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Located on the east coast of Australia, New South Wales (NSW) is the third-largest mining region in the country. The local industry produces gold and copper, and has reserves of silver, zinc, and rare earth minerals, but it’s most lucrative commodity by far is coal.
The state is, in fact, the birth place of coal mining in Australia, with the first shipment of coal reportedly leaving the city of Newcastle in the 1799s. Today that same city is home to the world’s largest coal export port, which sees around 164-172 million tonnes (mt) of coal exported annually.
Annually, NSW’s extractive industry provides more than 40,000 mining jobs, and generates A$1.8bn in annual royalties, while using only 0.1% of the states’ land. However, despite its relatively small geographical foot-print and long, rich history, the sector is facing increasing pressures caused by the effects of climate change, in particular more frequent droughts and water shortages.
State of play
In a year, mining in NSW is estimated to add A$3.2m per square kilometre of area it covers, compared to A$0.01m per square kilometre of area used for agricultural production.
Of course, much of this revenue comes from coal, which is the largest single export product in the state. NSW exports 65% of its produced coal and uses the rest for 84% of the state’s electricity generation.
Demand is served by approximately 40 operating coal mines, some of which have recently been granted extensions. These include The Bloomfield Group-operated Rix Creek South coal mine and the Glencore-Peabody A$381m United Wambo coal project, both located in the Hunter Valley.
However, despite the approvals, increasing regulation and lengthy permitting processes have become a bone of contention for the industry.
The NSW Minerals Council, the local trade body for the sector, has widely criticised the nearly six years it took to secure the Rix’s Creek South approval, saying the delay clearly demonstrates why the NSW planning system needs urgent reform.
“This is an unacceptable timeframe caused by duplication, inconsistency and uncertainty within a complicated planning system that is acting as a deterrent to investment in NSW,” Stephen Galilee, CEO of the NSW Minerals Council, said in October.
Galilee cited an administrative error by the Independent Planning Commission (IPC), the body tasked with approving projects, that saw a 21-year mining lease approved before public submissions had closed, creating lots of confusion.
Dr Apurna Ghosh, lecturer at WA School of Mines at Curtin University, says while there should not be any compromise with mine closure planning and environmental issues, approval procedures should be “faster considering the time and costs incurred and where huge investments are required.”
Currently the assessment system is “lengthy, uncertain and costly”, he says.
Marrying mining with the environment
However, beyond red tape, NSW faces some considerable environmental challenges. This year, bushfires have torn through millions of hectares of land. This strain on the environment has been exacerbated by strong winds and long-term drought conditions, provoking other stakeholders to object to new mining projects and expansions on the grounds of competition for scarce water resources.
In October, South32’s proposal to extend operations at its Dendrobium coking coalmine in the Illawarra region were objected to by government-owned WaterNSW. It said the project would cause the loss of 3.3 billion litres of water a year and harm around 26 endangered coastal swamps. This would result in an “unprecedented level of surface-to-seam fracturing and groundwater depressurisation”.
Current regulation mandates that new projects should be subjected to a test that requires developments in the Sydney drinking water catchment to have either a neutral or beneficial effect on water quality. The city’s dam storage levels have dropped to 50% for the first time in 50 years.
In September, the IPC announced its decision to not approve the Bylong Coal Project proposed by KEPCO on environmental grounds. The project would have produced up to 6.5mt of coal per annum via two open-cut mining and one underground mining areas, with a 25-year life-span.
However, the mineral council condemned the decision, saying the project has broad support from local communicates, the local regional council, and local MPs.
“The Department of Planning recommended the project be approved and none of the 14 government agencies consulted on the project objected. Yet the IPC chose to ignore all this and refused the project, apparently giving greater weight to ‘cut-and-paste’ form letters from anti-mining activists from as far away as Sydney’s North Shore,” said Galilee shortly after the announcement.
He added that the refusal had lost 1,100 jobs for the local region and more than a billion dollars in investment.
The challenges facing coal mining in NSW extends beyond the local environmental and regulatory issues. It is also likely to be impacted by falling demand.
Even though NSW Mining report that latest export figures from Coal Services show that since 2001 coal exports from NSW have increased from 75mt to over 164mt – an increase of over 118 percent – global demand is expected to fall.
“The number of coal-fired power stations around Asia has declined dramatically, by almost 74% in the last 5 years due to the falling cost of renewable energy generation,” says Ghosh.
“As global coal consumption declines, NSW will face increased competition from other exporting nations,” he adds.
However, he says the industry could become more cost-efficient to counteract this. For starters, he says, the government should adopt a quicker approval system for new coal mines, and miners should adopt technology to improve efficiencies and productivity.
“The mines can be automated with state-of-the-art technology like Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC) [a type of mining method] and pioneering research. Queensland mines have better safety record in terms of Lost time Injury Frequency Rate compared to NSW mines,” he says.
“All states should follow uniform Mines Act and Regulation by incorporating the best practices of individual states and encouraging research in safety analytics and artificial intelligence,” he adds.
Easing of regulations
Going forward, minsters have suggested easing some mining regulations. In October, the NSW Minister for Planning introduced a bill into Parliament to get rid of project consent conditions that seek to control and consider the greenhouse gas emissions, or other climate change impacts, occurring outside Australia where the coal is burned.
There is also a Private Members Bill to repeal 1986 legislation banning uranium mining, which could potentially open up a new export opportunity for the state.
It remains to be seen whether either will pass but, either way, the debate over reconciling climate change mitigation and targets and protection of the environment with mining and burning coal is unlikely to end anytime soon. It is a dilemma the state is going to continue to grapple with. It has even caused some to ask whether there will ever be more new coal projects in NSW again. The answer is unknown.
Yet beyond coal, NSW has an opportunity to develop minerals that are growing in demand due to their use in new, green energy technologies, such as rare earths for wind turbines. The government’s 2019 mineral strategy emphasises the development of these ‘new’ metals, such as lithium, cobalt and scandium, alongside ‘traditional’ metals like copper, silver and gold.
The potential of these elements in NSW is, as yet, untested. Although there is one project already proposed – Alkane Resources’ Dubbo in New South Wales – which is a large in-ground resource of zirconium, hafnium, niobium, yttrium and rare earth elements.
The federal government is trying to encourage development of new projects for rare earths and other critical minerals and has launched a federal Critical Minerals Strategy and a Critical Minerals Facilitation Office, opening early next year, to help miners secure investment, financing and market access for relevant projects.
As the world is transitioning to renewable energy, demand for these minerals will only grow and though it’s early days, the state could have the opportunity to benefit from the expected boom, which might one day counteract the future decline in coal mining.
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Welcome, fellow digital explorers! Have you ever wondered about those secret digital chinks that mischievous hackers exploit? Well, you’re in for a treat! Today, we’re diving headfirst into the fascinating world of security vulnerabilities. Buckle up and get ready for a wild ride as we uncover the hidden truths behind these sneaky weak spots that can make or break our digital lives.
In a nutshell, a security vulnerability is like a hidden backdoor in our digital fortresses. It’s a weak spot that cunning cyber criminals can exploit to wreak havoc on our precious data, privacy, and overall digital well-being. But fear not, for in this article, we’ll not only unravel the mysteries behind these vulnerabilities but also equip you with the knowledge to defend yourself against the digital villains lurking in the shadows.
So, why should you keep reading? Well, aside from learning the ins and outs of security vulnerabilities, we’ll explore the different types of vulnerabilities, their consequences, and practical strategies to prevent and mitigate their risks. We’ll even shed light on the fascinating world of ethical hacking and how it can be our ally in this ongoing battle for digital security.
Ready to become a digital superhero? Then let’s dive into the depths of security vulnerabilities and emerge stronger, smarter, and more secure than ever before.
- What is Security Vulnerability?
- Types of Security Vulnerabilities
- Consequences of Security Vulnerabilities
- Prevention and Mitigation Strategies
- The Role of Ethical Hacking
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What is the difference between a vulnerability and an exploit?
- Can security vulnerabilities be completely eliminated?
- How can organizations stay updated about new vulnerabilities?
- Are all security vulnerabilities the same in terms of severity?
- Should individuals be concerned about security vulnerabilities?
- What is responsible disclosure of security vulnerabilities?
- Can security vulnerabilities be used for good?
- What is the cost of fixing security vulnerabilities?
- Are open-source software more vulnerable to security risks?
- How can security vulnerabilities impact IoT devices?
What is Security Vulnerability?
A security vulnerability refers to a weakness or flaw in a system, application, network, or any other computing infrastructure that can be exploited by an attacker to compromise its integrity, confidentiality, or availability. Vulnerabilities can exist in software, hardware, firmware, or the overall system configuration.
These vulnerabilities can arise due to various factors such as programming errors, design flaws, misconfigurations, or even weak security practices. Exploiting a vulnerability allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access, execute arbitrary code, steal or manipulate data, disrupt system functionality, or carry out other malicious activities.
Vulnerabilities are typically classified based on their severity and impact. Some common types of vulnerabilities include:
- Software vulnerabilities: These are weaknesses present in software applications, such as programming errors (e.g., buffer overflow), insecure coding practices, or inadequate input validation.
- Network vulnerabilities: These vulnerabilities involve weaknesses in network protocols, configurations, or devices that can be exploited to gain unauthorized access, intercept data, or launch attacks (e.g., man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks).
- Web application vulnerabilities: Web applications can have vulnerabilities such as cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, or insecure session management, which allow attackers to manipulate the application and compromise user data.
- Operating system vulnerabilities: These vulnerabilities exist in operating systems and their components, including kernel vulnerabilities, privilege escalation flaws, or weaknesses in system configurations.
- Hardware vulnerabilities: These refer to weaknesses found in computer hardware, such as microprocessors, firmware, or peripherals. Examples include hardware-based side-channel attacks (e.g., Meltdown, Spectre) or vulnerabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
To mitigate security vulnerabilities, organizations, and individuals should follow security best practices such as regularly applying software patches and updates, conducting security assessments and audits, implementing strong access controls, using secure coding practices, and staying informed about the latest security threats and countermeasures.
Types of Security Vulnerabilities
- Buffer Overflow: Buffer overflow occurs when a program tries to store more data in a buffer (temporary storage area) than it can hold. This vulnerability can be exploited by an attacker to overwrite adjacent memory locations or execute arbitrary code, potentially leading to system crashes, unauthorized access, or the execution of malicious instructions.
- SQL Injection: SQL injection is a technique where an attacker inserts malicious SQL statements into a query, taking advantage of poor input validation in an application that interacts with a database. If the vulnerability is successfully exploited, an attacker can manipulate or extract data, modify or delete database records, or even execute unauthorized commands.
- Remote Code Execution: Remote Code Execution (RCE) refers to a vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a target system remotely. This type of vulnerability typically arises due to insecure input handling or insufficient validation. If successfully exploited, an attacker can gain complete control over the target system, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or further compromise of the environment.
It’s important for software developers and system administrators to be aware of these vulnerabilities and implement appropriate security measures to mitigate them. This includes input validation, parameterized queries, output encoding, secure coding practices, and regular updates to address known vulnerabilities. Additionally, organizations should conduct security testing and code reviews to identify and address potential vulnerabilities in their software.
- Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks: Denial of Service attacks aim to disrupt or disable the normal functioning of a network, system, or service. Attackers overwhelm the target with a flood of illegitimate requests or consume its resources to the point where legitimate users are unable to access it. This can be achieved through various means, such as flooding the target with network traffic (e.g., UDP or ICMP flood) or exploiting vulnerabilities in network protocols or services.
- Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: In a Man-in-the-Middle attack, an attacker intercepts and alters communications between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. The attacker secretly relays and possibly modifies the information exchanged, potentially gaining access to sensitive data or injecting malicious content. This type of attack can be executed by eavesdropping on network traffic, exploiting insecure Wi-Fi networks, or tampering with DNS resolution.
- IP Spoofing: IP Spoofing involves forging the source IP address in a network packet to deceive the recipient or hide the true origin of the communication. By spoofing the IP address, an attacker can impersonate another device or network, bypass access controls, launch DoS attacks, or carry out other malicious activities. IP spoofing is often used in conjunction with other attacks, such as DoS attacks or MitM attacks, to facilitate the exploitation of vulnerabilities.
To mitigate network vulnerabilities, organizations should implement security measures such as:
- Firewalls: Deploying firewalls helps filter and control network traffic, blocking unauthorized access and filtering out malicious packets.
- Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): IDS/IPS systems monitor network traffic for suspicious activity, alerting administrators or proactively blocking potential threats.
- Encryption: Implementing encryption protocols, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS), helps protect data confidentiality and integrity during transmission, reducing the risk of MitM attacks.
- Access Controls: Implementing strong authentication mechanisms, network segmentation, and proper access controls limits the attack surface and helps prevent unauthorized access and IP spoofing.
- Regular Patching and Updates: Keeping network devices and software up to date with the latest security patches helps address known vulnerabilities and reduces the risk of successful attacks.
By adopting these security practices, organizations can enhance the resilience and security of their network infrastructure.
Human Factor Vulnerabilities
- Social Engineering: Social engineering involves manipulating or deceiving individuals to gain unauthorized access or obtain sensitive information. Attackers exploit human psychology, trust, and natural tendencies to trick individuals into revealing confidential information, performing certain actions, or bypassing security controls.
Social engineering techniques include phishing emails, phone calls impersonating trusted entities, pretexting, baiting, and tailgating.
- Weak Passwords: Weak passwords are a common vulnerability that attackers can exploit to gain unauthorized access to systems or accounts. Weak passwords are typically short, easily guessable, or commonly used passwords.
Attackers can employ various methods, such as brute-force attacks or dictionary attacks, to crack weak passwords and gain unauthorized access to user accounts, networks, or sensitive data. It is crucial to use strong and unique passwords, enable multi-factor authentication, and regularly update passwords to mitigate this vulnerability.
- Insider Threats: Insider threats refer to security risks posed by individuals within an organization who have authorized access to systems, networks, or data. These individuals may intentionally or unintentionally misuse their privileges to steal sensitive information, disrupt operations, or cause harm to the organization.
Insider threats can include disgruntled employees, individuals coerced or bribed by external parties, or employees who inadvertently compromise security through negligence or lack of awareness. Implementing appropriate access controls, monitoring systems for suspicious activity, and conducting regular security training can help mitigate insider threats.
To address human factor vulnerabilities, organizations should focus on the following:
- Security Awareness Training: Providing regular and comprehensive security awareness training to employees helps them recognize and respond to social engineering attacks, understand password best practices, and be aware of potential insider threats.
- Strong Authentication: Implementing strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), adds an extra layer of security and makes it harder for attackers to compromise accounts even if passwords are compromised.
- Access Control and Least Privilege: Employing the principle of least privilege ensures that individuals have only the necessary access permissions required to perform their job functions, minimizing the potential damage caused by insider threats.
- Incident Response: Establishing an incident response plan enables organizations to quickly detect, respond to, and mitigate the impact of security incidents, including those caused by human factors. This includes processes for reporting incidents, investigating incidents, and taking appropriate actions.
Organizations can significantly enhance their overall security posture by addressing human factor vulnerabilities through a combination of technical controls and user education.
Consequences of Security Vulnerabilities
Security vulnerabilities can lead to data breaches where unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive or confidential information. This can result in the exposure of personal data, trade secrets, intellectual property, financial records, or customer information.
Data breaches can have significant financial and reputational implications, as well as legal consequences due to privacy regulations and breach notification requirements.
Security vulnerabilities can result in financial losses for organizations. These losses can stem from various factors, including theft of financial assets, disruption of business operations, costs associated with incident response, forensic investigations, data recovery, legal fees, and potential liability for damages to affected parties.
Additionally, organizations may face financial penalties or fines imposed by regulatory bodies for non-compliance with data protection or security standards.
When organizations experience security vulnerabilities or data breaches, it can damage their reputation and erode the trust of customers, partners, and stakeholders. The loss of public trust can have long-term effects on customer loyalty, brand value, and market position.
Negative publicity, media coverage, and social media discussions surrounding a security incident can significantly impact an organization’s reputation and its ability to attract and retain customers.
Legal and Regulatory Consequences
Security vulnerabilities can lead to legal and regulatory consequences. Organizations may be subject to legal action from affected individuals, customers, or business partners who suffer harm or financial losses as a result of a security incident.
Furthermore, organizations may face legal and regulatory penalties for non-compliance with data protection laws, industry regulations, or contractual obligations related to security. These penalties can include fines, sanctions, mandatory audits, or even revocation of licenses or certifications.
It is crucial for organizations to proactively identify and mitigate security vulnerabilities to minimize the potential consequences. Implementing robust security measures, conducting regular risk assessments, complying with relevant regulations, and promptly addressing security issues can help organizations reduce the likelihood and impact of security vulnerabilities.
Prevention and Mitigation Strategies
- Regular Software Updates and Patches: Ensuring that software applications, operating systems, and other components are regularly updated with the latest security patches helps address known vulnerabilities. Organizations should establish a patch management process to promptly apply updates and patches to minimize the risk of exploitation.
- Robust Authentication and Access Controls: Implementing strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), and enforcing strong password policies can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Additionally, organizations should implement access controls based on the principle of least privilege, ensuring that individuals have only the necessary access permissions required to perform their job functions.
- Security Testing and Auditing: Regular security testing and auditing help identify vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and weaknesses in systems, applications, and networks. This includes conducting vulnerability assessments, penetration testing, and code reviews to proactively detect and address security vulnerabilities before they are exploited.
- Employee Training and Awareness: Providing comprehensive security training and awareness programs to employees is crucial in mitigating human factor vulnerabilities. Training should cover topics such as social engineering, password security, phishing awareness, and incident reporting. Employees should be encouraged to adopt secure practices, understand the importance of information security, and be vigilant against potential threats.
- Incident Response Planning: Developing an incident response plan enables organizations to effectively respond to and mitigate the impact of security incidents. This includes establishing clear roles and responsibilities, defining communication channels, and conducting regular drills to test and improve the incident response process. Having a well-prepared incident response plan helps organizations minimize the damage caused by security incidents and facilitates a swift and coordinated response.
By implementing these strategies, organizations can enhance their security posture, reduce the likelihood of security vulnerabilities, and mitigate the potential impact of security incidents. It is important to adopt a proactive approach to security, regularly reassess the risk landscape, and adapt the preventive and mitigation measures accordingly.
The Role of Ethical Hacking
Purpose of ethical hacking
Ethical hacking, also known as white-hat hacking or penetration testing, refers to the practice of intentionally exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, or applications with the permission of the system owner. The purpose of ethical hacking is to identify and address security vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them.
Ethical hackers, often employed by organizations or hired as independent professionals, use their skills and knowledge to simulate real-world attack scenarios and attempt to penetrate the target systems. By adopting the mindset and techniques of malicious hackers, ethical hackers can help uncover vulnerabilities and weaknesses that could be exploited.
How ethical hacking helps identify and fix vulnerabilities
- Vulnerability Discovery: Ethical hackers employ various techniques, including network scanning, vulnerability scanning, and manual testing, to identify potential security vulnerabilities in systems, networks, or applications. They probe the target for weaknesses that could be exploited, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of the security posture.
- Exploitation and Proof of Concept: Once vulnerabilities are identified, ethical hackers attempt to exploit them in a controlled manner to determine the severity and potential impact of the vulnerability. They provide proof of concept to demonstrate how an attacker could exploit the vulnerability to gain unauthorized access, manipulate data, or perform other malicious actions.
- Reporting and Remediation: Ethical hackers document and report their findings to the system owner or organization that engaged their services. The report typically includes a detailed description of the vulnerabilities discovered, along with recommendations for remediation. This information helps the organization understand the risks and prioritize the necessary actions to fix the vulnerabilities.
- Vulnerability Mitigation: Based on the findings and recommendations from ethical hackers, organizations can take proactive measures to mitigate the identified vulnerabilities. This may involve applying patches, implementing security configurations, improving access controls, modifying software code, or enhancing network defenses. By addressing the vulnerabilities, organizations can improve their security posture and reduce the risk of exploitation by malicious actors.
- Ongoing Security Improvement: Ethical hacking is not a one-time activity but rather an iterative process. As new systems, applications, or network configurations are introduced, regular assessments by ethical hackers help identify and address new vulnerabilities that may arise. This continuous security improvement approach helps organizations stay ahead of potential threats and maintain a robust security posture.
Ethical hacking plays a vital role in proactively identifying vulnerabilities, providing valuable insights for remediation, and helping organizations enhance their security defenses. It helps organizations understand their vulnerabilities from an attacker’s perspective and take appropriate measures to protect their systems, networks, and data.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a vulnerability and an exploit?
A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in a system, network, or application that could be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access or perform malicious actions. An exploit, on the other hand, is the actual technique or piece of code used to take advantage of a vulnerability. Exploits leverage vulnerabilities to breach the security of a system or network.
Can security vulnerabilities be completely eliminated?
It is highly unlikely to completely eliminate all security vulnerabilities. As long as complex systems and software exist, the possibility of introducing new vulnerabilities remains. However, organizations can reduce the risk of vulnerabilities through proactive security practices, such as regular patching, security testing, secure coding, and user awareness. The goal is to minimize the number of vulnerabilities and promptly address them to maintain a strong security posture.
How can organizations stay updated about new vulnerabilities?
Organizations can stay updated about new vulnerabilities through various methods:
- Following security news and reputable sources: Stay informed about the latest security vulnerabilities and patches by following trusted security news websites, blogs, mailing lists, and forums.
- Subscribing to security advisories: Subscribe to security advisories from software vendors, industry groups, or computer emergency response teams (CERTs) to receive timely notifications about new vulnerabilities and recommended actions.
- Participating in vulnerability management programs: Organizations can participate in vulnerability management programs offered by security vendors or communities to receive early notifications and patches for vulnerabilities affecting their software or systems.
Are all security vulnerabilities the same in terms of severity?
No, security vulnerabilities vary in terms of severity. Some vulnerabilities have a higher potential for exploitation and pose significant risks to the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of systems and data.
Severity is typically determined by factors such as the potential impact of exploitation, ease of exploitation, and the level of access and control an attacker can gain. It is important for organizations to prioritize and address vulnerabilities based on their severity to allocate resources effectively.
Should individuals be concerned about security vulnerabilities?
Yes, individuals should be concerned about security vulnerabilities, especially when it comes to protecting personal information and ensuring the security of their online activities. Individuals can take steps to protect themselves, such as using strong and unique passwords, keeping their software up to date, being cautious of phishing attempts, and being aware of security best practices. Following good security habits helps individuals mitigate the risks associated with security vulnerabilities and reduces the likelihood of falling victim to cyber attacks.
What is responsible disclosure of security vulnerabilities?
Responsible disclosure refers to the practice of privately and ethically reporting security vulnerabilities to the relevant organization or software vendor, allowing them an opportunity to address and fix the vulnerabilities before making them public. The process typically involves notifying the affected party, providing sufficient details about the vulnerability, allowing a reasonable amount of time for remediation, and coordinating the release of information to the public once the vulnerability is patched or mitigated.
Can security vulnerabilities be used for good?
Yes, security vulnerabilities can be used for good when they are discovered and responsibly disclosed to organizations or software vendors. Ethical hackers and security researchers play a crucial role in identifying vulnerabilities and helping organizations improve their security. By responsibly disclosing vulnerabilities, these individuals contribute to the overall security of systems, protect user data, and help prevent malicious exploitation.
What is the cost of fixing security vulnerabilities?
The cost of fixing security vulnerabilities can vary depending on various factors, such as the complexity of the vulnerability, the affected systems, the required changes or patches, and the resources and expertise needed for the remediation process. Fixing vulnerabilities may involve activities such as developing and testing patches, implementing configuration changes, conducting security audits, and training employees. Additionally, organizations may incur costs related to incident response, forensic investigations, and potential legal consequences. The cost of fixing vulnerabilities is an investment in maintaining the security and trustworthiness of systems and protecting against potential financial losses and reputational damage.
Are open-source software more vulnerable to security risks?
Open-source software is not inherently more vulnerable to security risks compared to proprietary software. In fact, the transparency and collaborative nature of open-source projects can often lead to more robust security through community review and contributions. However, vulnerabilities can be present in any software, regardless of its licensing model. Open-source software benefits from a large community of developers who can discover, report, and fix vulnerabilities quickly. The key to ensuring the security of open-source software lies in timely patching, active community involvement, and adherence to secure coding practices.
How can security vulnerabilities impact IoT devices?
Security vulnerabilities can have significant impacts on IoT (Internet of Things) devices. IoT devices, which are interconnected and often perform critical functions, can be vulnerable to attacks if not properly secured. Exploiting vulnerabilities in IoT devices can result in unauthorized access, control, or manipulation of the devices. This can lead to various consequences, including data breaches, privacy violations, disruption of device functionality, and even physical harm or safety risks. It is essential for IoT manufacturers and users to prioritize security measures, such as strong authentication, encryption, regular patching, and network segmentation, to mitigate the risks associated with IoT device vulnerabilities.
In conclusion, security vulnerabilities pose significant risks to organizations and individuals, potentially leading to data breaches, financial losses, reputation damage, and legal consequences. Understanding the different types of vulnerabilities, such as software vulnerabilities, network vulnerabilities, and human factor vulnerabilities, is crucial in implementing effective security measures.
We discussed various prevention and mitigation strategies, including regular software updates and patches, robust authentication and access controls, security testing and auditing, employee training and awareness, and incident response planning. By adopting these measures, organizations can proactively identify and address vulnerabilities, thereby reducing the likelihood and impact of security incidents.
Furthermore, ethical hacking plays a vital role in identifying vulnerabilities and helping organizations improve their security defenses. Responsible disclosure of vulnerabilities allows for timely remediation and protection against malicious exploitation. Security vulnerabilities can also be used for good when responsibly disclosed, contributing to the overall security of systems and protecting user data.
It is important to note that security vulnerabilities can never be completely eliminated, but organizations and individuals can take proactive steps to minimize the risks. Staying updated about new vulnerabilities through security news sources, subscribing to advisories, and participating in vulnerability management programs is essential in maintaining a strong security posture.
Maintaining robust security practices, addressing vulnerabilities promptly, and staying vigilant are key to mitigating the risks associated with security vulnerabilities. By prioritizing security and adopting a proactive approach, organizations and individuals can enhance their resilience against potential threats in the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity.
Information Security Asia is the go-to website for the latest cybersecurity and tech news in various sectors. Our expert writers provide insights and analysis that you can trust, so you can stay ahead of the curve and protect your business. Whether you are a small business, an enterprise or even a government agency, we have the latest updates and advice for all aspects of cybersecurity.
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A recent study looked at 100 professional athletes and the products that they endorse, and the amount of exposure kids have to these advertisements. The Yale University study found that 80% of advertisements including these pro sports stars were for energy-dense and nutrient-poor products. The efforts in school and at home to teach kids about how to eat and be healthy conflicts with the messages being sent by these athletes. Researchers believe that these mixed-messages do not allow kids to realize that in order to be able to perform at your best, a healthy diet must be maintained and that junk food and snacks should be consumed on occasion. When high-profile athletes are promoting certain products that are not incorporated into their daily diets, kids are getting the wrong message. Athletes should be more conscious of the health value of the products that they choose to endorse in order to lead by example and help educate the audiences that look up to them.
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Little John Legend
Located on the east edge of the village, Indian Creek is named for Little John, a Chippewa who lived on the creek with his family.
In the year 1806, Little John was killed while chopping down a tree — game he was pursuing had gone into the tree and Little John was determined to bag the prey. But the tree fell on him, and when members of his society discovered his lifeless body, they ran to the house of Major Morse, who lived in Harpersfield. The Indians had painted themselves in black, a sign of mourning, and motioned for Morse to follow them to the site of Little John’s accident.
The European settlers realized that the Indians wanted Little John to be honored with burial, and they assisted in burying him near the creek where he and his family had their wigwam. Little John was buried in a sitting position with his earthly possessions: a knife, hatchet, kettle and rifle.
A post, painted red, marked his grave on the west side of the bank. Thieves, aware of the possessions that had been buried with Little John, entered the grave and removed the items. Eventually, they even removed Little John’s bones. This desecration led to ghost stories.
Ship building on Indian Creek
Great stands of poplar and other woods used in ship building stood in Geneva Township in the early 1800s. A sawmill was constructed on Indian Creek by George Turner; the mill could handle logs up to 60 feet in length.
Although a shallow stream today, Indian Creek was the site of several boat construction projects and launches, the latter usually being mired in difficulty.
The first boat to be built here was the Geneva, built in 1838. The sloop was owned by Col. George Turner and Thomas Makepeace Fitch. The vessel was to be used in the stone trade on Lake Erie.
To provide sufficient draft to launch the sloop, floodgates on the mill dam upstream were opened. While providing the additional depth needed, when the vessel reached the bridge across the creek, it would not clear the deck.
This vessel was connected to at least two deaths. A Captain Woodward was in charge of it when a squall came up on the lake. He was knocked off the boat by a boom and killed. Two occupants left on the boat were unable to take control of the Geneva, which drifted across the lake to Canada, then returned when the winds shifted. It went ashore at Madison
Martin Watrous of Ashtabula purchased the sloop and ran it in the limestone trade between Ashtabula and the western islands.
While entering Ashtabula Harbor with a load of block stone, the Geneva struck a pier and sank. A young sailor from Conneaut was killed in the incident.
The wreck was uncovered in 1903 when the Pennsylvania Railroad was dredging for a dock expansion. The Geneva was “well preserved” and the wreck slowed progress on the dredging project.
Next came the Philena Mills.
Turner hired James Lockwood of Geneva to build this ship; James Mills and Eliakim Roberts were the investors. They built the ship from 1846 to 1847 using oak harvested from Saybrook Township. No local lumber was deemed suitable for its masts, so the lumber for that was brought from Sorrel Hill, Pa., about 40 miles away, using oxen.
Philena Mills was 100 feet long, rated at 270 tons and was considered one of the finest sailing ships of its time on the Great Lakes. After one season of operating the ship, the investors sold it. It lasted about 20 years before being wrecked near Madison.
The G.L. Roberts launched in 1848 on Indian Creek. George Turner had a 48 percent interest in the boat, which was built with lumber from Saybrook. This time, the mast pine came from the swamps of Saybrook,.
His son, MatthewTurner designed the ship specifically for the lumber trade. At the end of the 1848 shipping season, the young Matthew Turner married Amanda Jackson. But she soon contracted a fever and died. The despondent Turner returned to sailing on the G.R. Roberts and came up missing at the end of the season. His father placed ads in the papers along the Great Lakes seeking information about his son. A $500 reward was offered. Matthew eventually returned home, in his own timing, unaware of the concern he’d caused his family.
Sometime thereafter, Matthew Turner contracted “Gold Fever” and headed to the West Coast, where he made a small fortune and used his earnings torchase the schooner Toronto, which he sailed from New York to California. The Gold Rush had created a huge demand for lumber, and Turner built an industry of hauling lumber from northern California to San Francisco.
Turner began building larger ships for his business and opened up trading with Tahiti. That led to cod trade and he opened up the Pacific cod industry. While on one of his voyages, he and his crew helped save the lives of British sailors.
At Hunter’s Point, Calif., Matthew Turner and his brother Horatio Nelson, set up shipyards that grew into the Matthew Turner Shipyards. He built there another Geneva, which made the passage between Tasmania and New South Wales in two days. These shipyards operated until 1918.
The Vampire was the last ship built on Indian Creek. Built by Capt. Perry White of Ashtabula, it was built/launched in the summer of 1867. The largest ship ever built on Indian Creek, The Vampire drew a great deal of attention. A large celebration was planned for its launch, but the celebration turned to embarrassment and frustration when The Vampire slid into the creek and hit bottom; it was too heavy to float. Many hours of hard labor were required to free the ship and finally get it onto Lake Erie. It was the last vessel built on Indian Creek.
In the early 1900s Indian Creek was eyed as the route for the canal that would connect Lake Erie to the Ohio River. Of course, this canal was never built, but had it been, Geneva-on-the-lake probably would have become an industrial town, with a large steel mill on Wheeler Creek planned.
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This well-written and engaging volume, intended for undergraduates, introduces knot theory, an area of growing interest in contemporary mathematics. The hands-on approach features many exercises to be completed by readers. Prerequisites are only a basic familiarity with linear algebra and a willingness to explore the subject in a hands-on manner.
The opening chapter offers activities that explore the world of knots and links — including games with knots — and invites the reader to generate their own questions in knot theory. Subsequent chapters guide the reader to discover the formal definition of a knot, families of knots and links, and various knot notations. Additional topics include combinatorial knot invariants, knot polynomials, unknotting operations, and virtual knots.
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Posted Thursday, June 17, 2010
While an estimated 60,000 barrels a day of oil gush into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, energy companies in Ohio remain eager to access the latest fuel deposit within the Rust Belt. Over 50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas can be found within the Marcellus Shale formation. It has the potential to be a gold mine, but at what risk to the surrounding community and environment? Thursday morning host Dan Moulthrop and guests discuss the science, the technology, and the risks of drilling for natural gas.
Please follow our community discussion rules when composing your comments.
Could you have your guests cover what is required to maintain a gas wells once they are drilled.
Please address the legendary strong-arm tactic of the oil and gas companies used to acquire leases from land owners. In some areas if 60% of owners in an area are willing to lease their land, the other 40% are required to accept leases.
For some reason they invited the gas company back on again and not NEOGAP who is the only Ohio group who specializes in factual unbiased health and safety information and education initiatives. We are even building websites with MIT to desiminate information the state does not make readily available! To answer your question Robert please see contact us on www.neogap.org
See how friends in New York state are reacting to the threat of fracking.
Risks to Ohio:
-275,000 oil and gas wells covering 75% of Ohio
-Many are leaking contaminents into the soil, water and air to the extent the federal EPA has 2 initiatives underway on new water & air regulations on oil and gas industry
-OH regulators are addressing neither of these issues in the interum
-Residents across the state can light their water well air on fire, scoop oil out of their tap water, gotten sick from drilling fumes, lost property due to explosions and property value due to gas wells in residential areas
Watch the Sound of Ideas during the broadcast - view now! Live video stream available during normal broadcast, Mon-Fri, 9-10 AM (EST).
Every weekday at 9:00 AM (EST), The Sound of Ideas reports the news, explains the news, and sometimes makes news. The Cleveland Press Club awarded it “Best Radio Show” in Ohio and thousands daily find it to be an indispensable source of information about what’s most important to Northeast Ohioans.
Weekdays 9:00 AM
The Ohio Channel
Weekdays 9:00 AM
Funding for Ideas/Sound of Ideas comes from The George Gund Foundation, The Cleveland Foundation, Eaton Corporation Charitable Fund, the George W. Codrington Charitable Foundation and the Nord Family Foundation.
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November 9 marks the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. We spoke with British historian Frederick Taylor, an expert on the Berlin Wall, author of the book The Berlin Wall - A World Divided 1961-1989, about what prompted East German authorities to build the wall in the first place.
Under the terms of the 1945 Yalta Agreement, the victorious allies of World War II divided Germany into four sectors, or zones of occupation: the American, British, French and Soviet zones.
About 160 kilometers inside the Soviet zone lay Germany's war scarred capital Berlin. The city was also divided into four sectors along the same lines as Germany.
As the post-war period went from months into years, tensions emerged between the Soviets and the three Western allies. In 1949, the Western zones of Germany split from the communist, Soviet-allied government in East Germany - the area that surrounded Berlin. Historian Frederick Taylor.
"Berlin, sitting inside the Soviet zone - a kind of Trojan horse, if you will, of capitalism as the Soviets and their German communist allies saw it - became this symbol of a Western way of life continuing to exist inside what was increasingly the frozen and repressive Cold War Soviet bloc," said Frederick Taylor.
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Taylor says a border was built between East and West Germany.
"By 1952, in fact, there was a fortified border where you could be shot for trying to cross it from East to West," he said. "But in Berlin, because of the peculiar status of the city as a military-controlled area - and it continued to be controlled by military law, even after the two German states were set up - there were checkpoints and so on but people could actually travel pretty easily between East and West Berlin. This meant that East Germans, who were tired of the kind of poor standard of living and the lack of freedom in the communist-ruled East Germany, which by 1951 in fact was poorer than it had been four, three years earlier, not richer - could do so."
Taylor says between 1949 and 1961, East Germany - out of a population of 17 million - lost around two and a half million people to West Germany.
"In effect, what was obvious to the East German government and indeed, eventually, to their Soviet masters, by the end of the 1950s, as we go into 1960-61, was that their country was bleeding to death - bleeding its best and its brightest to the West," said Taylor. "So something had to be done about it. And the question was what."
The historian says East German leaders had options.
"They could have offered reforms, they could have offered a more efficient and productive economy," he said. "They could have offered the kinds of political freedoms and freedom of movement that most educated and civilized people require. But of course they didn't - they were attached to the Stalinist model of a command economy, now found in very, very few places in the world, possibly only in North Korea and Cuba, really."
Taylor says the East German leadership felt the only way to stop the exodus of East Germans to West Germany, was to build a physical barrier. And they decided to do it between East and West Berlin.
The historian says on the night of the 12 to the 13 of August 1961 - a weekend - tons of wood, cinder blocks and barbed wire were funneled into East Berlin.
"Basically what they did first was to run barbed wire around everything, block many cross-streets that went from East to West Berlin with concrete tank trap material and cinder blocks," explained Frederick Taylor. "There were guards every few yards watching the workers who were putting up these barriers and basically they did the whole thing in less than 12 hours. By Sunday morning, the morning of Sunday August the 13th, 1961, everybody woke up, East and West Berliners alike and found that essentially, a barrier had been built. It wasn't yet a wall - it was a fence, a barbed wire fence with cinder blocks to block the streets and prevent vehicles getting through."
Taylor says the barbed wire beginnings of the Berlin Wall divided overnight, with savage finality, neighborhoods, families and friends.
"Wherever you were on that night, you had to decide what to do," he said. "If you were a Westerner staying in the East, they'll let you back - no question about that. If you were an Easterner staying in the West, say with relatives - which of course, it was a weekend, actually - a lot of people, several thousand in fact, were staying in the West and they had to decide what to do: to go back to their families or to stay in the West. Many, many of them decided to stay with considerable sacrifice. But also, simply there were neighborhoods - the new barrier ran literally down the middle of streets."
The historian says it was about a week later that the first proper wall-like structure was constructed, south of the Brandenburg Gate. When fully built, the wall was about 43 kilometers long where it cut through the center of Berlin and more than 110 kilometers long as it divided West Berlin from East Germany. In addition, there were more than 300 watchtowers, as well as minefields, floodlights and guns that fired automatically.
Taylor describes the feeling of many East Germans.
"It's the great tragedy of this time," said Taylor. "It was the dashed hopes, the disappointment, the claustrophobia, the ghastly feeling of this lack of freedom of movement, the freedom to breathe, the freedom to feel, I think - that when I talked to people who lived through all that, that's always the most striking thing. I think it's very hard for us to understand."
For the next several decades, East Germans tried to escape to freedom by using various methods, from climbing the wall to tunneling underneath it. Chances of making it were slim. But Taylor says people were willing to risk everything for the promise of a better life that lay just beyond the Berlin Wall.
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Separation, Deprivation & Privation
Relaunched: 5 December 2017
In considering problems to do with failed attachment or lack of attachment, developmental psychologists usually use 3 categorisations:-
- Separation: this is where the young child has been temporarily separated from the mother/caregiver for a period of days or even weeks, with the result that the bond between them has been weakened and/or damaged
- Maternal deprivation: the child and the mother/caregiver have been separated substantially, with the result that the bond is seriously damaged or even destroyed
- Privation: the child has never formed a real bond with their mother or any other caregiver
As we shall see, it is not always easy to determine whether a child is suffering from separation or, more, maternal deprivation; neither is it always easy tell whether a child is suffering from severe deprivation or is truly privated. However, all 3 categorisations are associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties, usually mildest in cases of separation and worst in those where the child is truly privated. This can be seen as the PURPLE vMEME not having its safety-in-belonging needs met, leading to the emergence and dominance of unhealthy RED in the child’s vMEME stack, with the consequence of Id-like thinking and beh&aviour.
It is important to note that in all 3 categorisations the child usually has the potential to ‘recover’ – though this potential seems to decrease with age and the severity of their experiences.
The towering figure in early psychological research into the emotional wellbeing of children is John Bowlby. While working at the London Child Guidance Clinic in the 1930s, Bowlby trained and qualified as a psychoanalyst. He further studied under Anna Freud and was at the Hampstead War Nursery when she (Anna Freud & Dorothy Burlingham, 1942; 1944) conducted their ground-breaking work into the effects of loss on child war refugees and orphans. From his time with Freud and from his own childhood experiences, he was determined to investigate the effects of separation and maternal deprivation on children’s wellbeing.
From Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1951) and his theory of Maternal Deprivation (1944), it could be expected that young children might suffer severe emotional effects as a result of even a short-term separation from their mother/primary caregiver.
Bowlby first studied children who were separated from their mother for some time, often by the parent’s hospitalisation. He used naturalistic observation of children (aged 1 to 4) placed in residential nurseries. The children were filmed by Bowlby’s assistant John Robertson. Initially a boilerman at the Hampstead War Nursery, Robertson was trained by Anna Freud in making detailed notes on children’s behaviour. He also filmed the children, using scheduled time-sampling methods to avoid accusations of observer bias. Both Mary Ainsworth and Rudolph Schaffer assisted Bowlby & Robertson on this project. What they established from this research was that children tended to go through a 3-stage syndrome:-
The immediate reaction to separation involves crying, screaming, kicking and generally struggling to escape. The child’s behaviours are then directed towards trying to get the mother/caregiver figure back – for example, the child may cry loudly and at length. Some children may reject the attentions of a substitute caregiver while others cling desperately. This phase may last a few hours or even a few weeks.
The child becomes less active, seems apathetic and has little or no interest in their surroundings. They may cry quietly and generally appear to be in mourning. To some, it may appear the child has accepted the situation; but, in fact, the child has given up hope – a sort of learned helplessness. They may no longer expect the mother to return. The child hardly reacts to other people’s offers of comfort. Instead they prefer to comfort themselves by rocking and/or thumb-sucking.
The extent of despair experienced varies according to how securely attached the child is and where they are on the Dimensions of Temperament. Using Strange Situation classifications, securely attached appear to cope better than insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant. (In 1997 Helen Barrett re-examined the original films and felt not enough was made of individual differences, emphasising that securely attached children appeared to cope relatively well whereas insecurely-attached children were more distressed. She also noted that it was dangerous to generalise from what were effectively a series of case studies.)
The child may now welcome the attentions of others and may even smile and seem sociable. However, this may be only an apparent state of wellbeing as the child may be in inner turmoil. When the child’s mother returns, they do not demonstrate a normal greeting. The child may be indifferent to the mother or even find her presence aversive. Effectively the child may have to relearn their relationship with the mother.
Bowlby noted that the effects of the separation lasted for months afterwards, children aged between 7 months and 3 years (the sensitive period) being the most vulnerable. Following the separation, children were more likely to experience separation anxiety, worrying about future separations. Eleanor Maccoby (1980) refined the age of especial vulnerability to between the ages of 12 and 18 months. One of the crucial variables associated with age, she argues, is the ability to hold in the mind an image of the absent parent. She explains older children coping better, probably because they have learned that separation is followed by reunion. Also their language skills have developed enough for parents to explain that the separation will be short.
Bowlby also noted that many new widows and widowers showed the same 3 phases in face of their loss.
‘A 2-Year-Old goes to Hospital’ (1952)
From looking at young children having extended stays in residential nurseries. Bowlby & Robertson moved on to look at how young children were treated in hospital.
At the time, when children had to be treated in hospital, it was the norm for them to spend weeks with only minimal contact with their parents. Ostensibly this was on the grounds of sanitation. Visiting was usually restricted to one hour a day and even that was sometimes discouraged. A 1952 Nursing Times survey found that only 300 out of 1,300 hospitals allowed daily visiting and 150 allowed no visiting whatsoever. Amongst the Nursing Times’ findings…
- Guy’s Hospital only allowed parents to visit 2-4 PM on Sundays
- St Thomas’ Hospital prohibited parental visits for the first month but they were then allowed to see their children sleeping between 7- 8 PM
- Parents of children under 3 years were not allowed to visit at all by the London Hospital; for children over 3, their parents could visit twice weekly
- The West London Hospital allowed no visiting at any time.
Although a number of psychologists believed that children experienced anxiety when separated from their primary caregiver, the meme most medical professionals usually subscribed to at the time was that high standards of physical care were all that was needed. Many also stated that parental visits often just led to the children becoming distressed again when the parents left.
Bowlby & Robertson were alarmed by the despair they observed in hospitalised children – but found the medical profession were reluctant to acknowledge this. Robertson declared to Bowlby that he could not go on unless they did something for the children they were observing. So they filmed ‘Laura’, a 2-year-old selected at random, who was admitted to hospital for 8 days to undergo a minor operation. They had almost no budget, no artificial lighting and only a handheld cinecamera. To avoid accusations that he had filmed only at times when Laura was distressed, Robertson used an unbiased time-sampling technique, filming Laura for 2 x 40-minute sessions at the same time each day. The hospital clock on the wall was filmed to show the length of the sessions at the same time each day.
