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6 + 1 Write Traits. 2. Organization. Puzzle Pieces. Organization is the internal structure, pattern, or design of a writing piece. It gives ideas direction, purpose and momentum, guiding the reader from point to point.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tastBrought Death into the World, and all our woe, With loss of EDEN, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top Of OREB, or of SINAI, didst inspire That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed, In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth Rose out of CHAOS: Or if SION Hill Delight thee more, and SILOA'S Brook that flow'dFast by the Oracle of God; I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song, That with no middle flight intends to soar Above th' AONIAN Mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime. And chiefly Thou O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all Temples th' upright heart and pure, Instruct me, for Thou know'st; Thou from the first Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread Dove-like satst brooding on the vast Abyss And mad'st it pregnant: What in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise and support; That to the highth of this great Argument I may assert th' Eternal Providence, And justifie the wayes of God to men.
Tree = What grows from your thesis
Seed = Thesis
Your best friend has NEVER made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, you have decided that you must help. The problem is your friend is deaf, and does not live close to you. You must write instructions explaining to your friend how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. You cannot assume your friends knows ANY of the details!
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Transfer carts were originally designed for load transfer between overhead crane bays. Carts can be used to carry loads along assembly lines, carry an entire shift of production & as a movable machine base.
Compact in design, carts can handle upwards of 60 ton and work well in areas with limited floor space. For smaller loads, manual carts can be dedicated to specific work place activities such as shuttling material. This often makes the cart more available for use. Transfer carts are more accommodating for moving long loads through restrictive passage ways or doorways. For heavier loads, transfer carts can offer flexibility as they can be customized to suit specific needs.
Transfer carts can reduce labor costs, optimize manufacturing processes and reduce capital costs associated with forklift systems. The end result can be increased production and throughput.
Types of transfer carts include:
Manual Carts: For loads up to 10,000 pounds (5 tons). Carts are on casters and are manually moved on smooth to semi-smooth floors. Typically carts of this type are used for short distances and low cycle operations. Carts can be sized according to requirements of work areas with space constraints.
Towed Carts: For loads up to 60 tons. Carts have casters or crane wheels and are towed behind lift trucks or behind powered carts mounted on rail. They are an economical alternative to purchasing a second powered cart. Winches can also be used to pull carts of this type for on-rail applications.
On-Rail Carts: For loads up to 60 tons. Carts are mounted on steel rail for shuttling along a fixed path. They can be AC powered or DC battery powered. Typically used for moving materials such as steel or tanks of liquids from one location to another. Larger cart capacities and sizes are available for specific applications. Custom deck frames can be designed for specific assemblies to carry an entire shift of production and even serve as a stable moveable machine base.
Steerable Carts: For loads up to 45 tons. Carts have two fixed and two swivel casters and are DC battery powered (optional AC powered). Carts are designed to travel on smooth to semi-smooth level floors. Customization is available for specific applications.
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Release date: 10th October 2001
"The sun must
not catch up the moon, nor does the night outstrip the day.
Each one is travelling in an orbit with its own motion" (Al Qur'an 36:40)
"the sun and the
moon (are subjected) to calculations" (Al Qur'an 55:5)
(MoonCalc) is a DOS program which provides information relating to the
position, age, phase, orientation, appearance and visibility of the
moon for any given date, time and location on earth. It also provides
the Julian Day Number, Magnetic Declination, time and direction of
moonrise and moonset, interval between sunset and moonset, interval
between sunrise and moonrise, date/time of astronomical new moon
(conjunction), full moon, apogee and perigee and predicts the
likelihood of visualising the young moon from a particular location.
Data pertaining to solar and lunar eclipses in any year are also
shown. MoonCalc provides Hijri calendar data including location
dependent Hijri date conversion using predicted crescent visibility.
Automatic local and regional (tri-zonal) Hijri calendar tabulation is
The program can scan the globe at the start of any lunar month to find the location, date/time and circumstances of earliest crescent sighting using a variety of ancient and modern moon sighting criteria. The program is able to draw world maps (flat and spherical projections) showing areas of the globe where the young moon is likely to be seen.
Graphical displays showing the position of the moon on a star chart and the position of the moon in a simulated local sky (horizon view or traditional circular sky-chart view) can be produced and printed out. A close-up of the near side of the moon (showing orientation of the moon's limbs and position of the lunar craters), correct for a given observation site, is also provided. This close up takes into account the effect of libration and 'limb shortening' (optional). A graph of lunar libration for an entire month can be plotted.
There is a choice of either topocentric/geocentric co-ordinates and apparent/geometric sunset. Correction for atmospheric refraction is optional.
The program has a built in atlas database which stores latitude and longitude data of upto 1000 cities (ships with over 100 cities already entered). There are many user-configurable features.
MoonCalc and accompanying documentation and files are copyright by Dr. Monzur Ahmed, © 1993/ 2015. All rights reserved
Download MoonCalc 6.0
After downloading, unzip the moonc60.zip file and look at the readme.txt or readme.pdf for instructions.
To unzip use an utility such as Winzip.
To read the readme.pdf file (contains same information as readme.txt) you will need Acrobat reader.
