formation of clouds in the atmosphere.
Of course things are never that simple – but that doesn’t stop those wishing to justify a preconceived position. And the sudden new evidence which is being touted arises from a recent paper from CERN Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation published in Nature. The denier ghetto has come out with headlines like New CERN “CLOUD” Study Makes the Al Gore Climate Change Forecasts Obsolete! Or locally the NZ climate change denier blog Climate Conversation asserts CLOUD proves cosmic ray link!
The reasearch findings in no way justifies these headlines. And even veteran denier Richard Treadgold at Climate Conversations has backed away to some extent from his headline. Nevertheless it ahs him demanding that New Zealand review its Emmisions Trading Scheme and he thinks that “warmists” are responding by “rushing to the exits”!
What are the research findings?
Potholer54 has produced a nice video summary of the facts around this research Are cosmic rays causing global warming? It’s well worth watching
Another brief video, starring Jasper Kirkby the lead scientists in this work, also provides more information on this work Kirkby on Cosmic Rays
As Kirkby points out the work is only the first step in this research and says nothing about the influence of cosmic rays on cloud formation. This initial work really only reports the influence of chemicals and cosmic rays on nucleation of chemical particles which may eventually lead to some cloud formation.
As for headlines like CERN: ‘Climate models will need to be substantially revised’ Kirkby points out we are a long way from that – at least ten years before the influence on models can even be considered.
It’s certainly interesting research, but only one step in considering climatic effects. We still have a long way to go to understand how clouds and other aerosols influence climate change.
And it is the nature of research that we should be ready for all sorts of tangential leads produced. For example, perhaps this research may in the end say more about the influence of human activities on climate through the emission of all sorts of chemicals not yet considered and their role in cosmic ray induced particulate formation in the atmosphere.
Thanks to Richard Christie and Cedric Katesby for videos.
See also: For a more detailed discussion of Kirkby’s research watch this video of one of his lectures (65 min): Jasper Kirkby: The CLOUD experiment at CERN.
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Sourced from Lifegate
The phenomenon of urban farms took root after the Second World War to feed a population that was exhausted by years of poverty. In the last few years it has been growing exponentially, so much so that “locally sourced” no longer refers to products that come from the surrounding countryside, but in the very place where urban consumers live. The element of verticality was added to the equation, the opportunity and necessity to grow crops on rooftops and inside tall building allows for an efficient use of the limited space found in cities.
In some cases initiatives sprout from local communities, in others, prestigious architecture firms design innovative projects that use technology to incentivise local self-sufficiency from a nutritional standpoint as well as reduce the impact of urban demands on rural areas. Growing crops on terraces and rooftops is convenient not only because of greater solar exposure, but also because particulate matter tends to deposit at lower levels. Here are some of the most advanced rooftop and vertical farms from around the world.
The Sunqiao agricultural district in Shanghai
Whilst large-scale hydroponic cultivation systems and urban farms are still struggling to catch on in the United States, they represent a solution to the problem of a growing population and the consequent need to increase food production in China. Nearly 24 million people live in Shanghai alone and the business capital’s rapid economic growth is threatening an agricultural system that is more limited in scale compared to the Western model, just like in other Chinese metropolises.
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- E-Commerce Tutorial
- E-Commerce - Home
- E-Commerce - Overview
- E-Commerce - Advantages
- E-Commerce - Disadvantages
- E-Commerce - Business Models
- E-Commerce - Payment Systems
- E-Commerce - Security Systems
- E-Commerce - B2B Mode
- E-Commerce - B2C Mode
- E-Commerce - EDI
- Selected Reading
- UPSC IAS Exams Notes
- Developer's Best Practices
- Questions and Answers
- Effective Resume Writing
- HR Interview Questions
- Computer Glossary
- Who is Who
E-Commerce - B2B Model
A website following the B2B business model sells its products to an intermediate buyer who then sells the products to the final customer. As an example, a wholesaler places an order from a company's website and after receiving the consignment, it sells the endproduct to the final customer who comes to buy the product at the wholesaler's retail outlet.
B2B identifies both the seller as well as the buyer as business entities. B2B covers a large number of applications, which enables business to form relationships with their distributors, re-sellers, suppliers, etc. Following are the leading items in B2B eCommerce.
- Shipping and Warehousing
- Motor Vehicles
- Office products
Following are the key technologies used in B2B e-commerce −
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) − EDI is an inter-organizational exchange of business documents in a structured and machine processable format.
Internet − Internet represents the World Wide Web or the network of networks connecting computers across the world.
Intranet − Intranet represents a dedicated network of computers within a single organization.
Extranet − Extranet represents a network where the outside business partners, suppliers, or customers can have a limited access to a portion of enterprise intranet/network.
Back-End Information System Integration − Back-end information systems are database management systems used to manage the business data.
Following are the architectural models in B2B e-commerce −
Supplier Oriented marketplace − In this type of model, a common marketplace provided by supplier is used by both individual customers as well as business users. A supplier offers an e-stores for sales promotion.
Buyer Oriented marketplace − In this type of model, buyer has his/her own market place or e-market. He invites suppliers to bid on product's catalog. A Buyer company opens a bidding site.
Intermediary Oriented marketplace − In this type of model, an intermediary company runs a market place where business buyers and sellers can transact with each other.
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For the sake of simplicity, let’s say that there are two factors that affect one’s pacing on the SAT, which we’ll call “brain speed” and “habit speed.”
Brain speed is somewhat analogous to processor speed in a computer. It cannot be easily changed; some people’s brains move from thought to thought faster than others’. I don’t know if there’s any correlation between brain speed and intelligence. Over many years teaching students, I have observed some very smart people with slow brain speed (even a couple of geniuses), and some who aren’t as smart, but who process quickly.
If you’re a brainiac who processes slowly, there’s no reason you can’t be successful in a variety of fields. However, standardized tests such as the SAT can be something of a stumbling block. Arguably, students are given less time to solve questions on the SAT than they will be on college exams. In an earlier article, I proposed that the SAT would be fairer if it were administered over two days.
However, only a small minority of students have a brain speed so slow that it prevents them from answering most of the questions on the SAT. That is, most students who leave more than a handful of blanks do so largely out of “habit speed,” and will be able to speed up.
Before I get into specific methods of speeding up, I want to mention one relevant issue that only affects part of the test: reading speed. If you’re a slow reader, you will have trouble with sections that include passages. Of course, it is possible to improve reading speed. You might take a speed reading course (live or online). But if you have a learning disability that affects reading speed (and don’t qualify for special accommodations), or if English in not your primary language, you may still have a problem. Note that there are ways to approach the Reading questions without reading the entire passage. Unfortunately, they are beyond the scope of this article.
The advice I want to offer here is straightforward, but the process of improving your pace can be frustrating. The SAT is already quite challenging, and devoting some of your focus and energy to pacing may throw you off. Your scores may even drop temporarily, but you shouldn’t let that bother you.
Remember that, whatever your overall pace, you should begin slowly on each question. Review what I said about pacing like a golf swing in this article.
Using New Techniques to Speed Up
Whether you are studying from books, websites, or live teachers, you will learn new techniques to solve SAT questions, such as plugging in and anticipation. These techniques are designed to help you answer more questions correctly; they almost always help you solve faster as well. My students often question this. “They ask, if I take all that time anticipating, won’t I have trouble finishing the sections?” At first, you may slow down as you struggle with new methods. But eventually, that extra bit of time you spend at the beginning of a question will you help you to solve more efficiently – i.e. faster.
When you first learn new methods, it is more important to concentrate on using them properly than on scoring high and/or finishing quickly. Have patience, and your results will improve over time.
Improving “Habit Speed”
I’ve had many students who believed they were slow thinkers, but actually weren’t. How can you tell? After many years of teaching, I can usually estimate a student’s potential “thinking speed” after a lesson or two; perhaps you know a teacher who can do the same. Also, based on completely unscientific observation, I’ve noticed a strong (and perhaps surprising) correlation between hand speed and brain speed. It’s not foolproof, but if you have quick hands, you may be a potentially fast thinker.
I use the term “habit speed” since I’ve found that many students solve slowly because they have become comfortable doing so. After all, time-pressure is not such a great factor on most tests, so there’s no incentive to practice performing at top speed.
Since speeding up will entail leaving your “comfort zone,” it is only natural that your accuracy will suffer somewhat, until you become comfortable and familiar with your new pace.
I did not invent the technique I am about to describe. In fact, it’s simple enough that I’m sure many people have thought of it on their own. To give due credit, I actually got the idea from a Karate expert named Dan Anderson. His instructor had told him never to perform a martial arts technique faster than he could with perfect form. However, when Anderson became a teacher, he found that such a rigid approach retarded his students’ development. Instead, he encouraged them to perform their techniques a little faster than they could perfectly. They became fast fighters quickly, and won a lot of tournaments.
You can apply this idea to solving SAT questions. Don’t go crazy and try to increase your speed by 50 per cent in one sitting. Aim for an increase of 10 – 15 per cent. If your score stays the same, that’s good. If it drops, you can try it again on another test. Once you are doing well, you can then try increasing your speed again. At some point, you may decide that you’ve gone too far, and need to back off a bit.
This method is not Nobel Prize-winning material, but it should be simple to implement. Just remember these two precepts: a little at a time, and be patient with your scores.
As you can imagine, this technique is a lot more helpful to some students than others. If you find that your speed doesn’t improve by that much, remember that you can still get a very nice score even if you leave out 5 questions on each section. And if you do speed up a lot, be careful not to overdo it. It’s not worth making careless errors by trying to save time for the longer, harder questions that are found at the end of most SAT sections.
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You might’ve learned about literary devices in school, but did you know that these aren’t just for poets and professors? Many popstars also use these techniques to give your favorite anthems some extra punch.
Below are some literary devices that are used in pop music. Please feel free to sing along as you read.
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in close proximity (and is frequently used in pop music). You may have never noticed, but Rihanna and Eminem use assonance to create lyrical gold in two of their hit songs. Perhaps their penchant for literary devices aided their collaborations, “Love the Way You Lie” and “The Monster.”
The “eye” sound in “Diamonds” by Rihanna:
“Shine bright like a diamond.”
The “oh” sound in “Lose Yourself” by Eminem:
“Oh, there goes Rabbit, he choked
He’s so mad, but he won’t give up that easy? No.”
Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or end of a word. While consonance is generally used less frequently than assonance, divas (and boy bands) still utilize consonance to create catchy lyrics.
The “n” and “shun” sounds in “Single Ladies” by Beyoncé:
“I need no permission, did I mention
Don’t pay him any attention.”
The “Ur” sound in “That’s What Makes You Beautiful” by One Direction:
Don’t know what for,
You’re turning heads when you walk through the door.”
Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of closely adjacent words. Alliteration is used in many popular songs, and we hope you don’t have any bad blood with your favorite artists because they use it.
The B’s in “Bad Blood” by Taylor Swift:
“Baby now we got, bad blood.”
The W’s in “Viva La Vida” by Coldplay:
“Never an honest word
But that was when I ruled the world.”
Who knew that Eminem was a modern day Shakespeare? Listen to pop radio for a few minutes and you’ll start to hear how often artists use these techniques to add some extra snap, crackle and pop to a verse.
As a test, check out the following three songs and let us know which literary devices the artists use at firstname.lastname@example.org. (Note: there may be more than one right answer for some of these songs!)
- “Wrecking Ball” by Miley Cyrus
- “I Knew You Were Trouble” by Taylor Swift
- “Let It Be” by The Beatles
Our tutors help students master grammar, literary devices and English.
Source: All song lyrics from Google Play Music
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Going far beyond traditional recycling, the circular economy is, according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, based on three fundamental principles: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use and regenerating natural systems. “Only recycling is not a long-term solution. We need to completely modify business models and value chains,” says Christian Tock, Director Sustainable Technologies at the Ministry of the Economy. “It is all about innovation on the product and business model levels to address the inherent flaws of the linear economy.”
National governments and international organisations are well aware that the circular economy is crucial for reaching climate targets and accomplishing the UN’s sustainable development goals, and the topic is integrated in main strategy documents. The consciousness and interest of the business sector is also growing across the world. Slovenia, Norway and Taiwan, for example, are home to privately run clusters consisting of companies that have taken the initiative to join forces in their efforts to become circular.
Circular economy hot topics
A Luxembourg delegation with participants from the Ministry of the Economy, the Chamber of Commerce, Luxinnovation and private companies visited two major international events in October, the World Circular Economy Forum in Japan and Circular Economy Hotspot Scotland. Luxembourg hosted the 2017 edition of the latter. The delegation’s aim was to explore the latest trends in the field and detect new opportunities for Luxembourg companies.
“Putting design at the very beginning of the production process to ensure that products can be reused or remodelled is a main topic,” explains Georges Schaaf, Head of Sector Development – CleanTech & Manufacturing Industry at Luxinnovation. He also mentions the need for education, both for young people and for company staff that can detect opportunities to optimise industrial production processes. Sustainable construction and green finance are two key areas where Luxembourg is already well ahead. “We also discussed the influence of consumers if they are willing to change their behaviour,” he continues. “They can have a huge impact on developing circular food systems that considerably reduce today’s huge level of foodstuffs waste, for instance, or contribute to decreasing the use of plastics.”
The corporate world is central, however, to make the circular economy become reality. Delegates at the World Circular Economy Forum looked into circular business models such as circular supply chains, sharing platforms for the collaborative use of or ownership of equipment, and “products as services”. This is a model where the retailer sells product performance rather than the product itself, while retaining the ownership and the ability to use it elsewhere, when it is no longer needed by the first client. Product life extension though repair, maintenance, upgrading, resale and remanufacturing is yet another sustainable model.
The circular approach makes economic sense: it strengthens our competitiveness and allows us to develop new skills and services.
“The circular approach makes economic sense: it strengthens our competitiveness and allows us to develop new skills and services,” says Dr Tock. “Luxembourg has come a long way and is among the best in class in Europe, but we still need to ramp up our efforts if we really want to make a difference.”
What is then the role of the public sector? “Authorities can define a long-term vision as well as a strategic and legal framework that will give companies the security they need to invest in circular models,” says Mr Schaaf. “They can also provide opportunities for innovating and developing new products and services by integrating circular aspects into public procurements, something that is already done in Luxembourg.” In addition, he points to the ongoing circular pilot testbed in Wiltz, which allows putting new methods and business models into practice.
The ministry and Luxinnovation both support the Luxembourg EcoInnovation Cluster that encourages collaboration between companies and research centres with a focus on sustainable living and clean technologies. With support from the ministry, Luxinnovation has also launched the Fit 4 Circularity programme that facilitates and accelerates companies’ transition to the circular economy and helps them capitalise on business opportunities in this field. “Our strong background in business-related services like accounting, finance, insurance and so on is a solid basis for developing new services for the circular economy,” says Dr Tock. “There is still a long way to go, but we need to get there.”
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Learning Download: How to Grow Kale
The leafy green vegetable is commonly known as a cool-weather crop best for growth in the spring and fall seasons, but kale is hardy and can adapt to warmer environments.
Before Planting: Kale prefers a fertile, well-drained soil. Ideal pH is 7.0. Keep soil consistently moist for best quality leaves.
Planting: For direct seeding, plant from early spring to approximately 10 weeks before expected fall frost. For bunching, sow 2-3 seeds every 12–18″, ½” deep, in rows 18–36″ apart. Thin to 1 plant per group. For baby leaf production, sow 30 seeds/ft. at ½” deep. If transplanting, sow indoors 4-6 weeks before last frost. Plant 2-3 seeds per cell and thin to 1 plant when true leaves appear. Keep soil moist for best results. Germinate at 65F. Transplant when plants are 6″ tall at every 12-18″ for bunching.
Watering: Water regularly to keep the soil moist, as this keeps the leaves crisp and sweet.
Fertilizer: Upon planting the seeds, fertilize with a 5-10-10 fertilizer. Mix 1 ó cups of fertilizer with the top 3 to 4 inches of soil for a 25-foot row of kale. Throughout its growing season, you can fertilize kale with a side dressing of compost every six to eight weeks.
Days to Maturity: Kale can be grown to its full size or harvested when the leaves are small and tender. Kale is ready to harvest when its leaves are the size of your hand. It usually takes up to 95 days for kale to be ready after planting it from seed.
Harvesting: When leaves are correct size harvest by clipping individual leaves. Kale is very hardy, and the eating quality will improve into the late fall with light frost. Protecting with row covers can extend the harvest period late into fall.
Tips: Mulch around the plants to prevent dirt sticking to the leaves of the kale and potentially rotting it.
AVG. Direct Seeding Rate: For bunching: 1,000 seeds/220′, 1 oz./1,110′, 1 lb./24,000′. For baby leaf: 1,000 seeds/16′, 1 oz/115′, 1 lb./1,840′.
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Land resource efficiency (LRE)
European Topic Centre Urban Land and Soil Systems (ETC ULS) - Land resource efficienty
Land, and here in particular soil, is a finite resource. Land take, i.e. the increase of settlement area over time, and in particular soil sealing has already been identified as one of the major threats to soils/soil degradation processes in the 2002 EC Communication ‘Towards a Thematic Strategy on Soil Protection’ (Soil Thematic Strategy). EU-wide, land take consumes more than 1000 km² annually of which half is actually sealed and, hence, lost under impermeable surfaces. Other threats to soils are e.g. erosion, contamination or compaction. Since the regeneration of soil takes more than a human’s lifetime (1-2 cm soil formation in 100 years) soil can also be considered a non-renewable resource.
Through the disruption of cycles, soil sealing contributes to the loss of valuable soil functions, such as biomass production, provision of raw materials and hosting the biodiversity pool, and thus the degradation of soil-based ecosystem services, such as food production (provisioning service). In 2011, the EU has announced its resource efficiency roadmap according to which ecosystems and their components (such as land in the sense of space for which different land uses compete) are considered a natural resource. The roadmap sets a milestone of no net land-take in the European Union by the year 2050. Similarly, the UN Rio+20 Summit highlighted soil degradation as part of land degradation and called for a land-degradation-neutral world in the context of sustainable development, a goal to which the EU subscribed and which is reiterated in the European Union’s Environment Action Programme to 2020 (7th EAP). This also includes an objective of no net land-take by 2050.
space4environment supports the EEA in elaborating and implementing a methodology that allows assessing impacts of a number of land cover flows on the potentials of soils to deliver a number of essential soil functions, such as biomass provision or acting as biodiversity pool. One of the outcomes of the activity has been selected as a key map in the European briefing on soil being part of the recent EEA State of Environment Report (SOER).