In the film, Laura alternates between periods of calm and distress. Her parents visit occasionally and she begs to go home. She clearly struggles to control her feelings. As her mother is not there and the nurses change frequently, she has to face the fears, frights and hurts of the hospital stay with no familiar person to cling to. She is extremely upset by a rectal anaesthetic. Then she becomes quiet and ‘settles’. But at the end of her stay she is withdrawn from her mother, apparently shaken in her trust.
Bowlby & Robertson’s film captures Laura going through the Protest Despair Detachment (PDD) syndrome. It confirmed what had been common knowledge in many communities: that young children could be ‘changed’ by a spell in hospital. The film created a scandal about the way children were treated in hospital.
In 1989 Robertson (James Robertson & Joyce Robertson, 1989) wrote: “It should be borne in mind that the 1951 ward was typical of the times. The nurses were hard-working, busy keeping order, giving medication, making beds, feeding and cleaning the children. They were cheerful and friendly, with ready smiles for the younger patients as they went about their work. But they were not allowed to stop and play with them or give them comfort. They interacted freely with the older children, but went to the younger ones only when there was a physical need to be dealt with.”
One doctor, quoted in Robertson & Robertson, was very angered by the film, feeling his profession had been slandered. However, the next time, he walked down his children’s ward, he saw things differently – “I really heard the children crying for the first time.” The doctor immediately introduced unrestricted visiting and encouraged parents of under-5s to stay.
The film forced the medical profession to acknowledge the need to look after the emotional wellbeing of the young children in their care. It was the start of the culture shift that led to parents being able to stay with their children in hospital – overnight and for days on end, if appropriate.
In Gravesian terms, the medical professionals could be said to be operating from the BLUE vMEME; they were focused on doing what they believed/were told was right. Bowlby & Robertson, coming off GREEN – if not 2nd Tier – saw that the BLUE-driven regimes of the hospitals were not meeting the PURPLE attachment needs of the children in their care. For the doctor who ordered unrestricted visiting, ‘A 2-Year-Old goes to Hospital’ served to induce what Gregory Bateson (1972) would have termed ‘Level 3 Deep Change’ – a complete revolution in thinking. See: The Process of Change.
While psychological care of children and their parents has improved exponentially over the last half-century or so, hospitalisation can still have a negative effect on children. Robert Kirkby & Thomas Whelan (1996) cite the child’s age, the quality of the attachment to the parents, the seriousness of the condition and the severity of the medical intervention as being key variables in how children handle separation. Schaffer (1996) notes a gender difference mediated by age, in that young males tend to suffer more when separated from their mother/caregiver but females find it harder in adolescence. He also asserts that a ‘difficult’ temperament, a history of family conflict and the parents being ‘psychologically unavailable’ all add to the child’s vulnerability in separation. His assertion that repeated separations also add to this vulnerability is somewhat qualified by Margaret Stacey et al (1970). Stacey et al studied 4-year-olds in Wales spending 4 days in hospital to have their tonsils removed. Their parents were not able to stay overnight. Those who were used to staying away overnight – eg: with grandparents or friends – were less likely to find their hospitalisation distressing. From this the researchers concluded children with regular short separation experiences were less distressed by a stay in hospital.
Other factors affecting the likely vulnerability of young children to separation include the environment being strange and unfamiliar (Gail Ross et al, 1975) and whether the mother accompanies the child into the hospital (Claire Fagin, 1966). Milton Kotelchuck (1976) emphasises the child having good multiple attachments helps them cope better. He found that, when fathers were actively involved as caregivers, children were more comfortable when left alone with strangers; he also found that the period when children protested strongly at separation was shorter if both parents were actively involved in caring. David Quinton & Michael Rutter (1976) state that separation is more stressful in low income families. The researchers suggest that conflict and insecurity are more likely in low income families and this magnifies the negative effects of separation.
5 films by James & Joyce Robertson (1967-1976)
James Robertson was not as convinced as Bowlby that the PDD syndrome was purely the result of separation from the mother – viz Bowlby (1969): “The subjects of various studies differ in many respects. For example, they differ in age, in the type of home from which they come, in the type of institution to which they go and the care they receive there, and in the length of time they are away. They differ, too, in whether they are healthy or sick. In spite of all these variations, however, and despite the different backgrounds and expectations of the observers, there is a remarkable uniformity in the findings. Once a child is over the age of six months he tends to respond to the event of separation from mother in certain typical ways.” Robertson was concerned that Bowlby wasn’t giving due consideration to variables such as quality of substitute care, multiple caregivers, age and level of maturity of the child at separation.
Robertson wanted a project to investigate these other variables but discussions with Bowlby about this led to a partial parting of the ways between the 2 men. However, Bowlby did agree for the Tavistock Institute, of which he was now a director, to put some funding into Robertson’s project.
To test whether other variables had an effect, Robertson and his social worker wife Joyce became foster parents for infants undergoing shortish separation for the duration their mothers were hospitalised. Each child’s stay in the Robertson household was filmed for around 20 minutes each day. Joyce kept a pad on which to make contemporaneous notes and also made use of a tape recorder. Edits of the movies were published as a series under the umbrella title of ‘Young Children in Brief Separation’. They followed the following general principles:-
- The children were introduced into Robertsons’ home before the mother’s hospitalisation
- They were cared for by a trained, fully-available substitute ‘mother’ (Joyce)
- The parents briefed the Robertsons who then followed similar routines to those in the child’s home and the child brought personal items – eg: toys and photographs – from home
- Contact with the father was maintained and the mother was discussed frequently in positive terms – in some of the cases, the children were taken to visit their mother in hospital
‘Kate’ (1967), aged 2 years 5 months, was their first foster child. In the film, for the first 3-4 days of the 27-day separation she is cheerful and seems relatively relaxed. She uses a family of dolls to recall life at home and to anticipate reunion with her parents. However, as the separation becomes extended, disillusion begins to set in and Kate starts to show anxiety. She is increasingly cool towards the visiting father, expressing anger towards her absent mother and begins to make a niche for herself in the foster family, attaching particularly to Joyce.
The Robertsons were excited as, despite there being some difficulties and anxieties, Kate did not display anything like the full-scale PDD they might have expected from Bowlby’s conclusions. They attributed this partly to the excellent care given by Joyce, the familiar routines and environment and Kate being old enough to hold onto the memory of her mother.
Following a break in the project to secure additional funding, 17-month-old ‘Jane’ (1968) came to the Robertsons for a 10-day stay. Jane readily accepts Joyce as substitute (foster) mother and her father visits daily, and the foster mother is fully available to meet Jane’s needs. She seems to be in a state of ‘manageable anxiety’. At reunion Jane returns to her mother with warmth and good expectations. But she is reluctant to give up the foster mother to whom she has become attached.
The Robertsons’ third foster child was ‘Thomas’ (1971), aged aged 2 years 4 months, who was with them for 10 days. Thomas is able to keep his absent mother in mind and talk and talk about her. This, and the daily visits of his father, help him understand the situation as a younger child cannot do. Although in need of mothering care, Thomas sometimes struggles to accept the affectionate exchanges with Joyce as he experiences conflict about loyalty to his mother. Thus, at times he attacks the foster mother when she gives him the very attention he seeks. At reunion with his mother, unlike Jane and, to some extent, Kate, Thomas has no problem about leaving the foster mother.
The impact of these films was huge as they demonstrated that PDD was not inevitable in the separation of young children from their mother/caregiver if high quality substitute mothering was provided, along with familiarity of the environment and the routines. Though it’s doubtful the Robertsons would have known of the work of Clare W Graves at the time these films were made, they would have been known about Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the emphasis Maslow placed on safety and belonging as prerequisites for the development of self-esteem. The Robertsons worked hard to make their foster children feel safe and to encourage a degree of attachment to the foster mother.
In 1976 the Robertsons published a final film: ‘Lucy’, a 21-month-old who stayed with them for 19 days. There had been a strain in the relationship between Lucy and her mother and she is undemonstrative on separation from her mother. The film shows clearly how Lucy, despite anxiety and resistive behaviour, becomes attached to Joyce during her stay with the Robinsons. This seems to have a ‘healing’ effect on Lucy as she responds immediately and positively to her mother upon reunion. However, Lucy then appears to have a conflict of loyalty to her mother and loyalty to her foster-mother. The film shows how, in the subsequent weeks, mother and foster mother co-operate in helping Lucy work successfully through her divided loyalties.
Bertram Raven (1981) criticised the ‘Young Children in Brief Separation’ project for having no control group for comparison purposes.
However, the Robertsons had filmed ‘John’ (1969) for comparison purposes. Aged 17 months he spent 9 days in a residential nursery, arranged by the family’s GP. In the nursery Joyce Robertson wore the same uniform as the other staff and assisted in background tasks but did not get directly involved in caring for John.
John and his mother had enjoyed a close and harmonious relationship. He was quiet – a little introverted – but ate and slept well.
For the first 2 days, the film shows John behaving much as normal, apparently confident the nurses would respond to his needs as his parents would. He becomes increasingly bewildered as this fails to happen but carries on trying to get the attention of the busy nurses. There are 9 rotating nurses, none of whom are assigned to individual children; so no nurse attends to John long enough to understand him and answer his needs. However, he finds he cannot not compete with the other, more assertive and extravert children in the nursery – some of whom pick on him. Eventually John stops trying to get the nurses’ attention and turns to an over-sized teddy bear for some kind of comfort. He stops eating, stops playing and spends a great deal of time crying.
John enthusiastically greets his father on his first visits but soon comes to reject him. When his mother comes to take him home, he starts throwing himself around and crying loudly. When she tries to put him on her lap, he struggles, screams and tries to run away from her. Although he does finally lie quietly on her lap, he never once looks at her. When his father arrives, he ‘escapes’ into his arms.
For many months afterwards he continued to have outbursts of anger towards his mother. Behavioural problems are reported to have continued throughout John’s childhood, including repeatedly running away from home.
The effects of John’s stay in residential nursery are clearly closer to Bowlby’s PDD.
Along with a number of other child-oriented Developmental psychologists, mostly of a Psychoanalytic persuasion – eg: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein – Bowlby and the Robertsons brought a much-needed focus on the emotional wellbeing of children and the psychological damage so easily caused when an infant is separated from their mother/caregiver.
As discussed in Bowlby’s influence, the popularisation of his work by the World Health Organisation from 1951 promulgated the meme that mothers should stay at home with their infant children as an essential means of developing and maintaining secure attachment, thus satisfying the PURPLE vMEME’s need for safety-in-belonging. However, as the 1960s progressed into the 1970s and GREEN-driven Feminism grew more and more influential, ever larger numbers of women went out to work. By 1991 in the US 60+% of mothers of pre-school children had returned to work, compared with just 18% in 1960. In the UK day care places increased from 648,000 in 1987 to 998,000 in 1997. According to The Observer’s Gaby Hinscliff, 52% of women with children under 5 were working in 2004.
More and more mothers taking at least part-time jobs has led to an virtual explosion in day care in the West. In the light of Bowlby’s findings on separation, many commentators have expressed real concern at the effects of being placed in day care on the psychological wellbeing of children.
The majority of studies investigating the effects of day care on cognitive development have found the educational stimulation in the better day care facilities produces real and lasting advantages over homecare. Eg: Margaret Buchanal, Marvin Lee & Craig Ramey (1989) tested the IQ of children entering primary school and found those who had been in day care tended to score higher than those who had been at home pre-school. Not all research supports such findings. Eg: Barbara Tizard (1979) found evidence that, regardless of social class, mothers have more complex conversations with their child than do nursery teachers. Teachers also had fewer exchanges and elicited less from the children. (This may be due to the teacher having divided attention but teacher-child interaction would have an effect on cognitive development.) However, the benefits of day care for cognitive development amongst ‘disadvantaged’ children can be significant. Craig Ramey (1992) followed a group of 54 infants from disadvantaged backgrounds. They were randomly-assigned to either homecare or attendance at a day care centre offering supplementary social and medical care and educational opportunities. After one year there was no difference in IQ; but after 42 months the children in day care were superior in cognitive measures of verbal language, perception and memory. At the start of the investigation, the youngest child was just 6 weeks while the majority were around 3 months. The benefits of day care can also be long lasting. Frances Campbell et al (2001) followed 104 poor African-American minority children from the Carolina Abecedarian Project. Started in 1972, this provided high-quality day care. Half the children in Campbell et al’s study were in the Abecedarian Project while the other half had a variety of child care arrangements. The researchers studied the participants 20 years later and found those who had received the high-quality day care were twice as likely to continue in school and scored significantly higher on reading and maths tests. They were also more likely to have a job.
Interestingly, Ramey found that day care also benefited his participants in terms of social measures – being socially confident, less aggressive, less selfish and more likely to be goal-directed. Likewise K Alison Clarke-Stewart, Christian Gruber & Linda May Fitzgerald (1994) found both cognitive and social benefits in day care. They looked at 500 infants from various social backgrounds and undergoing a range of different types of care from full homecare to full day care. They found the 150 ‘day carers’ not only benefited from the enhanced stimulation but learned earlier how to cope in social situations and how to negotiate with peers. Cindy Creps & Lynne Vernon-Feagans (1999) confirmed this. However, they also found children who started day care before the age of 6 months tended to be more sociable than those who started later. Altogether though, findings on the effects on social development have been far more mixed than with cognitive development. Eg: James Pennebaker et al (1981), in almost an echo of Robertson & Robertson’s ‘John’, found that, for shy and unsociable children, nursery can be threatening and damaging. Moreover, such damage can have lasting effects for the child’s later school career.
It is when investigating the effects of day care on young children’s emotional development that findings tend to become rather concerning. In their classic 1988 study Jay Belsky & Michael Rovine found an increased risk of insecure attachment if a child was placed in day care for at least 4 months starting before their first birthday. 149 12-13-month babies (90 male, 59 female) with 2 married heterosexual parents were assessed for attachment to both their mothers and fathers using the Strange Situation. Special attention was paid to Stage 8 – the child’s final reunion with their carer. Additionally mothers were interviewed about their work and classified according to whether they worked and used day care and, if so, for how many hours per week. Rates of insecure attachment to mothers and fathers were calculated in relation to mother’s working hours.
There were higher rates of insecure attachment in children whose mothers worked 20 hours a week or more – 43% chance of insecure attachment compared to 26% for those whose who were in day care less than 20 hours. These children experiencing more than 20 hours especially showed resistance to being reunited at Stage 8. Infants whose mothers worked more than 35 hours a week were more likely to have an insecure attachment to their father. K Alison Clarke-Stewart (1989) criticised Belksy & Rovine’s use of the Strange Situation as an instrument to measure attachment in children who experience extensive day care. This was on the basis that some children become so familiar with being left by their parents with strange people that they would not respond with the same stress as a child not in day care. She argued that children in day care tend to be more independent which could be interpreted as avoidant behaviour. Yet Belsky’s 1990 meta- analysis, collating the results of a number of previously-published studies and involving 464 children in total, further convinced him that 20 hours a week in day care was a critical threshold for secure/insecure attachment, especially where the child was under one-year-old. This view was supported by C Violata & C Russell (1994). They carried out a meta-analysis of 88 studies and concluded that regular day care for more than 20 hours per week had an unmistakably negative effect on socio-emotional development, behaviour and attachment of young children.
However, Peter Barnes (1995) notes that these differences in attachment type may be due to other factors, such as the type of substitute care and the reasons for mothers needing to work longer hours. Michael Lamb (1992), from a meta-analysis, backed Belsky & Rovine’s threshold of 20 hours in day care as being a key factor in whether day care had a negative effect on a child’s emotional health. Yet Lamb also illustrated the complexity of the issue by citing the quality of the parenting. This, for Lamb, is a fourth key factor, the others being the quality of the day care provision, the age of the child when first entering day care and the amount of day care the child experiences during the week.
Just how complex the interaction of these variables can be is illustrated by Clarke-Stewart, Gruber & Fitzgerald’s finding that there was no comparative negative effect on attachment for children in their sample spending a minimum of 30 hours per week in day care from 3 months old. Bengt-Erik Andersson (1992) also found no ill effects when infants were placed in day care under the age of one and for more than 20 hours. Sandra Scarr & William Thompson (1994) had similar findings to Andersson.
Behavioural scientists have sought to build on the work of the Robertson & Robertson to ‘develop’ best practice in day care. 3 key elements tend to show in research as being:-
- High staff-to-child ratio.
The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (1999) stated that the minimum should be 1:3 and that high quality care cannot be provided consistently with any less. Even at that level, there is a risk care staff can become overwhelmed at times and not able to care consistently for their named children. A good ratio also enables the care staff to spend time with the children, both for emotional development and cognitive stimulation.
- Minimal staff turnover
Scahffer (1998) stated consistency of care staff in the child’s life is essential. This allows the formation of attachment between care staff and child, nourishing the child’s PURPLE vMEME.
- Trained and experienced staff
Kathy Silva et al (2003) found that the quality of care was correlated positively with the qualification levels of the care staff. The higher the qualifications of the staff – especially the nursery manager – the better the social and development of the children in their care.
Research on the effects of day care on infants’ development has demonstrated many effects that show Belsky’s 20-hours-per-week critical threshold for it being detrimental to children’s emotional development to be overly simplistic. Yet clearly separation from the mother/caregiver is a potentially dangerous experience and needs to be managed carefully, taking into account a wide variety of factors. The quality of attachment to the parents and the child’s temperament are vital factors to be considered.
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Preparing homemade dog food is a healthy and affordable way to feed your pet. After the pet meals scare some years ago, many owners have started cooking for his or her animals as a manner to keep away from dangerous additives. Different owners need to cook dinner for their dogs due to a health related issue. Regardless of the purpose, you may prepare your dog’s food easily.
Many people assume puppies have to eat only protein. This is wrong. puppies, like humans, require a selection of meat, starches and greens to fulfill their simple dietary requirements. If puppies consume only protein, they will lack important nutrients, and this can lead to deficiencies or even thyroid problems. If they do not receive enough protein, they may be afflicted by terrible immune function, muscle deterioration and blood problems. So, a balanced weight loss program is critical. Many vets endorse a ratio of 40 percentage protein, 50 percentage greens and 10 percent starch.
Ingredients to use
Each of the meals classes has a huge variety of components from which to pick. The maximum important component is that the ingredients be clean and comprise no components.
People usually think about dogs as eating red meat, but there are many other possibilities to fulfill the protein necessities. Any properly muscle or organ protein is good. Use liver fairly because the liver in an animal may additionally hold impurities. You can use below protein resources based on cost and availability:
- Beef – Cut into small strips
- Chicken- easily available, easily digested and reasonably-priced
- Fish – Mackerel or herring, but no extra than a couple of times per week
- Beans – Lima beans or kidney beans, however should not replace the beef protein
- Eggs – in moderation
Puppies can eat a wide range of veggies. However, a few have to be prevented. Safe vegetables include:
- Broccoli – Can reason fuel
- Cauliflower – Can reason fuel
Carbohydrates form critical nutrients for dogs. In addition they offer fiber for a healthy digestion. Top sources are:
- Rice – specially brown rice
- Potatoes – ought to be cooked
- Pasta – without oil or salt
Food to avoid
While many people suppose dogs can consume nearly something, certain meals are risky and even deadly to dogs. Do not include any of those while making domestic cooked dog meals:
- Raw dough
It is to be noted that you have to never use any elements which can be spoiled or contain mould. The rule of thumb is never feed your dog whatever that could be risky for you to eat.
Garlic is a debatable aspect. Raw garlic is specially discouraged. But, many home dog meals cooks include a clove or of cooked garlic as an element. Check along with your vet regarding including garlic for your pet’s food.
Substances to restriction
A few components, while now not dangerous to dog, need to handiest be used on a restricted basis:
- Added salt, on the grounds that many canned components already comprise salt
- Dairy meals, considering a few dogs have issue digesting
- Cooking oils, along with canola oil
- Corn, for the reason that many dogs have issue digesting
How to make your own dog food
Even as wolves within the wild consume uncooked meals, it’s very important to cook dinner for your dog’s meals for protection sake. Salmonella is in poultry food especially chicken. Salmonella is removed by way of cooking the meat till it reaches among 160 and 180 degrees F. Here’s a simple however wholesome homemade dog food recipes. Recollect the canine food ratio of 40 percentage protein, 50 percent veggies and 10 percentage starch while deciding on the real components.
- Fill a huge container with water, and warmth it to a slow boil.
- Wash and chop potatoes. Do not remove the skins. Add to the boiling water, and cook for ten mins.
- Add chicken, beef, pork or boneless meat to the pot.
- Add clean or frozen veggies. Use a mixture, consisting of carrots, peas and spinach.
- Stir in oatmeal or pasta and boil for 10 to 15 minutes.
- Remove the pot from the heat, and allow it to cool. Store the food into freezer packing containers and freeze for future use.
Suggestions for making dog food
- Dogs don’t want the seasoning that humans do. Do not add salt, pepper or another seasoning.
- Clean greens are generally less expensive than canned or frozen, and that they have extra vitamins if they are picked at peak ripeness (from your garden or a farm stand).
- If you should purchase canned veggies, test for the lowest salt content material.
- Make the meals in big enough batches that you best must prepare the food once a week at maximum.
- Remember if using human leftovers. Do they have butter, seasonings or different ingredients that aren’t excellent on your dog? in that case, don’t use them.
- Constantly check with your vet whilst converting your dog’s eating regimen. Ask your vet in case your canine need to have any dietary supplements.
Even in case you do not prepare dinner for your dog full-time, you can nevertheless cook now and again to provide a healthful alternative to his normal weight-reduction plan.
Related : Best dog food in India
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What is personal data and how do you define it?
In a world where we spend increasing amounts of our time online, we are all divulging more and more personal data - and doing it more frequently too. We are all, as a result, leaving ourselves open to risk by disclosing key information about us personally. That risk can mean we are subject to identity theft or extortion if that data is then used unlawfully.
As a result, governments in Europe established the GDPR as a piece of legislature that gave European citizens more control over personal information that identified them. It was done so to amalgamate different sets of rules that had been established in individual countries in a bid to streamline and simplify laws surrounding personal data.
But what exactly is personal data? And how do you define it? Here, we look to answer those questions as well as exploring how to handle personal data according to the latest EU GDPR laws. It is imperative to know the GDPR framework inside out if you need to collate any personal data. Be that from just a couple of people to a couple of thousand. Without knowing what or how to collate information, you are far more likely to breach the GDPR. You are then liable to the penalties or fines that can be imposed upon you as a result.
What is personal data and how do you define it?
Personal data is a set of information that helps identify an individual. The pieces of personal data can vary. However, if a selection of data that is used together can identify a person, then all that data is defined as personal data.
There are several types of personal data that can help identify a living person. They can be:
- Names (first and last)
- Biometric data
- IP addresses
- Genetic data
These are only a few, but it goes to show that there are broad overarching categories that personal data can fall into. The result is that companies must be very careful when collating such data. If you are collecting personal data, you need to be aware that what you are collating is personal data in the first place. Secondly, you need to be aware that your actions, subsequent to collecting data, are subject to the law.
How can you handle personal data according to GDPR?
How you handle personal data is almost as important as knowing what data you have on your records. Here, we look at the main ideas behind the GDPR that will ensure that you are able to hold personal data in a lawful manner.
Data must be collated lawfully
It perhaps sounds a bit obvious, but the information you collate, must be done so lawfully. Data cannot and should not be stolen. Additionally, data must be used lawfully too. As a very crude example, if you hold a person’s credit card details, you cannot use them to buy illegal products.
Data must be held legally and safely
An individual has the right to have personal data held legally and safely. You need a stringent security practice in place to maintain the sanctity and confidentiality of data held. With more and more data being held electronically, data must be held securely in case of hacking attempts.
Data must be used fairly and collated transparently
You must collate the information in a transparent manner and use it fairly. In practice, this means you cannot claim you are collating information for one purpose, but use it for another.
Data must be held for the purpose it was intended
If you collate information or data for a certain purpose, you must then use that data for the purpose you collated it for. If you use the information to achieve another aim which you did not highlight to individuals, you are breaking the law.
Only necessary information must be held
If you are collecting personal data from individuals, you cannot collate more than you require. This means that you cannot collate information that you feel you may need in future, but at present for which you have no purpose.
Data must be accurate
For the data you collate to be trustworthy, you need to ensure that it is accurate. Additionally, to stay within the GDPR framework, you also need to make sure it is correct. The reason being is so individuals can be sure that information held on them is truthful and not misleading.
Data must be held for a limited period of time
When collating information, you need to remember that you cannot hold onto that information indefinitely. While there is no strict timeline set out by the GDPR, you must endeavour to stay true to the intentions of the framework. Keeping it for longer than you require would otherwise be a way of stopping a person's control over their own personal data.
Data must be held accountable for any any errors
The GDPR’s main aim was to emphasize that the accountability for misuse of personal data lay at the doors of the companies that collated it. If you are collecting personal data therefore, remember that you need continually to adapt your data collation and retention procedures to ensure they are legal. If errors do occur and you notice key breaches of the GDPR, you need to report it to your country’s regulatory authority.
Why is understanding personal data laws so important?
Protecting a person’s personal data is important to governments and businesses as well as individuals themselves. The GDPR framework, and the amount of work that went into creating it, goes to show just how important personal data is to populations and the citizens within them. Understanding what personal data is, is key to adhering to the laws that surround it. In doing so, you will ensure that you always stay on the right side of the GDPR framework.
However, fully understanding the GDPR goes deeper than that. Fully understanding the framework will mean you will also stay true to the spirit within which these laws were founded. Manipulating the laws so you can gain from holding a person’s key data may be legal in some instances, but it is not using the laws for how they were intended.
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David Ben-Gurion (born David Grun on Oct. 16, 1886, died Dec. 1, 1973), the first Prime Minister of Israel, played an instrumental role in the founding of the state. After leading Israel to victory in her Independence War against the Arabs in 1948, he helped build the state institutions and oversaw the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. Ben-Gurion was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.
Born in Plonsk in Poland, David Ben Gurion immigrated to the Land of Israel in 1906. He studied law in Istanbul and in 1915 was expelled from the Land of Israel, then part of the Ottoman Empire, to Egypt, from where he travelled to the United States. In the USA he met and married his wife Paula. He joined the British army in 1918 as part of the Jewish Legion (five service battalions of Jewish volunteers of the Royal Fusiliers; the initial unit, known as the Zion Mule Corps, was formed in 1914 during WW-I). He and his family returned to the Land of Israel after WW-I following its capture by the British from the Ottoman Empire.
In 1919 David Ben-Gurion became the leader of the political party Ahdut HaAvoda - a socialist Zionist party representing the right, non-Marxist, faction of the Labor Zionist movement. He quickly became one of the most prominent leaders of the Yishuv - the Jewish community in the Land of Israel. He was one of the initiators of the Histadrut, the Zionist Labor Federation in Palestine, and he served as its general secretary from 1921 to 1935. He fought against The British White Paper that severely restricted the number of Jews allowed to enter Palestine, by intensifying his involvement in the enterprise of illegal immigration to the country (Aliya Bet).
During WW-ll, in spite of his opposition to the British Mandate rule in Palestine, he supported Jewish enlistment in the British Army to fight against the Nazis. Between 1946 and 1948 Ben-Gurion devoted himself to building a Jewish fighting force, and with the establishment of the State Israel to building the Israel Defense Forces (Tzahal). In April 1948 he was appointed head of the People's Council and responsible for the security of the Yishuv.
On May 14, 1948, in the Tel Aviv Museum, Ben-Gurion proclaimed the establishment of the independent State of Israel. On the setting up of the government, he was appointed its first Prime Minister. In 1952, he reached an agreement with Germany on reparations as financial compensation for the loss of Jewish property during the Holocaust. Ben-Gurion was one of the initiators of the Kadesh Campaign of 1956 (the Sinai War), fighting Egypt in coordination with Britain and France. In 1963, he finally resigned from political life and went to live in Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev where he devoted himself to writing his books and memoirs. The hut where he lived and his library have become a museum in his memory.
Sde Boker College located not far from Kibbutz Sde Boker was founded on the initiative of Ben-Gurion in 1964. It includes a field school, a desert research centre and a regional high school. Following the death of Ben-Gurion, an institute was established there to preserve his heritage. The view from the library overlooks Nahal Zin and the compound where David Ben-Gurion and his wife Paula are buried.
The stamp was issued in 1974, one of two in a series called David Ben-Gurion (the other stamp looks exactly the same, but with a brownish tint). It was designed by O. Adler. David Ben-Gurion was also commemorated on other stamps that were issued in 1978 and 1986.
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As a health and wellness blogger there are times when it’s important to speak out on important topics, sometimes even important political topics. So on this 50th anniversary of Earth Day, lets talk about our Earth, climate change , and what it all has to do with health,wellness and the 2020 presidential election.
This year’s Earth Day theme is Climate Action, which many experts say is the most important concern for our Earth and our health. Climate change is our biggest challenge for the future of humanity and life on our only home. There are so many things you can do to help save Earth like use less plastic, up-cycle and recycle, eat less meat or go vegan – but perhaps the most important commitment you can make to the Earth is to VOTE – and vote blue in the November election.
Each year since Donald Trump has been President of the U.S. he has consistently and dangerously rolled back years of environmental protections and regulations. Since Trump has become President our air and water is less clean with pollution up nearly 14% . Trump even withdrew the United States from the the historic Paris Climate Agreement.
Trump routinely ignores the science of climate change and has taken action to roll back a multitude of environmental regulations that protect air, water, land and public health from hazards and climate change. According to research from NYU Law School, the consequences of eliminating these regulations “includes more premature deaths from pollutants and higher levels of climate change-inducing greenhouse gas emissions.”
Now more than ever it is time to protect Earth and our own health and safety. So on this Earth Day commit to vote blue in November.
Step 1 – Get registered to vote. If you are not registered contact your local Board of Elections and get registered NOW. If you are registered to vote, make sure your information such as address is correct.
Step 2 – Commit to Vote Blue in November. Democrats are committed to protecting our Earth, environment and health. Presidential Candidate Joe Biden knows climate change is a great danger facing not only our country but the world.
Biden promises to bring the U.S. back into the Paris Climate Accord and he has a bold plan for protecting Earth starting on Day 1 of his presidency including:
- Ensuring that all U.S. government installations, buildings, and facilities are more efficient and climate-ready, harnessing the purchasing power and supply chains to drive innovation.
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation – the fastest growing source of U.S. climate pollution – by preserving and implementing the existing Clean Air Act, and developing rigorous new fuel economy standards aimed at ensuring 100% of new sales for light- and medium-duty vehicles will be electrified and annual improvements for heavy duty vehicles.
- Saving consumers money and reduce emissions through new, aggressive appliance- and building-efficiency standards.
- Requiring aggressive methane pollution limits for new and existing oil and gas operations.
- Committing that every federal infrastructure investment should reduce climate pollution, and require any federal permitting decision to consider the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
- Requiring public companies to disclose climate risks and the greenhouse gas emissions in their operations and supply chains.
- Protecting biodiversity, slowing extinction rates and helping leverage natural climate solutions by conserving 30% of America’s lands and waters by 2030.
- Protecting America’s natural treasures by permanently protecting the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other areas impacted by President Trump’s attack on federal lands and waters, establishing national parks and monuments that reflect America’s natural heritage, banning new oil and gas permitting on public lands and waters, modifying royalties to account for climate costs, and establishing targeted programs to enhance reforestation and develop renewables on federal lands and waters with the goal of doubling offshore wind by 2030.
Protecting Earth is not a Blue State or Red State issue. Protecting Earth is an issue that affects ALL of us, no matter where we live in the country or what political party we align ourselves with. Earth is our one and only home. Now more than ever on the 50th anniversary of Earth Day it is crucial we commit to protect our only home and commit to putting our efforts and vote behind the only candidate for president that will truly help us to protect our precious EARTH.
Are you registered to vote? Tell us in the Comments section how you will your voice and vote to protect Earth
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Gerbera, also known as Africa daisy or gerber daisy, is a commonly grown flower in the United States. Its vibrant blooms in hues of pink, orange, yellow and creamy white make it an excellent choice for decorating an indoor or outdoor spot. Gardeners propagate gerbera daisies by seed or crown division for small-scale production. Large-scale producers start these flowers through a process called micropropagation, or tissue culture. Even horticulturalists can grow gerbera daisies at home by micropropagation.
Prepare the nutrient solution for the plantlets. Add 1 cup tap water, 1 cup all-purpose soluble fertilizer (made from ¼-tsp. of 10-10-10 water soluble fertilizer added to a gallon of water), 1/8 cup sugar, ¼ tablet vitamin thiamine, 2 tbsp. agar flakes and half a tablet of inositol to a stainless steel cooking pot.
Light your stove and bring it down to a medium heat. Stir the mix in the cooking pot constantly until everything melts and comes to a boil. Continue stirring for up to five minutes, or until the agar flakes dissolve. Set the pot aside to allow the mixture to cool before pouring it halfway into baby food jars. Replace the lids loosely.
Sterilize the loosely capped baby food jars, scissors and tweezers in a pressure cooker for 15 minutes at 15 psi. Be careful as you slowly release the pressure after 15 minutes. Wear gloves and tighten the lids on the baby food jars, and place them over dry paper towels as they cool.
Sterilize the spot where you will perform the micropropagation. Use warm water from a stainless steel bucket along with a bottle of bleach, a new sponge and cotton cloth to wipe the table, counter and surrounding surface. Allow the sterilized surfaces to air dry. Also immerse your hands in a wide bowl containing isopropyl alcohol just before you begin the procedure.
Cut off a tiny piece of gerbera roots or leaves with sterilized scissors or tweezers, uncap the nutrient solution jar and quickly place it over the top. Tighten the cap and place aside. Continue this procedure until you have one plant piece per container.
Store your jars in a warm, sterile place away from any traffic, but with enough light to assist new root and leaf growth, indicating the tissue culture is growing into gerbera plantlets. Contaminated jars will have mold or rotten plant matter instead of green plantlets with leaves and roots.
Remove the plantlets carefully from the nutrient solution when they grow slightly, and develop leaves and roots. Plant them in containers filled with sterile potting soil, and cover them with plastic bags to prevent plant loss or dehydration. Remove the plastic bags after a week.
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5 Ways to Use Rainwater in your Urban Home
Whether you’re interested in saving money on your water bills, reducing your dependence on mains water supply, restricted by drought or want to live a more eco-friendly sustainable lifestyle, rainwater tanks offer an ideal solution!
Rainwater collected in a well-designed, quality tanks can be used for a variety of domestic purposes both inside (laundry and flushing your toilets), and outside (watering your garden, washing your car, filling your pool) your home. No wonder we’re seeing more rainwater tanks in inner-city urban and suburban areas!
Here’s 5 uses for rainwater around your home:
1. Watering your garden
There are so many benefits to using rainwater for watering your garden!
First and foremost, rainwater is “softer” than most tap water – it’s better for your plants! Rainwater tends to have fewer salts and less chlorine, fluoride, calcium and treatment chemicals than municipal water. These salts and chemicals build up in your soil over time and are tough on plants.
The cost of rainwater is almost entirely tied up in the initial setup costs for your rainwater tank, meaning you can use rainwater to water your garden as often as you want, without worrying about how it will affect your water bills. Also, during times of drought and water restrictions, rainwater ensures you can keep watering your garden and not watch it wither away!
2. Washing Your Car
Rainwater is ideal for washing your car! Using rainwater ensures drought and water restrictions don’t affect your ability to keep your vehicles clean, and lets you keep a regular car washing regime without worrying about expensive water bills.
3. Flushing your toilets
Pull the plug out and the water just stays in the sink? Is your shower unintentionally doubling as a bath? Poor drainage can be a sign that your septic can needs a serious overhaul.
4. Doing your laundry
Another excellent use of rainwater is laundry! Because clothes need to be washed regularly, and a lot of mains water is involved in every single cycle, it’s safe to say that washing machines are a big water waster and substantially contribute to your monthly water bill. Substituting mains water for collected rainwater can help this! A family of four can save more than 20,000 litres of drinking water per year using rainwater for their laundry/washing machines.
Also, rainwater is ‘softer’ than mains water, meaning it’s safer for laundry and washes clothes better. ‘Softer water’ means there is less mineral content and chemicals; it reacts better with laundry soaps and doesn’t leave marks on clothes. ‘Harder’ mains water on the other hand has higher dissolved mineral content (manganese, iron, magnesium, calcium) and treatment chemicals in it; it’s harsher on laundry and can discolour clothes.
5. Filling Up Your Swimming Pool
Your swimming pool loses certain amounts of water every day due to evaporation (up to 400mm per month during Australian summer)! Pair this with people swimming, splashing around and the backwashing of your filter and the litres add up quickly. Rainwater tanks are an ideal source of water to top-up or fill your swimming pools. Not only is this water free, but you can feel good about helping the environment and not adding to pressure to water supplies and infrastructure in your local area. Clean, properly filtered rainwater will also keep your pool filled to the brim during times of drought, when water restrictions are enforced.
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Libraries & Spaces
Treasures of Lauinger Library: An Exhibition for the Millennium
Introduction: What is a Treasure?
The advent of a new millennium seems an auspicious time for a library to take stock of its collections. "Treasures of Lauinger Library" presents a significant number of those books, manuscripts, and works of art which demonstrate, visually and intellectually, what the library has attempted to do, and what it does, in bringing together, preserving, and making available for research at Georgetown University some portion of the historical record.
It is safe to say that all libraries of a certain age have treasures, and it is perhaps equally safe to say that by their treasures ye shall know them. A library's roster of special items will inevitably tell the observer a good deal about the library itself, and this is not at all a bad thing. In fact, the library which sets about marshaling a roster of its treasures for an exhibition such as this will, in the process, perhaps develop a better understanding of its own intrinsic character. Were different staff members than the curator of this exhibition to develop lists of Lauinger Library's bibliophilic treasures, their lists would certainly differ, but only up to a point. The history of collecting at Georgetown is permanently marked by some of the books, manuscripts, and artwork that have come to the university since its founding, and if some of these are perhaps the chiefest treasures, they also serve as objective pointers to whatever further selections might be thought of as expressing individual or curatorial preferences.
Georgetown is, first and foremost, a Catholic and Jesuit institution, and while other libraries do in fact own copies of the first edition of the Ratio studiorum or autographs of St. Ignatius Loyola, these items have a central importance to John Carroll's academy on the banks of the Potomac that they might well not have elsewhere. Equally, Georgetown is an American university, dating its foundation, like the federal government, from 1789; a July, 1776, broadside printing of the Declaration of Independence, a first edition of The Federalist, and a holograph manuscript of The Star-Spangled Banner occupy thereby obvious places of honor. Yet Georgetown is an American university in Washington, D.C., and thus it seems only natural that it should provide a home to volumes from the libraries of Thomas Jefferson and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, or to one remarkable volume presented by the stepson of George Washington on the occasion of his assisting at an early Georgetown commencement. Equally too, Georgetown's philosophical and educational outlook is resolutely international; that being the case, why not, therefore, should items printed in China and Japan or the manuscript of an Italian writer make "the list?" And Georgetown is itself: what more reason should be needed to include John Carroll's founding documents, the Proposals and fund-raising letter that antedate the foundation of the university itself?
But even when the relevancy of an item points to appropriate holding by a wider group of institutions than Georgetown (and Georgetown can hardly claim unique rights to all of the items in the preceding paragraph), there are considerations that make some items speak their virtues more clearly, and of these the most important is clearly provenance. A rapid look through the list that follows shows multiple entries from a few sources: the gifts of Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady, who placed at Georgetown the small collection of English literary highspots that her husband formed shortly before his death; the items which in their time were treasures at the University of Detroit; the splendid gifts made by autograph dealer Mary Benjamin in honor of Father Francis X. Talbot, S.J.; and paramount even to these the very extensive library and manuscript collection formed by American Catholic historian John Gilmary Shea, partly the gift of his widow and daughter. More than a single item could have been selected from the library numbering nearly 2,000 volumes formed by Father Thomas C. Levins (1789-1843), Georgetown's first officially designated librarian. Eric Menke's many donations might have yielded more than a single print, and by the same token the rich collection of musical manuscripts formed by Georgetown alumnus Leon Robbin, were it all currently at Georgetown, would certainly be represented by more than a single selection. These items, too, are near the heart of what Georgetown is or means to be.
Those other primary considerations, which include age, beauty, uniqueness, that perhaps most relative of all terms "importance," and all the other characteristics that gladden the hearts of both dealers and librarians, inevitably play their parts as well. Thus along with European incunabula we include an 8th century Japanese printed prayer scroll commissioned by the Empress Shotoku; books like Shaw's Picturesque Views of American Scenery, better known for their illustrations than for their text; items like the books by Boswell, Franklin, and Thoreau, whose human and historical associations single them out from the rest of the press runs of which they were part; and items like the First Folio, the texts by Galileo, Kepler, Locke, and Newton, the proof copy of the Treaty of Versailles, and The Woman's Bible, which express, in what seems to us the clearest possible way, that part of the historical experience which we have been enabled to make our own, whether in the hard or soft sciences, or literature, or the arts. Each makes its own claim to our attention, and each, too, is one of Georgetown's "treasures."
The library has never enjoyed an opulent budget for acquisitions, so it should come as no surprise that only 16 of the items in the exhibition can be proven to be purchases-and of these eight came with the library of John Gilmary Shea, which was sold to Georgetown in 1892 at an absurdly low price. But fully half of the items on display came as the result of gifts, from George Washington Parke Custis's presentation of the family copy of Catesby's Natural History in 1833 to Mrs. Thomas M. Evans's donation of the Willem Vrelant illuminated manuscript earlier this year. To all these donors the library owes a considerable debt of gratitude.
But one final observation is certainly in order, regarding the dates at which various items entered the library's collections. Georgetown began as a very small academy, then college: hard evidence, if not always elaborate records of provenance, tell us that three of the items in the exhibition were certainly here before 1836, and that another three certainly arrived between that date and 1868. The next century saw 30 items arrive (including eight among Shea's books and manuscripts). But since 1970, when the library began actively to collect rare books and manuscripts, another 20 have been added, including several of both the oldest and most recent items in terms of their individual dates of creation. The library is five years into its third century as the new millennium opens; the prospect of adding additional treasures in the years ahead, to put it very mildly indeed, does not displease.
George M. Barringer
Associate University Librarian, Special Collections and Archives
Transliteration into Chinese characters (by Mi T'o-shan, 705 A.D.) of a "charm" from the Sanskrit text Vimalasuddhaprabhasamahadharanisutra. One of four such charms printed on paper made from hemp at the order of the Japanese Empress Shotoku. With its original lathe-turned, whitened wood pagoda. Purchase, 1985, with the rare book collection of the University of Detroit.
[Horæ B. M. V.] An exceptional Book of Hours, with illuminations attributed to the Flemish artist Willem Vrelant (d. 1481), active in Bruges from the mid-1450s to the end of his career. The manuscript contains 12 full-page miniatures and 11 smaller depictions of saints in a separate section at the end; of special note is the "Holy Face" or "Salvator mundi" miniature after Jan van Eyck. Bound in nearly-contemporary full blind-embossed calf. Gift of Mrs. Thomas M. Evans, 2000.
[Moralia, sive expositio in Job] Beatus gregorius papa librum beati job petente sancto. First edition of Gregory's often reprinted work on the Book of Job, and generally regarded as the first book printed in Switzerland. Ruppel, the printer, had previously been an associate of Gutenberg. Bound in early 19th century half red morocco and marbled paper boards. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
Preclarissimus liber elementorum Euclidis perspicacissimi: in artem Geometrie incipit quã foelicissime. First edition of Euclid's Elements, not published in the original Greek until 1533. With ownership inscriptions of Philippus Romualdus Bissonius, 1742. Rebound in recent full calf. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1868.
Bible. New Testament. Greek and Latin. Erasmus. 1516. Novum instrument_ omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Roterodamo recognitum & emendatum. First edition of the first publication of the New Testament in the original Greek, together with Erasmus' own translation into Latin, with his extensive commentary. Bound in original alum-tawed pigskin over wooden boards, clasps lacking. Inscribed "Duplum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis" on front pastedown. Acquired with the library of Rev. Thomas C. Levins, 1844.
Libellus vere aureus nec minus salutaris quam festivus de optimo reip. statu, deq: nova Insula Utopia. First edition of More's Utopia, one of only eight known complete copies. Rebound in later French (?) quarter red morocco and paper boards. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
Autograph letter, signed. Oñate, 19 May one page, in Spanish, mounted. An impassioned declaration of the writer's sinfulness and humility addressed to a group of fellow Jesuits in Portugal, saying in part "I have been like Esau, a mighty hunter, and chased not only birds, but souls, acting as a beater for the Devil." Gift of Mary Benjamin in honor of Father Francis X. Talbot, S.J., 1947.
Document, signed. [Rome] 22 May 1551, one page, in Latin. A grant of faculties (or celebret) sent by the founder of the Society of Jesus to one of its early members, Fr. Leonard Kessel. A fragment of bone from the skeleton of Ignatius was added to the document at a later date. Gift of Mary Benjamin in honor of Father Francis X. Talbot, S.J., 1944.
Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana. Two volumes bound in one. First edition of the first great Native American vocabulary, with contemporary manuscript additions to the first section in a second Native American language. First title leaf in facsimile. Bound in early (but probably not contemporary) full vellum (ties missing). Bookplate of Otto Orren Fisher. Purchase, 1971.