New Features in Version 6.0
Some reviews of earlier versions of MoonCalc
Examples of program output:
Extensive tablulated data (1 of 4 tables shown)
Also eclipse and Hijri calendar tables (not shown)
Extensive graphical data
Click on small images to see full-sized graphics
Starchart (Dec vs RA) showing sun & moon positions
Local sky (Alt/Azi) - horizon view (left) and traditional circular view (right)
You can zoom in and out in either view.
Close-up of moon showing craters and physical moon data
Young moon visibility maps - any of 13 crescent sighting criteria can be applied
Trizonal Hijri Calendar Computation
Monthly libration graph
Copyright (c) Dr. Monzur Ahmed
Last updated: 27th September 2015
|monzur at uk2 dot net
When emailing, replace 'at' with @ , replace 'dot' with . and remove spaces. This is to reduce spam mail - sorry for the inconvenience.
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Results published in The Lancet give the most detailed picture yet of the British population’s sex lives over the last 10 years, as part of the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) survey.
Led by UCL in partnership with the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and NatCen Social Research, over 15,000 adults aged 16-74 participated in interviews between September 2010 and August 2012.
Studying this large representative sample of people living in Britain allowed the researchers to produce key estimates on patterns of sexual behaviour, attitudes, health, and wellbeing across the population.
Two previous Natsal surveys have taken place, in 1990 and 2000, making it one of the biggest and most comprehensive studies of sexual behaviour undertaken in a single country.
The results from the latest survey take into account for the first time the views and experiences of older individuals up to the age of 74 and show that many people remain sexually active well into later life. Results from the survey show that different aspects of sexual health affect people at different times throughout their lives, and that sexual health is an important component of our overall health and wellbeing. They also reveal how sexual attitudes and lifestyles have changed in the last sixty years.
Study Principal Investigator Professor Dame Anne Johnson (UCL Infection & Population Health) said: “By taking a robust scientific approach to assessing the sexual health and lifestyles of people from across Britain in 2010, and in previous Natsal surveys, we now have a much greater understanding of the role that sex plays over the course of a person’s lifetime. This new information will help to guide the sexual health and education services that people may need at different stages of their lives. Although our results show that we are improving the uptake of some services, there are other areas where people may need more support and advice on health and sexual problems.
“Positive sexual experiences are related to health and well being throughout the life course, and it’s time for this to be given wider recognition by health workers, educators, and society as a whole. We need to do more to create an environment in which it is easier for people to discuss sexual well-being as an integral part of the conversation we have with people about our health.”
Professor Kaye Wellings, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, who co-led the study commented: “The Natsal studies, along with others, reveal major changes in sexual behaviour over the last century, including earlier onset of sexual activity, increasing numbers of older people who are sexually active, a closing of the gap between men and women, and weakened links between sex and reproduction.
“These changes now need to be reflected in research, clinical practice, and education. We need to start thinking about sex differently – sexual health is not merely the absence of disease, but the ability to have pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free from coercion. Improving the quality of peoples’ sexual experiences and their relationships will not just improve the effectiveness of sexual health programmes, but is also something that is important in its own right.”
The study was funded by the Medical Research Council and The Wellcome Trust, with additional funding from the Economic & Social Research Council and the Department of Health. The researchers carried out the survey at UCL, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and NatCen Social Research.
*Source: University College London
There are six papers and a framing paper published in the special issue of the The Lancet. A summary of the headline findings for each paper can be found below (click on paper titles for links to individual press releases).
1. Changes in sexual attitudes and lifestyles in Britain through the life course and over time (link)
• Biggest changes in behaviour seen amongst women
• People have sex at an early age and continue into their 70s
• Average frequency of sex reported by men and women declines
• People are more accepting of same-sex relationships, but less tolerant of married people having sex outside of marriage
2. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain (link)
• Chlamydia and human papillomavirus (HPV) remain common and broadly distributed in sexually-active young adults in Britain, while HIV and gonorrhoea are restricted to those with known high risk factors.
• Uptake of chlamydia testing in young people is high, as is coverage of HPV catch-up immunisation, with lower rates of HPV 16/18 now being seen in young women.
• Substantial increases in sexual health service attendance and HIV testing, especially in those at highest risk, are welcomed, but continued efforts to maintain integrated services and encourage testing are needed.
• STIs persist both in those accessing and those not accessing services, and risky sexual behaviours remain the major drivers.
3. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and associated factors in Britain (link)
• One in six pregnancies among women in Britain are unplanned
• One in 60 women experience an unplanned pregnancy in a year
4. Sexual function in Britain (link)
• At least four out of ten men and women have had a recent sexual problem, but only one in ten are distressed or worried about their sex life
• Lack of interest in sex was one of the most commonly reported problems for both men and women, affecting three in every twenty (15%) men, and with women twice as likely as men to say that this had been an issue in the last year.
5. Associations between health and sexual lifestyles in Britain (link)
• 1 in 6 men and women feel that their health affects their sex life, but few seek help from health professionals
• Only a quarter of men (24%) and under a fifth of women (18%) who say that ill-health affected their sex life in the past year sought help from a health professional, usually a GP
6. Lifetime prevalence, associated factors, and circumstances of non-volitional sex in women and men in Britain (link)
• One in ten women and roughly one in 70 men in Britain have reported that they have experienced non-volitional sex (sex against their will)
• Of those who reported having had sex against their will (non-volitional sex), fewer than half (42.2% of women and 32.6% of men) had told anyone about it, and fewer still had reported it to the police (12.9 % of women and 8% of men).