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Long Lake Outdoor Center in Yankee Springs looks, sounds and smells a lot like Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. The scent of pine fills the air, wind whispers through the tall trees, birds sing in the forest and the trees cast shade on rustic cabins. A former Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp, Long Lake Outdoor Center is a registered historical site that is open to the public for three season camping.
Rick Johnson recently won a Department of Natural Resources & Environment (DNRE) bid to operate the rustic site on Long Lake in the Yankee Springs State Forest. Assistant Mary Hilton, serves as the camp’s customer service representative and registers campers. Hilton, a certified wildlife rehabilitator with a DNR permit and US Fish and Wildlife license, is also planning to offer educational programs about Michigan wildlife.
Long Lake Outdoor Center is an important part of the history of Yankee Springs, which was the former the fishing and hunting of the Ottawa, Ojibway and Pottawatomi tribes.
“Yankee Springs was opened to settlement in the 1830s,” Johnson said. “Because of its beauty, many lakes and abundant game, many made their homes here and began farming the land.”
But due to farming practices of the time and poor soil in the area, by the 1930s, the farms were failing and the land was extremely eroded.
Under the Land Acquisition Act of 1932, people were given the chance to sell, lease or trade their property to the government, Johnson said. This presented an opportunity to farmers in depressed areas to either relocate or supplement their income by turning all or part of their holdings over to the government. As the government began to reclaim and restore the land, areas like Yankee Springs provided unique opportunities.
“In 1938 the government began to work in Yankee Springs,” Johnson said. “”Through the efforts of the CCC, the Corps of Engineers and Work Project Administration, reforestation began with the planting of fast growing pines to anchor the soil and hardwoods to restore the forests.”
Many of the original pines planted by CCC workers remain at Long Lake Outdoor Center.
CCC workers developed a park with a public beach on Murphy’s Point, which was named Roosevelt Beach and two outdoor centers, the Long Lake Outdoor Center and Mud Lake Camp, which is now known as the Chief Noonday Outdoor Center.
Long Lake Camp was completed in 1939. The camp has its original dining hall and kitchen and the cupboards and pantry is filled with the original CCC dinnerware and cooking utensils. The dining room features a large fireplace made of fieldstone. The rough-hewn benches and tables are made of native pine and each contains a brass plate with a registered serial number, identifying the furniture with the CCC camp.
In 1943, with much of the nation’s efforts devoted to WWII, the federal government decided to turn many park areas, including Yankee Springs, over to be operated by the individual states, Johnson said.
“At that time, many new parks entered the Michigan State Park system, including Yankee Springs,” Johnson said. “New areas were acquired through many different means to develop the 5,200-acre park we now enjoy.”
Long Lake Outdoor Center has been operated continuously since it was first built. Only one cabin is not one of the originals. Cabin 13 burned to the ground in the early 1970s and was replaced with a cabin from a similar campsite in Colorado. A new central latrine was built in the 1990s. Long Lake Outdoor center was placed on Michigan’s list of registered historical sites in the 1990s.
“Many people visit the park every year and reminisce about their time as a child camping in the Long Lake Outdoor Center,” Johnson said.
The camp is a popular place for church groups or other organizations that need a place to hold gatherings. Some of the cabins are located near the shores of Long Lake, a peaceful no-wake lake that is a perfect place to paddle a canoe, swim, or fish. Long Lake is an estuary of Gun Lake, and fish travel to Long Lake to spawn, Johnson said.
A pump house at the camp contains three large water reservoir tanks that were used by CCC workers to fight forest fires and the camp has 1930s era pine cabins with stone fireplaces, an infirmary, staff quarters called the Mansion House, cook’s quarters, “counselor’s cabins” and a craft shop cabin.
Johnson is in the process of updating the buildings, within the guidelines of the maintenance and restoration of registered historical sites. While it is permissible to make some minor changes, such as replacing old windows with modern storm windows, the original character of the buildings must be preserved.
Visitors can also check out the vintage, but well preserved upright piano in the camp’s lodge and might be able to convince Johnson to play them a swinging 1930s tune.
“He plays ragtime,” Hilton said.
Long Lake Outdoor Center is located in Middleville, at 10370 Gun Lake Rd. For more information, call (269) 674-8947.
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For the first time, astronomers have used advanced algorithms taken from evolutionary biology and successfully applied them to make a phylogenetic family tree of 22 nearby stars.
In a paper appearing in the journal, The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the authors report that they have taken a page from the work of Charles Darwin in an effort to do stellar genealogy on a sampling of stars within our own galaxy.
“We worked together with people from evolutionary biology and basically applied the principles of biology to astronomy,” Paula Jofre, the paper’s lead author and an astronomer at the University of Cambridge in the U.K., told me. “We used the chemical elements of the stars as if they were the DNA and used genetic algorithms that have been built in evolutionary biology to create the trees.”
The authors write that they used the signatures of 17 chemical elements in 22 nearby solar twins as a proxy for stellar DNA. They applied a clustering technique that is widely used in molecular biology to construct an evolutionary tree from which three branches emerge.
“This offers a new way to search for ‘common ancestors’ that can reveal the origin of solar neighborhood stars,” the authors continue. They note that “biological evolution is driven by adaptation and survival, while chemical evolution is driven by mechanisms that lead to the death and birth of stars .”
The team was also able to trace the stars’ evolutionary trees, in part, via how they move through the galaxy as well as their ages, which ranged from 700 million to 10 billion years old. The idea is that two stars with the same chemical compositions are most likely to have been born in the same molecular cloud, the University of Cambridge notes.
Will this help identify siblings within the Sun’s own birth cluster?
“It might, but we first need to apply this for a large sample of stars,” said Jofre.
It’s likely galactic astronomy will benefit most from this development , says Jofre. From current ground and space-based spectroscopic surveys, we can know the chemical element abundances of thousands of stars, Jofre says.
She notes that the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Gaia satellite, an ongoing stellar mapping mission that in itself is proving to be revolutionary, should enable her team to know how the stars are moving and exactly where they are now located.
“A tree can be built from these chemical element sequences and interpreted with the help of the Gaia data,” said Jofre.
Jofre says we will eventually be able to trace the populations in terms of family or birth to almost every star in the Milky Way galaxy.
But Jofre says they still need to pay heed to some fundamental questions that pervade when using such methods. They include:
- Are the chemical patterns really telling us about the birth place of the stars?
- Are these patterns unique for every part of the galaxy?
- And how precisely do we need to know the ages of the stars?
“Perhaps building [stellar] family trees can help to answer these questions,” said Jofre.
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Is your brain in a fog? New research shows that pregnancy brain may have legitimate scientific evidence to back it up. Researchers found that pregnant women responded to emotions — especially positive emotions — differently than new moms.
Always seem to be losing your car keys? Forget your last doctor's appointment? You may be sufferering from an annoying (but common!) mom-to-be condition: pregnancy brain. Scientists have already shown that brain-cell volume decreases in the third trimester (though don't worry, it plumps back up after you've delivered). Add that to your raging hormones and lack of a good night's sleep, and you're bound to be a bit more forgetful than usual. This new study, however, is the first to look at the actual neural activity of pregnant women — and it shows that a woman's brain actually does change in preparation for mommy/baby bonding. Researchers found that moms-to-be showed an increase in activity in the side of the brain associated with emotional skills.
"Our findings give us a significant insight into the 'baby brain' phenomenon that makes a woman more sensitive during the child bearing process," said Dr Victoria Bourne, from the Department of Psychology at Royal Holloway. "The results suggest that during pregnancy, there are changes in how the brain processes facial emotions that ensure that mothers are neurologically prepared to bond with their babies at birth."
New research, presented at the British Psychological Society's annual conference this week, looked at the brain activity of 19 pregnant woman and 20 new moms as they viewed happy and sad images of both infants and adults. Researchers at Royal Holloway University of London used a facial analysis test to see which side of the brain the women favored. They used the chimeric faces test, showed four types of faces — either infant or adult, happy or sad — where one half of a neutral face was combined with one half of an emotive face to see which side the participants' brain was used to process emotions. The research took age, education, left-handedness and depression symptoms into account (though researchers didn't look at whether this group of moms-to-be began to process emotions more evenly after they became new moms).
The findings showed that expectant moms were more sensitive to emotions than new moms; this was particularly true for expectant moms that suffer from depression. Moms-to-be processed positive facial expressions with the right side of their brain more than new moms, especially positive emotions. The right side of the brain is most often linked to emotional intelligence, while the left side is linked to logic.
"Discovering the neuropsychological processes that may underpin these changes is a key step towards understanding how they might influence a mother's bonding with her baby," said Dr. Bourne.
This research shows that changes really are going on in moms' brains during pregnancy — it's just nature's way of getting mommy minds emotionally ready to be proud parents. Because pregnant women prone to depression were particularly sensitive to emotions, if you've faced depressive symptoms before conceiving you should pay extra attention to feelings of sadness during pregnancy and after delivery. Don't be afraid to be honest with your practitioner about the way you're feeling; your doctor is there to help.
Three more things to read:
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When discussing the periodic table of elements in my A&P course, I use it to point out its usefulness in identifying the known elements and their chief characteristics. I then point out the handful of elements in the top corners of the table that are frequently encountered in the human body and, therefore, frequently encountered in the A&P course.
I bring this new information to your attention so that you can write in the new elements in your copy of Anatomy & Physiology. This news will not only keep you up to date; it will be there as a reference if any of your students asks about the missing elements on p. 39, or brings up a headline they recently saw regarding the newly verified elements. And it's a little bit of a preview to the next edition of A&P!
Want to know more?
Discovery and Assignment of Elements with Atomic Numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118
Newly updated version Periodic Table (image)
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Activity for an individual child
Age group: 30-40 months
Duration of activity: 10 minutes
- White construction or bond paper
- Lipstick in a variety of colors
- Facial tissue
This activity will be particularly enticing if you have a child who likes to put on mommy's makeup.
- Help your child apply the lipstick.
- Show your child how to kiss the paper to make lip prints. If you use more than one color of lipstick, help your child use the tissue to remove the preceding color.
More on: Activities for Toddlers
From The Everything Toddler Activities Book Copyright © 2006, F+W Publications, Inc. Used by permission of Adams Media, an F+W Publications Company. All rights reserved.
To order this book go to Amazon.
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The TATA box binding protein attaches (binds) to a particular sequence of DNA known as the TATA box. This sequence occurs in a regulatory region of DNA near the beginning of many genes. Once the protein is attached to the TATA box near a gene, it acts as a landmark to indicate where other enzymes should start reading the gene.
Gene expression is highly controlled and regulated in living cells. One of the first steps in gene transcription is
recognition of the promoter site by the TATA box Binding Protein (TBP). TBP recruits other transcriptions factors and
eventually the RNA polymerase II to transcribe the DNA in mRNA.
TATA-binding protein works as part of a larger transcription factor, TFIID, that starts the process of transcription. After it binds to the promoter, it recruits additional transcription factors.
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What is Intellectual Property Law?
Intellectual property (IP) law covers laws wherein the state protects and secures the copyright holder’s exclusive rights to their intellectual property, creations, and inventions. These may be in the form of industrial property, industrial designs, design rights, technology transfers, biotechnology, trade dress, computer software, the authorship of a person with regards to his artistic works. Design right which can be tangible or intangible is also within the scope of “intellectual property”. As long as the inventor or creator along with other innovators, if any, invents an original work, IP rights may be established to prevent piracy, misappropriation, or counterfeiting their works.
The different types of intellectual property are copyrights, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets.
- Copyright Law – protects the legal rights of the inventors so that the copyright holder can enjoy the monopolies of their products and safety from copyright infringement.
- Trademark Law – protects the name, phrase, logo, design or symbol of an establishment that identifies them as its producer. Well-known examples would be the logos of Nike, the three stripes of Adidas, the LV symbol of Louis Vuitton bags. By having trademark protection for them, the owners can prevent other people from using identical trademarks and confusing consumers by making them unable to identify the source.
- Trade secret Law– are also included in intellectual property since the formulas, methods, practices, and procedures done to manufacture a product is an advantage that only the inventor has exclusive rights to. A trade secret is designed to not be known to outside parties. Trade secrets are protected by IP laws through registration and necessary steps taken to maintain confidentiality and plagiarism.
- Patent Law – bestows protection for original works of authorship. Patent infringement may be avoided by getting patent rights. In order to make patent applications, you need to make sure that your idea hasn’t been patented yet. You need to find the Patent Office in Washington, work with a patent attorney who will make the patent applications process much simpler since making a mistake may cost you a lot later on. Availing the services of an IP lawyer can add another layer of protection in case someone files patent claims later on. Moreover, patent holders can protect their products against other competitors from producing, using, distributing their protected items. A patent is also included as a property right hence it can be alienated, disposed of, licensed, sold, mortgaged or assigned.
How can we help you?
We at War IP Law are well versed in the three-wide segments of intellectual property laws which are counseling, protecting and enforcing. Our intellectual property lawyers possess more than 10 years’ worth of experience in every manner related to IP practice. We will assist you in managing your intellectual property from beginning to end, including starting the patent process, protecting your trademark and copyright, licensing, and preventing copyright infringement. When it comes to copyright registration and service mark, our IP attorney will conduct thorough searches based on your preference and their availability. The intellectual property process can be done smoothly with the help of our lawyer who understands the client’s patent and its validity in order to prevent possible patent infringement. In cases of patent prosecution, our lawyers with plenty of experience will handle the matters of disputes with the best interest of the client at heart and will make sure that there is no unfair competition for you.
If you are interested in knowing more about IP law and your intellectual property rights, call us now for a free consultation with one of the best lawyers of IP law and we will make sure to answer all your questions and inquiries. Our legal services are always open to you.
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Membrane Expertise To Focus On New Treatments For Human Diseases
A new 15 million Euro project led by the University of Leeds aims to find novel treatments for many human diseases by bringing together the leading European experts in membrane proteins.
The project - the European Drug Initiative for Channels and Transporters (EDICT) - will target about 80 proteins, which play an important role in human diseases as varied as diabetes, heart disease, neuropsychiatric disorders like epilepsy and depression, osteoporosis, stomach ulcers and cataracts.
Membrane proteins are key to every process in the human body, channelling ions or transporting chemicals and so are ideal targets for new treatments. Infections by pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and parasites also involve their own membrane proteins, which can be specific targets for development of new drugs and antibiotics.
The research is mainly funded by the European Commission, involves twenty-seven partners from twelve countries - including two Nobel Laureates - and is set to last four years.
Coordinating the project is Peter Henderson, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Leeds' Faculty of Biological Sciences.
"Membrane proteins are seen by many as the next potential source of drug development, and so the EC is keen to fund research in this area," he said. "However, they are difficult to study and are poorly understood, though the recent sequencing of the human and other genomes show they make up about one third of all proteins in all organisms, including humans."
"At the moment, few groups of membrane proteins are being seriously investigated by the pharmaceutical industry, so this project will help to fill that gap. By bringing together the best scientists in this challenging field from all over Europe, we hope to make a real advance towards new treatments for key diseases."
Industry has also seen the benefit of bringing such expertise together under one umbrella and working with the academics will be pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca and a smaller company, Xention, which specialises in the discovery and development of novel and selective ion channel drugs.
The researchers include biologists, structural biologists, chemists and experts in the three key technologies: x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy.
The team aims to map out the structure of the proteins, so they can identify compounds that could be developed as a treatment for these diseases. Where they have already mapped some structures, the team will have a head start and hope to make real advances towards new treatments.
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Blinking and grunting are just some of the uncontrollable twitches and sounds kids with Tourette’s make.
The involuntary movements and vocalizations can impact a child’s ability to learn and socialize at school. Now, a new investigational drug could help.
Henry D'Alessio got his first guitar four years ago.
"My neck kept going back and forth," he said.
"These movements were so intense and there were so many of them, if you were stopped at a stop light, the car would actually move," said Darinka D'Alessio, Henry's mom.
Henry takes medication to help control it, but it's also caused him to gain 60 pounds in two years. It's a common side effect of current medications.
"Side effects can include a lot of weight gain and sometimes the emergence of other involuntary movements and sometimes cardiac problems, sleepiness, and fatigue," said Dr. Katie Kompoliti, associate professor of neurological sciences at Rush University Medical Center.
Now, a new investigational drug used to treat schizophrenia and depression could treat the disorder with fewer side effects.
"It's going to work for tics because it blocks dopamine," Kompoliti said.
It's the first Tourette’s drug available in pill form.
"Nobody likes to get shots," Kompoliti said.
Henry has to remember to take his medicine twice a day.
"It would make life a lot easier because I wouldn’t have to keep track of that all the time," Henry said.
Instead, he would have more time to make music.
The phase III trial is currently recruiting kids with Tourette’s in 100 centers around the world.
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Online Technical Training Blog
Safely Return to Work in Manufacturing During COVID-19
As Covid-19 is brought under control, many people are anxious to get back to work. While some may be able to work from home, it is important that safety measures are in place for those who must physically return to their workplaces. The manufacturing industry must have measures in place to prevent the potential spread of the virus as technicians return to warehouses, factories, and other workplaces. Let us review a few new technologies and procedural changes employers can implement to ensure that their spaces are safe for returning technicians and visitors.
Introducing New Safety Technologies
While the pandemic has caused slowdowns in many areas, it has in fact sped up the development and introduction of new technologies, especially in the area of sanitation and safety procedures. By implementing some of these technologies, employers will be better prepared to keep their employees safe despite their return to work.
1. Face Detection Software
Many scientists are working on reimagining safe workplace technologies, or repurposing existing technologies to suit the purposes of Covid-19 prevention. One technology that could assist in ensuring worker safety, is facial recognition software. Not only would this technology provide added security when workers enter the workplace in the form of face detection, but it can also screen for visible symptoms and take workers’ temperatures. Those exhibiting symptoms can be detected before they ever enter the workplace, and sent home to self-isolate.
Further, this software can be used within the workplace itself, monitoring on-the-job behaviours. It could be used to provide contactless authentication, enforce social distancing, and detect whether workers are wearing face masks properly at their work stations. If someone pulls their mask down past their nose, for example, the AI will detect it and send an alert. This can help curb the spread between employees who might need to work in closer quarters, or who come into contact with each other more regularly.