Autograph illuminated manuscript, signed. 164 pages. The altus part from the second set of what is generally known as the "St. Andrews Psalter" or "Scots Psalter," Wood's compilation of the Psalms in English in four-part polyphonic settings by the Scots composer David Peebles; at the end are added a number of other religious and secular songs. Despite the date in the manuscript (given above), composition of the manuscript may perhaps have begun as early as 1570. Bound in somewhat later half calf and marbled paper boards. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1937.
Civitates orbis terrarum. Six volumes bound in two. First edition of the first great city atlas, this copy complete with all the plates in uncolored state. Bound in full calf, each volume bearing the gilt arms of French diplomat Gaspard Coignet de la Thuilerie, comte de Courson (1596/97-1653). Gift of an anonymous donor, 1976.
Das ist / Augendienst. First edition of the seminal work in ophthalmology. Bound in contemporary blindstamped pigskin over wooden boards, upper cover stamped with the date "1584" (clasps missing). Gift of Mrs. G. William Schlindwein, prior to1970.
Ratio atque institutio studiorum per sex patres ad id iussu R. P. Præpositi Generalis deputatos conscripta. First edition of the foundation work in Jesuit educational theory and practice. Bound in contemporary limp vellum, with the near-contemporary inscription on the title page of a Jesuit house in Bologna. From the collection of Sir Leicester Harmsworth. Purchase, together with the second edition (1591), on funds provided by Homer Hervey, Paul Straske, and Mrs. S. R. Straske, 1986.
Relacion del descrubimiento del Nuovo Mexico: Y de otras muchas Provincias, y Ciudades, halladas de nuevo; Venida de las Indias, à España, y de alli mandada à Roma. First edition of this early account of the exploration of present-day New Mexico; one of only two recorded copies. Bound in the 19th century in three-quarter sheep and marbled paper boards. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1970, possibly with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
De stella nova in pede serpentarii, et qui sub ejus exortum de novo iniit, Trigono Igneo. First edition of a work dealing with the occurrence of a "new star" in 1604/5. Bound in 18th century half morocco and marbled paper boards. Gift of Lewis Strauss, 1985.
The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine: Presenting an Exact Geography of the Kingdomes of England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Iles adioyning: With The Shires, Hundreds, Cities and Shire townes, within ye Kingdome of England, divided and described. First edition of the first great English atlas. Rebound in recent full calf. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1909.
Peregrinaçam . . . em que da conta de muytas e muyto estranhas cousas que vio & ouuio no reyno da China, no da Tartaria, no do Sornau, que vulgarmente se chama Sião, no do Calaminhan, no de Pegù, no de Martauão, & em outros muytos reynos & senhorios das partes Orientals. First edition of this account of early travels in the Far East by an early associate of St. Francis Xavier. Bound in 18th century French red morocco, with the gilt super-ex-libris of the celebrated bibliophile Louis-César de la Baume Le Blanc, duc de La Vallière (1708-1780) on both boards. Purchase, 1985, with the rare book collection of the University of Detroit.
Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. Published according to the True Originall Copies. "First Folio" edition, first two leaves and final leaf in type facsimile, portrait on title leaf inset from a copy of the Fourth Folio; includes the first appearances in print of a number of Shakespeare's plays. Bound in full 19th century "pale Russia" (boards detached). Bookplate of Lucy Wharton Drexel (ca. 1888). Purchase, 1964.
Memorial que Fray Iuan de Santander de la orden de san Francisco, Comissario General de Indias, presenta a la Magestad Catolica del Rey don Felipe Quarto nuestro Señor. Hecho por el Padre Fray Alonso de Benavides Comissario del Santo Oficio, y Custodio que ha sido de las Provincias, y conversiones del Nuevo-Mexico. First edition of the most important contemporary account of life in the American Southwest during the early colonial period. Rebound in recent full calf. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
Le grand voyage du pays des Hurons. . . . Avec un Dictionnaire de la langue huronne. First edition of this primary work on the civilization and language of the Hurons, the principal Native American tribe encountered by the French in Canada. Although the dictionary was set up in type separately, both works are covered by the same official permission to publish, and the two works are here bound together, as usual, in the original speckled sheepskin. With the ownership inscription of the American historian Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze Attenenti alla Mecanica & i Movimenti Locali. First edition of the Italian scientist's foundational work on mechanics and dynamics. Rebound in 20th century German (?) coarse buckram; bookplate of Hans Ludendorff. Gift of Lewis Strauss, 1985.
Manuale sacerdotum hoc est, ritus administrandi sacramenta. The printed text is that of a popular work on the administration of the sacraments. At the front, there are found five pages of manuscript prayers written between 1634 and 1640 in English, Latin, and Piscataway (Conoy), the language of the Native Americans living in the vicinity of present-day Washington, D.C., in the hand of Fr. Andrew White, S.J., the first Catholic missionary to the Maryland colony. Rebound in quarter sheep and paper boards, probably at Georgetown, in the 19th century. Brought from the Jesuit residence at Leonardtown, Maryland, to the University Archives in 1953.
Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica. First edition of the cornerstone work in traditional physics. Rebound in 20th century full calf. Early ownership signature of John Beveridge, slightly later signature of Fr. Henry Neale, S.J., active in Philadelphia from 1740 to 1748. Acquired, probably as the gift of a Jesuit house or an individual Jesuit, prior to 1836; with the alphanumeric pressmark of the original Georgetown College Library collection on the title page.
Two Treatises of Government. First edition of one of the key titles in the development of modern, and especially American, political science. Bound in original (?) full calf. In part, unopened (and therefore in part unread). Early ownership inscription of J. Langston; 20th century bookplate of Henry G. Burke, Baltimore. Purchase, 1983.
Relatio sepulturæ magno orientis apostolo S. Francisco Xauerio erectæ in insula Sanciano anno sæculari MDCC. First edition of Castner's account of the burial of St. Francis Xavier in China. Printed in the manner of a traditional Chinese block-book, the Latin characters and illustrations cut in relief on wooden blocks. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
Untitled autograph (?) manuscript. Caughnewaga or Sault St. Louis (Canada), ca. 1700, about 75 leaves (including some fragmentary), in Mohawk, with a few notes in Latin and French. Attributed with some confidence to the Jesuit missionary Bruyas, the author of a scholarly treatise on Mohawk vocabulary. This manuscript, in all likelihood incomplete, contains a fragmentary liturgy of parts of the Mass followed by extensive translations into Mohawk of traditional Latin and French hymns. Bound in deerskin (?) with metal clasps. Part of the collection of manuscripts formed by John Gilmary Shea; gift of Sophie S. Shea and Elizabeth Shea, 1893.
The Charter of Maryland. First printing, slightly imperfect, with small portions of text on the last two leaves missing. Stitched (as issued?), and docketed on the final blank leaf by Fr. William Hunter, S.J. (1659-1723), superior of the Maryland Jesuit mission at least from 1696 until his death. The only known copy. Deposited at Georgetown with the archives of the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus, 1975.
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands: Containing the Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants: . . . not hitherto described, or very incorrectly figured by Authors. . . . Vol. I [II] Two volumes bound in one. First edition, a small number of plates wanting. With the signature on the first title leaf of John Custis of Williamsburg, with whom Catesby stayed briefly while doing the field work on which the book is based, and from whom the book passed to Martha Custis Washington. Bound (or perhaps rebound) at Georgetown College in full calf in the mid-19th century. Gift of George Washington Parke Custis on the occasion of his addressing a Georgetown College commencement, July 4, 1833.
Mémoire, des habitans et negocians de la Louisianne, sur l'événement du 29. octobre 1768. First edition of the first book printed in Louisiana, a petition asking the restoration of the colony to France; authorship sometimes attributed to Nicolas Chauvin de Lafrénière (d. 1769) or to Julien Doucet. Imprint reproduced from the colophon. Original plain wrappers, with an official French manuscript attestation to the document's authenticity, dated 6 October 1769, on the final leaf. The only copy recorded in the United States. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America. . . . The Fifth Edition. The most complete edition of Franklin's scientific treatise. Inscribed on the half-title, in the hand of the recipient, "Charles Carroll of Carrollton Ex Dono Authoris [scratched out] auctoris." Bound in original full sheep (rebacked). Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
U.S. Declaration of Independence. In Congress, July 4, 1776. A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled. One of the earliest regional printings of the Declaration, this the "unofficial" (and probably earlier) of two Salem printings, and the only one presented in four-column format. One of very few known copies. Acquired by the University Archives from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
The School for Scandal A Comedy. Manuscript, signed. 173 leaves. Copyist's manuscript of Sheridan's comedy, with numerous notes and corrections throughout in the author's own hand, including attributions of the prologue to David Garrick and the epilogue to George Colman, and with his presentation inscription to Mrs. (afterwards Lady) Crewe and signature on the title leaf. Bound in contemporary three-quarter red morocco and marbled paper boards. Bookplates of F. A. Crewe (after 1806) and Nicholas F. Brady. Gift of Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady, 1935.
To all liberally inclined to promote the Education of Youth. First printing of the future Archbishop Carroll's letter soliciting funds for his projected academy at Georgetown, accomplished in manuscript and directed to Edward Weld and his wife at their estate, Lulworth, near Wareham, in Dorset. The only known copy. Acquired by the University Archives from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
Proposals for Establishing an Academy, at George-Town, Patowmack-River, Maryland. First printing of the foundation document of Georgetown University, including the typically American wording "Agreeably to the liberal Principle of our Constitution, the Seminary will be open to Students of every religious persuasion." One of the copies distributed in the United States by Carroll: ironically, the recipient docketed the back "Prospectus for building The College of G. T.-- useless." Acquired by the University Archives from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
The Federalist. 1788. The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution. . . . In Two Volumes. Two volumes. First edition of a key document in the struggle for acceptance of the new Federal Constitution. Bound in original full sheep (rebacked). Gift of Charles H. Trunnell, 1892.
By the President of the United States of America. A Proclamation. First printing of the broadside proclaiming the first national day of Thanksgiving. One of only six recorded copies. Presented as the Georgetown University Library's official 2,000,000th volume; gift of Marshall Coyne, 1994.
The Holy Bible, Translated from the Latin Vulgate: Diligently Compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and Other Editions, in Divers Languages; and First Published by the English College at Doway, Anno 1609. Newly Revised, and Corrected, According to the Clementine Edition of the Scriptures with Annotations for Elucidating the Principal Difficulties of Holy Writ. First edition of the first Catholic Bible printed in America. Rebound in 20th century full black morocco. Purchase, 1892, with the library of John Gilmary Shea.
The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Two volumes. First edition A presentation copy from the author to the printer of the work, inscribed by Boswell on the verso of the title page of the first volume "A Present from the Authour to his worthy old friend Mr. Henry Baldwin." Rebound by Riviere in full maroon straight-grained morocco. Bookplates of Nicholas F. Brady in each volume. Gift of Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady, 1935.
An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ. First edition of one of the noteworthy books in the development of modern medicine. Bound in contemporary marbled paper boards, cloth spine (possibly rebacked at a slightly later date). Gift of Mrs. G. William Schlindwein, prior to 1970.
A bound volume of works on medical subjects from the library of Thomas Jefferson, comprising the following:
Rush, James, 1786-1869. An Inquiry into the Use of the Omentum. Philadelphia: From the Press of T. & G. Palmer, 1809.
Ricketson, Shadrach. A Brief History of the Influenza, Which prevailed in New-York in 1807. [New York, 1808]
Inscribed on the (trimmed) title leaf "From the Auth[or]"
College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Additional Facts and Observations Relative to the Nature and Origin of the Pestilential Fever. Philadelphia: Printed by A. Bartram, for Thomas Dobson, 1806. Inscribed by Jefferson with his characteristic "T." before signature mark I on page 57.
Devèze, Jean, 1753-1829. Dissertation sur la fièvre jaune qui régna à Philadelphie en 1793. Paris: Imprimerie de Madame Huzard, An XII
Inscribed on the title page: "presenté a son excellence Monsieur Jefferson president des etats unis, avec la plus haute véneration de la part de l'auteur = Deveze."
[The Philadelphia Medical Museum. New Series. Conducted by John Redman Coxe, M. D. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Printed and Published by J. & A. Y. Humphreys, 1811]
Pages 165-176 only, extracted from the complete volume, containing principally an account of "the Tranquillizer," a chair for restraining the violent insane.
Royal Humane Society. Annual Report, 1807. By W. Hawes, M. D. London: Printed for the Society, by J. Nichols and Son [1808?] No copy of this report recorded in OCLC.
Stuart, Josephus Bradner. An Inaugural Essay, Containing Experiments and Observations in Defence of the Doctrine of Cutaneous Absorption. Albany: Printed by R. Packard, 1810.
Inscribed on the title page: "The Honorable Thomas Jefferson / Monticello / Virginia." And on the verso of the title page: "To, The Honorable Thomas Jefferson, with the compliments of the Author. 19th Dec. 1810."
Clark, Micajah, 1787?-1849. An Inaugural Dissertation on Lithotomy. Philadelphia: Printed by Jane Aitken, 1811.
Crawford, John, 1746-1813. A Lecture, Introductory to a Course of Lectures on the Cause, Seat and Cure of Diseases. Baltimore: Published by Edward J. Coale, Benjamin Edes, printer. 1811.
Various typographical and grammatical emendations throughout in Jefferson's hand.
Rose, Henry, fl. 1794. An Inaugural Dissertation on the Effects of the Passions upon the Body. Philadelphia: Printed by William W. Woodward, 1794.
Printed dedication to Jefferson on page and with a few typographical and grammatical emendations in Jefferson's hand.
This volume of pamphlets and a single periodical extract is recorded in the list of Jefferson's "second library" as "Medecine 199." Bound in old half leather and marbled paper boards. Gift of the estate of Mangum Weeks, 1982.
France. Commission des monuments d'Égypte. Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa majesté l'empereur Napoléon le grand. 29 volumes. First edition of the account of one of the most ambitious scientific projects undertaken up to that time. An all-but-complete set (lacking only two small plates out of 883), presented to Bernard Drovetti (1776-1852), French consul general in Egypt, 1802-14 and 1821-26. In the original bindings, mostly of half red calf and boards gilt with the royal arms, Tessier's ticket at the front of a volume of plates of antiquities. Gift of Francine Buffet Johnson and Alfred Grima Johnson, 1993.
[The Star-Spangled Banner] Autograph manuscript, signed. 1 page. A fair copy, one of very few such extant, of the untitled text of the national anthem which Key composed in 1814, written out by the author for a Mr. Espy, possibly the Washington meteorologist James Pollard Espy (1785-1860). Gift of the recipient's daughter, Elizabeth McCalmont Espy (Mrs. J. A. Nunn), 1898.
A Proposal for Putting Reform to the Vote Throughout the Kingdom. By the Hermit of Marlow. First edition of the poet's anonymously-distributed contribution to the ongoing debate on English political reform springing from both the nascent Industrial Revolution and the previous two and a half decades of political upheaval in France. Disbound. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
Picturesque Views of American Scenery: Engraved by Hill, from Drawings by Joshua Shaw, Landscape Painter. No. I [II-III] Three volumes. First edition of one of the earliest American color-plate publications. Bound in the original paper wrappers, now detached. Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
Autograph letter, signed. 18 leaves (35 pages), in Italian. The original draft of Manzoni's celebrated essay on Romanticism in Italy, as sent to his friend Cesare d'Azeglio. The work became widely popular following its unauthorized first printing (in Paris, from a very imperfect copy of this letter) in 1846. Acquired by the Woodstock College Library some time before 1882 and deposited at Georgetown with the archives of the Woodstock Theological Center, 1976.
The Birds of America, from Drawings Made in the United States and Their Territories. Seven volumes. First octavo edition, lacking four plates. Bound in three-quarter red morocco and marbled paper boards, very likely in the Georgetown College bindery. Acquired from an undetermined source (but most likely purchased) prior to 1868.
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. First edition of the author's first book, inscribed by him on the front free endpaper: "Rev O. A. Brownson with the Regards of the author." After page 272 the text is unopened and therefore unread. Bound in the original cloth (rebacked). Purchase, 1985, with the rare book collection of the University of Detroit.
Poems. Autograph manuscript. 180 pages (on 91 leaves). Octavo-sized notebook containing drafts of a number of short poems, many only partial; parts of a long drama in verse about the Borgias and Paolo Orsini; and the beginning of a prose story concerning flagellation, all probably written during the latter years of the poets's course of study at Oxford. Bound in flexible black morocco gilt. Gift of Edith S. Mayfield, 1984.
Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. [II-III] Three volumes. First edition, the true first printing of Dickens' only "three-decker." Bound in the original (much faded) violet cloth, lending library labels removed from the upper cover of each volume. Gift of Mary Ziegler Fockler, 1976.
The Aventures [sic] of Tom Sawyer. Autograph manuscript. 900 leaves. The original manuscript of Twain's novel, as sent for type-setting to the printer of the American first edition, including as a final afterthought in September, 1876, the wording for the book's dedication. Gift of Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady, 1934.
Mephisto Polka. Copyist's manuscript, signed. 18 pages. Apparently the final working draft of the Polka (a companion piece to the more famous "third" Mephisto Waltz published with it), with numerous autograph corrections and a virtuosic "ossia" part invented for the right hand nearly throughout. Signed and inscribed by the composer to one of the most devoted, if least talented, of his students, Fräulein Lina Schmalhausen, on the first page. Gift of Leon Robbin, 1996.
The Woman's Bible. Part I. The Pentateuch. [Part II: Judges, Kings, Prophets and Apostles.] Two volumes. First edition of this controversial attempt to overthrow the political and domestic subjugation of women as based on Biblical texts. Bound in the original paper wrappers, the bookplate of Margaret F. G. Whitney mounted on the cover of the second part. The first part is inscribed on a front binder's blank by Elizabeth Cady Stanton: "June 25, 1898 / Progress is the victory of a new thought, over an old superstition." Acquired from an undetermined source prior to 1970.
Allied and Associated Powers (1914-1920). Conditions de paix. Conditions of peace. Proof copy (upper wrapper stamped "Epreuve" with a numeral 5 added by hand) of the text of the Treaty of Versailles. With the separately printed Summary laid in at the back. Bound in the original paper wrappers. Autographed on the title leaf by four of the five original members of the Comite de Redaction (Central Drafting Committee), May 6, 1919, comprising Henri Fromageot (France, chairman), J. B. Hurst (British Empire), H. Nagaoka (Japan), and James Brown Scott (USA). Gift, together with the papers of James Brown Scott, of Eleanor Finch, 1968.
Ulysses. First edition of the novel which effectively reshaped the future of serious English literature. Copy #602 of 1,000 (one of 750 on handmade paper). Bound in the original blue paper wrappers. In large part unopened (and therefore in large part unread). Purchase, 1972.
[Gods' Man.] A pair of the original wood blocks for the first of the artist's "woodcut novels," actually narratives without words produced by the process of woodengraving. Part of a gift by the artist's daughters of the complete set of blocks from which the signed, limited first edition of the novel was printed. Gift of Nanda Ward and Robin Ward Savage, 1998.
Dream (Mantis religiosa). Signed. One of the best-known and, to many, one of the most puzzling of the artist's early prints. This particular copy was the first print Escher sold in the United States, from his first show at the Whyte Gallery in Washington, D.C., a few years before World War II. Dated in the block. Signed in pencil at lower left and inscribed "Eigen druck" at lower right. Bequest of the original purchaser, Eric F. Menke, 1981.
The Heart of the Matter. Autograph manuscript. 175 pages. The original draft of one of the author's most famous novels, presented by him to Catherine Walston and acquired with the entirety of Greene's letters to her and attendant manuscripts and other items. Purchase, 1990.
Oil on wooden panel. The surviving fragment of the painted door created by Simpson, Georgetown's first teacher of fine arts, for the "new" college library in the Old North Building. Names of Jesuits then teaching at Georgetown grace the folio tomes on the bottom shelf, each allied to the person's academic specialty; the florid penmanship of James Van de Velde, S.J., the librarian, is no doubt the reason for his "authorship" of the tome on calligraphy.
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Meet Hassan Saida. By day a truck driver, by night a cave crawler. He lives in the northern part of the Galilee, and claims he found these lead objects in a cave (where else) northeast of the Sea of Galilee near the conjunction of Israel Jordan and Syra, near the town of Saham, Jordan. Jordanian officials naturally want these object back and are making large claims about their importance in regard to Jesus and the history of his earliest followers. The region, to be sure is a place where Jews on the run did hide from time to time, for example during and after the first Jewish war in the 60s and the Bar Kokhba revolt in the early second century. Could this cave have been a stopping off point for Christians fleeing the destruction of Jerusalem, say headed to Pella, as tradition says? It’s not impossible. But what do we have, and what do we really know about what we have here? Not much thus far.
We know that the codices range in size from 3 inches by 2 inches, to 1o inches by 8 inches and that some of them are sealed, and that there seem to be an awful lot of them— up to 70. Was their a scribal archivist busily creating these things, or carrying them as Jews or Christians were fleeing? Who knows. Some scholars have already identified one of the pictures as that of Jerusalem, and one has even said, complete with picture of the empty tomb of Jesus! Well, we shall see about that. The point is we have to abide our souls in patience. Much scholarly work needs to be done before any firm conclusions can be drawn. It does look like we have some sort of paleo-Hebrew or Aramaic script on some of these lead plates, but there also appears to be some code and one conjectures is that actually we have Phoenician script here. (Maybe this was the Syro-Phoenician woman’s personal library—— just kidding). One plate seems to have palm trees, bits of walls, and maybe a menorah. It’s hard to tell.
For one thing, we are simply taking Hassan’s word for where these codices came from. They are officially unprovenanced since they were not found as a part of an archaeological dig, and apparently no one but Hassan was present at their discovery. This is one of the reasons scholars are rightly warning we must not jump to conclusions about this find. Careful interpretive work, including studying the epigraphy and translating by relevant experts is required, and will take time. Still what we can see thus far is intriguing, including the stamped out image of a bearded man on one plate (see below). Already the conjecture is it is Jesus with a crown of thorns. It could just as easily be a bearded emperor like Nero or a hero like Herakles (Hercules) with the radiant crown suggesting divinity. Here is the link to the story in the Daily Mail, which naturally also makes out-sized claims that are only conjectures at this point.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1372741/Hidden-cave-First-portrait-Jesus-1-70-ancient-books.html# The press of course loves to jump to conclusions. Scholars should look before they leap. All I am prepared to say is this stuff looks interesting. It needs to go through a battery of authenticity tests as to age etc. Epigraphers need to analyze the language. Historians of art need to analyze the images. And Hassan needs to be carefully cross-examined by a bunch of scholars. Then the codices need to be placed into the hands of a panel of competent scholars to study at length, if and when the authenticity tests show they are ancient, and not yet another modern hoax. As the old saying goes— ‘fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice shame on me.’ (Thanks to James Foster for the link to the story).
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Flashcards in Christianity Beliefs and Practices Deck (39):
Christian means “follower of Christ”.
The most important beliefs about Jesus include his incarnation, crucifixion, death, resurrection and ascension to heaven.
What Christians know about Jesus’ life comes from the Gospels in the New Testament of the Bible.
The Bible is the word of God- it is a source of authority to help people live in a good way.
Jesus’ death brought about salvation, after death Christians can hope to spend eternity in heaven with God. If they do not sin, Christians follow a good life and this will influence what happens when they die.
In order to develop a relationship with God they must worship.
Two of the most important expressions of Christian faith are baptism and Eucharist- Catholics and Anglican churches regard these as sacraments (other churches do not).
Pilgrimage is an expression of faith.
Celebration are important too- Easter and Christmas are important in the Christian calendar in Britain.
Mission and evangelism help the church to grow.
Charity work in the UK and abroad are also both important practices for Christians.
The nature of God
Transcendent (outside this world)
Creator of everything.
“Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and all that night the Lord drove the sea back with a strong east wind and turned it into dry land. The waters were divided” (Exodus 14:21)
This story of God freeing the slaves from Egypt demonstrates God’s power.
God’s power is also shown in the creation story.
“But you, Lord, are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness” (Psalm 86:15)
“ For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life” (John 3:16)
“For I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor demons, neither the present or the future, nor any powers, neither height nor depth, nor anything else in creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Romans 8: 37-39)
Why is there evil and suffering?
Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent.
Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent.
Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil?
Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?
Christians argue suffering has a purpose. They say…
God has given people free will- they choose evil.
The devil is responsible for suffering
God shares our suffering
Suffering is a test
Suffering is a result of sin
Suffering allows you to become a better person.
The story of Job
The Old Testament explains the story of Job. He lives in Uz with his family and a lot of animals. He is described as a good man, who does good deeds and avoids evil. A righteous and upstanding person in the community, you could say.
The story explains how Satan appears before God in heaven. Satan thinks Job is only acting like such a good person because he has been blessed (favoured) by God. God disagrees. So a challenge is set. God allows Satan to punish Job to see if he turns away from God.
During the story, Job hears that his animals, servants and all ten of his children have died. Despite this, he still says prayers of thanks to God.
Satan asks God again if he can test Job again, and this time it would affect his body directly.
Job is indeed targeted personally, with terrible sores, but he remains faithful. Even his wife encourages him to think badly of God, but Job refuses.
Job is visited by three of his friends. They discuss the reasons why Job is suffering, and they suggest it is because Job has sinned. They accuse him of wrongdoing, but Job says this is not the reason why he is suffering. He is angry with his friends for suggesting this.
Finally, with the help of another friend, he asks God why he has had to put up with so much suffering. God refuses to answer this question. Instead Job is reminded of God’s power, such as when he created the world. God says, ‘Were you there Job?’ and Job finally understands; who is he to question the power and strength of God?
In the end, God blessed Job, giving him even more than he had in the first place. He had more children, many more animals, and a very long life.
God is one but made up of 3 persons
God the Father (all-powerful, creator , provider, personal relationship)
God the Son Jesus Christ (God in human form- incarnation)
The Holy Spirit (or Paraclete) (God everywhere to guide Christians to live the best possible life and strengthen faith)
The Apostles Creed
The Apostles’ Creed
I BELIEVE in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord.
He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit
and born of the Virgin Mary.
He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again.
He ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
He will come again to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting.
God as an all-powerful creator
Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit
Jesus suffered and crucified
Jesus was buried and rose from the dead
Jesus returned to heaven
There will be a Day of Judgement
There is one holy and universal church
God will forgive our sins
There will be a resurrection of the body, and an eternal afterlife
ALL Christian denominations would agree with these statements.
“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”
Day 1- night and day
Day 2- the heavens
Day 3- land and plants
Day 4- sun, moon and stars
Day 5- birds and fish
Day 6- living creatures including man
Day 7- God rested “And God saw it was good”
Genesis 3- the Fall
Adam and Eve are tempted by the devil, in the form of a serpent- they eat the apple from the tree of knowledge which is against God’s will.
As punishment God send them out of the Garden of Eden, they can’t eat from the tree of life, so death enters the world.
It represents when the perfect relationship between humans and God was broken.
Some Christians believe that because of this all humans are born with “original sin”
God becoming human in the form of Jesus. “The angel went to her and said, Greetings, you who is highly favoured! The Lord is with you… you will conceive and give birth to a son, and you are to call him Jesus” (Luke 1:28-33)
Jesus is seen as divine (God-like) because
The miracle of the virgin birth
The voice of God was heard at t5he baptism of Jesus
Jesus could do miracles
Jesus charged with blasphemy )lack of respect for religion or holy things)
Jesus is executed by the Romans
The soldiers mock him and put a crown of thorns on him
He is crucified in Golgotha
Two criminals are crucified with him
Jesus is mocked by people in the crowd
Jesus prays while on the cross
Jesus dies on the cross
Jesus suffers, this means God understands human suffering.
Jesus- Salvation and Atonement
Atonement- Jesus’ death on the cross healed the rift between humans and God.
The Fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden ruined the relationship between humans and God and introduced sin into the world.
Christians believe that God sent Jesus to repair the broken relationship and that Jesus paid the price for human sin (atoned). This offers humans salvation- they can live in eternity with God in heaven after death.
Resurrection- the belief that Jesus rose from the dead on Easter Sunday, conquering death.
It is the greatest miracle recorded in the New Testament and is evidence that Jesus was God.
Jesus appeared to 60-80 other people after his death according to accounts.
After a period of time, Jesus rose (ascended) to his father in heaven. Some Christians think that Jesus physically ascended to heaven. Others believe it is a symbolic story showing that Jesus’ time on earth was over.
It marks the end of Jesus on earth in a physical way.
The Bible is the sacred text for Christians or “scripture”
It is made up of 66 books written by a number of authors over a long period of time.
There is the Old Testament and the New Testament
It reveals information about God.
They believe it is a record of divine Law- the rules and law of God by which Christians choose to live.
Some think it is the word of God that is literally true. Others think it can be interpreted. Some take a liberal view and think it is a symbolic story.
The afterlife- eschatological beliefs
Eschatology refers to beliefs about “last things”, death, judgement, heaven and hell.
“If the dead are not raised, then Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished”
“I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come”
Jesus said “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die; and whoever lives by believing in me will never die.”
Christians believe there will be a judgement day when people will be judged by God for the quality of their lives. Jesus will return in a “second coming”.
This will mark the end of human existence on earth. This belief is known as “Parousia”.
The Bible describes how Jesus will separate the people who will go to heaven from those who will go to hell, just as shepherd separates the sheep from the goats.
People will be bodily resurrected on this day but they will be transformed into a glorified state. Illness, pain and death will no longer exist and the world will be purified of sin.
Heaven and Hell
Christians believe that God is just and fair, and so cannot let evil go unpunished. Most believe in the idea of judgement after death, and that God will treat people in the afterlife according to how they lived their life on earth.
Although heaven is often mentioned in the Bible, it is rarely described. Christians therefore have very different ideas about it. Some believe that heaven is a physical place, where their body goes after death. Others believe that it is their soul that lives on, and that heaven is a state of being united with God.
The Bible is even less specific about hell, and Christians have very different ideas about this too. Some Christians believe that hell is a place of suffering, and of separation from God. Others (perhaps most) believe that hell is a spiritual state of being separated from God for eternity.
Some Christians, including Roman Catholics, believe in purgatory. This is an in-between state for the majority of people of waiting for heaven, a time of cleansing from sin and preparing for heaven.
Many Christians believe that there is a place in the Kingdom of God for members of other faiths, and for many who have not even believed in God on earth but have ‘done the will of God’ in many ways without knowing it.
Some Christians believe in the Second Coming (Parousia) - the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from heaven to earth. This will herald the general resurrection of the dead, the last judgement of the dead and the living, and the full establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth.
Forms of worship
Liturgical- set structure which is more or less the same every time.
Informal- no set structure.
Individual- to form a personal relationship with God and worshipping alone is often part of this.
Prayer- different types
Adoration- deep love and respect for God
Confessional- statement of faith through prayer
Penitential- saying sorry
Praise- giving praise, which might include singing hymns
Thanksgiving- saying thank you
Supplication- asking for something.
Prayer- more types
Set prayers are a good way for people to learn prayers that have significance for them. They can then be repeated easily, such as the Lord’s Prayer.
Jesus instructed the disciples to use the Lord’s Prayer when they asked him how they should pray.
Set prayers are traditional, and link people with the past. They would have been initially been passed on by word of mouth. Many Protestant denominations use the set prayers found in the ‘Book of Common Prayer.’
This type of prayer has no set formula, and is spontaneous instead. Some Christians think this makes them more relevant because they reflect a moment in time, and therefore can be influenced by the presence of the Holy Spirit.
Some Protestant churches only use the Lord’s prayer, and won’t use any set prayers. This is because people can just recite them, without engaging with their meaning.
Set prayers are usually written in formal English, but informal prayers are very different. Instead people would use day to day language, and talk to God as if they are talking to a friend.
They argue that this can make their prayers more heartfelt, spontaneous, and personal during moments of individual worship.
How do Quakers worship?
Quaker services are different to most other churches. There are no set prayers, and instead they sit in silence and stillness. This allows them to be closer to God because they can listen and reflect, without interruption. Quaker meetings are not led by anyone. Instead, at times, someone in the congregation may feel moved to speak. Others may listen in silence, or speak as well. Quakers say this helps them to become closer to God and to members of the congregation.
Evangelical worship is usually very informal. In churches such as the Pentecostal Church, Christians feel that they are moved by the Holy Spirit. Sometimes people will speak in tongues or fall into a trance, for example. This type of worship is usually full of music, dancing and singing, and the whole congregation is encouraged to join in.
Sacraments- an outward sign of an invisible and inward blessing by God.
Baptism- initiates people into church. For some it washes away original sin. Can be as an infant or adult.
Confirmation- remaking promises made on behalf of the child at baptism.
Eucharist- sharing bread and wine in memory of Jesus
Penance- Catholics are required to confess their sins
Anointing the sick- priest will apply oil “anoint” the sick person
Holy orders- joining the priesthood or being ordained
Marriage- spiritual union of a couple and God.
It’s an important rite of passage that allows people to become members of the Church
Original sin is removed
It follows the example of Jesus who was baptised as an adult by JOhn the Baptist
Believers’ baptism gives people an opportunity to publicly proclaim their personal faith.
It is a covenant or agreement between human beings and God.
Jesus says “...go and make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”
nstituted by Jesus at the Last Supper, the final meal he shared with disciples before his death.
Bread represents the body of Christ
Wine represents the blood of Christ
The Eucharist brings Christians closer to God.
Eucharist means thanksgiving- thanks for the life and death of Jesus for the Christian faith.
Different views about Eucharist
Catholics believe in transubstantiation- bread and wine become actual body and blood of Christ
Consubstantiation- idea that the body and blood of Christ are “in, with and under” and present in the bread and wine.
Some say it is symbolism or a spiritual representation.
Baptists say it is a ritual or act of remembrance (memorialism)
Celebrates the incarnation of Jesus.
Advent is set aside to build up to the special event. It begins 4 Sundays before Christmas.
Nativity- accounts of Jesus’ birth in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew.
Christingle- shows Jesus was the light of the world.
Cards are exchanged
Homes are decorated
Midnight mass takes place on Christmas Eve.
Lent- 40 days lead up to Easter. Marks the time Jesus spent in the desert being tempted by the devil. Starts on Ash Wednesday where there is a special church service. Something is given up, like Jesus fasted in the desert.
Palm Sunday- when Jesus rode into Jerusalem.
Maundy Thursday- Jesus’ last supper remembered. Chrisit and often have Holy Communion to remember this. Jesus also washed the feet of his dsicpiles. Some priests wash the feet of their congregation.
Good Friday- Jesus was crucified- a day of mourning. Some fast on this day, some re-enact the death of Jesus.
Easter Sunday- resurrection, cards are sent, Easter eggs given, church services, reading Bible, evening vigils, visiting cemeteries to leave flowers for deceased family and friends.
A journey to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion.
Jerusalem to walk in footsteps of Jesus.
Taize in France.
Pilgrimage is faith in action
Norfolk- holy place since 1061. Richeldis de Faverches dreamt that the Virign Mary asked her to build a replica of the house in Nazareth where the announcement of the birth of Jesus took place.
1150 a small monastic church was built on the site. It became a shrine.
1538 (Reformation, Henry VIII split the church and destroyed many monastries in Britian)
1829- Catholics were allowed to practise again and people could travel to Walshingham again.
Burgundy, Farnce. Founded in 1940 by Roger Shutz.
Monks go there from all over the world and live a life of communal prayer. The men who become monks are from all different Christian denominations, which is what makes it different from other monastic communities.
Over 100,000 young people go every year. The reasons young people go is: curiosity, adsventure, holiday, relgious devotion, walk in footsteps of people of faith, histroical reasons, act of atonement, to ask God for something.
They take part in acts carried out by monks (prayer, chants, music)
Uk laws, festivals and traditions
Christianity introduced to Britain by the Romans almost 2000 years ago.
It is embedded in many laws, festivals and traditions in the UK.
The Church of England is the “established” religion of England.
In the 16th century, Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and the authority of the Pope and made himself the head of the church. Today, the monarch is also head of the Church of England.
“Keep the Sabbath day holy” one of the commandments therefore shop opening hours are restricted.
In UK court of law people are asked to swear on holy books.
Christian hymns and readings are often made at public events.
Important events are marked like marriage in church, even if people aren’t religious
“Do not kill” “Do not steal”
Meetings at parliament open with a prayer
Church of England has a role in shaping laws in the UK
By law, all pupils must be taught RE, it should reflect that the traditions of the UK are, in the main, Christian.
Christmas and Easter- school holidays fall over these periods, shops/ businesses close.
Other relgious festivals are observed such as Ramadan, Diwali, Hannukah.
In Birmingahm 75,000 people celebrated the end of Ramadan in 2011.
Otehr festivals such as Bonfire Night, Notting Hill carnival represent diversity in the UK.
Non-religious festivals such a World Humanist Day (June) or Human Rights Day (December).
The role of the church in the local community
Place of worship
Refreshments given after church on Sunday
Weekly meals for homeless
Coffee mornings for the elderly
Mothers’ union meetings
Fitness classes or slimming groups
Christmas parties for the elderly
Family/ community centres
Creche facilities for young mothers
The worldwide church
Evangelism- preaching of the Gospel to others with the intention of converting others.
Mission- intended to bring people to the Christian faith, missionaries brought education, health support to poor and disadvantaged people around the world.
Church growth- there has been a decline in attendance to the church on a weekly basis. Some churches are thriving however. Fresh Expressions is a movement to change the way some churches and congregations meet to worship. It is an attempt to attract people to the church who wouldn’t normally go. Around the world Christianity is a growing religion.
TEARFUND IS A CHRISTIAN CHARITY CALLED TO FOLLOW JESUS WHEREVER THE NEED IS GREATEST
We work tirelessly to help communities around the world escape the very worst effects of poverty and disaster.
And we believe that the same people facing these troubles, also have the best idea as to how they can overcome them. Tearfund listens: helping people to rise out of their poverty, utilising their resourcefulness and determination. Tearfund works alongside local churches and other locally-based organisations to help realise these plans for a better future.
In 2006, we set an ambitious target: we launched a ten-year vision to see 50 million people lifted out of material and spiritual poverty through a worldwide network of 100,000 local churches.
A decade on, the statistics are striking. In ten years, we have touched the lives of more than 45 million people – the equivalent of almost the population of Spain. We reached more than 32 million people through our community development work and more than 13 million through our response to disasters.
Contributing hugely to this success is the fact that we have envisioned and mobilised more than 154,000 local churches, inspiring our Christian family to be catalysts for change.
We have spoken up with many poor communities, and acted on their behalf, and seen more than 300 policies influenced and changed as a result. We pray that our joint advocacy will bring a rich harvest in reducing poverty further over the next decade.
Persecution of Christians past and present
This has always taken place. Martyr is a word used to describe someone who dies for their relgious beleifs. Jesus was a martyr, many of the disciples became martyrs.
Today, some Christians are still mistreated. For expalme, in the Middle East, IS have targeted Christians, forced them out of theri homes and subjected them to violent attacks.
Open Doors (set up in 1955 who smuggled Bibles into the Soviet Union- Christianity not supported by communist system). It supports persecuted Christians across the world.
“Ecumenical” means relating to a number of different Christian denominations. It aims to bring the different faiths closer and promote unity throughout the world.
Began in 1910.
There is much more co-operation amongst different denominations such as: sharing common buildings, holding joint services.
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Migraine is a prevalent disabling neurologic disease with attacks that can vary in
intensity of pain and in associated symptoms, such as aura, nausea and photophobia and phonophobia.
Migraine attacks can be divided into different phases.
*. Charles A. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):174-182. **. Linde M. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114(2):71-83. †. Charles A. Headache. 2013;53(2):413-419. ††. Cady RK. Headache. 2007;47(suppl 1):S44-S51. ¶ . Kelman L. Headache. 2004;44(9):865-872. §. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629-808. ‖. Farooq K et al. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2008;8(4):138-142. #. Burstein R et al. J Neurosci. 2015;35(17):6619-6629.
Previous theories on the underlying cause of migraine have evolved with recent research and we now know more than ever about its pathophysiology.
Regardless of the initial trigger of migraine, the headache is generally thought to involve the activation of the trigeminovascular system (TGVS), a catalyst for the release of vasoactive neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), that cause inflammation and vasodilation that leads to head pain.
Migraine aura has been attributed to cortical spreading depression (CSD), characterized by changes in blood flow and brain activity. Recent evidence also demonstrates CSD plays a role in activation of the TGVS. Activation of the TGVS
leads to peripheral sensitization of the trigeminal nerve, followed later by central sensitization.
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- advantages of technology disadvantages of technology
The Advantages of Technology
- Thanks to the web and mobile technologies, are able to communicate with anyone within the world and kind relationships with those that are a ways away, instead of being restricted to people within our physical vicinity. This has some nice positives for each work and residential life.
- The magnified automation of producing and lots of different jobs, thanks to computers, means greater efficiency, less people doing boring repetitive jobs, and an increase in flexibility regarding work times. Many jobs can now be done remotely, thanks to the internet, with many workers increasingly being able to work from home at times of their choosing.
- The wealth of information that is now available is astonishing. In theory, at least, having access to the web means that having access to most of the world’s information. Increasingly we don’t even need to be sat at a desk to access the information either, as mobile devices become more and more powerful.
- The entertainment industry has experienced a revolution. Consumers currently have an improbable alternative of films, shows, games, music, and other entertainment available 24/7. The music and film industries have been democratized as artists are no longer reliant on companies to fund and promote them, as they can do it all themselves.
- Technology can now be used to advance itself. Science is benefiting massively from the lightning speeds that computers can perform calculations and investigate complex questions that would take humans many lifetimes to answer. Medical breakthroughs, chemical and astronomical discoveries have all been made due to computers.
- Modern technology saves us lots of time, whether it’s our computer regulated cars driving us to work, washing-machines to do our laundry, or automated banking to allow us to pay by mastercard, use internet banking, or get cash out from the ATM.
- Computer regulation and automation implies that several devices and machines currently perform rather more with efficiency and use less power, either because they are working at the most efficient rate, or they mechanically switch themselves off once not in use. This provides edges for the setting additionally as being a price saver.
The Disadvantages of Technology
- Human relations are diminished in the virtual world. As on-line social networking progressively replaces real face-to-face and physical contact, alienation will increase, likewise as issues like cyber-bullying, on-line stalking and cyber crime, that area unit connected to the anonymity of the internet.
- Human beings area unit less and fewer valued within the geographical point as their roles area unit replaced by computers. Outsourcing has meant bigger profits for companies, but a decline in wages and conditions and more unemployment for ordinary workers, especially in Western nations. Multinational firms area unit progressively not possible to regulate by individual nation states.
- Issues of privacy have become huge, as it becomes increasingly difficult to control personal information in the digital and internet world. Financial details can be hacked into, candid photos or videos posted on the web, slurs and accusations made against people’s characters, and personal identities can be stolen.
- Intellectual property thievery and piracy have created it additional and harder for inventive individuals to create any cash from their output. Media is digitalized and so distributed across the web terribly simply and therefore the method looks not possible to regulate. Ultimately it will lead to a decline in artistic and creative quality as people no longer have the time and funds to pursue projects.
Hope so you like this post advantages of technology and disadvantages of technology. let me have your comment and views in the comment section below..
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Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc
A public health approach to combination HIV prevention is advocated to contain the epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. We explore the implications of universal access to treatment along with HIV education scale-up in the region. We develop an HIV transmission model to investigate the impacts of universal access to treatment, as well as an analytical framework to estimate the effects of HIV education scale-up on the epidemic. We calibrate the model with data from South Africa and simulate the impacts of universal access to treatment along with HIV education scale-up on prevalence, incidence, and HIV-related deaths over a course of 15 years. Our results show that the impact of combined interventions is significantly larger than the summation of individual intervention impacts (super-additive property). The combined strategy of universal access to treatment and HIV education scale-up decreases the incidence rate by 74% over the course of 15 years, whereas universal access to treatment and HIV education scale up will separately decrease that by 43% and 8%, respectively. Combination HIV prevention could be notably effective in transforming HIV epidemic to a low-level endemicity. Our results suggest that in designing effective combination prevention in sub-Saharan Africa, priorities should be given to achieving universal access to treatment as quickly as possible and improving compliance to condom use.
Khademi, A., Anand, S., & Potts, D. (2015). Measuring the Potential Impact of Combination HIV Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Medicine, 94(37), e1453. http://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001453
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Although the potato was grown in South America for millennia, the first potato patch in North America was only planted in 1719, in New Hampshire (the first french fries were served at the White House during the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson some 80 years later).
In 2007, the United States harvested 19.9 million tonnes of potatoes, making it the world's fifth biggest producer. Potatoes in the United States are grown in nearly every state, although about half of the crop comes from Idaho, Washington, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Colorado, Oregon, Maine, Minnesota, California and Michigan. Most potatoes are harvested in September and October (fall).
Only about one third of US potatoes is consumed fresh. Around 60 percent of annual output is processed into frozen products (such as frozen french fries and wedges), chips, dehydrated potato granules and flakes and starch, while 6 percent is re-used as seed potato.