Framing sexual health research: adopting a broader perspective (link)
• Introduction to the third Natsal study by lead authors Professor Dame Anne M Johnson and Professor Kaye Wellings
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The purpose of education is to share our knowledge with others. A great teacher can impart a deep understanding of a subject to students effectively and with passion and hope, in turn, that in doing so those young people will be inspired to teach others. The Victorian artist and critic, John Ruskin, wrote that ‘the moment we use our possessions to any good purpose ourselves, the instinct of communicating that use to others rises side by side with our power. If you can read a book rightly, you will want others to hear it; if you can enjoy a picture rightly, you will others to see it’. It sounds so obvious, and we see it every day in every school in the country. Teachers, obviously, share every day, giving their students the benefit of their experience, insights, expertise and understanding; ideally, that that spreads outwards across the community, into other classroom, homes, and on across endless networks.
Perhaps nowhere is this commitment to sharing more deeply embedded in the culture of a school than in
Phillips Exeter Academy, a private school in New Hampshire. Here, the Harkness philosophy of teaching acts as its pedagogical foundation in every lesson, and in every classroom.
Edward Harkness was an extraordinary man. Although not as well known as other American philanthropists (such as the Rockerfellers and Andrew Carnegie) Harkness gave away much of his inherited wealth, and a considerable proportion of this went into education. Harkness wanted his money to make a difference: he wanted to challenge unquestioned – and unfulfilling – teaching methods that so dominated – and diminished – the lives of young people then. In 1930 he wrote:
What I have in mind is a classroom where students could sit around a table with a teacher who would talk with them and instruct them by a sort of tutorial or conference method, where each student would feel encouraged to speak up. This would be a real revolution in methods.
Go into a classroom in Phillips Exeter today and you will see a large oval table occupying much of its space. The students sit around the table, with the teacher among them, but in no ‘prime’ position. All students can make eye contact with each other, and for much of the lesson they lead the discussion with the teacher contributing at key moments to add structure and direction. Importantly, the students come to the lesson having completed ‘prep’ in advance: they do the work independently, and then they share. Others learn, including the teacher.
Nothing more profoundly challenges a teacher’s view of his role than to remain quiet, and to trust the students to learn from each other. Imagine a lesson in which perhaps 80% of the talking is done not by the adult, but by the students. When it works well it is liberating for all involved. But of course not every school has the resources of Phillips Exeter, nor do they have such small class sizes. But what they probably all have is students who rarely contribute, who are not trusted as teachers themselves, and also teachers who, for various reasons, feel they have to ‘own’ their classrooms, both in time and space. Talking still too often is confused with teaching.
As an inspector, every outstanding lesson I have observed has an almost palpable sense of mutual respect, between students and teacher, running from start to finish. When that relationship is found across the school community then it is probably an outstanding school: a place where teachers want to teach, and students want to learn. Such schools should share their expertise with other schools, creating new connections, and promoting an on-going debate about teaching and learning. The Wellington College Teaching School Partnership, is typical of the teaching school initiative in that it includes 14 schools and two higher education partners; what is unusual about this is that it includes an independent school, but that is likely to change as more schools from this sector join with other partnerships.
The shared aims of this partnership is to offer school-to-school support, both for staff and students, to spread good practice, to use technology in a meaningful (and cost-effective way), and to use evidence-based research to underpin approaches to teaching and learning. And, fundamentally, to learn from each other. For some in the independent sector sharing might mean a weakening, a dilution, (and it is perhaps this defensive position that Sir Michael Wilshaw recently attacked in his address to the
annual HMC conference); but for those of us in the partnership sharing means the opposite: a strengthening, an adding to, a nourishing. The practice of sharing, which we should model in every classroom, in every school, should be heard in every discussion about education. Only in doing so will we learn, and then, perhaps, will have fulfilled our purpose as teachers.
Dr David James
Director, Sunday Times Education Festival
Co-Director, Wellington College Teaching School Partnership
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At his trial in 1964, Nelson Mandela closed his statement from the dock saying, “I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
And Nelson Mandela lived for that ideal, and he made it real. He achieved more than could be expected of any man. Today, he has gone home. And we have lost one of the most influential, courageous, and profoundly good human beings that any of us will share time with on this Earth. He no longer belongs to us — he belongs to the ages.
Through his fierce dignity and unbending will to sacrifice his own freedom for the freedom of others, Madiba transformed South Africa — and moved all of us. His journey from a prisoner to a President embodied the promise that human beings — and countries — can change for the better. His commitment to transfer power and reconcile with those who jailed him set an example that all humanity should aspire to, whether in the lives of nations or our own personal lives. And the fact that he did it all with grace and good humor, and an ability to acknowledge his own imperfections, only makes the man that much more remarkable. As he once said, “I am not a saint, unless you think of a saint as a sinner who keeps on trying.”
I am one of the countless millions who drew inspiration from Nelson Mandela’s life. My very first political action, the first thing I ever did that involved an issue or a policy or politics, was a protest against apartheid. I studied his words and his writings. The day that he was released from prison gave me a sense of what human beings can do when they’re guided by their hopes and not by their fears. And like so many around the globe, I cannot fully imagine my own life without the example that Nelson Mandela set, and so long as I live I will do what I can to learn from him.
