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Date of Award Program or Major Master of Arts J William Harris Judge Edward Henry Durell has faded from the historiography of New Orleans, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. When he does appear, the long held belief that he was a drunkard, corrupt and feeble man sometimes remain. This Thesis utilizes his virtually untouched personal papers to reveal a far different picture. Edward Durell exerted great effort to never be corrupt, despite numerous opportunities to enrich himself at the public expense. He was a brilliant man, who played an important role in modernizing the infrastructure and government of New Orleans in the years 1850 through 1856. He served in his many public roles during the Civil War and Reconstruction at times unwillingly. He distrusted and dislike politicians of both sides of Reconstruction, and resisted numerous attempts by politicians to abuse his power as a Federal Judge to advance partisan agendas. His ruling on the Louisiana state election of 1872 has long stood as evidence of either his incompetence or corruption. This thesis reveals his motivations were noble and, he felt, entirely legal. It was the actions of others, both Democrat and Republican, to scapegoat him for their own political ends that has resulted in a distorted and unfair representation of what actually occurred, and why. Perry, Sean C., "Edward H Durell, New Orleans Civic Reformer and Reconstruction Judge" (2013). Master's Theses and Capstones. 169.	<urn:uuid:32cb3f07-1103-4ad4-a42f-e647e455b668>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/169/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211185.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816211126-20180816231126-00325.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9663240909576416, "token_count": 293, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
Be. Here. Now. An investigation into middle-school teacher’s experiences using mindfulness-based practices in their classrooms This paper explores the research questions, What experiences do middle-school teachers who use mindfulness practices have in their classrooms? And, What aspects of mindfulness practices do teachers perceive to be impacting anxiety, stress, behaviour difficulties, and student outcomes in students in their classroom settings? Five intermediate teachers from a school district in southern British Columbia who have implemented mindfulness programs and interventions in their classrooms were interviewed. Qualitative data was collected through interviews about how these participants implemented mindfulness-based programs, what was noticed or observed as students participated in these practices, and how the effectiveness of these practices in supporting students was perceived by participants. Based on data collection and content analysis, it became clear that participants saw students demonstrating more self-control, self-regulation, and were able to express and communicate their feelings in a more positive way, after they have been taught and regularly use mindfulness-based practices. All participants interviewed expressed the need for more resources and professional development in order to feel confident in using mindfulness practices in their classrooms. Clearly, educators observed their students benefiting from these practices and should be provided with more access to resources, in the same way they are with Mathematics and Language Arts. Further research in this area should be conducted with larger participant groups in order to generalize findings.	<urn:uuid:4a8722de-6d31-44bf-848b-e732dc77262c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://viurrspace.ca/handle/10613/9930", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00003.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9725117087364197, "token_count": 276, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
The SuperFoodsRx doctors have been telling us that dark chocolate is a SuperFood for several years. Now a new study published in the journal Heart found (yet again) that daily consumption of dark chocolate may help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and strokes. In this new study, researchers tracked about 20,000 adults in England for 12 years. These 20,000 participants filled out food-frequency questionnaires, from which the researchers gauged different levels of chocolate consumption. “The group with the greatest benefit generally ate 16 to 100 grams per day,” according to study author Phyo Myint of the University of Aberdeen, in an email to NPR. A standard chocolate bar has about 43 grams. All that goodness for the heart lies in the cocoa bean and the the plant compounds found in the beans. These powerful bioactive plant compounds are called polyphenols, and they may help protect against heart disease. JoAnn Manson, chief of the Division of Preventive Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, was quick to point out to NPR that the study only shows an association, not a clear link. “It doesn’t prove a cause-and-effect relationship between chocolate and reduced risk of heart disease and stroke,” she said. Manson and other researchers plan to launch another large-scale study on the polyphenols in chocolate in capsule form, without the sugar, fat and calories found in the chocolate we know. They are determined to learn more about chocolate and heart health. For now, we can wait for the results of the upcoming study with our dark chocolate bars in hand. Remember: Enjoy your healthy dark chocolate treat in moderation.	<urn:uuid:eda76873-223e-42b8-9aee-43355789aef8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://superfoodsrx.com/healthyliving/a-sweet-notion-chocolate-and-heart-health/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948519776.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212212152-20171212232152-00491.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9381791949272156, "token_count": 348, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
There are many things to consider when buying a new Computer. We look for RAM size, Processor, CPU, GPU, Hard Disk and display etc. But when it comes to select a Processor’s category, we prefer 64-bit Processor. In fact, Most people want 64-bit Processor PC without even knowing what does it mean to have 64-bit Processor and What is the Difference between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Processors?. It’s good to have knowledge of many terms which are used daily but people don’t give much attention. In this article, let’s discuss 32-Bit and 64-Bit Processors and what does it mean for your PC. Difference between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Processors Whenever you buy an operating system, a software or a game, you probably see 32-bit and 64-bit options available. If you’re a Windows user, you must have noticed that you have two Program Files folders — one simply “Program Files” and the other labeled “Program Files (x86).” This “Program Files” folder is used for storing the DLL files of 64-bit applications only. The x86 folder is used for storing the DLL files of 32-bit applications. To install a 64-bit version of Windows, you need a CPU that’s capable of running a 64-bit version of Windows. The benefits of using a 64-bit operating system are most apparent when you have a large amount of random access memory (RAM) installed on your computer, typically 4 GB of RAM or more. In such cases, because a 64-bit operating system can handle large amounts of memory more efficiently than a 32-bit operating system, a 64-bit system can be more responsive when running several programs at the same time and switch between them frequently. A computer with a 64-bit processor can have a 64-bit or 32-bit version of an operating system installed. However, with a 32-bit operating system, the 64-bit processor would not run at its full capability. How can 64-bit Processor handle more RAM? The computer system only supports binary counting. There is either 0 or 1. Each one is a considered a “bit.” That means for 1-bit computing, you get two possible values; 2-bit means four values; then at 3 bits, you double that to eight (2³). Keep going exponentially and you eventually get 32-bit (2 to the 32nd power) worth 4,294,967,296 and 64-bit (or 2 to the 64th power) is worth 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 values. That’s a lot of bits, and the numbers show just how much more powerful a chip that supports higher bit computing can be. It’s a lot more than double. So It’s pretty obvious that 64-bit processor is capable of doing more computing than 32-bit. These days, you are most likely already running 64-bit chips with 64-bit operating systems, which in turn run 64-bit apps (for mobile) or programs (on the desktop, to settle on some nomenclature). But not always. Windows 7, 8, 8.1, and 10 all came in 32-bit or 64-bit versions, for example.	<urn:uuid:bde02b08-5805-4c3d-a38a-09c34c9f8c8a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://www.technotification.com/2017/06/32-bit-and-64-bit-processors.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579567.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215211734-20171215233734-00123.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.94089275598526, "token_count": 713, "score": 3.640625, "int_score": 4 }
Like any other random computer system, databases, too, are subjected to failures. In case of any failure, it is crucial not to lose the data stored in it, and also, in case of a data failure, it should be immediately recovered to the normal state. A good database needs to have atomicity, which means either transaction is completed and committed, or the transaction does not affect the database. There are automatic and manual ways for backing up your data and recovering the same in case of any failure. The techniques for recovering the lost data in case of a system crash or transaction error due to virus attacks or catastrophic failures are known as database recovery techniques. To prevent any data loss, we can use recovery techniques as a deferred update, immediate update, backing up, etc. The recovery techniques we use are dependent heavily on a particular file, which is called a system log. It contains info about the start and end of each transaction and any interim update in the transaction. This log will keep track of the operations and also affect the database item values. All this info is needed in case of a failure to recover the data. This database log for recovery is ideal for keeping on the disk; note the following logs: - start_transaction(T): This is a log used to entry records with which transaction T initiates the execution. - write_item(T, X, old_value, new_value): it is a log entry, which will enter the records for which transaction T will change item X’s database value from the old value to new value. - read_item(T, X): A long to enter the records in which transaction T will read the value of X’s database item. - Commit (T): A log entry to record transaction T when it completes all database accesses successfully. The effects of the same can be committed to / recorded permanently on the database. - Abort (T): Will record when transaction T gets aborted. Checkpoint is a unique mechanism where all the previous logs will be removed from the system and gest stored permanently into storage disk. The checkpoint declares the unique point before the DBMS was in the consistent state, and all the transactions were done. As the transaction T may reach the commit point when all operations which access the database may be successfully executed, the transaction is said to reach the point at which it may not abort. Once the transaction is committed, then it will be recorded permanently into the database. Commitment involves writing commit entries to the log and then writing this to the disk. In case of a system the crash occurs, this item will search back in logs for getting transactions T written as start_transaction (T) into the log, but not written a commit (T) yet. These transactions will be rolled back to reverse the effect on the database during the recovery process. For any confusion you have in database administration and recovery, you can get RemoteDBA.com experts‘ assistance. Undoing – If any transaction tends to crash, then the recovery manager will undo all the transactions as reversing all transaction operations. This includes checking a transaction for the log entry for write_item (T, x, old_value, new_value) and then setting up the item x value in the database into the old-value. There are two primary techniques used to recover the same from the transaction failures as immediate and deferred updates. Deferred updates – In this technique, you cannot physically update the database on the disk until the transaction reaches the commit point. Before reaching the commit, all the transaction updates get recorded in a local workspace. If the transaction tends to fail before reaching the commit point, it will not change the database, so you need not have to UNDO it. It may also be necessary to REDO the same effect of the operations, which are recorded in the local transaction workspace as their impact may not have been there at the database. Owing to this, the deferred update is also called as a no-undo or no-redo algorithm. Immediate update – On immediate update, the database may get updated by the transaction operations before any transaction meets the commit point. All the operations will be recorded in a log before getting applied to the database. If any transaction may fail to reach the commit point, then the operation’s effect may be undone. That means the transaction should be rolled back for which we require bot redo and undo. So, this technique is also called a undo/redo algorithm. Buffering or Caching – In this, there are one or more disk pages that include the data items to be updated and cached to the primary memory buffers, which then get updated in the memory before being written to the disk. Such a collection of buffers in memory is called DBMS cache, which is ideally kept under DBMS’s control, which holds these buffers. Shadow paging – This is an approach to provide durability and atomicity. There will be a directory constructed with n entries, in which a particular entry points to a specific page of the database. When the given transaction starts to execute, then the directory may get copies to a shadow directory. While the given needs to be modified, a shadow page will be allocated in which all the changes are recorded. Once it becomes durable, all pages that refer to the original page get updated to refer to the replacement page. Some of the most popular backup techniques are Full database backup – the complete database, including meta-information, gets backed up to restore it, including the full-text catalogs. Differential backup – Storing only the data changes which occurred since the last backup. When the same data needs to be changed many times since previous database backup, differential backup may store only the most recent data version. Transaction log backup – For this backup model, all the events occurred in a database like each statement’s record is backed up. It is also possible to perform a backup from the transaction log if data files get destroyed. Knowing these essentials will help you to enable your database backup and recovery in a foolproof way.	<urn:uuid:d6720ec2-f1ba-4a81-8b46-b34d944fae6d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.techsrise.com/technology/tips-for-dbms-administrators-for-foolproof-database-recovery/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727202227-20210727232227-00188.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9215155243873596, "token_count": 1254, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
“Animal Farm”, by George Orwell “Animal Farm”, by George Orwell, is an allegorical novella based on the Russian Revolution. It is a story where animals on the farm begin a revolution in order to be treated equally. They exile the farmer to be free of his control so that the working class animals could benefit from their labour. However, the pigs took over the farm and, before too long, the farm returned to its original form, controlled by a “human-like” dictator. “Animal Farm” foregrounds many different themes associated with the theme of corruption such as inequality, betrayal and greed.These themes are all related to society and Orwell has expressed these themes by the use of the characters and events in the novel. One of the themes in the novel is inequality. This theme symbolises the Russian Revolution and society in general. This is shown by the example of the animals,” In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent all his time in farmhouse”. This shows that through the year, Napoleon spent all his time in farmhouse and did not work as much as the other animals did. The other animals were working like slaves not the pigs.The pigs believed themselves to be the managers and organisers of the farm; they did not sacrifice themselves as much as the other animals did for their society. At the end of the novel, the pigs changed the seventh commandment from “No animal shall kill any other animals” to “No animal shall kill any other animals without cause” (pg61). Napoleon is corrupted by his desire for power, just like Joseph Stalin who was the leader of the Russian Revolution. The revolution in Russia and in “Animal Farm” was to make democracy, however a new leader appears and the leader either kills or exiles someone who has an opinion against them.This is not democracy and shows inequality in Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. The reader is positioned to understand and feel empathy for the hard working “animals” during the Russian Revolution. Through the use of the events in the novel, such as, when pigs and men sit down together at the end, Animal Farm loses all its innocence and the moral and political mood is evident in the writing which helps the reader to understand the issue of inequality. Betrayal is another important theme is the novel.Napoleon and Stalin betrayed the animals and society because they wanted to be the leaders. Stalin had the great “purge” in the Russian Revolution and so did Napoleon in “Animal Farm”. Stalin exiled Trotsky from Russia since he disliked Trotsky and he wanted to become leader of the Bolshevik party. In the novel, Snowball and Napoleon always argue, so Napoleon has Snowball exiled from the farm by sending his bodyguard dogs to chase Snowball. “He put an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more”. pg 80) Napoleon betrays the animals by becoming like a human by walking on two legs as this quote demonstrates, “It was the pig walking on his hind legs” (pg89). All the animals decide that “whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy” (pg15), however, the pigs break this commandment and betray all the other animals. The reader can associate this example of betrayal in “Animal Farm” to the Russian Revolution. In the novel, another issue is greed. Towards the end of the novel, the pigs are greedy.However, at the start of the animal revolution, all the animals, including the pigs, decide to work together for the farm. Not to work for humans or any other group, but for the farm. Over time, the pigs changed, “it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples” (pg23). This is a good example of the pig’s behaviour and attitude towards milk and apples. The example of pig’s behaviour is a copy of a Stalin in the Russian Revolution because Stalin became greedy as he got more power.In the Russian Revolution, Stalin became greedy and he got many luxuries while most of the population did not get enough money and food. The readers can understand the social issues of greed using the example of greed from the novel “Animal Farm”. Themes such as inequality, betrayal and greed are expressed in the novel and the readers can understand the issues in the Russian Revolution easily. “Animal Farm” was written in the 1940’s, long after the Russian Revolution.The revolutions in Russia and on Animal Farm happened because the workers wanted to make society equal where the workers instead of the elite benefitted from their hard work. Eventually, both the animals and humans virtually returned to their original state where one leader controlled their society and the workers still laboured all day. This shows inequality, betrayal and greed in during the Russian Revolution. “Animal Farm” has explored similar issues to the Russian Revolution very well and readers are positioned to believe that revolution is not always for the best.	<urn:uuid:22fea6f1-6714-4b9b-8d6c-24e5e362a8b9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://freebooksummary.com/animal-farm-by-george-orwell-5-27710", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662644142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529103854-20220529133854-00470.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9728047251701355, "token_count": 1060, "score": 3.734375, "int_score": 4 }
From master storyteller Padriac Colum comes a Newbery Honor–winning collection of epic myths that “is unequaled as an introduction to the classic myths for young readers” (Publishers Weekly). Enter a world where harpies torment mortals, the Argonaut Orpheus sings, the mighty god Zeus wages war on the Titans, and Prometheus steals fire. Author Padraic Colum weaves the tales of Jason and his Argonauts with classic Greek mythology to create this captivating epic about life, war, and astounding beings who lived in a time long past. Poetically written and wonderful for reading aloud, this collection of ancient stories will captivate modern readers. Padraic Colum (1881–1972) was a poet, a playwright, and a leader of the Irish Renaissance, but he is best known for his works for children, including The Children of Odin and The Golden Fleece (a Newbery Honor Book).	<urn:uuid:1e02c1c2-1636-465e-8bcd-065cfdd4bde2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "url": "https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Golden-Fleece/Padraic-Colum/9780689868849", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00495.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.929858922958374, "token_count": 197, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3 }
Health Education - 4th Grade Printable Version (pdf) In fourth grade, Health Education develops knowledge and practical skills of students by learning and practicing healthy behaviors in each strand: - Health Foundations and Protective Factors of Healthy Self (HF) is intended to be the foundation of the Health Education Core. Protective factors are attributes such as skills, strengths, or coping strategies which increase the health and well-being of children. These attributes help people deal more effectively with stress, peer-pressure, and other potentially harmful situations. Students with strong protective factors are less likely to develop mental illness or substance use disorders. Students will use skills to set goals, analyze the impact of choices, and develop skills for healthy relationships. - Mental and Emotional Health (MEH) teaches students how to advocate for the mental and emotional health of self and others. Students will learn and adopt behaviors which will also maintain and enhance physical and social health. Strategies to help students manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are key components of this strand. Students will learn how to manage stress and how to advocate for the mental and emotional health of self and others. - Safety and Disease Prevention (SDP) helps students understand their role in protecting themselves and others from unintentional danger, risk, injury, or disease. Students will learn and adopt behaviors which will maintain and enhance health. Students will learn how to safely respond in different environments to prevent injuries and other potentially harmful situations. Students will also learn about common health conditions. - Substance Abuse Prevention (SAP) improves health by teaching students the knowledge and skills to make choices to avoid substance abuse. Students will explore how to resist substance use from various influences and how choosing to abstain from substances supports a healthy and successful lifestyle. Students will also learn the appropriate use of medicines. - Nutrition (N) helps students understand the vital role food preparation and consumption will have on their health throughout their life. A healthy diet supports the immune system and reduces the occurrence of many diseases. Proper nutrition is linked to learning readiness, academic achievement, and decreased discipline and emotional problems. Students will learn about the function of nutrients, how to find the nutrients in different foods, and what foods Utah produces locally. - Human Development (HD) teaches students how their body changes throughout their lifespan, how to care for and protect their bodies in a way that is developmentally and age appropriate, and characteristics of a healthy relationship. Students will learn the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems and continue to practice skills for abuse prevention. Core Standards of the Course Strand 1: HEALTH FOUNDATIONS AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS OF HEALTHY SELF (HF) Students will develop and practice basic skills for goal-setting, decision-making, and healthy relationships. Set a specific and measurable short-term goal and track the progress. Describe how choices can have positive and negative consequences and give examples of how a personís decisions can be positively or negatively influenced by others, including peers. Recognize and accept that reasonable people can have differing opinions. Distinguish between healthy and unhealthy relationships. Strand 2: MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH (MEH) Students will identify and practice strategies that promote positive mental and emotional health. Identify healthy ways to manage and reduce stress (for example, exercise, hobbies, mindfulness, time management, organization). Practice strategies to manage inappropriate or harmful comments and behaviors from others. Define empathy and practice demonstrating empathy with peers. Identify ways to support self and others struggling with mental and emotional health and recognize when to seek help. Strand 3: SAFETY AND DISEASE PREVENTION (SDP) Students will apply information and develop personal plans to take responsibility for personal safety and disease prevention. Describe how immediate response increases a victimís chance for survival and demonstrate the proper use of basic first aid in a variety of situations. Develop a personal safety plan to follow in case of emergency, which may include fire, earthquake, lock down, lock out, evacuate, and shelter in place for school, home, and community settings. Identify and practice ways to prevent common childhood injuries. Discuss use and misuse of current technology and develop a personal safety plan for technology use. Explain facts about common chronic health conditions (for example, asthma, diabetes, allergies, anaphylaxis, seizures) and discuss empathy towards individuals living with these conditions. Describe procedures to follow when encountering another personís blood or body fluid. Strand 4: SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION (SAP) Students will learn how refusing alcohol, tobacco, nicotine, and other drugs helps accomplish personal goals. Explain how choosing to refuse alcohol, tobacco, nicotine, and other substances relates to accomplishing personal goals. Explain the short and long-term physical, mental, social, financial, and emotional effects of alcohol, tobacco, nicotine, and substance use. Discuss marketing tactics regarding harmful substances by reviewing various media sources to identify misinformation and manipulative techniques. Describe the appropriate use of medicines (over-the-counter [OTC] and prescription) and potential dangers of drug interactions. Strand 5: NUTRITION (N) Students will identify the basics of nutrition, healthy eating habits, and advertising techniques. Students will also identify statewide food resources. Identify the basic nutrients and describe their functions (for example, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water). Locate key nutrition items on nutrition facts label. Recognize that calories are needed for growth and body function and that caloric needs change throughout the lifespan. Examine how health can be managed through healthy eating and physical activity. Analyze marketing tactics used for food and beverages. Identify foods that are grown and produced in Utah. Strand 6: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (HD) Students will learn basic anatomy and physiology of body systems, universal precautions, and skills to build healthy relationships. Utah Code requires parental notification for instruction on child sexual abuse prevention. Describe the skeletal and muscular systems and their basic functions. Explain reasons why having good hygiene is important for health and well-being. List multiple trusted adults (for example, parent, guardian, relative, teacher, counselor, clergy) to talk with if feeling uncomfortable, afraid, or unsafe about an interaction or other harmful situations. Explain the need to talk with more than one adult if the issue is not resolved. http://www.uen.org - in partnership with Utah State Board of Education (USBE) and Utah System of Higher Education (USHE). Send questions or comments to USBE Specialist - and see the Health Education website. For general questions about Utah's Core Standards contact the Director These materials have been produced by and for the teachers of the State of Utah. Copies of these materials may be freely reproduced for teacher and classroom use. When distributing these materials, credit should be given to Utah State Board of Education. These materials may not be published, in whole or part, or in any other format, without the written permission of the Utah State Board of Education, 250 East 500 South, PO Box 144200, Salt Lake City, Utah	<urn:uuid:4ccda822-a40f-4fbc-b5b8-bdceb58e64c8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.uen.org/core/core.do?courseNum=7040", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657176116.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715230447-20200716020447-00194.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8888102173805237, "token_count": 1501, "score": 4.15625, "int_score": 4 }
\|Size:\|\|Length: 19 to 25 feet (5.8 to 7.6 m) Height: 8 to 13 feet (2.4 to 4 m) at the shoulder\| \|Weight:\|\|Up to 15,400 pounds (6,985 kg)\| \|Diet:\|\|Leaves, fruit, branches, twigs, grass, shrubs and bark\| \|Young:\|\|1 calf every 4 to 9 years\| \|Animal Predators:\|\|Lions and spotted hyenas prey on calves\| \|Terms:\|\|Male: Bull Female: Cow Young: Calf\| \|Lifespan:\|\|Up to 70 years\| · Although African elephants are the largest living land mammals, they are also excellent swimmers. · The lower lobes of their ears usually have holes or other types of damage. · An elephant’s tusks continue to grow throughout its life. · When excited or irritated, African elephants, especially the males, can knock down a large tree. African elephants are similar to their only other living elephant relative, the Asian elephant, but there are physical differences. African elephants are larger in size and have much larger ears. While both male and female African elephants have tusks, only male Asian elephants do. Their feet are thickly padded, allowing them to walk quietly, despite their massive size. African elephants can be found in forests, marshes, semi-desert or open grasslands. They are never far from water, because they need to drink daily. Elephants prefer areas that combine grass, low woody plants, and forest. They eat a vegetarian diet of leaves, shrubs, fruit, branches, twigs, grass and bark. Elephants carry food and water to their mouths with their trunks. During mating, a cow and bull elephant often separate themselves from the rest of the herd for several days or more. Cows are ready to mate by the time they reach 11 to 15, while bulls are at least twenty before they are capable of contending with the other bulls for the privilege of mating with a cow. The cow will give birth to a calf (twins only occur in up to 1.35% of births) after a pregnancy of 22 months. The baby, who will weigh between 198 and 265 pounds (90 to 120 kg) at birth, can stand within hours and will be able to keep up with the herd in a few days, by holding onto his mother’s tail. Other elephants in the herd become excited when a new baby joins the herd, and the entire herd will wait until the youngster can travel. The calf begins to eat grass in several months, but he also continues to nurse for between three to six years or more before being weaned. Mothers are very affectionate with their young and caress their babies with their trunks. Females stay with the same herd their entire lives, but males are driven out by the females when they reach twelve to fourteen years of age, because they begin to play too roughly around the rest of the herd. A young male may follow the herd for awhile, but eventually goes off on his own. Despite their size, elephants are gentle and live peacefully in family groups. Elephants are active both during the day and at night, taking rests at intervals. During the hottest parts of the day, they rest in the shade either by lying down or leaning against a tree or each other, and fan themselves with their ears to cool down. Elephants enjoy bathing every evening—they will totally immerse themselves if they can find deep enough water. If the water is not very deep, elephants take water in their trunk and squirt it over themselves. After bathing, they roll in dirt to protect themselves from insects. When necessary, they can reach speeds of up to 25 miles per hour. Females can be found in herds, numbering from six to 1,000 individuals. Juvenile males may form social groups for short periods, but males usually spend most of their adult lives living alone. When elephants come across a dead elephant, they react in an emotional way, and caress the remains. African elephants are listed as Endangered by the IUCN and by the USFWS as Threatened because of illegal hunting for their tusks and loss of habitat. African Elephant Wildlife Fact File, IM Pub, US	<urn:uuid:36426a6a-3ba1-4294-b88d-ac583397672b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "http://wildmagazine.ca/facts/Elephant.asp?page=/facts/Elephant.asp&i_id=415", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00656.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9603968858718872, "token_count": 900, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3 }
Mesa Verde National Park in Montezuma County, Colorado — The American Mountains (Southwest) A Monument to Time During the late Cretasceous period (about 90 million years ago) much of North America, including southwest Colorado and the present Rocky Mountains, was covered by a shallow inland sea. Thousands of feet of marine and shoreline sediments were deposited and now form the rocks of Mesa Verde: shale, sandstone, coal, and siltstone. Uplift and Erosion Within the last 65 million years, the Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountains were formed by a series of uplifts that gradually raised the land thousand of feet above sea level. Erosion probably kept pace with the uplift as streams flowed south and west from the rising La Plata and San Juan Mountains. These ancient streams cut deep canyons across gentle slopes of Mesa Verde dissecting it into the smaller, fingerlike mesas on the southern end of the park. Over millions of years the Mesa Verde formations were raised almost 8,000 feet and gently tilted to the south. These same sedimentary rocks eroded off the uplifted mountains, leaving a 1,500 foot escarpment between Mesa Verde and the La Plata Mountains. (Left Drawing Caption) Erosion causes natural indentations which were enlarged by Ancestral Puebloans and used as — Illustration by Krista Harris, Interpretive Design Erected by National Park Service. Location. 37° 16.595′ N, 108° 28.978′ W. Marker is in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, in Montezuma County. Marker can be reached from State Highway 10 3 miles west of Moccasin Mesa Road, on the right when traveling west. Touch for map. Marker is located at the Geologic Overlook in Mesa Verde National Park. Marker is in this post office area: Mesa Verde National Park CO 81330, United States of America. Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 8 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Natural Seep Springs (about 400 feet away, measured in a direct line); Far View Reservoir (approx. 2.8 miles away); Prehistoric Mesa Verde Reservoirs (approx. 2.8 miles away); Mancos Valley (approx. 4.4 miles away); Mesa Verde Administrative District (approx. 6.4 miles away); Canyon Barriers (approx. 7.7 miles away); Fire Temple (approx. 7.7 miles away); Oak Tree House (approx. 7.8 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Mesa Verde National Park. Categories. • Environment • Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on January 31, 2014, by Duane Hall of Abilene, Texas. This page has been viewed 400 times since then and 22 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on January 31, 2014, by Duane Hall of Abilene, Texas. Editor’s want-list for this marker. Photo with wide-view of marker. • Can you help?	<urn:uuid:5f83c56f-3609-496e-83a5-a006c63a6090>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=71530", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510998.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017044446-20181017065946-00107.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9425732493400574, "token_count": 677, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4 }
Achieve your goals Design a plan that saves and helps your money grow, so you can reach your goals. Financial planning isn't just about making money — it's about creating new opportunities to reach your goals. The aim of financial planning is more than just managing your savings and investments. It's about helping you plan for a future lifestyle that is as good as it can possibly be. You work hard so why not make sure your money is working as hard as you are. Whether you are in your carefree 20s, consolidating 30s, comfortable 40s or cruising 50s, the advice of a professional financial planner can be critical in helping you achieve your financial goals by developing a strategy that will work for you. A financial planner is your financial coach who will assist you in deciding what you want to achieve and set strategies to help you reach your goals. No matter what stage in life you are at it is never too early or too late to start planning for your goals and objectives and protecting what you have or what you may have in the future. SA Financial Planners support clients through their changing life stages. Entering the work force is usually the first step toward financial independence. It is also the best time to develop sound financial habits by preparing a budget, establishing a saving pattern, setting financial goals, and following a wise borrowing strategy. Young adults face the task of learning how to manage spending and saving within the constraints of their income levels. Here are some approaches to consider: The ages of 25 to 35 are considered to be the typical asset building phase, characterised by: As most people spend the majority of this time working, now is the time to realise your lifestyle goals (such as buying your first home, saving for your children's education, and saving for retirement). Meeting these goals will involve balancing between living for today and meeting tomorrow's needs. Although this is one of the greatest challenges of the asset building phase, we need to remind ourselves that income for our retirement and later life funding comes from early investing activities or cash savings. Risk protection at this stage is also vital. This can be achieved by purchasing an adequate mix of personal insurance that will cover Life, Total Disablement, Trauma & Income Protection insurance. Financial planning, wealth protection, savings, investing, asset allocation and diversification strategies should be developed early — with the help of a professional — to make sure you are on target to meet your future goals as you move towards your next major phase of life. The Wealth Generation stage generally occurs when your income is rising. However, nicer homes, nicer cars and children can easily consume your increasing income. This is the time when the financial decisions you make will have the greatest impact on the financial lifestyle you will enjoy during retirement. By now, you should have accrued savings, as well as the expertise to make sound choices such as: The opportunities to help increase your nest egg, come with a host of complexities. This makes good financial planning essential. Retirement planning is an incredibly important step in everyone's life, regardless of age or profession. After all, everyone wants to live comfortably and enjoy themselves in retirement. So, it is essential to begin preparing and planning for retirement as early on as possible. Statistics show you will probably spend at least 20 years in retirement — hopefully many more. So it's important to develop an appropriate plan to ensure that the dividends of your hard work last throughout your retirement years. With most of your income earning years behind you, it is critical that you protect and preserve everything that you invested your entire life to earn and accumulate. You need to protect what you can't afford to lose and develop predictable and tax efficient income strategies that will continue on long after you are no longer able to work. The amount of money that is required for your retirement is highly personal and will depend on factors such as individual current lifestyles, general state of health, retirement assets, risk profile and the tax efficiency of investments. Estate planning, although important at all stages of life, is especially vital during the transition to retirement phase and actual retirement phase. In simple terms, estate planning means having your affairs in order, enabling your family and loved ones to make decisions on your behalf upon your death or in the event of mental incapacity. Retirement is something you should be looking forward to — not worrying about! These years can and should be some of the most enjoyable and fulfilling times of your life. The freedom to live the retirement lifestyle of choice, and a sense of satisfaction with what you have accomplished, can make your golden years truly enjoyable. However, there are still financial issues that should be considered such as: Thorough retirement planning, and successful execution of that planning, helps facilitate an enjoyable retirement.	<urn:uuid:0c16b7fc-b15f-4c5c-9346-ae6ad39d7de1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://www.safinancialplanners.co.za/what-we-do/how-we-can-help/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733122.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204040803-20201204070803-00494.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9638263583183289, "token_count": 974, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Why and how we dream is still not fully understood. There are many different schools of thinking about dreams ranging from philosophical theories to empirical investigations of specific brain processes involved in dreaming. Phases of sleep There are five phases to the sleep cycle ranging from wake, relaxed wakefulness, light sleep, deep sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Everyone cycles through the different sleep phases. The most restorative sleep is deep sleep. Dreaming and sleep phases You can dream during any of the sleep phases, but the most vivid dreams occur during REM sleep. During this time, signals to the spinal cord are inhibited by an area of the brain called the pons. This stops us from acting out our dreams. The brain regions activated during REM sleep are those that are associated with learning. Studies have shown that depriving people of REM sleep inhibits their ability to recall material that they have learnt. The utility of dreaming Although it is not definitively known why we dream, there are a number of hypotheses. A key one being that it is a method used to help us learn by consolidating new information with older information. The Activation-Synthesis Model of dreaming proposes that certain circuits in the brain become activated and the brain attempts to synthesize this activity, finding meaning in these signals. Dreams are the outcome. It has been argued then that dreaming is a deeply creative process that can produce novel ideas and configurations of information. Although most may end up being nonsensical, some may end up being highly useful to us in some way. Other theories about dreams range from them being a manifestation of deep unconscious desires (the psychoanalytic theory of dreams), to dreams not serving any real function at all. Although advances in neuroscientific methods of tracking brain function and activity have helped progress theories, there is still a lot more to be discovered. Author: Dr Sula Windgassen See also: sleep capsules	<urn:uuid:6678ddcd-75bd-4dae-bc0b-ba06cc4abac1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://misfits.health/blogs/news/why-do-we-dream", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191780.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919110805-20200919140805-00209.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519639611244202, "token_count": 389, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
The Government Data Practices Act (Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 13) presumes that all government data are public unless a state or federal law says the data are not public. Government data is a term that means all recorded information a government entity has, including paper, e-mail, DVDs, photographs, etc. The Government Data Practices Act requires the City to keep all government data in a way that makes it easy for you, as a member of the public, to access. You have the right to look at public data that is kept free of charge. You also have the right to get copies, however the City can charge a fee for data. If charges apply, you have the right to look at the data for free before deciding to request a copy.	<urn:uuid:fed17322-d201-444a-bca5-097d31683ebb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://www.cityofmoorhead.com/departments/administration/city-clerk-s-office/accessing-city-information", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649508.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323235620-20180324015620-00622.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9541939496994019, "token_count": 153, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