Each American eats more than 55 kg of potatoes every year. However, fresh potato consumption has declined from more than 22 kg per person in 1993 to just under 16 kg in 2014.
United States Department of Agriculture Potato ReportsAMS Reports: National Weekly and Daily Potato Shipments
NASS Reports: National Seasonal Snapshots and Statistics covering potatoes
Current FOB Shipping Point Prices for Potatoes are reported at State level where available
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Meters Per Second to Speed Of Sound Conversion
Enter the speed in meters per second below to get the value converted to speed of sound.
How to Convert Meters Per Second to Speed Of Sound
To convert a meter per second measurement to a speed of sound measurement, divide the speed by the conversion ratio.
Since one speed of sound is equal to 343 meters per second, you can use this simple formula to convert:
The speed in speed of sound is equal to the meters per second divided by 343.
Meters per second and speed of sound are both units used to measure speed. Keep reading to learn more about each unit of measure.
The meter per second, or metre per second, is the SI derived unit for speed in the metric system. Meters per second can be abbreviated as m/s, and are also sometimes abbreviated as m/sec. For example, 1 meter per second can be written as 1 m/s or 1 m/sec.
In formal expressions, the slash, or solidus (/), is used to separate units used to indicate division in an expression.
Meters per second can be expressed using the formula:
vm/s = dmtsec
The velocity in meters per second is equal to the distance in meters divided by time in seconds.
Speed of sound can be abbreviated as sound; for example, 1 speed of sound can be written as 1 sound.
Meter Per Second to Speed Of Sound Conversion Table
|Meters Per Second||Speed Of Sound|
|1 m/s||0.002915 sound|
|2 m/s||0.005831 sound|
|3 m/s||0.008746 sound|
|4 m/s||0.011662 sound|
|5 m/s||0.014577 sound|
|6 m/s||0.017493 sound|
|7 m/s||0.020408 sound|
|8 m/s||0.023324 sound|
|9 m/s||0.026239 sound|
|10 m/s||0.029155 sound|
|20 m/s||0.058309 sound|
|30 m/s||0.087464 sound|
|40 m/s||0.116618 sound|
|50 m/s||0.145773 sound|
|60 m/s||0.174927 sound|
|70 m/s||0.204082 sound|
|80 m/s||0.233236 sound|
|90 m/s||0.262391 sound|
|100 m/s||0.291545 sound|
|200 m/s||0.58309 sound|
|300 m/s||0.874636 sound|
|400 m/s||1.1662 sound|
|500 m/s||1.4577 sound|
|600 m/s||1.7493 sound|
|700 m/s||2.0408 sound|
|800 m/s||2.3324 sound|
|900 m/s||2.6239 sound|
|1,000 m/s||2.9155 sound|
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 6: Rules and Style Conventions for Printing and Using Units, https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-6-rules-and-style-conventions-printing-and-using
- CK-12, Speed of Sound, https://www.ck12.org/physics/speed-of-sound/lesson/Speed-of-Sound-MS-PS/
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The earliest known film directed by an African-American was filmed in Chicago.
The year was 1919 and the silent film, which was released the following year, was called "Within Our Gates." The film will play at the Music Box Theatre on Feb. 9.
Oscar Micheaux, the Chicagoan who was born to a former Kentucky slave, directed the film. Micheaux’s career included involvement in over 40 films.
The film’s sole print was discovered in Spain. The Library of Congress restored it in 1993.
The film tells the story of an African-American schoolteacher who travels to raise money for better schools.
"Within Our Gates" will be shown as part of the Music Box’s Second Saturday Silent Film series. It will be accompanied by live music from Dennis Scott, the theatre’s head organist. Chicago magazine called it the “Best New Film Series of 2011.”
The film will shows at noon Feb. 9. Tickets are $10 for adults and $8 for adults and seniors.
Want more? Discuss this article and others on RedEye's Facebook page.
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Splitting Water, Extracting Hydrogen and The 'Woven City'
image credit: ID 166298905 © Melpomenem | Dreamstime.com
- Jan 8, 2020 10:15 pm GMT
- 1291 views
Sounds like science fiction, but it’s 2020 and we’re not piloting flying cars or programming maids to clean our homes. Toyota’s new ‘Woven City’ isn’t far from the ambitious future often portrayed in movies and television. The smart city will employ numerous technologies and sit on a 175-acre site below Mt. Fuji. Subterranean corridors will house domestic and delivery robots. Pathways will provide transport via autonomous electric cars, self-driving mobility pods, scooters, bicycles, skateboards, monowheels and pedestrians. Building from the ground up, with the intention of applying every viable, clean and efficient approach, will allow Toyota to test technologies aimed at raising air quality and reducing emissions while improving everyday conveniences for city living. Completely powered by hydrogen, the 'Woven City' is a colossal undertaking.
Many are hesitant to rely on this highly combustible energy source. The DOE poignantly admits a degree of danger can be associated with any fuel. A number of hydrogen's properties make it safer to handle and use than the fuels commonly used today. For example, hydrogen is non-toxic. In addition, because hydrogen is much lighter than air, it dissipates rapidly when it is released, allowing for relatively rapid dispersal of the fuel in case of a leak. Previous tests have proven that hydrogen can be produced, stored, and dispensed safely. Before it can be used as a fuel, hydrogen must first be extracted from substances like water or methane. It must then be contained in a highly compressed liquid form. The dangers include burns, flames, explosion and asphyxiation.
Safety concerns aside, how energy efficient is hydrogen? A fuel cell coupled with an electric motor is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. Small fuel cells can power laptop computers and cell phones while large fuel cells can provide backup electricity for buildings and electricity remote areas not connected to the grid. Further testing will provide specific results on risk-benefit ratio and the efficiency of hydrogen power. For now, experts are reveling in a cheaper way to generate power. Scientist have found that by using only water, iron, nickel and electricity they can create hydrogen energy cheaper than ever before. UNSW School of Chemistry’s Professor Chuan Zhao is splitting water to capture hydrogen. “What we do is coat the electrodes with our catalyst to reduce energy consumption,” he says. “On this catalyst there is a tiny nano-scale interface where the iron and nickel meet at the atomic level, which becomes an active site for splitting water. This is where hydrogen can be split from oxygen and captured as fuel, and the oxygen can be released as an environmentally-friendly waste.” In 2015, Prof Zhao’s team invented a nickel-iron electrode for oxygen generation with a record-high efficiency. “We’re hoping our research can be used by stations like these (charging stations) to make their own hydrogen using sustainable sources such as water, solar and these low cost, yet efficient, catalysts.” Until now, scientist were hopeful to one day power cars with hydrogen. Toyota’s ‘Woven City’ will use hydrogen to power a way of life.
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The UNWANTED EFFECTS Of Vaping Liquid
An e-juice is a mixture of liquid nicotine that’s made from an extract of tobacco. An electric cigarette is simply an electric devise that mimics traditional cigarette smoking. It usually consists of a battery, an atomizer, and a cap like a bottle or tank. Rather than tobacco, the smoker inhales vapor instead. Therefore, utilizing an e Cigarette is frequently described as “vaping” rather than smoking.
Vaping is considered to be dangerous since it directly damages the smoker’s respiratory system. This damage can occur a short time after beginning to use the product. This is the major reason why many health experts have stated that it will not be used by children. Inhaling the vapor from cigarettes has been determined to be harmful for adults as well, but it is not known if the chance is greater for younger individuals.
In addition to damaging a person’s the respiratory system, vapors produced by an e-Cig are also potentially carcinogenic. Some studies have indicated that long-term, exposure to high concentrations of vapor can produce changes in cells within the lungs. One study indicated that cells in the lung that were affected by smoking were more prone to proliferate when subjected to juice, than cells in the non-smoker’s lungs. Some studies also indicated that juice can be a contributing factor to the onset of cancer in smokers. Based on these results, it’s advocated that individuals quit smoking while still utilizing an electronic vaporizer to save lots of their health.
E-Cigarettes contain both nicotine and caffeine. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. Once a person has become accustomed to nicotine, they may start craving it for its pleasant taste. In case a person consumes nicotine through e-Cigarettes, without consuming Vitamin E, their body will battle to eliminate the nicotine without becoming malnourished. The effect could be a vitamin deficiency, similar to the one seen in individuals who fail to take VITAMIN E ANTIOXIDANT supplements. Therefore, e-Cigarettes should be avoided whenever you can.
In addition, e-juices do not contain the same level of vitamins and nutrients found in traditional liquids. As compared to fruit juices, and even other vegetable juices, e-liquid isn’t a perfect choice for daily vitamins. Although vitamin e-juice a very good idea for certain vitamin deficiencies, it isn’t an appropriate replacement for vitamin e antioxidant within gourmet and organic, natural gourmet foods, or vitamin E within organic natural e-juice.
It’s been speculated that youth who are attracted to e-Cigarettes could be the future of smoking prevalence. Recent studies indicate that teenagers ages 18 to 25 years old are the most likely generation to begin smoking. Additionally, young people who try to quit smoking will experience side effects than those who don’t quit. It seems as if youth who are attracted to smoking could be the future of smoking because they are more likely to check it out together with other tobacco products. Therefore, we can not assume that quitting smoking will automatically cure a person of their dependence on e-cigs.
Lastly, e-liquid may be harmful to your wellbeing. Most e-liquid comprises propylene glycol, also commonly referred to as PEG. Although PEG is widely regarded as safe for consumption, there were cases in which patients identified as having oral cancer experienced excessive JUUL Pods amounts of PEG in their oral cavity. In the event that you suspect your e-liquid contains PEG, you need to contact a dentist immediately.
Despite the numerous unwanted effects of e-juices, many people still opt for them. There are a variety of reasons why people decide to use this type of nicotine delivery just like the perceived taste, lack of nicotine, or the perception that cigarettes do not cause as much adverse health reactions as e-liquid. However, it is very important remember that even though we have been absolve to express our opinion about e-cigs, we should still refrain from indulging in them. After all, we’re doing everything we can to try to get gone cigarettes completely.
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Full Name: Mr. John Quincy Adams
Date of Birth: July 11, 1767
Place of Birth: Quincy, Massachusetts, USA
Died: February 23, 1848
Place of Death: Washington, DC, USA
Classification: Leaders & Revolutionaries
Known for his antislavery viewpoints and one who attempted to push the modernization through infrastructure, John Quincy Adams served as the President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. At first, he was a Federalist, but following his presidency, he became a National Republican. Most of his fame and views were established by serving abroad for several years as a diplomat and ambassador for the States.
John Quincy was born in Braintree, which would later change its name to Quincy in his honor. Located on the outskirts of town is the Adams National Historic Park. His father was a diplomat in France so young John Quincy grew up abroad. When Adams returned to the States, he was ready for college, attended Harvard, became a lawyer, and began practicing law in Boston.
When George Washington became President, he appointed John Quincy to work as an attaché for the U.S. in the Netherlands – a place where he had spent time with his father. He also served as a minister to Russia, and lived in Britain working for the St. James Court for two years.
John Quincy Adams ran for president and actually lost the electoral and popular vote. The House of Representatives were forced to choose a president and with the help of Henry Clay by dropping out of the presidential race, John Adams won. Adams then appointed Clay as Secretary of State. The whole affair was seen as corrupt on many levels.
Due to the controversy behind his presidency, Congress rejected nearly every new bill he brought to the floor. He called his idea the American System, where canals, roads and expansion were at the forefront of his model. With his experiences abroad, John Quincy Adams had an impressive international agenda. For this, he is often believed to be the best diplomat in U.S. history.
Following his subsequent defeat by Andrew Jackson in the elections of 1828, Adams didn’t halt his political career. Instead, he became a member of the House of Representatives and represented Congress on many committees, namely the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Indian Affairs. In one of the most historically thrilling international episodes, John Quincy Adams fought for the rights in a Supreme Court hearing of the Amistad, where African slaves took over a Spanish ship on which they were being illegally forced to work. He fought for their release and said they should be returned home. The ordeal inspired books and a recent biography of John Quincy Adam’s time in a movie called Amistad.
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- Following up on earlier theoretical predictions, MIT researchers have now demonstrated experimentally the existence of a fundamentally new kind of magnetic behavior, adding to the two previously known states of magnetism.
Ferromagnetism the simple magnetism of a bar magnet or compass needle has been known for centuries. In a second type of magnetism, antiferromagnetism, the magnetic fields of the ions within a metal or alloy cancel each other out. In both cases, the materials become magnetic only when cooled below a certain critical temperature. The prediction and discovery of antiferromagnetism the basis for the read heads in today's computer hard disks won Nobel Prizes in physics for Louis Neel in 1970 and for MIT professor emeritus Clifford Shull in 1994.
"We're showing that there is a third fundamental state for magnetism," says MIT professor of physics Young Lee. The experimental work showing the existence of this new state, called a quantum spin liquid (QSL), is reported this week in the journal Nature, with Lee as the senior author and Tianheng Han, who earned his PhD in physics at MIT earlier this year, as lead author.
The QSL is a solid crystal, but its magnetic state is described as liquid: Unlike the other two kinds of magnetism, the magnetic orientations of the individual particles within it fluctuate constantly, resembling the constant motion of molecules within a true liquid.
Finding the evidence
There is no static order to the magnetic orientations, known as magnetic moments, within the material, Lee explains. "But there is a strong interaction between them, and due to quantum effects, they don't lock in place," he says.
Although it is extremely difficult to measure, or prove the existence, of this exotic state, Lee says, "this is one of the strongest experimental data sets out there that [does] this. What used to just be in theorists' models is a real phy
|Contact: Caroline McCall|
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Anytime you snorkel or dive in the Florida Keys Ecosystem, you are almost guaranteed to see sponges. These unique creatures live just about everywhere: they live on the bottom in the seagrass beds, they attach to red mangrove roots and they grow on rocky areas at the coral reefs. They are even found living on the shells of crabs or mollusks. Sponges don’t seem to do much, so many people may be quick to pass them by, but they are very interesting and important animals. Sponges are animals in the phylum Porifera. The name Porifera comes from Latin, meaning “bearing pores.” Sponges are literally covered in pores, or holes, which they use to move water through their bodies. Most sponges have many small “incurrent” pores all over their bodies, and fewer larger “excurrent” pores. The incurrent pores allow water to flow into the sponge, and the excurrent pores move the water back out again. During this constant flow of water, the sponges are continually filtering. Bacterial cells, plankton and bits of organic matter suspended in the water will be filtered out by the sponge and consumed as food. This flow of water also allows the sponges to take in oxygen and to release waste.
While sponges are animals, they do not have a nervous system, brain or other organ systems; they do not even have a recognizable body shape like most animals do. Sponges’ shapes will vary depending on the species of sponge and the environment in which they live. One way to differentiate species of sponges is by color and texture; another is by looking at the shape and material of their spicules. Spicules are the microscopic framework of the sponges. They give rigidity and shape to the sponge, much like our skeletons do for us. These spicules may be made of calcium carbonate, silica or protein, and some are quite beautiful when viewed under a microscope. Along with filtering our waters, sponges can also provide valuable habitat for a variety of smaller organisms. Many sponges are hosts to small crustaceans like amphipods or shrimp. Larger sponges can even conceal small fish. Among the biggest sponges on our Florida reefs is the giant barrel sponge. Researchers at the University of North Carolina-Wilmington have documented giant barrel sponges more than 100 years old and have estimated the age of some of the largest individuals at more than 2,000 years.
Wherever they live, sponges fulfill a unique and important role in the ecosystem. Not only do they filter our water and provide shelter, they are also a food source for animals like loggerhead turtles. Next time you snorkel, look for the multicolored sponges you may not have noticed before. You can head out on a snorkel or dive boat, or even take a kayak or paddleboard into the mangroves to see these unique animals. You can even see them while swimming off the beaches at many of our Florida State Parks. Plan your visit at floridastateparks.org.
Liz Trueblood is a park ranger at John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park.
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DEFINITION of 'Analysis Of Variances - ANOVA'
An analysis of the variation between all of the variables used in an experiment. Analysis of variance is used in finance in several different ways, such as to forecasting the movements of security prices by first determining which factors influence stock fluctuations. This analysis can provide valuable insight into the behavior of a security or market index under various conditions.
BREAKING DOWN 'Analysis Of Variances - ANOVA'
This type of analysis attempts to break down the various underlying factors that determine the price of securities as well as market behavior. For example, it could possibly show how much of a security's rise or fall is due to changes in interest rates. A t-test and f-test is used to analyze the results of an analysis of variance test to determine which variables are of statistical significance.
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Responding to climate change and sea level rise a priority for Council
The Kāpiti Coast District Council is gearing up to have a community conversation about what it might need to do to help Kāpiti Coast communities thrive in the face of climate change and coastal erosion or sea level rise.
Mayor K Gurunathan says the impacts of climate change are significant and we can no longer afford to sit on our hands.
“As a coastal community with more than 1,800 properties, not to mention businesses and public infrastructure, potentially affected along our 42 kilometres of coastline, we know we need to take action.
“At the heart of this is a conversation with our iwi partners, affected and interested parties, and our community about how we want to adapt as our coastline changes over time.
“We’ve studied the Clifton to Tangoio Coastal Hazards Strategy, a community-led coastal adaption programme which has worked well in the Hawkes Bay, and we think there are elements of this approach that could be applied to a community-led conversation in Kāpiti and across the wider Wellington region.
“There’s a lot of ground to cover and we know people will have mixed views about how, when and what actions might be needed but we’re committed to starting a substantial, careful and respectful community conversation about how we respond, as a community, to coastal challenges over the next 12 to 18 months.”
The Mayor says the Greater Wellington Regional Council has indicated that they would like to be part of this conversation.
“It makes sense to join forces and share resources where we can, as Greater Wellington, as our regional consenting authority, has a vested interest in our environment and providing an effective response to climate change.”
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Beiershorst (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)
Beiershorst (also known as Beyershorst and Beierhorst; now known as Wybicko; coordinates: 54.2398, 19.0593 [54° 14′ 23″ N, 19° 3′ 33″ E]; population in 1905, 175; in 2012, 175) is located approximately 5 kilometres (3 miles) north-west of Nowy Dwór Gdański (Tiegenhof), 23 km. (14 mi.) north of Malbork (Marienburg), 23 km (14 mi.) north-west of Elbląg (Elbing), and 32 km. (20 mi.) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk (Danzig).
Beiershorst was founded by Dutch settlers in 1591 in the Scharpau area, a desolate marshland owned by the city of Danzig. As the area was at or below sea level, early settlers used windmills, dikes, and drainage channels to reclaim the land. Until 1793 Beiershorst was part of Danzig in Royal Prussia (also known as Polish Prussia) in the Kingdom of Poland. The Second Partition of Poland in 1793 added Danzig and its surrounding territory to the province of West Prussia. Beiershorst was situated in the district (Kreis) of Marienburg until the establishment of the Free City of Danzig in 1920. The village came under the control of Nazi Germany during World War II until February 1945, when it was occupied by Soviet forces and returned to Poland. Today it is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stegna, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship.
In the 1793 Danzig census there were eight Mennonite families in Beiershorst with the following surnames: Bargen, Claassen, Enss, Epp, Isaac, Neustaedter, Quiring, and Reimer. In 1820, Beiershorst/Baerenkampe had 125 residents, including 47 Mennonites.
Mennonites who were residents of Beiershorst were members of the Bärwalde Mennonite Church.
Stowarzyszenie Konserwatorów Zabytków. "Wybicko." Catalogue of Monuments of Dutch Colonization in Poland. 2005. Web. 6 December 2012. http://holland.org.pl/art.php?kat=obiekt&id=476&lang=en.
Wikipedia. "Wybicko." Web. 6 December 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybicko.
Wolf, Hans-Jürgen. "Familienforschung in Westpreußen." Web. 6 December 2012. http://www.westpreussen.de/cms/ct/ortsverzeichnis/details.php?ID=510.
|Author(s)||Richard D Thiessen|
|Date Published||December 2012|
Cite This Article
Thiessen, Richard D. "Beiershorst (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. December 2012. Web. 26 Sep 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Beiershorst_(Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)&oldid=123882.
Thiessen, Richard D. (December 2012). Beiershorst (Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 26 September 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Beiershorst_(Pomeranian_Voivodeship,_Poland)&oldid=123882.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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You may have heard the term “reverse osmosis” before. But what exactly does the phrase mean, and is reverse osmosis something you really need? Reverse osmosis is a process that removes harmful toxins, including chemicals and excess chlorine, from water throughout your home. The stages of reverse osmosis vary depending on the number of filters the process uses to remove contaminants from your drinking water. From health to better taste, here are some of the benefits you’ll get from reverse osmosis.
Reverse osmosis removes contaminants commonly found in water, such as lead, calcium, iron, and manganese. These contaminants, called molecular compounds, are squeezed out of the water through reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is currently considered to be the most effective kind of water purification process to remove impurities from drinking water.
Along with certain molecular compounds, reverse osmosis has also been praised because it can remove potentially harmful substances that may enter water through your plumbing system, such as lead. Higher concentrations of lead and other toxins that leach out of older pipes can contribute to an increased risk of certain diseases and conditions such as nerve damage, low fertility rates, and high blood pressure. Reverse osmosis can also eliminate parasites and other pathogens before harming you or your family members.
Water that tastes better is naturally more palatable. In blind taste test studies, drinking water that is cleansed through the reverse osmosis process has been rated as having a better taste compared to regular tap water and bottled water.
If saving money sounds appealing, it’s time to contact plumbers Henderson to switch your water filtration system to reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is less expensive than bottled water. Therefore, switching to a reverse osmosis system in your home can save tremendous amounts of money. Additionally, you’ll use less plastic when you choose water from your own faucet compared to bottled water.
Even if you’re not an expert plumber, you’ll appreciate having a low-maintenance water filtration system in your home. Reverse osmosis systems generally only need maintenance once every six months. Some systems can go even longer between maintenance intervals. You will need to replace the filter periodically for the system’s optimal maintenance, but little additional effort is required.
From making your drinking water safer to improving its taste, there are many advantages to changing from bottled water or regular tap water to reverse osmosis. If you’ve decided it’s time for a change in drinking water quality, be sure to contact Service Plus Plumbing, the Las Vegas best plumber, for assistance at your convenience.
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Johanna Schouten-Elsenhout Vrouwendocumentatiecentrum
Limesgracht 80, Postbus 129
Tel: +597 410 784
Fax: +597 433 167
The Johanna Schouten-Elsenhout Documentation Centre, named after the first woman poet who wrote in the Surinamese language, was founded by the National Women's Movement (NVB) of Surinam. The documentation centre annex library is specialized in collecting and making accessible women's literature, and documentation on women and development. The centre's library is the only one in Surinam offering material on women. The collection contains 6.000 titles. The centre not only lends material to members, but also sells books. Languages: Dutch, English, German, Spanish.
Stichting Sanomaro Esa
(Sanomaro Esa Foundation)
Indiralaan 7, Uitvlugt
Sanomaro Esa was founded by indigenous women in 1989, in response to the economic crisis in Surinam at that time, which affected indigenous communities the most. The foundation contributes to the planning and implementation of programs aimed at meeting the needs of indigenous women and their children. It facilitates educational programs and stimulates gender awareness and communication between women groups. In 1990, the foundation established a resource centre, in cooperation with the Cultural Centre of Surinam. It was founded to increase the availibility and accessibility of information and literature concerning indigenous peoples in Surinam.
Please send any additions, corrections, or deletions to Denise Osted at .
Return to the Index of Countries.
Read the Frequently Asked Questions.
Find out how you can help with the project.
This information was last updated on October 28, 2003.
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Before World War II, it was known that the nucleus was composed of closely packed protons and neutrons, but little was known about the "strong force" that kept them together. From 1950 to 1970, accelerators were built which were designed to probe nuclei with higher speed and more energetic, charged particles such as electrons and protons. The result was that hundreds of new particles were discovered and their properties defined.
In 1963, a theory was proposed that a major group of these particles, called hadrons, could be thought of as made from a few, more fundamental particles, called quarks. Protons and neutrons are members of the hadron group.
Quarks are proposed to be the simplest, irreducible, structureless building blocks of hadrons. The Quark Hypothesis states that quarks in combinations of two or three, make all the observed hadrons. In 1963, the three quarks were named: up (u), down (d), and strange (s). In 1974, the existence of Charm quark (c) was revealed and in 1977, Leon Lederman and his collegues at Fermilab uncovered the fifth quark, bottom (b). A neutron is composed of three quarks: u d d; a proton is u u d; and a lambda is u d s. One more quark, top (t), has been found at Fermilab in 1995.
Electrons, neutrinos, and a few other particles make up another group of particles called leptons. Leptons are not considered divisible and are not made up of quarks.
The results of particle physicists' theoretical and experimental work up to 1985 might be summarized this way:All matter is thought to be made up of quarks and leptons and the forces through which they interact. There are six quarks (each comes in three "colors" making 18 particles and each has an antiparticle making 36 quarks in total.) The six quarks are named up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), and top (t). (The last two are sometimes fancifully referred to as "beauty" and "truth.") The six quarks have been confirmed through indirect observations, but not isolated as individual particles.Each of the forces has a strength, a range, and a "carrier" particle as outlined in the table below.
The other six particles (also appearing in antiparticle form, making 12 total) are the leptons. These include electrons (e), electron neutrinos (ue), muons (m), muon neutrinos (um), tau particles (t), and tau neutrinos (ut).
The twelve particles (48 in all if you include colors and antiparticles) are subject to the four fundamental forces of nature. These forces are gravity, electromagnetic, strong, and weak. Each force is defined by the way it interacts with particles to build up composite form of matter: protons, neutrons, nuclei, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, and so on.
One of the fundamental quests of the Fermilab scientists is to find an underlying link to unify the four basic forces. This Unification Theory would link all particles and forces into a coherent and simple description of nature.
In order to "observe" the basic particles of matter and collect data which may be of use toward theory development and perhaps the Unification Theory, particle probes with great amounts of energy are needed. The protons with 1000 GeV (1 TeV) energy now available in Fermilab's accelerator will help in this quest. By creating head-on collisions between these protons and 1000 GeV antiprotons (generated earlier in stationary target collisions in a nearby storage ring) circulating in the opposite direction, 2000 GeV collision data will be generated.
The main purpose of Fermilab and other large particle accelerators is to collect data that will support or refute theories. The need for new and better data is continuous. Numerous experiments remain to be done and each new theory and the related attempts at experimental verification inevitably lead to new insights as well as new questions about the most fundamental particles and forces that form all matter.
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India, Pakistan and the River Basin Dispute
The Indus Waters Treaty is considered a key example of India–Pakistan cooperation, which had a critical influence on state-making in both countries. Indus Divided reveals the importance of the Indus Basin river system, and thus control over it, for Indian and Pakistani claims to sovereignty after South Asia’s partition in 1947. Based on new research in India, Pakistan, the United States and United Kingdom, this book places the Indus dispute, for the first time, in the context of decolonization and Cold War-era development politics. It examines the discord at local, national and international levels, arguing that we can only explain its importance and longevity in light of India and Pakistan’s state-building initiatives after independence.
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Biochemical Treatment of Wastewater. Anaerobic methods involve treatment of wastewater without access to oxygen. Instead, methane fermentation is used. The advantage of this method is the high level of converting contaminants with the formation of biogas byproduct.
Wastewater contaminated by nitrogen compounds are converted in the process of denitrification by microbes (such as Paracoccus denitrsficans) with formation of gaseous oxide (NO2) and molecular nitrogen (N2) or ammonia (NН3).
The fermentation occurs in sealed methane tanks (septic tanks). These are air tight reactors filled with immobile biological sludge, sludge ponds or similar. Methane tanks not only treat wastewaste, but also generate gas, which has high calorific value.
The main parameters of anaerobic methane fermentation are temperature, amount of waste and the intensity of mixing the water with the sludge. It should be noted that it is impossible to achieve full fermentation of organic substances in methane tanks, since the process is slow and requires stable and favorable temperature conditions. The degree of organic decomposition in the result is 40% (with methane output of 70%). An important point about the anaerobic process is the slight increase of microbial mass (by an order of magnitude less than in aerobic conditions), it also does not require the removal of large amounts of biological sludge from the reactor.
Biochemical Treatment of Wastewater.. The products of organic destruction, which are formed in the first trophic level, function as substrate for second level microbes. The characteristics of the intermediary products of anaerobic fermentation depend on the composition of the initial contaminants.
Anaerobic oxidation, as a rule, is efficient for treatment of wastewater contaminated with large amounts of organic substances (it ensures decomposition of over a hundred organic compounds).
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The term Historicism covers a wide range of neo-styles or revivalist forms that come into existence in the 19th century, based on the appropriation of formal or decorative elements from earlier stylistic periods. Traditional forms of objects of applied arts are adapted to the needs of the modern time, and the development of technology and the transition from handwork to machine production enabled greater and cheaper production. Quite often ersatz and new materials and techniques are employed, through which the appearance of high cost is achieved. In forms of objects of fine craft it is quite common to find the simultaneous presence of elements of quite different styles – Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo…
Two rooms of the permanent display show specimens of furniture of various revivalist styles. A rather grand armchair made around 1840 has formal and decorative elements of neo-Gothic.
Mid-19th century neo-Rococo is illustrated by a drawing room suite, a table and a chaise longue. It is important to bring out, in the sequence and coexistence of revivalist styles, the stylistic period of the Second Empire, the time of Napoleon III in France (1852-1870). In this room it is represented by a console mirror, a side cabinet and an armchair – part of a drawing room suite of ebonised wood with incrustations of mother of pearl and brass.
Several Bohemian porcelain items on show tell of the successful penetration of the European market by this production. Of high quality, and considerably cheaper, during the 19th century, Czech porcelain seriously threatened the survival of the older manufactories. An interesting exhibit is a plate produced in the well-known German works of Rosenthal, showing a painted portrait of Julia von Bonar. The model for this decoration was the countess’s portrait from the famed Schönheitsgalerie in the Munich palace of Nymphenburg. Inspiration with the forms of historical stylistic periods can also be seen in the creation of jewellery in the period of Historicism. While on the one hand individual authors make pieces that in form and decorative elements literally follow some historical original, in most objects, there are only the characteristic details that can be connected with some stylistic trend or other. The basic shape of bracelets, earrings and brooches is a reflection of 19th century fashion. The set of jewellery exhibited was done in 1880 in gold with granulation. Medallions of glass micromosaic with Antique motifs are set in the earrings, brooch and stud; this is characteristic of jewellery made in Italy.
The revivalist style furniture exhibited in the next room is characteristic of the last quarter of the 19th century. In inland Croatia this is primarily furniture in the style of the German neo-Renaissance (Altdeutsch), which prevailed in the Historicist period in the germanophone lands. This style is best illustrated by a cupboard decorated with rich carving and glazed doors on the upper part (Butzenglas, as it is known). Types of furniture from historical stylistic periods were not only reinterpreted but sometimes literally copied, like the exhibited Renaissance or Mannerist types of chairs (the Savonarola and sgabellochairs). Interior decoration in the Historicist period was founded on the viewpoint that a certain style was suitable for a certain purpose of a room. Hence in one dwelling there would often by several different neo-styles: for example, an Altdeutsch dining room, a neo-Rococo salon and a neo-Gothic library.
Machine working of objects became very important for the shaping of metal in the Historicist period. The improvements in machines for pressing and finishing metal products and methods for silver plating and gilding resulted in the decline of craft production, particularly local crafts, which could not compete with cheaper imported products. Most of the objects in this room derive from Austria and Germany, traditional exporters of luxury silver goods to the Croatian market. In the last decades of the 19th century, Zagreb merchants imported white Bohemian porcelain that they then decorated in their own workshops. The service on display is decorated after drawings of Herman Bollé, inspired by motifs with decorated Slavonian gourds, and was shown at the Trieste Exhibition in 1882.
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Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures range from 22 to 34 °C (71.6 to 93.2 °F).
May and June are the hottest months, while November and December make up the wetter monsoon season. However, there is rainfall throughout the year. From August to October, there is often haze, sometimes severe enough to prompt public health warnings, due to bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia.
Due to its diverse population and immigrant background, Singaporean culture has often been described as a mix of cultures – British, Malay, Chinese, Indian and Peranakan. Foreigners also make up 42% of the population in Singapore and they play an important role in influencing Singaporean culture.
Singaporean cuisine is an example of the country’s diversity and cultural diffusion; with significant influences from British, Chinese, Indian, Malay, Tamil cuisine, and Indonesian cuisine. Typical Singaporean food includes the satay, nasi lemak, fish and chips and the famed Hainanese chicken rice.
While there are fancy restaurants offering every kind of cuisine, there are also fast food chains, hawker centers where you can have a very satisfying meal for a few dollars. You can have Chinese noodles, with an Indian curry & a Malay side dish followed by a French dessert.
Public Holidays :
- New Year’s Day – January 1st
- Chinese New Year – 1st and 2nd days of Chinese calendar
- Good Friday – varies every year
- Labour Day – May 1st
- Vesak Day (Birth of Buddha) – varies every year
- National Day – August 9th (Singapore Independence Day)
- Hari Raya Puasa (End of Ramadan month) – varies every year
- Deepavali (Hindu Holiday) – varies every year
- Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice) – varies every year
- Christmas Day – December 25th
Time Zones :
Singapore Standard Time (SST) – 2:30 hours plus IST
* IST – Indian Standard Time
- Full name : Republic of Singapore
- Population : 49,87,600 (2009 estimates)
- Capital : Singapore
- Area : 710.2 sq km
- Official languages : English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil
- Major religion : Buddhism
- Life expectancy : 78 years (men), 82 years (women)
- Monetary unit : 1 Singapore dollar SGD)
- Main exports : machinery and equipment, electronics, consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and mineral fuels
- GNI per capita : $47,940 (World Bank, 2008)
- Internet domain : .sg
- International dialing code : +65
Singapore is the fifth wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP and per capita income. Unemployment rate in Singapore is one of the lowest in the world. With a dynamic and high-spirited life and work culture, Singapore has become a cosmopolitan destination.
- 2nd safest Country to live & Crime Free Country
- The cleanest country
- HUB of Business in Asia – Fertile ground for Banking & Service Industry.
- World’s No.1 producer of Electronics, Shipping, Logistics & Bunker Oil
- Almost every MNC has its Asia-Pacific Head Office in Singapore making it easier for students to find jobs. I.e., Home to more than 7000 MNC’s.
- Growing steadily at more than 5% rate for many decades with strong links to US, EU, China, India & Japan.
- The 25th best highly developed nation with state-of-art transport system & 3G telecom network that’s second only to USA.
- Singapore is a nation built by immigrants and it still welcomes all who are keen to play a part in its economic development.
- Singapore offers globally top ranked working populace, recognized for its high level of productivity, technical proficiency & positive work attitude.
- Singaporeans don’t need a VISA to enter about 60 Countries including USA & EU.
- Processing for PR (Permanent Residency) takes only 71 Days.
- Singapore is ideally located as the gateway to regional countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei & Thailand. All are easily reached via Ferry, Train, plane or even coach with travel times being no longer than three hours.
- Singapore is the world’s 3rd wired nation and Asia’s most wired one where online banking & mobile lifestyle have become the norm.
- Close to 99% of the population or almost every home, school & business has access to Broadband Internet.
- There are already more than 50,000 International students in Singapore, of which about 2000 are Indian Students pursuing educations at various levels.
- Many international students are attracted to the quality UG & PG programs offered by Singapore’s local Universities as well as International Universities based in Singapore.
- National University of Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore Management University
- SIM University
- Singapore polytechnic
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic
- Temasek Polytechnic
- Nanyang Polytechnic
- Republic Polytechnic
Other Institutions providing undergraduate and postgraduate degrees courses :
- Asia Pacific Centre for Management Leadership
- Auston Institute
- BMC Academy
- Design Technology Institute
- East Asia Institute of Management
- German Institute of Science and Technology
- Informatics Academy
- Johns Hopkins in Singapore, Division of Biomedical Sciences
- Kaplan Singapore
- Management Development Institute of Singapore
- Marketing Institute of Singapore
- National Institute of Education
- NTU-SJTU Joint EMBA Programme
- PSB Academy
- Singapore Delft Water Alliance
- Singapore Institute of Commerce
- Singapore Institute of Management
- Singapore Stanford Partnership
- Singapore-MIT Alliance
- SMa School of Management
- Stansfield College
- The Logistics Institute – Asia Pacific
- TMC Academy
- Tourism Management Institute of Singapore (TMIS)
- Wharton–SMU Research Center
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Welcome to our first blog!
Printer calibration is required for any print device in order to get it into a stable, repeatable state. This is necessary as it enables you to bring the printer back in line, so to speak, as it will drift over time. Basically once you have the calibration process down pat you will be able to produce predictable, accurate and repeatable colour. The idea is that if your colour starts to move away, out of tolerance, a quick check of the calibration, re-calibration or adjustment of the calibration will bring the colour back into 'line', without the need for complete re-profiling, etc...
For the wide format market, covering display, signage and the like, I am not going to be specific about the substrate or media, printer type, ink set and RIP type in use. There so many combinations it would take more than a month of blogs or more to cover...
Good colour management strategy dictates that you should always calibrate your device first before creating your ICC profile. This is colour management 101!
Calibration - the process of bringing a colour device (i.e. monitor or display, printer, and even a scanner...) into an optimal, quantifiable, repeatable state. This condition could be an industry standard, manufacturers spec or guideline or your own specification.
With wide format printer calibration the printer will be controlled by a RIP, and the RIP will usually have an in built calibration process prior to creating an ICC profile.
The steps of calibrating the printer will usually follow, but not always, this order:
- Per channel ink limits
- Linearisation (tonality)
- Overprint ink limits
- Grey balance
- Profile creation
- Profile and colour management validation
Per channel ink limiting is usually the first step. This about achieving ink-media compatibility for each of the inks, per channel, C, M, Y and K. Too much ink being laid down can cause problems such as puddling, ink not drying, and ink reticulation. To achieve the goal here you are looking for the optimal result - enough ink with out causing problems, together with enough ink to produce enough saturation larger than the target gamut you are aiming to simulate. This step usually involves visual assessment and may include measurement using a densitometer or spectrophotometer.
Linearisation and tonality can follow as the next step, and may involve the set up controlling the mixing of light inks with the normal inks - i.e. light cyan with cyan and light magenta with magenta. Tonality or tone distribution is about achieving smooth and even tone graduation from 0% to 100% for each primary channel C, M, Y and K. This step involves visual assessment and will include measurement using a densitometer or spectrophotometer.
Overprint ink limiting is about looking at the build up of ink once the primaries (CMYK) are mixed together in different combinations - i.e. 100% M and 100% Y for RED. This step usually has a complex looking chart with rows of ink channel combinations in varying amounts. This step definitely requires visual assessment. Similar to per channel ink limiting except you are looking to find the step in each row that can produce the 'best' result with showing problems (ink puddling, not drying, etc.). You will probably need to input your results and print again to confirm your settings are correct...
It is wise to confirm your calibration by outputting a calibration check chart or similar to confirm your calibration - per channel ink limits, tonality, overprint ink limits and grey balance. I prefer to use a custom chart I have created for this purpose. It also helps you to decide on some important profile settings, such as total ink coverage and black start point. If the output of the calibration chart looks ok you can proceed to creating your ICC media or substrate profile.
Output your preferred CMYK profile chart - I like to use the IT8.7-4 chart - 1600+ patches. Measuring and building your profile really requires another blog as there are quite few options for measuring and then the settings for building your profile. Suffice to say once this step is complete you should be looking to validate your profile and validate your colour management settings in RIP, using your new media profile. This does involve critical visual assessment, under the correct lighting, and spectral measurement for reporting to see how your output now stacks up compared to an international print standard or an in-house standard. Again, I think it best to tackle this subject in a separate blog.
I hope this information about wide format printer calibration is helpful.
Please feel free to leave constructive comments and any relevant questions you may have.
Colour & Print Consultant
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NASA has selected an industrious team of young Fordham College at Rose Hill scientists to conduct research aboard the famed Boeing KC-135 plane used by NASA to simulate a reduced-gravity environment.
The Fordham team—seniors Eve Stenson, Peter D’Amico, Meghan McDonald, Kelly Sheridan and Michael Thorne—competed against 117 teams from around the country to win a coveted space in the 2004 Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program.
The program, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, allows students to propose and design reduced-gravity research experiments that can be tested on the KC-135, an aircraft originally used by astronauts to prepare for space flights. The students are judged on the technical and safety merits of their proposal as well as their plan to share the results of their research with the University and science communities, according to Deanna Wilmore, the KC-135 program coordinator. Some of the other 69 winning teams hail from schools such as Brown, Duke, Harvard and Carnegie Mellon.
The specially modified KC-1 35A turbojet transport, above, flies parabolic arcs to produce weightless periods of 20 to 25 seconds.
“This is a prestigious prospect for Fordham and a great opportunity to have our students on the national stage,” said Martin Sanzari, Ph.D., a physics professor and the group’s mentor.
Stenson, a physics and chemistry double major, is the Fordham team leader who developed the winning experiment, which studies the liquid dynamics on the surface of soap bubbles.
Typically, when a bubble is blown, the liquid on a bubble’s surface tends to move to its bottom, creating turbulent eddies.
Using liquid soap, food coloring, straws and a bubble wand, the students are studying the behavior of the soap film in the absence of gravity.
“It’s a simple diffusion experiment,” Stenson said. “We are looking at how quickly the liquid’s surface reaches equilibrium, spreading evenly from the spot where a drop of food coloring is applied.”
The team is also looking at how the vibration created by adding food coloring affects the bubble’s surface.
Stenson and her team will be in Houston from March 4 through 13 to conduct their experiment on the KC-135, a plane used by NASA that simulates a weightless environment similar to the one experienced by astronauts in outer space.
The team started conducting bubble experiments last fall and submitted their proposal to NASA in October. DuPont Chemical Company is donating a Plexiglas box that they will use to contain their experiment on the plane. They will use a digital camera mounted on the box to record changes in the bubble surface as they are happening.
Stenson and her team will be in Houston from March 4 through 13 to conduct their experiment on the KC-135, a plane used by NASA that simulates a weightless environment similar to the one experienced by astronauts in outer space. The plane will perform parabolic maneuvers—like the motions of a roller coaster—over the Gulf of Mexico for about 30 minutes. Students will conduct their experiments during 25-second zero-gravity intervals, the point when a rollercoaster pauses at the top of an incline before plunging downward.
“This is a great deal more exciting than a summer internship because it’s more novel,” said Stenson, who learned about the program during an internship at NASA in Cleveland a couple of summers ago. “It’s not everyday that you get to experience weightlessness.”
Prior to going up in the KC-135, the students will have to undergo physical examinations and physiological tests to ensure that they are ready for flight.
“The students learn a lot about teamwork in this program where they are developing a project from the ground up,” Wilmore said. “This program exposes students to something that is very unique that most people do not have the opportunity to experience.”
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While there are many high school clubs fostering student creativity and social skills and creating fond memories for them to look back on, one group in particular — the Student Nutrition Program — is aiming to provide students with a different form of nourishment: healthy meals.
Over 1.1 million children in elementary and high schools in Western Canada and Ontario partake in student nutrition programs. Millions of breakfasts and snacks are served every single year and there are still many clubs on the wait list to receive funds to enable more programs across the country.
In Western Canada, many programs receive critical funding through The Grocery Foundation and its Toonies for Tummies program. Among those who receive these funds is Breakfast Club of Canada.
The Toonies for Tummies program is relatively new to Western Canada, first launched in February 2017 with Save-On-Foods. Funds raised during the inaugural campaign, through donations made in-store, are currently being used to support programs in the same local communities in the vicinity of the stores. The Grocery Foundation’s goal is to expand that footprint, the number of participating retailers and donations, ultimately feeding more kids.
From January 12 to February 1, participating Save-On-Foods grocery stores will begin collecting toonies at their checkouts to provide funding to eligible nutrition programs in the vicinity of their stores.
By donating you can help set a student up for more than just academic success. The Student Nutrition Programs directly link healthy eating to better school performance, but they have also been found to have many positive effects on behaviour, concentration and graduation rates. Additionally, such programs have been found to promote a sense of community among students.
Eating right in the morning aids in developing core skills that the brain uses to help kids think, read and learn. And since their bodies are receiving all of the proper nutrients, personal well-being is increased as well. It has also been recorded that 78 per cent of those who ate breakfast most days were on track to graduate, compared to 61 per cent of students who only ate breakfast a few days a week or not at all.
Retailers in other parts of Canada will begin collecting toonies later in the year, such as during February in Ontario (February 2-22 at Longo’s in Ontario; Feb 8-22 at Metro, Food Basics and Independent Grocers in Ontario). Toonies for Tummies is then set to return to Western Canada; February 23-March 8 at IGA in British Columbia; and March 4-17 at Buy-Low Foods and Nesters Market in British Columbia and Alberta. The Foundation, its retail partners and 19 participating sponsoring companies are hoping to raise $1 million. One hundred percent of donations collected will benefit programs in the communities where they are collected.
The Grocery Foundation and the Breakfast Club of Canada work together to identify eligible school programs and ensure that they benefit from donations made both in-store and online. Donors are encouraged to use the “Toonie Tracker”, a tool available on the Toonies for Tummies website that shows them which schools are receiving their donations when they punch in their postal code.