在被纳尔逊·曼德拉的经历所激励的亿万人中，我是其中一员。我的第一次政治行动——我所做的与一项议题或政策或政治有关的第一件事——就是抗议种族歧视。 我认真研读了他的话和他的著作。他走出监狱的那一天，我认识到人类能够在自己的希望——而不是恐惧——引领下所能成就的事业。正如全球各地许许多多的人一 样，我无法充分想象没有纳尔逊·曼德拉的榜样我的生活会是怎样。在我的有生之年，我将尽最大努力向他学习。
To Graça Machel and his family, Michelle and I extend our deepest sympathy and gratitude for sharing this extraordinary man with us. His life’s work meant long days away from those who loved him the most. And I only hope that the time spent with him these last few weeks brought peace and comfort to his family.
To the people of South Africa, we draw strength from the example of renewal, andreconciliation, and resilience that you made real. A free South Africa at peace with itself — that’s an example to the world, and that’s Madiba’s legacy to the nation he loved.
We will not likely see the likes of Nelson Mandela again. So it falls to us as best we can to forward the example that he set: to make decisions guided not by hate, but by love; to never discount the difference that one person can make; to strive for a future that is worthy of his sacrifice.
For now, let us pause and give thanks for the fact that Nelson Mandela lived — a man who took history in his hands, and bent the arc of the moral universe toward justice. May God Bless his memory and keep him in peace.
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Etiquette – what is considered to be good behaviour or good manners – is constantly in motion. At the same time, a number of norms and values are in danger of disappearing in our diverse and quickly changing society. There are so many people and so many differences. Dealing with differences can be difficult but we have to if we want to live and work pleasantly together. In addition, it makes you aware of new things and provides new insights. To attain diversity and inclusion, we need etiquette rules.
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August 18th, 1864: Several days earlier, General Hood dispatched General Wheeler and his Confederate Cavalry to the north in an effort to disrupt Sherman’s supply lines coming from Chattanooga. Sherman, who has quickly become restless during the siege, has started planning the movement of his entire army to the the south of Atlanta to destroy the Confederate supply line coming up from Macon.
Sherman has also learned that Wheeler’s Cavalry has made it to Tennessee and is therefore to far to offer any support to Hood or oppose Kilpatrick and his Cavalry. Sherman decides to delay the movement of his army around Atlanta and instead he orders Kilpatrick to move on the railroad in Jonesboro with his three Brigades and two more attached to him from Garrard’s Cavalry.
On the night of the 18th, Kilpatrick and five Brigades of Federal Cavalry, begin their move towards Jonesboro. They leave from Sandtown and head towards Fairburn. They are opposed by only one Confederate Brigade. Ross’s Texas Brigade spends the night of the 18th harassing and slowing down the Federal Cavalry. These actions slow down the Federal Cavalry considerably and delay the raids time table.
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Jon Sullivan of pdphoto.org took this picture of a wild turkey in Zion National Park, Utah.
According to Wired.com, the average turkey has gone from 13 pounds in 1929 to 29 pounds in 2007 and the trend is continuing upward. In another 50 years you will need a roasting pan the size of a bathtub to cook your turkey. Good luck getting that in and out of the oven.
The same story goes on to say that corn today is probably 6 times sweeter than the corn the Pilgrims ate at the first Thanksgiving. The Pilgrim’s corn was about 10% sugar and sweet corn today is 20 to 25%. The corn the Pilgrims ate is comparable to the corn we grow today for animal feed.
There is a 15 acre field behind my house that is planted in livestock feed corn every other year. The other year it is planted in soybeans. I have never tried to eat any of it. The corn was harvested about two weeks ago, so I can’t try an ear now, but maybe in two years, as a scientific experiment, I will try one and let you know what I think.
Apparently the Pilgrims didn’t have potatoes at the first Thanksgiving, but if they did, they would have been rounder, higher in sugar and have less starch than the potatoes of today. The increased starch and less sugar of present day potatoes make better potato chips and french fries. The Wired article, “Give Thanks? Science Supersized Your Turkey Dinner” was written by Alexis Madrigal.
Here is a link to an article by Karen Ravn in the Los Angeles Times called “How Turkeys Grew So Big.” She explains how turkeys today came to be all white instead of brown, black and other colors, like the wild turkeys that you may see roaming around your neighborhood. I often see small groups of 5 or 6 turkeys walking around where I live in Washington County, New York. There go some now. Just kidding.
Kimberly Crandell has an article called, “Did Science Build a Better Turkey“, on Livescience.com. She writes about an alternative to the standard white turkey that we normally eat today. It’s called a Heritage Turkey. She says that there were about 8,800 Heritage Turkeys in a 2006 U.S. census. Compare that to the 267 million turkeys that are sold in the United States each year.
She also explains how the “super turkeys” of today came to be. The “super turkeys” aren’t so super. Their large breasts cause problems walking and reproducing. Forget about leaping tall buildings with a single bound. They can’t even leap over the the turkey coop.
President Abraham Lincoln, on October 3, 1863, proclaimed the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. You can read the entire proclamation here on the National Park Service website. The proclamation was actually written by Secretary of State, William Seward. You can read about that here.