2. Advanced Robot Interactions
Often, close contact between workers can be difficult to limit. However, new robotic technology will allow workers to interact with robots more closely, without increasing the danger to themselves. Use of cameras and other sensors in robots mean that they can better sense human presence, thus becoming safer for close interaction. These robots could be used to prevent direct contact between employees, as they may be able to act as intermediaries, complete more complex tasks, or assist in tasks that may usually take multiple employees to complete.
3. Sanitation Procedure
Since the beginning of Covid-19, major developments have been made in the area of contactless sanitation. There are numerous robotics on the market, many using UVD rays to sanitize surfaces and spaces. They are being used in hospitals to grocery stores, and can sanitize surfaces much more quickly and thoroughly than a traditional cleaning crew—and with less human contact. Use of one of these robots to sanitize work-places during off hours could help prevent potential spread, especially in workplaces where materials and tools are handled regularly.
Changing Daily Procedures
While adopting new technology would be ideal for most businesses, not all employers will be able to implement such updates prior to workers returning. Budget restraints, installation timeline, and technology availability could all affect employers’ ability to implement technological screening and sanitization advancements. There are, however, a number of changes that can be made to day-to-day procedures to ensure minimum potential contact and spread of the virus.
1. Manual & Mandatory Symptom Screening
The first precaution that can be taken when allowing employees back to work is implementing a mandatory symptom screening procedure. As employees arrive back to work, they are suggested to divulge any potential risks they have recently come into contact with—have they travelled out of the country, for example, or have they been in contact with anyone who has shown symptoms. Invest in a thermometer for quick temperature screenings, and send anyone home who does not pass these tests. Continue these measures on a daily basis, or continue periodically in a “random testing” format. It is important employers do all they can to prevent workers from bringing the virus into the work place.
2. Adjust Visitor Hours and Access
Contact between workers and visitors to the workplace should be minimized in order to keep workers as safe as possible. Necessary meetings with vendors, maintenance workers, or even corporate visitors should be scheduled during off-hours, where possible, so that employees are not present. This will minimize the chance of accidental exposure as employees are less likely to come into contact with outsiders as they go about their daily tasks. When it is impossible to schedule visitors during non-business hours—deliveries, for example—management should designate certain representatives to meet with them. This will minimize their contact with multiple employees, keeping potential spread to a minimum. A record should be kept of all visitors, to allow for contact tracking if necessary.
3. Scheduling for Minimal Contact
Not only should contact between employees and visitors be limited, but so too should contact between individual employees. Where possible, worker hours should be adjusted so that contact is minimized. Start and end times could be adjusted to stagger when employees are arriving and departing from work. Similarly, multiple break times and lunch times should be scheduled, to prevent large gatherings within the facility as workers take their breaks. This may be difficult to coordinate, but it could make the difference in keeping employees safe while they are at work.
Together with scheduling employees to come into limited contact with each other, employers should also work towards minimizing contact in other facets of the business. Setting up contactless drop-off points for deliveries, for example, would limit potential contamination between delivery workers and employees. While such measures may seem like unnecessary precautions, all of these steps will work together not only to minimize the risk of employees catching Covid-19, but also to prevent its spread throughout their workplace.
How to Decide Which Changes should be Made?
What changes should be made to a workplace to ensure safety, and to what levels of precautions will one go? The answer to these questions will differ across workplaces, and will depend on a number of factors. Employers should do a risk assessment, and balance the risk of re-opening workplaces against the potential gains, and potential losses, that could be associated with reopening. Some questions employers should ask themselves are:
- Is it worth re-opening now, or would it be more beneficial in the long run to work up more slowly to a future opening? Would losses from a second shut-down due to contamination outweigh the gains from reopening?
- Is there budget available to invest in new technologies such as facial recognition, updated robot tech, or additional security? Is there the budget to make the changes necessary for basic social distancing?
- How often do employees come in contact with each other? Are workstations close together, or is there separation while they complete their work? Is it possible to minimize contact between them on a daily basis?
No matter the answers to these questions, it is important that employers follow their local guidelines and health protocols set out by the government. Constant reassessment of risk factors and precautions taken will also be beneficial in allowing workplaces to open, and continue their operations safely.
Taking the proper precautions is of the utmost important in the return to workplaces during and post-pandemic. Whether you are an employer or employee, it is important to always assess your risks, and follow proper procedures when making such important decisions. Returning to work safely is of the utmost importance not only to the economy, but for the workers who allow it to run, and a safe, cautious reopening will lower the potential of future shutdowns.
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Compounding with the Twin Screw Extruder
This 8 lesson course (10-12 hours of training) teaches the fundamentals of compounding with the twin screw extruder. Lessons include parts and operation of a twin screw extruder, raw materials used, plastic behavior in the extruder, optimizing control settings, safety and startup procedures, troubleshooting, process control, overall productivity and profits. Employees will become experts in the startup, operation, and shutdown of the twin screw extruder. Emphasis is on maximizing productivity, safe operating procedures and quickly solving problems.
Lessons in Compounding with the Twin Screw Extruder
Lesson 1 - Twin Screw Extruder Parts and Operation
Lesson 2 - The Structure of Plastics
Lesson 3 - How Plastics Flow Effects of Pressure, Temperature and Flow
Lesson 4 - Plastic Behavior in the Twin Screw Extruder
Lesson 5 - Optimizing Twin Screw Extruder Controls
Lesson 6 - Safety, Pre-start and Start-up Procedures
Lesson 7 - Steady-State Operation, Shutdown and Maintenance
Lesson 8 - Troubleshooting the Twin Screw Extruder
Sheet Extrusion Technology
This 7 lesson course (9-11 Hours of Training) is used in conjunction with our 9-lesson Single Screw Extrusion course. It provides a complete course in all aspects of sheet extrusion processing technology, ranging from parts and operation of the sheet extrusion line, to controlling plastic flow in the die, to efficient sheet extrusion troubleshooting systems and methodologies.
It is designed by experts to achieve the training goals of any sheet extrusion plant. Production floor personnel from machine operators to process engineers will learn valuable information that will make their jobs easier and the sheet extrusion process in their plant more efficient.
Sheet Extrusion Technology Lessons
Lesson 1 - The Sheet Extrusion Line: Parts and Operation
Lesson 2 - Sheet Extrusion Dies
Lesson 3 - Controlling Plastic Flow in the Die
Lesson 4 - Plastic Behavior in the Sheet Extrusion Line
Lesson 5 - Pre-Start, Start-up, and Steady-State Operating Procedures
Lesson 6 - Safety and Shutdown Procedures
Lesson 7 - Troubleshooting the Sheet Extrusion Line
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Facing down a future with no bananas.
Every single Cavendish banana plant worldwide is genetically identical. This vast monoculture sets them up for disastrous disease outbreaks. But researchers have ideas on how to protect the crop.
Goldfish might look nice, but they can also spread a variety of decidedly not-nice viruses.
Many pet fish end up in ponds, fountains and waterways. But before ditching your goldfish in the park, stop and think about the viruses you could also be releasing.
The pathogens are secured, but are the data about them as well-protected?
Biosafety needs to be about more than personal protective equipment and safe laboratory practices. Don't forget the cybersecurity.
A plant heavily colonized by a bacterial pathogen.
Jeannette Rapicavoli/UC Riverside
Vaccines aren't just for animals anymore. Research shows priming plants with pathogen-derived compounds strengthens their immune systems and enhances protection against future attack.
GM herpes virus on the case.
Cold sore by Shutterstock
Take two of medicine's great foes and pit them against each other.
Yellow Rust spores can be seen bursting out of a wheat leaf from the inside, tearing their way through the epidermis.
Kim Findlay/John Innes Centre
A wheat-infecting pathogen is on the march in the UK - but new genetic techniques will enable faster, clearer diagnosis.
Scientists at The University of Nottingham and GSK Consumer Healthcare have developed a technique to locate bad bacteria…
Anthrax in the mail can be deadly.
Belga Photo/Yves Boucau
Anthrax occupies a special role as a feared and potentially lethal disease, but the culmination of a ten-year research project has identified a section of its toxin that could produce an effective new…
Compounds derived from garlic are extremely effective in killing off Cronobacter sakazakii, a food-borne pathogen that can…
A small plastic chip with the capacity to house various strains of bacteria may help successfully treat infection in cystic…
Bacteria and mould found in the dust created by vacuums could lead to health problems in people with allergies, infants and…
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University researchers have investigated why pathogens cause harm to the hosts they…
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As the East Coast braces for a possible direct hit from Hurricane Sandy, meteorologists are closely watching the storm’s “freak” formation. They’re calling it “unprecedented and bizarre,” a “perfect storm,” and a “frankenstorm” that could cause historic storm surges, last for multiple days, and cause over a billion dollars in damage.
After hitting Jamaica and heading toward the Bahamas, experts say it’s likely that Sandy could swing into the Northeast and hit the coast somewhere between Washington, DC and Boston, impacting people all along the Atlantic seaboard. Projections for Sandy’s path are still uncertain, but models show that the threat is increasing.
A confluence of factors are coming together to make the storm unprecedented. As Sandy moves through the Atlantic, it is expected to combine with an early winter storm from the continental U.S., causing pressure to drop — potentially reaching pressure levels of a category 3 or 4 hurricane with winds over 115 miles per hour.
Brian Norcross of the Weather Channel described the storm this way on his facebook page: “This is a beyond-strange situation. It’s unprecedented and bizarre. “
Another factor under consideration is climate change. Like a baseball player on steroids, our climate system is breaking records at an unnatural pace. And like a baseball player on steroids, it’s the wrong question to ask whether a given home run is “caused” by steroids.
As Kevin Trenberth, former head of the Climate Analysis Section at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, has written, all superstorms “are affected by climate change”:
The air is on average warmer and moister than it was prior to about 1970 and in turn has likely led to a 5–10 % effect on precipitation and storms that is greatly amplified in extremes. The warm moist air is readily advected onto land and caught up in weather systems as part of the hydrological cycle, where it contributes to more intense precipitation events that are widely observed to be occurring.
The climate change link may be more than just more precipitation. A 2010 study found “Global warming is the main cause of a significant intensification in the North Atlantic Subtropical High.” Climate Central’s Andrew Freedman explains a possible influence:
Recent studies have shown that blocking patterns have appeared with greater frequency and intensity in recent years….
While it is not unusual to have a high pressure area near Greenland, its intensity is striking for this time of year. As Jason Samenow of the Capital Weather Gang wrote on Wednesday, the North Atlantic Oscillation, which helps measure this blocking flow, “is forecast to be three standard deviations from the average — meaning this is an exceptional situation.”
Coastal areas may be hit with storm surges of up to 6 feet, potentially reaching the highest levels ever recorded. The storm could last as long as 4–6 days, bleeding into the election.
The storm comes at a unique time politically. In August, the Republican National Convention in Tampa, Florida was disrupted by strong rain and flooding caused by Hurricane Isaac. Two days later in his acceptance speech, Mitt Romney mocked President Obama’s pledge to deal with climate change and “slow the rise of the oceans” — causing uproarious laughter among delegates. And for the first time since 1988, the presidential candidates did not talk about climate change during debates — even as data shows that the U.S. is experiencing the most extreme weather ever recorded.
“The climate has shifted to a new state capable of delivering rare and unprecedented weather events,” explained meteorologist Jeff Masters earlier this year.
- NOAA-led study: Warming-Driven Arctic Ice Loss Is Boosting Chance of Extreme U.S. Weather
- Video: Has Global Warming Caused A Quantum Jump In Extreme Weather?
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Welcome to the first in our new series of video collaborations with SBS. In this episode, Dr Phillip Toner, a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Political Economy at the University of Sydney, gives his view on Australia’s manufacturing industry.
Do let us know what you think and, if you like what you see, spread the word.
Full video transcript:
Many people seem to equate manufacturing with 19th century technology, with the steam engine and grease, but in fact that is not the case.
What is manufacturing? It is pharmaceuticals, it’s advanced industrial chemistry, it’s advanced materials, nanotubes.
Consider the car industry. It draws on an extraordinarily wide-range of advanced technology and services, advanced metallurgy, machining. Consider the millions of lines of code that go into engine management systems and safety systems of modern vehicles.
Australia is just one of 13 countries in the world that have the capacity to go from the drawing board right through to the production line and the showroom - and every country that has that capacity seeks to nurture its industry. The modern motor vehicle industry sits at the very heart of a national input-output system at the very heart of its national science and technology base.
Well, so what? Surely the resource sector can fill the gap? But in fact under present policy settings the resource sector draws most of its advanced components - its advanced manufactured inputs - from overseas, in contrast to many other countries with large resource sectors, such as Norway.
The other consequence of increasing dependence on a large resource sector is that growth in the economy and tax receipts of governments will become increasingly volatile as a consequence of the large swings in commodity prices and national income.
It is explicit government policy to shift resources away from manufacturing and other non-resource based industries into the resource sector. This sets up a vicious cycle; every time there is a boom in the resource sector, the rest of the non-resource parts of the economy are actually forced to shrink.
Another consequence of the decline of Australian manufacturing is this ever widening trade deficit as we increasingly import more of our manufactured products.
The Australian science and technology base is fairly fragile.
The science and technology base in Australia is much more dependent on government funding than in many other countries. There really isn’t the type of political consensus that can ensure its continued funding.
We can ill-afford to lose an industry such as manufacturing which is so science and technology intensive. 25% of total private sector R&D is conducted by manufacturing. You go back ten years and the figure was 50%. It is simply not sustainable in the long run for a country to embark on a strategy (whereby) it can think it can retain the advanced science and technology but outsource manufacturing. It is simply not possible in the long run to divorce those two.
The continuing and rapid decline of the manufacturing industry isn’t inevitable. There is undoubtedly a cost in attempting to retain a large and sophisticated manufacturing industry. However what we have to consider is, what is the cost of its continued decline?
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Is Kosher Halal
Often times Muslim consumers tend to assume 'Kosher' is similar to 'Halal'.
Although the slaughtering rituals of Jewish people resemble those of Muslims;
kosher and halal are two different entities carrying a different meaning
and spirit. Muslims, therefore, are provided with the following basic
information about Kosher so they can exercise care in distinguishing halal
Gelatin is considered Kosher by many Jews regardless of its source of origin. If the gelatin is prepared from non-zabiha, Muslims consider it haram (prohibited). Hence foods items such as marshmallows, yogurt, etc., showing kosher symbols are not always halal.
Enzymes (irrespective of their sources even from non-kosher animals) in cheese making are considered mere secretion (pirsah b'almah) according to some kashrut organizations, hence all cheeses are considered kosher by many Jews. Muslims look for the source of the enzyme in cheese making. If it is coming from the swine, it is considered haram(forbidden). Hence cheeses showing kosher symbols may not be halal.
Jews do not pronounce the name of God on each animal while slaughtering.
They feel that uttering the name of God, out of context, is wasteful.
Muslims on the other hand pronounce the name of Allah on all animals while
There are different sects within Judaism and there are several hundred Jewish Kosher authorities in the US who certify Kosher based on extremely liberal to extremely conservative rules. Therefore it is difficult to come up with one uniform opinion regarding Kosher practices. A symbols "k" for kosher is not governed by any authority. Any manufacturer can use it at will. A website guiding Jews about Kosher states "it may take a great deal of detective work to ascertain the standard that a particular rabbi is using." For this reason many Muslims when buying anything kosher look for "u" in a circle which are more conservative Kosher symbol.
More on Halal & Healthy
Discuss Your thoughts in the Forum: HALAL & HEALTHY
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The Simplification of the NH Process
For the full story, check here: New Hampshire Almanac > How a Bill Becomes a Law
ALEC Rock/Everywhere these days
And the Step-by-step Process here in NH
New Hampshire has one of the largest legislative bodies in the world. In the General Court, we have 400 men and women in our House of Representatives and 24 State Senators. The Governor heads the Executive branch. In NH, almost every significant action by the Governor [appointments, contracts, etc.] must be ratified by an independently elected 5 member Executive Council.
In the NH House, bills are submitted during specified weeks in the early Fall. Freshmen Legislators have a deadline to propose legislation, while incumbents have until a later date. Initial legislative proposals are called “Legislative Service Request”(LSR) and get an LSR number. Legislative Services staff does research and helps make the wording and punctuation effectively reflect what the Sponsor, the person who submitted the bill, wants to get done.
By the beginning of January, all LSRs must be finalized, get changed into Bills, and get a “Bill number”, which replaces the LSR number. All LSRs and bills are searchable on NH.gov website. One can search by LSR/bill number, topic, partial text or by sponsor.
All bills are assigned by the Speaker of the House to one or more relevant committees. For example, a bill that may carry a criminal charge will be heard in Judiciary and one dealing with schools will likely go to the Education Committee.
Each Committee must hold a public hearing, with date and time posted on the House website and published in the House Calendar on every bill it considers. After the public hearing, the Committee will ‘mark up’ the bill in Executive session, where the bill may be amended. The Committee then votes to send the bill to the floor of the House with a recommendation [Ought to pass (OTP), Ought to pass as Amended (OTPA), or Inexpedient to Legislate (ITL)] on how the House should proceed. The whole House then votes on the Committee Recommendation, not on the bill itself. “Yea” can mean ought to pass (OTP) or inexpedient to legislate (ITL) depending on what the Committee recommended.
If the bill passes House, it will go to the Senate, where it will go through the Committee process, including another public hearing and a Senate vote.
The Senate follows a similar procedure [bill introduced, assigned to a Committee, Senate vote, pass to the House], but Senators can introduce bills at any time.
Only after both House and Senate have agreed to identical language will the Bill go to the Governor for signature into law or to be vetoed.
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THE ELEVATION OF THE PRECIOUS AND LIFE-CREATING CROSS OF THE LORD
by Archpriest Leonid Kolchev
For a long time the Cross served as the instrument of a shameful punishment, exciting fear and disgust among people, but from the time that Christ sanctified it by His Blood, it became an object of pious respect and veneration for all Christians. However, this did not become universal at once. The very life-bearing Tree on which the Lord was crucified laid in the ground for many years until it was revealed to the world in a miraculous manner.