This year Save-On-Foods will also host a Match Funds element of the campaign to help amplify shopper donations. Be sure to follow Save-On-Foods on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook to find out more. Following the Grocery Foundation on social media is another great way to make sure that you can keep informed about the impact of donations, participating brands and retailers.
With such a wide range of dates and grocery stores at the ready to collect your toonies, you can be sure to help the campaign reach its 2018 fundraising goal which will benefit an estimated 1.1 million students.
Families are busier than ever these days, and ensuring breakfast is on the table can be a struggle. By chipping in a toonie at your local grocer, you can play a fundamental role in helping children and teens in your community receive hearty, nourishing meals before heading off for a full day of learning.
The following was a sponsored advertorial.
ChrisD.ca is Winnipeg's only independent digital news outlet, producing reliable journalism and localized content since 2007. As we grow as a company, so do our expenses into creating the news, sports and entertainment coverage you've come to expect from us. We ask that if you enjoyed reading this article that you consider making a small donation towards our efforts. It would be greatly appreciated in helping us reinvest to expand our reach and hire additional freelance reporters and photographers. Thank you!
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Jump to navigation
The Natural Resources Defense Council works to safeguard the earth - its people,
its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends.
Scientists say we must fight the biodiversity crisis and climate change at the same time.
From lowland Filipinos and indigenous groups to international conservation organizations, everyone is getting in line to save the critically endangered tamaraw.
A new study shows that the Amazon’s largest land animals are exceptional at dispersing seeds.
The insects fly up to 1,500 miles over the course of three generations, and all of this activity seems to be governed by temperature.
The die-off—which wiped out a third of the population of these large and endangered fruit bats—is not normal, but it may become so.
The world’s flies pollinate plants, manage waste, feed the masses, and deserve a little respect (and protection).
Two struggling species don’t need “likes”; they need protection from the pet trade, poaching, and habitat loss. And they might just get it.
Earthworms may seem harmless, but they have the power to transform some of America’s forests—and not in a good way.
In an auction, EnviroBuild paid $31,250 for the species’ naming rights. (Not everyone is happy about that.)
Hawaiians will never again hear the song of George the Snail. The fate of Achatinella apexfulva is a cautionary tale of decorative gardens, imported cannibals, and snail sex (or lack thereof).
When you sign up you'll become a member of NRDC's Activist Network. We will keep you informed with the latest alerts and progress reports.
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The Effects Of Climate Change
Another change that has been predicted is that flowers will start to bloom earlier and generally that natural cycles will be disrupted. Whilst this might not harm some species and creatures for every winner there will be a loser and it may be that some simply cannot adjust to the new order and therefore there could be an increasing rate of extinctions which is bad news for all of us.
One of the impacts that it less well documented is to do with space junk. Space junk is staying in orbit longer than it used to which means that there is more of it there too. This is because the atmosphere is reducing in density at a certain key distance above the earth and therefore there is less molecular braking which means that the junk stays up there longer.
This is potentially significant as the more debris there is the more potential hazardous impacts there will be for other spacecraft.
More Green Household Related ArticlesWhat Is Geoengineering - An Explanation Of Geoengineering
Sell Energy That You Generate
Eco Friendly Appliances
Loft Insulation And Saving Energy
Green Product Ideas
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Scientists recently discovered five new species of armored spiders crawling through caves in Southeast China's Karst, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Armored spiders, part of the Tetrablemmidae family, are identifiable by the plate-like "armor" on their abdomens, Entomology Today reported.
Urgent: Do You Approve Or Disapprove of President Obama's Job Performance? Vote Now in Urgent Poll
"Distinguished by their peculiar armor-like abdominal pattern, these tropical and subtropical spiders are mainly collected from litter and soil, but like the newly described species some live in caves," according to Science Daily
. "Some cave species, but also some soil inhabitants, show typical adaptations of cave spiders, such as loss of eyes. The genus Tetrablemma, for example . . . is distinguished by having only four eyes."
A team of researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences made the armored spider discovery. Spearheaded by zoology professor Shuqiang Li, the group has trolled more than 2,000 caves in the South China Karst, upping the known spider species count from 2,300 to 4,300 over the last 10 years.
Last year, Li and his team identified two other species of cave spiders — the Trogloneta yuensis and Mysmena wawuensis.
"The spiders live in moist leaf litter and the obscure places such as moss and even caves and they prefer very humid habitats," Li said in a statement
last May. "Being extremely minute, up to 2 millimeters in total and having cryptic lifestyle these creatures become rather hard to find."
Editor's Note: ObamaCare Is Here. Are You Prepared?
© 2015 Newsmax. All rights reserved.
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Analysis essay of beowulf
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Have a plan in place in case a natural disaster or other hazard knocks out your business’s electricity or natural gas service.
- Identify energy utilities—The utilities that are absolutely necessary to running your business. How might a disaster impact the availability of those utilities?
- Determine backup options—Contact your utility companies to discuss potential backup options, such as portable generators to provide power.
- Learn how and when to turn off utilities—For example, if you turn off your natural gas, a professional technician must turn it back on. Learn more
- Consider using backup generators—Generators can power the most important aspects of your business in an emergency. This will involve:
- Determining how much power you’ll need to operate vital systems and equipment during an emergency;
- Choosing the best type of generator, such as a diesel- or natural gas-fueled generator, or a commercial-grade generator;
- Obtaining any necessary Federal, State, or local permits required to use a generator;
- Installing the generator according to manufacturer instructions, utility specifications, and building safety codes;
- Perhaps pre-wiring the generator to the building’s essential electrical equipment;
- Maintaining service contracts and periodically testing the backup system to make sure it works; and
- Maintaining adequate fuel supplies to power the backup system properly, and for several days if necessary.
Disclaimer: Because every emergency is different, it is important for your safety that you follow the directives of your state and local emergency management authorities and local utilities. The information provided on DOE's website is intended for general informational purposes only and is not an endorsement of any particular material or service. Before engaging in any activities that could impact utility services such as electricity or natural gas, contact your local utility to ensure that the activities are done safely.
For additional emergency-planning resources, visit the Federal Emergency Management Agency's website, ready.gov. State and local emergency management authorities and local utilities may also provide helpful guidance.
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GOOD POPLAR, PINE WHITE OAK LOGS BROUGHT $5 APIECE WHEN RAFTED DOWN THE CLINCH RIVER
By Dallas Bogan
Reprinted with Permission from Dallas Bogan. This article was published in the LaFollette Press.
Early river traffic was one of the chief transportation modes before the advent of modern vehicles in Tennessee. Pioneers living along the Clinch and Powell rivers utilized this method of shipping by cutting and rafting timber along these streams. This proved to be a moneymaking occupation for those so located. The rafts that were used as barges and scows were employed to transport iron ore and finished products, mussell shells, corn and other bulky materials to downstream landings. The building of flatboats proved not to be economical except in unusual instances, because they could be used only once. They proved to be impractical as far as floating them upstream.
The Powell River was never considered a navigable stream, while the Clinch River was negotiable from its mouth by steamboats to about sixty miles upstream to Clinton.
An early resident of the area had run the Clinch River periodically for thirty-two years. He stated that "those were hard times. Everybody had some timber and could get five dollars for a log of good poplar, pine and white oak, and a lot more for walnut in Chattanooga."
One trip this gentleman made mention of was that "It took us five days to reach Chattanooga. One raft was 265 feet long, 12 to 14 feet wide, and had 152 to 153 logs to a strand. We took enough grub for three days to Kingston (where the Clinch joined the Tennessee), tying up a night, and there we had to cook. There were seven men in our crew; sometimes there were twenty.
"There was no drinking on the rafts, but some after we reached Chattanooga. We had to be locked up in the cars (railroad) from Chattanooga to Knoxville.
"We sold our logs in Chattanooga to Mr. Hascue and he took them through the Suck to Pittsburg Landing."
Tradition says that in earlier years some locals floated log rafts all the way to New Orleans. Most, if not all, contained maple, cherry and black walnut to be made into fine furniture. Occasionally, iron moldings were rafted to this destination.
The Cumberland Gap Progress, published in Tazewell February 20, 1889, writes that "about fifty rafts went down Sycamore Saturday and Sunday." Reference to this "creek" is Big Sycamore Creek, located in Claiborne County.
Flatboats and keelboats were operated on the larger rivers. Merchandise was loaded at Knoxville or Nashville and floated to down river markets along the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi.
Evolution of the flatboat was at first canoes, piroques and rafts. The original flatboats were at first only from four to six feet in width, but soon were made much larger The construction was of green oak plank. No nails or iron was used in building them. The heavy oak planks were fastened by wooden pins to still heavier frames of timber.
The seams were at first closed with pitch or tar, but this being very expensive, tow or some other pliant substance was afterward used in caulking. Because of its con-struction, descending the river was the only practical way of navigating.
Flatboats in this period of time were of different varieties, they being named ark, barge, broadhorn, Kentucky boat, and New Orleans boat. These craft were useful in their own way, but the standard flatboat had preference over the others because of its size and practicality.
These rectangular shaped craft had generally boarded up sides from two to three feet high. The width and length had no standard size, the family generally set size preference. The lesser sort had no covering, but were provided with a shed in the rear for horses and cattle, and a cabin forward for the use of the owner and his family.
Propelling of these boats was a task in itself. All flatboats were propelled by "sweeps" which were mounted on the sides. They also consisted of a rudder and a short oar in front known as the "gouger."
A "hawser" was a strong rope which was mounted to a reel on board that could be attached to a tree stump on shore, which in turn allowed the boat to be wound ashore. The flatboat was designated as "the boat that never came back." It was broken up at the end of its journey and the lumber used for building houses, furniture, etc.
The first steamboat on the Cumberland, in 1819, the General Jackson, chugged up the river from New Orleans to Nashville and docked on March 11. A new transportation era was thus ushered in which made Nashville the shipping center of Tennessee. The dangerous Muscle Shoals lay between Knoxville and the Mississippi, which caused much of Knoxville's early commercial shipping to be passed on to Nashville. Steamboats eventually increased in size, which caused channels to be a problem.
Subsequently, the Tennessee legislature voted $150,000, in 1830, to be divided between road making and channel clearance. Subsequently, East Tennessee improved the channels of the Tennessee River and its major tributaries.
Eventually, the Cumberland River remained the main water artery into Middle Tennessee until the Illinois Central Railroad was built. The lower Tennessee River and the Mississippi immediately became an important link to the cotton-growing region.
The Atlas, on March 3, 1828, became the first steamboat to reach Knoxville. In 1831, during times of high water in autumn and spring, regular service on the upper Tennessee and Holston Rivers was utilized. In 1890 the Federal Government built two dams at Muscle Shoals which made navigation on the upper Tennessee possible the year round.
The State's waterways declined rapidly after 1900 because of other transportation methods, the railroad becoming the chief transporter of goods. However, waterway traffic along these rivers has been revived tremendously because of improved methods of mass freight-hauling by tug and barge fleet.
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Ca' d'Oro is a palace on the Grand Canal in Venice. One of the older palaces in the city, it is known as Ca' d'Oro ("golden house") due to the gilt and polychrome external decorations which once adorned its walls. The palace was built between 1428 and 1430 for the Contarini family, who provided Venice with eight Doges between 1043 and 1676. The architects of the Ca d'Oro were Giovanni Bon and his son Bartolomeo Bon. Following the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, the palace changed ownership several times. One 19th century owner, the ballet dancer Marie Taglioni, removed the Gothic stairway from the inner courtyard and also destroyed the ornate balconies overlooking the court.
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If by chance you are missing a basketball, you may be glad to know that it has been found in the Pacific Ocean.
It was there along with giant tangles of rope, sunken snack-food bags, a plastic six-pack ring and thousands upon thousands of plastic bags, billowing under the ocean surface like jellyfish.
And that's not all.
There is a floating garbage dump about the size of Africa created by Pacific currents now carrying refuse from North America, Asia and the islands, concentrating it into a swirl of flotsam estimated to contain 3.5 million tons of junk, 80 percent of which is plastic.
Charles Moore, founder of the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, is an independently wealthy man who decided to spend his life studying the ocean. Ten years ago he was credited with discovering The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the oceanic dump of the Pacific Rim.
His organization is dedicated to restoring the marine environment. Among the many items he has pulled out of the water include: melted milk crates, a suitcase, fistfuls of toothbrushes, golf balls, glue sticks and brightly colored plastic umbrella handles.
"They are throwaway products," Moore said. "They are cheap now. An umbrella used to be something you might keep for a lifetime. Now an umbrella is for one storm."
Moore has focused his study on an area of the garbage patch that is twice the size of Texas, about a thousand miles from North America near the Hawaiian islands.
Sailing his research catamaran named the Alguita, Moore and a small crew drag a trawling device through the garbage patch to study the content of ocean water.
They find what he describes as a "plastic soup." In some cases there is more plastic in the waters than plankton, the basic food organism of the ocean.
"It has some zooplankton. But overwhelmingly what we're seeing here are plastic particles," Moore said. "The ocean has become a plastic soup. This is the soup."
The problem with plastic in particular is that it doesn't quite float, and doesn't sink either. Sunlight and salt water slowly break it down until bags become shreds, and hard plastic breaks down into multi-colored chips.
"This is the new beach sand that we've seeing throughout the pacific islands," Moore said. "It's a sand made of plastic."
Mixed in with the plastic sand is a tiny bit of sand of volcanic origin and coral.
"Formerly we got sand by breaking down rock and coral. Now we're getting sand by breaking down plastic," he said.
Some of it comes from ships, some from fishing floats, and more still from Styrofoam buoys. But the majority of plastic garbage in the ocean comes from land: bottles and cups dropped in the street and washed by rain into the storm sewer, into the rivers and eventually into the ocean.
"The ocean is downhill from everywhere," Moore said. "Things blow and drift into the ocean. They degrade into these particles and then become part of the ocean's load. And the consequences of this are currently unknown."
But some obvious consequences are known.
Moore and his crew have found jellyfish, fouled and caught in rope. Birds and sea life mistake the plastic for food. Bags that looks like jellyfish could choke turtles. Albatross chicks have been killed by a diet of plastic bits.
And then there's the question of what happens when the plastic breaks down even further.
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- How does pollution affect intelligence?
- What are the effects of pollution Wikipedia?
- What are the effects of pollution on human health?
- What are the major causes of pollution?
- What are the effects of pollution?
- What are the 10 causes of air pollution?
- What are 3 causes of water pollution?
- What are the causes and effects of radioactive pollution?
- How can we prevent pollution essay?
- What are the causes and effects of water pollution?
- What is 150 word pollution?
- What are the 5 effects of air pollution?
- How do humans cause pollution?
- What is conclusion of pollution?
- How does pollution affect us essay?
- What is the essay of pollution?
- What are the causes and effects of pollution?
- How we can reduce pollution?
How does pollution affect intelligence?
Chronic exposure to air pollution could be linked to cognitive performance, a new study in China suggests.
Researchers believe that the negative impact increases with age, and affects men with less education the worst..
What are the effects of pollution Wikipedia?
Human health Adverse air quality can kill many organisms, including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion.
What are the effects of pollution on human health?
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Both short and long term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts. More severe impacts affect people who are already ill.
What are the major causes of pollution?
21.3. Causes of environmental pollutionUrbanization and industrialization. Since the era of industrial revolution, man has continued to introduce hazardous materials into the environment at an alarming rate. … Mining and exploration. … Agricultural activities. … Burning of fossil fuels. … Particulate matter. … Plastics.
What are the effects of pollution?
Pollution may muddy landscapes, poison soils and waterways, or kill plants and animals. Humans are also regularly harmed by pollution. Long-term exposure to air pollution, for example, can lead to chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer and other diseases.
What are the 10 causes of air pollution?
10 Causes of Air PollutionCombustion from Industry. Almost all of the common air pollutants can be produced by industrial processes. … Transportation Emissions. … Agriculture Side-Effects. … Home Heating. … Home Cooking. … Volcano Eruptions. … Forest Fires. … Tobacco Smoke.More items…
What are 3 causes of water pollution?
Discharge of domestic and industrial effluent wastes, leakage from water tanks, marine dumping, radioactive waste and atmospheric deposition are major causes of water pollution. Heavy metals that disposed off and industrial waste can accumulate in lakes and river, proving harmful to humans and animals.
What are the causes and effects of radioactive pollution?
The radioactive substances produce energy which is so strong that the living cells are damaged or destroyed. People working with radioactive elements develop tumors. Radioactive elements like strontium-90 affects our soil. Through this, human beings and animals are also affected adversely.
How can we prevent pollution essay?
Use natural fertilisers for vegetations. Next, dispose of hazardous materials, such as paint, motor oil and toxics responsibly. Do not litter, especially in or near water resources. Organise a community clean up event near a river or lake to raise awareness to public.
What are the causes and effects of water pollution?
On human health. To put it bluntly: Water pollution kills. … Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera, giardia, and typhoid.
What is 150 word pollution?
Pollution is the process of making the environment pollute the water and the air by adding harmful substances. … Pollution causes an imbalance in the environment. This imbalance threatened the very survival of all forms of life. It’s a threat to the whole world.
What are the 5 effects of air pollution?
10 Serious Effects of Air Pollution on the EnvironmentGlobal Warming.Climate Change.Acid Rain.Smog effect.Deterioration of fields.Extinction of animal species.Respiratory health problems.Deterioration in building materials.More items…•
How do humans cause pollution?
Human activity is a major cause of air pollution, especially in large cities. Human air pollution is caused by things such as factories, power plants, cars, airplanes, chemicals, fumes from spray cans, and methane gas from landfills. One of the ways that humans cause the most air pollution is by burning fossil fuels.
What is conclusion of pollution?
CONCLUSIONS ON POLLUTION. Much is being done to control, monitor and rectify damage done by pollutants. The problems are diverse and some are only being recognised but it is important to keep a close control over pollutants so that we can maintain the environment in an acceptable condition for future generations.
How does pollution affect us essay?
People release a huge amount of chemical substances in the air every day. The effects of air pollution are alarming. It causes global warming, acid rains, respiratory and heart problems, and eutrophication. … Water pollution is able to lead our world on a path of destruction.
What is the essay of pollution?
Water Pollution happens when toxic substances get mixed in various water bodies such as lakes, oceans, rivers etc. Here toxic substances mean Chemical fertilizer, Industrial waste, Sewage and wastewater, Mining activities, Marine dumping etc.
What are the causes and effects of pollution?
High levels of air pollution can cause an increased risk of heart attack, wheezing, coughing, and breathing problems, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Air pollution can also cause worsening of existing heart problems, asthma, and other lung complications.
How we can reduce pollution?
On Days when High Particle Levels are Expected, Take these Extra Steps to Reduce Pollution:Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment.
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COMMON NAME: Job's Tears
LATIN NAME: Coix Lacryma-Jobi
ORIGIN: South-East Asia
HABITAT: Many species of Job's Tears grow under the natural conditions of the tropics and subtropics in South-East Asia. The plant is cultivated in the Philippines, in the countries of North America.
In the wild, it grows along the banks of rivers, along with the herbs of marshy meadows.
In the countries of South-East Asia, in the mountain regions Job's Tears is grown as a food plant, since there is a low yield of other cereals. Coix Lacryma-Jobi is grown as an ornamental cereal.
BOTANICAL INFORMATION: Job's Tears (lat. Coix Lacryma-Jobi) is a small genus of tropical herbaceous plants. Job's Tears belongs to the Gramineae family.
Coix genus is represented by perennial or annual plants, growing mainly in the subtropical and tropical strip. They have leafy dense up-stream stems up to 60 cm in height. The leaves are long, light green in color, resemble cane or corn leaves. Inflorescences are axillary, complex, racemose, formed from the leaf angle of the upper leaves.
Job's Tears is a monoecious plant. Its inflorescences carry stamen and pistil spikelets at the end of long stalks. Flowering of the herb is observed in August-September. The fruit of Job's Tears is up to 1.5 cm in diameter, ovoid or spherical, shiny on top, very dense, resembles a stone, pearl grayish or yellowish-white in color, when it ripens, it becomes blue or brown.
Coix Lacryma-Jobi has a rich vitamin and mineral composition. It contains carbohydrates, amino acids (glutamic acid), fatty unsaturated acids (oleic and linoleic) and saturated - palmitic, stearic acid, lipids, cuaxenolide, cuaxol, sitosterol. Among vitamins, a high content of B1, A , E, B2, C, phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese. The plant has a high nutritional value. It contains fats - 2.7 g, proteins - 14.8 g, carbohydrates - 67.0 g, plant fibers - about 4.0 g.
Job's Tears has many synonymous names, in particular “plant pearls”, “the Virgin Mary tears”, which is explained by the similarity of the shape of the fruit to beads, tears.
The name Job’s Tears is somewhat biblical. Coix Lacryma-Jobi plant received its name in honor of Job the Long-suffering, from the book of Job in the Bible.
Coix grains are notable for the fact that they do not lose their useful properties during processing and are easily digested. They are used to make soups and cereals.
*This article is for informational purposes only. We suggest consulting with a physician before using these or any other herbal supplements.
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Choose a comfortable place in your local library where you are away from distractions and you can focus on the work that needs to be done. Try using the card catalog and computers available to make your search easier.
If you aren’t familiar with what a research paper is, let me give you’re a rundown of the definition: a research paper is a form of academic writing that has theoretical and substantial information that has gone through the proper process of in-depth research. It could contain arguments based on a thesis with significant evidence from a variety of supporting and reliable sources.
So you have all of this information, now what to do with it? Step four is all about getting organized. Like research, different people have different preferences here. It can also depend on your assignment. Some sort of bibliography (literally “book writing,” this is a list of the books, articles, and other sources you have used in your research) is helpful when it comes to organizing your research.
Don’t be afraid to ask a question; in fact, don’t be afraid to ask your instructor lots of questions! However, do remember to be respectful of them, their time, and efforts. It is important to follow any directions that you have been given by your teacher or professor, to take responsibility and not expect them to do your work for you, and to listen to the answers and advice they share with you.
It’s important to be engaged in the topic you’re writing about it, but you don’t have to love it. It’s also good to realize that you can use this research writing assignment as an opportunity to learn about something new. You will be somewhat of an expert in the topic by the end of this process, but you don’t have to know everything right now.
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"Insulins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of GLUCOSE by cells within organs such as LIVER, MUSCLE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. During normal metabolism insulins are produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS in response to increased GLUCOSE. Natural and chemically-modified forms of insulin are also used in the treatment of GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDERS such as DIABETES MELLITUS.
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Insulins".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Insulins".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Insulins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Insulins" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.
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To return to the timeline, click here.
Below are the most recent publications written about "Insulins" by people in Profiles.
Fan EY, Crawford AS, Nguyen T, Judelson D, Learned A, Chan J, Schanzer A, Simons JP, Jones DW. Hemoglobin A1c monitoring practices before lower extremity bypass in patients with diabetes vary broadly and do not predict outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2022 07; 76(1):255-264.
Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, Liu X, Jones R, Haran J, McCormick B, Sampson TR, Alam A, Ye K. Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer's disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut. 2022 11; 71(11):2233-2252.
Chrudinov? M, Moreau F, Noh HL, P?n?kov? T, ??kov? L, Friedline RH, Valenzuela FA, Kim JK, Jir?cek J, Kahn CR, Altindis E. Characterization of viral insulins reveals white adipose tissue-specific effects in mice. Mol Metab. 2021 02; 44:101121.
Barry K, Slawson DC, Shaughnessy AF. Evidence to Avoid Overtesting and Overuse in Diabetes Mellitus and Other Diseases. Am Fam Physician. 2020 11 15; 102(10):583-584.
Thulasingam S, Krishnasamy S, Raj C D, Lasch M, Vedantham S, Deindl E. Insulin Treatment Forces Arteriogenesis in Diabetes Mellitus by Upregulation of the Early Growth Response-1 (Egr-1) Pathway in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 05; 20(13).
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Great tools to help students learn how to craft evidence-based arguments in writing explore this apps, games, and sites for persuasive and argumentative writing. Helpful tips for writing a successful persuasive essay how to write a persuasive essay steps will provide you with the knowledge and tools you need to. Here are 24 thought-provoking prompts to jump-start persuasive writing essay writing is an essential right tools to make teaching informative writing a. Help your child write a persuasive essay in every grade and learn tips on persuasive writing.
Persuasive essay outline outline – the outline for persuasive essay consists of three major parts: introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The lost tools of writing syllabus 2011–2012 a-1 rudimentary persuasive arrangement: from ani to a-3 intro persuasive essay: outline e-2 scheme 1. Lost tools of writing - due january 17 2014 the students were reminded that every form of writing is contained in the persuasive essay lost_tools_for.
31 powerful persuasive writing techniques here are 17 persuasive writing techniques that are a combination of they’re your strongest tools for. Tools for writing a persuasive essay, while the focus of this project is the creation of a persuasive essay, the step of the writing process and includes tutorials. I ask chn to think of persuasive writing as a gift for differentiation, i make a large box and put into it one medium-sized box on the label of the large box i.
The vehicle for teaching these skills is the persuasive essay, but skills learned will transfer over to most other types of writing the lost tools of writing:. This is a great sample of the persuasive essay for high school in high school, regular exams have essay writing test and those who prefer persuasive essay, should go. When you start teaching the lost tools of writing you notice early that almost all of level one is devoted to teaching the persuasive essay you might think this.
Practice essay writing online with these resources that build skills in how to write a thesis the persuasive essay, free resources for writing essays. Ten timeless persuasive writing techniques sat essay says so stories are potentially very powerful tools for copywriters. Writing persuasive essays • an essay planning tool • an essay writing students must have a assignment code to use persuadestar to write. Are you writing a persuasive essay and you find yourself lost one of the key tools in effective writing is an essay outline outlines are usually presented in three. How to write an argumentative essay thus giving it the name argumentative essay using tools such as between argumentative and persuasive essay writing.
Guide to writing a persuasive essay structure and organization are integral components of an effective persuasive essay. The tools you need to write a quality essay or term paper when using persuasive techniques sympathy, guilt, fear, persuasive essay writing help. In writing persuasive papers, the goal is to convince your audience your point of view is valid or your ideas are credible greek philosopher aristotle outlines three. Have you been assigned a persuasive essay writing task and have no idea how to do it here's a list with 18 persuasive essay topics ideas which tools back.
Persuasive writing intends to convince readers to believe in an idea and to do an action many writings such as critics, reviews, reaction papers, editorials. Great collection of paper writing guides and free samples ask our experts to get writing help submit your essay for analysis. The persuasion tools model can help you improve your negotiation, influencing and leadership skills writing meeting notes running teleconferences. The purpose of a persuasive essay is to convince the reader to agree with your viewpoint or to accept your recommendation for a course of action for instance, you.
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World-famous destinations, such as Mykonos and Santorini, are instantly recognizable in photographs, in part thanks to their distinctive architecture. Influencers love to be photographed in front of whitewashed island houses with blue touches and doors. But why are the houses of the Greek islands blue and white?
Table of Contents
Many people recognize blue and white as the emblematic colors of Greece. They are the colors of the flag. They are also the colors of the bright sea and the sky, synonymous with the beautiful Mediterranean.
However, in the Cycladic islands, the houses' characteristic blue and white color is not based on the symbolism of the colors within Greece. In fact, there were several reasons behind this emblematic feature of Greek island architecture, and most of them were pretty practical.
With the iconic island houses of Greece standing proud under the bright sky and the Mediterranean sun, the choice of using blue and white seems almost natural. However, at least initially, the picturesque buildings of the Greek islands had to be "painted" with these colors not for aesthetics but of necessity. Keep reading to find out why!
As a way of cooling the Greek island houses in the summer
Amorgos island - credits: Kite_rin/Shutterstock.com
However, the stones were usually dark in color. This was a problem during the sunny Greek summers. The dark rocks absorbed the sunlight that fell on the houses, making the interior unbearably warm.
What’s more, the white color of the houses, also protects the environment. According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, if the roofs of houses were painted white, the temperature of the cities would drop significantly and the harsh effects of climate change would be postponed for a while.
How cholera affected the design of the houses
Akrotiri - credits: Pat_Photographies/Pixabay.com
Then, in 1938, a national decree accelerated the spread of this new aesthetic design. At that time, Greece suffered from a cholera epidemic during the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas. To curb the disease, he ordered citizens to whitewash their homes.
This may sound strange today, but back then, the pain of the houses contained limestone. Limestone is a powerful disinfectant, and not many others were widely used at that time. Thus, Greek citizens whitewashed their homes to disinfect them and reduce the spread of cholera.
What about the blue color of the houses of the Greek islands?
Santorini - credits: EzPzPics/Pixabay.com
Although blue is the most common color for doors and shutters in the islands of the Cyclades, it is not the only one. In fact, if you walk on many islands, you will notice tones of red, green, and brown in addition to blue. However, the vivid blue color still dominates the Cycladic landscape. Why is this happening;
Well, that has to do with cost. After painting their boat, the fishers and other sailors painted their windows and shutters with whatever was leftover. And because of the elements used to create it, blue was usually the cheapest paint color.
The blue used in the houses of the Greek islands was made from a mixture of limestone and a cleaning product called 'indigo.' The indigo was a type of blue talc that most of the islanders easily had at home. Therefore, blue was a very easy color to make.
The military dictatorship imposed the coloring of the Greek islands.
Santorini - credits: JonHoefer-pixabay.com
The beautiful colors of the houses of the Greek islands became mandatory during the military dictatorship that occupied Greece in 1967.
The regime believed that the colors inspired patriotism and reflected Greek nationalism. Finally, in 1974 they passed a law that imposed the painting of houses on the Greek islands in blue and white.
Although these regulations have now been relaxed, the blue and white colors of the Greek islands have become a massive attraction for travelers.
Wandering today in the Cycladic islands, visitors can easily find houses with authentic stones in the color of the earth or slightly different colors. However, blue and white still dominate the design of the Greek islands, as well as the image that people around the world have of the Greek islands.
White and blue on the Greek flag
Thira - credits: SofiaPapageorge/Pixabay.com
As you know, the Greek flag consists of the cross, the symbol of the Orthodox religion, and its colors are blue and white. The choices of the above were not random but had their significance. So do you know why the Greek flag has nine stripes and is blue and white?
Back at the National Assembly in Epidaurus in 1822, blue and white were introduced as the colors of the Greek flag.
It is speculated that they avoided red and green because they were associated with the Islamic Ottoman Empire. According to another theory, the color choices were made to symbolize the blue of the Aegean Sea and the white of the waves.
Also - regarding the white color - it is claimed that it indicates the pure purpose of the Greeks with their sole goal of liberation and independence of the nation.
As for the nine stripes of the flag, they symbolize the syllables of the phrase 'freedom or death.' The five blue stripes consist of the syllables of the word 'freedom' -'eleftheria'- and the four white ones 'or death' -'e thanatos.'
Surprisingly, the consistent design of the houses has nothing to do with the meaning behind the colors of the Greek flag. They all form a beautiful landscape, dare we say Instagrammable, but the truth is not so viral. The rich heritage of Greece hides a world of fun facts most people are unaware of.
Now that you know the secrets behind the trademark colors of the Greek islands, it's time to book your trip to them to get a first-hand look, don't you think? The brightness of white and blue emits an optimistic image and sets the mood for an idyllic vacation!
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Your family can fight invasive species—by eating them
How to spot edible invasive plants, plus kid-friendly recipes
Matthew Bruckner and his two kids spent a Maine vacation eating wild blueberries straight from the bush. Returning home, they wondered what else they might forage. Soon the Washington, D.C., family found wild blackberries in the alley behind their house, in dirt patches around the city, and in a nearby natural urban woodland.
It turns out the foraging wasn’t just family fun—it was helping rid the neighborhood of an invasive species.
Invasive species are plants, animals, and other organisms that aren’t native to an area and are harming the ecosystem. These invaders often don’t have animals that eat them in their new environment, allowing them to outcompete native organisms or alter the habitat.
According to research recently published in Science of the Total Environment, invasive plants and animals cause an estimated $21 billion in damage each year in the United States, mostly due to the harm they cause to crops. And according to the National Wildlife Federation, 42 percent of threatened or endangered species are at risk because of an invasive species.
One way people are fighting back against these non-native threats? By eating them. “It’s about getting people outside in nature to learn about the history of the area and the potential damage that invasive species can cause,” says conservation biologist Joe Roman, who runs Eat the Invaders.
Foraging for invasive plants with your family can get kids outside and teach them about protecting the planet. Here are four invasive species to look for—and how you can convince kids to eat them.
Invasive species: Himalayan blackberries
Why they’re bad news: Brought to California in the 1880s by a botanist trying to create new varieties of fruits and veggies, the Himalayan blackberry quickly spread as birds and other animals ate the fruit and dropped the seeds. Native to Armenia, their thorny thickets smother grasses and other plants, block access through the woods for humans and wildlife, and injure livestock.
Where to find them: These bushes grow in early summer along the edges of forests and farm fields and in urban backyards and parks. They’re widespread in the Pacific Northwest and California but are also invasive in some areas of the Southwest, Midwest, and East Coast.
Getting kids to eat them: Blackberries shouldn’t be too hard, but these invasives aren’t as sweet as cultivated blackberries. So they’re best in baked goods like muffins. Beat ⅔ cup sugar, ½ cup Greek yogurt, ⅓ cup vegetable oil, 1 egg, and 1 teaspoon vanilla extract until fully combined. Then mix 1 cup flour, ½ teaspoon baking powder, ½ teaspoon salt, and ¼ teaspoon baking soda in a bowl. Combine wet and dry ingredients and then fold in 1 cup rinsed Himalayan blackberries. Put the batter into a muffin tin and bake at 350°F for 25 minutes.
Invasive species: sow thistle
Why it’s bad news: Sow thistle looks a lot like the also-edible dandelion, but it’s much more destructive. (Dandelions are non-native but not considered invasive.) Its creeping roots crowd out useful crops and suck the soil of water and nitrogen. Native to Europe and western Asia, sow thistle probably arrived as seeds that were accidentally mixed with farm seeds brought over on purpose.
Where to find it: In spring and summer, sow thistle grows in forests, meadows, and riverbanks all over North America. Pull them up by the roots and throw the parts of the plants you don’t use in the trash (not the compost, where it might spread) to keep them from growing back.
Getting kids to eat it: Try sow thistle in a cheesy quesadilla. Sauté 1 cup rinsed sow thistle leaves in 1 teaspoon of olive oil, then set aside. Place a flour tortilla in a pan, spread 1 cup shredded cheese over the tortilla, then add the greens. Heat until the cheese is melted and the tortilla begins to brown, then fold it on top of itself.
Invasive species: kudzu
Why it’s bad news: This vine was brought to the United States from Japan in 1876 to help control erosion. But kudzu can grow up to a foot a day, overshadowing grass, shrubs, seedlings, and even mature trees. That deprives these plants of the light they need to photosynthesize.
Where to find it: The vine’s fragrant purple flowers grow from July to September, but its leaves, roots, and vine tips are available all year. It sprouts in forests from Texas to Massachusetts, as well as in Oregon and Washington. Avoid harvesting from the side of a highway or in manicured areas like golf courses, where herbicides might be used.
Getting kids to eat it: Foraging is hard work—quench kids’ thirst with some kudzu lemonade. Combine 1½ cups sugar and 8 cups water in a pot and bring to a simmer. When the sugar fully dissolves, remove mixture from heat and add 4 cups rinsed kudzu flowers. Let it steep for an hour at room temperature, then strain the liquid to remove the flowers. Add 1 cup lemon juice and serve this pink drink over ice. (You can also boil the leaves and eat them like spinach.)
Invasive species: watercress
Why it’s bad news: Native to Europe, settlers introduced this plant for food. But it soon spread along the edges of waterways and even on the water’s surface, blocking out native plants.
Where to find it: Common along rivers, creeks, and other areas with cold-flowing water, watercress grows in almost all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Harvest it in spring and fall from the water’s edge of a running stream; make sure to rinse thoroughly. (Before foraging, familiarize yourself with water hemlock. It doesn’t look like watercress, but it’s poisonous and sometimes grows in similar areas.)
Getting kids to eat it: Turn the species invasion into a British invasion with some proper watercress sandwiches. Slather white sandwich bread with butter, mayonnaise, or cream cheese, then top with watercress, salt, and pepper. Cut off the crusts for a tea-party look.
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Image of Faith in Islam Essay
Image of Faith in Islam
This paper elucidates the meaning of faith in Islam and the image and branches related to it. The paper is based on the saying by Prophet Mohammad P. B. U. H regarding faith and the branches of faith. The seventy branches mentioned in the saying and the highest and lowest of these branches are discussed in this paper. The highest branch mentioned is to believe and say that there is no God but Allah and the lowest of these branches is to remove a harmful object from the path.
Muslims follow this saying in various ways and this is reflected in other sayings from the Prophet and in the Quran. The meaning of faith has been depicted in various verses of the Quran and different sayings of the Holy Prophet P. B. U. H. Muslims follow this saying as an approach to carrying out the day to day functions of life. According to the saying by Prophet Mohammed P. B. U. H “Faith has over seventy branches, and modesty is a branch of faith” (Muslim, 1971). This meaning of faith for Muslims is very important as it provides them with a code of life.
The number sixty or seventy does not mean an exact number of branches it just implies that in Islam the branches of faith are multiple. The highest branch is to say there is only one God frees a human being from worship to all other deities like idols, animals or any other being. This is the foundation of Islam which indicates there is no God but Allah and Muslims worship only one God.
It should be noticed that modesty has been given special emphasis in the saying by the Prophet P. B. U. H; it is mentioned because it provides protection against deeds like theft, adultery, abusive language and other such wrong doings (As-sidq. org, 2006). The Muslims lead their lives based on this very saying as the highest and lowest levels or branches of Islam are mentioned as the belief in one God and the removal of a harmful object from the path, this would mean anything between these branches is the code of life for the Muslims. This is symbolic to Islam as this provides the overall functionality of people who follow Islam. Islam is depicted as a religion of peace and harmony.
If we consider the last branch which is the removal of a harmful object from the path signifies the wellbeing of other people who might use the same path at a later time. If this is the lowest branch then the higher branches would have more consideration for the well being of other people and this is the core of Islam. Islam is a religion symbolic of consideration and courtesy for others and all Muslims are regarded as brothers to each other. If all the Muslims have the same consideration for one another then Islam as a society would be an entity where people live to achieve harmony through cooperation and coordination.
University/College: University of Arkansas System
Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter
Date: 24 September 2016
Let us write you a custom essay sample on Image of Faith in Islam
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As discussed in our blog last week: THE COCONUT KITCHEN - The importance of coconut superfoods - the essential addition to our diets is to cook with Odourless Coconut Oil (removing processed inflammatory vegetable oils from corn, soya, canola, sunflower etc.). While this may sound controversial to many, the truth about the damaging effects of excessive processed vegetable oils is now extremely well understood, read on!
The vegetable oil industry from the US and EU has huge lobbying powers that they have used to discredit tropical oils for over 40 years while covering up through powerful misinformation campaigns the damaging effects to health of excess oxidized Omega 6 vegetable oils that they are pushing on consumers around the world. Dietary researchers are realizing that the excessively high ratio of these oxidized polyunsaturated omega 6 fatty acids in our diets is the most damaging aspect promoting heart disease and a range of other inflammatory diseases.
Excessive Linoleic Acid is considered the main culprit and we should choose those cooking oils that are lowest in Linoleic acid to return to a proper balance in our diet. In the table below, the Linoleic Acid content of common cooking oils and fats is given in BLUE. To return to a state of balance in fatty acids consumption between Omega 3, Omega 6, Omega 9 and Medium Chain Fatty Acids, these high Linoleic Acid oils should be avoided. Instead we should cook with those oils lowest in Linoleic Acid and highest in heat tolerant saturated fats, in particular Coconut Oil, Butter and Palm Oil.
When we eat fresh avocados, nuts and seeds we consume unheated Linoleic Acid in sufficient quantities and it is not harmful, the issue here is that the excessive use of oxidized Linoleic Acid from heated vegetable oils transforms it into toxic inflammatory compounds that promote both chronic disease and obesity. It is estimated that today we consume around 10x more Linoleic than our ancestors ever have before us that is a major contributing factor to the modern epidemic of chronic preventable health issues. Much of what is commonly blamed on the "Western Diet" is in fact only an issue of cooking with the wrong oils. While most people have now stopped using hydrogenated vegetable oils (margarines) as they have gradually learnt of the dangers, the next step is to do the same and to completely avoid using these high Linoleic vegetable oils in any form in your kitchen!
The wonderful thing about Organic certified Odourless Coconut Oil is that it is processed to remove the coconut aroma and taste via purely mechanical means, meaning that no chemicals are used in the process. Organic certified refined coconut oil uses activated carbon (from coconut husks) and bentonite clay to remove the aroma and colour pigments. This is why we should always look for the organic logo to be sure it is a chemical free process! Odourless coconut oil is suitable for every kind of cooking and while it is tasteless it does impart a richness to whatever you cook that everyone will love. Because of its high heat tolerance and resistance to oxidation it is also perfect for any cooking that involves high heat, and should be the only oil used for deep frying.
The chart here may also assist to better understand the difference between the various kinds of fats and oils. In particular, those that are heat tolerant are only the Medium Chain and Long Chain Saturated Fats while all the unsaturated fats are highly unstable and rapidly oxidize when heated and are best used only in their cold-pressed or natural state and not used for cooking.
To read more about the damaging health effects of oxidized Omega 6 polyunsaturated oils and Linoleic Acid, see here.
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Bioinformatics is the application of computational tools to answer questions in molecular and systems biology. It is an interdisciplinary field involving computer science, statistics, mathematics and biology. Biological fields in which bioinformatics is heavily used include structural biology, genomics, molecular evolution, cellular systems biology, medicine, and pharmacology. Bioinformatics also provides practical tools for data management and analysis, such as genome browsers, sequence assembly and analysis, sequence alignment, database search, prediction protein function and structure, and visualization of biological data. Finally, bioinformatics also provides practical solutions to immediate biological and medical questions such as identifying proteins for drug therapy or predicting the phenotypic effects of mutations.
- Iddo Friedberg, MS, Ph.D.
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Germs are easily spread throughout office environments especially a medical practice. Most offices are not that large so this leads to being in close quarters with co-workers, so it’s no wonder how quickly flu and colds are spread throughout the office. Health hazards are often present in places where you would least expect it. Knowing what actions to take can protect you and your co-workers.1. Keep Your Desk CleanThere was a research study done in at the University of Arizona which found that an office desk has 400 times more bacteria than a toilet seat. The study also showed that women’s desks were four times more contaminated than men’s. The reason for this is that women often apply make-up at their desks; they eat their lunch, and use lotions and creams that allow germs to spread more easily.Clean your desk often. Use antibacterial sprays, rubbing alcohol or any type of bacteria fighting cleaner. Clean your computer keyboard and handset of the phone. Food should not be stored at your desk and you should avoid eating at your desk.2. Use Antibacterial Hand SanitizerYou shake hands with co-workers; handle your cell phone, wallet, and many other items throughout your work day. These can all cause germs to quickly spread throughout the close area that is shared between all the staff.Wash your hands regularly with warm water and soap throughout the day, and keep a bottle of antibacterial hand sanitizer handy as well. By using this, it can help to kill any bacteria and kill any germs that are present and in turn this will help to avoid contracting a virus and getting sick.3. Clean the Break Room RegularlyIf there is a coffee machine present and used often, it should be cleaned everyday if used. This should be done with warm water and soap instead of just rinsing it out. If there is a refrigerator, staff members should place their food there and not at their desk. It should stay there until it’s time for lunch. It’s important to keep the break room clean at all times. Make a cleaning schedule designating a day when each employee is responsible for sweeping and wiping down the hard surfaces with an antibacterial solution. Make sure the break room supplies are stocked such as dishwashing liquid, paper towels, all-purpose spray, at all times. All appliances should be wiped down as well.It may take a little time from the staff’s busy day, but it will make all the difference in the world. Following these easy steps this will cut down on germs being spread and in turn staff members avoid getting sick.
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FMCD 2213 Assignment: Match the Theories
Explain your answer on each.
Sigmund Freud Information Processing Theory Social Learning Theory Behaviorist Theory Jean Piaget Erik Erikson
1. In everyday life, unconscious ideas are struggling for expression, what might seem as slips of tongue are actually expressions of real, though unacknowledged, motivations.
2. Humans are limited in how much information they can process at any given time.
3. Cognitive thought develop in four qualitatively different stages, ranging from exploring with the senses and motor abilities to abstract, logical thinking.
4. Psychology is the science of behavior and as such deals only with observable acts that can be objectively described in terms such as stimulus and response.
5. People learn from observing other people.
6. Development is lifelong and involves a number of psychosocial tasks.
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This 2002 photo shows the main cantilever span of the Maurice J. Tobin Bridge (US 1) from the Mystic River waterfront in Chelsea. (Photo by Jim K. Georges.)
REQUIEM FOR THE OLD CHELSEA NORTH BRIDGE: Plans for a high-level fixed highway span across the Mystic River between Charlestown and Chelsea date back to 1933, when a state legislative commission recommended its construction. At that time, motorists depended on the Chelsea North Bridge, a two-lane swing span built in 1910 that connected Chelsea Street in Charlestown with Broadway in Chelsea.