Smithsonian Magazine has an interesting article about the Pilgrims that we associate with the first Thanksgiving in 1621. Most of the story is about how they got to the New World and not about Thanksgiving, but did you know that Ulysses S. Grant, Franklin Roosevelt, Orson Welles, Marilyn Monroe, Hugh Hefner and George W. Bush are all descendants of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower? I didn’t.
You can take a turkey quiz here at Discovery.com. Did you know that wild turkeys can fly as fast as 55 miles per hour for short distances?
Here is a link to a story about the first Thanksgiving on History.com. Apparently the Pilgrims didn’t have forks. Who knew? They used knives, spoons and their fingers instead.
When I sit down to dinner on Thanksgiving, regardless of where I am, I will take a moment and think about all of the people that I have shared this day with over the years. If someone asks me on Thanksgiving, what am I thankful for, I will say I am thankful for them.
Many old and familiar faces will no longer be sitting around the table. Some of them have not been there for many years. They will always be remembered because they will always live in my heart.
I will also remember, and thank, the wonderful people, past and present, who have always cooked up a storm so that I could have a wonderful feast on Thanksgiving.
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The South African trucking industry is estimated to generate in excess of seven million litres of used oil every year. This is a vast amount of harmful contaminant that could potentially make its way into our environment.
A long-distance truck can hold anywhere between 10 to 20 litres of engine oil and, according to Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC)’s statistics, there are currently more than 370 000 registered heavy duty trucks on our roads. That is a conservative estimate of approximately four – up to nearly eight – million litres of used oil being generated every year by the road freight industry alone. A significant volume considering that just one litre of used oil can contaminate 1 million litres of water.
The ROSE Foundation (Recycling Oil Saves The Environment) says that with the industry being a significant source of used oil, it is imperative that operators within the sector remain aware of the harmful effects of this contaminant and ensure that it is properly stored and collected for recycling.
“Many people don’t know that used lubricant oil is dangerous as it contains harmful toxins and cancer-causing agents. Dumped, it seeps into rivers and lakes, contaminating our water,” says Bubele Nyiba, CEO of the ROSE Foundation which has been championing the responsible collection and removal of used oil for proper recycling since 1994.
“The heavy transport industry is fairly compliant, especially the large businesses. The smaller independent operators still need more education and support to ensure that they comply with the Waste Act.”
20kg used lubrication oil per day must be registered on SAWIS
“In short if you generate in excess of 20kg of used oil per day, you are required to register on the South African Waste Information System (SAWIS).”
Once registered, the generators need to submit their figures every 90 days (quarterly) into the SAWIS. The information needs to be based on actual volumes and not estimates. The following information needs to be submitted and retained by the waste generator for five years, to be produced for inspection required:
(a) the month and year to which the information applies;
(b) Category of waste; HW07 Waste Oils 01 Waste oil
(c) Source from which waste comes
(d) The quantity of waste reported in tons.
Hazardous waste generators are required to have a Waste Manifest with every load
As used oil is a hazardous waste, generators are required to maintain the below information on a Hazardous Waste Manifest, a document that will track the used oil from cradle to grave and offer a clear snapshot on how it has been managed.
- A unique consignment identification number in the form of a bar code;
- The generator’s contact details, including the contact person, physical and postal address, phone and fax number and email address;
- The physical address of the site where the waste was generated;
- An emergency contact number;
- The origin/source of the waste (how it was generated);
- A description of the waste (waste classification and waste category)
- The physical nature/consistency of the waste (liquid, solid, sludge; pump-able, non-pump-able);
- The quantity of waste;
- Packaging (bulk, small containers, tank);
- Transport type (tanker, truck, container);
- Special handling instructions;
- The date of collection/dispatch;
- The intended receiver (waste manager).
- “As mentioned above, the safe disposal certificate issued by ROSE registered collectors act as a Hazardous Waste Manifest, thereby fulfilling the requirements of reporting by law.”
According to Nyiba, most transport and trucking enterprises are compliant when it comes to the proper collection and storage of used oil, but because of the fact that only one litre of oil can contaminate one million litres of water, it is essential that each and every transport enterprise ensures that they are doing all they can to protect the environment from this harmful waste. “Our water resources are scarce. We cannot allow South Africa’s surface and underground water resources to be contaminated.”
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Have you ever wondered what it would be like to have an out-of-body experience? Or have you felt that in spite of having looked into several ways of achieving personal growth, you have hit a plateau? Or perhaps you have been trying for years to come to terms with a traumatic experience, but your emotional healing has not been as successful as you had hoped. These are some of the reasons why Ayahuasca ceremonies have enjoyed increasing popularity over the last few decades, even though they have been used for centuries amongst Amazonian tribes as part of shamanic healing rituals. But what exactly is Ayahuasca? Is there any scientific evidence in support of the spiritual, psychological and medicinal benefits of this natural remedy? Can participating to an Ayahuasca ceremony benefit human beings in the 21st century, and if so, how?
What exactly is Ayahuasca?
Ayahuasca is a decoction obtained by macerating some parts of the Banisteropsis caapi vine, which must be thoroughly cleaned using wooded utensils. Then the vine is generally boiled with the leaves of another plant, Psychotria viridian, although the leaves of other plants are also used. The ritual starts much before the actual performance of the ceremony, right from its preparation: the lower leaves of the Psychotria viridian should be picked by the user at sunrise after which a prayer should be uttered.