A PIONEERING research facility at the Science Museum in Wroughton, which will change the face of construction, is nearing completion. The HIVE – the first building to reach completion at the University of Bath’s Building Research Park near the museum – celebrated its latest milestone at a topping-out ceremony yesterday, which marked the finish of the centre’s roof. Once completed, academic and industry partners will use the facility to test low carbon construction materials and systems in order to reduce the environmental impact of buildings in the future. Dr Mike Lawrence, of the University of Bath and director of the BRP, said: “I’m really excited to be holding the topping-out ceremony because it’s the first milestone to a research facility that will make a real difference to construction in the UK and the world. “It’s also very exciting for the University of Bath that this project is now coming to a reality. “We are very excited to launch our first piece of research with HEMPSEC. The Building Research Park is a pioneering site which will speed up the delivery to market of future energy-efficient construction materials and systems.” Construction of the £1m project funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) began in April and is expected to be completed later this month. Eve Walkden, project manager at the HIVE, said: “It’s been going really, really well and it’s a really exciting project to be working on. “The work that will be done here will really change how we build things and the materials we use, and already there has been a lot of interest in using the facility and how we can make it suit research better. “This is definitely a milestone along the way and it’s very exciting to get this far and get closer to opening the new facility. Now the construction is nearly done it’s all about starting to get working.” The new building has eight individual cells carefully constructed to be completely insulated from each other, each with a single face left exposed to the external environment. The faces are used to install walls made from a whole range of materials and construction systems, and the performance of these walls is evaluated in real life conditions. The museum is leasing the land to the university at a peppercorn rent to encourage the development of sustainable construction materials.	<urn:uuid:d5deee2b-2abd-45ae-b191-c60f00dd296a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/11339904.A_building_site_for_the_future/?ref=rss", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836392.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00147-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9455194473266602, "token_count": 505, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Chickenpox is a highly contagious childhood disease that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpes family. Very few children escape chickenpox infection. It spreads quickly. Coughing and sneezing-even laughing and talking-spread the illness. A child with developing chickenpox will be contagious for one or two days before any symptoms show. A child who plays with an infected child during this period will almost certainly catch the disease. An infected child is contagious from a few days before symptoms develop until all of the blisters are dry and have formed scabs. \|Symptoms of Chickenpox The first signs that a child is coming down with chickenpox usually include some combination of the following: A day or two after these first symptoms appear, a child with chickenpox will develop the tell-tale rash, usually characterized by the following: It starts out flat and reddish, centered on the trunk of the body. A day or so after it first appears, it spreads to the extremities, neck, and face, and turns from red splotches into masses of tiny pimples. It is intensely itchy. The more intimate and more frequent the exposure to chickenpox, the more severe the case will be. This fact has very important implications, especially if you have more than one child. Children in different stages of the disease should be separated to minimize their exposure to each other. With minimal exposure, the second child to become ill is likely to have a less severe case of chickenpox, with less discomfort. Chickenpox typically begins with a headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever, much like any other viral illness. A day or two after these early symptoms, a rash of flat, red, splotchy dots erupts, usually beginning on the chest, stomach, it and back, and spreading a day or so later to the face and scalp. The red dots of the rash soon come together to form clusters of tiny pimples, which then progress to small, delicate, clear blisters. Some children develop 3 lesions; some develop 300. Once the rash erupts, expect new crops of blisters over the next three to five days. Scabs, which are the last phase of the pox, form five to six days after the blisters develop. These scabs last for one to two weeks before falling off, exposing tender, freshly healed skin. Over the course of the disease, the rash shows signs of all the different phases of chickenpox, with some areas that are splotchy and red, some areas of new blisters, areas where sores are crusting over and scabbing, and areas of healing. es From eruption through healing, each and every pock is very, very itchy. It is the extreme itchiness of chickenpox that causes the greatest torment. Chickenpox can be contracted at any age. Because infected adults tend to feel much sicker and more miserable with this disease than youngsters do, it's probably best to have it as a child. Once you have had chickenpox, it is highly unlikely that you will ever suffer through it again. Tylenol, Tempra, and other medications) is helpful in relieving pain and bringing Note: In excessive amounts, this drug can cause liver damage. Read package directions carefully so as not to exceed the proper dosage for your child's age and size.	<urn:uuid:1c112172-d7c2-4755-bfa9-6893ed6f99d2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.healthy.net/scr/article.aspx?Id=239", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989126.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00160-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9468677043914795, "token_count": 704, "score": 3.71875, "int_score": 4 }
PARIS (Reuters) - The French Health Ministry on Wednesday issued a warning against excessive mobile phone use, especially by children, though it recognized science had not proved cellular technology was dangerous. The appearance on the market of mobile phones designed for children has raised concern since youngsters would be particularly vulnerable to any possible health effects, the Ministry of Health, Youth and Sports said in a statement. “As the hypothesis of a risk cannot be entirely excluded, precaution is justified,” the ministry said. It recommended using mobile phones in moderation, especially among children, and gave advice on how users could reduce their exposure to any possible risk. “One should use a mobile phone with good judgment, avoid calling when reception is poor, or during high-speed travel, and finally, keep the telephone away from sensitive areas of the body by using a hands-free kit,” the ministry said. Health Minister Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin said on France 2 television that mobile phones given to children could be useful safety items, but parents should be cautious about frequent use. “Today, here and now, it does not appear useful to completely do away with, or ban, mobile phones for children ... but in keeping with the principle of caution, I want to inform parents completely,” she said. A November 2006 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) said available evidence suggests long-term exposure to radio-frequency and microwave radiation from mobile phones had no adverse health effects. However, the WHO said other studies pointed to an increased risk of tumors in people who have used an analogue mobile phone for more than 10 years. A British study released in September 2007 said mobile phones did not pose short-term health risks, but scientists noted that studies to date included few participants who had used mobile phones for longer than ten years — the time many cancers take to appear. The head of France’s AFSSET, an independent but state-funded health watchdog, said parents should not give small children mobile telephones. “Since they aren’t capable of limiting their use of the telephone, parents should not buy them mobile phones,” Michele Froment-Vedrine told Reuters. As of September 30, there were more than 53 million mobile users in France, about 84 percent of the population, according to the French telecoms regulator Arcep. At Orange, France’s largest mobile phone operator, no-one was available for comment. Additional reporting by Astrid Wendlandt; Editing by Janet Lawrence	<urn:uuid:7eae60fa-c8d9-47f6-8370-7aa510e8ebb8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-mobiles/france-warns-against-excessive-mobile-phone-use-idUSL0223157720080102?rpc=63", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917223332-20190918005332-00178.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9638465046882629, "token_count": 527, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
New US drug labels are trying to reduce confusion around safety in pregnancy. For decades, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has relied upon an alphabetic system for communicating the safety of drugs in pregnancy. Under this system, every medication is assigned to one of five categories: A, B, C, D or X. Drugs in category A are considered to be the safest for pregnant women; medications in this category have been well-studied and do not seem to pose a risk to a fetus. On the other hand, drugs that appear to present a serious danger to fetal health – with a risk that “clearly outweighs any potential benefit” – are placed in category X. Drugs in categories B, C and D fall somewhere in between. Experts, however, have complained that this simple-seeming system is, in fact, too simple. “For years we have had these ABCDX categories, which really I think have sort of lulled clinicians and patients into thinking that if something has a B designation we know that it’s OK to use, and if something has a D designation you should never take it in pregnancy,” says Christina Chambers, a perinatal epidemiologist at the University of California, San Diego. “These categories may provide, on the one hand, more confidence than the data support for some drugs that have a B category, and may create more concern for a drug than the data show, even for drugs that have an X category.” The FDA has come to agree with these concerns. In December 2014, the agency announced that it would be officially dropping the familiar letter-based system. As the agency wrote: “FDA has decided to eliminate the pregnancy categories because they are often viewed as confusing and overly simplistic and don’t effectively communicate the risk a drug may have during pregnancy and lactation and in females and males of reproductive potential.” Rather than a standardised letter grade, drugs will now carry more narrative: detailed summaries of whatever information exists on the safety of compounds when used in pregnancy, during lactation, and in men and women of reproductive age. Each label will summarise the overall likelihood that a drug poses risks to a developing fetus and lay out how the dosing and timing of the medication may affect those risks. (A drug that is perfectly safe in the second and third trimester, for instance, may cause birth defects if taken during the first trimester.) Labels will also be required to describe any risks – to the mother or fetus – from whatever underlying disease the drug is designed to treat. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has praised the new labelling rule, as have other experts. “It’s a huge improvement,” says Janine Polifka, who manages the Teratogen Information System (TERIS) at the University of Washington. “Eliminating those pregnancy categories is really going to be advantageous because they were so misleading.” The new law also requires that labels prominently list any pregnancy registries that are currently tracking women who are taking a given medication – a move that researchers hope will spur more patients to volunteer for these studies. Some scientists also believe that the new labels could help raise awareness of how little is known about drug safety and dosing during pregnancy, ultimately driving a demand for more research. “I think it will make it clear, when you look at that section of the label… where we really have gaps,” Chambers says. “So I think it will prompt greater interest in the need for systematically collecting this data and making it available to clinicians and patients.” All new drugs approved on or after 30 June 2015 will use the new system; manufacturers of older drugs will have several years to revise their labels.	<urn:uuid:eb55e5e4-c9e6-432a-bdca-3d148640ccc7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://mosaicscience.com/extra/end-letter-based-labels/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00082.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9624090790748596, "token_count": 783, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Nashville Opera’s Andre ChenierSep. 20, 2010, 1:19 PM The real Andrea Chénier was one of the last victims of the Reign of Terror because of his controversial political beliefs. The opera’s Chénier was a victim of something much more visceral – jealousy. This Sept. 17, 2010, InsideOut of the Lunch Box explores the similarities and differences in the life of the poet and activist within history and fiction. Jim Lovensheimer, assistant professor in music history and literature at Vanderbilt University, discusses the life and times of André Chénier, his initial support of the French Revolution, and how his own words were used against him in the end. John Hoomes discusses the Nashville Opera’s staging of this powerful work of art, including its beautiful music and special effects. Contact: email@example.com or 322-8585	<urn:uuid:0e5b4894-b73b-4921-90f6-4caeb7cc578c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2010/09/20/nashville-opera-andre-chenier/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20vanderbilt-video%20%28Vanderbilt%20Video%29", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986726836.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020210506-20191020234006-00496.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9498662352561951, "token_count": 188, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
A decimal number is a number that has digits before and after a decimal point. The decimal point is placed after the ones digit. Let us look at the decimal number 3.145 Each digit in a decimal number has a place value depending on its position. The value of a digit is determined by its place value. Give the place value and the value of the digit. When the decimal point of a number is not shown (for example, in whole numbers), then it is assumed to be at the end of the number. 321 = 321. 4 = 4. Step 1: Values to the left of the decimal point are greater than one. 38 means 3 tens and 8 ones. Step 2: The word name of the decimal is determined by the place value of the digit in the last place. The last digit (5) is in the ten-thousandth place. 38.7425 is read as thirty-eight and seven thousand four hundred twenty-five ten thousandths Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations. We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page.	<urn:uuid:4b8afdda-ff45-4f7e-9585-e96c3ff45dfb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/decimal-place-value.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948627628.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218215655-20171219001655-00357.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.844375729560852, "token_count": 274, "score": 4.15625, "int_score": 4 }
This course examines information as an indispensable resource for the functioning and management of any public or private organisation, just like the human and financial resources that are the subjects of other IDHEAP courses. We could even assert that (public) information is both the raw material for and the principal product of the State and its administration. The course approaches this fundamental resource from the twin angles of information systems and statistics. - Information systems look after the efficient and effective circulation of information within the organisation; - Public statistics involves using digital processes to analyse public information. These two disciplines enable managers to analyse pertinent information and make decisions. They are therefore indispensable for good public management. Today, both disciplines rely on computing power and information and communication technologies, and their inherent challenges and how to manage them are also discussed in the course. - Analyse the concept of information as the raw material for public administration; - Understand information’s role in the organisation and in decision-making; - Know the possibilities offered by information and communication technologies; - Know how to analyse and redesign an information system; - Develop a work culture around using statistics; - Understand the need for reliable statistics and the inherent constraints; - Acquire the reactions to statistical information that are essential to effective management; - Practise how to deal with a number of statistical methods and tools. - Students studying for the MAS in Public Administration (MPA); - Students studying for the DAS in Public Administration; - Public and private sector managers. These lessons are based on a variety of working methods (presentations, discussions, case studies, demonstrations of computer programme tools, work in groups, lectures, Internet, video). Morning or afternoon classes in public statistics (PS) are given by Prof. Giuliano Bonoli, and in information systems (IS) are given by Prof. Tobias Mettler. The principal documents and information for the course are available under PSIS. A user name and a pass word will be provided at the beginning of the course. Practical information and Registration	<urn:uuid:27ad02c2-b7ea-49ae-a7d6-ca5137fe0d56>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://gse.cms.unil.ch/idheap/SISP/EN", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949506.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330225648-20230331015648-00191.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8913793563842773, "token_count": 432, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
How industry can attract young engineers to tackle the engineering skills shortage Published: 28 June, 2023 Martyn Williams, Managing Director of COPA-DATA UK, explains how industry can help to tackle the skills shortage in the sector, with just a little influencing required. According to new research, one in five British teenagers aspire for a career as a social media influencer. The field of engineering is currently far less popular among young people. A study by Engineering UK demonstrated that 11 to 19-year-olds have a negative perception of the engineering field, presuming the industry is “difficult, complicated and dirty.” In fact, nearly half of this age group stated that they knew very little about what engineers actually do. The failure of engineering companies to attract young recruits is a real issue across industry and has a few contributing factors. One is geography. Because industrial jobs are no longer in economic centres for communities, young adults — from the North of England, South Wales or the Midlands for example — want to flock to London. Another issue is that, of the young people who are interested in STEM careers, many have been misled that jobs in these fields are more closely aligned with Elon Musk than Frank Whittle, James Dyson or Ada Lovelace. None of whom, at least to my knowledge, boasted of ping pong tables and free beer Fridays in the office. Many of today’s STEM graduates would rather work for a company like Google that they perceive as modern, clean and exciting, than in a more traditional engineering field. This is particularly prevalent in fields that are perceived as difficult, complicated and dirty, such as in oil and gas, as cited in EngineeringUK’s research. These trends are also reflected in education. The low value placed on teaching traditional engineering skills has been an issue for a long-time. Educational establishments generally favour engineering courses relating to software or web development. What’s more, some are actually running courses on how to become social media influencers. The result is an over-abundance of wannabe influencers and, in the engineering field, newly-qualified programmers with underused degrees in software or computer science. This is a stark contrast to the availability of graduates with traditional engineering skills. Recruiter Sterling Choice reports that the drastic lack of new skilled workers has led to increased recruitment, training and temporary staff costs, adding up to £1.5bn a year in the UK. So, what can manufacturers do to reverse these trends and attract more young people to the engineering industry? For a start, there needs to be greater collaboration between businesses and education. Experienced C-Level engineers could be doing a lot more to enter education establishments and teach young people about the benefits of careers in engineering. I’m taking part in the STEM Ambassador program for this very reason. Values are also very important and something businesses should consider. According to Forbes, “The younger generation is vocal and insistent that businesses also take part in important social causes.” Increasingly, younger people seek purpose in their working lives, and they want to feel they are making a difference by working for companies with values that match their own. For instance, A recent survey by EY found that most young people don’t wish to pursue careers in the oil and gas sector due to its negative environmental impact, but two-thirds said a job in green energy was appealing. In other words, young people today are demanding jobs that mirror their green values. With this in mind, educators and industrial companies must collaborate to show young people how engineering and technology can positively affect social issues. More accessible roles So, how can industry better inform young people about the positive impact of their business? Let’s use the climate crisis as an example. Energy software, like zenon from COPA-DATA can play a crucial role in helping businesses strive towards net zero. zenon is the de facto standard software used on the UK’s offshore windfarms, including the world’s first ever floating offshore wind facility. Business leaders from other companies need to shout about projects like these to enthuse young people to join their organisation. Young people can find plenty of opportunities in engineering that mirror their own values. That’s also why COPA-DATA is involved with the trade association GAMBICA, including its GAMBICA Young Council (GYC) to get rising stars and future leaders involved in a variety of sectors including engineering. Through collaborations like these, education and industry can take a leaf out of the younger generation’s book and influence. Tackling the worldwide shortage of young engineers is crucial for the future of industry — and is essential to save us from another generation of influencers.	<urn:uuid:8694d63b-ab84-456e-a1ec-beb1a9d95132>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://pwemag.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/5466/How_industry_can_attract_young_engineers_to_tackle_the_engineering_skills_shortage.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00595.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9632843732833862, "token_count": 980, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
If you’ve been struggling with chronic health issues, you may want to consider getting yourself checked for Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. But what is CIRS? Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS) is really an umbrella term of symptoms with a few different causes. CIRS can be caused by tick borne illnesses, mold exposure, and more. Characterized by extreme exhaustion, weakness, and cognitive difficulties, CIRS is a debilitating condition that’s inherently complex. How do you know if you’ve been exposed to a biotoxin? What are some of the signs, and what can you do? Let’s take closer look at what biotoxins are and how they affect your health.	<urn:uuid:01e7a559-f9e0-4430-80b5-7d5d7536d36d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.drelenaklimenko.com/tag/cirs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00293.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538170099258423, "token_count": 156, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3 }
Autoimmune diseases refer to medical conditions in which a human body’s natural defense mechanism “Immune System” attacks the body’s cells and organs by mistake. The usual function of our immune system is to protect us against infections and diseases. But, in autoimmune diseases, it starts destroying our body’s organs, tissues, and cells making it vulnerable to diseases and infections. Due to unknown causes of autoimmune diseases and a variety of conditions, there has been no specific treatment proposed for these diseases. But, the Stem Cell Rejuvenation Procedure has proved to be the most accurate and proper treatment for autoimmune diseases. Shifa Regeneration & Rejuvenation Clinic has brought this advanced Stem Cell Procedure to Pakistan. Stem Cell Therapy – The Only Proper Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases in Pakistan Stem Cell Therapy is the only proper treatment for autoimmune diseases because Stem Cells possess self-renewal and regenerative attributes. So, they can organically maintain and balance the tissues, organs, and cells damaged after being attacked by the body’s immune system. The recent and advanced technology of Stem Cell Therapy is a permanent solution to autoimmune diseases and their associated conditions. Shifa Regenerative & Rejuvenation Clinic which is Pakistan’s best Stem Cell Treatment Center has brought this effective and promising treatment to Pakistan. It is approved and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States, as well as Drug Regulatory Authority Pakistan (DRAP). Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases According to medical researchers and experts, over 80 types of autoimmune diseases are known. A majority of these diseases have similar symptoms; therefore it makes the diagnosis difficult for the healthcare practitioner or the physician. The early signs of these diseases include: - Swelling and Redness - Muscle aches - Low-grade fever - Problems in Concentrating or Paying Attention to something - Hair loss - Skin rash - Numbness and tingling in hands and feet Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases Doctors often perform a combination of tests for the proper diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. The antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is one of the first tests that doctors use when symptoms indicate that the patient is having an autoimmune disease. A positive ANA refers that the patient is suffering from an autoimmune disease but it cannot diagnose the type of Autoimmune Disease. Other tests that can be used for diagnosis are: - Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Blood Test Panel \| Basic - CD4/CD8 Ratio Test - Vitamin D Test How Autoimmune Diseases occur? Doctors, researchers, and experts in the medical field haven’t yet found the exact and specific causes or reasons for autoimmune diseases. However, they believe that a human body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks its own cells and organs due to some commonly known reasons. These reasons are defined below here: - Gender and Ethnicity Scientific and medical studies say that women are more likely to suffer from an autoimmune disease as compared to men. The reason for the high ratio of autoimmune diseases in women quoted by scientists is the excess of hormones during the childbearing years 15 to 40. One out of nine women of childbearing years is often diagnosed with an autoimmune illness. Besides, autoimmune diseases can also occur in people due to ethnic differences and influences. The risks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are found to be high in West Africans compared with Europeans, and risks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are high in Native Americans compared with Europeans. Some autoimmune diseases are considered genetic disorders like diabetes and multiple sclerosis. So, the people having a family history of autoimmune diseases are more vulnerable to catch one or more types of autoimmune conditions. Environmental factors like exposure to chemicals, infections, and viruses can also be possible reasons that can cause autoimmune diseases. - Western Diet or Imbalance in Diet and Food Patterns The Western Diet or Fast Food Items that contain high fat, sugar, and unhygienic materials are also major causes of autoimmune disorders. The inflammatory triggers start occurring in the human body when the immune system becomes hyperreactive due to foods and diets rich in high proteins and calories. So, whether it is genetic, gender, western diet, or ethnic influence causing autoimmune disorders, the Stem Cell Regenerative Procedure is the best solution and medicine to properly treat any type of autoimmune disease. Types of Autoimmune Diseases - Type 1 Diabetes One of the most common autoimmune disorders in Pakistan is Type 1 Diabetes. The insulin-producing cells called “Beta Cells” in the pancreas are destroyed due to the immune system’s attacks. As a result, the patient suffers from type 1 diabetes and becomes dependent on regular intakes of insulin. But, this isn’t a proper and permanent treatment. The Shifa Regenerative & Rejuvenation Clinic offers the best Stem Cell Treatment for type 1 diabetes in Pakistan where the patient is never dependent on insulin and other temporary solutions. - Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis is also a type of autoimmune disorder because it occurs when antibodies are attached to the linings of joints. As a result, the immune system attacks the joints and causes inflammation of joints, pains, and swelling, etc. Stem Cells are the regenerative medicine in Pakistan at the Shifa Regenerative & Rejuvenation Clinic that can repair the damage with their self-renewal characteristics. - Multiple Sclerosis (MS) It is a type of autoimmune disorder where your immune system attacks nerve cells and causes symptoms that include pain, blindness, weakness, poor coordination, and muscle spasms. This condition is a serious and fatal one that can damage the normal functioning of the brain and spinal cord. In many cases, patients even cannot walk independently. There hasn’t been a proper treatment for this condition so far. But, the Stem Cell Rejuvenation Procedure has turned the tables in medical history by providing an efficient and accurate way to treat Multiple Sclerosis through stem cells. - Graves’ disease When the immune system starts producing antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to release excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood, this leads to hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease symptoms include bulging eyes, weight loss, irritability, and rapid heart rate. Doctors prescribe medicines to suppress the overactivity of thyroid glands. In rare cases, it is suggested to remove the thyroid gland, using drugs or surgery to treat Graves’ disease. But, a proper and permanent treatment for Graves’ disease is found to be the Stem Cell Therapy that maintains the balance and normal functioning of the immune system through organically renewing, reproducing, and replacing the dead cells. - Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis It is a type of autoimmune disorder where antibodies that are produced by the immune system begin attacking the thyroid glands and destroy the cells that produce thyroid hormone. Low levels of thyroid hormone lead to hypothyroidism. Doctors usually prescribe an oral synthetic thyroid hormone pill to restore normal body functions. But, it isn’t a proper and permanent solution for the condition. The Stem Cell Regenerative Procedure can help to treat this condition effectively through their self-renewal and regenerative characteristics. How to get Stem Cell Rejuvenation Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases in Pakistan? Shifa Regenerative & Rejuvenation Clinic is the first hospital in Pakistan that has brought this amazing and evolving technological treatment for the people of this country. The hospital is approved and regulated by the FDA, United States, as well as the DRAP, Pakistan. Another advantage that the patients can get at this hospital is that it is the only hospital in Pakistan that is having the services of Dr. David Lawrence Greene who is a giant professional of Stem Cell Therapy and the founder and CEO of “R3 Stem Cell Clinics, USA”. For more information, consultation, and appointment, you may contact us at (051) 835-7790 or send an email at [email protected]. Table Of Contents 8:00am – 16:00pm Monday to Friday	<urn:uuid:1b057b42-2546-4ee5-9217-f780d57888a7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://shifarejuvenation.com/stem-cell-treatments/autoimmune-diseases/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585204.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018155442-20211018185442-00225.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9138574600219727, "token_count": 1690, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
The eastern end of the Gulf of Fonseca, in Honduras, was originally the site of extensive wetlands ecosystem, dominated by six species of mangroves. In 1986 (right image), the Landsat Thematic Mapper shows an environment minimally impacted by human activities. By 2009, when the ASTER image was acquired (left), hundreds of square kilometers of coastal swamps had been converted to shrimp ponds, appearing as blue rectangles near the water line. The images cover an area of 30 x 36 km, and are located at 13 degrees north latitude, 87.2 degrees west longitude. With its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region and its high spatial resolution of 15 to 90 meters (about 50 to 300 feet), ASTER images Earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet. ASTER is one of five Earth-observing instruments launched Dec. 18, 1999, on Terra. The instrument was built by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. A joint U.S./Japan science team is responsible for validation and calibration of the instrument and data products. The broad spectral coverage and high spectral resolution of ASTER provides scientists in numerous disciplines with critical information for surface mapping and monitoring of dynamic conditions and temporal change. Example applications are: monitoring glacial advances and retreats; monitoring potentially active volcanoes; identifying crop stress; determining cloud morphology and physical properties; wetlands evaluation; thermal pollution monitoring; coral reef degradation; surface temperature mapping of soils and geology; and measuring surface heat balance. The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. More information about ASTER is available at http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/.	<urn:uuid:9526fd6c-f34c-46ac-a63d-1805ec43c90d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA15145", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00226-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9137740135192871, "token_count": 376, "score": 4.25, "int_score": 4 }
The impact on the bone marrow affects the blood clotting system. Most chemotherapy drugs reduce blood clotting. The reason for this is to reduce the number of platelets in the blood. Their deficiency leads to bleeding and hematoma, which may arise as a result of even minor trauma. During the chemotherapy doctor performs constant monitoring of these important blood cells, as well as erythrocytes and leukocytes. If their level is considerably lower than normal, you will be assigned special funds to encourage the formation of new platelets, either intravenously wander donor platelets (platelet). If you have any skin in the small red spots or bruises, the urine became red or pink, the color of stool was black, there was bleeding of the gums, and bleeding from the nose, be sure to tell your doctor as these manifestations indicate severe bleeding disorder . Anemia and fatigue Fatigue - one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy. It can be both mild and moderate and even severe. The most common cause of fatigue is anemia - a decrease in blood erythrocytes - red blood cells. These cells are involved in the transport of oxygen and nutrients. When chemotherapy drugs have an effect on all cells of rapidly: both cancerous and healthy cells such as the gastrointestinal tract, and bone marrow stem cells. Bone marrow is the blood-forming organs. Therefore, its suppression during chemotherapy leads to the development of anemia. Insufficient supply of oxygen to tissues prevents their effective functioning and can lead to fatigue, which interferes with daily activities. By means of medication to help cope with this side effect of chemotherapy is epoetin alfa (Procrit ®, Epogen ®). This drug stimulates the division of bone marrow cells, thus accelerating the development and maturation of red blood cells. Accelerated renewal of red blood cells restores impaired energy metabolism. Epoetin alfa has properties similar to the natural substance erythropoietin, which is formed in the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow. It should be said that if the patient does not anemia, this tool does not help with fatigue. Moreover, even if anemia is not always the medicines can help. In addition to medical treatment is necessary and appropriate lifestyle changes. Use more time to rest. If you are running, try to reduce working hours as much as you need it - listen to your body. No matter how strange it seemed, but some exercises may also eliminate fatigue. It is recommended to delegate your duties. Do not shoulder the entire homework. If you have someone who can help - ask them about it. This may be your children, relatives, friends, maybe.	<urn:uuid:ca187edd-52ed-44a9-81cc-a1f2eabe9ffd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://eurodoctor.ucoz.com/blog/side_effects_of_the_hematopoietic_system/2012-02-16-676", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608726.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527001952-20170527021952-00038.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9488394260406494, "token_count": 549, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
Germiest Places at Schools According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22 million sick days are taken each year due to the common cold alone. With even more serious concerns over influenza, the microbiologists at NSF International wanted to conduct an experiment to find out where germs were most commonly found in local schools. Two Michigan elementary schools were selected to take part in this experiment. A range of bacterial samples was taken from a variety of surfaces that kids come in contact with every day at school. The goal of this experiment was to determine what educators and school cleaning crews need to be on the lookout for when protecting kids from germs. The following table summarizes the surfaces on which the most germs were found: \|Sample Location\|\|(Colony Forming Units / in sq)\| \|Water Fountain Spigot (classroom)\|\|2,700,000 CFU/in sq\| \|Water Fountain Spigot (cafeteria)\|\|62,000 CFU/in sq\| \|Plastic Reusable Cafeteria Tray\|\|33,800 CFU/in sq\| \|Faucet (cold water handle)\|\|32,000 CFU/in sq\| \|Faucet (hot water handle)\|\|18,000 CFU/in sq\| \|Cafeteria Plate\|\|15,800 CFU/in sq\| \|Keyboard (classroom)\|\|3,300 CFU/in sq\| \|Toilet Seat\|\|3,200 CFU/in sq\| \|Student's Hand\|\|1,200 CFU/in sq\| \|Animal Cage\|\|1,200 CFU/in sq\| Surprisingly, the study revealed that there were actually more germs found on an average classroom water fountain spigot than there were on a toilet seat. Although these findings are a snapshot in time at these particular schools, the results reveal that we need to be vigilant about sanitizing hard-to-reach areas in schools as well as those surfaces that people may forget to regularly clean and sanitize. Importance of Handwashing Since bacteria and viruses can live for more than two days on many surfaces, it’s important to protect yourself. And the best way is through proper and frequent handwashing. Proper handwashing involves thorough scrubbing of hands under warm water with soap for a full 20 seconds before rinsing and drying with a clean towel. To learn more about proper handwashing, visit the NSF Scrub Club website.	<urn:uuid:7a2916aa-b09a-425c-8f91-b028fae0fe2e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/studies-articles/germ-studies/germiest-places-schools", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860106452.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161506-00182-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9472384452819824, "token_count": 516, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
In a recent article for Science, researchers Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, Laura Radaelli, Vivek Kumar Singh, and Alex “Sandy” Pentland showed that the “anonymization” of personal data is not a guarantee of privacy for individuals. Before we discuss their study, let’s consider that it has been almost two decades of researchers telling us that anonymization, or “de-identification,” of private information has significant problems, and individuals can be re-identified and have their privacy breached. Latanya Sweeney has been researching the issue of de-anonymization or re-identification of data for years. (She has taught at Harvard and Carnegie Mellon and has been the chief technologist for the Federal Trade Commission.) In 1998, she explained how a former governor of Massachusetts had his full medical record re-identified by cross-referencing Census information with de-identified health data. Sweeney also found that, with birth date alone, 12 percent of a population of voters can be re-identified. With birth date and gender, that number increases to 29 percent, and with birth date and Zip code it increases to 69 percent. In 2000, Sweeney found that 87 percent of the U.S. population could be identified with birth date, gender and Zip code. She used 1990 Census data. In 2008, University of Texas researchers Arvind Narayanan and Vitaly Shmatikov were able to reidentify (pdf) individuals from a dataset that Netflix had released, data that the video-rental and -streaming service had said was anonymized. The researchers said, “Using the Internet Movie Database as the source of background knowledge, we successfully identified the Netflix records of known users, uncovering their apparent political preferences and other potentially sensitive information.” One of the most-publicized examples of reidentification of anonymized data occurred in 2006 with the publication of search records of 658,000 Americans by AOL demonstrated that the storage of a number as opposed to a name or address does not necessarily mean that search data cannot be linked back to an individual. Although the search logs released by AOL had been anonymized, identifying the user by only a number, New York Times reporters were quickly able to match some user numbers with the correct individuals. User No. 4417749 “conducted hundreds of searches over a three-month period on topics ranging from ‘numb fingers’ to ‘60 single men’ to ‘dog that urinates on everything.’” A short investigation led Times reporters to “Thelma Arnold, a 62-year-old widow who lives in Lilburn, Ga.” and has three dogs. In 2009, University of Colorado law professor Paul Ohm discussed “the surprising failure of anonymization,” and said, “Data can either be useful or perfectly anonymous but never both.” He cited Sweeney’s research, as well as the research of other academics. In 2011, Sweeney’s research reported on the dangers that can arise from the re-identification of anonymized medical data, and her advocacy of a “privacy-preserving marketplace” for data. And in 2013, she led a group that was able to re-identify a sample of anonymous participants in the Personal Genome Project, a DNA study. The group wrote: “We linked names and contact information to publicly available profiles in the Personal Genome Project. These profiles contain medical and genomic information, including details about medications, procedures and diseases, and demographic information, such as date of birth, gender, and postal code. By linking demographics to public records such as voter lists, and mining for names hidden in attached documents, we correctly identified 84 to 97 percent of the profiles for which we provided names.” Last year, Princeton’s Arvind Narayanan and Edward W. Felten published a paper, “No silver bullet: De-identification still doesn’t work” (pdf), concerning the continued privacy problems with deidentification of personal information. They were blunt in their assessment, stating: “The thrust of our arguments is that (i) there is no evidence that de-identification works either in theory or in practice and (ii) attempts to quantify its efficacy are unscientific and promote a false sense of security by assuming unrealistic, artificially constrained models of what an adversary might do.” And just a few months ago, researchers at Neustar Research have delved into the anonymized NYC taxicab dataset and were able to reidentify passengers and their destinations, including customers of strip clubs. What does all of this means? It means that we should not be surprised by the findings of the recent academic paper in Science, “Unique in the shopping mall: On the reidentifiability of credit card metadata” (Science html; archive pdf). The researchers studied “3 months of credit card records for 1.1 million people” and found that four publicly available “spatiotemporal points are enough to uniquely reidentify 90% of individuals.” They were able to identify the individuals even though “the data set was simply anonymized, which means that it did not contain any names, account numbers, or obvious identifiers. Each transaction was time-stamped with a resolution of 1 day and associated with one shop.” Companies and institutions continue to use anonymization or deidentification techniques and processes to release data. Yet we have seen time and again that these processes haven’t worked. Personal, private information is linked back to an individual, violating his or her privacy.	<urn:uuid:01853620-2f7b-4468-ac83-93242fa90f7d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "http://www.privacylives.com/privacy-problems-continue-with-anonymization-of-data/2015/02/06/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00577.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9535496830940247, "token_count": 1182, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