Whenever the waves of persecutions directed against Christians died down and they emerged, tormented and bloodied, from the catacombs and caves into God’s light, signing themselves with an extensive sign of the cross, then it was that Konstantine the Great, who more than once had felt the power of the Cross, decided to find the same Tree to which the Body of Christ had been nailed. His eighty-year old holy mother Helen took upon herself this sacred task. Arriving in Jerusalem she spent much time and means to discover exactly where the Cross of the Lord was hidden. She managed to establish the fact that soon after the Resurrection of Christ the Jews had deeply filled up the crag of the Lord’s tomb, since it was a living monument of their rejection of the Lord. There, covered by rocks and all sorts of refuse, was discovered the life-giving Tree of Christ with the crosses of the thieves. In order to weaken the respect of the early Christians towards the holy places, in later times the heathen had placed idols upon Golgotha, had built a temple in honor of the shameless goddess Venus. Later it was found that a certain old Jew, Judas by name, on the basis of written family traditions, knew exactly where the Cross of Christ was hidden. For a long time he did not agree to reveal his secret and only forced by hunger and poverty did he lead the Empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius to Golgotha. Pointing to the exact spot, he said : “Here you will find the Cross of your Christ."
With piety, burning with impatience, the people started to work, animated by the sweet-odour emerging from the earth at that spot. Sure enough, soon there were found three well-preserved crosses which were exactly alike by their exterior shape. It was therefore impossible to ascertain which of them was the Cross of Christ, since the board with the inscription J.N.KJ. was lying separately. The perplexity was dispersed by Patriarch Macarius who said: “If Providence did not favor the leaving of the Lord’s Cross in the ground, will it allow it to remain unknown now? Will it allow us to give honor to a robber’s cross in place of the Lord’s Cross? God Himself will show us the Cross of Our Saviour.” With these words he commanded that the crosses he taken to the home of a grievously-ill woman. Here, after fervent prayer, he placed on her the crosses, one after another. The first two did not show any effect on the sick woman, but as soon as he placed on her the third cross—the ill woman immediately felt herself healed and arose from her bed. Giving praise to God, everyone unanimously recognized this wonder-working cross as the Lord’s. It was pleasing to the Providence of God to reveal new glory for the life-bearing Tree. Just at that time a dead man was being carried to burial past the house of the woman who had been healed. Filled with faith, the Patriarch, in the presence of the Empress and a great multitude of people, stopped the sorrowful procession and began to lay the crosses upon the dead man. And the same one of them which gave health to the sick woman, resurrected the dead man. to the indescribable joy of the surrounding populace. All those present could not be controlled in their desire to venerate the precious Cross and kiss it. Since this was impossible because of the tremendous gathering of people, Patriarch Macarius stood upon an elevated place, and with help raised the Cross high in the air several times so that it could, at least, be seen by all. Bowing down to the ground with piety, the people cried out : Lord, have mercy!" It is from this festive act of the raising or elevation of the life-giving Cross of the Lord that today’s feast received its name. In this glorification of Christ’s Cross, His very enemies were forced to give it veneration. Judas, with whose help the Lord’s Cross was found, received Holy Baptism with the name Cyriacus and, little by little, being elevated in the degrees of the Priesthood, later occupied the place of Patriarch of Jerusalem, and later still was made worthy of a martyr’s crown.
What is the later history of the Cross of Christ and where is it now found?
In the year 614 the Persian King (Shah) Khosroes captured Jerusalem and along with other treasures abducted the Tree of the Cross. After 15 years when the Persians were defeated, the Cross was returned. At the triumphant meeting of the returned Cross the Emperor Heraclius, himself decided to bear this treasure from the Mount of Olives to the Church of the Resurrection. At the gates of Golgotha, however, some invisible force stopped him and the more he tried the stronger was the power that held him back. Then it was revealed to the Patriarch in a vision that it was not right for the Emperor to go in such majesty and brilliance where the Saviour Himself, carrying His own Cross, went in such poverty and humiliation. The next day. having divested himself of his footwear and extravagant raiment, dressed in simple clothing, the Emperor took the Cross upon his own back and without any hindrance carried it to the Church. This was 14 September of the year 629. Later this Cross was taken apart in particles by the Faithful and today there is not, it would seem, any country where particles of this most precious sacred object is not preserved in churches and even by individuals.
And Christians of the whole world piously honor this life-bearing Tree. "It is worthy and right to venerate Christ’s Cross,” says Saint Demetrius, the Metropolitan of Rostov. “for through this blessed Tree was death slain and life granted.” “This sign.” teaches another prelate, John Chrysostom, “both in former and present times opened closed door’s, removed the power of ill-bearing substances, made poison ineffective, and healed the mortal bites of beasts.”
Come, faithful, let us bow to the Cross of the Lord lying before us and, following the example of the ancient Christians, let us say with compunction : Lord, have mercy! Through the might of the precious and life-creating Cross, save us sinners. Amen.
A sermon by Archpriest Leonid Kolchev. Translated by D.F.A.
From Word Magazine
Publication of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America
PUBLICATIONS BY ORI
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3 budgeting rules to help you save money
There’s no question that following a budget is a great way to help you meet your financial goals. But how do you decide the best way to allocate your money? Here’s a quick breakdown of three basic budgeting rules that can help you make budgeting easier. Personal finance is all about what works best for you, so consider each rule and pick the one that makes the most sense for your household.
1. The 50/30/20 Rule
The 50/30/20 rule is a streamlined plan for anyone looking to spend and save responsibly. This rule recommends that you spend 50% of your post-tax income on necessities (housing, food, utilities, transportation, insurance, childcare); and 30% on wants (travel, gym memberships, cable, dining out, etc.). The final 20% is put towards savings, including paying down debt, making retirement contributions and building your emergency fund.1 Following this simple rule helps make sure the important things are taken care of while also carving out wiggle room for the things that you enjoy most.
2. The 80/20 Rule
If you think you might fare better following an even simpler plan, consider the 80/20 rule as another option. A stripped-down version of the 50/30/20 rule, this budget advises setting aside 20% of your income for savings and using the remaining 80% for both necessities and luxuries.2 Some people prefer this breakdown because they don’t have to differentiate between wants and needs. After all, the line between those two categories can blur (for example, a new coat could be considered essential or a fun splurge). So, with the 80/20 rule, you don’t have to track categories of expenses quite as closely. To get started, consider setting up automated contributions so that 20% of your income goes right into your IRA, 401(k) or other savings accounts.2
3. The 50/15/5 Rule
If you’re at a stage in life where you’re balancing multiple financial goals—maybe you’re saving for retirement and your children’s education, and even thinking about a new car, too—you may prefer the 50/15/5 rule. This model suggests allocating 50% of your income to essential expenses, 15% to retirement savings and 5% to an emergency fund.3 This plan allows you to meet your immediate needs and plan for the future before you spend on anything else.
Of course, you don’t need to be a math whiz to realize that those figures don’t add up to 100%. That’s because the 50/15/5 rule builds in the assumption that it’s best for you to decide how the rest of your money will be spent each month. You can contribute additional cash to your retirement accounts, save up for that new car, or put it into a vacation fund. That final 30% is all about financial freedom.
Setting a budget will put you on a firm path towards meeting your financial goals, and each of these rules is a great framework to get you started. Just choose the one that sounds like the best fit for you and remember, when it comes to budgeting, consistency is key.
Financial planning and investment advice provided by John Hancock Personal Financial Services, LLC (“JHPFS”), an SEC registered investment adviser. Investments: not FDIC insured – No Bank Guarantee – May Lose Value. Investing involves risk, including loss of principal, and past performance does not guarantee future results. Diversified portfolios and asset allocation do not guarantee profit or protect against loss. Nothing on this site should be construed to be an offer, solicitation of an offer, or recommendation to buy or sell any security. Before investing, consider your investment objectives and JHPFS’s fees. JHPFS does not provide legal or tax advice and investors should consult with their personal legal and tax advisors prior to purchasing a financial plan or making any investment.
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Wed 21 Aug 2013
Filed under: Human Rights,Inside Burma,News
Nearly 10 percent of all disabled people in Burma are currently attending high school, but their chances of getting jobs when they leave are slim, according to a 2012 report by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
For those living with a physical, visual or mental impairment, work is difficult to find, and the chance to lead independent lives is nearly impossible.
Bo Htun has used a wheelchair since he was a child when nerve damage in his legs left him paralysed.
Determined to remain self-reliant, he took to the streets of Rangoon in a modified wheelchair where he made a living repairing umbrellas.
“I wanted to earn a living on my own,” he said. “I don’t make much money but I am satisfied with my daily earnings. Now my wife and I live freely and happily.”
But most Burmese children with disabilities are not so fortunate or self-sufficient. Many lack basic literacy skills, and only a small fraction complete formal education and go on to find employment.
Hta Uke, the founder of the Eden Centre for Disabled Children, believes education is vital for handicapped children, and has called for the government to introduce a disability rights law.
“It is very important that disabled children go to school and have equal rights,” he said.
“Their lives are just as valuable as anyone else’s, and they strive to be of great help to their communities.”
Unless effective action is taken by the government to improve opportunities for people with disabilities, many more will struggle to retain their independence.
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This article is under construction and not completed yet!
The character featured in this article doesn't have a character design yet!
- Scallop pearl, otherwise known as Lion'a Paw scallop pearl, is a non-nacreous pearl. This means it's made without nacre.
- Technically, it shouldn't be classified as a pearl. Rather, it's should be classified as calcareous concretions. However, many still call them pearls for convenience.
- Scallop pearls are produced by any members of the scallop family, including the Pacific Lion's Paw and Atlantic Sea Scallop.
- These pearls are the indirect result of scallop harvesting.
- They're found on the coastal waters of Central and North America (specifically Baja, California).
- Scallops pearls are often formed symmterically.
- The colors range from maroon to plum colored.
- The formation of non-nacreous pearls are similar to nacreous pearls. It starts when a foreign object get stuck inside shellfish and it secretes liquid around it as a defense mechanism. But instead of nacre, it creates concentric layers around the nucleus.
- The main material non nacreous pearls is calcite.
- Nacreous pearls, on the other hand, are made with aragonite.
- Pearls are birthstones for June. They are also the national gemstone of the Philippines.
- The name pearl comes from the Latin world perna meaning "leg". This is in reference to the ham-leg shape of the bivalve mollusk.
- "Scallop" derived from an Old French word "escalope," meaning "shell".
- Pearls metaphysically represent purity, integrity, and loyalty. It gains one wisdom from experience and help cement engagements and love.
- Pearls with red colors represent power, enthusiasm, success, extrovertiveness, energy, vitality, excitement, passion, strength, leadership, respect, determination, assertiveness, and stability.
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MicroRNA as therapeutics for the treatment of retinal degenerations
The study of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) will provide a new avenue for drug discovery for diseases such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and have applications for other retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, retinoblastoma and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
MiRNA are small non-coding RNA molecules that post transcriptionally regulate gene expression. While miRNAs were only identified in humans as recently as the turn of this century, some miRNA-based agents are already in phase 2 clinical trials. This rapid progress from discovery to drug development reflects the effectiveness of miRNAs as therapeutic targets.
However, relatively little research has been conducted in the retina on the therapeutic potential of these molecules. The eye has the advantage of being a closed compartment, where therapeutic constructs can be readily delivered to the vitreous with minimal damage to a neural target - the retina - and without complications of surgery. MiRNAs are abundant throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and so the retina (part of the CNS) is ideal for studying endogenous miRNA function as well as their potential as therapeutic targets. Furthermore, some retinal miRNA’s are known to be heavily involved in modulating expression of inflammatory signals, including several that feature prominently in neuroinflammation and AMD.
We have shown that miRNA are modulated in retinal degenerations, and have identified a number of candidate miRNAs involved in retinal inflammation. We have demonstrated that a particular miRNA, miR-124, is capable of slowing the progression of retinal degeneration, reducing retinal inflammation, increasing retinal function and slowing photoreceptor cell death. It is our belief that further researcher into these novel and unexplored molecues will provide novel therapeutics for the treatment of retinal degenerations and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Reaction behaviour & visual abilities
In critical situations, such as when crossing an intersection, it is important both to get a quick overview of potential dangers and to react adequately so as not to endanger oneself or others.
Why reaction behaviour & visual functions is an important criterion for neuropsychology?
In the Vienna Test System NEURO, reactive behavior is regarded as involving both the resilience of reaction behavior, in other words what is known as reactive stress tolerance, and the ability to react per se.
The ability to react can in turn be divided into the subdimensions of simple reactive ability and complex reactive ability. Visual functions are assessed in the Vienna Test System NEURO partly with a test that measures “flicker-fusion frequency” and partly – especially for investigations of possible impairments of fitness to drive – by means of the test Obtaining an Overview – Traffic.
Find the suitable test for action behavior & visual abilities
Discover the Vienna Test System from SCHUHFRIED for various tests of reaction behaviour and visual ability!
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Language is more than just communication; language is the main human ability whereby we do things together.|
Itís a complex process that uses symbols, sounds and arbitrary signals such as voice and written codes, which is why human language is common to all humans, many scientist say that this ability to use symbols as language is what makes us humans.
English is one of the most important languages all over the world. Although this doesnít discredit other languages for their cultural or local values, but English language is important because it unites the entire world and is considered as universal language.
Most universities around the world include English as one of the most important requirements for students since itís also a common requirement for many job applications.
English Language in California
California is a state of the USA, its official language is English, itís home to a large variety of people from other countries, there are many languages schools which provide english courses in the United States.
Some of the most featured language English schools are:
- English Language School in San Francisco.
- English Language School in San Diego.
- California School of English.
- Kaplan International Colleges - San Francisco.
English Language Online
Education online is becoming more important for students, since it provides many more advantages than an education in a classroom. Universities provide online education services such as MBA programs as well as online languages courses for those people interested in studying a language without having to commute or paying large amounts of money.
Online tools are going to be most effective when used as one component of a bigger arsenal of learning tools. Platforms like english typing test is a great way to fit in some practice and become familiar with how write english vocabulary.
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I'm sure we've all had the conversation at some point: how do we want our bodies handled when we die?
It's kind of a morbid thought. I don't think anyone really enjoys hearing their loved ones talk about their death...
But the fact is it's a necessary conversation to have. I've thought about it, talked about it.
You might want to have a big funeral and be buried next to family, or be cremated and have your ashes spread in an area close to your heart.
You might want to donate your body to science, or even to Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds exhibit.
Whatever your final wishes are, you may want to consider one way of interment that is growing in popularity in the United States.
Natural burials, or green burials, are a way of caring for the dead with minimal environmental impact.
The Green Burial Council is a nonprofit organization working to encourage environmentally sustainable deathcare, and the use of burial as a new means of protecting natural areas.
The Green Burial Council counts “more than 300 approved green burial providers in 40 states, while only a dozen existed in 2008.”
While there are varying degrees of green burials, the general rule is that there is no use of concrete, metal, or chemicals in the burial process.
This means bodies are not embalmed, and are either wrapped in a linen or cotton shroud, or are laid to rest in a box made of pine, wicker, cardboard, or bamboo.
The GBC requires that, for the container to be considered green, it must be nontoxic and biodegradable — as well as made from materials sourced in a way that does not destroy habitats.
Embalming fluid, made with the chemical formaldehyde, has been proven to pose health risks, particularly among funeral directors.
Many countries throughout the world have banned it, and Jewish law prohibits it.
One thing to consider, though, that is if a body is not embalmed, it must be buried within a short period of time — usually within 48 hours. This can pose problems for loved ones needing to travel in order to attend a funeral.
If this is a concern, there are several formaldehyde-free embalming fluids available now, including one approved by the GBC made entirely of nontoxic and biodegradable essential oils.
Even if you're not an environmentalist or a lover of the outdoors, you might consider cost as a factor.
The average funeral in the United States costs $6,500, according to the National Funeral Directors Association.
The casket alone can cost anywhere from $2,000 to $10,000 — and no casket, regardless of its qualities, will preserve a body forever...
While cremation is a less expensive way of interment (usually around $1,500) and is lower impact environmentally, it is not considered green.
Cremation burns a lot of fossil fuels and can pump mercury or other chemicals into the air if a person has dental amalgam fillings or other surgical items inside them.
While the green burial is a growing trend, it is actually nothing new; it was standard practice in this country up until the Civil War.
When a loved one died, the body would be washed, dressed, and laid out while the coffin was built and the grave dug. The burial often took place in the backyard or church cemetery within a day or two of the death.
But during the Civil War, with the number of fallen soldiers, it became necessary to preserve them in order for their bodies to make the long trip home by train from the battlefields.
By war's end, the practice of embalming bodies had become the norm. Consequently, the modern funeral industry was born.
A survey commissioned by the International Cemetery, Cremation and Funeral Association in March 2010 found a quarter of those polled liked the concept of environmentally-friendly burials.
“We think of this as a new idea, but this is really an ancient idea we're returning to,” said Joe Sehee, executive director of the New Mexico-based council.
It seems the next logical step would be to develop legal regulations to oversee green cemeteries, so that people receive exactly what they are promised.
Until Next Time,
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The Greek king Admetus was the son of Pheres, the king who had founded Pherae, and of Periclymene. He was a very pious and right person.
He took part in the hunt of the Calydonian boar. He is also well-known because god Apollo was his servant for one year. But how come a mortal had such a great honour? In brief, the story goes like this: Apollo had a son, Asclepius, who was a gifted healer (and who was later considered the god of medicine). Asclepius managed to raise people form the dead, and Zeus punished him, by striking him dead with a thunderbolt. Apollo couldn't do anything against his own father, and so he killed the Cyclops who had manufactured Zeus' lightning bolts. That's why he was punished to be a mortal's servant.
Admetus was hospitable and he treated everyone well and with justice, that's why Apollo helped him many times. While he was a herdsman, he made all the cows bear twins and alle the goats to have plenty of milk (this shows us that the god was a protector of the cattle).
King Admetus fell in love with Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias (who was Admetus' uncle). But king Pelias asked the suitors a seemingly impossible task: to yoke together a lion and a boar to a car. Apollo yoked the two animals and Admetus brought them to Pelias, and thus he got the hand of the beautiful Alcestis.
For his marriage, Admetus performed sacrifices, but he forgot to sacrifice to Artemis. That's why, when the newlyweds entered the nuptial room, they found it full of serpents. Apollo had to plead with his sister to make the serpents disappear and finally she did, after Admetus brought sacrifices to her, too.