These plants are far from being randomly chosen. The Banisteropsis caapi vine contains strong chemicals which act as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase enzymes (MAOIs) and have successfully been used in traditional medicine to mitigate the symptoms of both Depression and Parkinson’s disease. Psychotria viridian leaves contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound which is similar to serotonin in structure. The properties of MAOIs interact with the DMT making it orally active, thus conferring to the decoction its medical properties and psychedelic effects.
The scientific evidence in support of the benefits of Ayahuasca
A recent paper (Frecska, Bokor and Winkelman, 2016) unbiasedly reviewed the therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca indicating that there is increasingly more evidence in support of the mental, physical and spiritual benefits of this decoction. Let’s consider some.
Among the medical properties of Ayahuasca, its purgative effects are renowned for succeeding in ridding the body of tropical parasites, which are first killed and then expelled thanks to vomiting and diarrhoea. Since it has been estimated that about 85% of Americans have parasites, this practice would also be beneficial to populations other than the ones exposed to tropical parasites. Ayahuasca also affects the cardiovascular system resulting in increased heart rate and blood pressure, and therefore might not be suitable for people at risk of heart disease.
However, Ayahuasca is most sought after for its psychedelic effects: the visual and auditory stimulation induced by the interaction of its two ingredients can result in hallucinations, visions, dream-like states of consciousness, near-death and out-of-body experiences just to mention a few. As reported by the majority of the people who have participated in an Ayahuasca ceremony, these experiences lead to a heightened state of consciousness and often culminate with insightful discoveries about one’s mental, emotional or spiritual issues. Many people also report a highly integrated brain state which allows them to see the bigger picture. The end result is emotional healing after the revisitation of unpleasant events during the ceremony. Last but not least, Ayahuasca has been successfully used for the treatment of both substance dependance and chronic low grade inflammation.
Getting ready for the ceremony
Whether you choose to do your Ayahuasca retreat in Peru or anywhere else, you should take the following precautions:
- Ascertain the credential of the shaman who is going to carry out the ceremony: there are many charlatans out there!
- Spend some time with the shaman before the actual ceremony: if negative emotions come to the surface, you need to feel you are in a safe place.
- Inform the shaman about any mental illnesses and/or physical conditions you have been diagnosed with: Ayahuasca has strong effects on the brain and the cardiological system, and any risks associated with its consumption should be limited.
- Prepare mind and body for the ceremony: knowing what to expect will allow you to relax and to get the most out of the ceremony.
- Allow time for the integration of your Ayahuasca experience: you will need time to make sense of the visual and mental stimuli experienced.
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●If just one out of twenty Americans stopped buying water in disposable bottles, we’d save 30 million pounds of plastic waste a year!
Why you should stop buying water in disposable bottles:
1. We’d save the nonrenewable fossil fuels that are used in the plastic. The oil we use for plastic water bottles could fuel 1 million cars for a year.
2. We’d save greenhouse gas emissions by keeping at least 2.5 million tons of CO2 out of the atmosphere.
3. We’d save water. Twice as much water goes into making a bottle as its contents.
4. Bottled water uses up to two thousand times more energy than drinking tap water.
5. You’ll save at least $440 a year if you drink tap water.
6. 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. When private companies take and bottle spring or tap water they endanger the political stability of poor countries and the health of residents who can’t afford to pay for clean tap water.
Myth: Bottled water is safer than tap water.
*Not true. Tests of bottled water have found many unhealthy contaminants. Bottled water is less strictly regulated than tap. Tests of 10 mainstream brands of bottled water found bacteria and toxic chemicals in many of the samples.
What is in your water:
If you want a water filter, decide which one would be best at www.ewg.org/tap-water/getawaterfilter
Choose the best water bottle:
Choose reusable drink bottles made from stainless-steel, tempered glass, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and tritan copolyester.
2. Klean Kanteen www.kleankanteen.com
*From the book, “Do One Green Thing…Saving the Earth Through Simple, Everyday Choices”, By Mindy Pennybacker
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Policies, inheritance, and overrides
Policies in Deep Security are intended to be created in a hierarchical structure. As an administrator, you begin with one or more base policies from which you create multiple levels of child policies that get progressively more granular in their detail. You can assign broadly applicable rules and other configuration settings at the top-level policies and then get more targeted and specific as you go down through levels of child policies, eventually arriving at rule and configuration assignments at the individual computer level.
As well as assigning more granular settings as you move down through the policy tree, you can also override settings from higher up the policy tree.
Deep Security provides a collection of policies that you can use as initial templates for the design of your own policies tailored to your environment:
In this topic:
Child policies inherit their settings from their parent policies. This allows you to create a policy tree that begins with a base parent policy configured with settings and rules that will apply to all computers. This parent policy can then have a set of child and further descendant policies which have progressively more specific targeted settings. Your policy trees can be built based on any kind of classification system that suits your environment. For example, the branch in the policy tree that comes with Deep Security has two child policies, one designed for a server hosting the Deep Security Manager and one designed for the Deep Security Virtual Appliance. This is a role-based tree structure. Deep Security also has three branches designed for specific operating systems, Linux, Solaris, and Windows. The windows branch has further child policies for various sub-types of Windows operating systems.