Peak & Prairie October / November 1999 Earthlaw Gives Endangered Species in California a Reprieve by Nancy Butler EARTHLAW, Development Director I am pleased to report that we have achieved a victory that will help us protect the San Francisco Bay and Delta. We have forced the Fish and Wildlife Service to protect the Split Tail, a minnow that needs the freshwater of the Bay and Delta to survive. In addition, the judge buried one of FWS's most used excuses for failing to protect imperiled wildlife. To understand why this is important requires a bit of explanation. There are lots of things that make our job tough. In most of our cases, we are suing the government--EPA, the Fish and Wildlife Service, or the Forest Service. There's a good reason for this. The federal agencies that are supposed to protect our rivers, air, and forests--are often the very folks turning a blind eye to pollution, ignoring imperiled species, and selling off the trees. Sometimes the agencies are simply doing stupid things; more often politicians are hammering them, and they find it easier just to go along. The law expressly favors the government. Strange as it sounds, the law typically requires courts to accept even the most boneheaded actions of an agency. Unless the agency's action directly violates the law, or the action is "arbitrary or capricious," the agency wins. To make it even harder, the law generally requires the court to consider only the evidence submitted by the government. Now, always having the law on its side has not had a good impact on the government. Rather than focusing on following the law, many agencies have focused on concocting excuses about why they cannot comply with the law. One of the worst offenders is the Fish and Wildlife Service--the Endangered Species Act makes FWS responsible for protecting endangered species. For several years now, FWS has not wanted to list any new species despite the law. There's a reason for this. Although ignoring the law can jeopardize the survival of a species, protecting species against the whims of a politician can jeopardize the survival of a bureaucrat's career. FWS has put together two excuses for ignoring species in peril. FWS often tells the court that it cannot list any new endangered species, because there's no funding to do so. (FWS typically forgets to tell the Court the whole truth--that it has actually gone to Congress to ask for less funding to protect endangered species.) FWS also often tells courts that FWS has its own rules, and the agency is faithfully following them. What FWS doesn't tell the court is that those rules--which it jiggered up itself--often conflict with the Endangered Species Act which was passed by Congress and signed into law by the President. According to FWS, its rules are more important than the Endangered Species Act enacted by Congress. Fortunately, in our San Francisco Bay case, Judge Gonzales saw through these excuses and ordered FWS to follow the law. The FWS listed the Split Tail as threatened. She called FWS's excuses "noncognizable," which might be a nice way of saying "ridiculous." I am pleased that we dealt FWS a setback, but I am very pleased we protected the Split Tail. Pollution in the bay, urbanization of the Bay's shores and wetlands, and water diversions essentially wiped out the Split Tail. The best way to preserve the Split Tail is probably to preserve the Bay and the Delta and their associated wetlands. The converse is also true: the best way to preserve the Bay and the Delta may be to protect the Split Tail. Until we sued, the Army Corps of Engineers sometimes welcomed the arrival of Spring in California’s Sierra Mountains by drowning an endangered songbird, the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. I am pleased to report that our suit stopped this practice. The Corps killed the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher and occasionally its young by submerging the South Fork Wildlife Area, near Isabella Dam and Reservoir. With only 300-500 pairs of songbirds left on Earth, this Wildlife Area is crucial for them to breed, build their nests, and raise their young. The Corps filled the reservoir for several weeks in the Spring. If the Corps filled the reservoir after the young Flycatchers hatched, it would drown them and reduce the number of a species already nearing on the decline. Up until 1993, the flooding was sad but not devastating. The Corps flooded the Wildlife Area only occasionally and only seldomly after the Flycatchers had nested. In 1993, to send more water to the palm trees, fountains, and swimming pools of California's urban areas, the Corps started flooding the Wildlife Area every year. They also started leaving it submerged longer and longer. Biologists from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service concluded that these new annual floods jeopardized the continued existence of the Flycatcher. Willows can survive an occasional flood, but they cannot live where they are underwater for the better part of every year. And routinely drowning endangered species does not help their survival. The Fish and Wildlife Service biologists proposed a solution--stop flooding the Flycatcher's habitat for two years and buy replacement land nearby. To get the Service off of its back, the Corps promised to buy the needed land, but refused to stop the flooding. The Corps never bought any land and continued its annual flooding and drowning. We sued under the Endangered Species Act to protect the Flycatcher and stop the Corps. The court found that the Corp had acted illegally and ordered them to stop the flooding. We are pleased that, as a result of our lawsuit, the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher can finally nest in peace. To contact Nancy Butler, write to the University of Denver-Forbes House, 1714 Poplar Street, Denver, CO 80220-1878, or call (303) 871-6039, or email October 1999 Online Newsletter - Peak & Prairie Home Page - Rocky Mountain Chapter Home Page	<urn:uuid:1aa132eb-1a47-4d05-b019-72f65b604df6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://rmc.sierraclub.org/pandp/1999-10/p06-01.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008105.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00222-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9576352834701538, "token_count": 1248, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Horses are highly susceptible to a wide variety of respiratory conditions. These can be bacterial, viral or mechanical in nature, or they may be caused by allergies. Some are temporary; others are chronic. Some are serious while others are less serious. Upper airway problems are usually mechanical while infection usually causes disorders of the lower airways. Here are a few of the common respiratory problems that might affect your horse. Equine Influenza (Flu) Equine influenza, otherwise known as the flu, affects both the lower and upper respiratory tracts of your horse. It’s very common and extremely infectious. Symptoms include hacking cough, fever, tender lymph nodes, colorless discharge from the eyes or nostrils, depression and loss of appetite. Your horse can be contagious for up to 10 days. The virus spreads though tiny particles that are released when a horse coughs. Traveling horses are at higher risk, because they’re constantly exposed to new horses. Your equine veterinarian will probably prescribe rest and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) if a high fever accompanies the flu. Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves) This condition has a lot of names. It was formerly called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but is now known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) to differentiate it from COPD in humans. Its informal names are “heaves” and “broken wind.” Whatever you call it, moldy, dusty feeds contribute to this episodic disease. Confinement in a stable, poor ventilation and pollen can also trigger RAO. Symptoms include nasal discharge, depression, inability to exercise, heightened abdominal movement, quick and labored breathing and chronic coughing. Treatment requires changing your horse’s environment and diet. Your vet may also prescribe medicine. Guttural Pouch Problems Your horse’s guttural pouches — air chambers in the back of its neck — are prone to a few respiratory problems. The main symptom of guttural pouch empyema, a streptococcus infection, is thick yellowish-white nasal discharge. Treatments consist of flushing the pouches and administering antibiotics. Foals can get guttural pouch tympany. Affected foals have bulging, chipmunk-like cheeks. The swelling can partially obstruct the foal’s upper airway. This is a mechanical problem of the guttural pouch, which requires surgery. A fungal infection causes guttural pouch mycosis. This condition correlates with immune-suppressed horses and those using antibiotics for long periods of time. This one-sided paralysis of the larynx causes a roaring noise. Airflow in the upper airway may be severely restricted, causing your horse to tire easily during exercise. Your vet may suggest one of several surgical options, depending on the severity of the laryngeal hemiplegia. The epiglottis is a loose flap of cartilage by the root of the tongue. When your horse swallows, the epiglottis covers its windpipe. But if the epiglottis slips, it can become trapped and unable to move when swallowing. Thus, it is unavailable to protect the windpipe. Symptoms include poor performance, noisy breathing and coughing while exercising. Displaced Soft Palate The horse’s soft palate is designed to stay flat on the pharynx floor, under the epiglottis, except when your horse swallows. However, it can occasionally flip over the epiglottis and partially block the horse’s nasal passages. Bronchitis and Pneumonia A bacterial or viral infection causes bronchitis. Symptoms include phlegm, coughing, depression, lost appetite, difficult and / or noisy breathing and fever. Insufficiently treated, bronchitis can progress to pneumonia, a much more serious condition. Symptoms of pneumonia include exhaustion, weakness, shivering, sweating and increased respiratory and heart rate. Blood tests will reveal an abnormally high level of white blood cells. Your equine veterinarian will assess the case and decide on the right type of antibiotics and other medications. Minor drainage surgery may be necessary. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) Racehorses and other hard-charging horses are very susceptible to EIPH. With this condition, blood enters the horse’s airways. This is even more apparent in a small percentage of horses, who experience epistaxis, or bleeding from the nostrils. An equine veterinarian can diagnose EIPH via a post-exercise endoscopic exam. Horse owners have tried many treatments, including steroids, bronchodilators, rest, diuretics, nasal strips and omega-3 fatty acids. Results vary. If your horse has nasal discharge, labored breathing, fever or other signs of possible respiratory trouble, call our office today. We can help devise the best course of treatment.	<urn:uuid:93f68630-9561-46bf-956b-587b9962baff>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "https://milfordanimalhospital.net/community-content/general/415903-respiratory-conditions", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736057.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810145103-20200810175103-00164.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9045273065567017, "token_count": 1038, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
Political scientists have been deeply interested in whether or not models can be constructed to predict presidential nomination contest outcomes, particularly using polls and other data points from the period before actual voting. Such a valid model might give credence to the idea that the “critical period of the campaign occurs prior to rather than during the primaries,” as DePaul University professor Wayne P. Steger writes. This would suggest the true power of the “invisible primary” period — and demonstrate that primary voters do not matter very much. Steger’s 2009 study published in Presidential Studies Quarterly, “How Did the Primary Vote Forecasts Fare in 2008?” scrutinizes the methodology of leading political science prediction models and ultimately concludes that new dynamics — particularly with the rise of digital technology — are emerging that must be accounted for. The traditional models take data from late December a year or so before the general election, or the January of the election year; they attempt to demonstrate that, indeed, there is an informal but powerful pre-primary contest that winnows out candidates without sufficient media coverage, money, endorsements from party elites, and a baseline of public support as demonstrated in polling results. The study’s findings include: - The variables outlined above — poll ratings, money, media coverage, elite endorsements — can forecast primary outcomes with some accuracy when there is a clear front-runner; however, they are less adept at predicting outcomes between candidates who are more equally matched. - Moreover, momentum is not sufficiently accounted for in the forecast models, and the “Iowa and New Hampshire contests can have massive effects on the selection of the eventual nominee.” The pre-primary polling, of course, misses the momentum a candidate — such as Gary Hart in 1984 or John McCain in 2008 — gains upon winning one of these early contests. - Models developed to explain elections from 1980 to 2000 are becoming outdated because of deep changes in the system. Indeed, the 2004 and 2008 presidential nominating processes “suggest that the underlying dynamics of presidential nominations campaigns that held sway during the 1980s and 1990s are giving way to something else.” While nominating rules play a role in outcomes, the biggest game-changer is the Internet, which allows operatives to generate grassroots support, organize supporters and raise funds from smaller donors. - In addition, the 2008 Democratic nomination contest, in which superdelegates played a decisive role, suggests that the role of party rules needs to be reexamined and perhaps elevated in importance for forecast models. The study concludes that in this new era of Internet-powered political organizing, “front-loading does not necessarily undermine democratic choice in later primaries [and] it suggests a transfer of influence from party insiders and fund-raising networks to massive numbers of party activists.” Tags: elections, polls, presidential primary, Iowa/New Hampshire	<urn:uuid:8e9609ba-7b3c-4012-808c-84c4ec018c54>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://journalistsresource.org/politics-and-government/primary-vote-forecasts-2008/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337322.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002115028-20221002145028-00787.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9481868147850037, "token_count": 586, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
The vast majority of fabricators are not typically concerned with heat input. For the most part this is OK. But when you are welding on materials whose microstructure can be significantly affected by welding procedures it is important to know about heat input. The reason why heat input is critical in certain applications is because it has a huge bearing on the cooling rate. Typically, faster cooling rates are detrimental to a weldment because they cause embrittlement in the heat affected zone. An example of this is when dealing with materials susceptible to hydrogen-induced cracking in which adequate heat input is critical. So how do we calculate heat input. It may be a lot easier than you think. If your welding machine has digital or analog meters you are all set. Simply take the reading of amperage and voltage while welding and divide it by the travel speed to get your heat input in joules per inch. The formula is as follows: Heat Input = (60 x Amps x Volts) / (1,000 x Travel Speed in in/min) = KJ/in The 60 and the 1,000 are there to turn the final answers into Kilojoules per inch. Example 1: You are welding at 500 inches per minute and 29 volts. Your weld is 25 inches long and it takes the welder 2 minutes to weld it. While he is welding, you notice the machine is displaying an amperage of 325. What is your heat input? Before calculating heat input you need to determine your travel speed. Travel Speed = Length of Weld / Time to weld = 25 inches / 2 minutes = 12.5 inches per minute Heat Input = [(60 sec/min) x (325 amps) x (29 volts)] / [(1,000 joules/kilojoule) x (12.5 inches/minute)] = 45.24 KJ/in Example 2: Your heat input at 45.24 is too high, but you also notice your weld is oversized. Instead of lowering your amperage and voltage you decide to travel faster. You now complete the same weld in 90 seconds at the exact same parameters. What is your heat input now? Travel Speed = 25 inches / 1.5 minutes = 16.7 inches/minute Heat Input = [(60 sec/min) x (325 amps) x (29 volts)] / [(1,000 joules/kilojoule) x (16.7 inches/minute)] = 33.86 KJ/in As you can see your heat input dropped by almost 25% simply by traveling faster. Overwelding is a very common problem. Before reducing your amperage and voltage to get lower heat input, see if you can travel faster and deposit a smaller weld. The use of waveforms in welding is all over the world now. Running pulse programs or even some of the fancier, more advanced, waveforms such as Rapid Arc® from Lincoln Electric or Accu Pulse® from Miller Electric, is common practice. So how do you calculate heat input when you are pulsing and your amperage is all over the place (fluctuating between a peak and a background current)? Some welding machines will give you an actual value for either total energy for a weld, or instantaneous energy (energy at any given time). You then would have to do some quick math to get your heat input. Example 3: You are using a special waveform on a Lincoln Electric Power Wave S500 power source. The readout on the display says that the total energy for your 25 inch weld was 459 KJ. What is your heat input in KJ/in? In this case you don’t need to worry about your travel speed (at least for the heat input calculation). Heat Input = Total energy / length of weld = 459KJ / 25 inches = 18.36 KJ/in. So what do you do if you are pulse welding but your welder does not give you total energy? Some welders will display average amperage as you are welding. In this case simply take that amperage and follow the formula on example 1 and 2. If the meter varies between peak and background amperage you will have to look at the highest and lowest reading and take an average. Keep in mind that this may not yield an accurate result, but it will get you close. If your machine does not have meters you may need to use Fluke Meter or other voltage/amperage meter to take readings or simply use a different machine. Effect of Heat Input on Residual Stress in Submerged Arc Welds – R.K. Saxena The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding, 14th Edition New Code Requirements for Calculating Heat Input- The Welding Journal, June 201o – Theresa Melfi Are you in charge of performing welding procedures and welder qualifications? Are you working with AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code – Steel? Are you taking advantage of prequalified welding procedures? “Qualifying Welding Procedures, Welders and Welding Operators” is a guide developed to help you perform your own qualifications in full compliance to AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code. Please note: I reserve the right to delete comments that are offensive or off-topic.	<urn:uuid:3edba878-666c-4c4e-8d1d-d8a0051a98c6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://weldinganswers.com/how-to-calculate-heat-input/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00729.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8983209133148193, "token_count": 1107, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
Article by Kaniz F. Shah \|English Name:\|\|sesame seed\| \|Effect / Energy:\|\|warming\| \|Extraction method:\|\|from seed\| \|Oil blends with:\| Sesame oil is extracted from the edible seeds of the tropical flowering plant, sesamum. The use of sesame seed and oil as food and natural medicine dates back to 1600 BC. The oil varies in color depending upon the seed and distillation process. Cold pressed oil is lighter in color and the hot pressed oil is dark in color. The oil is extracted from the flower, sesamum, while the seeds on the pod are edible. Sesame seed oil is a good source of vitamin E, A and B complex, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc and protein. Sesame Oil Benefits for Hair: Sesame is one of the best herbs for hair treatment! It is highly nourishing, healing and lubricating. The vitamins, minerals and protein strengthen and nourish the hair down to the root. Following are the benefits of the oil: Hair Color:It darkens and improves the color of your hair, thus preventing premature greying. Increases Scalp Circulation:This carrier oil penetrates deeply into the scalp to strengthen the hair shaft and roots and stimulates hair growth. Natural Sunscreen:Sesame oil is a natural sunscreen that protects your hair from ultraviolet rays. It forms a protective coat around the hair protecting it against the harmful rays and also saves it from the damaging effects of pollution. Prevents Head Lice:Sesame oil is antibacterial and applying it on the scalp helps to keep both fungal and bacterial infections out, including head lice. Soothing & Tranquilizing Properties:Harsh heat can be damaging to the hair follicles. Sesame oil acts as a coolant working from within and nourishing the scalp in and out. Sesame oil locks moisture within, thus preventing dryness. Conditions the Hair and Scalp:Massaging helps control dryness and flakiness, thus preventing hair loss. It will moisturize dry damaged and chemically treated hair. It penetrates deeply to nourish the hair. It will also improve the texture and physical condition of the scalp by reducing dryness, tightness and itchiness. Reduces split ends:It prevents breakage and brittle hair that can lead to excessive hair fall. Try using this oil with olive oil or almond oil to reap maximum benefits for the hair. Skin Benefits of Sesame Oil: Natural Sunscreen:Vitamin E contained in sesame oil acts as excellent antioxidant thus it is useful as natural sunscreen lotion. Free radicals and oxidation that come with sun exposure can damage your skin. Moisturizes the Skin:Sesame oil contains linoleic acids, stearic acids, and palmitic acids and can act as both moisturizer and emollient for the skin. Sesame oil can be added to your bath water to help prevent dry and rough skin around the elbows, knees, etc. Slows Aging of the Skin:The oil has an antioxidant called sesamol, which effectively prevents the appearances of wrinkles and fine lines. Removes Toxins:Sesame oil removes dangerous toxins from the skin due to pollution, the environment and digestive substances. Apply a small amount of the warmed oil to your skin for 15 minutes. Wash with warm water (no soap). Pat dry. Repairs Damaged Cells and Improves Circulation:Although sesame oil is fairly thick, it has a high viscosity, which allows it to seep down into your pores when you massage it into the skin. It is often used as a carrier oil and a base oil along with other essential oils. When used for massage therapy, sesame oil helps to repair damaged skin cells and improve blood circulation. Reduces Antibacterial Infections:Sesame oil can help prevent bacterial infections as it has anti-inflammatory properties. Healing for the skin:Because the oil is high in antioxidants, it can speed wound healing. These antibacterial properties have also proven effective for some who suffer from skin ailments, such as eczema or psoriasis. Reduces Blemishes:Sesame seed oil has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-fungal properties which are helpful in reducing pimples and preventing the development of blackheads. Apply sesame oil to problem areas at night and wash off the next morning. It can also be used as a cleanser for the skin. WARNING:This article is for informational purpose only. Sesame oil is not a treatment for any disease or condition. It is generally safe when used on the skin or hair, but to ensure safety, it is best to do an allergy test. Consult your doctor before using for medical purposes. - Book “Herbal Encyclopedia"	<urn:uuid:d63c15df-bc3f-47f6-aa36-ca4b21910b5f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://silknstone.com/sesame", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650685.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324132337-20180324152337-00184.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9084988832473755, "token_count": 1011, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Haryana is one of the fastest developing areas of India, with an already established reputation for giving home to the finest schools in the entire country – a fact acknowledged and supported by state institutions such as DSE Haryana, the Directorate for School Education and other official bodies as well. Though Haryana is mainly an agricultural area and a region driving its revenue from tourism, education has always had its important place in this mythical land. The state has given numerous great people to the country and while their achievement have been are the results of individual excellence, their education has also played a major role in their success. The Education System in Haryana and DSE Haryana Guidelines and Policies The main feature that distinguishes Haryana education from schooling in other states – maybe even schooling in most other countries in the world – is the embracement of flexibility. The education system is semester-based and the evaluation is based on a relative grading scale, meaning that students are evaluated based on their own individual development and not based on a general evaluation framework. Haryana is one of the first states to have introduced semesters to give students, teachers and parents alike more sense of achievement, success and freedom when relating to education as a process. A major initiative promoted by DSE Haryana and a feature that sets Haryana schools apart is relative grading. Class participation and co-curricular activities are also to be factored in when the final grade is being calculated, unit test and external examinations being no longer the single criteria of student evaluation. Relative grading no longer uses the terminology of previously used grading practices. Outstanding, Excellent, Very Good, Good and Fair are the evaluation terms given to the best students, but as motivation can be kept up only in an understanding environment, the worst term used in student evaluation is NPE – Needs Proficiency Enhancement. Flexibility, education quality and an increased attention to the needs of the student are not only randomly applied – they are formulated in official DSE Haryana policies as well. The institution has distinct and elaborate guidelines for several areas of education, such as learning excursions, the safety measures to be implemented inside the school premises and many other aspects. In Haryana you can find public and private schooling institutions alike, the two types not being distinguishable in terms of education quality, differing only in their general grasp on the purpose and role of education, not in terms of excellence. Numerous public schools in the state, both the ones that offer education at pre-nursery to fifth grade levels and those that educate kids at higher levels are ISO certified, proving that Indian public education is highly competitive, not only at national levels, but at international and world-class levels as well, while private schools or the institutions run by local non-profit organizations work by similarly high standards, too. While some schools focus on performance, other are more committed to creating a more learner-friendly environment and to adapting a more holistic approach towards learning as such. Some institutions provide a more knowledge and information-based education, while others offer a different definition of success to their students, focusing more on personal and inner development from pre-elementary schooling all the way up to graduation. Another very important mission embraced by the schools in Haryana is to give every child equal opportunities, to spread education even to the remotest corner of the state, with equally high standards. Many of the local schools participate in international programs that allow children to broaden their range of interests and their knowledge even further. Local schools make it their mission to involve students in as many extra-curricular activities as possible and DSE Haryana offers help and support with all these efforts. Participation in the National School Games, the organization of sports tournaments at block, district and state levels are all aided and facilitated by DSE Haryana, a healthy competitive attitude being a mindset highly valued and promoted by Haryana schools and educational institutions alike. Haryana education is outstanding at all levels. The flexible, helpful attitude of government institutions such as DSE Haryana and other Haryana govt. bodies create an environment that brings out the best in any child, transforming local schools into special workshops that prepare the kids for life. Visit the Directorate for School Education for more information.	<urn:uuid:66f646cd-5ea6-4744-b42f-0cf40a5086db>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://www.hry.in/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746847.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120231755-20181121013755-00291.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9663461446762085, "token_count": 879, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
Richard Axel of the Columbia University Medical Center has won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Linda B. Buck of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for clarifying how the olfactory system works. Buck was a researcher at Columbia when she and Axel jointly published the fundamental paper on the subject in 1991. The sense of smell has remained the most enigmatic of the senses. The work of Axel and Buck has provided understanding about how the nose is able to distinguish more than 10,000 smells. The researchers discovered a gene pool of more than 1,000 different genes that encode olfactory receptors in the nose. This is believed to be the largest gene family in the human genome. "I'm deeply honored and very pleased," Axel said. "This honor represents the long efforts of the many faculty, students and fellows who have worked within our laboratories at Columbia University Medical Center. I have received enormous support over the years beginning with the scholarship I received to attend Columbia College. I have to also thank the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute that allowed the performance of truly novel experiments by our research team." Dr. Richard Axel is University Professor, Columbia University; Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center; Investigator, Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University; and Member of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Medical Center. He has been at Columbia University Medical Center his entire career, and was an undergraduate at Columbia College. Axel and Buck join a group of 70 other notable Columbians whose work has been recognized by the Nobel Foundation, including 19 in the category of physiology or medicine. "Columbia University is honored that our esteemed faculty member, Richard Axel, has received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering studies clarifying how our sense of smell works," said Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger. "Dr. Axel's groundbreaking research solves the puzzle of how we translate the sensations around us into knowledge that is key for our survival and quality of life." Gerald D. Fischbach, executive vice president of Columbia University Medical Center, said, "Dr. Axel's work is among the most important discoveries of the past 50 years, providing insights regarding how individuals perceive their external environment. He has been an enormously important influence for all the sciences here at Columbia University, the Medical Center and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. His wide range of interests and enormous skills in molecular biology have influenced faculty throughout the University." David Hirsh, executive vice president for research at Columbia University, said, "We congratulate Richard and Linda for their profoundly important discovery, and for the way in which they achieved it. Their experiments represent the highest form of creativity, scientific discipline and scholarship. This is science at its most beautiful." The sense of smell is possible because neurons directly connect the brain to the outside world. In the nose, receptors on the neurons pick up odors from the environment and send that information directly to the olfactory bulb, the first relay station in the brain. Axel and Buck determined how neurons converge in the olfactory bulb, which gave them further insights into how smell is processed in the brain. Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances, so the olfactory receptor cells are highly specialized for a few odors. Most odors are composed of multiple odorant molecules, and each odorant molecule activates several odorant receptors, leading to a combined odorant pattern, which allows us to recognize and form memories of approximately 10,000 different odors. The combination of odorant receptors activated when we smell a rose tells us that it smells nice and is different from the combination of receptors activated by rotting fish. The sense of smell also is essential to the survival of most species, which use their olfactory systems to identify food, smell predators and observe and interpret their environments. In humans, smells warn us if food has gone bad and can be powerful enough to trigger distinct memories years later.	<urn:uuid:104b5873-1f9f-42d5-8328-924b2df6706b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/10/nobel_laureate.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00256-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9501863718032837, "token_count": 833, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
As we pass the week of midterms at GMHS, you may have been hoping for a better grade on some of your exams. This article may help give your grades for future tests and final exams a little boost, as it will suggest tips you have never used before, or may help you bring your current strategies to the next level. Whether you are a freshman or an experienced upperclassman, it is always helpful to learn new last-minute study tricks or try out some entirely different strategies. 1. Manage your time effectively. Different tests, quizzes and homework assignments are all assigned for different periods throughout your week. For this reason, it is necessary to manage your time well while studying. Work on reviewing material for your soonest test first, and continue reviewing your next subjects about two or three days before the test occurs. Don’t spend time studying for your last test of the week the night before your first quiz or test. Take one thing at a time to ensure your materials stay organized and you don’t become confused with material from a myriad of different subjects. 2. Use many different study strategies. There are many different methods to review material before upcoming assessments. They may include online review programs such as Quizlet or Duolingo, homemade flashcards (my personal favorite), creating mock tests, studying with friends, creating audio recordings, reviewing old tests and quizzes, and lots more. However, it is important to use all of these strategies for your different subjects. For example, using mainly homemade flashcards to study is a great technique, but using only flashcards means you learn the material just one way and can easily get material from multiple subjects confused. Instead, utilize flashcards for your main units and also try recopying class notes or using a technology tool like Quizlet. This ensures internalizing the information you are reviewing in many different ways, making it easier to recall it at the time of your test. 3. Stay organized. Keeping track of study materials ensures that you will not become overwhelmed or confused during your studying process. Because you will often have multiple tests to study for in a given week, use one folder per class and fill it with all of the materials you will use to study for each test (teacher’s review, past tests and quizzes, flashcards, etc.) Keeping the materials for each assessment separate helps to organize the information in your mind and study more effectively. Only keep what is necessary for you to review the concepts from each unit. Having too much material for review is a lot for your brain to keep track of. An effective study strategy for you in this situation may be putting all the key concepts into one place. 4. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Asking clarifying questions is the key to success on your different assessments. Doing further research on certain topics and asking your teacher and other classmates about specific material, ensures that you do not misunderstand topics or ideas when studying. The different ways of explaining concepts may further your understanding. Never be afraid to ask questions if you are confused on something; after all, that is what teachers are there for. 5. Take care of yourself. High school is an extremely stressful time for students. As the year continues, your academic pressure grows, and so does the importance of taking care of yourself. Lack of sleep or healthy food and water may compromise your test grades, no matter how much studying you have done. Although it is important to study for large amounts of time, make sure you take breaks and try to get at least seven hours of sleep every night. With so much material to cover, it is easy to forget basic things like staying hydrated. Set goals for yourself, such as drinking at least two bottles of water everyday. Make sure to eat full meals (especially breakfast), and avoid unhealthy snacking. Your academic success is extremely important but it never tops your health. 6. Good luck! Camden Robertson is a GMHS student intern at the Drummer.	<urn:uuid:78e61314-37a4-4a3e-b5e1-9178cd239ced>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://granbydrummer.com/2018/04/helpful-study-tips-for-students/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589029.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716002413-20180716022413-00219.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9460347890853882, "token_count": 818, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
\|1. Fayette County was already struggling. Now the pandemic could break it \| Mark O’Keefe From the late 1890s until the early 1950s, Fayette County, which sits deep in the heart of southwestern Pennsylvania, was at the center of the nation’s coal and coke industries. Stretching from about 35 miles south of Pittsburgh to the West Virginia border, the county’s population grew from 55,842 people in 1880 to 188,104 by 1920. Its population peaked at 200,000, but with the coal and coke industries’ demise, people left the county in droves, and its economy never recovered. The county’s population dropped to an estimated 129,274 last year, declining 40,000 or almost 25 percent since 1960. The last time the county had so few people was somewhere around 1905. Meanwhile, the number of poor people in the county has risen over the years. According to the 2010 Census Bureau, the county was second to last among Pennsylvania’s 67 counties in per capita income, household median income, and family median income.	<urn:uuid:76f23467-c403-47f0-a1df-8d07bfbb5ae3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.penncapital-star.com/covid-19/fending-off-cabin-fever-five-for-the-weekend/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100056.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129041834-20231129071834-00870.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608373641967773, "token_count": 232, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
So here is a list of produce that grows here and when. Pretty much in the Darwin region, there are vegetable plants that will grow all year and ones just love our dryer cooler months only, like tomatoes and zucchinis and once the humidity builds they die off. The more wet loving plants, usually specialised to the humid tropics, such as snake gourd, snake bean, ceylon spinach ans so much more, will grow all year when watered, but will flourish in the wet and warm of October- April. Then there are the tree fruits, which may fruit sporadically throughout the year, or just once like Mangoes! I will slowly update this so that you can click on each produce word and it will open a fact sheet that looks like this. For 10 Great (and easy to grow) plant for the wet season and all year in a info sheet click this link- More Great wet season plants. I have made a simple sow and harvest calendar, it is an updated of the government one based on personal and community experience within Darwin..it is a rough outline that is a good start for now. For fact sheets click the below photos or word of the produce you want to find more about. Only the ones with words in blue have fact sheets at the moment- Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Non Tree Fruits and Beans Basils (Thai, Lemon, Sweet, Purple) Dry Season Plants Non Tree fruits and beans Snow peas Zucchini Honey dew melon Leaves and Herbs All Year Tree Fruits Banana (technically a herb) Chocolate Pudding fruit Peanut butter fruit Here are some fact sheets from City of Darwin Council on fruit trees found in Jingili community orchard- Also go to the right hand side tabs of the home page and click “Local Produce Picks” For now have a look at these NT Gov fact sheets, they may be helpful	<urn:uuid:a08381b3-cc6f-4649-bf99-edb0ddbcfcea>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://tasteofthetopend.com/our-tropical-food/seasonal-produce-of-our-tropical-home/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057524.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924110455-20210924140455-00494.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.805420994758606, "token_count": 415, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
[en] The biomineralization of otoliths results mainly from the release of soluble Ca(2+), which is in turn precipitated as CaCO(3) crystals. In some Carapidae, sagittae sections have been shown to reveal a three-dimensional asymmetry with a nucleus close to the sulcal side, an unusual position. This study seeks to understand otolith formation in Carapus boraborensis. The unusual shape of the otolith is partly explained by the distribution of the epithelium cells, and particularly the sensory epithelium. Experimental evidence shows for the first time that aragonite growth takes place along the c-axis. These aragonite needles present two different habits. On the sulcal side is found the acicular form resulting from rapid growth during a short period of time. On the anti-sulcal side, the prismatic form seen there is due to a slower growth speed over longer periods. The otolith surface was observed each hour during a period of 24h in fishes reared in similar conditions. This allowed for the first time the direct observation on the otolith surface of the deposition of the two layers (L-zone and D-zone). In C. boraborensis, the organic-rich layer (D-zone) develops during the day, whereas the CaCO(3) layer (L-zone) seems to be deposited during the night. Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Communauté française de Belgique) - F.R.S.-FNRS	<urn:uuid:81b1408f-0c1a-432f-a290-8e09b29b11a2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/14701", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660898.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00077-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9097530841827393, "token_count": 328, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
A state of happiness is something that we all seek, and it can prove elusive in our busy, stressful modern lives. Happiness means different things to different people. It isn't just about pure hedonic pleasures found in acquiring material wealth or out-performing our peers in the workplace or university. Happiness is a spiritual state of mind, and happy people often have a closer relationship with God. Happiness isn't quite the same as joy, although it shares some common traits. When we consider happiness as an emotional state across a spectrum of feelings, a definition of happiness can also describe a feeling of general contentment and gladness while having a sense of purpose. Many philosophers and theologians (from St Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, to St Augustine) have considered the difference between joy and happiness. Many have asked whether the search for happiness is part of our overall search for meaning in our lives. There are various definitions of happiness. St Thomas Aquinas spoke about achieving "blessed happiness." This was equivalent to the notion of Greek eudaimonia, which means to flourish. This notion of blessedness is seen as a vision of our journey to the next life. Aquinas also said that the pursuit of happiness, which is based solely on reason and thought, will only produce limited versions of happiness. He instead tells us that true happiness comes from drawing closer to God and performing virtuous acts of kindness and forgiveness. Aquinas also says that positive emotions can be experienced by practicing faith, hope, and charity in our daily lives. Aristotle also regarded the development of virtue as an essential element in the pursuit of happiness. He says that, without virtue, the best we can hope to achieve is merely contentment or general life satisfaction. St Augustine teaches us that happiness on Earth is impossible, and instead, we should anticipate happiness in the afterlife. Happiness on Earth can be found in virtuous acts. Even Scripture tells us to “Trust in the Lord, and do good; dwell in the land and befriend faithfulness. Delight yourself in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart.” (Psalm 37:3-4) In positive psychology, happiness and life satisfaction may include a feeling of well-being and healthy self-esteem. Happy people may also experience intense joy or ecstasy in the short term, particularly if they suddenly experience good fortune in their career or personal life. In her book The How of Happiness, Sonia Lyubomirsky (author and Ph.D.) tried to develop a formula for human happiness. Her book says that 10% of our lives are affected by external factors and circumstances beyond our control, which can affect our levels of happiness. The strategies in her book are focused on performing acts of virtue and pursuing activities that are truly engaging and create a “flow” state. She also recommends a number of virtuous strategies, such as learning to forgive, practicing acts of daily kindness, and taking time to appreciate the simple joys in your daily life. Her book also tells us to practice gratitude, which is an ongoing theme in the science of happiness. Pastor Greg Laurie tells us that we need to let “God’s thoughts be our thoughts,” and his message focuses upon the healing power of forgiveness as a means to authentic happiness. In his podcast, he says you can only find real and lasting happiness when you have a genuine relationship with God. We can experience a feeling of contentment and calmness simply by managing our emotions better. Strategies like daily meditation can help us improve our skills in emotional self-regulation. Christians may consider a feeling of blessedness or contentment to be closely related to how aligned we are with God in a spiritual sense in our daily lives. We can do this through prayer and reflection. Human beings seek happiness only after their basic needs are met. So there’s a big difference between hedonic happiness, which is based on material wealth or success, and eudemonic happiness, which is about searching for meaning. This is acknowledged in the science of happiness and positive psychology. Our search for meaning might include having a sense of purpose and seeking to fulfill our purpose in life through personal growth. The path toward happiness starts with developing virtues and practicing gratitude daily. Several studies have identified the important role played by developing gratitude to our mental health. You can start developing gratitude by using these simple morning prayers to start your day. You have to take responsibility for your own happiness. This can start with prayer and reflection and seeking to become closer to God. Neuroscience also shows how our happiness levels can increase when we seek to help others in our daily lives. In positive psychology, a happy life can be linked with a feeling of subjective well-being. Our feelings of happiness may be derived from three areas: Everyone experiences a range of emotions on any given day. We can’t expect to be happy at all times. It's normal to feel grief, sadness, anger, or resentment at different times. Demonstrating gratitude for the blessings we've been given in our lives has been shown to increase our overall happiness. Making a daily gratitude list will always make you feel better by acknowledging all the blessings in your life. There are simple ways to practice gratitude daily, which will increase your general well-being. Philosophers have provided a definition of happiness, which includes two different elements: a state of mind or a feeling of general well-being. Happiness means more than simply experiencing life satisfaction or contentment in the short term. Others have considered happiness as part of our general search for meaning in life. Christians would equate our search for meaning in life to the closeness of our relationship with God. Theologians and philosophers like St Thomas Aquinas and St Augustine say that we cannot experience true happiness on Earth, but instead, we should seek imperfect happiness and blessings: This can be achieved by living a virtuous life and being grateful for what we have. When we abandon our search for personal happiness and instead seek to become closer to Jesus Christ, we're more likely to become happier ourselves (as a natural result of being more selfless). The key to your own happiness is to become closer to God and be grateful for all the blessings He has given us.	<urn:uuid:1e4eb048-16be-4807-a280-dea782f2b519>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.pray.com/articles/what-is-happiness", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126112341-20221126142341-00070.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595988392829895, "token_count": 1291, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology This student-friendly, accessible text provides students with a thorough introduction to the field of behavioral pharmacology and prepares them to analyze drug information from a variety of sources. The text describes impartially and scientifically the effects of drugs on behavior, and the various ways that behavior principles facilitate an understanding of both the actions of drugs and the way people use them. Reviews the basic principles and concepts of pharmacology, psychology, and neurophysiology. Uniform coverage of drug classes. Provides an historical background for each drug and explains each drug's effect from subjective, behavioral, and neurological perspectives. Introduces students to recent findings on withdrawal and abuse potential and describes the drug's harmful effects and methods of treatment. *Includes over 700 references to original research and review articles. 89 pages matching administration in this book Results 1-3 of 89 What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Primary Effects and Side Effects 31 other sections not shown Other editions - View all absorption abuse acid action potentials activity addiction administration alco amphetamine antidepressants antipsychotics arousal axons azepines barbiturates basal ganglia behavior benzodiazepines block blood levels brain caffeine cannabinoids cause cell body Chapter cigarettes cocaine coffee conditioned consumed cortex crease decrease depression developed diazepam digestive system disease dopamine drinkers drinking drug effects of alcohol enzyme excretion experiment fects functioning GABA given hallucinogens heroin high doses humans increase injection ion channels ionized known laboratory animals lever lipid-soluble liver marijuana membrane mesolimbic metabolism methadone methylxanthines molecules monkeys morphine motor nervous system neurons neurotransmitters nicotine nonhumans normal opiates opium orally overdose pentobarbital percent physical dependence placebo positive reinforcement rats receptor sites reported response resting potential result schedule self-administration sensitization shown similar sleep smoking stimulants studies subjective effects substance synapses therapeutic tion tive tobacco tolerance transmitter treatment users usually withdrawal symptoms	<urn:uuid:261ee25d-12a9-435d-a6ca-f4d9e9cd0b21>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=yLHuAAAAMAAJ&q=administration&dq=related:UOM39015049622619&lr=&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663247.