With the commonwealth lacking funds during the Great Depression, it decided instead to rehabilitate the existing Chelsea North Bridge. The bridge was closed during much of 1935 while the steel swing span was refurbished and the steel roadway deck (supported by heavy timber trestles) was rebuilt. The bridge reopened the following year, but it did not take long before a major shipping accident shut down the span once again. In May 1936, the freighter Californian rammed into the bridge's draw section and caused significant structural damage.
PART OF A HIGHWAY LINK TO THE NORTH SHORE: The surge in traffic that came with the end of World War II brought a new sense of urgency to local and state officials to build a new fixed span across the Mystic River. The surge in postwar traffic volume from the developing North Shore suburbs, combined with the frequent openings (as many as 7,000 per year) of the Chelsea Street swing span resulted in a traffic nightmare. It was estimated that 54% of the traffic accidents in Chelsea were attributed to congestion leading to the bridge.
In 1946, the Massachusetts State Legislature set up an independent commission to finance and build the Mystic River Bridge. The proposed bridge was incorporated into the state's plans for express highway network serving Boston and its environs, and was to connect the Central Artery with the Northeast Expressway.
The new bridge also was planned to relieve congestion on the two-lane Sumner Tunnel. From the Master Highway Plan for the Boston Metropolitan Area:
In considering the need for an expressway to the northeast, it was found that one expressway between these two routes could serve this entire area. This location coincides with that now being developed for the new six-lane, high-level Mystic River (Tobin) Bridge between Charlestown and Chelsea. At the present time, a considerable amount of traffic that would otherwise use this proposed route travels via MA 1A and the Sumner Tunnel due to the congestion encountered in passing through Charlestown and Chelsea via the Mystic River Bridge. When the new Northeast Expressway is completed, a large portion of this traffic would be diverted from the Sumner Tunnel because of the more direct route provided. Therefore, the new Northeast Expressway will furnish needed relief for the Sumner Tunnel.
The superstructure was built under the auspices of the Mystic River Bridge Authority (later part of the Massachusetts Port Authority, or Massport), while the expressway approaches were designed under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (MassDPW).
DESIGN AND CONSTURCTION: To accommodate navigable vessels on the Mystic River, engineers designed a cantilever bridge with a main span of 800 feet. The bridge has a minimum clearance of 135 feet above the Mystic River. Concrete piers support from below the steel superstructure of the cantilever bridge. Two large concrete piers, each dug 85 feet beneath sea level, also provide support for the span's 254-foot-tall towers. The maximum height of the truss on the main Mystic River span is 115 feet.
A smaller Warren-truss span was designed to carry traffic over the Little Mystic River. The Warren truss has a main span length of 439 feet, and because the Little Mystic is less heavily trafficked by navigable vessels, the truss has a minimum clearance of only 100 feet above the water. Two concrete piers support each end of the Warren-truss span. The maximum height of the truss on the Little Mystic River span is 65 feet.
The approaches are comprised of 36 plate-girder spans on the Chelsea side of the bridge, and 32 plate-girder spans on the Charlestown side of the bridge. A 12-span plate-girder bridge, on which the southbound toll plaza is located, connects the cantilever (Mystic River) and Warren-truss (Little Mystic River) span. Each of the plate-girder spans has an average length of about 100 feet. Steel piers support each of the viaduct spans.
The bridge was designed with two vehicular traffic decks: the upper deck for southbound traffic, the lower deck for northbound traffic. Each of the traffic decks is 36 feet wide, and both decks are flanked by three-foot-wide emergency walkways. On the 12-span toll plaza, the roadway of the upper deck widens to 102 feet to accommodate seven toll collection lanes. (At the time of the bridge's opening, the 15-cent tolls also were collected on the lower level.) One consideration in favor of building a double-deck bridge was that it required the condemnation of fewer properties.
After two years of construction, the Mystic River Bridge opened to traffic on February 27, 1950. In the years immediately following the opening of the span, connections were constructed to the Central Artery (I-93 and US 1) and the Northeast Expressway (US 1). During its first full year of operation, the bridge carried approximately 13.5 million vehicles. The original plan called for Massport to remove the tolls and hand over jurisdiction of the bridge to the commonwealth once the last of the $27 million in bonds were retired in 1978.
RENAMED TO HONOR GOVERNOR TOBIN: In 1967, the Mystic River Bridge was renamed in honor of Maurice J. Tobin, former Boston mayor and Massachusetts governor. During his one term in office (1945-1946), Tobin created Massport and ordered construction of the Mystic River Bridge. Tobin went on to serve as labor secretary under President Harry Truman before he died in 1953.
LEFT: This 2002 photo shows the cantilever span of the Tobin Bridge from the Charlestown side of the Mystic Bridge. Note the elevated toll plaza on the upper deck of the viaduct. RIGHT: This 2002 photo shows the truss span over the Little Mystic River from the Charlestown side of the bridge. (Photos by Jim K. Georges.)
ONCE PART OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM: The Federal Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) included the bridge part of the preliminary Interstate highway network in 1955, and soon received the I-95 designation. In 1973, the I-95 designation on the bridge was removed following the cancellation of "Lynn Woods" section of the Northeast Expressway. The US 1 designation first appeared on the bridge in 1976.
COLLAPSE SHUTS DOWN SPAN: On September 10, 1973, an overloaded truck traveling northbound on the Tobin Bridge rammed into a support beam, knocking the southbound deck on the viaduct section onto the northbound deck and creating a traffic mess. The collapse shut down the bridge for more than two months as worked repaired both decks of the collapsed viaduct section. The bridge finally reopened to traffic on December 1, 1973.
TURNPIKE AUTHORITY SEEKS TO BUY BRIDGE, BUT THEN BALKS: During the mid-1990s, Governor William Weld proposed ambitious legislation to resolve funding troubles on the Central Artery-Tunnel ("Big Dig") project. Under the legislation, the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority would not only take over the "Big Dig" project, but also purchase the Tobin Bridge from the Massport for $74 million. The deal would have given Massport a windfall profit after paying off $48 million in remaining bridge debt, and compensation for the communities of Charlestown and Chelsea to compensate for the impact of the bridge.
However, officials the Turnpike Authority balked at the plan when they determined that the Tobin Bridge, which only had a 50-cent one-way toll at the time, generated $6 million in tolls, but had an annual maintenance and repair costs of $7.5 million. The $1.5 million loss did not include more than $100 million in major rehabilitation and repainting work planned for the bridge.
REHABILITATING THE TOBIN BRIDGE: Since the early 1990s, there has been more than $100 million in major rehabilitation work done on the Tobin Bridge. Some of these projects are as follows:
In 1993, Massport completed the rehabilitation of the Tobin Bridge toll plaza. The project included the construction of a wide lane for oversize vehicles, new tollbooths and electronic toll collection machines (to accommodate Fast Lane, and later EZ-Pass), and a new administration building.
Shortly thereafter, Massport began a decade-long repainting project. During the nine-stage project, which was completed in 2004, older coats of lead-based paint were removed and an environmentally-friendly paint mixture was applied. To protect residents along the Charlestown and Chelsea approaches, Massport ordered full site containment with mechanical ventilation, recovery of removed paint as hazardous waste, and on-site environmental monitoring.
In the late 2000s, Massport undertook a $30 million rehabilitation of the two traffic decks.
The Tobin Bridge carries approximately 85,000 vehicles per day (AADT), and approximately 60% of vehicles use the Fast Lane / EZ-Pass toll collection system. On January 1, 2010, the newly formed Massachusetts Department of Transportation's (MassDOT) highway division took over jurisdiction of the bridge from Massport.
This 2001 photo shows the main cantilever span of the Tobin Bridge (US 1) from the Mystic River waterfront in Chelsea. Part of the Boston skyline is visible in the distance. (Photo by Alexander Svirsky.)
Type of bridge: Construction started: Opened to traffic: Length of main cantilever span ("big Mystic"): Length of side cantilever spans ("big Mystic"): Length of main truss ("little Mystic") span: Total length of bridge and approaches: Width of bridge: Width of roadway: Number of decks: Number of traffic lanes: Height of towers above mean high water: Clearance at center above mean high water ("big Mystic"): Clearance at center above mean high water ("little Mystic"): Cost of original structure:
SOURCES: Master Highway Plan for the Boston Metropolitan Area, Massachusetts Department of Public Works (1948); "Bridge for Boston" by John H. Fenton, The New York Times (2/28/1950); "Why We Don't Fly Out of Hegenberger Airport" by Peter J. Howe, The Boston Globe (4/23/1989); "Weld Offers Highway Solution" by Peter J. Howe, The Boston Globe (1/13/1995); "Mass Turnpike Authority Balks at Buying Bridge" by Laura Brown, The Boston Globe (2/12/1995); "Boston's Maurice J. Tobin Memorial Bridge Gets Rehabilitation for Its 50th Birthday" by John Gartner, Roads and Bridges (March-April 2000); Boston's Bridges by Alexander Svirsky, Arcadia Publishing (2004); Bay State Design; Massachusetts Department of Transportation; Massachusetts Port Authority; Michael G. Koerner; Dan Moraseski; Alexander Svirsky.
US 1 shield by Ralph Herman. Lightposts by Millerbernd Manufacturing Company.
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Rice n’ Grits: Quantifying Environmental Benefits of Bioenergy Crops through Complete Carbon and Nitrogen Accounting
This topic works to establish validation sites for field-level emissions quantification of agricultural bioenergy feedstock production. These teams will work towards the development of “ground truth” solutions to establish measurements and protocols for emissions monitoring at the field level to create publically available, open-source, high-resolution datasets to support testing and validation of emerging biofuel production monitoring technologies. The projects will also compliment selections in ARPA-E’s full SMARTFARM program, further supporting and validating the selections made through this full funding opportunity. Ethanol production is one of the largest consumers of domestic grain in the U.S., and developing sustainable production methods for ethanol and bio-based fuels has great potential to both reduce emissions and potentially provide a net emissions-free source of energy. While the economic and emissions impacts of ethanol production nationally are clear, field-level contributions remain unclear. The lack of understanding of field-level feedstock emissions, combined with the absence of economic incentives beyond yield, leaves feedstock producers to estimate and assume risks to their primary revenue stream by new management practices. By establishing sites and protocols for measuring the impact on yield increasing and emissions reducing technologies, these teams will bridge the technology gap between feedstock producers and existing market incentives to de-risk sustainable management practices, defray the cost of monitoring their impact, reduce biofuel feedstock production emissions, and broadly enable a future carbon farming industry.
Project Innovation + Advantages:
Arva will establish validation sites where dedicated energy crops (corn-soy or sorghum) and crop residues (straw/stover) are used to produce domestic, sustainable, carbon-negative biofuels (i.e., ethanol, biodiesel, or biogas). Arva will measure carbon and nitrogen fluxes using state-of-the-art high-frequency commercial-scale monitoring towers to assess carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions at sub-second resolution yearlong. All deployed farm equipment is highly instrumented, and will measure fuel, electricity, and fertilizer use, in addition to crop yield and management practices. This data will allow Arva’s artificial intelligence platform to construct a generative model for biofuel yield and life cycle emissions.
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|They Fought Too|
|Animals in Combat|
A batty project that bombed:
Just after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, an American dentist named Lytle S. Adams contrived a plan to use bats with tiny bombs strapped to them to defeat Japan. Lytle got the idea while on vacation in the southwestern U.S. He'd seen caves full of bats and thought there might be a way to turn the tiny mammals into a war-ending secret weapon. Adams petitioned the White House, outlining his bat-bomb plan.
The President himself expressed interest in Adams' plan and the military funneled money into what became known as Project X-Ray. The project leaders chose free-tailed bats as the ideal bat-bomb bat. In a series of farcical experiments with the bats, the military managed to freeze hundreds of bats to death and set fire to one of its own bases. The bats, it turned out, just weren't as enthusiastic about the bat-bomb project as Adams was. All told, the military sank over $2 million into the failed Project X-Ray before scrapping it after the advent of the atom bomb.
|Home Sea lion Cat Bat Elephants Bird About the author|
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The proposed EU fisheries policy is doing little but not enough to ensure healthy fish levels for the future.
By Damien Currie
The current Common Fisheries Policy is due to be revised in the European Parliament in the next few months. This has lead for calls from Non Governmental Organizations, such as the World Wildlife Foundation, to improve the current overfishing issue concerning waters in the European Union and beyond to ensure that fishing practices are sustainable for future generations.
Member states of the European Union are distributed a quota each summer as determined by relative stability. Environmental Non Governmental Organizations contend that these quotas are set at a rate that is too high, which lends itself to overfishing of certain species of fish in European waters.
Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Discarding, Maria Damanaki (Panhellic Socialist Movement), released a proposition earlier this month in Brussels to end the process of discarding on European fishing vessels.
The World Wildlife Foundation views this measure as a step in the right direction, but not adequately killing the problem at the root to guarantee sustainable fishing for future generations by ensuring that livestock will be preserved and making fishing practices more selective. In their opinion this is the way to overcome the problem of overfishing.
Ms. Damanaki told the commission on 1 March that discarding practices were “unethical, a waste of natural resources and a waste of fisherman’s effort” during her proposal to see an end to discarding.
What is the process of discarding?
Each commercial shipping vessel is equipped with a quota of the total number of fish it is allowed to bring back to the shore. This number is decided by the European Union on a member state-by-state level. Not every nation receives the same quota as another and there are many elements that influence this figure, including economic and political pressures.
Fishermen cast their nets into the ocean and retrieve a mixed batch of different species that they have caught. Within this assortment, there may contain species of marine livestock that they do not have the appropriate quota to take back to land. Therefore they throw it back overboard. Similarly, if they catch too much of the one kind of fish then they are permitted to, they must return it to the sea.
By the time excess fish stock are returned to the ocean they come from, they are dead 99 percent of the time.
This means that even though quotas exist to reduce the amount of fish that is caught, it is inefficient in accurately monitoring the amount of fish and marine livestock that are killed by fishing practices.
Total Allowable Catch
The Total Allowable Catch that governs the amount of fish that fisherman can take is only measured on what they take back to land. This does not include that they take out of the water. Therefore, fisherman have the opportunity to fish as much as they like when at sea under the current condition, as they are only accountable with what they take with them back to the shore.
The total allowable catch relates to the quotas each member state is issued, based upon fish levels that are evaluated yearly. These evaluations, however, do not take into account the discards that commercial shipping vessels throw overboard.
Opinions are divided
Louize Hill, Head of the European Marine and Fisheries Policy at the World Wildlife Foundation, explains how this process is flawed.
“Discards are a huge problem. Total allowable catch are often set in excess of science so fisherman are already given more fish than are actually available to catch [and they are] given access to more fish than is available, “ she says.
Swedish Member of Parliament Isabella Lövin (Group of the Greens/ European Free Alliance), a member of the Fisheries Committee, supports Commissioner Damanaki’s proposed discard ban.
“You’re perfectly allowed to do anything out there. You could catch ten times what you’re allowed to land and then you discard it all,” she says.
“I think absolutely [the discard ban] will have a very positive effect on fish stock. If we have a discard ban one of the consequences will be that you could rely very much more on scientific advice.”
“Scientists now have a very hard job to try and estimate how much fish is out there when the only data they get is on landings,” says MEP Lövin.
As long as that is the management method the European Union are employing, it is very difficult to monitor what is killed by being removed from the water and what is actually counted by being returned to the land.
“One of the positive things of a discard ban will be that you have better data which gives the possibility of giving better advice,” says Lövin.
More needs to be done
While the lobby group, The World Wildlife Foundation, has welcomed the proposed discard ban, Hill maintains that the European Union are not doing enough to ensure that fish stocks will remain sustainable in the future.
Hill commented that the World Wildlife Foundation would only accept a discard ban if it were adequately accompanied by the right technical measures.
According to her, 72% of European fish stocks are overfished. This is due to poor fishing management, quotas set too high, fishing season set for too long and too many boats out at sea.
“These quotas need to be reduced. They need to be determined by science.”
“We need a reduction in the number of fish killed, a reduction in quota and a reduction in discard,” says Hill.
Hill suggests that the reason why the European Union does not reduce the fishing quota is due to political pressure from member states. Fishermen ask for more quota as a means to make more money. If the laws are adapted so that fisherman are responsible for all the fish that they remove from the sea, Hill predicts that these fishermen will instead focus on maximising what they already can catch and stop more waste.
Killing the problem at the root
For the European Union’s revised Common Fisheries Policy to be truly effective in delivering sustainable marine options, they must “kill the problem at the root”.
“We need to have protected areas where fisherman don’t fish or don’t fish at certain times of year according to the distribution of the actual fish in the sea,” says Hill.
The proposal for the revised Common Fisheries Policy will be released this summer.
The State of the World’s Fisheries and Agriculture (SOFIA) report in 2010 recorded that:
- 53% of the world’s fish is fully exploited.
- 32% of the world’s fish is over exploited.
The European Commission state:
- 72% of fish in Europe are overfished.
- 59% of fish in Europe are at a high risk of depletion.
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I was just researching on internet about the actions which have been taken regularly against the production of tobacco and smoking. I found few interesting stats and news which needs to be highlighted to alarm you and encourage you as well. Those are as follows:
There’s a dutch lawyer and a lung cancer patient are planning to sue the tobacco companies that are trying to trap the customers who are tend to get addicted. You can read the full news, HERE.
“The harmful impacts of smoking go well beyond each individual smoker. Cigarettes have a negative impact on the environment throughout their entire life cycle – from growing the tobacco to disposing of the butts.”
If we read the complete article then we will understand the implications of tobacco production.
Some alarming stats which have been provided by ASH are as follows:
Tobacco kills up to half of its users.
Tobacco kills up to 6 million people each year,including 600,000 non-smokers who are dying because of their exposure to second hand smoke.
If no urgent action is taken the death toll for tobacco will be 8 million each year by 2030.
Awareness and alertness are necessary and we all have to be united for this cause.
This caption is written on every pack of cigarette for the smokers. But we need to be aware of the fact that when people around a smoker breathe in other people’s smoke (second hand smoke), which is known as passive smoking are at risk also. It is equally dangerous for the health of people who breathe in the smoke. In a single throw of a cigarette smoke has numerous amounts of tiny invisible particles that get mixed with the surrounding air. These particles are breathed in by anyone near the smoker and get right down into their lungs. And this increases the health risk, especially in children.
Health Risks in Passive Smoking Scientific studies have shown that passive smoke contains many dangerous chemicals. There can be around 4000 different chemicals in tobacco smoke that may be breathed in by someone who is near a smoker. They also stick to clothes, furniture, walls and inside the car. Cigarette smoke contains, Tar made up of many chemicals, including carcinogens which causes cancer. It also contains Carbon monoxide that lowers the amount of oxygen our blood can carry. It contains poisons including arsenic, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. Following are the diseases caused due to passive smoking:
Protection from passive smoking
In recent years, the dangers of passive smoking have become more widely known. As passive smoking is as dangerous as smoking itself we need to think of protection from it. Following are few tips through which we can avoid the risk of inhaling or breathing in of cigarette smoke:
We need to know that in India, exposure to passive smoking has fallen from 49 percent to 40 percent since the ban on public smoking began, according to a survey conducted by the World Health Organization.
So friends! Can we dream of a SMOKE FREE WORLD? Can we be responsible for what we are doing to our beautiful society by smoking a cigarette?
Let us be serious about this and join hands to build a smoke free world.
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A Tragic Failure to Deliver Maternal Care
Every day nearly 800 women die from complications of pregnancy. For every woman who dies, 20 or more are injured or disabled.
One of the most serious injuries of childbearing is obstetric fistula, a hole in the vagina or rectum caused by labour that is prolonged – often for days – without treatment. Usually the baby dies. Because the fistula leaves women leaking urine or faeces, or both, it typically results in social isolation, depression and deepening poverty. Left untreated, fistula can lead to chronic medical problems.
Like maternal mortality, fistula is almost entirely preventable. Yet at least 2 million women in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Arab region are living with fistula, and some 50,000 to 100,000 new cases develop each year. The persistence of fistula is a signal that health systems are failing to meet the needs of women.
Obstetric fistula occurs disproportionately among impoverished girls and women, especially those living far from medical services. Affecting the most powerless members of society, it touches on nearly every aspect of UNFPA's mandate, including reproductive health and rights, gender equality, poverty, harmful traditional practices and adolescent reproductive health.
In 2003, UNFPA spearheaded the global Campaign to End Fistula, which is working in more than 45 countries to prevent and treat fistula, and to help rehabilitate and empower women after treatment.
Prevention is the key to ending fistula. Making family planning available to all who want to use it would reduce maternal disability and death by at least 20 per cent. Complementing that with skilled attendance at all births and emergency obstetric care for all women who develop complications during delivery would make fistula as rare in resource-poor countries as it is in the industrialized world today. These interventions are part of UNFPA's overall strategy to make motherhood safer. Addressing social issues that contribute to the problem - such as early pregnancy, girls' education, poverty and women's empowerment - are important areas of intervention as well.
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Water-resistant underground charging station
Water and electricity certainly do go together! But how does it work?
The StreetPlug is equipped with three parts that ensure a dry system. These parts are as follows:
Diving bell principle - The StreetPlug is equipped with a diving bell. All electrical components are in a bubble when the Streetplug is closed. This way the StreetPlug is not affected by water and the system remains dry.
Water Sensor - The water sensor in the StreetPlug detects water at a certain level, the charging process is stopped and goes into safe mode as long as water is detected. As soon as the water has subsided, the charging process will resume.
Water drainage & Hydroblock - The StreetPlug can easily be connected to the rainwater drainage for correct drainage. If this is not possible and the circumstances allow it, there is an alternative, the Hydroblock. The Hydroblock under the StreetPlug ensures rapid water drainage and releases the water into the ground.
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The Long-tailed Starling (Aplonis magna) is endemic to the Schouten Islands off New Guinea in Indonesia. Two subspecies have been identified: the nominate race, found on Biak (a small island located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua) and the subspecies "brevicauda", which is found on Numfor Island. They are starlings that range in length from 11-16 inches (28-41 cm) - from head to tip of the tail. Males and females look alike. The long tail is longer in the nominate race (as long or longer than the body); in the subspecies the tail measures only about two-third of the body. These birds are mostly black, with an oily green gloss over the body. In the subspecies brevicauda, the plumage is less glossy than that of the nominate race. The gloss on the head is bronze colored. The feathers of the forehead are bristled. The irises (eyes) are brown. The beak and the feet are black. Their calls are described as a series of loud warbles. These birds are typically seen in small groups or in pairs (during the breeding season). Their diet consist of fruit in trees and in the undergrowth. They nest high in trees
Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you.
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Cactus are low maintenance plants that generally thrive with neglect and do not require a lot of pampering. It might surprise you to find that cacti can and do need to be pruned now and then. Cactus pruning is not always necessary and when to prune a cactus plant will depend upon why you are trimming it. A few notes on how to cut back a cactus for purposes of propagation, rejuvenation and structural integrity will send you on the road to cleaning up your succulents properly.
Can You Trim a Cactus?
New succulent growers may ask, “Can you trim a cactus?” Most cacti really don’t need any form of shaping unless they have a great huge limb that looks ready to tip the plant over. The major reasons for trimming cactus are to remove parts to root for new plants, remove offsets or pups for the same reason, reinvigorate a plant that has gotten too tall or too leggy, and to take off damaged material.
Cacti come in a wide range of forms. Cactus pruning can enhance these forms while preventing overcrowding, which can increase the chance of disease, mildew and unhealthy plants.
- The Opuntias, Crassula and Senecios have pads that serve as leaves and these are easy to remove and can be used to start new plants.
- Columnar plants, like totem pole cacti or organ pipe cacti, may simply get too tall or spindly and require a judicious beheading to force branching or simply thicker stems.
- Still other succulents in the family will produce flower stalks which are persistent and become ugly when dead. Removal of these will restore the beauty of the plant.
Trimming cactus has a variety of purposes, but the good news is that you can use many of the parts you remove to start new plants.
How to Cut Back a Cactus
The “how” of cutting back a cactus answers like a bad joke. The simple answer is, very carefully. Most cacti have some type of spine or prickle which can be painful to encounter. Use thick gloves and wear long pants and sleeves for the bigger garden specimens.
The tool will depend upon the size of the plant, but most will succumb to pruners. Only the largest will require a saw. As with all pruning, make sure the tool used is sharp and clean to avoid injuring the plant and decrease the chance of disease.
Remove limbs at the branch point but be careful not to cut into the main stem. Pads or leaves may just snap off or you can use pruners to remove them.
For a big job like cutting back a columnar specimen, use a saw and remove the main trunk at the point at which you would like to see branching or at the height you require the plant. Try to remove the stem at a growth point.
Plants like agave will need the old leaves removed to preserve the appearance. Cut them away at the base of the plant with shears.
What to Do With Pruned Off Parts
Now for the fun part. Almost all the material you remove is salvageable except for diseased or dead stems and leaves.
- Pads will root if laid on top of soil and develop into a new plant of the same species.
- Cut stems and trunks should be allowed to callus at the end for several days and then can be planted to create new cactus.
- Any offsets or pups that you cut away from the base of a specimen are new plants in their own right and should be potted up immediately.
- Dead flower stalks and leaves are compost, but some varieties of cactus produce leaves on the flower stem which can be treated the same way as the pads of other species. Most cactus parts will start rooting within a month.
Once you restore your initial cactus to its glory, you will have the pleasure of making more of the spectacular plant and can increase your collection or give them away to family and friends.
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Learn science experiments that you can do with objects you find in your home.
Explore the world of magnets with a COSI educator. Learn about poles, create a maglev train, and feel electromagnetic forces.
Learn about the composition of soil from a Madison County Master Gardener while making your own "soil" out of Oreos and other goodies.
Join Ohio Nature Education as they look at weather lore as fact or fiction, while exploring how wild animals deal with the changing seasons. Live animals will be a part of the program.
Build with a COSI educator as you explore shapes and numbers to construct a variety of structures. Explore in the activity centers and learn how math is used in the world around you.
Matt's high energy show combines humor and top-notch skills. Stay after the performance and learn how to juggle and spin plates.
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1. Pedagogy NounDidactics, Education, Educational Activity, Instruction, Teaching
The activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill.
What about your education?
2. Pedagogy NounInstruction, Teaching
The profession of a teacher.
He prepared for teaching while still in college.
Education - the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university).
Coeducation - education of men and women in the same institutions.
Profession - an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences).
That - referring to the farther one; "That`s the way".
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Info You Should Know
All animal bites that break the skin should be reported to Animal Control in a timely manner. If the bite was from a dog, cat or ferret, a mandatory 10 day quarantine also needs to be completed. If a pressure mark or bruise occurred, no bite report needs to be completed as the main concern is for the transmission of rabies which can only occur if the skin is broken. Only mammals have the possibility of transmitting rabies. In Colorado, there has not been a human case of rabies since 1931. The last reported dog case acquired in Colorado was in 1974 and there was one cat each in 2008 and 2010.
Both the Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment have additional rabies information and resources on their websites.
Prevention is Key
Tips for preventing dog bites include:
- Stay calm around dogs. Don’t yell or run.
- If a dog approaches you, stay still. Do not run away. Be a tree.
- If you fall or are knocked to the ground by a dog, curl into a ball and cover your face and neck with your hands.
- Do not get between fighting dogs.
- If you see a dog behind a fence, leave it alone. Never try to pet a dog through or over a fence.
- Ask before you pet and let the dog sniff your hand before you pet it.
- Never chase, tease, hit or kick a dog. Do not pull a dog’s ears or tail.
- Never wake up a sleeping dog by poking, pushing or hitting it.
- Don’t pet, poke or pull a dog when it is eating.
- Do not touch a mother dog or her puppies.
- Never leave young children alone with a dog.
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Introduction to Java Web Application:
- It is used to create dynamic websites.
- Java provides support for web applications by using the Servlets and JSPs.
- The website can be created with static HTML pages, but when we want the information to be dynamic, we need a web application.
Java Web Application:
- The primary purpose of the java web application is to provide basic information about different components in Web Application and also provide the details on how we can use Servlet and JSP to create our first java web application.
Web Application Directory Structure:
Any web application we can have the following components like
- The Static contents like HTML.
- JSP (Java Server Pages), which use to generate dynamic content.
- Some External library or the jar files.
- Java utility classes.
- We mainly use web.xml, also called as deployment descriptor.
- All the web servers and containers expect the web application to be available in a specific directory structure.
Below are the typical directory structure like:
1.Web Application Root Directory –
- It is an important or Root folder of the web application.
- Usually, the name of this folder becomes as per your web application context. For example, if our web application name is TestWebApplication, then the folder name will be TestWebApplication, and this web application will be accessible by using http://localhost:8080/TestWebApplication.
- It is the special directory under the web application of the root directory.
It is very special because very secured folder and the files available within this folder will not be accessible to the client directly, that means we say if this directory has one file “home.html,” then this file cannot be accessed directly via http://localhost:8080/TestWebApplication/home.html
Every required jar file is placed inside under this directory.
The java code, including the servlets for a web application, moves inside the classes folder.
5. web.xml –
This file is residing under the WEB-INF folder, and it is also called the deployment descriptor.
Web.xml (Deployment Descriptor)
- Web.xml is the standard file for any of the web applications and containers, which we come to know about the detail of web applications through web.xml file only.
- Every configuration of all the components for web application is done under the web.xml, and it is directly placed under the WEB-INF folder.
Let’s learn about Servlet Mapping:
- All the servlets mapping should be done in ‘web.xml’ so that the servlet container should be aware of the servlets and also make easy access from a browser.
- We should tell the servlet container what servlets to deploy and what URL’s to map with the servlets too.
- Below web.xml configures the Servlet “FirstServlet” with the two init-param.
<servlet> <servlet-name> FirstServlet </servlet-name> <servlet-class> FirstServlet </servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>name</param-name> <param-value>First Servlet</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>test</param-name> <param-value>learn</param-value> </init-param> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name> FirstServlet </servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.html</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
Let’s understand about the XML file:
- In this Servlet is configured using the < Servlet> element where we assign the Servlet by a unique name, and also writes the qualified class of the Servlet. After that, map the Servlet to a specific URL. This should be done inside the <servlet-mapping> element.
- As we see above, all URL’s ending in .html is sent to the Servlet.
- As we see above, we are defined as one init-param which can be accessed in a servlet.
- As we see, the init params are defined within a servlet tag, which is limited to that Servlet.
Let us understand the concept of Context Parameters:
As we see, init parameters that are limited to the Servlet, but the context parameters are available to every Servlet of the web application.
<context-param> <param-name>param</param-name> <param-value>value</param-value> </context-param>
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Medical coding is a little bit like translation. Coders take medical reports from doctors, which may include a patient’s condition, the doctor’s diagnosis, a prescription, and whatever procedures the doctor or healthcare provider performed on the patient, and turn that into a set of codes, which make up a crucial part of the medical claim.
Why We Code
Let’s start with a simple question about medical coding: Why do we code medical reports? Wouldn’t it be enough to list the symptoms, diagnoses, and procedures, send them to an insurance company, and wait to hear which services will be reimbursed?
To answer that, we have to look at the massive amount of data that every patient visit entails. If you go into the doctor with a sore throat, and present the doctor with symptoms like a fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes, these will be recorded, along with the procedures the doctor performs and the medicine the doctor prescribes.
In a straightforward case like this, the doctor will only officially report his diagnosis, but that still means the portion of that report that will be coded contains a diagnosis, a procedure, and a prescription.
Take a step back, and this is suddenly a lot of very specific information. And that’s just for a relatively simple doctor’s visit. What happens when a patient comes into the doctor with a complicated injury or sickness, like an ocular impairment related to their Type-2 diabetes? As injuries, conditions, and illnesses get more complex, the amount of data that needs to be conveyed to insurance companies increases significantly.
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there were over 1.4 billion patient visits in the past year. That’s a stat that includes visits to physician offices, hospital outpatient facilities and emergency rooms. If there were just five pieces of coded information per visit, which is an almost unrealistically low estimate, that’d be 6 billion individual pieces of information that needs to be transferred every year. In a system loaded with data, medical coding allows for the efficient transfer of huge amounts of information.
Coding also allows for uniform documentation between medical facilities. The code for streptococcal sore throat is the same in Arkansas as it is in Hawaii. Having uniform data allows for efficient research and analysis, which government and health agencies use to track health trends much more efficiently. If the CDC, for example, wants to analyze the prevalence of viral pneumonia, they can search for the number of recent pneumonia diagnoses by looking for the ICD-10-CM code.
Finally, coding allows administrations to look at the prevalence and effectiveness of treatment in their facility. This is especially important to large medical facilities like hospitals. Like government agencies tracking, say, the incidence of a certain disease, medical facilities can track the efficiency of their practice by analyzing
Now that we understand the importance of this practice, let’s take a look at the three types of code that you’ll have to become familiar with as a medical coder.
Three Types of Code You’ll Have to Know
There are three sets of code you’ll use on a daily basis as a medical coder.
The first of these is the International Classification of Diseases, or ICD codes.
These are diagnostic codes that create a uniform vocabulary for describing the causes of injury, illness and death. This code set was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the late 1940s. It’s been updated several times in the 60-plus years since it’s inception. The number following “ICD” represents which revision of the code is in use.
For example, the code that’s currently in use in the United States is ICD-10-CM. This means it’s the 10th revision of the ICD code. That “-CM” at the end stands for “clinical modification.” So the technical name for this code is the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification. The clinical modification is a set of revisions put in place by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), which is a division of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Studies (CMS).
The Clinical Modification significantly increases the number of codes for diagnoses. This increased scope gives coders much more flexibility and specificity, which is essential for the profession. To give you an idea of how important the clinical modification is, the ICD-10 code, has 14,000 codes. It’s clinical modification, ICD-10-CM, contains over 68,000.
ICD codes are used to represent a doctor’s diagnosis and the patient’s condition. In the billing process, these codes are used to determine medical necessity. Coders must make sure the procedure they are billing for makes sense with the diagnosis given. To return to our strep throat example, if a coder listed a strep throat diagnosis as the medical justification for an x-ray, that claim would likely be rejected.
Let’s turn our attention now to the two types of procedure codes.
Current Procedure Terminology, or CPT, codes, are used to document the majority of the medical procedures performed in a physician’s office. This code set is published and maintained by the American Medical Association (AMA). These codes are copyrighted by the AMA and are updated annually.
CPT codes are five-digit numeric codes that are divided into three categories. The first category is used most often, and it is divided into six ranges. These ranges correspond to six major medical fields: Evaluation and Management, Anesthesia, Surgery, Radiology, Pathology and Laboratory, and Medicine.
The second category of CPT codes corresponds to performance measurement and, in some cases, laboratory or radiology test results. These five-digit, alphanumeric codes are typically added to the end of a Category I CPT code with a hyphen.
Category II codes are optional, and may not be used in the place of Category I codes. These codes are useful for other physicians and health professionals, and the AMA anticipates that Category II codes will reduce the administrative burden on physicians’ offices by providing them with more, and more accurate, information, specifically related to the performance of health professionals and health facilities.
The third category of CPT codes corresponds to emerging medical technology.
As a coder, you’ll spend the vast majority of your time with the first two categories, though the first will undoubtedly be more common.
CPT codes also have addendums that increase the specificity and accuracy of the code used. Since many medical procedures require a finer level of detail than the basic Category I CPT code offers, the AMA has developed a set of CPT modifiers. These are two-digit numeric or alphanumeric codes that are added to the end of the Category I CPT code. CPT modifiers provide important additional information to the procedure code. For instance, there is a CPT modifier that describes which side of the body a procedure is performed on, and there’s also a code for a discontinued procedure.
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS), commonly pronounced as “hick picks,” are a set of codes based on CPT codes. Developed by the CMS (the same organization that developed CPT), and maintained by the AMA, HCPCS codes primarily correspond to services, procedures, and equipment not covered by CPT codes. This includes durable medical equipment, prosthetics, ambulance rides, and certain drugs and medicines.
HCPCS is also the official code set for outpatient hospital care, chemotherapy drugs, Medicaid, and Medicare, among other services. Since HCPCS codes are involved in Medicaid and Medicare, it’s one of the most important code a medical coder can use.
The HCPCS code set is divided into two levels. The first of these levels is identical to the CPT codes that we covered earlier.
Level II is a set of alphanumeric codes that is divided into 17 sections, each based on an area of specificity, like Medical and Laboratory or Rehabilitative Services.
Like CPT codes, each HCPCS code should correspond with a diagnostic code that justifies the medical procedure. It’s the coders responsibility to make sure whatever outpatient procedure is detailed in the doctor’s report makes sense with the listed diagnosis, typically described via an ICD code.
Now that you’ve got a better idea of what each of these codes is and what they do, let’s start exploring each code set in a little more detail.
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When it comes to debating world issues, modern society has become more comfortable with openly stating their various thoughts and opinions on social media. Hiding behind an HD screen provides a sense of obscurity and comfort creating the freedom to post whatever the user wants to post. This freedom can be used for good by beginning a discussion on important social issues, such as the Australian wildfires that occurred in January and how they may relate to climate change. By providing insight on this topic over social media platforms, it contributes towards education and spreads different views and ideas to anyone who has access to the post. Although there are many positive aspects about discussing important topics over social media, anything regarding politics has become an excuse to fight one another. Socially, America has divided itself into two sides with no room or want for compromise. In such a heated political climate, any post even remotely regarding or hinting towards somebody’s political views is quick to be spammed by slander and arguments. What political subjects used to be open to discussion and education are now an immediate internet confrontation with no questions asked.
With social media becoming a necessary form of communication and world connection, many politicians and world leaders have created their own accounts, making it easier for them to speak on subjects without the disconnect of the media. With direct thoughts being projected onto a social and going viral, these politicians can reach the public on a more personal level. Regardless of beliefs or views, most politicians use their socials for the same outcome, which is to reach a larger audience. It is difficult to state that these politicians may be using their socials in a negative manner, because there is no such thing as a correct way to use social media, but there are some issues that may be considered inappropriate to cover over a social media account.
There is a difference between a news outlet producing content on their socials and a political individual. News accounts are generally neutral in politics and deliver hard news as they receive updates, whereas individual accounts are saturated in bias. For those who follow these individuals, a political opinion can be misinterpreted as a fact very easily. It is arguable to say that this may be the new modern way of marketing for a political figure, and such opinions are posted simply because they will draw in both negative and positive attention. The old saying ‘bad publicity is still publicity’ resonates with how these posts are received. When it comes to political campaigns for an election, utilizing social media is one of the best forms of marketing available right now. It is free and disposable throughout the entire world making it incredibly easy to spread an individual message to a wide-ranged audience without having to work that hard.
Political figures simply using their social media platforms to promote their individual message is understandable and also expected. Just like any business or personal profile, every user is advertising something on their page in hopes to attract a targeted audience. A post that says ‘Vote for me!’ is not what users usually consider to be controversial, but since the introduction of President Trump’s questionable style of tweeting, there are now prime examples of how such self-promotion on social media can become quite dangerous. Throughout President Trump’s time in office, his Twitter has become a hotbed for jokes and debates on whether his style of tweeting should be stopped. Although his Twitter provides quality memes at times, this past January provides another case on how he wrongfully uses his social media presence.
On the first day of the new year, the world woke up to the news of President Trump’s strike against the Commander of Iranian forces, Qassim Suleimani. Immediately following this breaking news, the internet blew up with various reactions. Some stated that this was cause for the President’s impeachment, there were worries and threats regarding the beginning of WWIII, there were jokes about the possibilities of a new World War, and some supported this attack. Overall, the typical reactions of anguish and making jokes out of a serious situation were normal posts to see on social media, and no matter the stance, every user was waiting to see what the President would tweet about his decision. As one of the most unabashedly outspoken Presidents in history, Trump typically utilizes his Twitter to insult or cause tension. So once he finally tweeted about the strike against Iran, nobody was surprised to see that it stated, “Iran is talking very boldly about targeting certain USA assets as revenge for our ridding the world of their terrorist leader who had just killed an American, & badly wounded many others, not to mention all of the people he had killed over his lifetime, including recently....”, and continued this announcement in a thread, never truly stating this decision, but instead threatening all of Iran, “Let this serve as a WARNING that if Iran strikes any Americans or American assets, we have.........targeted 52 Iranian sites (representing the 52 American hostages taken by Iran many years ago), some at a very high level & important to Iran & the Iranian culture, and those targets, and Iran itself, WILL BE HIT VERY FAST AND VERY HARD. The USA wants no more threats!”. In choosing to tweet this thread, President Trump began the discussion of WWIII, clearly doing everything to provoke a reaction. The main issue behind this decision is that handling a discussion regarding anything to do with an attack, or threat of war, is not a topic that should be handled and announced over Twitter. Bringing forth a discussion that should solely be handled between these world leaders onto a social media platform is a completely inappropriate way to handle the situation, which only became worse as Iran replied in the comments with photos of their flags, causing even more of a public uproar than it did before. In a New York Times article, President Trump’s hypocrisy shows in this statement, “I don’t think that would be a good idea for Iran. It wouldn’t last very long,” Mr. Trump said. “Do I want to? No. I want to have peace. I like peace”, because if this were the case then he would have most likely tweeted something completely different that had nothing to do about provoking a war.
Whether an individual supports President Trump or not, it is clear that this situation escalated to the discussion of a possible WWIII because it was handled over social media. Although the new modern age makes it easier to reach a wide audience by posting over social media, and many people get their news from their socials, this post was inappropriate regarding the severity of the situation. One simple tweet may have caused an elongated dispute between the United States and Iran when there should have been a private discussion amongst the two.
|@Sierra Swanson||@sierrajoan||@sierrajoan_|| @sierrajoan_
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Библиотека сайта rus-linux.net
The “ Unix tools philosophy” emerged during the creation of the UNIX operating system, after the breakthrough invention of the pipe '|' (refer to Chapter 6 for information on using the pipe).
The pipe allowed the output of one program to be sent to the input of another. The tools philosophy was to have small programs to accomplish a particular task instead of trying to develop large monolithic programs to do a large number of tasks. To accomplish more complex tasks, tools would simply be connected together, using pipes.
All the core UNIX system tools were designed so that they could operate together. The original text-based editors (and even TeX and LaTeX) use ASCII (the American text encoding standard; an open standard) and you can use tools such as; sed, awk, vi, grep, cat, more, tr and various other text-based tools in conjunction with these editors.
Using this philosophy programmers avoided writing a program (within their larger program) that had already been written by someone else (this could be considered a form of code recycling). For example, command-line spell checkers are used by a number of different applications instead of having each application create its own own spell checker.
For further information (articles) on the UNIX tools philosophy please see the further reading section, here: the Section called The UNIX tools philosophy further reading in Appendix A
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Astronomers map out the Moon's best watering holes
The Moon seems like a pretty barren place, but studies in 2009 revealed traces of water in the lunar soil. Now, scientists from Brown University have used data gathered from NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument to construct a detailed map of where water can be found on the Moon – and it turns out it's more widespread than previously thought.
In 2009, NASA announced that water molecules had been detected in the regions around the lunar poles. That moisture is mostly thought to have been left on the surface by solar winds, where protons from the Sun creates hydroxyl (a molecule related to water made of one hydrogen and one oxygen atom), but other studies have speculated that it could have been deposited by asteroid impacts. Wherever it came from, the Brown University team created a map using data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, to show that water can be found across the entire Moon.
"The signature of water is present nearly everywhere on the lunar surface, not limited to the polar regions as previously reported," says Shuai Li, lead author of the study. "The amount of water increases toward the poles and does not show significant difference among distinct compositional terrains."
The newly-minted map reveals a few things about the Moon's moisture. The water is fairly neatly distributed, with the majority lying at the poles and less found around the equator, which is consistent with the solar wind origin story. But there's an exception: lunar volcanic deposits near the equator tend to hold a higher than average amount of water, which suggests that this moisture is bubbling up from the Moon's mantle. That idea was discussed in a paper a few months ago, authored by some of the researchers on this new study.
At its peak concentration around the poles, water can be found at around 500 to 750 parts per million – by no means does that make the Moon a lush oasis, but it is wetter than we'd previously given it credit for. Intriguingly, close to the equator water levels can fluctuate wildly on a daily basis, with the Moon having some 200 parts per million more water overnight than it does at noon.
"We don't know exactly what the mechanism is for this fluctuation, but it tells us that the process of water formation in the lunar soil is active and happening today," says Ralph Milliken, co-author of the study. "This raises the possibility that water may re-accumulate after extraction, but we need to better understand the physics of why and how this happens to understand the timescale over which water may be renewed."
There are a few limitations to the data: the Moon Mineralogy Mapper can only take readings of the first few millimeters of soil, so there could be even more water deeper under the surface. The instrument can also only operate on the daylight sections of the Moon, so water or ice levels in areas in permanent darkness can't be measured using this technique.
The map could prove a useful resource for future lunar explorers, with places showing the highest concentrations of water being the best targets for missions, if we can develop ways to efficiently extract the stuff.
"This is a roadmap to where water exists on the surface of the Moon," says Milliken. "Now that we have these quantitative maps showing where the water is and in what amounts, we can start thinking about whether or not it could be worthwhile to extract, either as drinking water for astronauts or to produce fuel."
The research was published in the journal Science Advances.