Apollo also tricked the Moirai into changing Admetus' fate: when the time for his death came, he could escape death, if he managed to find someone in his family willing to take his place. And so, when Thanatos came for king Admetus, he went to his mom and dad and asked them to die instead of him (I imagine he politely asked them, "You're old anyway, now wouldn't it be a great idea if one of you volunteered to die instead of me?"). But they both turned him down, as life was way to sweet for them to die before their time.
There was one person, though, who accepted to die: it was his loving wife, Alcestis, who didn't want her children to remain without a father. Now, according to you, what would a hero do, someone who would take part later in the Calydonian boar hunt and in the Argonauts' expedition? Would he let a woman sacrifice herself, or would he manly accept his fate? Well, he manly accepted... her sacrifice.
In Euripides play Alcestis, Admetus promised his wife that he wouldn't marry again and that he would give up merrymaking. It so happened that, the day his wife died, Heracles came to visit the king. That's why he ordered everyone to keep Alcestis' death a secret, so that the guest would not be troubled with the sad news. Heracles got pretty drunk and didn't behave himself, and one of the servants snapped at him. When the mighty hero heard the truth, he went to Alcestis' tomb, wrestled Thanatos and managed to bring Alcestis back to life.
Admetus and Alcestis had a son, Eumelus (who was one of Helen of Troy's suitors and took part in the Trojan war) and a daughter, Perimele.
Some people say that king Admetus and Alcestis' love story is so romantic and beautiful, but I just see a selfish and coward king. What do you think about that?
Farewell of Admetus and Alcestis - Etruscan red-figure amphora, Vulci.
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How is language used in 1984 to allow the government to control their citizens??
In his essay "Politics and the English Language," written in 1946, George Orwell wrote of the reciprocity of language and thought:
It [language] becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, yet the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.
In his novel 1984, what Orwell called the "reversible" properties of language and thought are at play in the barren futuristic society. By diminishing the language, thought can likewise be diminished in this society; in other words, one cannot have great thoughts without a great vocabulary. Therefore, Newspeak that diminishes words by eliminating the connotative meanings of other forms of those words or their synonyms and antonyms suppresses thought. There is no refinement of language, no nuances of meaning, no musicality, no precision, no abstractions, no emotion--all these shades and refinements of language have been eliminated, reducing thoughts to simplistic, shallow levels. By reducing the words that one can use to express oneself, the government, thus, diminishes thoughts and controls them.
In addition, there is a select vocabulary designed specifically for political purposes. That is, these words not only have a specific political implication, but they also are designed to direct the thoughts and attitudes of the speaker. These were called "B words" and were combinations of other words; for instance the word goodthink, meaning "to think in an orthodox manner." This word, then, can be manipulated into various parts of speech, such as the adjective goodthinkful.
Of course, some words have been eliminated as subversive or otherwise offensive. Words such as justice, morality, democracy, science, religion, and honor no longer exist. Such words that are associated with liberty and equality have simply been grouped in the one word, crimethink.
George Orwell clues us into the thinking process of totalitarian governments through the use or rather the discouragement of the use of a high vocabulary.
Totalitarian governments fear the intelligentsia. They will therefore arrest and or murder the college professors, the media, and the thinkers.
In 1984, Big Brother attempts to stop the thinking processes of individuals in society by degrading the vocabulary. The less words that are used, the more Big Brother can control.
Orwell uses this concept as a paradigm. In a sense he exaggerates the implementation of this idea to convey the greater truth that totalitarian governments wish to retard thinking and intelligent thought.
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Originally published in July 2003 icon
Every parent wants to keep their children safe, happy and healthy. Once they grow up, they make their own decisions, but life-forming eating and health habits start from an early age, so take steps to safeguard your children´s future today.
A: Avoid aspartame- the artificial sweetener, in low-calorie drinks and low fat foods, which has been linked to brain tumours and memory loss - and acrylamides (in most foods baked above 1200C. e.g. crisps, chips, biscuits, breakfast cereals etc). The World Health Organisation says safe levels are zero. Too many antibiotics have been linked to brain tumours or stomach problems. Give them an acidophilus supplement after a course, as without this they may develop fungal growths in the gut and these are linked to a variety of cancers especially leukaemia.
B: Babies born in winter have a higher risk of some types of brain cancer, according to Cancer Research UK. There is tentative evidence that this is brought on by bacterial or viral infections that are more common in winter months.
C: Cook at lower temperatures, and don´t barbecue or fry. Barbecue smoke or flames add carcinogenic nitrosamines to the food; regular eaters of fried food have three times the level of cancers.
D: Diesel fumes are the third largest cause of lung cancer, so don´t live near a main road. Dairy is implicated in late-onset diabetes - now up to 11% in children under 12!!
E: Eliminate household toxins
. Make bath times safer with toxin-free shampoos and bubble baths. Dump chemical air fresheners and don´t shake and vac!
F: Fish oils
, as your grandma told you
, are excellent for growing brains and health. lQ levels 11% higher are noted in children who take fish oils daily and the fish oil factor helps in brain development before children are born, so take a supplement during pregnancy, if you can´t face sardine sarnies. Omega 3 also stores in tissues and protects against many cancers.
G: Gaining too much weight in childhood increases chances of cancer in adulthood. Sixty per cent of 16 year olds are overweight or obese. Get your children off the sofa, away from the computer and out into the fresh air.
H: Hunger binges on crisps, chocolates, pizzas, chips and takeaways store up fat and health problems for your children. Try to give them a big breakfast and lunch and, if they still want to snack, put out sliced apples, oranges, apricots or bananas to munch in front of the TV. A bowl of seeds (pumpkin, sunflower and sesame) makes a great healthy alternative to crisps.
. Another reason to bin fizzy drinks. Studies have shown that sugars, refined foods (like pasta and pizza) and high carbohydrate meals cause insulin levels to soar and that inappropriate levels of insulin in pubertal children (during breast development) can lead to lesions, which could later become cancerous. A similar process could explain the increase in testicular and prostate cancer. Diabetes also increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. Worse, new research from the USA implicates hydrogenated vegetable oil (fast food and processed foods) and even dairy. Kick all these out of your child´s life.
J: Juicing. Now there´s plenty of summer fruit around, teach your children how to use a juicer and they´ll never want a fizzy drink again.
K: Kick a ball around, take them swimming or take them for cycle rides. Move the lymph, as it takes away toxins from the cells and fill their lungs with fresh air.
L: Laugh out loud with your children. Enjoy special outings and treats. Strong family units can cope with anything.
M: Mobile phone use has been linked to brain tumours. More tests are underway, but if you´ve already bought one for your child, fit a shield. Don´t live near mobile masts or electricity pylons either.
N: Nitrite-dyed hotdogs can lead to childhood cancers. Added for colouring purposes, nitrites react with natural chemicals in meat to form a potent carcinogen nitrosamine.
O: Organic. Grow or pick your own fruit and veg whenever possible. If you haven´t a garden, visit a pick-your-own farm during the summer months. Children love eating fruit, yes, and veg, too, if they´ve picked it themselves. Buy organic meat and fish. Children are especially prone to toxic attack from herbicides and pesticides - far more than adults are.
Strong family units can cope with anything
P: Put away all pet flea collars, and home and garden pesticides. Studies have shown they have strong associations with non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma, leukaemia and brain cancer. Pregnant women should avoid using perfumed products -Swedish research shows they can cause high levels of DEHP in the blood stream and are linked with genital problems and even with testicular cancer in male babies.
Q: Quit smoking
. In one study, cotinine levels in the saliva of children, where both parents smoke, showed that children were receiving a nicotine equivalent of smoking 80 cigarettes a year. Girls who smoke in their "formative" years, or start their periods early and go on the Pill increase their risk of breast cancer later in life.
R: Ritalin has been shown to induce highly aggressive rare liver cancers in rodents, so why give it to children with ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), when cutting out sugars and E numbers and giving children fish oils and a good mineral and vitamin supplement can help instead?
S: Salt (sodium) poisons cells and creates the environment for cancer. The FSA says your kids should eat no more than 3gms a day - we say 1gm!! A burger and fries meal contains 4g of salt. Even one sausage or one slice of bacon can give them too much sodium for a day. They will also get their daily maximum from four slices of bread or a bowl of breakfast cereal.
T: Think positively and help children destress. School and peer pressures pile on the worry. Talk about it. Psychiatrists have found that people with a negative outlook may be up to 25 per cent more likely to develop cancer than those who are more optimistic.
U: Ultraviolet rays. Keep your teenagers away from sun beds. Under 18s are banned from using them in France and no wonder, as the chances of developing a tumour increase by up to 20 per cent per decade of sun bed use before the age of 56. In the sun, slip on a shirt, slap on a hat and slop on the sun screen, as skin cancer is the UK´s second most common form of cancer and is seemingly "formed" in the childhood years.
V: Vitamin C protects children against the harmful effects of free radicals. Yet 47 per cent of children do not eat a vegetable other than a potato in an average week; and children who don´t eat fruit are highly likely to get a cancer later in life.
W:Water, water everywhere... and, if you want your children to have the best, pure water, consider installing a reverse osmosis filter!
X: Xrays. Avoid having too many. Studies are underway to see if they cause cancer.
Y: Young parents are less likely to have children with the most common form of leukaemia, ALL. Scientists at the Childhood Cancer Research Group in Oxford found that mothers between the ages of 35 and 39 were 30 per cent more likely to have a child with ALL than one aged 25 to 29. The risk rises to 88 per cent for mothers of 40 or over.
Z: Zen. Teach children the value of quiet time and meditation to recharge their systems. Never put computers in a bedroom (they give off toxins) and don´t let them sleep near TVs. EMFs can damage melatonin levels
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Get to know Tunisia
Tunisia is a country rich in culture, history, geography and peoples. From before 1000 BC until today, Tunisia has seen numerous rulers, civilizations, languages and religions. All of these have had a lasting impact on what Tunisia is today.
History And The ever changing rulers of tunisia
Tunisia has been ruled by various people groups since it's first inhabitants marked out settlements. Originally Berber tribes dominated until the coming of the Phoenicians who founded the ancient civilization of Carthage around 814 BC. The Carthaginian Empire ruled the Mediterranean for hundreds of years until a young Roman empire began to wrest control from them. After three Punic Wars, Roman rule of the region was secured and eventually a Roman colony was made in North Africa. Later, the Arab Muslim conquerors made their way across North Africa and secured the land for their new empire in the late 7th century. Rule in Tunisia switched hands between various Arab Muslim dynasties for centuries until the 1500s when the Ottoman Turks grabbed control. A few centuries later the French seized an opportunity make a Protectorate out of Tunisia and ruled Tunisia for a measly 75 years. It was in 1956 that Tunisia finally acquired independence. Since then it's seen the rise and fall of two dictators culminating in the Jasmine Revolution that sparked a wave of Arab Spring revolutions throughout the Arab World.
Tunisian Culture and the Modern World
In Tunisia you often hear Tunisians declare themselves as neither Arab nor African, but rather just Tunisian. Because of its incredibly diverse past, modern Tunisia is seen as a cultural melting pot much in the same way America is. Its many past rulers and civilizations have all contributed to an overarching culture that is distinct and unique. Seen as incredibly progressive compared to most of the Arab World, Tunisia has intentionally shaped many aspects of its modern identity after its French neighbor across the sea. In many respects modern Tunisia is a mixture of conservative and liberal, yesterday and tomorrow. Seen as one of the few successes to come out of the Arab Spring Revolution, Tunisia is finding yet another new identity.
Food and Flavors of Tunisia
The food in Tunisia is a mixture of Mediterranean influenced flavors, African character, and Middle Eastern tones. Not to mention the modern French additions. Unlike some places in the Arab World, Tunisians do not shy away from hot and spicy food. In fact they add it to nearly everything in the form of a distinct red chili paste called Harissa. Most meals involve rice, couscous or bread in some form. If you enjoy seafood be sure to sample the fish as it's sourced fresh from the Mediterranean sea daily and tastes as good as you would expect.
Language is supposed to enable communication right?
Language is like everything else in Tunisia - a mixture of things that came before. Tunisian Arabic (Derja) can be very difficult to understand for someone coming from a different dialect. Even native Arabic speakers from other countries can be confused. Tunisian Arabic has a foundation of Arabic with layers of French, Berber dialects, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, and English placed on top. In addition, because of its relationship to France most locals speak French to some degree. It's not uncommon for a conversation to swing wildly between French and Arabic. To a Tunisian this is done without any hesitation. To non-Tunisians it can be intimidating. More and more of the younger generations are learning English as well and it's not uncommon to find young people who speak Arabic, French and English.
The Regions of Tunisia
Tunisia is a land that has an extremely varied landscape. In the North you can find forests, mountains, and open grassy plains. The capital and surrounding areas are densely sprinkled with Roman ruins and remains. Additionally, not too far from the capital is the Cap Bon Peninsula which is home to orchards, farmlands, and astonishing beach spots. Along the coastline heading south you find most cities and villages affected by their proximity to the ocean. In this region it's common to find tourist resorts, a slower pace of life, and incredible fish caught by local fisherman that morning. In the central south region you might stumble across a vast date palm oasis, an ancient roman site, or a modern city all within an hour's drive. This is also where movies like Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark filmed some of their iconic scenes. The south of Tunisia is where you can encounter the Sahara desert. The desert is a place of striking beauty and in Tunisia it offers some spectacular views and experiences.
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World AIDS Day, which falls on 1 December, draws together people around the world to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and demonstrate international solidarity in the face of the pandemic. The Day is one of the most visible opportunities for public and private partners to spread awareness about the status of the pandemic, renew commitments and engagement, and encourage progress in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in high prevalence countries and around the world. The theme of the 2010 World AIDS Day is “Universal Access and Human Rights”.
The latest UNAIDS report, released in November 2010, shows that the AIDS epidemic is beginning to change course as the number of people newly infected with HIV is declining and AIDS-related deaths are decreasing. Globally, new HIV infections have fallen by nearly 20% in the last 10 years, and AIDS-related deaths are down by nearly 20% in the last five years. At the end of 2009, 33.3 million people were estimated to be living with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be the region most affected by the epidemic with 69% of all new HIV infections, 67 % of all people living with HIV and 72% of all AIDS-related deaths.
Human rights are fundamental to any response to HIV/AIDS. The promotion and protection of these rights are necessary to empower individuals and communities to respond to the epidemic. World AIDS Day 2010 provides an opportunity to intensify efforts to ensure that the basic human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS are protected; and to continue to strive towards meeting the universal access targets for prevention, treatment and care.
- “Protect the basic human rights of people living with HIV and AIDS”– Dr Sambo
- Message of the Regional Director, Dr Luis Sambo, on the occasion of World AIDS Day
WHO Director-General’s statement for World AIDS Day
- 2010 World AIDS Day Message - United Nations Secretary General
- 2010 World AIDS Day Message - Executive Director of UNAIDS
- More about World AIDS Day
- World AIDS Campaign
- More about HIV/AIDS
- WHO- Headquarters programme on HIV/AIDS
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By Craig Packer
Founded by George Schaller in 1966, the Serengeti Lion Project is the second longest field study in all of Africa, ranking only behind Jane Goodall’s long-term chimp study. The Serengeti lions are by far the best-studied carnivores anywhere in the world, and our research efforts directly led to the discoveries of why lions live in groups and why male lions have manes.
Lions are the most cooperative of any cat species: they hunt together and raise their cubs together, but their defense of a common territory truly distinguishes them from other cats. A lion pride is a gang that defends a joint territory against its neighbors; large prides monopolize the best bits of savanna habitat, small prides are forced into marginal areas with little chance of reproducing. Lion males form coalitions that protect the pride from invading males, so they, too, find safety in numbers. But each individual male tries to get as many matings as possible, and a black maned male wins the hearts of the most ladies by honestly advertising his ability to produce offspring with the best chance of survival.
After learning so much about lion society, we want to know as much as possible about the lion’s true role as the King of Beasts. So we are now running the largest camera-trap study in the world. We have set out 225 camera traps over a 1,000 km2 region of the lion study area, and we capture over a million photographs each year of the Serengeti’s migratory wildebeest, zebra and gazelle, its resident warthog, buffalo, impala and dikdik, even its most reclusive species like leopards, cheetahs, aardvarks, caracals, aardwolves and zorillas.
We’ve never before been able to study how lions respond to day-to-day movements of their prey and how they shift their territories when the migratory species come and go each year. We’ve never before known how leopards, cheetahs and hyenas manage to coexist with lions – which try to kill any smaller predator they can catch.
With so many photographs of so many species to plow through each year, we developed Snapshot Serengeti so that volunteers from around the world can help classify and count the animals in each image. Since December 2012, over a hundred-thousand volunteers have helped sort through over four million photos – and our citizen-scientists quickly become as reliable as field biologists who have worked in Africa for years!
But after 29 consecutive years, our funding from the National Science Foundation will run out at the end of September. We have started a crowd-funding campaign named Save Snapshot Serengeti (www.igg.me/at/Serengeti) to try to raise enough funds to last until the end of 2013. The Expedition Council at National Geographic recently awarded a small grant to keep us going for a few months, but we need as much help as we can get!
Readers of National Geographic have enjoyed the story by David Quammen and the photos by Nick Nichols – but none of this would have been possible without the help of our radio-collared lions and our decades of insights into lion behavior. Please learn more at www.lionresearch.org and please consider donating to www.igg.me/at/Serengeti.
Tracking the Prides: A National Geographic interactive featuring Craig Packer.
Craig Packer, director of the Lion Research Center and the Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota, has headed the Serengeti Lion Project since 1978. Born in Texas, he received his undergraduate degree from Stanford in 1972. While there, he went to Tanzania to study baboons with Jane Goodall at the Gombe Stream Research Centre, then completed his Ph.D. research on Gombe baboons at the University of Sussex. In 1990 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship, and in 2003 was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the author of Into Africa and more than a hundred scientific articles, most of which are about lions.
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Sleep studies consistently indicate that a between 50% – 65% of people do not get enough sleep. There are so many reasons for this lack of rest: stress, work, using electronics prior to bedtime, poor health, alcohol, naps, depression, inhospitable sleep environment, stimulants, the dreaded insomnia, and more.
It really should come as no surprise that we humans don’t get enough sleep. But how much sleep is enough? The National Sleep Foundation recently released new sleep recommendations.