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00240-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7971667051315308, "token_count": 408, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Argentina-Uruguay Environmental Border Dispute Before the World Court On May 4, 2006, Argentina instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against its neighbor Uruguay claiming that Uruguay has breached a bilateral treaty obligation to consult with Argentina before taking action on a pulp mill project affecting the River Uruguay, which partially constitutes the joint boundary of the two South American countries. The ICJ, which is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations primarily entrusted with settling legal disputes between sovereign states, consists of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. The Court has its seat at the Peace Palace in The Hague, The Netherlands. The dispute, which has severely strained relations between the two countries, relates to the construction of a paper mill project on the banks of the River Uruguay near Fray Bentos, a Uruguayan town with a population of some 23,000. The project is situated within 25 kilometers from the Argentine town of GualeguaychÃº, a popular tourist resort of some 80,000 residents on the Argentine side of the River Uruguay. The project consists of two greenfield eucalyptus Kraft pulp mills using Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) technology to produce air-dried pulp (ADP). ADP is the primary raw material for the production of paper and paper-related products. In contrast to the Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) bleaching process, ECF technology results in the emission of dioxins through the use of chlorine dioxide. The plants will produce a combined total of about 1.4 million tons of pulp annually. The project's total cost is estimated at $1.7 billion, representing the largest foreign investment in Uruguay's history and a key source for local employment in Uruguay. The project sponsors are Europe's largest pulp producers. The project is at an early stage of construction, having received the necessary permits from the Uruguayan authorities. If completed, it would be the world's biggest cellulose mill project. As early as January 2006, Argentina announced its intention to file proceedings against Uruguay before the ICJ amidst rising tensions between the two riparian states and demands from local residents and activists to halt the project. Argentina filed its Application after a bi-national technical commission set up in July 2005 to prepare a non-binding report on the environmental impact of the cellulose plants did not solve the dispute, and the presidents of the two countries failed to reach a friendly settlement in April 2006. In its Application, Argentina claims that Uruguay, by unilaterally authorizing the construction of the paper mills, has violated the Statute of the River Uruguay (the "River Uruguay Statute"), a treaty between Argentina and Uruguay that was concluded in 1975 to establish "the joint machinery necessary for the optimum and rational utilization of the River Uruguay." The Statute created an Administrative Commission for the River Uruguay (CARU), a body comprising an equal number of experts from both countries and forming the framework for regulating and coordinating bilateral issues affecting the River Uruguay, including the issues of water quality and pollution prevention. Argentina seeks reparation for the injury resulting from Uruguay's alleged failure to comply fully with the procedures prescribed by the River Uruguay Statute, including especially the Statute's prior notification and consultation procedure. Argentina maintains that Uruguay should not have pressed ahead with the project over Argentina's repeated protests. Argentina is concerned that toxic air and liquid emissions and the release of malodorous vapors from the two paper mills will damage the fragile ecosystem of the River Uruguay (including the local flora and fauna) and will be harmful to the health of over 300,000 local residents. Argentina also maintains that the mills will cause material damage in that they will have harmful effects on fisheries resources and the local Argentine economy (especially the tourism and fisheries industries and the employment and real estate markets). The key point of contention between the parties is whether or not the paper mills would comply with international norms regarding effluent emission from pulp mills. According to Uruguay, the available environmental studies into the cumulative impact of the mills in terms of atmospheric emissions and liquid effluents demonstrate that the impact will not be such as to meet the threshold for triggering the notification requirements involving CARU. Argentina has rejected the environmental impact assessment studies relied on by Uruguay, claiming that they are biased, overly optimistic, and incomplete (especially with regard to potential health and socio-economic effects and monitoring and remedial measures by the sponsors and the Uruguayan authorities). Argentina has pressed for additional information within the framework of CARU and has demanded a more comprehensive and independent (international) study regarding the potential environmental and other effects of the two paper mills. As the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, Argentina is relying on Article 60 of the River Uruguay Statute. Article 60 provides in particular: Any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Treaty [of April 7, 1961, concerning the Boundary Constituted by the River Uruguay] and the Statute which cannot be settled by direct negotiations may be submitted by either Party to the International Court of Justice. Argentina also has asked the ICJ to indicate provisional measures designed to ensure that Uruguay immediately suspend all authorizations for construction of the two paper mills and cooperate in good faith with Argentina in order to ensure the optimum utilization of the River Uruguay pending final judgment in the case. In order to grant such interim relief, the Court needs only to satisfy itself that prima facie jurisdiction exists in the case based on the existence of a dispute as to the interpretation or application of the River Uruguay Statute within the meaning of Article 60 of that treatyi.e., the Court must conclude that it does not manifestly lack jurisdiction. A party requesting provisional measures also must convince the Court that, unless interim relief were granted, there would be a risk of irremediable harm, or irreparable prejudice, to the rights that are the subject of the dispute in pending proceedings. In other words, the respective rights of either party must be in imminent danger and deserve to be protected. The element of urgency is key and results in the Court holding (limited) hearings on the request on a priority basis. The Court may dispense with hearings in cases of extreme urgency. Argentina's request for provisional measures is the first to be filed since January 2003. The ICJ was called upon to consider requests for provisional measures in 17 cases between 1946 (the year of its inaugural sitting) and 1994, about half of which were granted in one form or another. In the past decade, the Court has granted some form of interim relief in response to five out of a total of 18 requests. During that period, the only requests for provisional measures that were readily accepted by the ICJ were those submitted in three death-penalty-related cases against the United States in 1998-1999 and 2003. All the other requests, pertaining to cases of armed clashes and diplomatic crises, were either rejected or resulted in measures other than those requested (the Court enjoys broad discretion in the use of this instrument of injunctive relief). None of the precedents has involved a request to shut down an industrial project. In highly sensitive cases, provided the necessary conditions are fulfilled, the ICJ tends to adopt rather generic measures calling on both parties to prevent any action that might aggravate or extend a pending dispute. There have been press reports about complaints by Uruguay that its economy has been hurt badly due to Argentine protesters blocking key roads and bridges connecting Argentina and Uruguay, thereby slowing the flow of Argentine tourists to Uruguay's Atlantic Coast during the summer season and preventing crews from delivering construction supplies to the plants. President NÃ©stor Kirchner of Argentina led a border rally of protestors one day after his country filed its case before the ICJ. Uruguay might counter Argentina's request for provisional measures by submitting a request asking the ICJ to order Argentina to enforce its laws prohibiting the blocking of roads and bridges and to prevent any blockages pending the Court's final judgment in the case. In the past decade, the ICJ has taken between one and 49 days to rule on a request for provisional measures. While the ICJ has recently clarified that Orders indicating provisional measures are binding on the States parties to an ICJ case, such an Order does not preclude a subsequent finding that the Court lacks jurisdiction or that the Application (complaint) is inadmissible. Moreover, it is unclear what remedies a State party to an ICJ proceeding would have in the event that the other party does not comply with the Court's Order indicating provisional measures. While notice of provisional measures must be given to the UN Security Council pursuant to Article 41(2) of the ICJ Statute, an ICJ Order of provisional measures is not a "decision" or "judgment" as meant in Article 94 of the United Nations Charter. Pursuant to Article 94, a State that has received a favorable final judgment from the ICJ may have recourse to the Security Council if the other State fails to comply with the Court's judgment. The Security Council may then make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment, provided none of its five permanent members casts a veto. Such measures could include the imposition of economic sanctions or the use of military force, but the Security Council has never actually imposed mandatory sanctions to enforce an ICJ judgment. In other words, while provisional measures are binding, there is no formal process by which they may be enforced. But non-fulfillment of an Order indicating provisional measures ultimately may form the basis for a finding by the ICJ (in the final judgment) that the offending State has breached its obligation imposed by the Order. Breach of an international obligation entails a responsibility under international law to provide reparation (compensation) for any injury caused by the internationally wrongful act. As is usual in cases brought unilaterally by claimant states, Uruguay is likely to argue in the main case that the Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain Argentina's Application and/or that the Application is inadmissible, which arguments usually are dealt with by way of a separate phase of the proceedings involving at least two rounds of written pleadings and a full hearing resulting in a separate judgment concerning the Court's jurisdiction. In particular, Uruguay may be expected to argue that Argentina failed to exhaust all negotiations as required by Article 60. In apparent anticipation of such a defense, Argentina's Application points out that the bi-national technical commission that was set up in Spring 2005, and which met a dozen times between August 2005 and January 2006, failed to solve the dispute. Uruguay also could file one or more counterclaims as part of its Counter-Memorial, provided they fall within the Court's jurisdiction and are directly connected with Argentina's claim in the main case. Case law on transboundary pollution or environmental damage (the situation where a project is situated in one country but has environmental impacts across the border) has emerged from the decisions of a number of international courts and tribunals, including the ICJ. Under Article 38 of its Statute, the ICJ may take such decisions into account as subsidiary sources of international law. The ICJ set up a standing "Chamber for Environmental Matters" in July 1993, but no cases have as yet been submitted to it (recourse is voluntary). The Chamber consists of the ICJ president and vice-president and five judges who are elected every three years. The full text of the press communiquÃ© regarding this case (No. 2006/17) is available on the Court's Web site: <http://www.icj-cij.org>. Pieter H.F. Bekker, Ph.D., a member of the ASIL Executive Council, practices international law and arbitration at White & Case LLP in New York City. He formerly served as a staff lawyer in the ICJ Registry. He has written two books (Commentaries on World Court Decisions (1987-1996) (1998) and World Court Decisions at the Turn of the Millennium (1997-2001) (2002), both with Kluwer Law International) and numerous articles and notes on the ICJ. He co-chaired the 94th ASIL Annual Meeting (2000). He chairs the Committee on Intergovernmental Settlement of Disputes of the International Law Association's American Branch. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author. Estatutos del RÃo Uruguay (Statute of the River Uruguay), signed at Salto on Feb. 26, 1975, entered into force Sept. 18, 1976 (Art. 1). Argentina and Uruguay are not parties to the 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of Transnational Watercourses. See Shigeru Oda, Provisional Measures: The practice of the International Court of Justice, in: Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice, at 541 (V. Lowe & M. Fitzmaurice eds., 1996). Article 41(1) of the ICJ Statute states that the Court has the power "to indicate, if it considers that the circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party." For a brief overview of the ICJ's recent practice, see Pieter H.F. Bekker, Provisional Measures in the Recent Practice of the International Court of Justice, 7 International Law FORUM du droit international 24 (2005). See, e.g., The Economist, at 40 (March 18, 2006). LaGrand Case (Germany v. U.S.), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2001, p. 466 (June 27), 40 ILM 1069 (2001). LaGrand Case (Germany v. U.S.), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2001, p. 466, para. 128, 40 ILM 1069, 1102 (2001). International Law Commission, Articles on State Responsibility, arts. 1, 2, 31, U.N. General Assembly Res. 56/83, Annex (2001). E.g., an ad hoc arbitral tribunal established under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration held in decisions rendered in 1938 and 1941 that no State may use or permit the use of its territory so as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another State or to persons or property situated therein if the consequences are serious and the injury is established by clear and convincing evidence. See Trail Smelter Arbitration (U.S. v. Canada), 3 United Nations Reports of International Arbitral Awards 1905 (1941). The ICJ has made statements on international environmental law in a number of judgments and advisory opinions. See, most recently, GabcÃkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1997, p. 7 (Sept. 25), 37 ILM 162 (1998).	<urn:uuid:a105f527-a3d1-4e1a-a260-d92bfd190975>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/11/argentina-uruguay-environmental-border-dispute-world-court", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400190270.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919044311-20200919074311-00593.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940798282623291, "token_count": 3040, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3 }
A dreadful heritage: interpreting epidemic disease at Eyam, 1666-2000 AbstractEyam is an epicentre of Europe’s plague heritage. Every year, tens of thousands of people visit the Derbyshire village, drawn by stories of its catastrophic plague and the heroic response it elicited. The story they are told - of a self-imposed quarantine preventing disease spreading to the surrounding area - is an exemplary narrative of a selfless community under strong, positive leadership. But although the plague of Eyam in 1666 is one of the most famous outbreaks of epidemic disease in British history, the narrative is largely a fiction; produced not by doctors, but by poets, writers, and local historians. Eyam’s ongoing celebrity is indebted to a combination of literary effort and contemporary events. During the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a tradition was established, manipulated, and reshaped to fit changing literary and historical fashions. The construction of the Eyam plague story offers an unusually clear case study in the social and intellectual dynamics of the creation of heritage and history. This paper examines the process by which this narrative emerged and was repeatedly reconstructed over three centuries, and its subsequent transformation into a prominent part of English heritage. Through this close focus we can trace in some detail what Raphael Samuel called the “imaginative dislocations which take place when historical knowledge is transferred from one learning circuit to another.” Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large. Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History in its series Economic History Working Papers with number 22546. Length: 40 pages Date of creation: May 2005 Date of revision: Contact details of provider: Postal: LSE, Dept. of Economic History Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE, U.K. Phone: +44 (0) 20 7955 7084 Web page: http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/ More information through EDIRC Find related papers by JEL classification: - B1 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought through 1925 - I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health - O52 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe You can help add them by filling out this form. reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.Access and download statisticsgeneral information about how to correct material in RePEc. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Lucy Ayre on behalf of EH Dept.). If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.	<urn:uuid:c79cd109-0f57-4bf2-b480-1591e4d5e773>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/wpaper/22546.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830094.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00188-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8986930251121521, "token_count": 639, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
The SMC protein complex ensures the dynamics of holocentromers Monocentromers are typical of the chromosomes of most animals and plants. The centromere is necessary for the transport of chromosomes and represents the point of connection between chromatids. This is how the classic X-shape of the chromosome is formed. However, in about 350,000 species, including butterflies, nematodes, and some plants, centromeres are distributed throughout the length of the chromosome. For this reason, they are called holocentromers. A research team from the IPK Leibniz Institute has now used modeling to study how the centromere changes dynamically during cell division in these species. The results are now published in the journal Nucleic Acid Research. Holocentric plant species such as Cyperus papyrus were already of great importance to the ancient Egyptians. “This fiber factory was used to make one of the first papers at the time,” explains Professor Andreas Houben, head of the chromosome structure and function research group at the IPK Leibniz Institute. What all of these species have in common is an evolutionary advantage. If a piece of the chromosome breaks due to mutagenesis, the corresponding fragment is lost in monocentric species. “This does not happen in holocentric species, because there the centromere extends over the entire chromosome,” explains the IPK scientist. However, the research team now wanted to know how the cell division process takes place in these species. First, the fibers of the spindle attach to the centromere, then separate the two chromatids. “It works like a rubber band,” explains Professor Dr Andreas Houben. In what is called the interphase, the holocentromer breaks up and countless centromeric units are formed, which are evenly distributed throughout the cell nucleus. In the next mitosis, the chromosome condenses and the centromere units gradually form a linear centromere along the chromatids. Using modeling, IPK junior scientist Dr Amanda Câmara of the Domestication Genomics research group led by Dr Martin Mascher was able to prove that a protein complex called SMC plays a decisive role in this process. . “When the protein complex approaches a centromeric unit, it attaches to the chromatin thread,” explains Dr. Amanda Câmara. As a result, several loops are formed, the chromosome is thus condensed and a centromeric line is formed, which ultimately gives rise to the new holocentromer. “This makes the SMC complex quite essential for the dynamics of holocentromers. This possible function of SMC discovered through modeling was previously unknown,” explains the IPK scientist. In the next step, IPK researchers will try to experimentally confirm the results of the modeling. Unique centromere type found in European dodder Amanda Souza Câmara et al, A Simple Model Explains the Cell Cycle Dependent Assembly of Centromeric Nucleosomes in Holocentric Species, Nucleic Acid Research (2021). DOI: 10.1093 / nar / gkab648 Provided by the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Quote: SMC protein complex demonstrated to support holocentromeric dynamics (2021, August 6) retrieved August 6, 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2021-08-protein-complex-smc-shown-dynamics.html This document is subject to copyright. Other than fair use for private study or research purposes, no part may be reproduced without written permission. The content is provided for information only.	<urn:uuid:36346c6a-02a9-4829-91b9-f576b688acb8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://e-jemed.org/the-smc-protein-complex-ensures-the-dynamics-of-holocentromers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00431.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9058954119682312, "token_count": 774, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4 }
It’s a little known fact that us Brits wear just 70 per cent of the clothes that we have stored away in our wardrobes, which leaves us with a total of 1.7 billion unused items. On average, a consumer keeps their garments for three years, but even more shocking than this is the fact that something might be frequently worn in the first year, and then phased into the stockpile of unworn clothes later on. That is why the average British closet is so overstuffed: we don’t wear all of the clothes we own. The spending habits of the average person in the West have changed dramatically over the last hundred or so years when it comes to buying clothing. Between 2002 and 2003, for example, people in the US spent, on average, four per cent of their income on clothes, whereas back between the years of 1934 and 1946, clothing used up 12 per cent of people’s incomes. The current average expenditure per item in the USA is $14.60. Don’t go thinking that we are all consuming less though. On average, just one person in the UK will produce 70 Kg of textiles waste per year – that is a lot of clothing. Cheap, fast fashion means we are spending less yet buying more. This competition has ended, and the winners were Angela Evans and Sophie Jayne. Thanks to all who entered. Composting has great benefits for you and the Earth, including: dramatically cutting your household waste levels, lessening the amount of waste being sent to landfill, and creating a nourishing matter for your garden plants – saving you money, as you won’t need to buy any special products from the garden centre. Here at Forge Recycling we are keen to encourage UK residents to get composting, and because of this we are giving away not just one but TWO compost bins for your garden. Two lucky winners will have a Blackwall 330 litre black compost converter delivered to their gardens, courtesy of Forge. These bins are made from recycled plastic, and are guaranteed for 15 years, so you’ll have many years of composting ahead. Their dimensions are 100cm (H) x 80cm (W), and they require no assembly. Statistics tell us that adults in the UK are slowly but surely getting better at recycling – especially since the introduction of the fairly recent plastic bag charge, which has forced people to think about their actions – but what about our children? Waste and recycling is tackled by the National Curriculum in schools from Key Stage 1 now, but we all know that kids tend to learn some things better through example rather than simple spoken word. Meaning, if you don’t engage your child in recycling at home, they are less likely to be interested in it, or do it themselves when they are older. So, how can you get your child into recycling at home? Follow our tips below. Lead by example Children love to pretend to be adults, so if your little one sees you reusing and recycling at home (and when you are out and about) they are far more likely to want to do the same, and learn more about what it is you are doing. Pique their interest early on, and normalise your actions. Make recycling fun Help your child to learn about recycling in a fun way by setting up a home recycling centre, with different boxes for each type of recyclable. This will be a great game for a small child. Label each box, and let your child explore the world of recycling through learning about the different types and choosing which box to place each item in. Why not make up a song about recycling which you can sing when you’re doing this? Continue reading How to get kids into recycling	<urn:uuid:61577eae-2453-4103-9050-30d69667a72c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.forgerecycling.co.uk/blog/2016/01/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00114.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583571553230286, "token_count": 774, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
Friday, May 11, 2007 May 11: Chang and Eng Bunker (1811-1874) Asian history, Southern history, disability history--how about all three? On this date in 1811 (by tradition), conjoined twins Chang and Eng were born in the province of Samutsongkram, Siam (now Thailand), to ethnic Chinese parents. The boys' bodies were connected at the chest, by a band of cartilage that joined their sternums; they had two livers, but the organs were fused. When they were teenagers, a British merchant hired them from their mother for a world tour. They parted ways with their managers, after a few years, and took control of their own exhibition schedule. Thus (unlike many human attractions of the day) they made a fortune. They returned to the exhibition circuit whenever they needed more money quickly. Their billing, "The Siamese Twins," became a popular term for all conjoined twins. With their fortune, they bought a plantation (and slaves) in North Carolina, adopted the surname Bunker, and in 1843 married local sisters Adelaide and Sallie Yates. Over the next twenty years, Chang and Adelaide had ten children together; Eng and Sallie had eleven or twelve children together (sources vary). Their children were often included in publicity photos such as the image above; in part because they too were a "curiosity," in a time and place when Asian facial features were seldom seen, and in part because they were part of the men's display of "normality" and masculinity. Chang and Eng Bunker died a few hours apart in the winter of 1874, at the age of 63. The twins' tour routine included a medical examination in each town--in part as publicity, and in part to counter charges of fakery. So there's an extensive archival record of newspaper accounts and medical opinions on the men's bodies. There's also a small collection of their papers in the Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina...and a popular exhibit about Chang & Eng at the Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy NC (an unexpected juxtaposition, perhaps, but it's near the site of their homes, and they're buried in a churchyard nearby). Like many large Southern families, the descendants of the Bunkers now hold annual gatherings in Mount Airy. In 1999, a bronze monument to "In-Jan" (as they're known) was dedicated near their birthplace in Thailand. And in 2001, a bridge in Surry County NC was named the Eng and Chang Bunker Memorial Bridge in their honor--because it is a "twin bridge." Image above: A well-known c1865 portrait of the Bunkers, seated between their wives; two boys (Patrick and Albert) are seated at their fathers' feet. The photo was taken by Civil War photographer Mathew Brady. For further reading: Alice Domurat Dreger, One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal (Harvard University Press 2005). Alice Domurat Dreger, "Jarring Bodies: Thoughts on the Display of Unusual Anatomies," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43(2)(2000): 161-172. Margrit Shildrick, "Unreformed Bodies: Normative Anxieties and the Denial of Pleasure," Women's Studies 34(April-June 2005): 327-344. Allison Pingree, "America's 'United Siamese Brothers': Chang and Eng and Nineteenth Century Ideologies of Democracy and Domesticity," in J. J. Cohen, ed., Monster Theory, Reading Culture (Minnesota University Press 1996).	<urn:uuid:d780aab8-7aca-4c2f-af8d-174c9f72027e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://disstud.blogspot.com/2007/05/may-11-chang-and-eng-bunker-1811-1874.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447729.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00213-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9772952795028687, "token_count": 756, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
NATIVE LAND CLAIMS ALASKA REVIEW OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Vol. IV, No. 6 Published by the Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research University of Alaska Native Land Claims Native Property Rights Basis of Alaskan Native Land Claims Present Methods of Acquiring Title Alaska Native Land Claims: An Old Story The Land Freeze Past Recommendations to the Interior Department Other Land Disposal Cases Alaska Federation of Natives Bill Interior Department Bill The State's Position The Tyonek Story The Natives' Position Native Protest Map NATIVE LAND CLAIMS Two of the most important issues in Alaska today are the Native land claims and the resulting "land freeze" imposed by the Secretary of the Interior. The question of land ownership has an obvious impact on the economic growth of the state. Since most of the natural resources in Alaska have yet to be developed, the decision as to who has title may affect the overall pace and direction of economic development. Native groups, asserting their "right" to own, develop and manage lands their ancestors have "used and occupied since time immemorial," have submitted claims covering approximately 290 million of Alaska's 375 million acres. The Natives are asking both for full title to the lands they claim and for compensation in the form of monetary settlements for lands already taken from their claim areas. In filing these claims, Native groups have stressed the importance of owning ecological areas supporting their villages and have been adamant in their belief that, in the long run, the state will enjoy a greater prosperity if the Natives, rather than a public agency, develop these areas. While some of the Native claims were first filed over 30 years ago, the majority were recorded in a snowballing action that saw large areas claimed in the latter part of 1966 and in the early months of 1967. In December of 1966, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall halted action on the disposal of all public lands in the state to which Natives claimed "aboriginal possession" based on use and occupancy. Since the claims cover much of the most valuable unappropriated land in Alaska, most land disposal in the state was affected. Some state officials predicted serious losses in oil and gas revenues would result from the freeze and charged that natural resource development in the state would be slowed to a standstill. Secretary Udall told state officials he was legally bound to impose the freeze because of a congressional guarantee (made in 1884) that Alaska Natives would not be disturbed in their use and occupancy of lands. The secretary said he would lift the freeze when Congress passes a bill defining the rights of the Native claimants, a process Alaska's congressional delegates estimate would take from two to five years. Two bills concerning land claims were introduced in Congress by October of 1967, one prepared by the Interior Department and the other by the Alaska Federation of Native Associations (now the Alaska Federation of Natives). The Native claims and the freeze are highly controversial and have both political and moral overtones. Almost any statement made about either issue could justifiably be followed by . . . "however, the opposing viewpoint is . . ." There is heated disagreement over definition of terms; impact of previous court decisions; why the land freeze was imposed; what compromise, if any, can be reached, etc. So far there has been little "middle ground" on which all parties involved can agree. The possibility of a compromise arose during the October 1967 meeting of the Alaska Federation of Natives. The state and the Natives agreed to make an attempt to work together on a mutually acceptable bill to present to Congress. Hearings on the two land claims bills already before Congress are scheduled to be held throughout Alaska during the winter of 1967-68. Discussion during these hearings may further clear the way to agreement and compromise. NATIVE PROPERTY RIGHTS Aboriginal possession (sometimes called Indian Title) is the historic first source of Indian property rights. The right of Natives to use and occupy land their ancestors held. dates to the discovery of the American continent. It was the accepted policy among the European nations claiming land in America that discovery was equated with conquest. Each sovereign made provisions for the Natives to use and occupy land they held at the time of discovery, but the sovereign claimed exclusive title to the land. It was only the sovereign who could give title to the Natives, and it was only the sovereign who could extinguish title to lands claimed by the Natives. This exclusive right of the sovereign to the land was understood and adopted by the United States Congress, as is evident in the many treaties made with the Indians. In effect, the treaties gave Indian groups ownership of certain portions of land while extinguishing their "title" to other areas they had used or occupied. The most famous case dealing with aboriginal possession was decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1823. The decision in the case of Johnson v. McIntosh was handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall and is the basis for all aboriginal possession cases today. Marshall held that while the fact of their being there gave Natives a legal and just claim to possession of the soil, tribes did not enjoy and could not convey complete title to the land because of the fundamental principle that "discovery gave exclusive title to those who made it." This decision placed upon the United States government the burden of granting title to Natives or extinguishing it. In a discussion of aboriginal title, Federal Indian Law, prepared under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, comments: Cases and opinions subsequent to the McINTOSH case oscillate between a stress on the content of the Indian possessory right and a stress on the limitations of that right. These opinions and cases might perhaps be classified according to whether they refer to the Indian right of occupancy as a 'mere' right of occupancy or as a 'sacred' right of occupancy. All the cases, however, agree in saying that the aboriginal Indian title involves an exclusive right of occupancy and does not involve an ultimate fee title. Proving aboriginal use and occupancy can be an involved process, as is evident by the number of court cases decided for and against Native claimants. The most obvious difficulty is that aboriginal use of land differs from "use" in the contemporary sense of the term. Native hunting, trapping, and fishing grounds are not marked by fences, signs, or mapped boundaries that could be taken as proof of occupancy. Since ultimate title to public land rests in the United States government, Congress must first officially recognize aboriginal use before steps toward full title can be taken. BASIS OF ALASKAN NATIVE LAND CLAIMS Present Methods of Acquiring Title Alaskan Native groups are seeking full legal title to, or compensation for, the land they claim, as distinguished from a mere possessory interest which they now hold at the sufferance of the sovereign (i.e., the United States Congress). Their legal arguments for land title are based on private international law (as embodied in aboriginal possession); the 1867 Treaty of Cession; the Act of 1884, which brought civil government to the territory; the Statehood Act; and past court decisions honoring Indian claimants. Treaty of Cession: In 1867, Russia ceded Alaska to the United States for $7,200,000. The original price was $7 million, but an additional $200,000 was agreed to after Russia added a clause guaranteeing title to the land to the United States. This title guarantee had far-reaching effects, for it has been argued that the Russian Czar, as sovereign, had the power to extinguish Indian Title. Therefore, the argument maintains, when he guaranteed title to the United States, he did, in fact, extinguish all Native rights to land. This argument is hotly contested by attorneys for the Native claimants who hold that the extra $200,000 guaranteed title only against the Russian American Company and was not applicable to Natives. Article 3 of the treaty made the "uncivilized tribes" of the territory wards of the government: The uncivilized tribes will be subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may, from time to time, adopt in regard to aboriginal rights of that country. This wardship, as interpreted by several courts, extended to the protection of Native property rights. For example, in United States V. Berrigan (1905), the court said: The uncivilized tribes of Alaska are wards of the government. The United States has the right, and it is its duty to protect the property rights of its Indian wards. Act of 1884: For 17 years after the United States purchased Alaska, scattered military posts represented the only government. During this period, the United States did not sign treaties with the Alaskan Natives because there were no serious hostilities, and the Natives "were too little known." In 1871, Congress prohibited further treaty-making with Indian tribes, so Indian Title in Alaska was never formally extinguished by treaty. The Act of 1884 brought civil government to Alaska and protected Native land rights in strong language: Indians or other persons in said district (Territory of Alaska) shall not be disturbed in the possession of any lands actually in their use or occupation or now claimed by them, but the terms under which such persons may acquire title to such lands is reserved for future legislation by Congress. Congress has passed legislation whereby individual Natives or a Native village may gain title to limited tracts of land. However, there has never been congressional definition of what was meant by "use and occupation," hence the vast claim areas of today. Although 83 years have passed since Congress passed this act and several courts have ruled on its intention, there is still disagreement over whether the Act of 1884 "recognized' Indian Title in Alaska. Statehood Act of 1958: The Constitution of Alaska protects the Natives' right or title to land with the stipulation that this right would be defined in the act of admission (Statehood Act). However, the Statehood Act did not further define the term, leaving the problem to Congress. The section of the Statehood Act protecting Natives' land rights reads: As a compact with the United States, said State and its people do agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right and title . . . to any lands or other property (including fishing rights), the right or title to which may be held by any Indians, Eskimos, or Aleuts . . . or is held by the United States in trust for said Natives; that all such lands or other property, belonging to said Natives, shall be and remain under the absolute jurisdiction of the United States until disposed of under its authority. Major court decisions resulting from land claims in Southeastern Alaska are highly contradictory in their interpretations of both the Treaty of Cession and the Act of 1884. An early case decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco (Miller v. United States, 1947) held that the Treaty of Cession extinguished Indian Title based on aboriginal occupancy, but that the Act of 1884 created a statutory species of Indian Title. A later decision by the United States Supreme Court (Tee-Hit-Ton v. United States, 1955) held that neither the Act of 1884, nor any other act of Congress passed thus far, constituted recognition of Indian Title or created any special title for Natives. Therefore, aboriginal interests in land in Alaska were found not to be protected by the Fifth Amendment, which prevents the taking of property by the Government without due process of law and compensation. A more recently decided case, Tlingit and Haida Indians v. United States, has been the subject of much disagreement over whether the findings can be applied to the entire state or must be confined only to the Tlingit and Haida claimants. The case came about after the United States government in 1907 appropriated a large area of land in Southeastern Alaska for the Tongass National Forest. In 1935, Congress passed a special act allowing the Tlingit and Haida Indians of that region to sue the United States. The Natives brought suit for compensation for 20 million acres of land. In 1947 and 1959, the United States Court of Claims issued initial decisions holding that the Indians were entitled to compensation. In September of 1966, the Commissioner of the Court of Claims recommended that the Indians be paid some $16 million for the market value of the land and for the exploitation of the lands by non-Indians prior to the takings. The attorney for the Tlingit and Haida Indians criticized the amount as inadequate, and the final settlement is still pending. The court held that the Indians had owned all of Southeastern Alaska by way of Indian Title and that this ownership survived the Treaty of Cession, public domain laws, and laws of general application relating to homesteads, mining claims, etc. The Indians were not given title to the lands in question because the Tongass National Forest Proclamation had expropriated them. The proclamation constituted an extinguishment of Indian Title by Congress. The impact of the Tlingit-Haida case on other land claim cases in Alaska is a matter of dispute. W. C. Arnold, Anchorage attorney and author of a January 1967 booklet, Native Land Claims in Alaska, commented: It is difficult or impossible to read the decision of the Court of Claims in TLINGIT AND HAIDA without concluding that counsel for the government were either asleep at the switch or resting on their oars, In some respects, the case hardly rises to the level of an adversary proceeding. Practically all lawyers familiar with the Indian litigation who had occasion to examine the act authorizing the suit were of the opinion that it did not create any right against the United States which did not exist before and did not supply that Congressional recognition found essential and lacking in TEE-HIT-TON. A different opinion is offered by Frederick Paul, Seattle attorney representing the Arctic Slope Native Association: The text in any Alaskan situation and Native rights is TLINGIT AND HAIDA INDIANS v. UNITED STATES. The court . . . had benefit of able counsel on both sides. While the attitude of the United States, as such, has been beneficial toward Indians, the Department of Justice has done its best to protect the United States Treasury. Were it not for the Tongass National Forest Proclamation, the Southeastern Indians would still own Southeastern Alaska, disregarding actual patents issued by the United States, which certainly must be regarded as 'a taking' by the United States. Using this criterion of the Tlingit and Haida case, the balance of the interior of Alaska is still owned by the respective aboriginal groups there, again disregarding actual patents issued by the United States. Alaska's attorney general has stressed that the Tlingit-Haida decision resulted from a special act of Congress. Whether or not the court in that case misinterpreted the rights created or recognized by that act is immaterial to all other Native claims in Alaska, which will have to stand and fall on their own merits or upon future legislation to be passed by the Congress. William Hensley, Kotzebue legislator and chairman of the land claim committee of the Alaska Federation of Natives, holds the opposite view. The court in the Tlingit-Haida case adopted the view that the treaty of Cession did not extinguish the use and occupancy title of the Tlingit and Haida, nor were any rights held by these Indians arising out of their use and occupancy extinguished. Are those of us not Tlingits and Haida any different? Most of Alaska is today Indian Title land and has not yet been declared 'taken,' as was the Tlingit and Haida Land. ALASKA NATIVE LAND CLAIMS: AN OLD STORY There is nothing new about Natives claiming land in Alaska. Southeastern Alaskan Native groups have run the court gauntlet off and on for the past 30 years, and a few Interior Alaska groups have blanket claims dating from the 1940's. Prior to 1946, Indian claims arising in the United States could be adjudicated by the Court of Claims, providing that Congress authorized this action for specific tribal cases. In 1946, Congress passed the Indian Claims Commission Act with the intent of settling all Native claims. However, the commission was authorized to hear only claims accruing prior to August 13, 1946. Claims accruing prior to 1946 and not presented to the commission before 1951 could not ". . . therefore be submitted to any court or administrative agency for consideration nor will any claims thereafter be entertained by Congress." This limitation would obviously have presented special difficulties for contemporary Alaskan cases, but, on May 24, 1949, Congress passed another act enlarging the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims to include any Indian claim accruing against the United States after August 13, 1946 thus reopening the door for Alaskan claims. Several Southeastern Alaskan Native claims were filed with the Indian Claims Commission. These filings, plus the Department of the Interior hearings on aboriginal rights in Alaska (for the towns of Hydaburg, Klawock, and Kake), aroused wide interest in Native land rights in the mid-1940's. . . . No matter has come before the Alaska public in years which has occasioned so much discussion, public and private, and which has aroused so much controversy. . .. So read a statement by E. L.. Bartlett, delegate to Congress for the Territory of Alaska in 1944. For several years, there also was agitation by the Association on American Indian Affairs, a non-profit lobbyist group for Indian rights headquartered in New York City, calling for filings in Interior and Northern Alaska. The Bureau of Indian Affairs played a part in encouraging the filing of claims to protect Native land rights, but was handicapped by lack of personnel. For many years there was only one BIA realty officer assigned to the entire state. Concern over Native land rights culminated in blanket claims covering most of the state in 1966-67. Native leaders say these filings resulted from the section of the 1953 Statehood Act which granted Alaska the authority to select 103 million acres from "vacant, unappropriated, unreserved" lands. When the state began its selection program, the Bureau of Land Management offices in Alaska made an attempt to check Native allotments and titles to ascertain what lands Native groups were actually using and occupying. However, no general investigation was made of land Natives may have thought they had a right toyet the Statehood Act also protected, in principle, Natives' "right' to lands. The result was that much of the land selected by the state, with the approval or tentative approval of the BLM, was in areas that Native groups have hunted, trapped or fished in varying intensity "since time immemorial." Native leaders became increasingly vocal in their concern and began taking the only action open to themfiling claims to areas of use and occupancy. The increase in filings that began early in 1966 started in Interior Alaska. A Bureau of Indian Affairs official gave an interesting reason for the timing of the filings. He said that a strong rumor within the Bureau that the Secretary of the Interior might not accept further claim assertions caused a flurry of activity by the BIA to process claims before a cut-off date was announced. Also in March of 1966, the Tanana Chiefs Conference, representing villages along the Yukon and Tanana Rivers, began to encourage their members to file blanket claims. One factor that cannot be ignored was the growing awareness by the Natives of their political strength. Adult Natives comprise about one-fifth of the voting population, and 1966 was an election year. Political candidates spent extra days visiting the far-flung Native villages, and their stands on the land claims issue made headlines. Land rights proved the cohesive that pulled the several Native associations in the state together, and, in October 1966, the groups met in Anchorage to form a stateside association. A land claims bill was drawn up at this meeting and subsequently submitted to Congress. (Land rights was not the only matter of concern to the association, and active committees were formed on such subjects as education, health and employment.) THE LAND FREEZE Secretary of the Interior Udall has said he suspended action on land disposal protested by Native groups because suspension has been a long-time practice of the Interior Department in such cases. On December 21, 1966, the BLM state director received a letter from Washington stating, ". . . the Department's program continues to be to suspend only those actions and types of actions which are protested. . . ." Secretary Udall further clarified his stand in a letter to Alaska's Governor Walter Hickel in August of 1967: In the face of the Federal guarantee that the Alaska Natives shall not be disturbed in their use and occupation of lands, I could not in good conscience allow title to pass into others' hands . . . Moreover, to permit others to acquire title to the lands the Natives are using and occupying would create an adversary against whom the Natives would not have the means of protecting themselves, or even know of their legal rights. Attorneys for the Interior Department met with state and Native leaders in May of this year to discuss the legal background for the freeze. Several officials who attended this meeting have claimed that the federal attorneys could not give authoritative reasons for the legality of the freeze, and many hold the opinion that the freeze was the result of a policy decision rather than a legal obligation. Because of the increasing importance of the petroleum industry to Alaska's economy, the land freeze brought predictions of hard times ahead for the state. Before the freeze was initiated, the state received revenues from leases on federally administered lands, from state owned lands and from lands to which the state had not yet received patent but to which they had gained "tentative approval" (the next step being title). The freeze did not directly affect federal lands already under lease nor did it affect state-owned lands, including tidal and submerged lands. However, it did stop further leasing of federally administered lands and tentative approval lands, thus cutting off these sources of revenue. At the time the freeze was imposed, the state had applied for 17.8 million acres, had obtained tentative approval to 7.9 million acres and had been granted patent to 5.2 million acres. This was in addition to the tide and submerged lands which became state property under the Statehood Act. So far the major source of state income has been from bonus bids in the competitive leasing of tide and submerged lands and from oil and gas royalties from Cook Inlet production. Since neither of these sources are affected by the freeze, these revenues are secure. Recently the Department of Natural Resources stated that the state had suffered an estimated $1,250,000 loss because of federal oil and gas leases offers that were cancelled because of the freeze (the state receives 90 per cent of the rental lease on federal lands). The estimate of lost revenues included a figure of $450,000 lost on new lease offers which have been suspended and $800,000 in revenues from land which the department claims would have been re-leased. The history of leasing in Alaska has shown that 20 to 25 per cent of the federal leases are dropped or expire each year. These leases have been replaced by enough new leases to keep the level fairly stable. Under the freeze, with virtually no new federal leases being issued to replace those dropped, the acreage under federal lease has dropped from approximately 10 million in May of 1966 to about 7.8 million at the end of May 1967. It was this loss of more than two million acres that resulted in a revenue loss to the state of about $1 million in one year. However, some observers of the petroleum industry suggest this drop might have occurred even without the complications of the freeze as investor interest in oil leases fluctuates greatly from year to year. The importance of oil and gas revenues was reflected during the first session of the 1967 state legislature when a projected $10 million in bonus bids from competitive leasing was included in the new budget. Some legislators predicted that if the land freeze continued, this bonus money would be lost and the only solution to the deficit would be the eventual raising of state taxes. This prediction has already been proven erroneous. In a July lease sale of mostly offshore land in the southern Cook Inlet area, the state received a record $19 million in bonus bids. Actual effect of the freeze on future oil and gas development is open to conjecture. Presently, the freeze is stimulating drilling on some federal leases, especially in the Alaska Peninsula. This increased activity has resulted because the federal leases in this area will be the first to expire and oil companies want to eliminate these areas from their list of prospects before the expiration dates do so automatically. If production is developed on a federal lease-hold, the lease is automatically renewable and therefore not subject to the restrictions of the freeze. Present indications are that the only districts in which oil company activity is actually slowing down are in the Copper River Basin and along the Gulf of Alaska shorelineand activity in these areas may have slowed without the freeze. However, if the freeze continues over a period of years, gaps will occur in potential drilling blocks in these and other areas that could depress future exploration in Alaska. \|Click on Map to See Larger Version in Separate Browser Window.