In the Windows policy editor on the Overview page, you can see that the Windows policy was created as a child of the Base policy. The policy's anti-malware setting is Inherited (Off):
This means that the setting is inherited from the parent Base policy, and that if you were to change the anti-malware setting in the Base policy from Off to On, the setting would change in the Windows policy as well. (The Windows policy setting would then read Inherited (On). The value in parentheses always shows you what the current inherited setting is.)
The Overrides page shows you how many settings have been overridden at this policy or specific computer level. To undo the overrides at this level, click the Remove button.
In this example, the Windows Server policy is a child policy of the Windows policy. Here, the anti-malware setting is no longer inherited; it is overridden and hard-set to On.
Override object properties
The intrusion prevention rules that are included in this policy are copies of the intrusion prevention rules stored by the Deep Security Manager which are available for use by any other policies. If you want to change the properties of a particular rule, you have two choices: modify the properties of the rule globally so that the changes you make apply to all instances where the rule is in use, or modify the properties locally so that the changes you make only apply locally. The default editing mode in a Computer or policy editor is local. If you click Properties on the Assigned Intrusion Prevention Rules area toolbar, any changes you make in the Properties window that appears will only apply locally. (Some properties like the rule name can't be edited locally, only globally.)
Right-clicking a rule displays a context menu which gives you the two Properties editing mode options: selecting Properties will open the local editor window and Properties (Global) will open the global editor window.
Most of the shared common objects in Deep Security can have their properties overridden at any level in the policy hierarchy right down to the individual computer level.
Override rule assignments
You can always assign additional rules at any policy or computer level. However, rules that are in effect at a particular policy or computer level because their assignment is inherited from a parent policy cannot be unassigned locally. They must be unassigned at the policy level where they were initially assigned.
You can see the number of settings that have been overridden on a policy or a computer by going to the Overrides page in the computer or policy Editor:
Overrides are displayed by protection module. You can revert system or module overrides by clicking the Remove button.
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Infectious disease control needs to be made more “sustainable”. We need to reduce selective pressure on pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. We need to control infectious disease outbreaks and associated immune disorders with a better understanding of the genetic, environmental and social factors that impact disease spread and severity.
Genomics and bioinformatics provide powerful methods that can aid such efforts and improve our understanding of microbial virulence, microbial evolution and ourselves. The Brinkman laboratory comprises an interdisciplinary bioinformatics and “wet-lab” environment, investigating microbes and their diseases in the following ways:
(1) Investigating the role in disease of both the microbe and its host (i.e immune system failure, including allergy and asthma), using genomics and systems biology-based approaches
(2) Using genomics and network analysis to characterize disease outbreaks, their epidemiology, their evolution, and their environmental/social/genetic causes, and
(3) Identifying new anti-infective and immune modulating therapies/biomarkers.
Our health, and the health of the environment and other animals, are interconnected. So we are also applying our approaches to “One Health” settings – applying our methods to aid environmental and animal health research efforts.
The overall goal is to capitalize on a combined bioinformatics and wet lab approach, integrating large datasets, to better understand key themes in infectious disease etiology and aid development of more sustainable approaches for disease management in a One Health context.
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Aerobic versus Lifestyle Activities You should be physically active for at least 60 minutes a day. The physical health aspects are an added bonus. Physical activity should be part of your daily life, whether you play sports, take physical education PE classes in school, do chores, or get around by biking or walking. Have you noticed they lack the confidence needed to enjoy school or commit to new activities? All you have to do is type in whether you are male or female, your weight, height, and how much physical activity you get each day.
Welcome to Discovery Ranch for Girls! Top Residential Treatment Center for Girls.
Furthermore, mental health disorder treatment may incorporate other specialized therapies and interventions, such as: This place literally changed his life and in relation ours. Recognize the responsibilities associated with being pregnant and having a newborn 3. Have you noticed they lack the confidence needed to enjoy school or commit to new activities? We can't say enough for the help and support we received from the entire staff at the Center for Discovery. Linda Bacon, author of Health at Every Size:
Heather has volunteered as a team leader on Discovery for Kids since Discovery encourages teenagers to grow mentally and emotionally, with physical elements achieved as a team. She is responsible for processing enrollments, sending out information packs and ensuring that our programmes have everything they need to run. Wayne has a huge passion for learning and discovering new things and teaches techniques that enable people of all ages to learn in fun and creative ways. Shoot hoops for 30 minutes as part of your 60 minutes of daily physical activity.
I highly recommend it. We achieve this by utilizing several creative techniques such as, drawing, collaging, and clay manipulation. The unit is designed to provide a safe and therapeutic environment for those experiencing a crisis. Many of them had joined the one-week camp at Stanford because their parents encouraged them to, and most thought it was a camp about design thinking , but they were glad it turned out to be more than that. Wayne has a huge passion for learning and discovering new things and teaches techniques that enable people of all ages to learn in fun and creative ways.
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How do you choose a qualitative research design?
How to Choose a Qualitative Research Design
- While many qualitative research designs exist (many of which now have been positioned as research methodologies), I focus on the traditional view of qualitative research designs.
- Step 1: Identify key research ideas.
- Step 2: Identify key research design features.
- Step 3: Match research ideas with a research design.
Is descriptive research qualitative or quantitative?