Source: Brown University
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The world’s oldest surviving financial institution – the Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Italy – dates again to 1472. As the rate for these demands in medical technological advancement will increase, well being care executives have to do prematurely capacity necessities. There are a number of online universities that provide continuing schooling in know-how as well as websites specializing in providing students several forms of certifications.
There are totally different advances in expertise nowadays, it assist our medical professionals serve the public higher. There are completely different sorts in medical expertise development it might be advances in Hospital Medical Know-how, probably the most troublesome process is document conserving.
Some of the examples of drivers of Medical Advancement are; the continuous enhancements in understanding individuals’s well being and the right way to deal with it, an increase in funding for medical research that comes from private and public sectors and willingness to “quick-track” the approval of certain remedies and therapies.
Of particular interest is the event of highly advanced banking software that allows multiple ATMs to be controlled remotely from one monetary institution in addition to know-how that enables ATMs to talk a wide range of languages, thus offering a globally friendly machines.
As Know-how Advances, So Does The Spy Pen
Influences In Medical Technological Advances
As the speed for these demands in medical technological advancement increases, health care executives must do upfront capability necessities.
Developments in expertise, valiant journeys, and vital people of the Age of Exploration created a powerful step towards the trendy era. Dealing with a skills shortage amongst staff leaves an employer with two apparent courses of motion: they could let go the unqualified employees and substitute them with more certified new personnel or they could prepare their present workers to satisfy the challenges with which the modern world presents the business.
Advancement of latest medical expertise will assist medical practitioner to get well the health of sick people. Technological advances do not solely lengthen to telephone and telephone nevertheless as the ATM (automated teller machine) or cash kiosk, has undergone quite a few modifications as well.
Technological Advances And The Workplace Abilities Scarcity
Completely different technological advances have always boggled the minds of males. Extra well being problems are cured because of this medical development. As expertise has advanced, the options available to employers to offer training to their workers have become vastly more sensible, cost-efficient and convenient. The prairies have long been renowned as an amazing place for raising rattlesnakes, cattle, wheat, and sagebrush, now our fame is rising, over two hundred ft tall to incorporate Wind Powered Common Electrical Turbines.
Because the affect of media like the television and web, people change into conscious of the wonders what the medical know-how advances might offer as they see the benefit of what it can provide them as their health turn out to be higher, as a result they demand for medical technological advances.
One important significance in humanity is health and other species right here living in this planet. Staff who are stored well-versed in the latest and greatest expertise has to offer generally feel a beneficial a part of the company for which they work and are likely to stay with that company, figuring out that the opportunities for them to advance over time are introduced by their employers dedication to their staying current.
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|compliments of lifeprint.com|
Language has three major components and to be a language it needs all these components:
1. semantics (vocabulary)
2. syntax (grammar)
3. pragmatics (social rules)
When you look up 'language' in the dictionary, you will find the following:
1. 'body of words and systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the samegeographical area, or the same cultural tradition. (www.dictionary.reference.com)
expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behavior can be experienced, explained, and shared. This sharing is based on systematic, conventionally used signs, sounds, gestures, or marks that convey understood meanings within a group or community. (www.nidcd.nih.gov)
Ok, sign language ...What is sign language? manual (using the hands, fingers, etc) communication method utilizing body language, facial expressions and other nonverbal methods.
The problem now lays in the different sign languages and the confusion starts ...
American Sign Language (ASL): complete and complex language that utilizes the hands, fingers, face, and body to to create the expressions of a persons wants, needs, comments, and more. It has its own culture and community such does Standard American English. It is not a one-to-one correlation with the English language. It has grammatical rules.
Now Signed English, Signed Exact English (SEE) and Pidgin Signed English (PSE) - -- I think that's a discussion for a later date, but just know they are variations of sign language - they are not ASL. Don't want to share too much knowledge at one time!
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1601: Views of farming
This paper been summarised from a survey conducted in collaboration between YouGov-Cambridge and Mark Reader, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge
Year of Publication2012
A survey exploring public opinion about the UK’s agricultural sector has revealed that farming has a special place in most people’s hearts, even though they know surprisingly little about it. The results show that large numbers of people believe that farming is important for both the environment and the economy, visit the countryside regularly and appreciate living near rural green space.
This item is categorised as follows
- Subject Collection > Business > Farm management
- Subject Collection > Information technologies
- Subject Collection > Training & skills
Additional keywords/tagspublic relations
RuSource Briefings is a free rural information service for anyone working in the countrysideWebsite
This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.
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Photoacoustic tomography provides information about tissues in real time by utilizing ultrasonic waves. A contrast agent is used which interacts with light, creating ultrasonic waves. One such contrast agent is gold nanoparticles.
Kateryna Kon | Shutterstock
Photoacoustic tomography is different to ultrasound imaging, which uses sound waves emitted and detected by a device outside the body and relies on the properties of biological tissues to generate an image.
This type of imaging offers greater resolution and deeper imaging than fluorescence techniques while minimizing the disadvantages of methods like positron emission tomography which expose the patient to dangerous radiation.
How does photoacoustic tomography work?
When a laser strikes an object, the object rapidly heats and expands, producing an acoustic wave. A transducer is capable of detecting these waves and processing them to form an image electronically.
Certain wavelengths of light in the near infra-red region are able to penetrate through biological tissue, with minimal diffusion and scattering to depths of up to five or six centimeters at laser intensities that are incapable of damaging human skin.
The force of these waves are picked up by the transducer depending on the extinction coefficient of the material on which the converging laser beam is focussed.
The laser can be focussed on more shallow biological features, such as skin depth capillaries, with excellent resolution, or sacrifice some of that resolution in order to image more deeply into the body.
Using gold nanoparticles as contrast agents
Gold nanoparticles are plasmonic species, meaning that an electric field of incident light is able to induce collective oscillations of the gold nanoparticle’s electrons, leading to a phenomenon known as localized surface plasmon resonance.
This phenomenon greatly enhances the extinction cross section of the particle, meaning that more light is able to interact with it. Two main interactions with a gold nanoparticle are possible for incoming photons: scattering or absorption.
When light is scattered, it radiates away from the gold nanoparticle; otherwise, it is taken in and usually becomes heat. Light waves that are in-phase with the oscillations of electrons around the gold nanoparticle are absorbed, while others are scattered.
Spherical gold nanoparticles of around 5-30 nm possess a surface plasmon resonance wavelength of approximately 520 nm, getting larger as the diameter of the particle is increased. As the distance between the negative electron cloud-positive metal particle dipole points is increased then the frequency of oscillation also lowers, meaning a lower frequency and higher wavelength of light is in phase with these oscillations and thus absorbed by the gold nanoparticle.
The shape of a gold nanoparticle can be tuned further to push this absorbed wavelength into the ‘tissue transparency window’ by the creation of rod, star, cubic, hollow, cage, or prism geometries, among others.
This allows them to be optimally detected at depth using photoacoustic tomography since laser light of this wavelength will be absorbed by the particle, which will go on to heat and expand. These tiny expansions and contractions generate ultrasonic waves, allowing a detailed picture to be created.
Gold nanoparticles are non-toxic and can be coated with ligands, allowing them to actively target a tumor. This is in addition to the enhanced permeability and retention effect demonstrated by tumors that leads to the accumulation of gold nanoparticles within them, for greater lengths of time than small molecule contrast agents due to their larger size.
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When students at Meadowview Elementary in Farmington needed to improve their reading scores last fall, they were turned over to physical education teacher Joe McCarthy.
Each morning for months, McCarthy had the students spend 15 minutes running or shuttling from side to side in the gym. It wasn’t any type of punishment, but part of a growing trend in education that focuses on increased physical activity to improve learning.
The students were selected based on their scores on fall state assessments. When the kids took the tests again earlier this year, after McCarthy’s exercise regimen, they showed the greatest improvement of any students at Meadowview, double the school average, McCarthy said.
“And all we did was move more,” McCarthy said.
Educators say there is a growing body of research showing that physical activity — even something as subtle as chewing gum — helps not only a child’s health but also a child’s ability to learn because of increased blood and oxygen flow and the creation of new brain cells.
“It’s more than a theory. It’s a well-established fact,” said Jack Olwell, incoming president of the Minnesota Association for Health, Physical Education and Dance, the group representing the state’s thousands of physical education teachers. “The more active you are, the more brain cells you create.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a paper in 2010 urging more physical activity for students because of the health and academic benefits.
“There is substantial evidence that physical activity can help improve academic achievement, including grades and standardized test scores,” the CDC report concluded. Studies involving millions of students in California and Texas demonstrated the connection. Researchers from Harvard and the University of Illinois also have shown how scores and learning improved with more physical activity.
“If you really want to increase your test scores you have to get off your seat and you have to get on your feet,” Olwell said. “You can turn it around in a year. You can turn it around quicker than that. If you stand up — just stand up — you improve your brain activity by 8 percent.”
McCarthy and Olwell are pushing at the state and national level for more P.E. time in schools, and to make physical education a core requirement. There is no state minimum for phy ed instruction in Minnesota schools, although most spend about 15 minutes a day two or three times a week. McCarthy and Olwell would like to make it daily and increase the duration.
“The hard part is changing the mentality,” said McCarthy, who last week was nominated to be the state elementary P.E. teacher of the year.
At Akin Road Elementary, another Farmington school, teacher Anne Shadrick has her third-graders chew gum, jog in place or do calisthenics before tests or as part of their classroom routine.
Shadrick and other Akin Road teachers also use Spooner Boards — curved skateboards without the wheels — on which students balance while reading or doing math problems.
Shadrick said her students are testing higher than the state average. The scores keep going up, she said, the longer the kids are involved in the increased physical activity.
“It’s not just moving,” Shadrick said, “you’re actually studying reading or math when you are moving. It makes the academic learning far more efficient. … I’ve seen incredible leaps with my students.”
One student, Alex Sellner, has gone from being in special reading and tutoring programs to being tested for placement in a gifted reading program, Shadrick said.
“It’s shocking to me,” said Bob Sellner, Alex’s father. “His test scores went up dramatically. His reading has never been this good. Whatever [Shadrick is] doing, it’s working.”
Nowhere is it working better than at Meadowview Elementary, where McCarthy has transformed the school culture the past few years.
Farmington is modeling its work after that of Naperville Central High near Chicago, which has one of the country’s lowest obesity rates.
In 1999, a few years after starting an emphasis on physical education, Naperville students were tested and ranked sixth in math and first in science — in the world.
Today, students there take yoga classes, read while riding stationary bikes and wear arm monitors to track heart rates.
“The academics was a byproduct,” said Paul Zientarski, the former P.E. chairman at Naperville credited with turning the culture around. “The more kids move, the more they learn. Exercise really prepares the brain for learning.”
Building on that premise, McCarthy has his entire school do calisthenics before classes. More than 60 percent of the 700 students also choose to participate in a running club during lunch.
Hundreds more are part of the Century Club, an after-school program in which kids and parents track students’ physical activity, whether it’s walking, playing sports or doing chores at home. The Century Club is part of the course grade for P.E.
Meadowview, meanwhile, is in the top 3 percent of schools in Minnesota for academic performance based on the state assessment tests, McCarthy said.
The school is a finalist for a $25,000 regional prize for being a leader in developing physical fitness curriculum and a possible finalist for a $100,000 national prize.
McCarthy is also working with researchers from Tufts University in Massachusetts, who are studying the academic benefits of exercise.
“It’s really clear to us that there’s a connection between body and mind,” said Meadowview principal Jon Reid. “The parents are happy. The kids are running and nobody’s telling them to.”
Ulla Tervo-Desnick, a St. Paul teacher and a native of Finland, where many of the same methodologies are traditional, said Farmington is ahead of the curve when it comes to combining academics and exercise.
“I think they have thought it through,” said Tervo-Desnick, who teams with Shadrick to conduct presentations around the metro on active classrooms and physical activity for kids. “They are way ahead.”
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* The word “Ateneo” came from the Spanish word “Athenaeum” which was described by the Dictionary of Classical Antiquities as: II.
* The name of the first educational institution at Rome, built by Hadrian about 135 A.D. There rhetoricians and poets held their recitations, and salaried professors gave their lectures in the various branches of general liberal education, philosophy and rhetoric, as well as grammar and jurisprudence.
* The word “academy” would be the best English substitute for "Athenaeum" were it not for the fact that in Philippine and American usage "academy" connotes an institution merely for secondary education, a High School.
* But so well known in the Philippines "Ateneo" as the official title of Jesuit institutions of learning, that it needs no further translation. It is reminiscent of Graeco-Roman civilization, of Spanish culture, of the traditions of liberal education, of men devoted to Divine Wisdom.
* The Ateneo de Manila University began in 1859 when Spanish Jesuits established the Escuela Municipal de Manila, a public primary school established in Intramuros for the city of Manila. However, the educational tradition of the Ateneo embraces the much older history of the Jesuits as a teaching order in the Philippines.
* On October 1, 1859, under the Jesuits, the Escuela eventually became the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 when it was elevated to an institution of secondary education. The Ateneo Municipal offered the bachillerato as well as technical courses leading to certificates in agriculture, surveying, and business.
* Ateneo was a bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran.
IV. Rizal in Ateneo
A. Rizal’s Enter the Ateneo
* June 10, 1872 Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to take the entrance examination on Christian doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran and passed them.
* His father changed his mind when he went home and decided to let him study in Ateneo instead of Letran.
* He was a late enrollee in Ateneo and was first refused by the college registrar, Father Magin Ferrando for the following reasons: 1. He was late for registration.
2. He was sickly and undersized for his age. (Rizal was then 11 years old)
* Manuel Xeres Burgos- the nephew of Father Burgos reluctantly helped Rizal to admit at the Ateneo.
* At the time of Rizal, Ateneo was located in Intramuros within the walls of Manila. He went to boarding house on Caraballo Street, 25 minutes walk from the college. It was owned by a spinster named Titay who owe Rizal’s family 300 pesos.
B. Jesuit System of Education
* Ateneo was more advanced than that of other colleges in that period. It trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious instruction. It promoted physical culture, humanities, and scientific studies.
* Aside from academic courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, it offered vocational courses in Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics, and Surveying.
* Students heard mass in the morning before the beginning of the class. Classes in every subject’s were opened and close with prayers.
* Students were grouped into two:
1. Roman Empire- consisting of the ionternos (boarders)
2. Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos (non-boarders)
* Ranks of Empire:
1. Emperor- the best students in the empire.
2. Tribune- the second best.
3. Decurion- the third best.
4. Centurion- the fourth best.
5. Standard-bearer- the fifth best.
* They wore uniform consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton coat.” The coat material was called rayadillo.
C. Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo
* Fr. Jose Bech- first professor of Rizal. Rizal described him as a tall, thin man, with a body slightly bent...
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Many habits that people commonly have, are attributed to bad breath as well as plaque formation on the teeth. Some of these habits are so harmful that they cause trouble for your internal health as well. Plaque on teeth has many side effects therefore curing this condition is a must. Here are 10 bad habits that cause plaque on teeth.
In this guide we shall refer to some habits, which can severely affect your teeth and oral health. So have a look at the causes of plaque in mouth.
10 Bad Habits That Cause Plaque On Teeth
Plaque on Teeth Caused Due to Munching Frequently
Munching frequently is one of the most important bad habits that cause plaque on teeth. If you are an eager eater then this could spell trouble for your pearly white teeth. Frequent munching has many problems because it tends to downsize the level of health your teeth has. You easily get to slurp your favorite drink but major harm is caused to your tooth enamel. This also happens if you forget to rinse your mouth after you eat.
Not Brushing- A Common Cause for Plaque on Tooth
Another serious bad habit that causes plaque on teeth is not brushing twice a day. Dental hygiene is maintained by proper brushing of teeth. It takes a certain number of hours for the plaque to convert into tartar. If you do not brush properly, you are giving an easy access to build-up of plaque and also formation of tartar. It is therefore recommended that you should brush your teeth twice day, especially in the morning and at bedtime.
Not Flossing Can Lead to Plaque Formation on Teeth
Just as brushing is important, it is very important to floss your teeth. Flossing is a very good habit as it can help remove the food particles stuck in between the teeth, which brushing is often unable to do. But not flossing is one of the bad habits that cause plaque on teeth and lead to trouble for your oral health.
Not Rinsing After Eating
When eating, it is obvious that food particles remain stuck in between the teeth and in the oral cavity. Hence it is important to rinse your mouth every time you eat to avoid building up of plaque on teeth.
Lack of Tongue Cleaning
Another important aspect of good oral hygiene is tongue cleaning. With the variety of foods you eat and the continuous exposure to food causes building up of plaque and coating even in the tongue. Lack of tongue cleaning is a bad habit that cause plaque on teeth and also result in bad breath. It is necessary that you clean your tongue regularly along with brushing of your teeth.
Eating Too Many Sweets
Foods that contain sweets and starchy foods are harmful by their nature itself. When such foods remain stuck in the teeth for long, can cause more harm and lead to building up of plaque on teeth. Eating too many sweets or foods that contain sweets is also a bad habit that can cause plaque in the mouth.
Picking Wrong Toothpaste
Bad habits that cause plaque in mouth also include picking the wrong toothpaste which contains harmful chemicals which can damage your teeth. Withering away of enamel occurs if you use toothpaste which is quite abrasive to your teeth. Same is the case when choosing mouthwashes and other dental care products. Tartar control ingredient leads erosion and eventually leading to receding gums. Keep in mind that you need only the fluoride to keep your tooth in great condition.
Having Ice and Colas
Wrong food has some severe side effects on tooth enamel which includes heavy and frequent intake of carbonated drinks which contain phosphoric acid. Also, these are cold and contain loads of sugar, which harm the teeth. Having ice or ice-pops too damage your teeth and such habits cause plaque on teeth.
Smoking and Tobacco
Bad habits that cause plaque in the mouth mainly also include smoking and tobacco chewing. These two habits of smoking and tobacco lead to ill health and deterioration of oral health as well. For all reasons, you need to do away with these substances as they badly stain the tooth enamel. The marks left on teeth are quite stubborn and may need aggressive treatment. Besides that, it is the habit of chewing tobacco as well which form plaque on teeth thus causing problems in the long run.
Not Visiting a Dentist
The worst of all bad habits that cause plaque on teeth is not visiting a dentist. While you can do all possible things to protect your teeth and avoid plaque formation, regular dental check-ups can help to treat any dental problem. It is recommended that you visit a dentist every six months and get assured of your oral hygiene. Any problem can be immediately addressed, without waiting for further complications.
Sugar free chewing gums which are free from harmful substances can help to prevent plaque formation. Healthy foods, vegetables like carrot sticks, cucumber rings, etc. also help to keep your teeth clean and are natural ways to prevent plaque buildup.
Plaque is in many ways a must-avoid thing as it builds up cavities in your teeth that leave you helpless as you will not enjoy your favorite foods. It is important to know the causes of plaque formation on your teeth so the proper treatment can be provided. So now that you know the 10 bad habits that cause plaque in the mouth, you can surely avoid them and have healthy teeth. Resort to healthy eating; avoid binge and junk food to skip the heavy medical bills that are a burden on your pocket.
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Watching the Northern Lights dance across the sky is a bucket-list worthy sight.
It may be some time before we can see the phenomenon in person (unless you head to northern Scotland to catch a glimpse), but members of the public are now being invited to suggest names for each unique ‘storm’.
In a new campaign from Visit Arctic Europe, which promotes tourism in Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish Lapland, people from around the globe are being iasked to come up with unique names for the natural phenomenon.
Each aurora event is unique, which is why the organisation wants to start giving them individual monikers, like those given to hurricanes and tropical storms.
“There are so many Northern Lights visible in Arctic Europe from autumn to early spring that we started giving them names the same way other storms are named. This way, they get their own identities and it’s easier to communicate about them,” said Rauno Posio, program director of Visit Arctic Europe, in a statement.
Auroras, or Northern Lights, are formed when solar wind from the sun gets past the magnetic field and travels towards earth.
The colourful lights appear when the particles from the solar wind hit the Earth’s atmosphere and release energy.
The Northern Lights can typically be seen in Nordic countries between August and April each year, when the night skies are clear.
Naming auroras will not only make it easier for scientists to discuss these solar storms, but visitors will also be able to recall the exact aurora they saw too.
To name your own aurora, simply go to This is Arctic and head to the ‘Naming Auroras’ section. There is the option to give a backstory and add your email and Instagram handle too.
The site says: “Northern lights are never the same. Every light show in the sky has its own identity. They shine, they dance, they change colours and they might disappear as quickly as they show up. We wanted to create a way to make a deeper connection to the experience.”
Up until now these light shows have been given traditional Nordic names, alternating between Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish origin.
The storm in the sky on 27 October, for example, will be called ‘Sampo’ which is the name of the miracle machine and magic mill in the Finnish national poem, Kalevala.
WATCH: How to move out of the city
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- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
First Self-Sustaining Biomass Bot Eats, Excretes, Runs for a Week
Posted By Cameron Scott On July 20, 2010 @ 1:19 pm In green gadgets,green technology,Poo Power! | No Comments
The premise of any science fiction movie worth its salt is robots operating without human supervision for long stretches of time. (Those pesky robots do get into trouble, don’t they?) Researchers at the UK’s Bristol Robotics Laboratory have brought us a step closer to that prospect with the Ecobot III , the first robot capable of powering itself by consuming and excreting biomass that can run unsupervised for a full week. The bot uses a set of 48 microbial fuel cells to break down its food, extracting electrons from the metabolic process to run ultra low-power circuitry.
So what exactly does it eat? Why, partially processed sewage of course! It navigates toward a trough and “eats” what it needs, generating electricity by metabolizing its, err, meal with bacteria in the fuel cells. Any undigested matter gets pumped back up into the bot’s gut to maximize its energy use. The waste is, shall we say, “purged” every 24 hours with a colon-like pump that uses pressure waves to expel it into a litter tray.
Chris Melhuish, director of the lab, said the robot was called Ecobot III, but admitted “diarrhea-bot would be more appropriate, as it’s not exactly knocking out rabbit pellets.” Well, as they say: garbage in, garbage out.
This tasty little system is C02-neutral, but, as it stands now, the bot gets just 1 percent of the energy available from its “food.” Its efficiency will likely improve with new iterations, though, and the Bristol team sees value in powering such release-and-forget robots with a wider range of — again the scare quotes — “foodstuffs” than would work in robots that burn, rather than digest, biomass. But you might want to bring a match along just in case if you’ll be spending any time with this R2D2.
Via PhysOrg
Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/first-self-sustaining-biomass-bot-eats-excretes-runs-for-a-week/
URLs in this post:
Image: http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/07/ecobot-lead01.jpg
pesky robots: http://inhabitat.com/springgreening/2010/05/02/wall-e-from-old-and-repurposed-materials-around-home/
Bristol Robotics Laboratory: http://www.brl.ac.uk/index.html
Ecobot III: http://www.brl.ac.uk/projects/ecobot/ecobot%20III/index.html
fuel cells: http://inhabitat.com/2010/04/13/artist-unleashes-fuel-cell-powered-nomad-plants-to-clean-rivers/
Image: http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/07/ecobot-ed01.jpg
sewage: http://inhabitat.com/2010/06/01/biodiesel-from-sewage-sludge-costs-just-10-a-gallon-more-than-petrol/
energy: http://www.inhabitat.com/energy/
PhysOrg: http://www.physorg.com/news198817988.html
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved.
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If you keep them outdoors you will need a hutch and a separate run (essential). Guinea pigs enjoy the fresh air and sunlight that can only be found in a run but a run cannot be used in cold winter weather. Buy the biggest hutch and run that you can afford. Tiny cages give guinea pigs stressy habits (Normando & Gelli 2011). So-called starter packs sold in pet shops are always too small. The minimum size for two guinea pigs should be 4ft by 2ft (ensure this is the internal not the external measurement) – but larger is better. Guinea Pig Welfare recommend UKRabbitHutches. Wheek and Squeak recommend Ryedale Pet Homes. Both of these manufacturers can do bespoke features such as covered or sided ramps, which are highly advisable to prevent injuries.
There should always be a sleeping compartment for the guinea pigs to retreat to. Never buy a hutch/run with a wire floor – these injure the guinea pig’s delicate feet (Reinhardt 2002). Be careful about hutches with ramps. Guinea pigs may injure themselves on a wire ramp or fall off a solid one if they are in a panic. If you are good at DIY you could make the ramps safe by adding sides to them so the guinea pigs cannot fall off. All outside runs should have a wire ceiling to keep out predators like cats and birds. For ideas for runs look here.
Make sure the hutch is weather proof. Damp is worse for guinea pigs’ health than cold (Kaiser et al., 2010). Take a careful look at the hutch and reject it if it is made of thin plywood or not properly put together. You must supply places to retreat to in a run, like tunnels (builders merchants might supply some) or on fine days thick cardboard tubes or boxes with access holes for indoor runs. In hot weather, the run must be almost fully shaded. Guinea pigs can sometimes learn to use a cat flap if it is a light-weight flap.
Wood shavings or sawdust should never be used as floor litter even if they were traditional in the past. They are dusty and leave the animal prone to health problems. Put a layer of newspaper at the bottom of the hutch. Bedding on top of the newspaper should be paper bedding or hay (McBride 2011) or Megazorb (used by Wheek and Squeak rescue), or Carefresh or Aubiose litter with some hay to tunnel in. You need a thicker layer of bedding in an outdoor hutch than in an indoor one. Never buy small pet fluffy bedding, even if it is sold in pet shops, in case they eat it, and it blocks their gut. Straw, which is sometimes suggested, can cause eye injuries.
Guinea pigs can be litter trained for urine. Shallow kitten litter trays, shallow rabbit litter trays or any shallow plastic container will do. Place some soiled litter in the tray and put the tray where the guinea pigs are already urinating. This won’t work for all guinea pigs but some do learn to use it.
Outdoor guinea pigs need a warm cosy bed area. On top of a layer of newspaper, add your choice of litter, and then put a generous amount of hay for them to tunnel into and keep warm.
The hutch or cage must be inspected daily and spot cleaned every day. This is particularly important in hot weather, when flies may lay their eggs on dirty bedding resulting in fly strike for the guinea pigs. In cold weather damp bedding and litter should be replaced by dry daily. Guinea pigs can be messy with food and water and damp bedding is bad for them. Make sure the water bottle stays clean – they tend to block it with food. Rinse it out and change the water every day.
Scrub out the bottle with a bottle brush each week and use baby bottle sterilizing fluid. It may be worth keeping two water bottles (or bowls) – one for use while the other is being cleaned and dried.
Do a complete clean out at least once weekly and throw out everything replacing it completely. Anything less frequent than this is leaves guinea pigs vulnerable to fungus infections. Disinfect weekly using pet disinfectants following the instructions carefully. Do not use human disinfectants or any disinfectant that goes cloudy. After disinfecting, rinse thoroughly and dry completely before putting in clean bedding.
Daytime droppings are dry but night time ones are moist. A guinea pig should be eating its moist droppings. If you find these in the hutch, make sure your guinea pig gets more fibre and less protein in its diet – read What should I feed my guinea pig.
Kaiser, S., Kruger, C. & Sachser, N, (2010), ‘The Guinea Pig,’ in eds Hubrecht & Kirkwood, J., The UFAW Handbook on Care and Management of Laboratory and other Research Animals, Eight Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 381-398
McBride, A., (2011), Guinea Pigs. Understanding and caring for your pet, Magnet & Steel.
Normando, S. & Gelli, G., ‘Behavioral complaints and owners’ satisfaction in rabbits, mustelids, and rodents kept as pets,’ Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 6, 337-342.
Reinhard, V., ‘Comfortable Quarters for Guinea-pigs in Research Institutions,’ in eds Reinhardt, V., & Reinhardt, A., Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, Ninth Edition, Washington DC, USA, Animal Welfare Institute,38-42.
These notes are my copyright. I am also usually happy to have the exact words reproduced on websites, in return for a link, my name, and if permission is asked beforehand. I like to check the websites where it might be used. Email me via this website for permission which will usually be given. Organisations wishing to use them in print should contact me via this website. Copyright © 2007 Celia Haddon. All Rights Reserved.
All normal safety precautions should be taken when dealing with animals. The advice in this section should be taken only at the owner’s own risk. All sick animals should be seen by a vet.
General advice of the kind found in this website is no substitute for an individual consultation with a vet or qualified behaviourist working on a vet’s referral.
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Attendees of the United Nations Climate Change Conference emphasized the need for firm commitments to climate change goals at the start of the meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark, which is expected to be attended by 110 heads of state and governments from around the world.
The two-week meeting, the 15th conference of the 193 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the fifth meeting of the 189 parties to the Kyoto Protocol, is the culmination of a process set in motion in Bali, where parties to the UNFCCC agreed to conclude negotiations on a new global deal in Denmark this year.
UNFCCC Executive Secretary Yvo de Boer said there was unprecedented political momentum for a deal.
‘World leaders are calling for an agreement that offers serious emission limitation goals and that captures the provision of significant financial and technological support to developing countries,’ he said. ‘At the same time, Copenhagen will only be a success if it delivers significant and immediate action that begins the day the conference ends.’
Negotiators must focus on solid and practical proposals that will unleash prompt action on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology, reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and capacity-building, according to U.N. climate change officials.
According to de Boer, governments must agree to by the end of the conference to three layers of action: fast and effective implementation of immediate action on climate change; ambitious commitments to cut and limit emissions, including start-up funding and a long-term funding commitment; and a long-term shared vision on a low-emissions future for all.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an aggregate emission reduction by industrialized countries of between 25% and 40% over 1990 levels would be required by 2020 in order to stave off the worst effects of climate change, with global emissions falling by at least 50% by 2050. Even under this scenario, there would be an only a 50% chance of avoiding the most catastrophic consequences.
More than 15,000 participants, including government delegates from 193 parties to the UNFCCC and representatives from business and industry, environmental organizations and research institutions, are attending the two-week gathering.
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Modern data analytics and decision-making techniques can benefit the regulatory process just as they have benefitted almost every business sector and industry. Today, most companies operate on an iterative cycle, trying to constantly improve the way they perform and better achieve real world outcomes. They gather data, model it, base decisions on data analysis and translate those insights into action. They fly through this cycle continuously employing a combination of computers, experts and crowds. Regulation can be informed and enforced by way of a similar process - a process of: 1. Collecting relevant data about performance from the regulated entities 2. Properly organizing that data and unifying it with data from other sources 3. Applying data analytics techniques to the data to learn how a market and the regulated entities are performing vis-à-vis a set goal 4. Based on that knowledge, regulators can take action to shift the direction of regulation or enforcement In rapidly evolving markets, there is much favoring outcome-based regulatory models over prescriptive rules. The traditional concerns both regulators and companies have had with regard to such models can be overcome through the application of data analytics, iteration and collaboration. Key here is constructing a process that is very fast around the cycle.
16 users have voted.
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This resource provides an abstract. This article discusses a method based on the magnitude-frequency distribution of previous earthquakes in a region. It is used to examine the probability of a small earthquake growing into a catastrophic one. When a small earthquake is detected in a region where a catastrophic one is expected, early warning systems can be modified to determine the probability that this earthquake will grow in magnitude. It was found that if the observed earthquake magnitude reaches 6.5, the estimated probability that the final magnitude will reach 7.5 is between 25 and 41 percent.
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Initially introduced for indoor critical viewing applications under high-ambient environment, light emitting diode (LED) technology has evolved significantly over the years. Today, it comes with lesser cost and reduced pixel pitch that enables higher resolution.
An LED display consists of tiles whose length and breadth is much higher than depth. The viewer facing tile side comprises of very fine LED clusters that produce points of lights when connected to a processor. The specialized processor regulates each point’s color and brightness.
Following are some of the creative designs that can be carved out of LEDs:
In the standard setup, one tile is locked with the next tile and the next tile is locked with another tile and so on. The easiest method to build this creative design is to unlock the tiles and rearranging them to produce a concave or a convex arc.
2. Circular and Diagonal arrays
There are two ways to achieve LED designs with edges that are not horizontal or vertical. The first way is to implement a stair-step configuration and masking the boundaries according to the desired patterns. The other method is to use the customized tiles that can be attached to produce the required shape.
3. Floors, Ceilings, and Walls
Creating an LED laced wall is not difficult as all LED displays are designed for this. However, the ceiling and floor LEDs have close pixel pitch. The LEDs used for the floor is covered with translucent plastic panels that can bear considerable weight without damaging the LEDs.
The previous methods can be combined to produce 3-D objects such as cylinders, blocks or spheres. The most important consideration is to ensure the mechanical alignment of the tiles required for a particular 3-D object.
Modern stage automation can be used to provide dynamic motion to LED displays. This is often used to project the stage with dramatically contrasting colors. It supports upstage/downstage, left/right, and vertical motions.
6. Mix and Match Resolutions
Various LED components can be used in combinations to create unique video effects. A single LED strip can be combined with a standard LED display to create a unique look. Also, LEDs with different pixel pitch can provide display layers with different image coherence levels.
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Find more education infographics on e-Learning Infographics
STEM Education promotes a learning environment for students around the world to be active in fields like Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math. Many STEM related programs use a hands-on learning approach that encourages students to be active and involved inside the classroom. This inspires and motivates students to continue their education in STEM related fields, like robotics, beyond school, building a career in an economy where job openings in STEM industries are skyrocketing. In fact, it’s predicted that by 2020, the demand for STEM professionals will add over one million new jobs in STEM fields.Government officials have started to recognize the need for improved STEM Education programs. In 2015, $100 million in federal grants were made available through White House initiative, TechHire. This initiative increase the number of STEM trained professionals inside schools and supports STEM programs across the country.
The Robotics in STEM Education Infographic from KUKA Robotics shows the importance and the growth of robotics both in and beyond STEM Education and encourages programs to implement a hands-on approach to learning.
KUKA has created the KUKA KORE Kart as a solution to the need for robotics in STEM classrooms. The KORE Program is designed to give students real world robotic application experience and can be implemented into any high school, community college, university, or technical center. By providing materials and a strong curriculum, educators and students are trained in the use of advanced robotic technology.
Facts and Stats to Share:
- KUKA Robotics offers the most inclusive STEM robotics program
- STEM is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
- Only 16 percent of American high school seniors are proficient in mathematics and interested in a STEM career. – US Department of Education
- KUKA KORE joins innovative robotic curriculum certification with career cluster credentials
- Only 30 percent of high school seniors who took the ACT test were cleared for college-level sciences
- Average income for STEM career: $77,880/year
- KORE packages include training, curriculum, course labs, tests, and student manuals
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Social & Planetary Health
Thorough chewing benefits mind, body, and spirit. In a review of chewing and its effects, including many scientific and medical studies and personal accounts, two macrobiotic teachers and counselors conclude that proper chewing (approximately 50 or more times per mouthful) contributes to health at many levels:
• Proper Digestion Chewing protects against hunger, starvation, and disease and is essential for proper digestion; contributes to health and vitality, and prolongs life. It charges the food, activating the entire organism
• Improves Taste of Food Chewing improves the sensory qualities of food. It makes grains sweeter to the taste, stimulates the appetite, and contributes to greater awareness of texture, smell, and aroma
• Stabilizes the Emotions Chewing helps stabilize the emotions and by slowing down consumption and improving taste contributes to the aesthetic enjoyment of the meal
• Calms the Mind Chewing calms the mind, strengthens the intellect, and contributes to greater clarity, insight, and understanding
• Reduces Food Waste Chewing contributes to greater harmony within the family, in society, and with the environment, including better communication with others, increased awareness of earth and sky, and less use of energy and waste of food (including packaging materials, transport, and disposal)
• Enhances Spiritual Awareness Chewing contributes to spiritual awareness, including deeper knowledge of the order of nature and the universe, stronger intuition, and discovery of one’s dream in life
• Contributes to Universal Consciousness Chewing contributes to universal awareness, including the free play of consciousness on all levels and oneness with all of life
In addition to examining the physiology of digestion, the study describes the traditional use of saliva for healing, especially by Jesus and Mohammad.[i]
Exercise and Fitness
Exercise, fitness, and physical activity are an important dimension of daily health. Eating a balanced, grain-centered diet can also translated into winning on the ball field.
• Macrobiotic Japanese Baseball Team Wins Championship
In 1983, a Japanese professional baseball team climbed from last to first place by switching to a macrobiotic diet. After taking over the last place Seibu Lions in October, 1981, manager Tatsuro Hirooka initiated a dietary experiment. Restricting the players’ intake of meat, sugar, and white rice, he encouraged them to eat brown rice, tofu, vegetables, and soybean products. He told the players that animal food increases an athlete’s susceptibility to injuries. Conversely, natural foods, they were told, protect the body from sprains and dislocations and keep the mind clear and focused. During the 1982 season, the Lions were ridiculed by their archrivals, the Nippon Ham Fighters, a team sponsored by a major meat company. However, the Lions defeated the Ham-Fighters for the Pacific League crown and continued to the Japan World Series and beat the Chunichi Dragons. The Lions won the championship again the following year as well.[ii]
Arts and Culture
Many singers, dancers, and movie stars have observed a macrobiotic way or employed macrobiotic chefs, including Gloria Swanson, Maurice Cunningham, Madonna, Sting, Anne Teresa de Keeermacher, Demi Moore, Pamela Anderson, Gwyneth Paltrow, Alicia Silverstone, Fiona Apple, Nicole Kidman, Tom Cruise, and John Travolta. As singer John Denver enthused, “On a macrobiotic diet, I had all the energy in the world, clear-headed and singing like a bird! I loved it, I felt great!” In addition to a healthy glow, improved vitality, a trimmer physique, and greater flexibility, some performers also use macrobiotic principles:
• Composer John Cage John Cage whom Time hailed as “the puckish composer, audacious theoretician, stylish writer, subtle graphic artist, macrobiotic guru and fearless mushroom hunter . . . the impish personification of the 20th century avant-garde” used the I Ching and Far Eastern principles to compose music. His colleague dancer Maurice Cunningham was also macrobiotic.[iii]
• Artist Rod House Rod House, one of Michio Kushi’s earliest students, taught at the New England College of Art, and was on the original faculty of the Kushi Institute. His paintings have been exhibited throughout New England.
• Painter and Sculptor Patricia Price Patricia Price, an English artist and painter, taught art at the Kushi Institute and sculpted a large Jizo Bodhisattva.
• Dancer and Choreographer Anne Teresa de Keersmacher Founder, director, and choreographer of Rosas Dance Company in Brussels, Anne Teresa uses yin and yang, the five transformations, and other macrobiotic principles in her compositions. Her company performs worldwide, e.g., staging spiral dances at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, and her dance school has a macrobiotic dining room.
• Ancient Food Pattern
Since the time of Darwin and the introduction of evolutionary theory, scientists believed that meat eating was largely responsible for the development of human prowess, intellect, and ingenuity. Over the last generation, a revolution in anthropology, archaeology, and other social sciences has led to an emerging view that ancient hominins were not primarily hunters, but gatherers, and that plant-based foods largely shaped and influenced our unique human qualities.
• Present Day Hunter-Gatherers Eat Mostly Plants
Contemporary hunter-gather societies such as the Son and Kalahari bushmen in Africa consume the vast majority of their food in the form of foraged plants, fruits, and nuts and only small amounts, 10-20%, in the form of animal food.[iv]
• Evidence of Plant-Based Diets Doesn’t Survive Well
The archaeological evidence [for plant-eating] is especially weak, as many organic materials, especially plants, do not survive well, and are therefore invisible in the archaeological record,” the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported in 2002. Artifacts, such as stone tools which are likely to be used for hunting and animal bones with evidence of human processing and butchering do indicate that hunting did occur at many times in the past, but it is impossible to judge the frequency.”[v]
• Cooking Made Us Human
In Harvard primatologist Richard Wrangham hypothesized that the mastery of fire for cooking spurred the development of early humans, not meat-eating. Cooking, in his view, made more calories from existing, largely plant quality foods, available and improved metabolism, leading to the development of larger brains. Cooking also facilitated warmth, leading to the loss of body hair and the ability to run faster without overheating. Wrangham suggests it also allowed early hominins to develop more peaceful personalities, develop new social structures around the hearth, and bring the sexes closer together. Raw food, he contends, does not supply enough caloric energy and is unsustainable and can cause up to half the women to cease menstruation. Cooking increases the net energy gain by 30%.[vi] As humans evolved from the monkey and primate state, they discovered cycles of change, found ways to store food, and learned to cook. As a result of his investigations, Wrangham became vegetarian.
• Wild Grasses as Principal Food
In the early twenty-first century, evidence started to emerge that ate wild grasses, the prototype of grains, as principal food. At the University of Colorado Boulder researchers reported: “High tech tests on tooth enamel by researchers indicate that prior to about 4 million year ago, Africa’s hominids were eating essentially chimpanzee style, dining on fruits and some leaves,” explained anthropology professor Matt Sponheimer, lead author of the 2013 study. “A new look at the diets of ancient African hominids shows a ‘game change’ occurred about 3.5 million years ago when some members added grasses or sedges (a family of rushes including water chestnut) to their menus.”[vii] “It is quite possible that these changes in diet were an important step in becoming human,” he concluded.
• Lucy, Mother of Humankind, a Vegetarian
For nearly 2 million years, the primary hominin ancestors in Africa, was largely vegetarian. Australopithecus anamensis, a hominid that lived in East Africa more than 4 millions years ago, was herbivorous. Lucy, often referred to as the Eve or mother of the human race, lived about a million years later. Her skeletal remains, found in East Africa, classify her as Australopithecus afarensis. She was vegetarian, eating grasses and leaves, as well as fruit, nuts, seeds, and tubers.[viii]
• Homo Sapiens Harvested Wild Grains
Stone tools recently found in East Africa, the cradle of humanity, showed that people were processing sorghum 100,000 years ago. In Ngalue, a cave in Mozambique, researchers discovered an assortment of seventy stone tools in a layer of sediment deposited on the cave floor 42,000 to 105,000 years ago. Although the tools cannot be dated precisely, those in the deepest strata appear to be at least 100,000 years old. About 80% of the tools, including scrapers, grinders, points, flakes, and drills, had ample starchy residue, archaeologists told .[ix] Eighty-nine percent of the starches came from sorghum, a cereal grain that still constitutes a main staple in many parts of Africa. The rest came from the African wine palm, the false banana, pigeon peas, wild oranges, and the African potato. The evidence suggests that people living in Ngalue routinely brought starchy plants, especially sorghum, to their cave where it was made into porridge and baked in the form of flat bread.
• Prehistoric European Bakeries
In multiple European sites, including present-day Moravia, Italy, and Russia, evidence has surfaced of ancient grain harvesting, cooking, and processing dating to about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago, a Stone Age era renowned for its elegant Ice Age cave paintings. For example, mammoth hunters in Dolni Vestonice, an Upper Paleolithic site in Moravia, had sickle blades and grinding stones. Researchers speculate that they harvested edible seeds of wild grasses, the common reed, bog bean, water nut, and arctic berries.[x] Remains of plant food preserved by a hearth at Dolni Vestonice II dating to from 27,000 to 24,000 years ago contained a seed, tissues from roots and tubers, possible acorn mush, and wood charcoal. In the Black Sea region, archaeologists unearthed thousands of small blades made of flint and hafted with bitumen into bone handles to harvest wild grasses and cane. As Dr Revedin of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Early History in Florence concluded: “The discovery of grain and plant residues on grinding stones at the three sites suggests plant-based food processing, and possibly flour production, was common and widespread across Europe at least 30,000 years ago.”[xi]
Food and Agriculture
The introduction of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s fundamentally altered the human food supply. The Sacramento Valley in northern California is the site of most of the organic brown rice production in the United States. In 2000, Monsanto announced plans to introduce GMO rice in the region, a step that would almost certainly have resulted in the contamination of organic rice and the main staple in the macrobiotic community. Macrobiotic teachers Alex Jack, Edward Esko, Bettina Zumdick, and their associates formed Amberwaves, a grassroots network to educate the public about the potential dangers of genetically engineered crops. The campaign included a petition that garnered tens of thousands of signatures, concerts known as Amberfests, workshops and lectures, books and articles, and meetings with the California Rice Commission, FDA, EPA, and members of Congress. In the end, Monsanto was defeated, and GMO rice was never commercialized in the United States or elsewhere in the world. Amberwaves also helped prevented Monsanto from introducing GMO wheat.[xii]
• GMO Foods Imperil Natural Evolution
In a review of more than 100 scientific and medical studies on genetically engineered seeds, crops, and foods, an Amberwaves researcher concluded that GMOs pose a serious threat to continued natural biological and spiritual evolution. “Even before genetic engineering was developed, an estimated 97 percent of all native species of grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits in America disappeared in the 20th century, driven to extinction by monoculture, hybrid seeds, jet transportation, and modern economies of scale . . . It will take dramatic concerted action to protect freedom of choice, end the war on nature, and ensure the health of American and the planet as a whole.”[xiii]
• GMO Rice Harmful to Human Health
LibertyLink Rice, the first GMO rice developed in America, was grown experimentally in Texas in 2001. Amberwaves commissioned Joe Cummins, a Canadian geneticist who has written more than 200 research papers, to prepare a scientific report on LibertyLink Rice and its possible effects on human health and the environment. LL Rice is spliced with a gene that is resistant to glufosinate, an extremely toxic herbicide. In his study, Cummins reported that LibertyLink Rice would probably result in major adverse health effects to consumers and farmers, as well as reduced yields and the contamination of other plants.