\| Past Recommendations to The Interior Department OTHER LAND DISPOSAL CASES The freeze affects all land disposal cases situated in claim areas, including state selection, final action on homesteads, homesites, trade and manufacturing sites, power and airport sites, road right of ways, mining claims, etc. Regarding these cases, Secretary Udall has said: "When there is a specific showing that actual construction of a road, school, airport or other public facility is being held up solely because of transfer of public lands or an interest therein, we will make every effort to give it ad hoc consideration. We have in a few cases sought the views of the protesting Native groups and the way has been cleared for the construction of the facility to proceed." During the first half of 1967, the state made use of this waiver-right by asking village councils for permission to use state money to build or improve airports, schools, hospitals or roads for the town. In mid-summer, Alaska's attorney general advised state departments to cease the practice of obtaining waivers from Native groups because he considered the practice "contrary to law and policy." The attorney general said that "in the future, if proposed improvement projects by the state are thwarted by the federal government's failure to clear title in reliance upon Native claims, the state administration will halt the project and take its case to the public rather than to obtain waivers." Individuals homesteading in claim areas have had patents delayed because of the freeze, but in most instances this delay is not expected to last the life of the freeze. Commenting on this aspect, Secretary Udall wrote Governor Walter Hickel: "When an individual has complied with the public land laws and regulations of the department and invested time and money in land and earned equitable title prior to a general Native protest claiming aboriginal Native rights to the lands in the area of an individual case, the patent may be issued. This will not apply in areas of intensive Native use . . . or in a case where a protest is received against a proposal to issue a particular patent." While Secretary Udall claims legal obligation as the reason for the freeze and the Native groups look on it as a natural consequence of a federal promise to protect their claim areas, there has been a public charge that partisan politics was at least partially responsible for action. Proponents of this viewpoint point out that the freeze was imposed by Secretary Udall, a leading Democrat, shortly after Alaska's first Republican governor was sworn into office and that these same claims were allowed to lay dormant during the Democratic state administration. Supporters of the partisan-politics theory claim the freeze was imposed as a punishment to a heretofore Democratic state that had voted Republican. Native groups have answered this charge by saying that before 1966 claimants never received help from attorneys who could afford to spend time on the filings and that before 1966 the claims had not reached state-wide proportions. The Native groups believe that the land freeze forced the state administration to cooperate in finding a solution to the land rights question and that without the freeze the state would have shown no such willingness to work out a compromise. ALASKA FEDERATION OF NATIVES BILL In an attempt to define the land claim question, two bills have been submitted to Congress, one prepared by the Department of the Interior and one by the Alaska Federation of Natives. The Federation bill, introduced in Congress on June 26, 1967, includes several points drafted into the Minto Bill, a land claim proposal drawn up in 1962 but never introduced into Congress. In 1951 the Minto Village Indians, along with several other Native groups, filed a petition with the Department of the Interior asking for hearings to determine their land boundaries. The petitions asked that the lands they claimed be reserved under a section of the Townsite Act. The hearings were never granted, and, after statehood, a large portion of the land in question was included in an application for selection by the state. In 1962, the Bureau of Land Management director in Fairbanks dismissed the protest against state selection of land in the Minto area. The Minto Bill, drawn up after this action, authorized the U.S. Court of Claims to "hear and determine the land claims of the Native Village of Minto and to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to conduct a long-range economic feasibility study of the Minto lands . . . ." The bill gave the Court of Claims jurisdiction to award both monetary compensation for lands taken and title to lands claimed by the Natives. All claimed lands to which the Natives could not prove aboriginal use and occupancy would have continued as public domain. The Minto Bill was never introduced because the state, Minto, and Association of American Indian Affairs representatives never reached agreement on its content. More important, the contemplated jurisdiction to the Court of Claims for awarding title was considered of questionable constitutionality by some members of the drafting committee. Historically, the Court of Claims has awarded only compensation for lands taken. The so-called "Anchorage Bill" was approved at the first meeting of the Alaska Federation of Native Associations in October 1966. This bill also gives the U.S. Court of Claims jurisdiction to "hear, examine, adjudicate and render judgment in any and all claims" which the Natives of Alaska have against the United States. The Anchorage Bill, like the Minto Bill, gives the court jurisdiction over both monetary compensation for lands taken and the granting of land title. Regarding third party title holders, the bill provides that the court, "if it determines that the Natives of Alaska had Indian Title to such lands so disposed of, shall render judgment on behalf of the Natives of Alaska for such amount as the court shall find to be the fair market value of such lands. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT BILL The Department of the Interior land bill is based on the premise that Indian Title in Alaska was extinguished by the Treaty of Cession and, therefore, Alaskan Natives do not now have a legal compensable title. However, if Congress passes a bill recognizing their aboriginal title as of 1867, the Natives, with the consent of Congress, may sue for compensation as of that year for lands taken from them. At the same time, the Department holds that since the Natives have had use of the land for so many years, they should be given title to certain portions of this land, again with-the consent of Congress. This position underlies the reasoning behind establishing land values as of 1867 in determining compensation for lands taken from Native claim areas and also explains why the bill limits Native title to only certain portions of land. The main points of the Interior Department Bill are as follows: 1) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to grant, in trust of the various groups of Natives, title to the village sites they occupy and such additional lands around these sites as will contribute significantly to the livelihood of the Natives. No group may receive more than 50,000 acres. 2) Natives may be given 25-year exclusive or nonexclusive hunting, fishing, and trapping permits on any federal lands, subject to state fish and game laws. 3) Title to the lands granted for village sites may be held in trust for 25 years either by the secretary, by a trustee selected by the Native group with approval of the secretary, or by the State of Alaska or other trustee selected by the secretary. The trustee may manage, subdivide, and dispose of the lands. In land disposals, the right of first refusal must be given to the occupant. Title to a tract that is conveyed to a Native will be held in trust, not subject to taxation, in accordance with laws presently applied to Native townsites. At the end of 25 years, the trust must be liquidated in accordance with the terms of the trust. 4) Lands withdrawn by the secretary for the Natives will not be subject to state selection. Lands not withdrawn will be subject to state selection regardless of Native use and occupancy claims. 5) In view of the fact that Natives are claiming much larger areas than the department's bill would grant to them, the bill permits the state to initiate an action in the Court of Claims on behalf of the Natives to recover the value of the additional lands from the United States. The bill allows for only one claim representing all Natives as a single group. Value of the lands will be determined as of March 30, 1867, the date Alaska was purchased by the United States. 6) The bill authorizes an appropriation of not more than $12 million to pay the costs involved in conveying land to Native groups. THE STATE'S POSITION The state's position is that Native land claims are based on a moral right, reinforced by the Act of 1884, but that further congressional legislation is necessary to implement this moral right and give the claims legal basis. Governor Hickel has taken the stand that, regardless of the legal basis of the claims, they are founded on sound historical and strong moral grounds and should, therefore, be recognized by Congress. The governor has said the claims should be settled "equitably and promptly" and has promised the political support of the state in speeding up congressional action. The governor met with Native leaders several times at the beginning of 1967 in an attempt to prepare a land claim bill acceptable to all parties. However, when it was learned that the Interior Department was also working on a bill, the governor held off on his proposal, which included three main points: 1) Immediate title in fee simple, including, all surface and subsurface rights, given to Native communities for land the communities occupy and also for surrounding lands which might be used for expansion purposes in the foreseeable future. 2) Surface rights to large areas of land around the villages for hunting, trapping and fishing purposes. 3) Jurisdiction to the U.S. Court of Claims to decide monetary settlements for lands to which Natives can prove aboriginal title. Value of land would be set at the time of taking rather than 1867. The state has taken the position that while the Interior bill contains "many worthwhile features," it does not go far enough in meeting the Natives' demands and goes too far in restricting the scope of compensation and in creating a "bureaucratic empire." The portions of the bill granting land to Native communities have the full support of the state, but there is disagreement with the choice of 1867 as the determining date for the value of land taken. Alaska's attorney general has said that the state believes that a California case has set a precedent for taking the date of statehood as the date of evaluation and that the state would be prepared to support such a date. The state administration is also opposed to those provisions which "perpetuate" and expand control by the Department of the Interior over Native lands. At the same time, the state finds the Native-proposed bill "unacceptable," especially that portion which gives the Court of Claims the right to adjudicate fee title to the claimants. The state claims this authority would leave title to vast areas of the state up in the air for a period of at least five to perhaps as much as 25 or 30 yearshowever long it may take for the Court of Claims and eventually the Supreme Court to resolve individual cases. Another objection is that the bill leaves open the time within which claims may be filed and then decrees that thereafter, while any claim is pending, there can be no disposition under any of the public land laws, including the Alaska Statehood Act. The state says this stipulation would mean a perpetuation of the land freeze for at least 25 years, the complete drying up of oil and gas activity, mineral activity, the building of roads, airports, hydroelectric and other power sites, and the complete stoppage of all development in Alaska based on land. The state strongly opposes the land freeze and, contending that the action is illegal, filed suit in the U.S. District Court on Feb. 10, 1967, seeking a declaratory judgment that Native claims may not hold up the state land selection program. The test case named two tracts of land selected by the state in the Nenana claim area near Fairbanks. The United States filed a motion to dismiss, but this motion was denied in early October 1967, clearing the way for a trial on the merits of the case. The state has also appealed directly to the Native claimants to support the state's request for a lifting of the freeze, arguing that because a few isolated claims may have been ignored by the federal Government in the past, this would not happen again with most of the state covered by claims and the state administration actively supporting the Native cause. The state contends that the land freeze, in an indirect way, suggests that the state government is fraudulentthat the governor would betray his promise to see that the land claims issue is settled "equitably and promptly" once the freeze is lifted. If the freeze were lifted, the state would continue to select land, but not, the administration says, around villages or in areas where title would be granted to the Natives under a congressional bill. Also, the state has promised to actively participate, through its own land disposal program, in the creation of large tracts of fee title land around Native communities, supplementing federal disposal. The Tyonek Story THE NATIVES' POSITION The Natives' position, as reflected in the Anchorage Bill, is that Indian Title survived the Treaty of Cession and their land rights are based in law, therefore title and compensation ought to be forthcoming, regardless of any "moral rights" they may have. Native spokesmen have objected strongly to the Interior Department Bill, calling it "totally unacceptable." They dislike the additional power the bill gives to the secretary, to the trustees and to the state, over land they may gain title to, and they also object to one claim covering the multitude of claims. They vehemently oppose the section that would determine land values as of 1867, especially since compensation for the Tlingit and Haida Indians was based on land values in the 1900s. Native leaders have taken the position that title to lands they have used and occupied is necessary to maintain the traditional way of life and that at the same time the land and resources are necessary in order for the Native people to move into the contemporary mainstream.. They argue that compensation for lands taken from them would be used for resource developmentand that with this combination of lands and revenues, their villages would become economically viable and thus able to contribute to the development of the state. Natives resent allegations that their claims are impeding the development of the state and point out that their inability to gain title in past years has cost the state and federal Government more in welfare money (because without title they were unable to develop their lands) than the present claims will ever cost. They are also resentful of the fact that in the past the Interior Department has established more wildlife reserves in some areas of Alaska than it has reserves for the Native people. The Tanacross Village claim, filed in the early 1940's, again in 1961 and a third time in 1963, illustrates the position of many of the smaller Native groups. We the people of Tanacross Village do here now place our blanket claim for the land in this area. There are 21 families living in our village. No one in the village is employed year around and only two men have been able to find part-time work this summer. Some of the older people get aid but they still must get part of their food from this land to be able to survive. There are 370 trap lines, 9 fish camps, 12 berry camps and the complete area we have claimed is used for hunting caribou, moose, ducks and for trapping. Our first blanket claim was sent into the Bureau of Land Management in the early 1940's but it seems no one has a record of this claim. So we the Tanacross Indian people do once again claim this land as ours. We have not had the opportunity to receive an education which would enable us to share equal employment openings, therefore we must have the land needed to at least be able to feed and clothe our families and to see our children gain the education they must have. Native leaders claim there is little danger that gaining title will "freeze" the Native people into the traditional way of life which today means a subsistence economy. Instead, they see land ownership as one of the keys to a brighter economic future and thus are determined to press for an acceptable solution. Protection or wardship of Native-use areas has continued for the 83 years since the Act of 1884 spelled out federal policy for Native land rights. The question of whether the Natives, who became increasingly sophisticated, were in need of or wanted such protection was never resolved. Native land rights might have remained in congressional limboexcept for the vast land claims filed by Native groups in 1966-67. With so much of the state under claim or protest, the federal and state governments could no longer ignore the existence of the title problem. The land claims are an indication of the increasing independence of the Alaska Natives and of their growing disenchantment with the government's philosophy of wardship. This movement has been gathering momentum for the past several years, but never has had the force and direction that it does today. Therefore, a congressional bill defining Native land rights will affect not only the economic development of the state, but also the social development of the Native peoples. Although the Alaskan Federation of Natives finds the Interior bill "totally unacceptable" and the state administration finds the federation bill "unacceptable," there is sufficient common interest in the development of the state and the Native peoples to give promise that satisfactory legislation can be worked out and the land freeze issue resolved. Central \| Alaskool Topics \| Curriculum \| What's New Resources \| Links Alaskool \| Guestbook 1998-2004, UAA-ISER. Individual copyrighted materials on this site are used with permission from the author or copyright holder and are provided for and informational purposes only. This site has graciously been supported by the Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, First Alaskans Foundation, CIRI Foundation, Alaska Humanities Forum, and U.S. Department of Education. Alaskool is developed and maintained and hosted at Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA	<urn:uuid:66af7c37-0d44-48c6-a030-f37b78d39d5c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.alaskool.org/projects/ancsa/articles/iser1967/native_land_claims.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526102.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00604-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9656978249549866, "token_count": 9019, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Keep your child’s smile healthy and bright! Image courtesy of American Dental Association I can remember that feeling of excitement when I first saw the top of a little tooth poking through our oldest child’s gum….I must admit I remember the shock the first time I felt that tooth when I was nursing too! (Remember, children can bite only if latched incorrectly, and that is usually when they are “playing” at the end of a nursing. Put your child down and say, “that hurts!” If you put your baby down every time he or she bites or you break the nursing latch when you realize your baby is no longer sucking to eat…there will be no problems. Just because your baby is teething or has teeth is not a reason in itself to wean from the breast!) We have always known that care of those cute little teeth was important, but there has been some recent changes in the recommendations of care. How we care for our child’s teeth will affect his or her health. Those baby teeth ARE important! Dental decay is an active infection in a mouth…and we want to protect those little pearly whites for the best smiles now and down the road! Dental decay is the most common chronic disease of childhood! 24 percent of children in the U. S. have a cavity before age four! 53 percent by age 8 and 56 percent by age 15. There has been a significant increase of dental decay in children in the 2-4 year old age group. So, what are parents supposed to do to protect our little ones’ precious smiles? There is a plan! http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/11/18/peds.2014-2984.full.pdf+html - Brush with fluoridated toothpaste at the first sign of a tooth. (Yes you heard me right…that is a big change. Past recommendation was to use “baby toothpaste” without fluoride until age 2!) Starting to brush teeth from moment one teaches a lifelong habit for your child. At a minimum, the recommendation is to brush twice daily, morning and night. The most important brushing is the nighttime one before bed. Parents should use a very small amount of fluoridated toothpaste (the size of a grain of rice) until age 3. (see picture above) After age 3, children and adults should use about a pea size amount of toothpaste. Parents should supervise tooth brushing until about age 8 when most children are proficient. It is not important to worry about what direction to brush on the tooth….just that all sides of the tooth and the gum line are brushed. - Drink tap water! Many of us have become a bit of “water snobs” drinking only a certain brand of bottled water! Most bottled water does not have fluoride. Fluoridated water has been proven to prevent dental decay in children and adults! So fill up your child’s straw cup and get a glass for yourself too! - Monitor sugar and sticky foods. We know that tooth decay increases when there is sugar on teeth for long periods of time. Children who drink sugared drinks (this includes juice!) sleep with bottles, or use a sippy cup with milk or juice in it all day are more prone to decay. Keep water in your child’s cup except at meals and stay away from a lot of sugared or sticky foods and treats. - Prevent bacteria in the mouth. Tooth decay is caused by a bacteria called streptococcus mutans. Parents who have a history of poor dental health (lots of cavities) should be very cautious about sharing cups and cleaning those pacifiers in their own mouths! Transfer of that bacteria early on increases your child’s risk of early dental decay. Most importantly, parents should be sure that their own dental health is good…having active decay that is untreated increases the streptococcus mutans in your mouth increasing the likelihood your child’s mouth will colonize with it too. We want to be sure that the snuggles and kisses you give your child does not transfer bad bacteria…because those kisses are a necessity!! - Find a dental home for your child. Your child should have a dental visit by age 1. Dentists are a huge part of your child’s health care just like your child’s doctor! Make every 6 month visits to your child’s dentist to promote good dental health. If your child sees the dentist for preventative care, there may never be a need to develop a fear…there will be no cavities! - Ask about fluoride varnish. Fluoride varnish is a sticky resin of highly concentrated fluoride. Your child can have two or more applications per year and it is very effective in preventing dental decay. Some pediatricians are applying this at well child visits, and often dentists are using this instead of the fluoride rinse or gel of the past. A child can eat right away after this application and it actually will stay on the teeth for a longer time and can help restore early decay. So those are some of the best tips to prevent dental decay in your child. The habits we form early in our child’s life will have long -lasting effects on their dental health and smiles in the future. Keep your child’s sweet smile bright! Take a breath, enjoy the joyful moments of each day, and remember you don’t have to be perfect to be the perfect parent.	<urn:uuid:065be51f-dea1-4f2f-928c-8cae11a88257>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://raisingkidswithlove.blog/2015/06/23/keep-your-childs-smile-healthy-and-bright/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331485.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826085356-20190826111356-00187.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9467855095863342, "token_count": 1149, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
In the previous posts, I mentioned how every language has phrases and sentences that cannot be understood by just knowing the individual words. This is known as idiomatic language, and let us continue to explore this issue. In the last post, I posted the question: in the IELTS Speaking Test, which is better: formal words (such as those on the left on the following table), or informal/idiomatic words (such as those on the right)? \|to stifle\|\|to spew\| \|oppressive\|\|a damned thing\| The answer is, both are good if it is appropriate to the situation and topic being discussed. However, with the informal situation of the IELTS Speaking, and the fact that the public version of the IELTS Speaking Band Descriptors says …IELTS Nine = uses idiomatic language naturally … when talking about insects [see above picture], for example, the reply … Oh, I definitely don’t like creepy crawlies. They give me the creeps, particularly cockroaches, and those pesky little critters inhabit just about every nook and cranny, don’t they? … also shows GREAT idiomatic usage. Can you work out the meaning of … to give sb. the creeps, pesky little critters, every nook and cranny? The fact is that the public version of the IELTS Speaking Band descriptors admits this idiomatic and informal vocabulary as sign of better speakers. Thus, it is worth learning some of this language, and we will do that in the following posts. By the way, you can find out more about me at www.aisielts.com .	<urn:uuid:943ddb7d-69cb-460a-b1fc-732969b8a2aa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.aisielts.com/idiomatic-vocabulary-5-of-25-those-pesky-little-critters/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00027.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9145048260688782, "token_count": 351, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
More than a quarter of households struggle to meet their energy needs. These households frequently face the risk of having their utility service terminated. Low-income families, in particular, spend a substantial portion of their income on electricity and heating. The average low-income household spends around 14% of their annual income on energy bills, compared to 3% for higher income households. Because of high energy costs, low-income families often sacrifice spending on other important needs, including groceries, childcare, and medicine, or reduce their energy usage in ways that decrease home comfort and harm their health.	<urn:uuid:a94570e1-235f-41df-ab2a-d49c3afec5a6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.nclc.org/resources/tariff-based-on-bill-financing-assessing-the-risks-for-low-income-consumers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00036.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9735216498374939, "token_count": 115, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
Drought Grips U.S. (Infographic) More than half of the continental United States this summer is experiencing moderate to extreme drought, according to reports released by the National Weather Service. In June 2012, 55.79 percent of the land in the lower 48 U.S. states were in drought, the most extensive area in the 12-year history of the U.S. Drought Monitor. The previous drought records occurred on Aug. 26, 2003, when 54.79 percent of the lower 48 were in drought and on Sept 10, 2002, when drought covered 54.63 percent of this area. Droughts, compared to other weather-related events, have historically had the greatest impact on the largest number of people, according to the National Climatic Data Center. The nation's worst drought on record occurred in the 1930s during the so-called "Dust Bowl" years. The drought affected almost the entire Plains and covered more than 60 percent of the country at its peak in July 1934. It caused the migration of millions of people from the Plains to other parts of the country. As of mid-July, the government has declared one-third of the nation’s counties federal disaster areas as a result of the drought. And there's no relief in sight. The drought is expected to persist and even intensify in some areas, as temperatures are likely to remain above normal. - The Worst Droughts in US History - Dried Up: Photos Reveal Devastating Texas Drought - Dry and Dying: Images of Drought	<urn:uuid:acfefef3-92b8-43f5-aa95-92e439b4f580>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.livescience.com/21888-drought-grips-us-states.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132298/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9637159705162048, "token_count": 322, "score": 3.640625, "int_score": 4 }
MADISON -- Laptop computers can generate enough heat that, in rare cases, they actually catch fire. While engineers have a great grasp of how to control electrical charge in circuits, they have a hard time getting rid of the heat created by flowing electrons. What's missing is a fundamental understanding of how individual electrons generate heat. A new device developed by University of Wisconsin-Madison Electrical and Computer Engineering Associate Professor Robert Blick promises to change that. In addition, it will provide insights into harnessing quantum forces for communication and computing. Blick, along with his graduate student Eva Hoehberger and colleague Werner Wegscheider, developed something similar to an incredibly small trampoline for bouncing individual electrons. It operates as an artificial atom, or a membrane, suspended over a semiconductor cavity. Featured on the cover of the June 9 issue of Applied Physics Letters, the tool will allow researchers to study for the first time, in detail, the influence of heat dissipation on single electron transport in these transistors. The device, just 100 nanometers wide or about one ten-millionth of an inch, looks and acts, in a way, like a really small guitar. A conventional guitar string vibrates at several thousand cycles per second, but if you reduced the size to several hundred nanometers, the string would vibrate at speeds in the gigahertz regime, or around a billion cycles per second. On that scale, the movement in the string, or suspended membrane in the case of this new device, is incredibly small. Blick says the effects of heat dissipation will show up as vibrations of the suspended artificial atoms. This motion causes a change in voltage that researchers can measure. "Our system is comprised with many gates so that we can study the full variety of electronic systems starting with two-dimensional electron flows, which is common in many transistors these days," Blick says. "We can then reduce that to a channel where electrons flow in only one dimension like a string of electrons, and finally we can tune the device to a zero-dimensional state, which is the so-called single-electron transistor. We can bounce around single electrons, very controlled, and see how they spread energy in these very thin membranes." Blick says understanding energy transfer at these levels offers very practical, near-term benefits for chip manufacturers. The device itself is constructed of semiconductor materials and, at 100 nanometers, its size and fabrication represent the future of the industry. Lessons learned from this tool could allow engineers to optimize existing technology currently limited by heat dissipation. In the longer term, the tool could reveal important secrets that allow researchers to exploit the power of quantum computing and communication. In a conventional computer, the presence of a group of electrons shows up as a negative charge and represents the "zero state" in binary logic, called a bit. When that charge is missing, the "one state" is represented. But a quantum computer deals with the quantum mechanics of electrons, which can be used to define so-called quantum bits or qubits. Unlike bits, these qubits can exist in more than one state at once. This frees quantum computers to calculate all the possible solutions to a complex problem simultaneously, rather than running through them one-by-one like their slower, serial counterparts. Key to developing a practical quantum computer, however, involves understanding exactly what represents information and how to get it out of the device. Blick's system, when tuned to the zero-dimension state, will add to this understanding - it will allow researchers to observe an individual electron near the qubit level as it approaches what's known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This law of nature holds that as soon as you try to exactly determine the whereabouts of a quantum mechanical particle, you can no longer be certain of where it is going, since any action to measure the particle changes the particle's condition. "An electron spread out as a wave, as a fermionic particle, has a scale of some five nanometers and this is exactly what we can address with our device." Blick says. "We can study information processing on the quantum level and see whether the Heisenberg principle gives us a real obstacle, or whether we can find ways around it by using quantum-nondemolition techniques." Cite This Page:	<urn:uuid:8e5d32a2-018c-4273-9657-cc427ef1d610>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030604084339.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00065-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940595805644989, "token_count": 889, "score": 4.15625, "int_score": 4 }
JOHN MEAD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY JOHN MEAD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY Ancient Egyptian carved pillars. Engraved figures and hieroglyphic writing cover these stone pillars. The figures depicted were usually of nobles and Gods. Hieroglyphs ("sacred carving") are symbols, here inscribed in rock, which made up ancient Egyptian writing. Extremely fine craftman- ship was involved in this writing which dates from the mid-4th millennium BC to 3rd century AD. Photographed at the Temple of Kom Ombo, Egypt. Model release not required. Property release not required.	<urn:uuid:7c40b960-eb5b-4f8c-9e4e-119c7d71bc43>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/185539/view/carved-pillars-of-the-temple-of-kom-ombo-egypt", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742483.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115033911-20181115055244-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9444600939750671, "token_count": 126, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3 }
Getting inspired to write about something can be one the hardest things to do (see Figure 5-1). Sometimes you have to be in the right mood and right place to let that blog post come out. You can create a new post in several ways. The inspiration for these posts might come by responding to something elsewhere on the Web. The best way to start blogging is to simply link to something elsewhere that you feel is interesting or maybe something that you disagree with. If you make a constructive criticism to what someone else has posted, you can start a useful dialogue. In this response post, you can add links and endorse your point of view and stance. A hyperlink is a graphic or a piece of text in an Internet document that can connect readers to another web page or another portion of a document. Web users can usually find at least one hyperlink on every web page. The simple form of these is called embedded text or an embedded link. When creating a post, present an idea for a different way to do things. Then invite people to present their reactions and suggestions to it. You cannot expect people to come to you. ...	<urn:uuid:0b0185b9-5055-43f1-9a91-c0514f569d3a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/think-before-you/9781118018811/ch005-sec002.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00603.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9473857283592224, "token_count": 231, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
What does syngas mean? Syngas is the name for a synthetic gas, which is produced via the gasification of biomass. The word biomass refers to a wide range of solids that can be burnt to produce energy, such as waste feedstock and garbage. Syngas is typically made up of hydrogen, carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide and methane in small amounts. Gasification changes any carbon based matter into a synthetic gas, which is then used to generate power. Waste feedstock is a common material used for gasification. They are placed into the gasifier, which is an oxygen-starved environment, and the feedstock then syngas is produced. An enormous amount of heat required is required to produced syngas – up to 2500 degrees Celsius. Typically, the heating is produced by a process called direct heating, in which a small quantity of oxygen is added to the reactor. What is the benefit of syngas? Syngas is a gas which is much cleaner than those produced through burning fossil fuels such as coal and gas. In an age when emissions reduction is an important policy of many governments, and when many countries are legally obliged to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions, syngas technology has enormous potential. Syngas can be manufactured domestically, reducing dependence on foreign countries for fossil fuels. In addition, this would generate jobs and growth in local economies. A further advantage of this technology is that syngas can be generated as part of the waste to energy process, which means that waste that would otherwise end up in the landfill gets dealt with cleanly and efficiently. Are Syngas being practically applied today? Absolutely. A great example can be found in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where the renewable energy company Ze-gen has run a demonstration facility for more than two years. The company injects biomass, which in this case is organic waste from municipal sources, and burns it to produce syngas. These syngas are much cleaner than gas produced from the gasification of coal, and they release much les carbon dioxide. The toxins that are produced either sink to the bottom of the chamber or are caught at the top in silica crust. This test facility burns 1 ton of waste per hour, and in the US, where landfills are overflowing, the company has attracted considerable attention from investors. Last year, it was announced that they are planning to open a commercial and industrial facility in 2012. The future looks bright for syngas technology! For the original article, click here For more information, go to:	<urn:uuid:26710dfd-1e76-4e33-b0db-41ff736a64b7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.bionomicfuel.com/syngas-burning-trash-and-creating-energy-upd/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696384181/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092624-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9582439661026001, "token_count": 529, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4 }