What are some suggestions to encourage a good night’s sleep? Check out some suggestions below from the National Sleep Foundation:
- Stick to a sleep schedule , even on weekends.
- Practice a relaxing bedtime ritual preferably without alcohol.
- Exercise daily.
- Keep your bedroom clean.
- Sleep on a clean, comfortable mattress, and pillows.
- Limit alcohol and caffeine before bedtime.
- Don’t go to bed hungry.
- Turn off electronics before bed.
It doesn’t matter if you are an early bird or night owl, rest is essential to good health. Do you have any tips for a good night’s sleep? Do you wish you could improve your sleep habits? Let me know in the comments.
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A List Of Winning Dissertation Topic Ideas To Consider
When writing a dissertation, you will first need to come up with a suitable and appropriate topic to write about. Generally, many students will already have some kind of idea about what they want to write about, but simply need a bit of extra help and assistance to narrow down the perfect title.
Different students find that there are different things that can help them to do this. For example, some students might wish to look over various topic ideas related to the subject that they are studying, to give them a bit of extra inspiration. On the other hand, some students will use a variety of brainstorming techniques, in order to think of specific ideas to write about, before narrowing these down until they have the perfect title.
If you find it useful to look at ideas that other people have had, so as to inspire some ideas of your own, then you might find some of the dissertation topics listed below to be of use.
- - Compare and contrast the weapons and technology used in the First and Second World Wars, and how this impacted upon military strategies that we used at the time
- - Analyse the impact of rationing in the United Kingdom during and after the war, and what influence this had on the lives of individuals who lived through the experience, both in terms of what it meant to them at the time, as well as the impact on the mindset in later life
- - Compare and contrast the attitudes towards waste the to help by individuals from the United States in comparison to citizens from the United Kingdom
- - What impact did the Cold War have on global relations, and to what extent does it still influence modern-day diplomacy?
- - Should immigrants be awarded citizenship in a country of that using, and on what grounds should that citizenship be awarded?
- - Does the Western world give enough in aid to developing countries, as well as areas that are affected by war, famine or natural disasters?
- - What genetically modified foods all they bad for us to eat?
- - Why do people believe in conspiracy theories, and to what extent do they normally turn out to be true?
- - What historical value does art and literature, and how can it help us to learn about the past?
- - How is poverty measured and what difficulties do organizations face when trying to compare poverty levels in different countries?
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Ear shell, any of various marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) that constitute the genus Haliotis and family Haliotidae. The characteristic planispiral shell has a broad, oblique aperture, which gives it an earlike shape, and a series of perforations through the shell involved in directing water flow. The inside of the shell is always nacreous, often in iridescent greens and blues. The snails live attached to rocks by a large adherent foot. They feed on algae and are found in the shallow waters of rocky shores worldwide. The larger species are called ormer in England, abalone in the United States, paua in New Zealand, and awabi in Japan. Several of these larger species are found on the western coast of North America and include the red, green, black, and pink abalones (Haliotis rufescens, H. fulgens, H. cracherodi, and H. corrugata, respectively). Overexploitation has reduced stocks in many parts of the world; there are catch limits and even total protection in some areas. Several species are commercially cultivated in hatcheries, particularly on the west coast of the United States and along China’s east coast. The shells of Haliotis have been extensively used for ornamental and decorative purposes from early times.
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Hello friends, I am studying in 10th class. Actually I have a question and I’m unable to solve this question. My question is: How can we find the square root of a number by hand? How about cube roots? If anybody can solve my question I will grateful. Thanks in advance!
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Success is dependent on many different factors, but Psychologist Angela Lee Duckworth has finally been able to empirically prove what many already ‘knew’, that grit is a better predictor of success than having a high IQ.
We’ve all seen talented, smart, and highly-trained people fail and quit. Success takes more than being simply talented—the desire to keep trying even when the odds are against you and our enthusiasm has waned.
Grit is an individual’s relentless passion and perseverance to achieve a long-term goal, in combination with a strong motivation and resilience to achieve it, no matter what strays into your path. Gritty people are able to overcome most obstacles and challenges, because they have the willpower to never give up on their dreams.
Grit separates the weak from the strong
Duckworth’s research focused on understanding which personality traits predict success in life. Overall, Duckworth’s team found that grit and self-control are by far much better predictors of success, than talent. Grit, in particular, stood out as the best predictor, as it “equips individuals to pursue especially challenging aims over years”, whilst self-control is more about controlling personal impulses.
Determination is key
Not surprisingly, Duckworth’s study showed that more determined students achieved higher grades than their less gritty peers. Moreover, grittier cadets were more likely to survive the first term at West Point, and same goes with children, grittier students reached the National Spelling Bee final.
Less influence due to IQ
The most surprising result of Duckworth’s studies is that grit is not dependent on IQ, gender, ethnicity nor incomer. That’s good news for everyone, as it’s more difficult to increase a person’s IQ than to foster grittiness and persistence by investing in an individual’s personal development. Grit, like other personal effectiveness skills can be developed, for example, individuals who quit when they start to feel frustrated and confused can be taught that these emotions are common during every learning process. Besides, individuals who avoid making mistakes at all costs can be taught that the most effective form of practice (deliberate practice – developed by Anders Ericsson) entails tackling challenges beyond one’s current skill level.
“Hold on, stay firm, even if it is difficult.”
5 tricks to become grittier
- Set goals. Some tasks are simply too big. Maybe you’re recording an album, redesigning your website, writing a script, training for a marathon, or taking your business to the next level. Dicing it up into manageable pieces is one way we can stay motivated and on track instead of getting frustrated and confused.
- Keep the finish line in sight. Don’t just think of small goals. Think of how good reaching that finish line will feel. What will persisting until the end do for you? If the reward is big enough, we can stay on track when disheartening challenges start to arise.
- Keep up the pace and renew your enthusiasm. If you can set goals, you can measure progress. Working against deadlines and milestones push us to accomplish more, more quickly. And the progress we make can keep serve as source of energy throughout the process.
- Run and walk. When working on a big project, it’s impossible to go all out all the time. But proper pacing improves endurance. Just like when preparing for a race alternating periods of intense effort with moderate effort will improve our fitness and thus allow us to go on for longer. This can be applied in our work life; we can go farther if we take breaks, go easy, relax, and rejuvenate.
- Kill the distractions. Exercising our determination is like exercising any other muscle. This relates to No. 4, but instead of taking breaks or going easy, the answer is removing the extraneous stuff that continuously distract your attention from what truly matters. How many meetings, hobbies, projects, pastimes, even relationships are making it impossible to keep up our determination when it matters most?
To learn more about grit and Angela’s work watch her talk on TED: [youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H14bBuluwB8]
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PATRIARCHY IN THE SCHOOL: COVARIATES OF GENDER TRADITIONALISM IN ADOLESCENCE
Annals of Faculty of Economics, 2009, vol. 4, issue 1, pages 287-293
Gender traditionalism is one of the cultural traits of contemporary Romania which has severe consequences on the effectiveness of human resource allocation. How is this cultural framework produced and reproduced in time is a major question for any attempt
Keywords: gender; traditionalism; attitudes; regression (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Z13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
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Downloads: (external link)
http://steconomice.uoradea.ro/anale/volume/2009/v4 ... and-marketing/47.pdf (application/pdf)
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Export reference: BibTeX
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Persistent link: http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ora:journl:v:4:y:2009:i:1:p:287-293
Access Statistics for this article
Annals of Faculty of Economics is currently edited by May
More articles in Annals of Faculty of Economics from University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics Contact information at EDIRC.
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Digital Motion X-Ray (DMX) is simply a new type of fluoro-based x-ray system, coupled with new digital and optic technology, allowing clinicians to view the spine in real-time motion at 30 x-rays per second. The procedure is performed with the patient standing and actively moving in a weight-bearing position within the system.
Why Patients Need Digital Motion X-Ray (DMX). You are sitting at a red light waiting for it to change. All of a sudden, you hear the sound of screeching tires and a loud crash. Your car jolts forward and your neck whips backward then forward in a violent motion. You’ve just experienced a whiplash injury. You are experiencing headaches and pain and stiffness in your neck. You go to your doctor complaining of neck pain and headache, so he takes several static x-rays which, of course, are negative because they are taken for three main reasons: to rule out fractures, gross dislocations, and tumors. Good news, you didn’t break or dislocate your neck and you don’t have any tumors, but you still have headaches and neck pain. Next, they do an MRI of your neck and it comes out negative. Your MRI was negative because MRI looks at discs, but there are no discs in the upper 30 percent of your neck or in the back of your neck where your headaches and neck pain originate. So the doctor sends you home with some pain medication but no definitive diagnosis. Your pain persists but no one can tell you why, and the insurance company over time stops paying your medical bills because there is no proof of your injury.If this scenario sounds all too familiar, you should have a digital motion x-ray of your cervical spine. Digital Motion X-Ray (DMX) uses advanced technology to detect ligament injuries that could never be seen before because of the lack of motion. Static x-rays, MRI and CT commonly miss injuries because you don't or can't move for the exam. Digital motion x-ray is just the opposite. It can find injuries that are evident only when you move. If your pain increases with movement, common sense tells you that your injuries should be examined "in motion." If you are in pain after an accident and no one can tell you why, digital motion x-ray may hold the answer you are looking for.
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Their vs. there! Why does the English language have so many words that look almost the same but can’t be used the one instead of the other? That’s the question that everyone who’s learning English asks at least once. Indeed, homophones, or words that sound really alike, are common in this language. One pair that causes problems for many people is their vs there.
Their vs. There
Even though they’re often confused, these two words have very different meanings. THEIR is a possessive pronoun that means “belonging to them”. Sometimes, especially in informal writing, it’s used instead of “his” or “her” when we don’t know the gender of the person we’re talking about. THERE, on the other hand, means “in or to that place” and shows where something is located.
- Their living room is equipped with all kinds of modern appliances.
- The businesses showed a dramatic variation in how they treated their staff.
- We miscalculated how long it would take to get there.
- We’ll never get there if he doesn’t speed up.
When to Use There vs. Their
Let’s say that you went to a party that your friends organized last weekend. When someone asks you about how it went, you can reply, “Their party was great”. You use their because the party you’re talking about “belongs” to your friends. So, you need to use a possessive pronoun.
In a different example, imagine someone’s stopping you on the street to ask directions to the bus station. You can show them the direction and say, “You need to go there“, meaning that they need to go to the place that you’re showing.
Sometimes you can find both these words in one sentence but don’t let it confuse you. Imagine that you’re passing the restaurant where your friends organized that party that was already mentioned earlier. In this case, you will say, “Their party was held there“. The first word of this sentence indicates whose party it was, and the last one shows where the party was held.
Way to Remember the Difference | Useful Tip
In order to never get these two words confused, remember that there is the answer to the question where?. This is why their spelling differs only by one letter, while their, the word that has nothing to do with locations and places, is spelled very differently from where.
Their vs. There Examples
- The players had to change their daily routine and lifestyle.
- The region attracts tourists in their multitudes.
- The terrorists were killed when their bomb detonated unexpectedly.
- My kids spend hours chatting on the phone to their friends.
- They’re building an extension to their house.
- If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun.
- He arrived there at the eleventh hour.
- He stood there with his arms lifted above his head.
- Chill out! We’ll get there on time!
- Am I permitted to park my car there?
Difference between Their vs. There | Image
There vs. Their: How to Use Their vs. There Correctly?
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Abraham Lincoln was no stranger to dealing with difficult people. He frequently encountered individuals who would fan the flames of Presidential irritation, causing Lincoln to want to tell the offenders exactly what he thought of them.
On such occasions the President would sit down and compose something he called a “hot letter.” Holding nothing back, he would put all of his angry responses on paper, leaving no doubt as to what he thought about the person in question.
Having given voice to his anger, Lincoln then set it aside for a while, waiting to cool down. Once his temper subsided, he’d write, “Never sent. Never signed” on the letter and set it in the fireplace, watching his fiery words and passions be consumed by the flames.
For another example of a President following this practice, look here.
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UK: Screening Halves Number Down Syndrome Babies
A new national screening strategy in Denmark has halved the number of infants born with Down’s syndrome and increased the number of infants diagnosed before birth by 30%, according to a study published on bmj.com today.
Many countries, including England, Australia and New Zealand, are trying to introduce national screening strategies for Down’s syndrome, but are facing a variety of problems because of a lack of consensus about the screening policy and logistical challenges.
In 2004, the Danish National Board of Health issued new guidelines for prenatal screening and diagnosis. These included the offer of a combined test for Down’s syndrome (based on combination of maternal age, plus serum and nuchal screening) in the first trimester. This test gave women a risk assessment for Down’s syndrome at an early stage in the pregnancy. Women whose risk was higher than a defined cut off were referred for invasive diagnostic tests (chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis).
In the previous guidelines screening for Down’s syndrome was based on maternal age and a diagnostic test was mainly offered to women above 35 years.
Professor Ann Tabor and colleagues from Denmark, evaluated the impact of the new national screening strategy on the number of infants born with Down’s syndrome and the number of referrals for invasive procedures. They analyzed data from the 19 Danish departments of gynecology and obstetrics and the national cytogenetic registry, for an average of 65,000 births each year, between 2000 and 2007.
Uptake was good, by June 2006 all 15 Danish counties followed the guidelines from 2004 and offered the new screening strategy. In 2006 approximately 84% of pregnant women had a risk assessment for Down’s syndrome.
The researchers found that the new strategy was associated with improved earlier detection of Down’s syndrome, low false positive rates, and more than a 50% decrease in the number of invasive tests carried out each year.
They report that the number of infants born with Down’s syndrome decreased from 55óˆž per year during 2000ð”Æ’“š, to 31 in 2005 and 32 in 2006. The total number of invasive tests fell sharply from 7524 in 2000 to 3510 in 2006.
The detection rate in the screened population was 86% in 2005 and 93% in 2006. With 3.9% (17) of women receiving a false positive result in 2005 and 3.3% (7) in 2006.
The authors point out that the value of this new screening strategy is that all women can be assessed early in pregnancy (in the first trimester). The national guidelines emphasize that risk assessment should only be done if women choose the test on the basis of informed choice, therefore despite the program being available to all pregnant in women in Denmark, some will still choose not to be screened.
The authors conclude by emphasizing Denmark’s success at building a strong national organization for fetal medicine and a national quality database that allows follow-up of all screened women at a national level and quality control of the new national screening program.
On the Net:
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Vectors are typically flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas, and ticks that may transmit a number of diseases to humans. Rodents, such as rats and mice, may also transmit diseases. The basic method of controlling vectors is to limit, as much as possible, their ability to live and breed.
Mosquitoes need quiet, standing water to breed. To control their breeding, sources of standing water, such as bottles, jars, unused buckets, and tires, should be eliminated. Items like wheelbarrows, tubs, wading pools, boats, etc. should be properly stored or covered.
Rats and mice need food, water and shelter to live. To control them, store garbage in tight, rodent-proof containers. Keep food items, such as rice, flour, or cereal, in metal or glass containers. Do not leave pet foods open in yards or garages. Keep alleys, empty lots or other outdoor areas clean and free of rubbish to eliminate rodent shelter.
To minimize fly breeding, keep garbage in tightly covered containers and properly dispose of it weekly, Also, remove excessive animal waste from yards.
For heavy infestations of insects or rodents, it may be necessary to hire a licensed pest control company. However, application of pesticides or poisons is only a temporary solution to a vector problem without the basic community sanitation practices listed above.
Environmental Health Specialists from the Community Environmental Protection Division are available to investigate complaints regarding solid wastes (garbage, sewage, plumbing deficiencies, animal feces). They also investigate vector complaints and work with the property owners to eliminate breeding places and sources.
Call 205.930.1230 to register a complaint concerning one of these issues.
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Having had Thomas Jefferson and Franklin D. Roosevelt soak in its geothermal waters is enough to qualify any natural hot springs as a landmark. Warm Springs Pools in Southwest Virginia’s Bath County can claim even deeper historical cred; archeological finds indicate the site has been visited by humans for at least nine thousand years. And until recently, it showed its age.
By 1761, enough Colonial-era travelers were seeking out the springs to spur construction of a limestone basin—the oldest spa structure in the United States. By the 1870s, two handsome wood bathhouses sat beside each other, the octagonally framed Gentlemen’s Bathhouse and the slightly larger Ladies’ Bathhouse with its nearly circular twenty-two sides. Between those dates, in 1818, the aging former president Jefferson took to the waters several times a day for three weeks, writing to his daughter that he found the experience of “first merit.” For much of its subsequent existence, the attraction was known as Jefferson’s Pools. Later presidents John Tyler and FDR sought out the same waters, widely held to offer therapeutic powers.
Unfortunately, even inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places didn’t save the hot springs from becoming more of a hot mess in recent decades. It turns out that constant geothermal steam is tough on wood structures, and by the time of their closure for renovation five years ago, they had deteriorated to the point of looking more like creaky livestock barns.
That’s why Omni Homestead, the nearby resort that had purchased the pools site nearly a century before, recruited Virginia-based preservationists, architects, and builders to rehab the bathhouses in accordance with the myriad guidelines governing historic structures. The $4 million project included preserving or replacing windows, doors, roofing, and foundation piers. “It hasn’t been an easy process, with even more deterioration uncovered along the way,” says Ed Pillsbury of design firm 3North, “but we are pleased with the quantity of historic fabric that we were able to retain.”
The site reopened December 17, 2022, as the rechristened Warm Springs Pools. Bathers now find it much as it appeared in 1925, extending to the rural, pastoral surroundings in the Allegheny foothills. (The unincorporated town of Warm Springs boasts a population of 123.) They will also find the mineral-rich waters just as they’ve been for millennia, a constant 98 degrees, flowing crystal clear at the impressive rate of 1,700,000 gallons a day. “The therapeutic benefits of soaking in these natural springs are remarkable,” says Homestead managing director Mark Spadoni, “from soothing your skin to boosting your blood circulation and relieving pain.”
Regardless of a need for, or belief in, those particular benefits, a soak in either bathhouse is a relaxing escape. Cares melt away as you gaze up through the steam and past sloping rafters into an open sky framed by the ceiling’s central oculus. After all, how many spa treatments also function as a time machine?
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Psychologists have long run experiments on college students to draw conclusions about the behavior of the general population. While students are a convenient sample, the criticism is that they may not be representative. Now comes evidence that what we think we know about behavior of people is biased because it is almost entirely based on the study of Westerners.