“Glufosinate is a herbicide that kills almost everything green; it is used extensively with genetically engineered crops including corn, canola, and soybeans,” he explained. “The herbicide resistant crops were approved by the Canadian and United States governments, even though there was clear evidence that the herbicide caused birth defects in experimental animals. The chemical acts by causing premature cell death in the immature brain by a process called apotosis. It also prevents development of glutamate channels in the brain, thus disrupting cellular communication. The birth defects observed in animals included brain defects leading to behavioral changes. Cleft lip and skeletal defects or kidney and urethra injury were observed in treated newborn. The herbicide also caused miscarriage and reduced conception in treated mothers. Exposure of male farm workers caused birth defects in their children.”
As a result of a public campaign against GMO foods and the contamination of much of the nation’s corn crop by an unapproved variety of modified corn, Aventis destroyed all 5 million pounds of LL Rice grown in Texas. Since then, there has been no commercialization of GMO rice.[xiv]
Crime and Violence
Food affects mood as well as physical health. Macrobiotic food has figured prominently in several prison projects and helped reduce crime and violence.
• Sugar Linked to Violent Behavior
Frank Kern, assistant director at Tidewater Detention Center in Chesapeake, Virginia, a state facility for juvenile offenders, initiated a double-blind dietary study. In 1979, Kern, a graduate of the Kushi Institute, arranged an experiment in which sugar was taken out of the meals and snacks of 24 inmates. Researchers found that the youngsters on the modified diet exhibited a 45 percent lower incidence of formal disciplinary actions and antisocial behavior than the control group. Follow-up studies showed that after limiting sugar there was an 82 percent reduction in assaults, 77 percent reduction in thefts, 65 percent reduction in horseplay, and 55 percent reduction in not obeying orders. The researchers also found that “the people most likely to show improvement were those who had committed violent acts on the outside.” The findings appeared in
• Portuguese Prisoners Go Macrobiotic
In 1979 several inmates at the Central Prison in Linho, a maximum security facility, outside of Lisbon, Portugal, began eating a macrobiotic diet and attending lectures on Oriental philosophy and medicine. Soon 30 prisoners had become macrobiotic, including Toze Areal, the leader of a bank robber gang, and prison officials allowed them to use a large kitchen where they cooked and ate together several times a week. As a result of attitude and behavioral changes, most of the prisoners attending classes received commutations and were released early. “[T]here is a great difference in them, especially in those who have left the prison,” Senhor Alfonso, a prison administrator, noted, commenting on the macrobiotic group. “It is not easy to describe—for one thing I can say that now they take more initiative. Actually, there is no problem here with anyone who is macrobiotic; this way of life enjoys a very good reputation. I believe the food and the outside stimulus both helped. The food can change people.” Areal went on to study at the Kushi Institute, marry and have a large family, and start a company that made tofu and tempeh.[xvi]
• GMOs Linked to Sexual Decline and School Violence
In a review of scientific and medical studies on GMOs, Alex Jack concluded that genetic engineering is contributing to abnormal sexual development, increased problems with conception, diminished sexual desire and performance, sex reversals and altered sex ratios, sterility, and other reproductive ills. He also examined the energetic effects of eating food produced from strains of GMO seeds developed with a gene gun–a pistol shooting modified .22 and .45 bullets coated with genetic material into the plant—and correlated the introduction of GMO foods with the increase of violence in society, especially among children and the dramatic increase in shootings and other violent incidents in schools.[xvii]
Peace and Social Justice
The Far Eastern word for peace is wa and is made up of two characters, or ideograms, for “grain” and “mouth.” By eating a balanced whole grain diet, humans become calm and peaceful, see clearly, and exercise sound judgment. The Prophet Isaiah’s dictum to turn swords into plowshares points at the same truth: peace comes from cultivating grains and eating in a plant-based way. Macrobiotic initiatives in the Middle East, South America, and other regions have helped reduce religious, ethnic, and class tensions and restore balance and harmony.
• Macrobiotic Food Unifies Warring Religions in Lebanon
Susana Sarué left the Sorbonne in Paris where she was completing her doctorate in nutrition to travel to the Middle East and used macrobiotic food and principles to help restore peace between warring Christians and Moslems in Beirut, as well as Palestinian refugees caught in the fighting, and Israeli soldiers and officials. She learned that there used to be a whole grain bread in Lebanon called Wise Bread because it gave wisdom, or nourishment, but for many years the bread had been made entirely with white flour. This flat bread composed about two-thirds of the daily diet. With donations, she and other macrobiotic practitioners opened a small bakery and brought the bread to the homes of many families who had a lot of children and who didn’t have any work. Gradually people learned how to make the bread themselves. Later, a natural foods cooperative was set up and made grains, beans, miso, soy sauce, and other healthy foods available. In East Beirut, Miriam Nour, a prominent journalist, began to work in the villages and eventually became the leading macrobiotic teacher after Susana returned home. “Other countries—America, France—send us donations: canned food, sugar, white flour, margarine,” Nour observed. “And they send us free medication. It’s a vicious circle—the food is eaten, the people get sick, they go to hospitals, they take the medications. The food is eaten, the people become more aggressive, angry, and warlike. And the people who send this junk food and medication, the synthetic clothing, also send the bombs. It is also they who say they want to make peace. But the war itself wants to fight because there is war in our hearts and minds.” Nour went on to host the leading TV talk show in the Middle East and introduced macrobiotics to millions of people, including the leaders of many Islamic countries.[xviii]
• Sugarcane Workers Gain Reforms after Dietary Change
In Virareka, a small village in Colombia, a sugarcane plantation had displaced local farms and fields. Over the years, large amounts of chemicals were applied to the cane, which came to displace all other crops. Deserts replaced green fields of grains and vegetables. Almost all the food eaten locally was brought in and consisted mainly of white flour, sugar, dairy food, meat, and other highly processed foods. Nutritionist Susana Sarué, a native of Latin America, returned to Colombia in the 1970s and developed a whole range of foods made from natural ingredients. She introduced a variety of cutlets, burgers, and other “meats” with a soya base, offered the people soy milk instead of dairy, and made an ice cream from sorghum and soya. The children’s condition began to improve quickly. They became more alert and intelligent in school and less famished. They no longer had large stomachs. They also became more active. A health food bar was opened and managed by the local people. One day, the men of the village went on strike, and the bosses at the sugar plantation refused their demands, reasoning that they would starve after the third day and return to work. But the strikers, subsisting on local grains and beans and soy products, continued for two weeks, and the company was forced to give in and raise their wages.[xix]
• Teaching Macrobiotics in War-Torn Syria
As the war in Syria spread, America and Russia initiated air strikes, and millions of refugees fled the country, Baydaa Laylaa, an elementary schoolteacher from Latakia, was busy giving macrobiotic cooking classes. Because of the war, the price of meat increased and people reduced their consumption. Because of sanctions, pharmacies are offering whole foods and herbal remedies instead of drugs. Sanctions have also reduced the availability of macrobiotic specialty foods. Fighting has disrupted organic farming, so vegetables have been in short supply. After marrying Hussain Muhammad, another graduate of the Kushi Institute in America, Baydaa moved to Kuwait with her husband, but the couple still returns to Syria periodically to teach and give health consultations. In the future, they would like to start an organic farm. “There is no organic farming now,” she noted. “Organic produce is imported, but it is expensive and the Ki energy is depleted. We also want to start a macrobiotic kitchen and introduce a healthier way of eating to children, parents, and the general public.”[xx]
• Trauma Teams Aid Children in Asia
Through Fortunate Blessings Foundation, Bill and Joan Spear, macrobiotic teachers in Litchfield, Connecticut, began an international relief program in 2004 to assist children who had been traumatized from natural disasters, war, torture, and other misfortune. After the initial emergency phase of a disaster, Second Response Trauma Teams, staffed by mental health professionals, travel to the impacted area to offer emotional support. During PLAYshops, participants directly engage in an experiential session on methodologies that employ body or somatic exercises to release repressed emotions. In recent years, trauma teams have assisted children in Sri Lanka and Indonesia following the great tsunami, as well as victims of the Nepalese earthquake and the nuclear accident at Fukushima in Japan.[xxi]
The macrobiotic way of eating is beneficial for the planet as well as personal and social health. It helps protect the soil, air, water, and other natural resources from artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals. It respects the diversity of species and contributes to the flourishing of bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. It reduces greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and mitigates climate change. Conversely, the modern way of farming and eating is a main cause of global warming, climate change, and other environmental destruction.
• Nutrients in Produce Decline 25 to 50 Percent
In an analysis of the latest U.S. Department of Agriculture food composition tables, macrobiotic researcher Alex Jack reported a sharp decline in minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients in many chemically grown common foods between 1997 and 1975 when the last comprehensive survey was published. A random sampling of twelve garden vegetables found that calcium levels declined on average 26.5 percent, vitamin A dropped 21.4 percent, and vitamin C fell 29.9 percent. Whole grains and beans also showed sharp fluctuations. The amount of calcium and iron in millet fell 60 percent and 55.7 percent, and thiamin and riboflavin declined 42.3 percent and 23.7 percent, but niacin rose 105.2 percent. Brown rice also showed mixed results, with slight decreases in calcium and riboflavin, and mild increases in iron, thiamine, and niacin. Overall, green leafy vegetables appeared to have lost the most nutrients, while root vegetables, beans, and grains lost the least. “Decline of the natural environment appears to be the major reason for the widespread loss of nutrients. . . . This suggests a steady deterioration in soil, air, and water quality, as well as reduced seed vitality, that is depleting minerals and other inorganic components of food,” the study concluded. Following an Open Letter to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture by the editors of , the USDA verified the accuracy of the study, and it was confirmed by other researchers.[xxii]
• Modern Diet Main Cause of Global Warming
Livestock’s Long Shadow, the landmark report of the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) concluded, the modern food pattern is the key to preventing global warming, climate change, and other environmental destruction. The study found that the cattle and other livestock industries are the single biggest contributor to global warming, “responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions measured by CO2 equivalent. This is a higher share than transport,” or 40 percent more than all the cars, trucks, buses, trains, and planes combined. The meat industry is “one of the . . . most significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from local to global,” including “problems of land degradation, climate change and air pollution, water shortage and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.” Global meat and milk consumption is expected to double by 2050, further accelerating environmental destruction and global warming.[xxiii]
• Dietary Change Saves More CO2 Than Buying a Prius
A 2006 study by Gidon Eishel and Pamela Martin at the University of Chicago found that a vegetarian diet is more energy efficient than one containing meat. The authors gathered data from many sources, examining the amount of fossil fuel energy required to sustain several different diets. The vegetarian diet turned out to be the most energy efficient, followed by a poultry-based diet and the standard American diet high in red meat. The authors compared a Toyota Prius, which uses about a quarter as much as fuel as a Chevrolet Suburban SUV, to a plant-based diet, which uses roughly one-fourth as much energy as a diet rich in red meat. Changing from a diet rich in red meat to a plant-based diet cuts greenhouse gas emissions as much as shifting from a Suburban SUV to a Prius.[xxiv]
• Global Warming Alters Food Composition
Global warming is dramatically altering the nutritional value of foods worldwide. As a result of rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere, protein and nitrogen concentrations are down up to 25 percent in wheat, rice, and other major staples, mineral and trace element content have fallen 8 percent on average in 130 common crops, and carbohydrate has soared from 10 to 45 percent, according to the first ecological study of its kind. The dramatic increase in starch and sugar content may be the main cause of “hidden hunger” and the global obesity epidemic.
Elevated CO2 levels have reduced the overall concentration of 25 important minerals, including calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc, in plants by an average of 8 percent. The reduction in the nutritional value of crops could have profound impacts on human health. A mineral-deficient diet can cause malnutrition, even if a person consumes adequate calories. This pattern of eating is common in developing countries because most people eat a limited number of staples. Diets low in minerals, especially iron and zinc, lead to reduced growth in childhood, to reduced natural immunity and protection from infection, and higher rates of maternal and child deaths and sickness.
The study suggests that the altered nutrient profiles are contributing to the rise in obesity, as people eat too many high starch foods to begin with, and now as the earth warms these foods are increasing their proportion of simple sugars. Consumers also eat more to compensate for the lower mineral content in other foods. “The new evidence supports an emerging view that while obesity is quantified as an imbalance between energy inputs and expenditures, it could also be a form of malnutrition, where increased carbohydrate:protein and excessive carbohydrate consumption could be possible targets,” observed Irakli Loladze, a mathematical biologist and quantitative ecologist, at the University of Maryland University College.
The study acknowledges that mineral declines in crops may be a consequence of the Green Revolution that relied on increased amounts of pesticides and artificial fertilizers that depleted the soil and altered mineral content.[xxv]
The electronics and digital revolution has bathed the planet in artificial electromagnetic radiation from satellites, televisions, cell phones, computers, tablets, smart meters, and other devices known as the Internet of Things. The long-term effects on human health and the environment are unknown. However, short-term studies have linked cell phones to brain tumors and disruption of glucose metabolism. They also disrupt wildlife, including the navigation systems of bees, butterflies, and other pollinators that are crucial to the world food supply.
• Mobile Phones Disrupt Bees
Germany scientists reported that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones and base stations can interfere with the bees' navigation systems, rendering them unable to find their way back to their hives. In an experiment conducted by researchers at Landau University, bees refused to return to a hive when a mobile phone was placed nearby. Although not conclusive, the experiment offers one possible explanation for the mysterious worldwide decline in the bee population known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Other factors, including pesticides, the varroa mite, viruses, genetically modified crops, and unusually cold winters, are also believed to contribute to the decline.[xxvi]
• Cell Phones Linked to Brain Tumors
In the most conclusive study to date linking non-ionizing cell phone radiation to brain cancer, research conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) reported in 2016 that rats exposed to RF (radio frequency) radiation had higher rates of glioma (a type of brain tumor), as well as malignant schwannoma (a very rare heart tumor) than unexposed rates. Radiation exposure showed a direct dose-response relationship. Otis W. Brawley, M.D., chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society, stated: “The NTP report linking radiofrequency radiation (RFR) to two types of cancer marks a paradigm shift in our understanding of radiation and cancer risk.”[xxvii]
Energy and Transmutation
In 1959 French scientist Louis Kervran started publishing his discoveries in the field of biological transmutation—the synthesis of necessary, but unavailable, chemical elements out of simpler, available ones. He showed that in living biological systems sodium could change into potassium, manganese could be obtained from iron, silica from calcium, and phosphorus from sulfur. Macrobiotic educator George Ohsawa affirmed these findings, which flew in the face of conventional physics and chemistry. He had long taught that everything in the universe is subject to the law of change and that transmutation of elements at ordinary temperatures and pressures was possible. Critics dismissed this view as alchemy, contending that such transmutations could only occur under stellar or nuclear conditions. Michio Kushi assisted Ohsawa in several experiments verifying the process and went on to herald the discovery as the catalyst for a new industrial revolution. He predicted that it would eventually replace mining and its toll on human life and environmental destruction and make valuable resources commonly available for the betterment of society and a sustainable future.
• Saharan Workers Transmute Sodium to Potassium in Body
In 1959 French scientist Louis Kervran started publishing his discoveries in the field of biological transmutation —the synthesis of necessary but unavailable chemical elements out of simpler, available ones. His interest in this field began when he studied workers in the Sahara desert, who excreted more sodium than they consumed. Tests showed a comparable amount of potassium was being taken. Kervran showed potassium was capable of being transmuted into sodium in the body. Developing the theories of George Ohsawa that elements can be transmuted into one another peacefully without smashing the atom, Kervran went on to find that iron could be made from manganese, silica from calcium, and phosphorus from sulfur. Kervran’s experiments have wide industrial, scientific, and social applications. For example, biological transmutations could be applied to rendering harmless nuclear wastes, toxic spills, and other chronic environmental hazards.[xxviii]
• Changing Carbon into Iron
Seeking to replicate Kervran’s sodium to potassium experiment in the laboratory, George Ohsawa conducted a tabletop test in Tokyo in the early 1960s. Inserting positively and negatively charged electrodes into a vacuum tube, 2.3 mg of sodium combined with 1.6 mg of oxygen allowed to enter the tube and formed 3.9 mg of potassium. In another experiment, Ohsawa used a graphite crucible to transmute carbon into iron. He subsequently conducted other experiments until his death in 1966.[xxix]
• Pentagon Verifies Transmutation
U.S. military scientists tested the theory of biological transmutations and in 1978 verified the transmutation of matter from cell to cell and atom to atom. Surveying the works of Kervran and Ohsawa, researchers concluded “granted the existence of such transmutations (Na to Mg, K to Ca, and Mn to Fe), then a net surplus of energy was also produced. A proposed mechanism was described in which Mg adenosine triphosphate, located in the mitochondrion of the cell, played a double role as an energy producer. . . . The relatively available huge supplies of the elements which have been reported to have been transmuted and the probable large accompanying energy surplus indicate a new source of energy may be in the offing—one whose supply would be unlimited."[xxx]
• 20 Key Industrial Elements Created
Quantum Rabbit LLC, a small macrobiotic company based in Massachusetts, transmuted small amounts of elements in a series of experiments between 2005 and 2016. In carbon-arc studies based on the Ohsawa/ Kushi model, the QR team, consisting of Edward Esko, Alex Jack, and Woodward Johnson, produced from pure graphite (carbon) iron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, scandium, titanium, cobalt, and nickel. Neodymium magnets showed the presence of magnetic activity, and an independent laboratory confirmed the presence of the metals in treated samples. A series of vacuum tube studies on noble gases fused helium plasma with oxygen to produce trace amounts of argon. In alkali metal vapor tests under vacuum, the QR team was able to produce potassium, copper, tin, germanium, and other elements. The QR researchers were able to produce potassium, palladium, strontium, silver, and gold. Results of more than a dozen studies were published in , a journal dedicated to clean new energy sources.[xxxi]
• Dark Skies Vanishing
A new atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than 80% of the world population and more than 99% of Americans, Europeans, and Japanese live under light-polluted skies.[xxxii] Researchers report that the Milky Way is not visible to 80% of Americans and 60% of Europeans. This also includes Iraq, Syria, and other parts of the Middle East, where warfare has artificially lit up the sky.
Principal sources of light pollution are residential lights, streetlights, highway lights, motor vehicle headlights, sport stadium lights, electronic advertising billboards, shopping mall lights, park lights, airport lights, and offshore oil platforms.
The artificial light around cities and extending into many rural areas has interfered with the migration of nocturnal birds because they cannot follow the moon and stars. Light pollution also disorients bats, moths, and other animals that come out at night, and millions are killed each year by flying into streetlights. The metabolism of turtles, snakes, salamanders, and frogs has also been altered, as well as many plants.
Light pollution also affects humans, disrupting sleep, causing headaches, affecting sensory nerves, and contributing to depression. Alteration of circadian rhythms is further believed to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. Some medical researchers suggest that artificial light, especially the blue component in white light at night, is carcinogenic.
From a macrobiotic perspective, the Milky Way and other stars shape and influence biological and spiritual evolution. As an article in noted: “They constantly charge our mid and forebrains, eyes, chakras, meridians, and other systems, organs, and functions, especially if we eat whole cereal grains that have awns or small antennae that receive and concentrate this cosmic energy and vibration. This current of incoming spiral energy orients us to beauty, truth, peace, justice, freedom, and other universal ideals. With the eclipse of night, the consciousness of modern society is rapidly dimming. . . .By respecting the natural rhythms and cycles of nature, including day and night, humanity can pass safely through this time. We can recover the compass of yin and yang, apply it to problems of society, and create a naturally bright new era.”[xxxiii]
[i] Jack, Alex; Jack, Gale (2006). Chewing Made Easy: 42 Benefits, Tips, and Techniques. Macrobiotic Path.
[ii] “The Veggie Baseball Team,” Parade Magazine, April 15, 1984.
[iii] Walsh, Michael. “Sounds of Silence,” Time, June 24, 2001.
[iv] “Bushmen,” NationalGeographic.com, January 2000.
[v] Richards, M.P. “A Brief Review of the Archaeological Evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic Subsistence,” Eur J Clin Nutri 2002 Dec;56(12):1262-78.
[vi] Wrangham, Richard (2009). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books 2009.
[vii] “Diet likely changed game for some hominids 3.5 million years ago,” ScienceDaily.com, June 13, 2013. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, June 3, 2013.
[viii] Ferran Estebaranz, et al. “Buccal dental microwear analyses support greater specialization in consumption of hard foodstuffs for Australopithecus anamensis.” Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2012; 90: 1-24.
[ix] Mercader, Julio, “Mozambican Grass Seed Consumption During the Middle Stone Age,” Science 326:Dec. 18, 2009. www.sciencemag.org.
[x] Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1975). The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
[xi] “The Stone Age baker: Cavemen 'ate bread, not just meat.’” Daily Mail Reporter, October 19, 2010.
[xii] Amberwaves Journal 2001-2017.
[xiii] Jack, Alex (2000). Imagine a World Without Monarch Butterflies: Awakening to the Hazards of Genetically Altered Foods, foreword by Congressman Dennis J. Kucinich. One Peaceful World Press. ISBN 9781882984398.
[xiv] Cummins, Joseph (2001). “The First Independent Study of Genetically Engineered LibertyLink Rice,” www.amberwaves.org.
[xv] Schoenthaler, S., Ph.D. “The Effect of Sugar on the Treatment and Control of Antisocial Behavior,” International Journal of Biosocial Research 3(1):1-9, 1982.
[xvi] Seaker, Meg. “Fighting Crime with Diet: Report from a Portuguese Prison,” East West Journal, July, 1982, pp. 26-34.
[xvii] Jack, Alex (2002). Sex, Lies, and GMOs, Amberwaves Press.
[xviii] Kushi and Jack, One Peaceful World, pp. 28–31.
[xix] Kushi and Jack, One Peaceful World, pp. 38–39.
[xx] “Bringing Brown Rice and Peace to Syria,” Amberwaves Journal, Summer 2012.
[xxi] Kushi and Jack, One Peaceful World, pp. 75–77.
[xxii] Jack, Alex. “Nutrition Under Siege,” One Peaceful World Journal 34:1, 7–9, 1998.
[xxiii] Livestock’s Long Shadow, UN Food & Agricultural Organization, 2006.
[xxiv] Eishel, Gidon; Martin Pamela. “Study: vegan diets healthier for planet, people than meat diets,” Earth Interactions, April 2006.
[xxv] Loladze, I (2014). “Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO2 depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition.” elife. 2014 3:e02245
[xxvi] “Mobile Phones Could Lead to Bee Decline, The Ecologist, April 2007.
[xxvii] “Cell Phones,” National Toxicology Program, last modified Sep. 13, 2016, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/areas/cellphones/. “Cell Phone Radiation Boos Cancer Rates in Animals; $25 Million NTP Study Finds Brain Tumors,” Microwave News, May 25, 2016. “ACS Responds to New Study Linking Cell Phone Radiation to Cancer,” American Cancer Society, May 2017,
[xxviii] Kervran, Louis C. (1972). Biological Transmutations, Swan House.
[xxix] Kushi, Michio; Esko, Edward (1994). The Philosopher’s Stone. One Peaceful World Press.
[xxx] Goldfein, Solomon. “Energy Development from Elemental Transmutations in Biological Systems,” Report 2247, Ft. Belvoir, Va.: U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, 1978.
[xxxi] Esko, Edward; Jack, Alex (2011). Cool Fusion: A Quantum Solution to Peak Minerals, Nuclear Waste and Future Metal Shock. Amberwaves Press. ISBN 978-1477563724.
[xxxii] Falchi et al. The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness,” Sci. Adv.
[xxxiii] Jack, Alex. “A Dark Starless World,” Amberwaves Journal, Autumn 2016.
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Regional anesthesia is a type of anesthesia. It blocks pain to a part of the body without causing sleep.
Regional anesthesia is used to make the body numb for surgery:
Anesthesia Injection into Spinal Canal—Epidural
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like:
Before your procedure, talk to your doctor about ways to manage factors that may increase your risk of complications such as:
Your doctor will likely do the following:
Leading up to your procedure:
With regional anesthesia, you may remain awake, but you will usually be given a sedative to help calm you. Prior to administering the anesthesia:
Your anesthesiologist will inject medication near a cluster of nerves. The selected nerves will be the ones that supply the area of your body that requires surgery.
Types of regional anesthesia include epidural and spinal. Both involve injecting medications in or near the spinal canal.
Another type of regional anesthesia, a peripheral nerve block, is often used for knee, shoulder, or arm surgery. The anesthesia is injected near clusters of nerves that feed the arms or legs. A cervical nerve block is a type of peripheral nerve block for surgeries in the neck or arm.
Cervical Nerve Block
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
If local anesthetic is used, you will slowly gain sensation and motion again in the area that was numbed. It can take a few hours or longer before your sensation is completely back to normal. If treating for pain, the pain will return in a few hours, and the relief may take up to 2 weeks. Any pain and discomfort after the procedure can be managed with medications.
While the regional anesthesia procedure itself takes several minutes or longer, its effects typically last for 2-6 hours.
Depending on whether sedation or local anesthesia is used, you may feel slight pain or tingling with the injection. The anesthetic will prevent you from feeling pain during your surgical procedure. You may feel that your limb may be heavy initially and then light later on.
Your postoperative care will depend on the nature of your surgery. Most likely, you will receive instructions about limits on your diet and activities.
Once the anesthesia wears off, sensation will return to the region where pain was blocked. You may have to restrict activities, such as driving, since you may feel numb or drowsy as your anesthetic and sedative wear off.
During your stay, the hospital staff will take steps to reduce your chance of infection, such as:
There are also steps you can take to reduce your chance of infection, such as:
It is important to monitor your recovery. Alert your doctor to any problems. If any of the following occur, call your doctor:
If you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society
Anesthesia basics. Kids Health—Nemours Foundation website. Available at: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/medical_care/anesthesia_basics.html. Updated April 2012. Accessed September 26, 2014.
Regional anesthesia for surgery. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine website. Available at: https://www.asra.com/page/41/regional-anesthesia-for-surgery. Accessed September 26, 2014.
Last reviewed September 2016 by Marcin Chwistek, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
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Skateboarding is a very interesting recreational activity that requires essentially skateboards to perform. Skateboards are basically sports equipments used for this activity. The essential components used in making the equipment include a Maplewood board, polyurethane coating and so forth. The polyurethane coating is used in order to ensure that the skateboard produced is more durable and also give room to greater slides.
The working mechanism of skateboard is a simple one. The equipment is pushed with one foot while the other is left on the board. It can also be operated by pushing one of the legs against bowl or some other structures. Gravity can also be leveraged in operating this equipment. When moving in line with gravity, the operator or skater does not need to apply additional force to propel the board. He just needs to stand on the board while it is sloped down by gravity.
Types of skateboards and their functions & usages
Skateboards are basically classified into two types and these include:
- Longboard or long skateboards,
- Shortboard or short skateboards.
This classification is based on their length. However, when going for skateboards, you need to pay careful attention on its concavity. The concavity of a skateboard is basically important for use in performing tricks. You need a concave skateboard to perform difficult tricks. However, the more concave a skateboard is, the more difficult it might be for use. This is why amateur skateboarders are usually advised to go for less concave skateboards but professional skateboarders will obviously go for more concave ones as they allow them to perform a lot of tricks with much flexibility and ease.
The type of skateboard used in skateboarding goes a long way to affect the performance of the skateboarder besides his or her skills.
Concavity of a skateboard
The concavity of a skateboard simply stands for the curve of the board with respect to its raised tail and nose. Tricks will be difficult to perform without good concave board and as said earlier this is the major reason why professional skateboarders go for such boards. However, there are also degrees or level of concavity of skateboards. These include
- Deep concavity,
- Shallow concavity
Skateboards built for cruising alone do not really have profound concavity. Deep concave skateboards will make mastering skateboarding more difficult for amateur skateboarders. More so, they are also pricier and more easily damaged than shallow ones.
Basic types of skateboards
There are basically three types of skateboards and these include the following:
- The deck
This is the part of the skateboard where the skateboarder stands on while skateboarding. The wider the deck, the more stable the skateboard will be for skateboarding.
- The wheel
This is the part used in moving the skateboard. The wheel occurs in various shapes and sizes and is usually made of polyurethane. The size of the wheel also varies and can be 55 – 85 mm or 48 –54 mm.
These are two metals attached to the deck of the skateboard. The truck helps in connecting the wheels and bearings to the deck. This consists of two parts which are the baseplate and the hanger. The truck also contains the bushings which is located between the hanger and the baseplate which helps in the turning effect of the skateboard.
Skateboards Image Gallery
May 16, 2014
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The Arabs would not have fought so bravely had they known of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which had been signed by the Entente in May of 1916. In essence, the Agreement divided the Middle East between Britain and France. When the Arabsdid learn of the agreement, they were incensed and sent out feelers to their recent enemy, the Turks. But most Arabs still distrusted the Turks more than the British and negotiations fell through.
The armistice of November 11, 1918, ended both World War I and the Ottoman power over Arab lands west of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. The Arabs were free from the Turks … but would they be independent?
World War I abounded in secret agreements through which two or more parties were promised the same stretch of land or political advantage. In backroom deals, another agreement regarding Palestine had been forged. Britain had been aware of the advantages of international Jewish goodwill during the war. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was a letter written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild that read,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty’s Government the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations, which has been submitted to and approved by the Cabinet:
“His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
The British tried to reassure the now-enraged Arabs by issuing a joint message with the French that stated,
The object aimed at by France and Great Britain … is the complete and definite emancipation of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks and the establishment of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the initiative and free choice of the indigenous populations.
Thus the Middle East settled into a rivalry between the Arabs and the Zionists, the British and the French, with both of the latter determined to share in Middle Eastern oil.
The American president, Woodrow Wilson, soon threw up a barrier to their plans. After World War I, he promoted his famous “Fourteen Points.” They expressed the democratic principles for which Wilson believed the United States had been fighting, including the principle of sovereignty. The Arabs were encouraged; other Entente powers were annoyed.
The Americans established the King-Crane Commission to analyze disputes in the Middle East. In 1919, it reported,
If the wishes of Palestine’s population are to be decisive as to what is to be done with Palestine, then it is to be remembered that the non-Jewish population of Palestine — nearly nine-tenths of the whole — are emphatically against the entire Zionist program.
The King-Crane Commission was ignored.
In 1920, the newly formed League of Nations established what was called the British Mandate; that is, it commissioned Britain to administer Palestine; France acquired Syria and Lebanon. Sir Herbert Samuel — significantly, a Zionist and a Jew — was appointed High Commissioner for Palestine. The Arabs rioted; the British crushed the revolt; the Jews organized the Haganah, or Self-Defense, which was a militia for defending Jewish settlements.
But Arab nationalism was on the rise. Syria was almost constantly in a state of revolt for independence. In Arabia, Ibn Saud was beginning the conquests that would make him king of a renamed nation: Saudi Arabia. The American diplomat John Foster Dulles, later secretary of state, acknowledged,
The U.S. must regard Arab nationalism as a flood which is running strongly. We cannot successfully oppose it, but we could put sand bags around positions we must protect — the first groups being Israel and Lebanon and the second being the oil positions around the Persian Gulf.
In 1922, Winston Churchill, then secretary of the Colonial Office, declared in a Statement of Policy,
The terms of the [Balfour] Declaration referred to do not contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish national Home but that such a Home should be founded in Palestine.
Churchill’s Statement of Policy also stirred controversy by denying that the British and Arabs had any prior understanding or deal concerning Palestine. Even Sir Henry McMahon denied there had been a deal.
(Decades later a secret document entitled “Memorandum on British Commitments to King Hussein” was declassified. The memo had been prepared by the Political Intelligence Department of the British Foreign Service. It confirmed the commitment of “His Majesty’s Government” embodied in an October 24, 1915, letter written by McMahon to the sherif.)
In 1922, Britain went beyond its Mandate and created the Emirate of Transjordan by severing land from Palestine; the League Nations registered no comment.
U.S. postwar foreign policy
Meanwhile, in America, the new president, Warren Harding, solemnly promised in his inaugural speech that the United States would seek “no part in directing the destinies of the world.” This was a period of isolationism during which immigration was restricted, tariffs were raised, and domestic politics were emphasized. In 1923, the new president, Calvin Coolidge, declared, “The business of America is business.” The next president, Herbert Hoover, continued this theme.
When Americans did look abroad, it was with suspicion. The Soviet Union had emerged from World War I as a major power, with leader Vladimir Ilich Lenin openly declaring his goal of world communism. The new Bolshevik government issued an appeal entitled “To All the Toiling Moslems”:
The rule of the robbers, who have enslaved the peoples of the world, is falling. A new world is being born, a world of workers and of freed people. Russia is not alone in this sacred cause. The peoples of Europe, exhausted by war, are already stretching out their hands to us. And faraway India has already raised the banner of insurrection, calling the peoples of the East to struggle and liberation.
This post–World War I era is known as “The Red Scare.”
Jewish settlers in Palestine
By 1929, 156,000 Jewish settlers were in Palestine — approximately double the number of ten years before. These settlers owned approximately 4 percent of Palestine but about 14 percent of all agricultural land. How they acquired the land was a point of bitter contention. Absentee landlords had long held title to many villages where Palestinians had lived, worked, and died for generations. Zionists purchased the villages from the absentee landlords and evicted the inhabitants.
Arab farmers who had worked that land for generations were dispossessed and unemployed. They flocked to the cities for work but, there, Jews owned most of the industries and they had a policy of not hiring Arabs. When an Arab could find work, he was paid less than a Jew. This became the first Palestinian population to live in refugee camps and they became the breeding ground of the fedayeen fighters —fedayee meaning “one who sacrifices himself.”
As Arab unemployment soared, violence erupted. The American journalist Vincent Sheehan reported on the riots of 1929:
Although I had spent a good part of life amid scenes of violence and was no stranger to the sight of blood and dying men, I had never overcome my loathing for the spectacle even when it seemed compelled by historical necessity. But here in this miserable little country, I could see no historical necessity whatsoever.
Arab bitterness burned; the Zionists continued to arm; the British created commissions of inquiry. The Shaw Commission and the Hope-Simpson Royal Commission both recommended that Jewish immigration and land purchases be restricted. The recommendations were ignored.
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Having recently returned from three weeks travel in the Pacific it felt like a great time to share great foods and recipes to help you learn to enjoy and prepare perfect Pacific paradise plants.
While traveling to Hawaii and Fiji I met and interviewed people from many different countries and regions of the Pacific Islands. This included a diverse group of people from different areas including Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Japan, Marshall Islands and Philippines. They had great suggestions and tips to help you add more nutrition, taste and variety while you expand your choices for better beauty, health and nutrition.
It is important to mention up front that while the Pacific Islands have many great foods and recipes it also has many unhealthy foods and habits that have become common cuisine. Therefore it may be helpful to learn and understand that many of the unhealthy choices now considered as normal were often the result of new foods imported by early merchants and sailors from distant lands.
Pork and beef are examples of domestic animals imported to Pacific islands that now are considered part of the traditional menus despite being introduced within the last several hundred years. White bread, flour, rice and sugar are processed foods that have become quite common and are responsible for many of the health and weight challenges of the local populations.
Most Nutritious Foods From the Pacific Islands
Now that we have covered some of the unhealthy choices let’s focus most of our attention on all the great food choices. The Pacific Islands are blessed with an abundance of beans, fruits, green leafy plants, herbs, melons, nuts, roots, vegetables, sea weeds, seeds, sprouts, spices, squash and tubers.
The following list provides some of the most nutritious local island foods, like fresh coconuts picked right from the tree offering some very tasty, chilled coconut milk.
[colored_box title=”Island Grown: List of Nutritious Local Foods” variation=”teal”]
- Melons include: water melon, cantaloupe, honey dew, rock, canary.
- Fruit includes: avocado, banana, mango, papaya, passion fruit, pineapple, plantain, star fruit, kiwi, jackfruit, breadfruit, cherimoya, lemons, limes, grapefruit, cacao and durian.
- Beans and legumes include: long beans, cow peas, black eye peas, snow peas, sweet peas, lima beans, white beans, adzuki, mung, soy, snap peas, chickpeas.
- Green leafy plants include: Indian spinach, Bok Choy, green cabbage, red cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Napa cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Mustard greens, collard greens, silver beet, lettuce, taro leaf.
- Roots and tubers include: carrots, daikon, sweet potato, cassava, taro, yams, yucca, beet root, onion, potato.
- Herbs and spices include: parsley, basil, cilantro (coriander), ginger, chives, garlic, chilies, rosemary, oregano, peppers.
- Vegetables include: celery, okra, tomatoes, cucumbers, corn, eggplant.
- Sea weeds include: agar, alaria, sea grapes, limu, kelp, laver/ nori, kombu, dulse, wakame, and many others.
- Nuts and seeds include: cashew, macadamia, bettle nut, pine nuts, sunflower, pumpkin seeds, watermelon seeds, coconuts (green & brown).
- Squash and pumpkins include: fuzzy, opa, green, orange, brown, and assorted varieties.
- Grains include: rice (many varieties of brown, black, purple, red, cargo, etc.)
While this list may not seem that long to many readers it is important to realize that some of these Pacific paradise plants may have 50 or more varieties to choose from.
When ripe many of these foods can be washed and eaten raw. Fruits are a great food and the islands are also blessed with perfect plants for fantastic salads in amazing combinations. Others items can be cleaned and lightly steamed or sautéed in a little coconut oil or butter. Some can be simmered on very low heat to make casseroles, soups and stews. Many dishes are made by slowly heating the items in a crock pot, fire pit or oven.
I have even seen foods cooked in special solar cookers and pots heated by the tropical sun. There are an unlimited combination of foods, ingredients and recipes to prepare perfect Pacific paradise plants. Use your imagination and existing recipes to see how many delicious and nutritious combinations you can create. Enjoy.
Our next blog post will share: Essential First Aid Kits
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Evolution of the Artillery Branches
Regular Army artillery can trace its history back to the Revolutionary War. Known as the Artillery Corps, it was authorized in 1834 to display crossed cannons as its branch insignia. By 1898 there were seven regiments of artillery. Except in mission there was no distinction by designation between artillery which supported ground troops and that which defended America’s ports and coastlines.On 13 February 1901 the Artillery Corps was split into two components, the Coast Artillery and the Field Artillery, in recognition of the divergence in the two missions. Fourteen separate batteries of Field Artillery and eighty-two companies of Coast Artillery were organized and activated.
On 25 January 1907 the Artillery Corps designation was dropped and Coast Artillery and the Field Artillery became separate branches of the U.S. Army. The field artillery batteries were consolidated and expanded into six field artillery regiments.
During WW I thirteen additional regiments of coast artillery were constituted, activated and sent to France to serve as heavy artillery at corps and army level for the American Expeditionary Force. The regiments were equipped with either railroad-mounted naval guns, British 8-inch howitzers or French 155mm howitzers. The Regular Army and National Army field artillery expanded to some fifty regiments equipped with the 75mm field gun or the 155mm howitzer.
In 1921 and 1922 in recognition of the growing threat of air attack, two coast artillery regiments were activated as antiaircraft artillery. (One was the current 62nd Air Defense Artillery whose 1st Battalion served with the 25th Infantry Division from 1972-2005.) On 1 July 1924 the separate coast artillery companies were consolidated into the 1st through 7th Coast Artillery Regiments and the companies were redesignated batteries. In WW II the Coast Artillery continued to conduct harbor and coastal defense, but by 1942 antiaircraft artillery had became the Coast Artillery’s primary function.
At the start of WW II both of the artillery branches began to inactivate their regiments and move to an organizational structure of separate battalions under command of a division artillery or a separate group headquarters. Both field and antiaircraft artillery groups were assigned at army and corps level but would routinely place battalions in support of, or attached to, combat divisions. With the change to the group and separate battalion organization there was a significant loss of historical regimental identification as former battalions of famous regiments often received new triple-digit battalion designations.
The Army Reorganization Act of 1950 consolidated the Coast Artillery and Field Artillery branches into the Artillery Arm with plain crossed cannons as the Arm’s insignia.
During the Korean War era the Army for the first time, assigned an antiaircraft automatic weapons battalion to the division artillery of the infantry, airborne and armored divisions. In Korea the infantry division artillery primarily used the battalion in a ground support role.
The group and separate battalion organization was continued until 1957 when the Army reorganized for the atomic battlefield. As part of this reorganization, the Artillery Arm was redesignated as the Artillery Branch. The new branch insignia was crossed cannons surmounted with a missile.
Also beginning in 1957, all artillery units were assigned to eighty-one parent artillery regiments under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) (see our Regimental System page) which for the artillery was designed in part to restore the designations, lineages and honors lost when regiments were broken up in WW II. The 1st through 7th Artillery Regiments were reconstituted by merging the 1st through 7th Field Artillery and Coast Artillery (AAA) battalions. Both field artillery and air defense artillery units were assigned to these regiments. (One of these units, the 9th Battalion, 1st Artillery served with the 25th Div Arty as a 105mm howitzer battalion from 1961-63.) The remaining seventy-four regiments exclusively deployed either field artillery or air defense artillery elements. As part of this reorganization the antiaircraft artillery battalions were withdrawn from the combat divisions.
By 1968 the Army recognized that with evolving technologies the divergence of missions was too great to maintain one branch and the Air Defense Artillery Branch was established. On 1 September 1971 the artillery regiments were redesignated as either field artillery or air defense artillery regiments. The 1st through 7th Field Artillery Regiments and the 1st through 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiments were reestablished. Once again the plain crossed cannons became the Field Artillery branch insignia while the crossed cannons with the surmounted missile was adopted as the branch insignia of the Air Defense Artillery.
Beginning in 1972 each combat division was once again assigned an air defense artillery battalion. Unlike the Korean War era, the battalion did not come under the command of the division artillery but served as a separate divisional battalion.
In 2004 the Army began a modular reorganization of the ten Active Component Divisions. The objective of the reorganization was to increase the number of cohesive deployable units by moving from a division-centric force to a brigade-centric force. Transforming to a modular designed force, the Army standardized its combat, combat support and combat service support unit designs.
The transformation had a major impact on how the divisional field artillery was organized as well as removing the air defense artillery battalion from the division. In the case of the field artillery the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery of each division was inactivated. No longer would division field artillery battalions be in direct support of divisional maneuver brigades. Instead, a field artillery howitzer battalion would be assigned by Department of the Army to each brigade combat team and would furnish direct support to the maneuver battalions of that brigade.
The Army established four types of brigade combat teams. In the heavy brigade combat team the field artillery battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB), and two firing batteries of self-propelled 155mm howitzers. In the Stryker brigade combat teams the field artillery battalion consists of a headquarters and service battery and three firing batteries of towed 155mm howitzers. In the infantry and airborne brigade combat teams the battalion consists of a HHB and two firing batteries of towed light 105 mm howitzers.
Above the brigade combat team echelon the transformation to a modular force called for a total of six Active Component Fires Brigades (formally designated field artillery brigades) composed of a total of some fifteen general support howitzer and rocket field artillery battalions.
The active component of the Air Defense Artillery will consist of a modular force of two Army air defense missile commands and four air defense artillery brigades. The four brigades are composed of a mix of fourteen Active Component and six National Guard air defense artillery battalions equipped with the Patriot or Avenger/Sentinel air defense missile systems.
While the Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery will remain separate branches of the Army, the Air Defense Artillery School will move to Fort Sill, Oklahoma the home of the Field Artillery School where in FY 2008-09 the two schools will form the U.S. Army Net Fires Center.
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FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES ONLY. Tells the story of the well-known playwright, William Shakespeare, and of the famous Globe Theatre in which many of his works were performed.
"Sinopsis" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.
"How many ages hence/ Shall this our lofty scene be acted over/ In states unborn and accents yet unknown!" In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, he prophesies his own future more accurately than he may ever have dreamed. Although Shakespeare's works have touched people everywhere, very little is known of his life. Well-loved author and illustrator Aliki pulls together clues from writings, drawings, history, birth, marriage, and death records, and from Shakespeare's own plays, in this vibrant introduction to one of the greatest writers of all time.
Cleverly arranged as a play, with an aside and acts one through five, the book features a quotation from one of Shakespeare's plays on every spread. Bite-sized chunks of text are interspersed with the lovely detailed illustrations Aliki is famous for, making what might be a difficult subject very accessible. In addition, there are charts listing Shakespeare's plays, a chronology of his life, sidebars with mini-biographies of significant people in his life, and a partial list of words and expressions he invented (gloomy, moonbeam, mountaineer, zany, and bated breath, among 2,000 others!). Aliki also devotes a special section to Sam Wanamaker, a 20th-century man with a dream to reopen Shakespeare's Globe playhouse in London. (Ages 7 and older) --Emilie CoulterAbout the Author:
Aliki has written and illustrated many books, both fiction and nonfiction, loved by readers throughout the world. The books were inspired by a word, an experience, or the desire to find out. Aliki says, "I'm not so great at pushing buttons, but I know things happen when you do." Aliki lives in London, England.
"Sobre este título" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.
Descripción Mammoth, 2000. Soft Cover. Estado de conservación: New. - Since 1997 delivering quality books to our neighbors, all around the world!. Nº de ref. de la librería SH10731
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