The training system in Canada includes both openly-funded and schools, including: community schools/ technical institutes, career schools, language schools, secondary schools, summer time camps, colleges and college schools. Education is really a provincial responsibility underneath the Canadian metabolic rate, meaning you will find significant variations between your education systems from the different provinces. However, education is essential to Canadians, and standards across the nation are evenly high. Generally, Canadian children attend kindergarten for a couple of years at 4 years old or five on the voluntary basis. All children begin Grade One at approximately six years old. The college year normally runs from September with the following June but sometimes, The month of january intake dates are possible. Secondary schools increase to Grades 11 or 12, with respect to the province. After that, students may attend college, college or Cégep studies. Cégep is really a French acronym for school of General and Vocational Education, and it is 2 yrs of general or 3 years of technical education between senior high school and college. The province of Québec has got the Cégep system. Top Quality Education Education institutions aren't formally rated in Canada, but you'll find quality institutions across the nation. When selecting your school in Canada, think about the type, size and placement from the institution. If you are looking at a specific section of study, investigate which schools convey more to provide for the reason that discipline.	<urn:uuid:3936f047-9f20-45e4-88bc-999a3dee32ee>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "http://penn-wharton-toronto.com/EducationToronto/school-education-in-canada", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00588.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9674270153045654, "token_count": 295, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Collaborative Writing Space for Project I THE OUTPUT PROCESS 1. The outputs of the order process are reports of credit holds, customer invoice when product is delivered and paid for, processing the product order, inventory check (product availability), shipping instructions, and reports of back orders. The Diagram: The diagram starts off with one of the business processes called sales. A customer faxes, mails or calls in an order to the company. The order is taken down by a representative who manually takes down mandatory information required for the order on an order pad, such as: customer name, customer identification number shipping/billing address, product number, product description, quantity, and shipping instructions. All customer information that is taken down is required to process the order. The representative accesses the firm’s order entry system and checks the inventory and location for each product that is ordered. The representative will access the company’s entry system and check the inventory for each product ordered. While taking down the information, the representative checks the availability of the product to the warehouse nearest to the customers shipping address. If the product is not available at the closest warehouse, a check is done for the next closest warehouse to find the product. While searching for availability, a credit check is performed before each order by the Accounting department. If the credit is approved, an invoice will be generated by Accounting and the Sales department will get the okay to process the order, pending the delivery date. If denied, the customer will have a credit hold status and will be contacted regarding it. The credit hold will be forwarded to the credit department and the customer service representative will receive a daily report on orders placed on credit hold. The product will not be shipped, until payment is received. When payment is received by Accounting, the order is processed and the delivery date is then communicated, pending warehouse availability. Once this process is done, a delivery date is determined by the representative. If the order is processed via phone only, the representative communicates with the customer when the product will be delivered and shipped. Once the product availability is confirmed the warehouse will check the availability, find the product, get the product off the shelf, and type it into the system to show the product has been shipped and needs to be restocked. Essentially, the sales businesses processes are repeated over throughout the order process. It appears as though the business processes are all affected influenced by sales, due to sales taking an increasing role in the manufacturing and accounting processes. The representative suggests a delivery date of four to five business days. If the customer would prefer an earlier delivery, the representative checks the order entry system to see the warehouse nearest in location to the customer shipping address. This check appears to be redundant as orders are generally delivered from the nearest location to the customer. Orders which written by hand on an order pad are collected together and put manually into the order entry system. The order entry system rejects orders with missing information. Some orders are not immediately put into the system depending on their delivery date. The system performs a credit check on the customers. Customers are separated and treated differently based on the health of their credit. A report is generated and sent daily to the Credit Department and representatives. The firm also faces a problem due to lack of standards. Different business units use different identification systems for the same products. 2. The areas of the business processes outside of the order process are marketing and human resources. With no information systems human resources ability to hire other employees will be diminished due to the fact that they... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:b8f53fe7-6fa0-4847-a1ed-783994243362>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://www.studymode.com/essays/Outputs-Of-The-Order-Process-598022.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156901.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921072647-20180921093047-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9484044909477234, "token_count": 731, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Here’s how to make your own Root beer. Fermentation has been used by mankind for thousands of years for raising bread, fermenting wine and brewing beer. The products of the fermentation of sugar by baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a fungus) are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide causes bread to rise and gives effervescent drinks their bubbles. Link.	<urn:uuid:00811a09-5a6b-4fc6-8ff3-85f6f64845a3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://makezine.com/2005/06/13/diy-root-beer/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663711.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00245-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9111930727958679, "token_count": 83, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }
To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 11.1.0 or greater is installed. W OM EN’S H EA LTH Gestational Diabetes: Taking Steps to Protect Women’s Health During and After Pregnancy About 9 percent of women develop diabetes for the first time while pregnant. Gestational diabetes, like type 1 and type 2 diabetes, causes blood-sugar levels to become high. This places a woman at a greater risk for delivering a larger baby weighing 9 pounds or more and high blood pressure. The condition typically resolves after childbirth, but not before setting the stage for potential health problems down the road. In fact, women with gestational diabetes have a 30-to-60 percent risk of developing type 2 diabetes 10-to-20 years later. “Pregnant women normally become a little resistant to insulin. This helps provide more glucose to their growing babies,” says Alexander Chiang, MD, a UCLA obstetrician/gynecologist in Santa Monica. “Women who develop gestational diabetes during one pregnancy are more likely to have it again during the next pregnancy. This can greatly diminish the ability of the pancreas to do its job.” To check for elevated blood-sugar levels, doctors administer glucose tests during a woman’s second trimester. Women with gestational diabetes need to monitor their blood-sugar levels. Dietary changes and exercise are equally important to maintain appropriate blood-sugar levels. Many of the same risk factors that make women more prone to gestational diabetes, such as being overweight and having a family history of diabetes, also contribute to type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Women who are African American, Asian American, Pacific Islanders, Native American or Alaskan natives also are more at risk. “A history of diabetes combined with high blood pressure can negatively affect heart function,” Dr. Chiang says. “That’s why it’s important for women to take steps to protect their health now.” Dr. Chiang advises his patients to make certain lifestyle modifications, such as eating a heart- healthy diet and getting regular exercise. “Breastfeeding also lowers the future risk of type 2 diabetes,” he says. For more information and to find an office location near you, go to: obgyn.ucla.edu uclahealth.org/endocrinology Women with gestational diabetes should get a blood-glucose screening six-to-12 weeks after delivery, and then every one- to-three years during checkups, depending on individual risk factors. “I encourage my patients to enlist the help of their loved ones. Their support makes it easier to adopt lifestyle changes like exercise and a healthy diet,” Dr. Chiang says. “This also has a cumulative beneficial effect since moms who take good care of themselves tend to have healthier families.” Alexander Chiang, MD LAW Vital Signs Winter 2017 Vol. 73 3	<urn:uuid:aeadcaec-9b79-4d22-823d-449c7db4676a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://vitalsigns.uclahealth.org/winter2017/files/3.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806421.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121170156-20171121190156-00093.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.938190758228302, "token_count": 612, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
Foods can be classified by the way they affect the body and/or by their food group. It is important to understand both in order to balance your meals and achieve optimal health. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines macronutrients as substances essential in large amounts for the growth and health of an animal. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. All foods fall into one of these three categories.Carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide energy for the body, especially for the brain and nervous system. Many of these foods are rich in certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber that might not be found in other macronutrients. For the average person, carbohydrates should make up approximately 50-60% of total daily calories.Proteins Proteins are required for the function, regulation, and structure of the body's tissues and organs. Protein intake should make up about 20% of total daily calories.Fats Fats are important for blood clotting, brain development, insulation, energy storage, and absorbing and moving fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) through the bloodstream. Fat should make up less than 30% of total calories. Foods are grouped based on similar nutritional properties, but may function differently in the body.Starches / Grains This group is composed of breads, cereals, rice, tortillas, pasta, popcorn, crackers, chips, and things like waffles and pancakes. For optimal health, it is best to choose whole grain, high-fiber varieties of these foods. Starchy vegetables are also found in this group. Examples include peas, corn, beans, lentils, potatoes, acorn squash, butternut squash, and plantains. All of these foods will function as carbohydrates, but beans, peas, and lentils will function as both carbohydrates and proteins.Fruits This group includes apples, oranges, melons, berries, peaches, bananas, grapes, etc. All of these will function as carbohydrates. Fruits are a very important part of a balanced diet; they provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.Dairy This food group is mainly made up of milk (cow, soy, etc), cheese, and yogurt. These foods provide calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Adequate intake (about 3 cups a day) of dairy is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and lower blood pressure. Milk and yogurt function as carbohydrates. Cheese and cottage cheese function more as proteins, while sour cream, cream cheese, and half-and-half function as fats. It is important that you check the labels when purchasing dairy - it is best to choose low-fat or fat-free dairy. The high-fat varieties can be detrimental to your health. If you don't know how to read a label, learn how here.Sweets / Desserts Foods in this group, like cookies, pies, cakes, ice cream, and candy bars, do not have many vitamins, minerals, or fiber. In fact, their nutrition quality is very poor; they are high in calories, sugar, and fat. Try to eat these foods at special occasions only. These foods function as carbohydrates and fats.Non-Starchy Vegetables These vegetables are classified as carbohydrates, but very little of it is digestible. Because of this, along with high nutritional value and low calories, they are often referred to as "Free Foods." Examples of non-starchy vegetables include: asparagus, green beans, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, eggplant, mushrooms, okra, onions, peppers, spinach, and tomatoes.Proteins / Meats / Meat Substitutes Proteins are typically made up of all animal meats (poultry, beef, fish, pork, wild game), eggs, and tofu. Healthy choices include lean meats labeled as "loin," egg whites, Canadian bacon, tuna, trout, salmon, skinless poultry, and sandwich meats or tofu varieties with less than 5g of fat per serving.Fats Fats are important parts of proper body functioning; however, they typically pack a lot of calories and fat in a small serving. As an example, most cooking oils, mayonnaise, butter, and some salad dressings and margarines provide 45 calories and 5 grams of fat in just 1 teaspoon! Other foods in this group include avocados, nuts, nut butters, olives, bacon, etc. When choosing fats eat more mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, and avoid saturated and trans fats. Mandy Seay is a bilingual registered and licensed dietitian who holds both a bachelor's degree in nutrition and in journalism. After gaining 30 pounds while living abroad, Mandy worked to lose the weight and regain her health. It was here that she discovered her passion for nutrition and went on to pursue a career as a dietitian. Mandy currently works as a nutrition consultant and freelance writer in Austin, Texas, where she specializes in diabetes, weight management and general and preventive nutrition. She recently published her first book, Your Best Health, a personalized program to losing weight and gaining a healthy lifestyle. Please visit Mandy's website at Nutritionistics.com.	<urn:uuid:fab3ce0e-7007-4e17-b2e6-0794d215114c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-living-101-classifying-foods.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999638008/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060718-00031-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9381116032600403, "token_count": 1099, "score": 4.09375, "int_score": 4 }
George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 23, 1813) was an American politician and Founding Father. He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain. As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with only five others, a signatory of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He attended the Continental Congress and served in political office until the end of his life. Legacy[change \| change source] Clymer,Indiana County, Pennsylvania was named in his honor Clymer, Chautaqua County, New York was named in his honor George Clymer Elementary School, School District of Philadelphia. This school has educated majority children of color following Clymer's legacy of rights for all people.	<urn:uuid:d5649e4d-a637-4d08-a486-371868d18804>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clymer", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463658.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00116-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9790878891944885, "token_count": 159, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
by George Atkinson Myths die hard. And it's even harder to dispel a myth when it concerns sexuality. But in a new book called "The Myth of Monogamy," a husband-wife scientific team contends that monogamy among animals, and humans in particular, may be the exception rather than the rule. David Barash, a University of Washington zoologist and professor of psychology, and Judith Lipton, a Seattle psychiatrist, said the book is intended to empower people, not to condone infidelity. "A lot of people get upset if you talk about something like infidelity and say it is natural because then it seems good and proper," said Barash. "There are lots of things that can be natural and are truly awful, like earthquakes and AIDS. We are not saying monogamy is good or bad. But people are more empowered when they understand something. We are not sympathetic with people who philander and say, 'The devil made me do it,' or claim their behavior is genetic. People can do all kinds of natural nasty things - lie, cheat, steal and kill - but it doesn't mean those things are good." "The Myth of Monogamy" grew out of the authors' experiences as a zoologist and a psychiatrist. Lipton said psychiatrists often get disaster calls from clients who have found that their partners have been cheating on them. Barash noted that animal behavior has been revolutionized in the past decade by DNA fingerprinting, which has revealed many species once viewed as paragons of virtue to be philanderers. "The most frequent calls psychiatrists get in the middle of the night are from people who have discovered adultery," said Lipton. "Infidelity crises in marriage is very common, almost like a bad case of the marital flu. People who discover it are outraged, grief-stricken and angry. People who have been cheated on can sometimes be extremely violent and much of the violence in the United States can be attributed to infidelity. "I try to tell people I deal with as a psychiatrist that adultery does not necessarily mean your spouse does not love you, that it is a character flaw or that they never cared for you. There are a lot of reasons for adultery and it takes a hell of a lot of diligence to stay monogamous." Barash said numerous recent studies have shown that many animals and birds, such as eagles, geese, beavers and gibbons, previously believed to be faithfully monogamous aren't. "A lot of hanky-panky is going on," he added. "There has been quite a revolution in scientific understanding of the lives of animals and we can learn a lot about ourselves by looking at other creatures." Obtaining accurate data about human infidelity is difficult because people lie about it, according to Lipton. But she said various studies indicate it is quite common, with 50 percent of men confessing to at least one affair and 30 percent to 50 percent of women admitting that behavior. "Being monogamous is rare. If people want to do it they have to work at it," Lipton said. "It's similar to wanting to play the violin. People can love good music and aspire to play the violin. But most find it difficult and won't practice. Monogamy, like the violin, takes practice and diligence because there are so many temptations." The authors contend that the sexes engage in infidelity for different reasons and that evidence for monogamy in human history is sketchy. Males tend to be opportunistic and have sex out of marriage because it is available and pleasurable. For women it is a way of obtaining something better than their mate, someone who may be richer, more handsome or more powerful, they said. While there is no historic record showing how prehistoric humans behaved - at least, not when it comes to their sex lives - Barash and Lipton point to numerous 20th Century anthropological and sociological studies of hunter-gatherer societies where monogamy is the overwhelming exception, not the rule. In the western world, they said, monogamy only ascended in the late Middle Ages and the Industrial Age. The rich and powerful gained the cooperation of the masses by trading some of their wealth to low class men, enabling them to have wives and a stake in society. "Monogamy was a cover story for society," said Lipton. "Kings still had many wives and concubines. Powerful men did not practiced monogamy and women probably didn't either." "What we are saying isn't different from the 10 Commandments," added Barash. "The commandments would not have said 'do not covet thy neighbor's wife,' if people didn't covet her. "One thing we'd like to see is some of these new findings be included in a real sex-education curriculum," he said. "Right now, monogamous marriage is presented as the goal and end-point of courtship and love. That's fine, but just as it used to be taboo, to a certain extent, for people to talk about sex, it's now taboo to confront the fact that monogamy is terribly difficult. If anything, we are hoping to make monogamy easier by taking infidelity out of the closet." But, The commandments is Not related to the Philosophy of sex, but related only to the Philosophy of the weak faith. Kenson wrote:But, The commandments is Not related to the Philosophy of sex, but related only to the Philosophy of the weak faith. I've very weak faith in your "subject agreement with the verb".. The commandment cited can be viewed for its social implications, leaving the faith aside.. I suppose George Atkinson should have run a spell check and grammar check. The presumption of monogamy may well be a puritanical imposition of petty rules of behavior and not "normal" human behavior. Even a cursory reading of the Old Testament reveals multiple, acceptable patterns for marriage: polygamy, concubinage, Levirate, etc..........gotta love Christian hypocrisy.	<urn:uuid:5467403a-057a-46af-87c3-de7bf3569b8c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://able2know.org/topic/132443-1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00341.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9697755575180054, "token_count": 1239, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Plants, grass on the rooftop? No longer an oddity. With grants and other incentives, Chicago leads the nation in installing green roofs. CHICAGO — In the center of downtown Chicago lies an oasis of green. Monarch butterflies flit past little bluestem. Bees fly from prairie clover to purple coneflowers. A small hawthorn tree rises from a mound. The expanse of native plants and grasses isn't a park, but the top of City Hall, the premier green roof in a city that is making green building a civic cornerstone. Six years ago, when Mayor Richard Daley had the roof installed, it was an oddity. Today, more than 200 green roofs in the city have been constructed or are under way, covering some 2-1/2 million square feet of tar with plants – by far the most of any American city. Now other cities, hoping to cool and clean their air and help with storm drainage, are beginning to emulate Chicago, and the city is taking key steps to encourage – and in some cases require – private developers to follow City Hall's example. Chicago's City Council just announced a pilot program that will provide up to $100,000 in matching funds for developers who retrofit existing downtown buildings with green roofs, out of a $500,000 pool of financing. Last year, the city began awarding small $5,000 grants to smaller projects, many residential. A green permitting process is designed to expedite requests. And Chicago has started requiring green roofs on new buildings that receive city financing. "You look down on the prime real estate areas of this country – downtown Chicago, Manhattan – and so much is unutilized, all these rooftops," says Sadhu Johnston, Chicago's environment commissioner. The green-roof push, he says, is just one piece of a larger plan for the city that has included adding hundreds of thousands of trees, increasing energy efficiency, and replacing some traffic lanes with planted medians. "It's about a comprehensive strategy of making Chicago a better place to live." Green roofs may be surprising in a city still more known for manufacturing than composting, but they are relatively common in Europe. Germany – the country that gave Mayor Daley the idea – has green roofs on about 20 percent of all flat roofs, according to one estimate. With a history dating back to the hanging gardens of Babylon, green roofs range from simple trays filled with hardy plants like sedum, to complex systems like the City Hall roof, which features some 150 plant species, a small apiary, and two trees. In Chicago, they sit atop the Apple store, a Target, and a McDonald's. Even Chicago's soon-to-open Wal-Mart will have one – the company's first. Nationally, green roofs grace the Gap headquarters in San Bruno, Calif.; a Ford Motor plant in Dearborn, Mich.; and the American Society of Landscape Architects building in Washington. The idea is simple: bring back some of the organic material displaced by buildings, streets, and parking lots. Advocates tout benefits that range from reducing the urban "heat island" effect – which makes cities several degrees warmer than surrounding areas and can translate into millions of dollars in energy costs – to lengthening the life span of a roof, providing community garden or recreation space, and contributing to a building's energy efficiency. "Cities are just going to keep getting hotter," says Steven Peck, president of Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. "So you take away hot surfaces and turn them into air conditioners. Green roofs do that very, very well." On City Hall, for instance, the ambient temperature on the planted, city side of the roof is often 50 to 70 degrees cooler than that on the county side, still traditional black tar. Commissioner Johnston acknowledges that it's hard to know how many such roofs are needed before the effects become felt throughout the city, but he's determined to keep encouraging them until Chicago gets there. "It's like turning off the water when you brush your teeth," he says. "Every building that does it this way has an effect." This is why Chicago is doing its best to push private developers to follow City Hall's example. Every new roof in the city is already required to be reflective – another step to minimize urban heat island – but the latest matching-funds initiative is designed to show existing buildings that they, too, can establish green roofs. "There are certain preconceived notions that it's easier to do it with new construction than with existing construction," says Constance Buscemi, spokeswoman for the city's Office of Planning and Development. But there can be drawbacks. It's often twice as expensive to install a green roof, though experts say that's usually recouped through the roof's lengthened life span (they can last 40 or 50 years instead of the typical 20 or 25) and energy savings for the building. And some buildings simply aren't designed for the additional load, even when that's just a few inches of lightweight soil. In a recent survey by Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, Chicago was followed by Washington and Suitland, Md. (home of a huge green-topped National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration building) in green-roof square footage. But the amount of space is increasing rapidly – up 80 percent in the US between 2004 and 2005. "What we've seen in Europe is that once the technology was understood and people saw that it worked, combined with incentives from the regulatory side, it really blossomed as an idea," says David Yocca, a senior partner at the Conservation Design Forum in Elmhurst, Ill., who has designed a number of green roofs. "It's the sort of idea that makes a lot of sense."	<urn:uuid:ee8f0b4a-e3a9-4c27-b63e-0d380134376a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0710/p02s02-ussc.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443451.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00154-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9582792520523071, "token_count": 1197, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
You’ve probably jogged before, but have you plogged? Plogging is a way to add bending and stretching to your exercise routine — and help improve water quality — by picking up litter while you go for a run. It’s a trend that started in Sweden in 2016 and is rapidly spreading to everywhere people want to improve their own health and the health of the environment. The name, plogging, is a combination of the Swedish plocka upp (picking up) and jogging. On Saturday, August 24, 81 “ploggers” participated in Kansas City’s first Plog-a-thon event, picking up litter while they walked and ran through a three-mile course in midtown Kansas City, Missouri. Participants picked up 283 pounds of litter during the event, keeping them from entering the region’s streams and rivers. Litter on streets and in parking lots washes into storm sewers that lead to rivers and streams. Litter generally takes years to breakdown and sometimes leeches toxic chemicals into the water supply. Picking up litter and disposing of it properly is a simple way you can help keep our water clean.	<urn:uuid:8382097c-f04e-4342-b630-d8f4c8fb7b08>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "http://www.cleanwaterkcmetro.org/plogging-event/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00509.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.948168158531189, "token_count": 244, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
The ANC is a national liberation movement. It was formed in 1912 to unite the African people and spearhead the struggle for fundamental political, social and economic change. The ANC's key objective is the creation of a united, non-racial, non-sexist and democratic society. This means the liberation of Africans in particular and black people in general from political and economic bondage. It means uplifting the quality of life of all South Africans, especially the poor. The ANC is in an alliance with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). Each Alliance partner is an independent organisation with its own constitution, membership and programmes. The Alliance is founded on a common commitment to the objectives of the National Democratic Revolution, and the need to unite the largest possible cross-section of South Africans behind these objectives. Author : Nelson Mandela 02 July 2005 I am pleased to be here today to support Africa Standing Tall Against Poverty, in Concert with Live 8. As you know, I formally announced my retirement from public life and should really not be here. However, as long as poverty, injustice and gross inequality persist in our world, none of us can truly rest. We shall never forget how millions of people around the world joined us in solidarity to fight the injustice of our oppression while we were incarcerated. Those efforts paid off and we are able to stand here and join the millions around the world in support of freedom against poverty. Massive poverty and obscene inequality are such terrible scourges of our times - times in which the world boasts breathtaking advances in science, technology, industry and wealth accumulation. We live in a world where knowledge and information have made enormous strides, yet millions of children are not in school. We live in a world where the Aids pandemic threatens the very fabric of our lives. Yet we spend more money on weapons than on ensuring treatment and support for the millions infected by HIV. It is a world of great promise and hope. It is also a world of despair, disease and hunger. Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life. While poverty persists, there is no true freedom. The steps that are needed from the developed nations are clear. The first is ensuring trade justice. I have said before that trade justice is a truly meaningful way for the developed countries to show commitment to bringing about an end to global poverty. The second is an end to the debt crisis for the poor countries. The third is to deliver much more aid and make sure it is of the highest quality. In a few days time the leaders of the G8 nations will meet in Scotland. They will face perhaps the most critical question that our world has had to face - how do we remove the face of poverty from our world. So much of our common future will depend on the actions and plans of these leaders. They have a historical opportunity to open the door to hope and the possibility of a better future for all. History and the generations to come will judge our leaders by the decisions they make in the coming weeks. I say to all those leaders: do not look the other way; do not hesitate. It is easy to make promises but never go to action. We ask our leaders to demonstrate their commitment and not engage with hollow promises. We want action. It is within your power to prevent a genocide against humanity. We stand tall as we await your direction. We thank you for coming here today and we thank the millions of people around the world supporting these efforts. Today should not be the only time we rally in support of eradication of poverty. This should be an ongoing effort. Sometimes it falls upon a generation to be great. You can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom. Of course the task will not be easy. But not to do this would be a crime against humanity against which I ask all humanity now to rise up. I thank you.	<urn:uuid:b69cf3f9-39f6-48c8-a44c-fea300d06d05>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=2859", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00276-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9508634805679321, "token_count": 830, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
If you are visiting this site and in the planning stages of having a baby, we encourage you to: - Learn as much as you can about hand expression (removing milk from your breast with your hands, the most effective way before the baby is born and in the early days) - Watch a video on hand expression. Research shows hand expression especially in the first hour, and frequently during the first few days can have a positive effect on your milk supply even if the baby is breastfeeding well. This milk can be fed to the baby by spoon or stored in a syringe until baby is ready. - Watch this video on breastfeeding after a caesarean birth It has a lot of great information for all families. - Read through the information on this website and become familiar with the basics of breastfeeding and where to get help if you have any questions. - Encourage your partner and family members to become familiar with this information as well. Positive support is important in breastfeeding success. - Remember, your body is made to breastfeed. - You do not need to purchase a pump before the baby is born. Hand expression works best is in the early days and then you can decide what pump works best for your situation. Prenatal (antenatal) hand expression Some babies are at higher risk of needing extra milk in the early days. Babies born to women who have gestational diabetes, are overweight, expecting multiple babies, expecting a caesarean section, or at risk for having their baby early and babies who grow slowly before they are born may need supplementation after they are born. Women can hand express prenatally to keep the expressed milk for the early days. This milk can be stored safely in sterile syringes and used instead of formula if needed. Information about the risks and benefits of prenatal (antenatal) hand expression can be found at: Australian Breastfeeding Association, Association of Breastfeeding Mothers, Capital and Coast District Health Unit from New Zealand. May 2020 - KS	<urn:uuid:3995c5a6-e4e5-45b3-a4fb-eb1161ed85fc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://breastfeedingniagara.ca/for-families/prenatal-2/prenatal-preparation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337398.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003035124-20221003065124-00761.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950249969959259, "token_count": 418, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Atomic Force Microscope-Based Nanorobot Used For Graphene-Control Cutting Graphene, a stable two-dimensional structure, has attracted tremendous worldwide attention in recent years because of its unique electronic, physical and mechanical properties as well as its wide range of applications. It has been proven experimentally that the electrical properties of graphene are strongly related to its size, geometry, and edge structure. Therefore, controlling graphene to desired edge structures and shapes is required for its practical application. To date, researchers have explored many graphene patterning methods, such as a catalytic cutting, SPM(Scanning Probe Microscopy)-based electric field tailoring, energy beam cutting and photocatalytic patterning techniques. The current methods can tailor graphene, however, lack of real-time sensor feedback during patterning and cutting results in an open-loop manufacturing process. This greatly limits the cutting precision of graphene and reduces the efficiency of device manufacture. Therefore, a closed-loop fabrication method using interaction forces as real-time feedback is needed to tailor graphene into desired edge structures and shapes in a controllable manner. Professor LIU Lianqing from the State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Professor XI Ning from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University undertook the background research to overcome this challenge. Their work, entitled “Graphene Control Cutting Using an Atomic Force Microscope Based NanoRobot”, was published in SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica. 2012, Vol 42. They investigated controlled cutting methods of graphene based on nanoscale force feedback by the introduction of robot perception, drivers and behavior coupled with an atomic force microscope. They found that the cutting forces were related to the cutting direction of the graphene lattice because of the asymmetry of the crystal structure of graphene. This discovery is expected to allow nanoscale forces to be used as real-time feedback to establish a closed-loop mechanism to cut graphene with precise control. Atomic force microscopy is only a nanoscale observation tool, and its main shortcomings are poor location ability, lack of real-time feedback, and low efficiency. These challenges are solved by the introduction of robotics that is efficient at nanomanipulation. In this article, the relationship between lattice cutting directions and nanocutting forces were studied systematically by rotating the sample under the same cutting conditions (load, cutting velocity, tip, and effective cutting surface of the tip). The experimental results show that the cutting force is related to the lattice cutting direction: the cutting forces vary with cutting direction in the same period with a difference of up to around 209.36 nN. This article is the first to show that cutting forces vary with lattice cutting directions, which lays an experimental foundation to build a closed-loop fabrication strategy using real-time force as a sensor feedback to control the cutting direction with lattice precision. Combined with existing parallel multi-tip technology, the technique developed in this work will make it possible to fabricate large-scale graphene-based nanodevices at low cost with high efficiency. This research was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2009AA03Z316), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 60904095, 51050110445, and 61175103), and the CAS/SAFEA (Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs) International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams. On the Net:	<urn:uuid:cacbbe30-27de-4f10-86d4-4f761e5dff25>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112543284/atomic-force-microscope-based-nanorobot-used-for-graphene-control-cutting/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776405824.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234005-00088-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9344926476478577, "token_count": 732, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
1. The cardinal number equal to 7 + 1. 2. The eighth in a set or sequence. 3. Something having eight parts, units, or members, especially: a. Sports An eight-oared racing shell. b. An eight-cylinder engine or motor vehicle. [Middle English eighte, from Old English eahta; see oktō(u) in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] eight adj. & pron. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2018 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:366b530a-7fc2-44e4-88d3-daf8ca53a623>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=eight", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00319.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7504016757011414, "token_count": 131, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
The publisher of VideoText's Algebra has also produced Geometry: A Complete Course. Both products work together to provide solid coverage of algebra 1, algebra 2, geometry, trigonometry, and precalculus since both the Algebra and Geometry courses cover significantly more material than is typically found in traditionally-designed courses. The approach is a bit different from most other courses, even though the concepts taught are the same as in traditional courses. The goal is to develop conceptual understanding, and this is accomplished by working through concepts in a "building blocks" fashion. Students first learn fundamental terms and definitions along with inductive and deductive reasoning and logic. Then they learn fundamental postulates and theorems, dealing with points, lines, segments, rays, and angles. Formal proofs are introduced at this point. Next, students study triangles, other polygons, and circles. Only after this do they learn how to do constructions with a compass and straight edge. In the final unit, they study trigonometry. VideoText's Geometry is designed like their algebra course with six modules. Instruction is presented on DVDs featuring instructor Tom Clark thoroughly explaining each concept, using examples and animations. Students should stop the DVD frequently to answer questions posed (before the instructor does so) or discuss concepts with a parent/teacher. Students should not be writing or taking notes while watching. After they finish watching the DVD lesson, students can go over the lesson in the Course Notes booklet to make sure they grasped the concepts. Then they can begin to work on the exercises in the Student Worktext. Worktext exercises again review key terms and present examples with complete solutions before students begin the actual exercises. A complete Solutions Manual can be used for checking student work and identifying problem areas. A separate book of quizzes and tests has two versions of each in case students need to retest. Each of the six modules (labeled A through F) includes three DVDs, course notes, a worktext, a solutions manual, and the Instructor's Guide with Detailed Solutions for Progress Tests. A zipper case for the DVDs is included with the first module. Each module comes in a sturdy cardboard case that should be used for storing all the components. (Note: You might want to keep teacher materials and solutions manuals separate The complete program might take one to two years to complete depending upon the ability of the student, and also whether or not a student chooses to complete study all the way through trigonometry. (If not, they can skip the last unit of Module 6.) Students should take at least two-days per lesson so that they are NOT testing on the same day as they are learning the material. This helps to ensure that they are not just parroting back what they heard but that they have really grasped the concepts. If a student doesn't understand a concept and a parent is unable to assist, toll-free phone assistance is available at no cost to registered purchasers of VideoText products. This feature makes this product almost foolproof since it combines thorough teaching presentation, plenty of practice, solutions for error analysis, and phone assistance for backup if all of this isn't sufficient. You can purchase the entire course with all six modules, individual modules, bundles of three modules each, or the first module plus a completer package. Modules include CD-ROM discs and printed books, You can also access the course online at significant savings. You can choose either digital or printed books to use with the online course. You might want to check out the premade lesson plans from Homeschool Planet that are available for VideoText's Geometry. Find lesson plans available for this product at Homeschool Planet. Sign up for a 30-day FREE trial.	<urn:uuid:47949d31-b6b7-4a72-b975-3a70f6d99940>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://cathyduffyreviews.com/homeschool-reviews-core-curricula/math/math-grades-9-12/videotext-geometry-a-complete-course-with-trigonometry", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00594.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9349767565727234, "token_count": 762, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3 }
Glossary of Zen Terms Dharma – An ancient Sanskrit word meaning truth, and just as this word has many layers, forms, and meanings, Dharma can refer to he principle or law that orders the universe, the path that we are on, karmic law, or the the essential function or nature of a thing. Zen — The Japanese word for Ch'an Ch'an – The Chinese word for Dhyana. Dhyana – Zen comes from the Indian sanscrit term Dhyana, which means meditation. Bodhisattva – An awakened or enlightened being who renounces the experience of nirvana in order to remain with unenlightened beings and work for the liberation of others. The bodhisattva ideal is closely associated with Mahayana Buddhism. Chiden – The person who cares for the altars. Doan – The person who rings the bells and keeps time in the zendo. Doan-ryo – The group of people who make our services happen. Dokusan – A private interview between a student and teacher. Doshi – The person who leads the service. Four Noble Truths – The Buddha’s great realization that - Suffering is all around us; it is a part of life. - The cause of suffering is craving and attachment. - There is a way out; craving can be ended and thus suffering can be ended. - The way to end craving is the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold path – The first talk the Buddha gave which included the following tenets: - Right View (or Understanding) - Right Thought (or Resolve) - Right Speech - Right Conduct - Right Livelihood - Right Effort - Right Mindfulness - Right Concentration Gassho – A mudra or bow with palms together, gassho signifies gratitude. Gatha – A short sutra. Meal chants or bath chants are gathas. We venerate the three treasures, And give thanks for this food; The work of many people, And the transformation of other forms of life. Han – In Zen monasteries, a wooden board that is struck with a mallet which calls us to the zendo. Ino – In Soto Zen, the Ino is in charge of the zendo (meditation hall). At Jikoji, the Ino is also the site manager of the day.	<urn:uuid:fa2b4f5e-1377-4fa4-b881-d0244a9c539f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.jikoji.org/glossary/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00001.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9267812371253967, "token_count": 514, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
There are 16 names matching your criteria. BABAK m Persian, Ancient Persian Means "little father" in Persian. This was the name of the father of Ardashir, the founder of the Sassanid Empire in Persia. It was also borne by the 9th-century resistance leader Babak Khorramdin. BAGADATA m Ancient Persian Old Persian name derived from baga "god" and data "given". This was the name of a 3rd-century BC Persian satrap under the Seleucid Empire. NARSES m Ancient Persian (Hellenized) Hellenized form of the Persian name Narseh , which was derived from Avestan NAIRYOSANGHA . This name was borne by a Byzantine general of Armenian descent who helped restore Italy to the Roman Empire during the reign of Justinian I in the 6th century. TAHMASP m Ancient Persian Persian form of the Avestan name Takhmaspa , which was derived from takhma "strong, brave, valiant" and aspa "horse". This name was borne by two Safavid shahs of Persia.	<urn:uuid:d3520dfa-01d9-4b50-902d-b0ab19a29d0e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.behindthename.com/names/gender/masculine/usage/ancient-persian", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00262-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9540919065475464, "token_count": 250, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
Personal responsibility of a college student personal responsibility to me is very simple how to write a short essay. Responsibilities of a good student essays and research papers essay: personal responsibility means being responsible for our thoughts and actions. The responsibilities of an ideal student the purpose of education is to produce ideal persons to face the responsibilities of the essay --- the kashmir problem. Gandhian and peace essay research paper search engines zaba how to cite a academic essay good quotes for writing an essay research papers on mass communication. Alexandra lort phillips w1320533 april 5 2011 llm dispute resolution international human rights module 1lm 7b2th the responsibility responsibility to protect essay. College courses are set for student to be success, therefore, an individual must perform own responsibility as a student to success in college. Essay on business ethics and social responsibility print disclaimer: this essay has been submitted by a student organisations are short term oriented and. Essay on student life: nature, duties, responsibilities and student life is golden life – short essay of games and sports in student’s life essay on. If you are looking for an idea to write your college papers on personal responsibility and societal roles, here gives proofread essay sample on this topic. College student responsibilities essay examples 2,138 total results a short essay outlining responsibilities of a college student 363 words 1 page. Responsibility essays being responsible refers to our ability to make decisions that serve our own interests and the interests of others we first need to be. How to write an essay about your personal experience smart words english essays pdf short essay on my favourite national hero history of computer viruses essays on. Pbl students are engaged in whilst essay on responsibility of a good student conducting a survey tool in tertiary music programs when many inches they lean forward. Purchase behavior literature review essay about responsibility write the responsibility of a student responsibility write papers for me short story.	<urn:uuid:033841cd-372f-42b9-8e9e-ce14a1f526c2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://dxcourseworkidfd.a3maal.me/short-essay-on-responsibility-of-student.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00196.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.924677312374115, "token_count": 387, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