The Financial Post:
Western mind differs in fundamental ways from the rest of humanity, according to Dr. Henrich. He and two other UBC researchers authored a paper shaking up the fields of psychology, cognitive science and behavioural economics by questioning whether we can know anything about humanity in general if we only study a “truly unusual group of people” — the privileged products of Western industrial societies, who just happen to make up the vast majority of behavioural science test subjects.
The article, titled “The weirdest people in the world?”, appears in the current issue of the journal Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Dr. Henrich and co-authors Steven Heine and Ara Norenzayan argue that life-long members of societies that are Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic — people who are WEIRD — see the world in ways that are alien from the rest of the human family. The UBC trio have come to the controversial conclusion that, say, the Machiguenga are not psychological outliers among humanity. We are.
“If you’re a Westerner, your intuitions about human psychology are probably wrong or at least there’s good reason to believe they’re wrong,” Dr. Henrich says.
Addendum. The NYTtoday has an article on the study.
After analyzing reams of data from earlier studies, the UBC team found that WEIRD people reacted differently from others in experiment after experiment involving measures of fairness, anti-social punishment and co-operation, as well as visual illusions and questions of individualism and conformity.
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 49/October 1896/Some Beginnings in Science
By Prof. COLLIER COBB.
LONG before the sciences were pressing their claim to equal rank with ancient learning at Harvard, before Jefferson had seen the establishment of the University of Virginia working under the system of elective studies which he had planned, or before the magnificently endowed institutions of technology were giving what Herbert Spencer regards as knowledge of most worth, we find the beginnings of these things in the newly established university of a State that could boast of only two schools which taught more than the three R's and the very rudiments of the English language.
This modern plan of instruction offered by the University of North Carolina more than one hundred years ago was the work of a committee of six. Two of this committee were graduates of Princeton, one a graduate and ex-professor of the University of Pennsylvania, two had been students of Harvard, but their education at Cambridge had been interrupted by the Revolutionary War, and the sixth was an eminent lawyer. The names of these men were Samuel McCorkle, David Stone, Alfred Moore, Samuel Ashe, Hugh Williamson, and John Hay. The course planned by this committee in 1792 gave great prominence to the scientific studies, especially those which could be applied to the arts. The Joseph Caldwell.
The men chosen by the trustees to begin this work were David Ker, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin; Charles W. Harriss, a Princeton man of the class of 1789, Professor of Mathematics; and Samuel A. Holmes, also an alumnus of Princeton. Mr, Harriss was succeeded in his professorship by Joseph Caldwell, Princeton, 1791, who was a tutor at Princeton at the time of his appointment to the professorship in North Carolina.
To Dr. Caldwell we owe the realization of the hopes of the original committee, the ultimate establishment of the observatory, the geological survey, and the electrical laboratory. A letter written by Prof. Harriss from Chapel Hill, April 10, 1795, shows something of the spirit which Dr. Caldwell was to find in the young university. In it this Princeton man says: "The constitution of this college is on a more liberal plan than that of any other in America, and by the amendments which I think it will receive at the next meeting of the trustees its usefulness will probably be much promoted. The notion that true learning consists rather in exercising the reasoning faculties and laying up a store of useful knowledge, than in overloading the memory with words of dead languages, is becoming daily more prevalent. It is hard to deny a young gentleman the honor of a college, after he has with much labor and painful attention acquired a competent knowledge of the sciences, of composing and speaking
The Old Telescopes as they are To-day in the Mitchell Observatory.
Drawn by E. L. Harris.
with propriety in his own language, and has conned the first principles of whatever might render him useful or creditable in the world, merely because he could not read a language two thousand years old." This letter might well be dated from Boston a century later, for it was nearly a century before such ideas of the essentials of an education were gaining ground with our foremost educators. The literary societies established in 1795 took mottoes in keeping with the spirit of the day, that of the Dialectic Society being "Love of Virtue and Science," and the motto of the Philanthropic Society, "Virtue, Liberty, and Science,"
The first gift to the university, other than lands and money, came from the ladies of Raleigh and Newbern, who contributed a Elisha Mitchell.
The young Professor of Mathematics was made president of the university in 1804. His prosperity culminated in 1824, when the financial condition of the university was so good as to allow the trustees to send him to Europe for the purchase of scientific apparatus and books, appropriating six thousand dollars for the purpose.
Soon after his return from Europe President Caldwell planned an observatory, which he built with his own money. The building was finished in 1827, and in the observatory he placed the instruments which he had brought from Europe. These were a meridian transit telescope, made by Simms, of London; an altitude and azimuth telescope, also made by Simms; a telescope for observations on the earth and sky, made by Dolland, of London; and an astronomical clock with a mercurial pendulum, made by Molineux, of London. To these stationary instruments were added a sextant, made by Wilkinson, of London; a portable reflecting circle, made by Harris, of London; and a Hadley's quadrant.
Before the completion of the observatory building, the clock and meridian transit were set up and used in the library of the university, which was also Prof. Caldwell's lecture room. Here began, in 1825, the first systematic observations upon the heavens made in the United States. Dr. Caldwell was assisted by Profs. Mitchell and Phillips, and their first work was to find the approximate values of the longitude and the latitude of the building in which they worked. Mitchell was a Yale man of the class of 1813, a native of Connecticut, and a descendant of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. Phillips was an Englishman, and a son of a clergyman of the Church of England.
Upon its completion in 1827 the instruments were moved into I he observatory, where observations were made by Dr. Caldwell and his colleagues. The materials used in the building were very poor; the bricks in the wall soon crumbled, and it became necessary, soon after the death of Dr. Caldwell, in January, 1835, to remove the instruments. The building then went rapidly to decay, and fell a victim to fire in 1838.
Observations were, however, continued by Dr. Elisha Mitchell in the attic of the large wooden building which he used as a chemical and metallurgical laboratory. In each end of the attic were two large windows, and in the roof eight others, four on either side. These observations were continued until the summer of 1857, when Prof. Mitchell lost his life upon the highest peak east of the Mississippi River, the mountain which bears his name. By his observations in 1835, 1838, 1844, and 1856 he had established James Phillips.
Prof. Phillips has told us that in order "to study the constellations and to show them to his pupils. Dr. Caldwell built on the top of his own residence a platform surrounded by a railing. Here he would sit night after night, pointing out to the seniors, taken in squads of three or four, the outlines of the constellations and their principal stars, and the highway of the planets and the moon. Dr. Caldwell also built in his garden, where they still stand, two pillars of brick, that their eastern and western faces, carefully ground into the same plane, might mark the true meridian. Near these pillars stood a stone pillar, some five feet high, bearing upon its top a sundial for marking the hours of the day."
Before the coming of Mitchell, Princeton thought and Princeton methods had prevailed in the University of North Carolina Denison Olmsted.
In 1821 Olmsted laid before the Board of Internal Improvements of North Carolina a proposition to undertake a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. This letter is First Observatory.
The Astronomical Clock.
This clock still keeps the time for the university.
Drawn by E. L. Harris.
octavo pages. The American Journal of Science observes of this survey that, regarded especially as the gratuitous vacation work of a single individual, and in view of the state of geological science in this country at the time, it "must certainly be looked upon as creditable in the highest degree both to the enterprise and to the scientific ability of its projector, and it has undoubtedly been of great benefit not only to the State which authorized it, but to the country and to science generally, by the stimulus which it afforded to similar enterprises in other States."
A few years later, in 1829, we find Dr. Caldwell purchasing of W. and S. Jones, mathematical instrument makers, London, the equipment for an electrical laboratory at the University of North Carolina. The first item on the bill, which lies before me as I write, is "a three-feet plate electrical machine with large branch conductor, supported by two glass pillars, double collectors, mounted in strong mahogany, varnished frame, with six brass legs fitted into brass sockets and screw nuts, negative brass conductor on claw-feet stand from the ground, with connecting sliding
Prof. Mitchell's Laboratory and Observatory.
After photograph by Collier Cobb.
tubes, brass bells and wires, etc., £45." The total amount of this first bill for electrical apparatus was £153 4s. 6d.
Dr. Caldwell published a Compendious System of Elementary Geometry, in seven books, to which an eighth is added, containing such other propositions as are elementary; subjoined is a Treatise on Plane Trigonometry. He was one of the earliest advocates in the South of popular education by the State.
Dr. Mitchell was the author of a Manual of Chemistry, a second edition of which was passing through the press at the time of his death; a Manual of Geology, illustrated by a geological map of North Carolina; a Manual of Natural History, and a Geography of the Holy Land. Between 1830 and 1840 he contributed many valuable articles to Silliman's Journal.
Denison Olmsted became more widely known than either of the other pioneers in science. In the course of his work at Chapel Hill he gave the first geological description of the Deep River coal beds, and of the accompanying New Red sandstone, and referred the strata correctly to the same age with the Richmond coal beds and the Connecticut River sandstones. He began researches to determine the practicability of obtaining illuminating gas from cotton seed, but removed to New Haven before he had secured definite results. His Natural Philosophy, which is still a standard work, appeared in 1831, and his Astronomy, another important work, in 1839.
One wonders why such good beginnings should have borne so little fruit; but when we bear in mind that the institution which thus early fostered science had the greater part of its endowment fund swept away by the civil war, that the spirit of the South since that great event has been largely commercial and industrial, and that the income of the old university, from legislative appropriations, tuition fees, and endowment funds, is only forty-five thousand dollars, the wonder ceases.
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Is there more going on in hammocks class than I previously thought? YES! Going upside down in the hammocks gives us a strong sense of where we are in space, known as vestibular input, which is a fancy way of saying we need to experience movement in different directions and orientations to develop and keep proper balance. Everyone knows that your balance is one of the first things to go as you age. The vestibular sense is one of the first to develop in a growing fetus and is stimulated by the movement of a carrying mother’s body. By only 5 months in utero, this system is well developed and provides a great deal of sensory information to a growing fetal brain. This system is very important to a child’s early development. Its role is to relay information to the brain as to where a person is in space, as related to gravity; whether they are moving or still, if they are moving how quickly, and in what direction.
The vestibular system also helps to develop and maintain normal muscle tone. Muscle tone is the ability of a muscle to sustain a contraction. Without a proper functioning vestibular system, it may be challenging for a person to hold their body in one position. Additionally, through proprioceptive input you can develop better body and spatial awareness. This means less broken lamps, bumps, and bruises from wild, clumsy collisions! Focus on proprioception also helps regulate the nervous system.
A couple of ways to tell if your systems are up to pare is this…..Can you walk with eyes shut, and walk a straight line for 20 or 30 strides? It’s harder than you think, even for kids. Hammock is especially good for all your systems, and good to practice it as a kid. Check out our March classes in aerial hammock’s that are just for kids. Occupational Therapists use hammocks to help their clients develop these skills.
One of the other reasons I Love hammock, is the core strength it develops. It is quite unlike anything out there. I’ve had pilates teachers come in for class, and report being sore, despite working their core everyday. The best news? I used to get very easy onset vertigo, and motion sickness. That has all gone away with the practice of aerial hammock.
Go ahead, it’s fun to fly 🙂
See you upside down,
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An important issue within current American political discourse is the impact that immigrants have on the communities into which they settle. While this topic has received significant attention, the focus has tended to be the shortrun effects of immigrants. However, another important question is the long‐run impacts immigrants have on the locations where they settle, particularly since the shortand long‐run impacts may be different.
We contribute to the understanding of the impact of immigration by taking a historical perspective. In particular, we examine migration into the United States between 1850 and 1920 — during America’s Age of Mass Migration — and estimate the causal effect of immigrants on economic and social outcomes today, approximately 100 years later. This period of immigration is notable for several reasons. First, it was the largest in United States history. Second, the wave of “new” immigrants that arrived during this time was not a simple extension of the previous waves of immigrants. While earlier immigrants were primarily of French, Irish, and English origin, the new wave also included, for the first time and in large numbers, immigrants from southern, northern, and eastern Europe, who spoke different languages and had different religious practices.
Empirically studying the long‐run impacts of immigration is challenging. A natural strategy is to examine the relationship between historical immigration and current economic outcomes across counties in the United States. However, such an exercise has important shortcomings because omitted factors, such as geographic or climatic characteristics, may have affected whether immigrants settled in a particular location, and these may independently impact the outcomes of interest today. Migrants might also have been attracted to locations with more growth potential, or they may have only been able to settle in more marginal locations, with poorer future economic growth, where land and rents were cheaper. All of these concerns would cause the unadjusted correlation between historical immigration and current economic outcomes to be misleading.
Our analysis therefore exploits two facts about immigration during this period. The first is, that after arriving to the United States, immigrants tended to use the newly constructed railway network to travel inland to their eventual place of residence. Therefore, at any point in time, a county’s connection to the railway affected the number of immigrants that settled in the county. The second fact is that the total inflow of immigrants fluctuated greatly during this period, with the flow of immigrants varying significantly from year‐to‐year and even decade‐to‐decade. Even after normalizing the flows by the current United States population and aggregating to the decade level, which is the unit of observation in the analysis, we still observe significant variation over time. Thus, in some decades immigration was significantly higher than average (e.g., 1850s, 1880s, and 1900s) and in other decades it was significantly lower than average (e.g., 1860s, 1870s, and 1890s).
Holding constant the total length of time a county was connected to the railway network, if a county became connected during periods of high immigration, then it tended to have had more immigrant settlement. During that time, once a county became connected to the railway network, it almost always stayed connected. Therefore, asking whether a county was connected during periods with relatively higher or lower aggregate immigrant inflows is equivalent to asking whether a county became connected to the railway network just prior to a decade with particularly high immigration or just prior to a decade with particularly low immigration. All else being equal, the average inflow of immigrants during the time in which the county was connected to the railway were greater in the former case than in the latter case. Thus, intuitively, our estimates exploit comparisons of counties that became connected at approximately the same point in time (i.e., contiguous decades), but some counties were connected just prior to an immigration boom and others just prior to an immigration lull.
Our estimates suggest that immigration, measured as the average share of migrants in the population between 1860 and 1920, generated significant economic benefits for today’s population, including significantly higher incomes, less poverty, less unemployment, more urbanization, and higher educational attainment. The estimates, in addition to being highly significant, are also economically meaningful. For example, according to the estimates for per capita income, moving a county with no historical immigration to the 50th percentile of the sample results in a 20 percent increase in average per capita income today.
Our analysis also attempts to gain some understanding about the potential mechanisms that underlie our estimates. It is possible that the benefits that we estimate arise because immigrants created long‐run economic benefits for themselves and future populations. It is also possible that the benefits we estimate arise due to the relocation, as opposed to creation, of economic prosperity. To better understand exactly why locations with more historical immigration are more prosperous today, we undertake a number of strategies to estimate the presence of spillover effects. We estimate how immigration into a county affects economic outcomes in neighboring counties, in other counties within the same state, and in other counties within the same state that are not neighbors. For all estimates, we fail to find evidence of negative spillovers. That is, we find no evidence of immigration into a county resulting in a decline in long‐run economic prosperity in nearby counties. In fact, if anything, spillovers appear to be positive, although the precision of the spillover estimates varies.
As a second step in better understanding mechanisms, we ask when the economic benefits of immigrants began to appear. It is possible that in the short‐run immigrants acted as a burden on the economy and their benefit was only felt in the medium‐ or long‐run. The immigration backlash, and the rise of social and political nativist movements at the time suggest that there may have been immediate costs to immigration, at least as felt by some groups. However, we find that significant benefits of immigrants are felt immediately. Immigration resulted in more and larger manufacturing establishments, greater agricultural productivity, and higher rates of innovation.
These findings are consistent with arguments, commonly made in the historical literature, which suggest that immigrants benefited the economy by providing an ample supply of unskilled labor, which was crucial for early industrialization. Immigrants also resulted in a small but potentially important supply of skilled individuals, who provided knowledge, know‐how, skills, and innovations that were economically beneficial and particularly important for industrial development.
Having estimated the short‐run effects of immigrants, we then turn to an examination of the full dynamic impacts of immigrants, examining their effects in the short‑, medium‑, and long‐runs. Examining urbanization rates each decade from 1920 to 2000, we find that the vast majority of the benefits of immigration from 1850 – 1920 were felt by 1920, and that these benefits persisted, increasing slightly, until 2000. We also examine income and education, but for the more limited time period for which data are available (post WWII). We find a similar pattern for these outcomes as well.
Our findings provide evidence that helps us better understand the impacts of immigration in United States history. The first is that, in the long‐run immigration has had extremely large economic benefits. The second is that there is no evidence that these long‐run benefits come at short‐run costs. In fact, immigration immediately led to economic benefits for those already living in the area in the form of higher incomes, higher productivity, more innovation, and more industrialization.
Our results complement recent scholarship examining the selection of immigrants to the United States and their experiences after arrival, as well as the existing literature on the importance of the cultural legacies of immigration. Our findings of the long‐run benefits of immigrants within the United States complement existing studies that also find long‐run benefits of historical immigration in Brazil.
These results also complement a large empirical literature that examines the shorter‐run consequences of immigration in the United States. And the results add to the recent finding that show that in the United States Midwest from 1850 – 1860, railways accounted for more than half of the increase in urbanization rates, and also provide evidence for a channel that potentially explains this result. The railways brought immigrants to the connected locations which, in turn, increased income and urbanization in those areas.
Despite the unique conditions under which the largest episode of immigration in U.S. history took place, our estimates of the long‐run effects of immigration may still be relevant for assessing the long‐run effects of immigrants today. According to our estimates, the long‐run benefits of immigration can be large, and need not come at high social cost. In addition, the economic benefits can be realized quickly and can be highly persistent. This suggests the importance of taking a long‐run view when considering the current immigration debate. Looking backwards and learning from our past experience with immigration is potentially important when moving forward and thinking about immigration policy today.
This research brief is based on Nathan Nunn, Nancy Qian, and Sandra Sequeira, “Migrants and the Making of America: The Short‐ and Long‐Run Effects of Immigration during the Age of Mass Migration,” January 2017, https://scholar.harvard.edu/ nunn/publications/migrants‐and‐making‐america‐short‐andlong‐run‐effects‐immigration‐during‐age‐mass.
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Types of Age-related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration: Types list
The list of types of Age-related macular degeneration mentioned in various sources includes:
- Dry AMD - 90% of cases, one eye at a time.
- Wet AMD - only 10% of cases, but more severe, rapid deterioration.