In Things Fall Apart, why does Okonkwo commit suicide and what is the final message of this work? 1 Answer \| Add Yours In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo was once considered the greatest warrior alive. Things change and he commits suicide by the end of the story. It is a disgrace to commit suicide in his tribe. For all his life, Okonkwo feared dying like his father without honors at his burial. Although Okonkwo had lived his life as a hard-working man who was a great leader and warrior in his tribe, Okonkwo dies in a disgraceful manner. Achebe's message throughout the novel is that change can be devastating. Truly, the novel "depicts conflicts and tensions within Igbo society as well as changes introduced by colonial rule and Christianity." Struggling to achieve success in the traditional world, Okonkwo, the protagonist, is a talented but inflexible Igbo. He fears becoming like his lazy father who dies with no titles and without honor. Despite his hard work and determination to receive all the titles he can achieve, Okonkwo cannot stop the changes that are happening in his village. He cannot get his tribal men to fight the European Christian white men who have come in to take control and change his village traditions. The District Commissioner who represents the white Europeans comes in to civilize Okonkwo and his tribal people. Ironically, the District Commissioner makes things worse: He believes he is bringing peace and civilization to the Igbo people, but in fact he has systematically destroyed many aspects of Igbo life With a feeling of hopelessness, Okonkwo gives up and hangs himself. He commits suicide because he cannot deal with the changes that the Christian white men are making in his village. While the white man from Europe came in to civilize the Igbo tribe, he did not succeed. Indeed, the story of Okonkwo affirms that Europe did not introduce civilization to savages. Okonkwo lost his life because the Christian white man came in and forced his way of life on a people who had already established their own way of living: [Okonkwo's] traditional world has been destroyed, and Okonkwo does not want to live in a new world. Hanging himself in a tree, Okonkwo ends his conflict once and for all. The irony of it all is that Okonkwo worked hard and achieved many titles and honors in order to be buried with dignity. In the end, he commits suicide which is an abomination in his Igbo society. He dies in disgrace much like his father. Join to answer this question Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes	<urn:uuid:4a8725cc-9bc3-42de-9f90-ee7b5b8d6fce>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-does-ikonkwo-commit-suicide-what-final-message-375323", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463708.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00213-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9833082556724548, "token_count": 571, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
Formation of Negatives in The Simple Present and Simple Past Affirmative sentences in the simple present and simple past tense do not have an auxiliary verb. We use do, does or did to change them into questions. Note that do and does are used in the present tense. Do is used with plural nouns and the pronouns I, we, they and you. Does is used with singular nouns and the pronouns he, she and it. Did is used in the past tense with both singular and plural nouns and pronouns. Study the examples given below. - Susie writes plays for television. This statement is in the simple present tense and it doesn’t have an auxiliary verb. When we change this statement into a question, we use does as the first word. Note that we use does because the subject is a third person singular pronoun. - Does Susie write plays for television? (NOT Does Susie writes plays for television?) - Mike likes ice-cream. (Statement) - Does Mike like ice-cream? - He and his sister live in the same city. (Statement) - Do he and his sister live in the same city? (Question) Here we use do because the subject is plural. - I like Shaw. (Statement) - Do you like Shaw? (Question) - I liked the movie. (Statement) This statement is in the simple past tense. When we change it into a question, we use did as the first word. Note that did is used with both singular and plural nouns and pronouns. - Did you like the movie? (Question) (NOT Did you liked the movie?) Did + like = liked	<urn:uuid:f3be01e1-c4e9-4832-8764-f41d2b3cdcc2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "https://www.englishpractice.com/improve/formation-negatives-simple-present-simple/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9649960994720459, "token_count": 353, "score": 3.859375, "int_score": 4 }
Differential Migration is a fascinating subject and can be readily appreciated through observations of migrant Least Flycatchers. Migrant adults precede immature birds by about a month (Hussell et al. 1967). Over a 3 year study period conducted at Long Point Bird Observatory from 1966-1968, 90% of adult Least Flycatchers occurred between 11 July and 13 August. Peak migration of immatures occurred during the last days of August. Incredibly, peak migration of immatures averaged 38 days later than adults during the 1966-1968 study period (Hussell 1981). Ratty and faded adults present little identification challenge to those relatively well-versed in Empidonax ID but immatures are a whole other story. “Vested” undersides with greenish-brown to the flanks and creamy yellow tones to the belly; rich tones throughout the upperside; and, in some cases, these features are in concert with a rather full, almond-shaped eyering. Add a cascade of sunlight piercing through the canopy above and you have yourself a Yellow-bellied Fly’…😉 Photo: A first basic (immature) Least Flycatcher. Shirleys Bay, Ottawa, Ontario. 4 September 2015. Hussell, D.J.T., T. Davis and R.D. Montgomerie. 1967. Differential migration of adult and immature Least Flycatchers. Birding-Banding 38:61-66. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v038n01/p0061-p0066.pdf Hussel, D.J.T. 1981. Migrations of the Least Flycatcher in southern Ontario. Journal of Field Ornithology 52: 97-111. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v052n02/p0097-p0111.pdf	<urn:uuid:112086ac-1523-427e-a2bf-93b5985def08>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://eontbird.ca/?p=2864", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00787.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8730634450912476, "token_count": 417, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
\|Activity: Math at Your Fingertips with the TI-10\| \|Go to:\|\|http://education.ti.com/.../activitybook_10_fingertips.html (opens a new window)\| The activities in this book are specifically designed for primary-grade students' use of the TI-10. The use of this technology allows students to explore a higher level of mathematics than they would normally achieve, incorporating activities that engage and challenge young minds. This book is sectioned into 17 units. Each unit lists the concepts addressed, materials needed, calculator key-strokes, suggested age and grade level, teacher tips, vocabulary, an overview with the assessment, and much more. The activity book is available for purchase or can be downloaded for free in PDF format. \|Author:\|\|Valerie Johse and Chris Ruda\| \|Cost:\|\|Does not require payment for use\| \|Average Rating:\|\|\|\|Login to rate this resource\| \|My MathTools:\|\|Login to Subscribe / Save This\| \|Reviews:\|\|be the first to review this resource\| \|Discussions:\|\|start a discussion of this resource\| \|Support Material:\|\|TI-10 Quick Reference Guide\|	<urn:uuid:7385b9c1-7cf2-43c1-b6c2-feb685365b4d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://mathforum.org/mathtools/activity/5804/m3,5,ALL,ALL/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00385-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7822008728981018, "token_count": 255, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Palaeozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from 541 million years ago to 485.4 million years ago. Before it came the Ediacaran, and after it the Ordovician. Biologists have learnt quite a lot about the soft parts of Cambrian animals. This is because places have been found where soft parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. This means our understanding of the Cambrian biota is better than that of some later periods. Life on Earth changed greatly during the Cambrian period. Before the Cambrian, life was mostly small and simple. Complex organisms (metazoa) evolved during the Proterozoic era. But during the Cambrian period, some organisms used carbonate minerals for shells, so they had hard parts which could become fossils. There were many different kinds of life during the Cambrian period. This increase in the diversity of lifeforms was relatively rapid, and is called the Cambrian explosion. This adaptive radiation produced the first members of the main groups of animals, called phyla. Almost all of this new life was in the oceans. There was little life on land except a layer of microbes. There were shallow seas near several continents, because a supercontinent called Pannotia had broken into smaller pieces. The seas were warm, and there was no ice at the North and South Pole. Many animals with hard shells appeared for the first time during the beginning of the Cambrian. Change in the sea floor[change \| change source] At the start of the Cambrian, the earlier animals (the Ediacaran biota) may have become extinct. It seems these older life forms were affected by new types which burrowed into the sea floor. This changed the conditions of life for the older types. The burrowing must have disturbed the mat of bacteria and algae which covered the sea-floor. About this time we find the first examples of many phyla. There are also some fossil traces on what was land at the time, so perhaps a few Cambrian organisms did leave the water. Fossils[change \| change source] Fossils from the Cambrian period sometimes show what the soft parts were like, unlike most fossils where the soft parts disappear. Fossils from the Burgess Shale in Ontario, Canada are examples of fossils with soft parts. Here are some life forms that first appeared in the Cambrian period, with the oldest ones first: - First Cnidaria, and probable annelids, about 580 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period. - Small shelly fossils (SSF), including first molluscs and brachiopods, about 537 million years ago. - First trilobites, about 526 million years ago. - First echinoderms, about 522 million years ago. - First crustaceans, about 510 million years ago. It is not always clear which phylum a fossil should be put into. So there are some fossils which are still being discussed, years after they were discovered. References[change \| change source] - International Commission on Stratigraphy - They may have continued in places where the sea-floor had not been so disturbed: see Fezouata Formation. - Butterfield N.J. 2001. The Ecology of the Cambrian radiation. Columbia University Press, New York. - Cowen R. 2002. History of life. Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 0931292387 - Bengtson S. (2004). "Neoproterozoic--Cambrian biological revolutions" (PDF). Palentological Society Papers. 10: 67–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2008-07-18.	<urn:uuid:9c04dec1-3ba7-4f35-9781-8ac5ddea8fe4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00232.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9561673402786255, "token_count": 813, "score": 4.34375, "int_score": 4 }
Welcome to this week’s kids’s craft – Making Mini Books, which we turned into our Kids’ Garden Journal! First we dif some gardening and then we made some mini books out ONE sheet of paper (very cool and very exciting). This mini book will become the children’s “Garden Journal” (or simply use it as a colouring book or for creating stories). Either skip our gardening part and head straight for the mini book, OR, come and see how the kids got planting first! It is something that I love doing with the children every year and it is wonderful to see them learn and develop their understanding of their environment. The lovely people at innocent kids are currently giving away a range of seeds for kids to grow this Spring – definitely worth getting your hands on some! We received a set of own (as well as gorgeous watering can & gardening tools thank you) and the kids couldn’t wait to get stuck in. Planting seedlings really is quite straight forward. We have set of newspaper seedling pots that we have made, but we decided to grow the kids’ special seeds in some old juice carton containers. Perfect bit of upcycling and shows that you can use anything – from newspapers, to egg cartons, to yoghurt pots to juice cartons to get going! So… our afternoon: 1) Inspect your seeds! (very important – after all you need to decide what to plant!) 2) Make some holes in your upcycled container. I used some sharp scissors for this. The kids really wanted to do this – but, tut tut, this one is for adults only. 3) Fill with earth. (We had a lot of earth going in AND out.. but got there eventually). 4) Place in your seedlings & name tags. 5) Add a little more earth 7) Water some more (and get a little wet). I am going to try and make the kids responsible for these and remind them to water them every few days. We are also going to keep a Garden Diary and we will record. This is a great little paper craft activity. I love things that you can make out of one sheet of paper. It looks “confusing” at first, but seriously, these books are easy and so cute. Make them anywhere, anytime (you can skip using scissors, once you are good at creasing!): Now we are recording what we planted, when they sprouted, what vegetable grew first, how it tasted etc. I think it will be a great “science” experiment for Red Ted! And here is a lovely book to go with planting: Up, Down And Around, by Kathryn Ayres. The first thing that caught Red Ted’s (2.5yrs) attention is all the detail. He loves all the little bugs and bunnies and snails on every page and loves finding them. He chose this book himself (when presented with a choice). It is fun, bright and colourful. I don’t think it is the “best” how do plants grow book, but then I am not sure what a “best book” for this age group would look like. It does show the sowing of seeds and the needing to water and then it focuses on how things grow (up or down etc) – so it definitely has the basics and I think it is great for Red Ted to understand that you can’t always see a vegetable growing – but that sometimes they are underground (we enjoyed talking about potatoes in particularly!). It ends wonderfully with a wonderful vegetable picnic – salad, soup, pie. Yummy. We like at the Red Ted household! Now.. what I would like to know is – will you be planting with your kids this year? What will you grow? And will you have a go at making your very own Mini Book? Go on….	<urn:uuid:c4c38bd0-7a88-4f5c-9475-b443255c91c9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.redtedart.com/make-mini-books-garden-journal/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363465.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208083545-20211208113545-00372.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9599140286445618, "token_count": 832, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession The Health Education profession is dedicated to excellence in the practice of promoting individual, family, organizational, and community health. The Code of Ethics provides a framework of shared values within which health education is practiced. The responsibility of each health educator is to aspire to the highest possible standards of conduct and to encourage the ethical behavior of all those with whom they work. Article I: Responsibility to the Public A health educator’s ultimate responsibility is to educate people for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, and improving individual, family, and community health. When a conflict of issues arises among individuals, groups, organizations, agencies, or institutions, health educators must consider all issues and give priority to those that promote wellness and quality of living through principles of self-determination and freedom of choice for the individual. Article II: Responsibility to the Profession Health educators are responsible for their professional behavior, for the reputation of their profession, and for promoting ethical conduct among their colleagues. Article III: Responsibility to Employers Health educators recognize the boundaries of their professional competence and are accountable for their professional activities and actions. Article IV: Responsibility in the Delivery of Health Education Health educators promote integrity in the delivery of health education. They respect the rights, dignity, confidentiality, and worth of all people by adapting strategies and methods to the needs of diverse populations and communities. Article V: Responsibility in Research and Evaluation Health educators contribute to the health of the population and to the profession through research and evaluation activities. When planning and conducting research or evaluation, health educators do so in accordance with federal and state laws and regulations, organizational and institutional policies, and professional standards. Article VI: Responsibility in Professional Preparation Those involved in the preparation and training of health educators have an obligation to accord learners the same respect and treatment given other groups by providing quality education that benefits the profession and the public. *The Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession was adopted by the SOPHE Board of Trustees on June 17, 1999. It was ratified by all members of the Coalition of National Health Education Organizations in November 1999, and supercedes any previous codes of ethics issued by SOPHE or the American Association for Health Education. Printed here is the abridged version; the complete code of ethics is available on SOPHE’s website ( ). For information regarding membership in Ohio SOPHE, click here	<urn:uuid:2f080f3d-e579-4461-929e-a9aba11c93e1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://ohiosophe.org/our-profession/code-of-ethics", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00102-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.949738621711731, "token_count": 493, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
The architecture of any border territory is inevitably studded with fortifications; the largest being the castle. On the Scottish borders there are two other kinds of fortified building dating, in their present form, from the sixteenth century. The best known of these two is the pele or peel tower. These were three or four storey buildings with very thick walls. The ground floor was used for storage whilst the upper floors were for living. Some towers like the one at Clifton near Penrith were really only used during times of crisis. Once James VI of Scotland ascended the throne of England after Elizabeth I’s death and became James I of England (uniting the lion and the unicorn as heraldic supporters) he declared that hence forth the borders would be known as the ‘Middle Shires’ and that all peel towers should be dismantled. Given the number of peel towers still standing on both sides of the border it may reasonably be suggested that not all the border families received that particular memo. Others incorporated the family tower into new builds such as at Hutton in the Forest and Dalemain. The third typical border fortification is the bastle house. A bastle house is a fortified farmhouse. Typically it presents as a two-storey building with very thick walls. The ground floor was a barn for livestock. If it had windows at all they would have been narrow slits for ventilation. At Black Middens the original door was in the gable end. The rather dark and dingy upper floor with its tiny door and narrow window were the living quarters which were accessed, in the early days at least, by a ladder which could be hauled up behind the inhabitants in times of trouble. In later times an external stair case was often added along with more windows and doors. The bastle house at Black Middens near Bellingham also boasts some sturdy looking sockets for bars across the door as additional security. A farmer would have to be relatively wealthy in order to afford one of these stone buildings. The Black Middens bastle house also boasts the remnants of an eighteenth century cottage that appears to have been built on the foundations of an earlier bastle house on the site reflecting that these dwellings evolved over time. The Tarset Valley is home to several bastle houses in varying states of decay and which now feature as part of a walking trail. The houses grouped as they are also hint at mutual support in times of trouble. Black Middens is at the end of a long narrow winding sheep filled road with big views. Its very easy to imagine Kinmont Willie, the Armstrong laird best known for being rescued from Carlisle Castle by one of Sir Walter Scott’s ancestors, arriving on the scene to do a spot of reiving. In addition to stealing sheep, horses, mares and a goat the Scot and his merry band of raiders also killed six people and maimed eleven more on one memorable occasion in 1583. Of course, there’re bastle houses all over the borders and it isn’t always necessary to traipse to the back of beyond to find them. In Haltwhistle for example every second house seems to bear a blue plaque announcing its provenance as a bastle house, though these days they have evolved to something barely recognisable as a fortified dwelling. The impact of the Scottish Wars of Independence and the growth of border reiving culture is also recalled in a ballad called ‘The Fray of Haltwhistle’ – yet another pesky Armstrong comes calling.	<urn:uuid:637e1d7b-6043-45e5-a564-1ab8df1b9045>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "https://thehistoryjar.com/2016/07/13/black-middens-bastle-house/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189377.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00181-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9808893799781799, "token_count": 727, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
I'm gonna note down here about Logistic Regression because I learned it again at Cousera's Machine Learning course. In machine learning, Logistic Regression is often used for classification. It measures the relationship between the categorical dependent variable and one or more independent variables by estimating probabilities using a logistic function, which is the cumulative logistic distribution and it called binomial distribution. In case of classification (ex, Tumor size predicts malignant potential. y=1 is Yes, y=0 is No.), y = 0 or 1, if you use linear regression, can be >1 or < 0. But this is bad because of expecting y = 0 or 1. So it is a good way to use Logistic Regression because it is actually a classification algorithm that we apply to settings where the label y is discrete value, when it's either 0 or 1. Hypothesis Representation of Logistic Regression Logistic Regression Model is below: Assigning sigmoid function into model, we can get Logistic Regression Model below: Using this model, you can draw below graph and see it asymptotes at one and zero. Logistic regression - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For interpretation of hypothesis output, this model estimates probability that y=1 on input x. For example of tumor size predicts malignant potential, x is given below: It may (means probability y = 1), doctor tell patient that 70% change of tumor being malignant. means "probability that y=1, given x, parameterized by θ." and this y is 0 or 1. Decision Boundary of Logistic Regression Logistic regression supposes: prediction "y=1" if 0.5 prediction "y=0" if < 0.5 Seeing above graph, x bar means z and z 0 be y bar 0.5, z < 0 be y bar < 0.5. this means . And we can draw linear with each θ values. For example, it given below: if and θ=[-3, 1, 1], you can predict "y=1" if . It can be changed and which make it decide Decision Boundary and means 0.5. Cost Function of Logistic Regression How to choose parameters θ(how to fit data)? In Logistic regression, Cost function is below: If y = 1, If y = 0, Overall cost function j of θ will be convex and local optima free contrast with Linear regression because it will be log function's graph. If it missed for prediction, you have to pay more cost. You can capture intuition that if (predict ), but y=1 which means that we will penalize learning algorithm by a very large cost. It be more simplified and assign into gradient descent below: This is the Cross-entropy error function which is an idea in statistics for how to efficiently find parameter's data for different models. This cost function can be derived from statistics using the principle of maximum likelihood estimation. Finding min J(θ) as fitting parameters θ to make a prediction given new x. You have to repeat computing a below gradient descent with simultaneously updating all θ : You will notice that this algorithm looks identical to linear regression. But hypothesis is difference between Logistic regression and Linear regression below: Logistic regression : Linear regression : #coding: utf-8 import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt def plotData(X, y): positive = [i for i in range(len(y)) if y[i] == 1] negative = [i for i in range(len(y)) if y[i] == 0] plt.scatter(X[positive, 0], X[positive, 1], c='red', marker='o', label="positive") plt.scatter(X[negative, 0], X[negative, 1], c='blue', marker='o', label="negative") def sigmoid(z): return 1.0 / (1 + np.exp(-z)) def safe_log(x, minval=0.0000000001): return np.log(x.clip(min=minval)) def computeCost(X, y, theta): h = sigmoid(np.dot(X, theta)) J = (1.0 / m) * np.sum(-y * safe_log(h) - (1 - y) * safe_log(1 - h)) return J def gradientDescent(X, y, theta, alpha, iterations): m = len(y) # length of training data J_history = # cost of each update for iter in range(iterations): h = sigmoid(np.dot(X, theta)) theta = theta - alpha * (1.0 / m) * np.dot(X.T, h - y) cost = computeCost(X, y, theta) print iter, cost J_history.append(cost) return theta, J_history def main(): data = np.genfromtxt("ex2data1.txt", delimiter=",") X = data[:, (0, 1)] y = data[:, 2] m = len(y) plt.figure(1) plotData(X, y) X = X.reshape((m, 2)) X = np.hstack((np.ones((m, 1)), X)) # initialize parameters to 0 theta = np.zeros(3) iterations = 300000 alpha = 0.001 # compute cost as initialize initialCost = computeCost(X, y, theta) print "initial cost:", initialCost # estimate parameters using gradient descent theta, J_history = gradientDescent(X, y, theta, alpha, iterations) print "theta:", theta print "final cost:", J_history[-1] plt.figure(2) plt.plot(J_history) plt.xlabel("iteration") plt.ylabel("J(theta)") plt.figure(1) xmin, xmax = min(X[:,1]), max(X[:,1]) xs = np.linspace(xmin, xmax, 100) ys = [- (theta / theta) - (theta / theta) * x for x in xs] plt.plot(xs, ys, 'b-', label="decision boundary") plt.xlabel("x1") plt.ylabel("x2") plt.xlim((30, 100)) plt.ylim((30, 100)) plt.legend() plt.show() if __name__ == "__main__": main() This result is below: initial cost: 0.69314718056 theta: [-9.25573205 0.07960975 0.07329322] final cost: 0.283686931959 Advanced Optimazation of Logistic Regression For logistic regression, there are some optimization algorithms given θ below: I'm gonna explain these algorithm's advantages and disadvantages except gradient descent. These not need to manually pick α (learning rate) because inter-loop called a line search algorithm that automatically tries out different values for the learning rate alpha and automatically picks a good learning rate alpha so that it can even pick a different learning rate for every iteration. And These often find convergence faster than gradient descent. Disadvantages is more complex, so you shouldn't implement these yourself. Multiclass Classification One-vs-All of Logistic Regression Using One-vs-All(other called one-vs-rest), it is easy for multiclass classification on logistic regression. For example, you wanna filter or tag email for three labels such as "Work(y=1)", "Friends(y=2)", "Hobby(y=3)". In these case, you can train a logistic regression classifier for each class i to predict the probability that y=i. On new input x, to make a prediction, you can pick the class i that maximizes.	<urn:uuid:6c037c9f-fb7e-4f52-a322-5affbf848149>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://fixxman.hatenablog.com/entry/2016/09/25/071801", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592001.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720232914-20180721012914-00271.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7519285082817078, "token_count": 1755, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Hepatitis A on rise in part of southwest Virginia MARION, Va. - Health officials in part of southwest Virginia are working to contain an outbreak of hepatitis A. As of Tuesday, there have been 23 confirmed cases in the Mount Rogers Health District so far in 2019. The health district includes Wythe, Bland, Carroll and Grayson counties and the city of Galax. Mount Rogers Health District population health manager Breanne Forbes Hubbard said a high number of cases in surrounding states may be to blame for the outbreak in the health district. You can help prevent the spread of hepatitis A through proper handwashing and getting vaccinated. Philadelphia declares health emergency after Hepatitis A surge Bruce Bennett/Getty Images(CNN) - The Philadelphia Department of Health has declared a public health emergency due to a surge in Hepatitis A, Dr. Thomas A. Farley, Health Commissioner of the City, said Thursday. Preliminary information indicates 67% of people who have been diagnosed with Hepatitis A say they have used drugs, while 26% report homelessness, according to health officials. Southern New Jersey and suburban Pennsylvania counties around Philadelphia are also reporting higher than usual numbers of Hepatitis A among the same at-risk populations, according to the city's health department. The Hepatitis A vaccine requires two doses given at least six months apart for long-lasting protection, according to the CDC. Context for the crisisThe 2017 Hepatitis A epidemic in San Diego County, California, included 592 infections, primarily among the homeless and illegal drug users.	<urn:uuid:8cfd9a9f-5be3-4831-a190-b8e61dfb8465>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://www.wsls.com/topic/Hepatitis_A/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00036.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9308878779411316, "token_count": 314, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
verb (nullifies, nullifying, nullified)[with object] - 1Make legally null and void; invalidate: judges were unwilling to nullify government decisionsMore example sentences annul, declare null and void, render null and void, void, invalidate, render invalid; repeal, reverse, rescind, revoke, set aside, cancel, abolish, undo, abrogate; countermand, veto, dissolve, cast aside, do away with, bring to an end, terminate, quash, obliterate; Law vacate• archaic recall• rare disannul - Contributory negligence could reduce the monetary quantification of the defendant's liability, but it cannot legally or logically nullify it. - And the organizations say that some 300 farms are remaining because they say the evictions are invalid or have been nullified by court orders. - ‘When you withhold funds from enforcing a decision of the Supreme Court, you are in fact nullifying a decision of the Supreme Court,’ she told reporters. - 1.1Make of no use or value; cancel out: insulin can block the release of the hormone and thereby nullify the effects of trainingMore example sentences - An age might have to elapse before there can be any returns on capital in the form of scarce minerals in minable quantities, the costs of whose transportation alone might nullify their value. - If the combined effect is less than the sum of the individual effects, the relative interaction is ameliorative, competitive or the effects are said to cancel or nullify one another. - While it is true that games offering over 100% payback are rare outside Nevada, this does not nullify the value of a strategy. - More example sentences - On the other hand, faced with the fate of universally inescapable destruction and nullification, we may yet finally find a way to confront it together and to find a way to coexist with all others. - Nonetheless, while I do see some quite powerful arguments in favor of jury nullification, and while I am not opposed to it, I do wonder whether there are some important practical difficulties with it. - Surely, the Founders would be appalled by a popularly-elected Senate, a check on democratic majoritarianism and federal power they thought much more important than judicial nullification. - More example sentences - In his eagerness to draw a connection between Jeffersonian states' righters, nullifiers, and secessionists, McDonald downplays the Jeffersonians' democratic commitments and casts southern secessionists as ‘libertarians.’ - He suggests that it was this ‘singular history and political culture’ that produced the rabid fire-eater proslavery advocates and nullifiers 150 years later. - Disillusioned nullifiers began to envision an independent southern nation taking shape, united in the defense of slavery.	<urn:uuid:1fac2d18-96e3-4533-a0f5-f928afd15790>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/nullify", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00535-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9102104902267456, "token_count": 593, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
DataSet.Copy Method () .NET Framework (current version) Copies both the structure and data for this DataSet. System.Data (in System.Data.dll) A new DataSet with the same structure (table schemas, relations, and constraints) and data as this DataSet. If these classes have been subclassed, the copy will also be of the same subclasses. The following example uses the Copy method to create a copy of the original DataSet. private void CopyDataSet(DataSet dataSet) // Create an object variable for the copy. copyDataSet = dataSet.Copy(); // Insert code to work with the copy. Return to top Available since 1.1	<urn:uuid:148a0113-3824-4e2b-a766-75ed341a9bde>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.data.dataset.copy.aspx?cs-save-lang=1&cs-lang=csharp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607369.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523045144-20170523065144-00036.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7067221403121948, "token_count": 155, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
In Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), how does Constance use Desdemona and Juliet for the alchemical process of turning “ base metals into gold”? Discuss with specific references to the play. 1 Answer \| Add Yours I think that Macdonald constructs Constance in a manner whereby her sense of modernity is able to turn "base metals into gold" regarding her interactions with Desdemona and Juliet. Constance is able to use a sense of social alchemy in transforming both characters into something more than they are. Constance is able to effectively persuade both women that insecurity and doubt are not reasons to automatically embrace tragedy. Consciousness becomes a force within which these elements are intrinsic to being. Through convincing both women of this, Constance is able to turn "base metals into gold," by making both women become more than they appear within the pages of Shakespearean text. The gold pen that Constance sees at the end of the narrative is representative of the thought process that she has been able to compose and embody in her interactions with both women, and this becomes the alchemical process by which she is able to make something more than what is. The base metals of both women's characters and their myopic way of viewing being the world is transformed into gold when Constance is able to make both women understand more about themselves and their world. In this fusion between feminism and modernism, a process of understanding and depth is reached. This becomes alchemy in enabling characters previously seen as static to become fluid. We’ve answered 317,525 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question	<urn:uuid:e5e3ace2-bcd9-4c49-9a9c-51d5a74aacaf>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-constance-use-desdemona-juliet-alchemical-346154", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9699973464012146, "token_count": 332, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Dimension of signal subspace the number of signals, nsig = mdltest( nsig, present in a snapshot of X, that impinges upon the sensors in an array. The estimator uses the Minimum Description Length (MDL) test. The input argument, X, is a complex-valued matrix containing a time sequence of data samples for each sensor. Each row corresponds to a single time sample for all sensors. Construct a data snapshot of two plane waves arriving at a half-wavelength-spaced uniform line array having 10 elements. The plane waves arrive from 0° and –25° azimuth, both with elevation angles of 0°. Assume the signals arrive in the presence of additive noise that is both temporally and spatially Gaussian white. For each signal, the SNR is 5 dB. Take 300 samples to build a 300-by-10 data snapshot. Then, solve for the number of signals using N = 10; d = 0.5; elementPos = (0:N-1)d; angles = [0 -25]; x = sensorsig(elementPos,300,angles,db2pow(-5)); Nsig = mdltest(x) Nsig = 2 The result shows that the number of signals is two, as expected. Construct a data snapshot for two plane waves arriving at a half-wavelength-spaced uniform line array with 10 elements. Correlated plane waves arrive from 0° and 10° azimuth, both with elevation angles of 0°. Assume the signals arrive in the presence of additive noise that is both temporally and spatially Gaussian white noise. For each signal, the SNR is 10 dB. Take 300 samples to build a 300-by-10 data snapshot. Then, solve for the number of signals using N = 10; d = 0.5; elementPos = (0:N-1)d; angles = [0 10]; ncov = db2pow(-10); scov = [1 .5]'[1 .5]; x = sensorsig(elementPos,300,angles,ncov,scov); Nsig = mdltest(x) Nsig = 1 This result shows that mdltest cannot determine the number of signals correctly when the signals are correlated. Now, try the forward-backward smoothing option. Nsig = mdltest(x,'fb') Nsig = 2 The addition of forward-backward smoothing yields the correct number of signals. X— Data snapshot Data snapshot, specified as a complex-valued, K-by-N matrix. A snapshot is a sequence of time-samples taken simultaneous at each sensor. In this matrix, K represents the number of time samples of the data, while N represents the number of sensor elements. Example: [ –0.1211 + 1.2549i, 0.1415 + 1.6114i, 0.8932 + 0.9765i; ] Complex Number Support: Yes nsig— Dimension of signal subspace Dimension of signal subspace, returned as a non-negative integer. The dimension of the signal subspace is the number of signals in the data. AIC and MDL tests Direction finding algorithms such as MUSIC and ESPRIT require knowledge of the number of sources of signals impinging on the array or equivalently, the dimension, d, of the signal subspace. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Minimum Description Length (MDL) formulas are two frequently-used estimators for obtaining that dimension. Both estimators assume that, besides the signals, the data contains spatially and temporally white Gaussian random noise. Finding the number of sources is equivalent to finding the multiplicity of the smallest eigenvalues of the sampled spatial covariance matrix. The sample spatial covariance matrix constructed from a data snapshot is used in place of the actual covariance matrix. A requirement for both estimators is that the dimension of the signal subspace be less than the number of sensors, N, and that the number of time samples in the snapshot, K, be much greater than N. A variant of each estimator exists when forward-backward averaging is employed to construct the spatial covariance matrix. Forward-backward averaging is useful for the case when some of the sources are highly correlated with each other. In that case, the spatial covariance matrix may be ill conditioned. Forward-backward averaging can only be used for certain types of symmetric arrays, called centro-symmetric arrays. Then the forward-backward covariance matrix can be constructed from the sample spatial covariance matrix, S, using SFB = S + JSJ where J is the exchange matrix. The exchange matrix maps array elements into their symmetric counterparts. For a line array, it would be the identity matrix flipped from left to right. All the estimators are based on a cost function plus an added penalty term. The value λi represent the smallest (N–d) eigenvalues of the spatial covariance matrix. For each specific estimator, the solution for d is given by AIC for forward-backward averaged covariance matrices MDL for forward-backward averaged covariance matrices Van Trees, H.L. Optimum Array Processing. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002. Usage notes and limitations: Does not support variable-size inputs.	<urn:uuid:2b3cb31b-a1da-4eb0-be93-1b7b0eebb012>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://www.mathworks.com/help/phased/ref/mdltest.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525781.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210013645-20191210041645-00511.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8435230851173401, "token_count": 1166, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
HUNTSVILLE, Alabama -- As Russian scientists report on the makeup of the meteor that injured hundreds just by streaking overhead, the conversation is turning to whether more needs to be done to protect Earth from the rocks and ice balls of various sizes flying through space. Scientists near the Chelyabinsk region said Monday they have recovered fragments from the meteor that exploded over the town Friday, creating a massive shock wave. The meteorites were found near a lake in the region of the explosion, and the early analysis says the meteor was rocky with 10 percent iron and other trace elements. The object was a meteor as it flew through the Earth's atmosphere, and any fragments that hit the ground are called meteorites. On Friday, the congressional committee that oversees NASA said it will hold hearings on whether there is more the country should be doing to identify and defend against space objects. NASA has a program called Spaceguard designed to identify threats now, but it concentrates on objects large enough to cause catastrophic consequences and would not have found a school-bus-sized meteor like the one that passed over Russia. An article in Monday's New York Times reported on young entrepreneurs who want to deploy a space telescope to search space for unseen threats. "This is a wake-up call from space," the paper quotes Edward Lu, a former NASA astronaut and Google executive who leads one such investor-backed detection effort, as saying. "We've got to pay attention to what's out there." (Follow me on Twitter @leeroop)	<urn:uuid:538e3c4e-7566-42a3-9bc3-31d802842802>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://blog.al.com/breaking/2013/02/congress_will_ask_experts_shou.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863825.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00102-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.961346447467804, "token_count": 309, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3 }
Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol VIII:Early Church Fathers Index Previous Next Apocrypha of the New Testament.: Chapter IX Chapter IX.—How Jesus Carried Water in a Cloak. And when Jesus was six years old, His mother sent Him to draw water. And when Jesus had come to the fountain, or to the well, there were great crowds there, and they broke His pitcher. And He took the cloak which He had on, and filled it with water, and carried it to His mother Mary. And His mother, seeing the miracles which Jesus had done, kissed Him, and said: O Lord, hear me, and save my son. Next: Chapter X Like & share St-Takla.org © Saint Takla Haymanout Website: Coptic Orthodox Church - Alexandria, Egypt / URL: https://st-takla.org / Contact us at	<urn:uuid:68b01975-64a3-4d43-8d24-c3f0a234e1cd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://st-takla.org/books/en/ecf/008/0081244.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223194145-20180223214145-00733.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9564030170440674, "token_count": 186, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
Everything you need to know about testing for genetic disorders, according to a doctor. At a glance - Screening tests for genetic disorders are encouraged but voluntary - The most common screening tests are done during the first trimester of pregnancy - Genetic testing can also assist couples battling unexplained infertility Having a family is an exciting time, but – as with all the best things in life – there is always an element of risk. Risk of struggling to fall pregnant, risk of losing a pregnancy, and risk of medical complications along the way. These days, we’re fortunate to have access to screening for many disorders. If you’re thinking about starting a family, it’s good to be aware of what tests are available to help assess your chances of having a healthy baby. Why get tested? There are lots of inherited disorders (more than 3,000 in fact) that on their own are rare, but collectively affect approximately 1% of births. If you or your partner are a carrier of these genes, it’s possible you (or your family) may have no idea, so it’s worth discussing with your doctor or a genetic counsellor to decide whether testing is right for you. Often these tests can be done via a simple blood test or ultrasound, and although many doctors encourage women to undertake genetic testing, it remains completely voluntary - with many couples choosing not to go down that route. So, what tests are available? “Probably the most common test during pregnancy is done in the first trimester where many couples are screened for Down syndrome,” explains IVF Australia’s Clinical Director and UNSW Professor Gavin Sacks. This is usually done in one of two ways: - The standard first trimester combined screening test is the combination of results from a blood test taken at around 10-12 weeks and an ultrasound at 11-13 weeks to detect if your baby is at an increased risk of having Down syndrome or what’s called Trisomy 18also known as Edwards syndromeThis testing is widely encouraged by hospitals. - NIPT (non-invasive prenatal testing) is a newer screening model that provides information about the risk of a baby presenting with genetic conditions by examining the DNA through their mother’. It can be done any time from 10 weeks into a pregnancy and is more accurate than combined first and second-trimester screening. It does, however, cost more - as the test isn’t currently covered by Medicare. Not pregnant yet? Dr Sacks explains that screening for Down syndrome and other chromosomal conditions is possible even before a couple conceives if you’re having fertility treatment such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF). “You can test embryos before they’re even implanted using a technique called PGT (pre-implantation genetic testing),” he explains. Screening tests vs diagnostic tests It’s important to note that although genetic screening tests can provide information on the likelihood of health issues, they don’t offer up a definite diagnosis. This is worth being aware of so you know what to expect when you get your results, as results from a screening test aren’t delivered as a “yes” or a “no”, but rather as “increased risk” or “low risk”. If a screening test suggests an increased risk for a particular condition, a diagnostic test can offer a little more clarity. Some of these diagnostic tests however are a little more invasive and carry a small risk of complications including miscarriage. It’s worth noting that 1 in 20 women are told there is a complication in her pregnancy, and many will go on to have a normal pregnancy. Diagnostic tests can assess whether you or your baby might need specialist treatment or even surgical correction while the baby is still inthe uterus. Genetic testing and fertility “Often unexplained infertility happens because the genetic quality of a couple’s embryos is abnormal,” explains Dr Sacks. “Usually these are chromosomal abnormalities.” If you suspect you may have a genetic or chromosomal abnormality, see your GP or fertility specialist for support. They can organise genetic counselling and help you decide what tests are right for you.	<urn:uuid:a1f629b7-7f10-4022-9630-947f07211e10>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "https://blog.ivf.com.au/genetic-testing-explained", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499332308769226, "token_count": 886, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