Are You at Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: NEI (Excerpt)
AMD occurs in two forms:
Dry AMD--Ninety percent of all people with AMD have this
type. Scientists are still not sure what causes dry AMD. Studies
suggest that an area of the retina becomes diseased, leading to
the slow breakdown of the light-sensing cells in the macula and a
gradual loss of central vision.
Wet AMD--Although only 10 percent of all people with AMD
have this type, it accounts for 90 percent of all blindness from
the disease. As dry AMD worsens, new blood vessels may begin to
grow and cause "wet" AMD. Because these new blood vessels tend to
be very fragile, they will often leak blood and fluid under the
macula. This causes rapid damage to the macula that can lead to
the loss of central vision in a short period of time.
(Source: excerpt from Are You at Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: NEI
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Status of Research: NEI (Excerpt)
AMD occurs in two forms — a "dry" form and a "wet" form.
- Dry AMD. Scientists are uncertain of the
causes of "dry" AMD, in which there is a slow breakdown of light-sensing
cells in the macula, subsequently reducing central vision. About 90
percent of people with AMD have this type of the disease. Unfortunately,
there is as yet no treatment for "dry" AMD. It has been suggested that
supplemental vitamins and minerals may slow the progress of the disease.
However, more research needs to be conducted into finding ways to
prevent, slow, or cure "dry" AMD.
- Wet AMD. As "dry" AMD worsens, new, fragile
blood vessels grow beneath the macula. These new blood vessels often
leak blood and fluid, causing rapid damage to the macula and quickly
leading to loss of central vision. Although only 10 percent of those
with AMD have this type of the disease, "wet" AMD accounts for 90
percent of all blindness resulting from AMD. Research supported by the
NEI was instrumental in the development of laser surgery to treat some
cases of the "wet" form of AMD. This treatment, performed in a doctor's
office or eye clinic, involves aiming a strong light beam toward the new
blood vessels and destroying them, preventing further loss of vision.
However, it should be noted that only about 15 percent of patients with
the "wet" form of AMD are eligible for laser surgery because the new
blood vessels may have advanced too close to the area of the macula on
which the visual image is focused. Despite laser treatment, the disease
and loss of vision may progress, and once vision is lost, it cannot be
(Source: excerpt from Age-Related Macular Degeneration Status of Research: NEI
Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration: NEI (Excerpt)
AMD occurs in two forms:
Age-related macular degeneration: Related Disease Topics
More general medical disease topics related to Age-related macular degeneration include:
Research More About Age-related macular degeneration
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Cataract removal is surgery to remove a clouded lens (cataract) from the eye. Cataracts are removed to help you see better. The procedure almost always includes placing an artificial lens (IOL) in the eye.
Dr. Mosavi Nik
Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure. This means you likely do not have to stay overnight at a hospital. The surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist. This is a medical doctor who specializes in eye diseases and eye surgery.
Adults are usually awake for the procedure. Numbing medicine (local anesthesia) is given using eyedrops or a shot. This blocks pain. You will also get medicine to help you relax. Children usually receive general anesthesia. This makes them unconscious and unable to feel pain.
The doctor uses a special microscope to view the eye. A small cut (incision) is made in the eye.
The lens is removed in one of the following ways, depending on the type of cataract:
- Phacoemulsification: With this procedure, the doctor uses a tool that produces sound waves to break up the cataract into small pieces. The pieces are then suctioned out. This procedure uses a very small incision.
- Extracapsular extraction: The doctor uses a small tool to remove the cataract in mostly one piece. This procedure uses a larger incision.
- Laser surgery: The doctor guides a machine that uses laser energy to make the incisions and soften the cataract. The cataract is then removed usually by suctioning. Using the laser instead of a knife (scalpel) may speed recovery and be more accurate.
After the cataract is removed, a manmade lens, called an intraocular lens (IOL), is usually placed into the eye. It helps improve your vision.
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Rabbi Julian Sinclair dips into the dictionary
The weekly parashah or Torah reading has many perushim, commentaries, written about it. Did you ever wonder how are these two words related? Perush is the meaning of something. Rashi’s perush or elucidation on the Bible and Talmud is the most celebrated perush of all.
Both parashah and perush come from parash, meaning separate. This is clear from Rabbi Tzadok’s advice in Pirkei Avot (4:7), “Do not tifrosh from society” — do not separate yourself from your community. A parashah is a section, a distinct unit. A perush makes something distinct, clear.
For example, Numbers 15 describes a man gathering wood on the Sabbath. “He was placed in custody, for it had not been parash what should be done to him.” Moses awaited God’s perush or clear-cut direction.
Pesher, which has the same letters but with the r and the sh reversed, appears in Ecclesiastes and Daniel, meaning explanation or solution — almost the same as perush. King Solomon asks in Ecc 8.1: “Who is the wise one, and who knows the meaning (pesher) of these words?”
When two letters in a word switch places to form a new word, it is called metathesis. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain many pesher works, interpretations of the Bible from the Second Temple Period.
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Harvard professor studies streets named for MLK
As the country celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Day this week, many of the monuments to his legacy — the nearly 900 streets across the country that bear his name — are plagued by the same racial and socioeconomic injustices that he once fought against.
For Daniel D’Oca, a design critic in urban planning at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, this contradiction became a way to teach students about race, space and power — and to inspire solutions for restoring Dr. King’s vision on these streets.
So D’Oca, inspired by Beloved Streets of America, a St. Louis-based initiative that restores streets named after Dr. King across America, designed a studio course at Harvard that had students investigate King Streets and develop projects, using urban planning and design, architecture and landscape architecture, to help revitalize them.
“What we see is the product of design — these streets aren’t a mistake,” said D’Oca. “There were racist policies employed throughout the 20th century that you can look at to explain why these streets look the way they do.”
D’Oca pointed out that the stereotype of Martin Luther King Jr. Streets — that they’re all filled with poverty and violence — hides their real-life diversity.
“There’s a famous Chris Rock joke that if you ever find yourself on an MLK Street — run,” D’Oca said, paraphrasing the comedian. “The guy stood for non-violence, and now the streets are violent. I think that’s the popular perception. And there’s certainly some truth to that — a lot of these streets do run through neighborhoods that have seen divestment over the years — but it’s not entirely true.”
“They come in all shapes and sizes,” he went on. “Some are really big and go through suburban strip malls, some of them are really commercial, some are more residential, and some go through government areas.”
So the first assignment D’Oca gave his students was to create an atlas of King Streets in major cities across the country by collecting demographic and economic data, as well as identifying what is unique to each street.
What these streets have in common is that the problems they face are no accident.
“Most of them are in black communities and through the structural racism that pervades the built in environment in the United States, these neighborhoods and streets were created to fail in a lot of ways,” D’Oca said of policies such as redlining, racially restrictive covenants and urban renewal. “There’s no lack of evidence that there were human-made tools and decisions that led to the kind of outcomes that we see today.”
The course’s main assignment tasked students with focusing on one of two King Streets — either in Washington, DC or St. Louis — and developing a project that would address the local needs of that neighborhood.
To understand what those local needs were D’Oca took the students on field trips to both cities so they could meet with community members and government officials. They found that while the primary concern in Washington, DC, was gentrification, the big problem in St. Louis was empty lots, crumbling infrastructure and businesses fleeing.
Some of the final projects included building plans for a vocational school and community center, creating an urban forest on empty lots, and transforming all of Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue in Washington, DC, into a monument, so that walking along the street would tell the life story of the Civil Rights hero.
Dana McKinney, an architecture and urban planning graduate student at Harvard and the teaching assistant for the course, said the projects taught students about equity in design.
“Everyone should be eligible to have a strong aesthetic,” she said. “You don’t need to be a billionaire, the top one percent, to have beautiful places. Teaching students that this is something that everyone should have access to was a powerful lesson.”
But, McKinney explained, this topic isn’t commonly taught at the school—or in the field.
“There haven’t been many design studios, at least not during my time, that talk about these issues of equity and bringing justice and legacy,” she said. “And in the context of designers in general, it’s something that a lot of people disregard. So this studio was a huge statement. The students were being invited to present their work to this committee and that committee, and a lot of people were taken aback by the necessity and urgency, and the fact that the school and profession as a whole have neglected this.”
D’Oca and McKinney hope that residents and officials in St. Louis and Washington, DC will implement eventually some of the student projects.
But D’Oca said that the problems many King Streets are witness to will require a much bigger effort to solve, from better fair housing policy to the creation of good jobs nearby.
“There’s not much that a neighborhood that a Martin Luther King Jr. Street runs through can do on its own,” said D’Oca. “These are regional problems and require regional solutions. We have to address the fact that a lot of urban policy traps poor black people inside of failing cities, so we need to open up the borders in a way that leads to a more level playing field and spreads opportunities around.”
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Quick Facts About Emperor Zhangdi
- Emperor Zhangdi was born in 57 CE.
- His name at birth was Liu Da.
- He was the fifth son of the Eastern Han dynasty emperor, Mingdi.
- His mother was Emperor Mingdi’s concubine, Jia.
- After his father’s death in 75 CE, Liu Da became the third emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.
- Zhangdi means “Methodical Emperor”.
What Made Emperor Zhangdi’s Reign Unique?
Emperor Zhangdi appears to have had a normal upbringing with few of the court intrigues that occurred in Chinese government and palaces. He remained friends with those who should have been his enemies, such as sons who should have found ways to assassinate him rather than enjoy their life in the court.
China Under Emperor Zhangdi
Senior officials, such as tutors and those having financial and military responsibilities, supported Emperor Zhangdi’s government.
A new addition to Chinese government offices was that of secretary. This office was in charge of recording the receipt of and drafting new documents.
Eunuchs began to gain more control within the government and the palaces. These castrated males were responsible for assuring the harmony in the imperial harem and for the maintenance of the imperial palaces. As these men could no longer guarantee that their family line would continue through them, they used their influence in the harem and palaces to assure their place in China’s history.
Unlike most western countries, the Chinese empire had millions of people to support. To keep order, the empire was divided into kingdoms and then into counties. Emperor Zhangdi’s ruled each kingdom while government officials ruled over the counties, which numbered over 1000 during Zhangdi’s reign.
The military also continued to be important as issues with tribal people along China’s borders threatened to spill over into the Chinese empire.
Emperor Zhangdi’s Family and Death
Emperor Zhangdi’s wife was Empress Dou who was childless. He had several concubines who bore him at least eight children. Upon his death in 88 CE, one of his sons, Hedi, succeeded him as emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.
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According to reports issued on July 7, 2014, while the United States celebrated their independence on July 4th, over 8,000 miles away in India a male elephant was crying tears of joy as he experienced his first taste of freedom. Raju, a male elephant believed to have been taken from his mother over 50 years ago, has spent his entire life in captivity, chained and beaten by an estimated 27 owners. As Raju suffered in silence, the organization Wildlife SOS-UK prepared to complete a plan to rescue him from his captors that started a year ago.
Joined by the Forestry Commission and two local policemen, the rescuers raided a farm located in the Uttar Pradesh region and liberated Raju from a half century of torment. According to Pooja Binepal of the Wildlife SOS-UK:
"Raju was in chains 24 hours a day, an act of intolerable cruelty. The team were astounded to see tears roll down his face during the rescue.”
Team members believe that Raju was overcome with happiness as he came to realize that he was being freed.
Elephants are the largest land mammal on Earth and can weigh as much as eight tons. There are two distinct populations of elephants; namely the African elephant and the Asian elephant. According to an article published in Scientific American, evidence exists that “elephants are some of the most intelligent, social and empathic animals around.”
World leaders agree that if policies are not put in place and enforced to protect the elephant from human interference, the elephant may become extinct. Currently, despite the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ban on the international trade of ivory, poaching remains the number one threat to all elephants’ survival.
Raju was sedated and brought to the Elephant Conservation and Care Centre at Mathura. “There, Raju took his first steps to freedom at 12.01 a.m. July 4 — America's Independence Day.” He will be kept in an isolated pen for about a week while veterinarians and wildlife experts provide him with much needed medical care. You can click onto this link to view a picture gallery of his rescue.
Officials are also trying to raise money so Raju will be able to spend the rest of his life free at the conservation center. If you would like to keep updated on Raju’s story and donate to help keep him free, please visit the Wildlife SOS-India website.
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On this day in 1861, Captain Francis S. Bartow, of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, led a force of Georgia Militia to seize Fort Pulaski near the mouth of the Savannah River. Bartow acted under orders from Governor Joseph Brown. The fort was not garrisoned at the time, with only a fort keeper and ordnance sergeant on duty. So there was no resistance.
Captain William H.C. Whiting, the district engineer, was at the time was attending duties at Fort Clinch, in northeast Florida. When informed of the move, he made his way to Savannah. Arriving at Fort Pulaski on January 6, Whiting confronted Colonel Alexander R. Lawton, commanding the Georgia Militia. Officially, Lawton indicated the militia was to preserve public property from loss or damage.
Whiting could only wait for instructions from Washington. Other installations in Georgia – to include the Fort Jackson and Oglethorpe Barracks in Savannah, and the arsenal in nearby Augusta – remained unoccupied but under the watch of the Georgia troops. And only administrative staff manned those installations. In Savannah, Ordnance Sergeant Edwin Burt maintained a presence at Oglethorpe Barracks.
These “military” affairs did not happen in isolation from other events. On January 2, Georgia held a referendum, not on secession directly but to elect delegates to a state convention. State records filed later tally the vote as 50,243 in favor of secessionist candidates to 37,123 for pro-Union candidates. But evidence of vote irregularities abound. In fact, in the 1970s the Georgia Historical Society reviewed the records and suggested the vote was actually much closer. (One source indicates 42,744 pro-Union and 41,717 pro-secession. Others, including the online New Georgia Encyclopedia tabulate 44,152 to 41,632 in favor of the secessionists.)
The convention did not meet until January 16. With plenty of time for events occurring in Charleston and at other points to play upon opinions. Still, Georgia’s secession was not a forgone conclusion. Voting on January 18 over a pro-secession resolution, the delegates split 166 to 130 in favor. The final vote for the ordnance of secession passed the next day, 208 to 89.
But the occupation of Fort Pulaski occurred before those votes, and perhaps even while the delegate vote count continued. I’m never one to let coincidence pass without note. By moving on Fort Pulaski, did Governor Brown intend to send a message to Washington? Or to pro-secessionists in Georgia? Did Brown deliberately “cross a Rubicon” to block any attempt to cool the situation? And what threat was the militia protecting the installation from? The understaffed overseers? Certainly Brown’s action was preemptive and signaled the intent to join South Carolina.
Across the south, other states followed Georgia’s lead, seizing military installations. State troops in Alabama occupied an arsenal on January 4 and Forts Morgan and Gains on the 5th. Florida troops occupied seized the Apalachicola arsenal on January 7 then Fort Marion, St. Augustine, on the 8th. Citizens marched into Forts Johnson and Caswell, January 9-10. Louisiana seized facilities at Baton Rouge on January 10, following with seizures of Forts Jackson, Saint Philip, and Pike on January 11-14. The seizure of Fort Pulaski, in advance of an official statement of secession, was the first in a wave.
Many of the key players in the Fort Pulaski seizure remained at the fore as the war progressed. Governor Brown served through the war, but in the end was calling for peace as Federal troops marched through the state. Bartow died leading a brigade at First Manassas, shot through the heart while urging his men on. Lawton commanded from regiment to division level in the Army of Northern Virginia, concluding the war as Quartermaster General.
Whiting resigned his commission the next month and joined the Confederate, and served with distinction as division commander. Whiting defended Fort Fisher outside Wilmington, North Carolina in the last winter of the war. After that fort fell, he died in a Federal hospital recovering from a wound and suffering from dysentery.
As for Sergent Burt, I do not know his fate. But I’ll bring him up again later this month with regard to actions after Georgia’s formal secession.
UPDATE: A couple of folks have emailed, mentioning the activities of Charles A.L. Lamar in Savannah prior to the action at Fort Pulaski. As I composed this post, I opted for brevity (soundly failing!) and felt that any mention of Lamar would require a lengthy discussion of the pro-secessionist movement in Georgia prior to December 1860. It is true that Lamar first advocated a move of Pulaski as a preemptive strike. And it is true that Lawton warned Brown of such. It is also true that Lawton and Brown feared Federal troops reinforcing Fort Pulaski based on telegrams forwarded from South Carolina officials.
All of this, I feel, plays into a sense of urgency on the part of Brown to simply do something that would signal Washington while satisfying the pro-secessionists in his state.
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Middle and late Childhood social development
The child is, by nature, a pragmatist. He is concerned with how things work, rather than with why they work or how well they work. It is an age at which doing, making, and building are all-important. Now that young people have good small- as well as large-muscle control, they are beset by the urge to sew, cook, and bake; they want to build things, make things, and put things together. Although children still engage in these activities to some extent, such activities have to compete with less challenging pastimes, such as computer games, television watching, and organized group activities. Although some children still engage in craft activities today, children are more often involved in more adultlike pursuits.
The child tends to be an optimist as well as a pragmatist. Children have a tendency to deny unpleasant realities and to have a cheerful outlook on life. The world is a new and exciting place full of things to experience and learn about. Because the child lives in the here and now, every activity is important, and the most important activity is the one in which he is presently engaged. That is why it is often so difficult to disengage children from their play or computer games. Children also look forward to growing up, and they look forward to birthdays as evidence of their growing maturity and independence.
To be sure, children are not always happy. Particularly today, we see a phenomenon that was rarely seen in the past, namely, school-age children with depression. Some children have chronic low moods, apathy, and self-derogatory ideas. Sometimes this depression is merely a reflection of parental depression, but for some children, it arises from their difficult life circumstances. Although most children retain a sense of hope, even under the worst conditions, for some young people the stress is just too overwhelming.
Fortunately, for most children, their optimism is undaunted. They are excited about what they would like to become and are not bothered by the real and many hurdles that lie in the path of the desired goal. In fantasy, children can move away from the family, leave school, sail around the world, and become a beachcomber or continue their studies and become a doctor or a lawyer. At its base, children's optimism rests in their belief that they have an almost unlimited number of years to attain their goals. The union of pragmatism and optimism in the child is not really surprising because the two usually go together. Those concerned with getting things done are often imbued with unlimited faith in what can be accomplished by persistent effort, and that is the true spirit of childhood.
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