A pink alien who turns green?! What is he doing turning up at your house? Only the children know. They are whisked away on an outer space adventure around the galaxy in the alien’s space ship. On the way they’ll learn about the planets in our solar system. They’ll also be able to tell you what homes are like on Pluto! Exactly what an intergalactic gadget does, plus answer questions such as what is the order of the planets from the sun? What is a mnemonic? Why isn’t the moon included? What mistake had the inputting assistant made, and what was Zelig doing about it? Suggested age range 5-9 years View the slideshow for sample illustrations and a page of the story. You will be asked for the personalisation details for the child during the checkout process	<urn:uuid:8207368d-698a-4df8-a68c-dd01dafb374a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.bespokebooks.com/?wpsc-product=alien-adventure", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872766.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528091637-20180528111637-00068.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515312314033508, "token_count": 177, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group is extant (members of it are still alive) and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 AD. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Many countries require CITES permits when importing plants and animals listed on CITES. An endangered species is a species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction. The phrase is used vaguely in common parlance for any species fitting this description, but its use by conservation biologists typically refers to those designated Endangered in the IUCN Red List, where it is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations, following Critically Endangered. There are currently 3079 animals and 2655 plants classified as Endangered worldwide, compared with 1998 levels of 1102 and 1197, respectively. The amount, population trend, and conservation status of each species can be found in the Lists of organisms by population. Many nations have laws offering protection to conservation reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves.	<urn:uuid:fc46acd0-1044-48af-8469-0982261431fc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.fotopedia.com/wiki/Conservation_status?_escaped_fragment_=/items/flickr-398077070", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704075359/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113435-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9113577008247375, "token_count": 400, "score": 4.3125, "int_score": 4 }
Jun 2, 2010 Sinkhole in Guatemala 2010 Raises Question: What Causes A Sinkhole? Written under: Human Interest, Science After tropical storm Agatha passed, news reports of people who lost their lives and homes came. But the most shocking news is the giant sinkhole that opened up in Guatemala City. The sinkhole in Guatemala, photo below, took a whole building with it. And with this news going around, many are now asking, what causes sinkholes to happen? We have the answer below. A sinkhole is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. They formed gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide. Why do sinkholes happen? Sinkholes are created when the underlying limestone or similar rock is eroded away by water that creates subsurface caves and caverns. The ground above the eroding rock then falls into the space. According to Wikipedia, these sinkholes can be dramatic because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not enough support. Then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur, as it did in Guatemala City. A bad drainage system were blamed for creating this huge sinkhole which swallowed a three story building and 12 homes in Guatemala.	<urn:uuid:04ff16a0-2921-49e0-b613-dd6e9e15423c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.artuji.com/sinkhole-in-guatemala-2010-raises-question-what-causes-a-sinkhole/6239", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657130067.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011210-00266-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9516398310661316, "token_count": 265, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4 }
Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party. You may opt out at any time by following the unsubscribe link included in every email. Special Discounts for Newly Called & Students Browse Secondhand Online This collection takes as its subject how and why the British constitution developed during the course of the 20th century. In chapters that analyse in detail the evolution of various aspects of the constitution, this work explores debates about how the constitution ought to operate and the political goods it ought to secure among politicians, jurists and academics. In addition, it looks at the influence of political parties, nationalism, social and economic change, European integration, and the contests in over particular reforms in Parliament, courts, media and on the hustings. This book examines the way and extent to which constitutional practice elsewhere has shaped the debates in Britain - whether the challenges posed by the emission of a colonial empire, developments in the USA and the Commonwealth, or the influence of European practice of devices, such as the European Convention on Human Rights. In the process it provides a comprehensive account of the continual evolution of the British constitution from secrecy to citizenship, and of the way in which this constitution mediated the relationship between the British state and people in the 20th century.	<urn:uuid:c83ce123-e16a-485d-ba2f-16ce12a80afe>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://www.wildy.com/isbn/9780714650562/reforming-the-constitution-hardback-taylor-francis-group", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860089.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618051104-20180618071104-00530.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9426232576370239, "token_count": 268, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
As the world of social science is increasingly reaching beyond the traditional college campus setting for their studies, new ethical questions are emerging. Sure, large amounts of data can be gathered in massive scale field experiments but are we neglecting the principles of informed consent? How should science and society work together to break new ground while pushing innovative thought forward? Explore these questions and more in this program. What is nature? What does it mean to preserve, or save it? Science writer Emma Marris says one common definition of nature in North America is the way any given place was before European explorers arrived and began changing the landscape. Therefore, saving nature would mean returning the land to how it was before their arrival. But, she says that idea is flawed because there are countless examples of land management by indigenous people: relocating useful plants to new environments, creating systems to manage rainwater, and clearing land for crops. And, human impact on the environment goes back much more than a few hundred years. Marris notes that pretty much anywhere you look, there is evidence of major changes with the arrival of humans – in particular, the extinction of large land mammals like the woolly mammoth. Today however, the planet is largely tailored entirely to human existence. Nearly 40% of the ice-free surface of the earth is agriculture. Domesticated livestock far outweighs wild animal life. Species have been moved around, in some cases wreaking havoc on ecosystem. And of course, there are growing impacts of climate change – even hitting places on the planet where humans have never lived. Marris argues that in order to effectively conserve nature, we have to change our perception of what nature means. She says her old way of thinking, that nature was a pristine untouched and unchanged place didn’t match reality, because if left alone, all places will change. So, she came up with new definitions, including the idea of resource-intensive land management to keep certain culturally important lands as unchanged as possible, and also the idea of novel ecosystems where uncontrolled landscapes have transformed themselves. With this updated understanding of what nature is, Marris proposes an updated take on conservation. She suggests dividing land into three different styles of management: restoration, innovation, and observation. In her exciting and hopeful talk at UC San Diego, Marris goes on to give concrete examples of how these strategies have worked, and might continue to work around the world. Jewish History scholar Marion Kaplan was a co-editor of the landmark essay collection, “When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany.” Published in 1984, this book established gender studies – heretofore neglected – as a vital component of Holocaust research, exploring the “double jeopardy” experienced in pre-war and wartime Nazi Germany by women who were also Jews. A central thesis which emerged was the recognition that women experienced fascism differently than their male counterparts and companions, as evidenced by their reactions to pogroms and other anti-Jewish activities undertaken by the Nazi state. Frequently it was women who first and most persistently raised the alarm in their communities about Hitler’s plans for the Jews; the men, especially those in the professional class, were reluctant to forsake their hard-earned status and possessions, trusting instead that the German populace wouldn’t allow extreme ill-treatment of Jews who, in many cases, had lived among them for generations. By contrast women were not established in those professions, and therefore were less motivated by material considerations than by their family’s safety. In her lecture Professor Kaplan conducts an historical survey of the research leading to, and resulting from, the book’s publication, describing the early workshops that were inspired by the feminist movement and drew together survivors and scholars. These workshops raised critical questions about the lives of German Jewish women in the periods both preceding and following the Nazis’ rise to power, and suggested further avenues of inquiry. In the decades since then, the range of gender perspectives in Holocaust studies have broadened and deepened; for example, they now include the stories of women who “passed” in Nazi Berlin (i.e., hid their Jewishness in order to survive), such as Marie Jalowicz, and of same-sex couples such as Lilly Wust and Felice Schragenheim, whose story is told in “Aimee and Jaguar: A Love Story, Berlin, 1943.” In particular the experiences of Jalowicz and others who, like her, “hid in plain sight” raise complex questions about morality in the face of the harsh sexual politics of survival in wartime Berlin, especially as they pertained to women. Faced with such conditions, what is the ‘moral’ choice? Kaplan concludes her talk with a discussion of new and promising areas of research, and the synergy between modern women’s studies and Holocaust studies as each seeks to expand its understanding of gender politics in the context of historical trends and imperatives. There is a widely held belief that when designing public policy or legal systems, it makes the most sense to assume that all citizens are entirely self-interested and amoral. It’s a theory known as “homo economicus” or “economic man.” But, economist Samuel Bowles argues against that belief in his book The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives are no Substitute for Good Citizens. Bowles laid out the case for his argument during a recent talk at UC Berkeley. Bowles says there are two key reasons to move away from the economic man idea. First, he says polices that follow the paradigm can be self-fulling – making the assumption of universal amorality truer than it might otherwise be under different policies. Second, he argues that fines and rewards often do not work as intended. The problem Bowles argues, is that incentives can “crowd out” otherwise altruistic motives people might have for any given action. He cites the classic example of a daycare that imposed a small fee for parents who showed up late. The result? Many more late parents. The thinking goes that the fee turned being late into a commodity rather than an inconsiderate action. Thus, the incentive backfired, and ended up having the opposite of its intended effect. However, Bowles says incentives themselves are not to blame. He argues they can be designed in a such a way to encourage good civic behavior, while avoiding possible pitfalls. For example, when Ireland wanted to get rid of plastic bags, lawmakers imposed a small tax. But, they paired the tax with a huge media campaign about not trashing the Emerald Isle. Appealing to citizens better nature made the difference, and most shoppers stopped using plastic bags within weeks. One of the top journalists in Washington, a Christian poet, and a new voice in the Marvel Black Panther Universe – three writers with very different backgrounds and styles, all sharing their insight into the art of putting pen to paper. Join founder Dean Nelson as he welcomes E.J. Dionne, Christian Wiman and Nnedi Okorafor to the 2019 Writer’s Symposium by the Sea at Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego. Nnedi Okorafor (https://www.uctv.tv/shows/33945) International award-winning novelist Nnedi Okorafor discusses her wide-ranging work, including Black Panther comic books, young adult fiction, and her novel “Who Fears Death” which is being made into an HBO series produced by George R.R. Martin of “Game of Thrones” fame. She delves into her unique upbringing, what sparked her interest in African-based science fiction, and how a surgery gone wrong played a pivotal role in her becoming an author. E.J. Dionne (https://www.uctv.tv/shows/33946) Veteran journalist E.J. Dionne has spent decades reporting on American politics. He worked at the New York Times before joining the Washington Post, where he writes a twice-weekly column. His books include the 1991 release, “Why Americans Hate Politics” and his most recent effort, “One Nation After Trump: A Guide for the Perplexed, the Disillusioned, the Desperate, and the Not-Yet Deported.” Dionne discusses the changing landscape of journalism and why it is more important now than ever to talk politics with those with whom we disagree. Christian Wiman (https://www.uctv.tv/shows/33947) The former editor of Poetry Magazine, Christian Wiman is both a poet and an essayist who teaches Literature and Religion at Yale Divinity School. Wiman discusses his books including, “He Held Radical Light: The Art of Faith, the Faith of Art,” and “My Bright Abyss.” He opens up about a three-year writing drought when he felt poetry was taken away from him and he was diagnosed with cancer. He explains how falling in love and a random visit to the corner church turned his life around. Browse past seasons of Writer’s Symposium by the Sea to watch interviews with Joyce Carol Oates, Tracy Kidder, Billy Collins, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and more! Browse more programs in Writer’s Symposium By The Sea	<urn:uuid:c1c1a9fa-5de7-4124-b9f0-c78cbefae486>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "http://myuctv.tv/category/humanities-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000414.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626174622-20190626200622-00182.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9614577889442444, "token_count": 1925, "score": 3.671875, "int_score": 4 }
This article aims to provide a broad overview of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke, from recognition and diagnosis to the short-term and long-term management based on current available literature. Arterial ischemic stroke in children represents a significant disorder with a concerning high rate of adverse outcomes, including potentially preventable recurrent stroke. Although awareness of pediatric stroke is increasing, diagnosis is still commonly delayed or missed altogether, particularly in younger children. Current vascular imaging techniques have limitations in accurate diagnosis of arteriopathies that are now recognized as an important cause of childhood stroke. Significant variability exists in treatment of pediatric stroke. Management is based on published consensus guidelines; however, individual children require an individualized approach. As pediatric stroke specialists become increasingly available, the collaboration of such experts on individual management is crucial. Definitive evidence-based treatment for pediatric stroke awaits the development of randomized controlled trials. Address correspondence to Dr Mahendra Moharir, Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, firstname.lastname@example.org. Relationship Disclosure: Dr Moharir reports no disclosure. Dr deVeber’s spouse holds an investment of more than $10,000 in Thornhill Research Inc. Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Drs Moharir and deVeber report no disclosures.	<urn:uuid:f004f5ca-41fa-47ef-a7fd-20d848108b29>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://journals.lww.com/continuum/Abstract/2014/04000/Pediatric_Arterial_Ischemic_Stroke.14.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212060515-20171212080515-00720.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9035292267799377, "token_count": 297, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Plant Hardiness Zone Map Plant hardiness zones provide guidelines for what plants can grow where. Certain areas within a zone may have different microclimates depending on a number of factors such as topography and exposure to wind and sun. You may be able to create a small microclimate in your garden with mulch, walls, and other protections. "Pushing the limit" is quite possible. Please ensure the plants you order are suitable for your hardiness zone and microclimate. Plant Maps offers an excellent interactive map of plant hardiness in Ontario. Natural Resources Canada	<urn:uuid:73ca56af-a648-4add-9bfc-def0b4d22617>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://goldenboughtreefarm.ca/pages/zone-map", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00857.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8774839639663696, "token_count": 124, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
No one can bring apocalyptic foreboding to the climate-change debate quite like Al Gore. Speaking on the last day of the two-week-long U.N. climate-change summit in Poznan, Poland, which concluded on Dec. 12, the Nobel laureate warned delegates from over 190 countries that the time for idle talk on global warming was over. "We now face a crisis that makes it abundantly clear that increased CO2 emissions anywhere are a threat to the integrity of this planet's climate balance everywhere," he said. "As a result the old divide between the North and South, between developed and developing countries, is a divide that must become obsolete." Gore received warm applause from the crowd, but it's not clear his message really got through. Though expectations for the annual summit weren't high, thanks in part to a leadership vacuum in the U.S. and the nagging distraction of a worldwide financial meltdown, neither were its accomplishments. More optimistic observers pointed to pledges from individual developing nations to cut their carbon emissions; under the Kyoto Protocol, those countries aren't actually required to take any concrete action on climate change. Mexico should take a bow America's significantly poorer neighbor promised to cut carbon emissions 50% below 2002 levels by 2050, far in excess of anything the U.S. has pledged. India announced a plan to boost solar power, Brazil promised a 70% cut in its annual deforestation rate by 2017, and South Africa initiated a program to stop growth of its carbon emissions by 2025. "Developing countries are starting to signal an emerging willingness to take action," says Jake Schmidt, the international climate policy director for the Natural Resources Defense Council. That's key, given the fact that developing countries a category that encompasses nations as different as massive, polluting China and tiny Tuvalu, soon to be swallowed up by rising sea levels will be responsible for the bulk of future carbon emissions. (See pictures of the effects of global warming.) But it's important to realize that those actions were taken individually, effectively outside the U.N.'s negotiations framework. The point of the Poznan talks was to smooth the way for a new international pact on climate change next year in Copenhagen, to replace the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. (If you're wondering why the world needs to come up with a new agreement to replace a pact that doesn't expire for another three years well, that's U.N. speed.) And while U.N. officials maintained that Poznan set the stage for next year's deadline talks, most of the major issues the division of responsibilities between rich and poor nations, tropical deforestation, sharing clean technology with developing countries was effectively kicked to Copenhagen. (One exception were adaption funds money to help poor countries counter the future impacts of climate change with millions set to be released by the U.N. in the months following the summit.) "The lack of progress at Poznan merits outrage," said Barry Coates, senior executive of charity group Oxfam International."They have left themselves with a huge amount to do to secure a deal at Copenhagen next year." It didn't help that on the same day the Poznan talks concluded, the European Union long the world's carbon-cutting leader took a step backward. Europe had previously pledged to reduce its carbon emissions 20% by 2020 the so-called 20-20-20 plan and in Brussels on Dec. 12, representatives confirmed that goal. But instead of forcing electric utilities to pay for the right to emit greenhouse gases as a draft plan from earlier in the year had prescribed the E.U. bowed to complaints from poorer nations in Eastern Europe, allowing utilities in those countries to continue getting many of their permits for free. (Environmentalists believe forcing utilities to pay for carbon permits accelerates emissions reductions, but utilities complain about the expense.) The pullback showed that for all of Europe's ambitious goals on climate change, it is hardly united on the issue, with the poorer East far less eager to embrace rapid reductions. That's the same daunting divide the world as a whole faces and if the E.U. can't stay united, it doesn't bode well for the rest of us. (Read "How to Win the War on Global Warming.") Ultimately, the immediate future of global climate-change action won't be decided in Brussels or Poznan but in Washington, D.C. where there really is cause for hope. While President-elect Barack Obama (and his top emissaries) steered clear of the Poznan summit understandable, since the Bush Administration's negotiating team was still in charge at home the names of his climate and energy teams have been revealed. Lisa Jackson, a respected state official in New Jersey, will head the Environmental Protection Agency, while Carol Browner head of the EPA under President Bill Clinton will take a new position as "climate czar" to oversee the Administration's broad response to global warming. But most exciting of all to environmentalists and alternative-energy entrepreneurs is the appointment of Steven Chu, the current head of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as Secretary of Energy. Believed to be the only Nobel Prize winner named to a presidential Cabinet (he won the Physics prize in 1997 for work involving lasers), Chu is "absolutely brilliant," according to Scott Anderson, a senior energy adviser for the Environmental Defense Fund. But more important, Chu who put his research on hold in recent years to focus on climate change understands that it will be technological leaps in the way we use energy that will truly whip warming, not U.N. summits.	<urn:uuid:ac3727bd-ffc9-491e-83f1-606aa79d623d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1866291,00.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00464.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9583312273025513, "token_count": 1132, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
All creatures have significant functions in the ecosystem. There appears to be an environmental equilibrium between all creatures in nature. Some critters help to extract the nutrients in the cycle while some assist in decomposition, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen cycle. All creatures, insects, as well as microorganisms, play a function in the ecosystem. All plants and animals in the ecosystem excel and balance out each other, which Mother Nature has perfected over the years and during trials and trials, and discovered a system that works perfectly for her. The system which exists from Mother Nature is intended for all of the various species of the earth, in which each has a part to play without bothering each other and never even requiring the environmental balance away. To produce the ecosystem operate, we occasionally require an army of environmentalists, and scientists, even where complex machinery and procedures are wanted, and at times, other creatures as well as insects assist us to ensure our character and surroundings run easily. Below you’ll discover a few of the creatures and insects recorded, which help us to decrease negative effects on the world and allow us to tackle problems like global warming and pollution and ecological disturbances, and etc.. Bees are responsible for devoting all of the plants, in reality, they pollinate nearly one-third of all you consume. Besides supplying us with a nice food item, also providing work for tens of thousands of beekeepers all over the planet, they also help in the pollination of the majority of ordinary plants across us. Most plants require the support of a character’s pollinators and can’t fertilize themselves with no services from such types of insects. Dogs aren’t just man’s best friends, but they also offer several solutions to guys. Dogs aren’t only excellent companions, but they’re also able to manage creatures and operate for a conservationist. Dogs possess an outstanding talent for additional conservation. Dogs may be trained to carry out a variety of jobs, and you will find dogs who live to get the job done. Dogs’ additional sense of smell can select plants and creatures for additional conservation and research. Dogs are used for carrying out bombs and drugs in particular K-9 components of authorities and other solutions for quite a while. They’re also able to find rare endangered creatures and plants in character. Rats, like puppies, may be trained to sniff out dangerous explosives in the floor. Undetonated land mines could be severe pollutant and danger to other people, which makes massive regions inhabitable and unworthy. Rats have been trained to sniff out these land mines in the war zones using their intense sense of smell. This job may be too hazardous for people and few people are eager to risk their own lives hoping to select up land mines out of the floor. Rats may also discover individuals buried underground to ensure others may rescue them out of natural disasters or ruined institutions. 4. Sea Lions Sea lions are smart sea creatures that may be trained to track several states under the ocean. They could go to areas where few individuals have gone with specially equipped gear for tracking sea salinity, temperature, water stress, etc. These detectors are attached for their furs and afterward removed or move off whenever they molt. Animals help us save our environment Since the start of health science, scientists have discovered a good deal about our bodies and the way our bodies faction by analyzing different creatures in nature. By analyzing different animals, we could learn a great deal about ourselves and the way that our internal cells and organs do the job. To discover where life came out and how life evolved on the planet, all creatures in the world provided us bits and pieces of info. We also discovered fossils and constructions of creatures that occur thousands and even millions of years back, and we analyzed how animals have adapted to fluctuations around the planet and altered themselves based on character. By analyzing different creatures, we also have discovered just exactly how we human beings have developed from the form we are in now. Some bacteria like bacteria help us wash the surroundings; others assist plants by switching free radicals in the atmosphere and feeding off the roots. Many insects and earthworms assist in agriculture by raising the fertility of their soil and by raising the natural quality of the soil. Nature and ecosystem in character will be in excellent harmony where each dwelling and also non-living matter has a part to play in creating the environment and ecosystem function flawlessly in order all creatures, plants, microorganisms, along with non-living items can coexist developing an ideal balance among these. We, people, have caused many imbalances in character for many centuries and today, it’s the moment we turned about and mended a number of those negative effects on the world.	<urn:uuid:d1baabc6-2d66-4e63-8596-b165f1013d4b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "http://www.samcef.org/how-animals-help-us-to-save-the-planet", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00372.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9486860632896423, "token_count": 978, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
In 2007, a major revolution was about to be unleashed globally in the IT industry. It was the launching of Android, which is a mobile Operating System (OS) that is currently developed by global search engine major Google. Android is based on the Linux kernel and is designed primarily for mobiles, tablets, and other touch-screen mobile gadgets and devices. Initially, Google was developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005. Next, Android was unveiled in 2007, at the same time when the Open Handset Alliance was founded. This is an association of hardware, software, as well as telecommunication companies, that are devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. What is Android? Android is an operating system that is installed in smartphones and is based on Linux programming language. Android is developed by Open Handset Alliance; that is a consortium of over 80 leading hardware companies such as Sony, Samsung and various other such software firms that are tied up with Google. Android’s Open Handset Alliance enables high standards to efficiently function on numerous of mobile devices that run Android operating systems. With Android working framework KitKat performance 4.4 taking off to your cell phones over the globe, Google is one stage in front of something—Android is currently more well known than any other iOS systems or any other Windows devices. - Near Field Communication - Alternate Keyboard - Infrared Transmission - No Touch Control - Automation Process - Easy Wireless Apps Download - Storage And Battery Swap - Customized Home Screens - Custom’s ROMs Why Android Is Popular? The Concept of the Android User Interface The Android User Interface (UI) is based on the concept of direct manipulation – which means that it utilizes various touch gestures such as swiping, pinching, and tapping to manipulate on screen objects. Also provided is a virtual keyboard for text input. Today, in addition to touch screen devices, Google is further developing Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches. Android is the largest installed of all mobile operating systems as of 2015. Since Android is released by Google under open source licenses, it has become extremely popular with tech companies that require a ready-made as well as low-cost cum customizable OS for high-tech devices which can be popularized rapidly. Today, a large community of developers as well as technology enthusiasts use the open source code to drive community led projects, while simultaneously adding the latest and professional features for advanced users. Frankly speaking, Google Android has caught the attention as well as the imagination of users as well as developers through out the world! Android Caters to a Wider Audience To put it frankly, the Android OS caters to a wider audience that other smartphone Operating Systems. This wider audience includes enthusiastic bookworms, hardcore game enthusiasts, avid video and movie watchers. The Android Operating system operates with user-friendliness in mind. Android packs in a lot of punch for everyone! Why Android and not Apple! When we write about Android, we cannot miss Apple out out of the equation. Apple may be a big seller across the world, but that does not close the room to competition. For this purpose, let us study some statistics. In the smartphones business, Apple owns more than 90% of all the profits. This industry is one a kind, wherein no other company makes it big in this segment. Especially after the recent launch of the iPhone 6 and the 6 Plus, this phone has been selling like crazy. It is often said that Apple is the czar of the smartphones industry. However, statistics also point out the globally, Android does much more in terms of volume than the iPhone. According to IDC, Android shipments were expected to top 1.15 billion last year, giving it a market share of around 79.4%. In other words, Android sales are five times more than iPhone sales in the international market. According to some analysts, many iPhone users wanted larger screen iPhones, but Apple stuck to the 4.0 inch smartphones for too long. Whereas, the popularity of Android continued to rise because of the larger 5.0” screens that it had introduced. This is yet another reason why Android is popular against other products such as the iPhone. Today, Android powers millions of mobile devices around the world. Android truly offers a foremost platform for developing and creating apps and games for users all across the globe. Thus, Android has become the fastest growing mobile OS with the support of more than 300 hardware, software, as well as carrier partners. Additionally, because of Android’s openness, it is driving strong app consumption, as billions of apps and games are downloaded every month. Because of its innovation and rapid evolution of Android technology, users and developers can stay in front with powerful as well as differentiated applications. Powerful Development Framework Yet another reason why Android is popular is because of its powerful development framework. Developers get everything they need to build the best-in-class apps. They can then deploy the apps to millions of users across the world. Also, the Android Developer Tools offer a complete Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with the help of advanced and top notch features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. You can use the IDE to develop on any available Android device. Android IDE also allows you to create virtual devices that emulate any hardware configuration. Google Play’s role in Establishing Android’s Popularity Additionally, the Google Play store is an open marketplace for distributing these apps on an instant basis. Since Google Play also offers an open marketplace for distributing Android Apps apps, you can touch base with the huge installed base of Android very easily. Current figures estimate 1.5 billion downloads a month, so you get the ability to monetize in the way that works best for your business. For example, you can price your app or make it available for free. You can also add in app products or subscriptions, so that you obtain the highest engagements and revenues. The philosophy followed by Google is in engaging an open market place for the betterment of the participant. Thus, Google Play puts users in control of how they want to sell their products, who can publish whenever required and as often as they want, including the customers they want. Google play also helps publishers, who beyond going growing their customer base, helps them build visibility as well as engagement across the apps and brand. As apps rise in popularity, they obtain higher placement in Google’s “top” charts as well as rankings. Also, Google Play usually comes pre-installed on billions of Android devices around the world. Thus Google Play can be a growth engine for your Android powered business. There are many views and perspectives on why Android is popular, but for now it can be said that it has emerged as a winner across the world when it comes to mobile operating systems. For now, Android remains popular and will continue to do so for many years to come! This article is contributed by Alfred Beiley and Duston Mason. Alfred Beiley is an app developer, mobility strategist and blogger at 360 Degree Technosoft, a leading mobile app development company. He loves to write on mobile technology. I am Duston Mason and I work at leading Mobile App Development Companies and being into the world where people eat, drink and breathe technology I like to write about technology. Looking at the proliferation in technology several sectors are now forging their way to internet. Well this is my passion but some might think that I prattle. Well I put in my sincere efforts to do this and I hope you like them.	<urn:uuid:958b96d2-ab15-45a2-8bc4-a3763d09224d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.fromdev.com/2016/01/why-android-is-popular.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00638.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9526330828666687, "token_count": 1576, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
At the base of Thiruthani hills, standing 700 feet above the sea level, in Tamil Nadu, you can find 365 steps, leading to the top of the hills. Each of this steps represents one day of a year. Traveling through all these steps, reaching atop of the hills, you can find, one of the Arupadi Veedu; the six holy abodes of Lord Muruga, the world famous Thiruthani Murugan Temple. The other five Arupadi Veedu are Tirupparangunaram, Swamimalai, Thiruchendur, Pazhamudircholai and Palani. Like most of the other Hindu temples in India, the origin of this temple is also buried deep in eternity. The temple had been described in the Tirumurugaatruppadai, a work composed b Nakkeerar, in the Sangam period, and hence it is assumed that the temple was built during that era. Records shows that, the temple was financially supported by the rulers of Vijayanagar and also by local Zamindars. There are many legends associated with this temple, and most of these are attached with Lord Indra. One among them is that, Lord Indra married away his daughter, Valli to Lord Muruga, and as a part dowry he gave away Airavatam; the white elephant. But after sending away Airavatam, the wealth of Lord Indra started declining. Seeing this Lord Muruga offered back the Airavatam to Indra, but Indra refused to take back Airavatam, as it was against protocol, and asked Lord Murugan to place the Airavatam facing the heaven; home of Lord Indra. When you reach the temple you can see the image of Airavatam in the temple facing east, as a promise kept to Lord Indra. Another legend circling the temple, associate with Lord Indra is that, in the marriage between Lord Muruga and Lord Indra’s daughter, Lord Indra offered Lord Muruga a sandal stone as a part of dowry, and it is believed that even today sandal paste made from this sandal stone is being applied to the image of Lord Muruga. Legend also states that Lord Muruga carries in his chest the discus thrown by the Tarakasuran, a demon, in his chest, and so in the image of Lord Murgan in Thiruthani Murugan Temple bores a hollow space in its chest. It is also believed that the Lord Murugan gifted the discus to Lord Vishnu. There is also a legend which says that, Lord Muruga, imparted knowledge of the language Tamil to a sage named Agasthyr, and hence in this temple, the Lord is considered as Veeramurthy Ganamurthy, and also Acharyamurthy. Another Legend says that, after killing Ravana, and finding penanace in Rameswaram, Lord Rama, came back here at Thiruthani, to find peace by offering prayers to Lord Muruga. It also believed that in the Dwapara Yuga, Arjuna, visited the temple to offer prayers to the Lord, on his way to Teertha Yatra . It is also said that, Lord Vishnu got back his Chakra, which was seized from him the demon Tarakasura, on praying to Lord Muruga at this temple. It was here that Lord Bhrama was conciliated by Lord Muruga, near a spring, which is now considered as holy, and is known as Brahmasonai. Lord Bhrama was imprisoned here, in the temple by Lord Murga when he failed to explain the significance of ‘Pranava’. It is also believed that Vasuki, the king of snakes, worshiped Lord Muruga in this temple, to heal the wounds in his body, which was caused when he acted as a rope to churn to churn the Milky Ocean to obtain Amrit. It is also believed Lord Murugan’s terrors and anger towards the asuras for their cruelty, was tempered here at Tiruthanimalai, hence this place is also called Shantipuri; meaning Abode of Peace. The place is also known as Chanikasalam, as it is believed that, Lord Murugan would fulfill all the desires of his devotees, if they worship him in utter faith and true devotion. It is also believed that if a person prays to Lord Muruga with his full heart and soul for five days in this temple then, that person would be blessed with prosperous life thereafter. Saint Arunagirinathar, a tamil poet who lived in the 15th century, had praised the hills in his works as a favourite spot sages to worship gods and also to perform prolonged tapas, and he also compared this place to Sivalok; the very soul of the whole world. One of the legends in Carnatic music, Sri Muttuswami Deekshitar , who lived about 200 years ago, is said to have had his inspiration for music when Lorg murugan sweetened his tongue with prasadam on the steps of Tiruttani, and as a tribute he composed his first krithi “Sri Nathadhi Guruguho Jayanthi Jayanthi”. Another one of the specialties of Thiruthani Murugan temple is the Saravana Poikai, one of the sacred tanks in the temple. It is believed that this is where Lord Muruga was born. Unlike anyother Murgan temple, the Thiruthani temple is located at the foot of the hills and the sacred tank, here is filled with water of medicinal values, and has rich sulfur contents. It is believed that, one dip in this sacred tank can cure many ailments. The Saptha Rishi theerthams, is another important spot in the temple, which is believed to have been visited by the Saptha Rishi’s to pray to Lord Muruga. The main festivals conducted in the temple are, Adi Krittikai, which is celebrated in the months of July-August, and December 31st Step festival. The nearest airport to Thiruthani, is the Chennai International airport, it is about 75 km away from the temple. If you are planning to travel via train, then hail at Arakkonam railway station, which is 12 km away from the temple. Thiruthani has well connected roads and there are regular buses from all the nearby cities.	<urn:uuid:f70a3dfb-70d1-4860-bc34-341610f5a687>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "http://travelguideindia.in/thiruthani-murugan-temple-thiruthani-tamil-nadu/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489933.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219101953-20190219123953-00101.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9802113175392151, "token_count": 1369, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Prepare to be jealous, perpetual to-do-listers of the world: because it shuts down only one side of its brain at a time, the dolphin never needs to sleep. Dolphins don't even seem to slow down. When researchers tried their hardest to wear out a dolphin by it making it do the same echolocation task nonstop, the experiment came to an end—15 days later—before the dolphin's attention flagged. Although dolphins (as far as we know) don't have checklists, they do have a couple very good reasons not to doze off. One is sharks. By staying attentive at all times, dolphin pods can prevent predators from gaining the element of surprise. Another reason is breathing. Like other mammals, dolphins are stuck with the task of periodically inhaling air. Constantly coming to the surface to breathe doesn't leave much room for rest. Their solution is to sleep, literally, with one eye open. Along with other marine mammals and migrating birds, dolphin conk out with one side of their brain—and close one eye—while the other side stays wide awake. In an earlier study, researchers showed that dolphins could pay attention to a task for five straight days without seeming to get tired. Now, they set out to push the animals even farther and see what happened. Brian Branstetter of the National Marine Mammal Foundation in San Diego and other scientists conducted their experiments on two dolphins, a 26-year-old male and a 30-year-old female. Both dolphins had participated in at least one study on this subject before, so they knew the drill. For each experimental trial, a dolphin stayed within a 20-by-20-foot floating pen, enclosed by nets, in San Diego Bay. Around the pen's perimeter were eight underwater microphones. The dolphin's task was to constantly patrol the enclosure, sending out echolocating clicks at each station. If it heard its sonar signals echo back (something that would normally indicate another animal was out there swimming around, but in this case was merely a computer-generated phantom), the dolphin had to press a paddle. For performing the task accurately, the dolphins got fish snacks. When tested for five straight days, both dolphins continued to patrol the pen and press the paddle accurately the whole time. (They may have wondered, though, why trainers were willing to stick around and keep tossing them fish.) Both animals lasted through three separate five-day trials. They began to perform a little worse by the fifth day, although this effect had shrunk by the third trial. So although the dolphins may have gotten tired or bored with the experiment, they seemed to adjust to the schedule as they went on. Out of the two dolphins, the female was the star performer at this task. She was both more accurate and, according to the researchers, more eager to participate, making "victory squeals" when she got the right answers. So she alone moved on to the next round of the study. This was originally planned as a 30-day marathon of clicks, paddle pushing, and fish tossing. But a winter storm rolled into the bay after 15 days and forced the team to cut it short. Throughout the 15 days, the female dolphin continued to perform her task with near-perfect accuracy. The experiments were set up so that the number of computer-generated targets varied somewhat depending on the dolphins' performance. In this case, the female dolphin was challenged with almost 80 imaginary sonar targets every day, or more than 3 an hour on average. That doesn't even leave room for a cat nap. But even at the end of the 15 days she showed no signs of slowing down. "How much longer she could have performed the task," the authors write, "is unknown." Dolphin mothers with newborns have been observed swimming without rest for two months or more. To keep their babies fed and protected from predators, mothers remain alert and vigilant for as long as it takes. It seems like a cruel joke that the ability to stay sharp for weeks, or months, without resting belongs to an animal that doesn't know what a deadline is. They can work or play for as long as they feel like, a skill we humans only have in our dreams. Brian K. Branstetter, James J. Finneran, Elizabeth A. Fletcher, Brian C. Weisman, & Sam H. Ridgway (2012). Dolphins Can Maintain Vigilant Behavior through Echolocation for 15 Days without Interruption or Cognitive Impairment PLOS ONE : 10.1371/journal.pone.0047478 Image: Jeff Kraus	<urn:uuid:87aef897-77e4-456e-b464-45441519fa30>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/dolphins-pull-endless-all-nighters-by-resting-half-of-brain-at-once", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00347.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.97287517786026, "token_count": 950, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }

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