Descriptive research is usually defined as a type of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used for descriptive purposes. The research design should be carefully developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable.
What is descriptive type of research?
Descriptive research definition: Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. The descriptive research method primarily focuses on describing the nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular phenomenon occurs.
What is research design and its type?
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. There are three main types of research design: Data collection, measurement, and analysis. The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine the research design and not vice-versa.
What is descriptive research design and example?
Descriptive-survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects. This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these subjects. For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualification of employed professionals in Maryland.
What are the two types of qualitative data?
Qualitative data is of two types, namely; nominal data and ordinal data. Qualitative data sometimes takes up numeric values but doesn’t have numeric properties. This is a common case in ordinal data.
What are the types of descriptive research design?
Descriptive, or qualitative, methods include the case study, naturalistic observation, surveys, archival research, longitudinal research, and cross-sectional research. Experiments are conducted in order to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
How do you choose a research design?
As a researcher, you will have to decide which research design will be suitable for the approach that you wish to present. Try to think of the research question and figure out what kind of data or evidence you would like to present. Also take into consideration the resources that you have at your disposal.
Why do we use qualitative research design?
It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.
How do you select a research design?
Choose your research design as per your research question or problem and research objectives. Suppose the research title is “Impacts of daily use of Facebook have on the study attention of under-20s.” Your research method would be either qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both methods.
What is qualitative research design examples?
Qualitative research design varies depending upon the method used; participant observations, in-depth interviews (face-to-face or on the telephone), and focus groups are all examples of methodologies which may be considered during qualitative research design.
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Unfortunately for the therapsids, their cousins the diapsids were also productively evolving, in their case into dinosaurs (among other things), which gradually proved too much for the therapsids. Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record. A very few, however, evolved into small, furry, burrowing beings that bided their time for a very long while as little mammals. The biggest of them grew no larger than a house cat, and most were no bigger than mice. Eventually, this would prove their salvation, but they would have to wait nearly 150 million years for Megadynasty 3, the Age of Dinosaurs, to come to an abrupt end and make room for Megadynasty 4 and our own Age of Mammals.
Each of these massive transformations, as well as many smaller ones between and since, was dependent on that paradoxically important motor of progress: extinction. It is a curious fact that on Earth species death is, in the most literal sense, a way of life. No one knows how many species of organisms have existed since life began. Thirty billion is a commonly cited figure, but the number has been put as high as 4,000 billion. Whatever the actual total, 99.99 percent of all species that have ever lived are no longer with us. "To a first approximation," as David Raup of the University of Chicago likes to say, "all species are extinct."
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Aluminium Composite Panels | Aluminium Suppliers Malaysia
Comprising a soft core sandwiched between two layers of aluminium, aluminium composite panel manufacturers produce these specialized materials for use in packaging, car body paneling and building construction.
Due to its strong weather resistant properties, aluminium composite panels are used widely in construction, primarily for external cladding, roof edges and signage.
Although not expected to be waterproof, aluminium composite panels are used as element controls designed to divert rain water or wind away and also to prevent it from entering the structure.
The ability to colour aluminium composite panels with a coating of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluropolymer resins or polyester lends itself well to decorative purposes, which are expected to last about 20 years.
Aluminium Composite Panels, Aluminium Foil and Aluminium Alloys – contact AMS Metal for the best supplier of aluminium in Johor Bahru.
Aside from the characteristics and advantages listed in the section above (common cores used in aluminium composite panels) aluminium composite panels are also easy to work and reduces fabrication time and costs.
For safety reasons, flammable cores like polyethylene are sometimes banned for building construction. Instead, mineral cores are used instead.
How Are Aluminium Composite Panels Made?
Sandwich-panels are a composite material that combine the properties of different materials; often of a more rigid, harder metal layer and a softer core. Sandwiching the core material between two metal sheets results in a rigid, lightweight and heat/sound insulating material – and in the case of aluminium composite panels a polyethylene core sandwiched between aluminium sheet metal.
Aluminium composite panels are used when there is a need for high structural rigidity (stiffness) and low-weight. For this reason they often find themselves in aerospace and aircraft applications, with polyethersufone polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyethylene or polystyrene, balsa wood, syntactic foams and honeycombs often used as core materials. Car manufacturers use aluminium composite panels for the same reason.
The most successful is the honeycomb structure; a hexagonal structure much like the honeycombs of bees which it draws its inspiration. Its effectiveness is the reason that aluminium composite panel manufacturers extensively use honeycomb structures in aerospace.
Honeycomb structures minimize weight and material while at the same time maximize its specific strength, which is the amount of force a material can take below it collapse divided by its density.
Properties of materials of aluminium composite panels.
Low-density Polyethylene, better known as common plastic, is a relatively soft material that is inexpensive to produce and exhibits shock absorbing and heat insulating characteristics. With a Mohs hardness of less than 2 (in between Talc and Gypsum), the material needs to be protected from damage.
Aluminium has a Mohs hardness of 2.29. This is not only harder and more rigid than plastic but aluminium forms a natural oxidized layer that resists corrosion to acids and alkalis. This protects it and the polyethylene core from fluctuating weather effects like moisture, temperature fluctuations, and chemicals. Polyethylene’s elasticity complements aluminium’s rigidity as a shock absorber to prevent bending or breaking.
Quality products and services guaranteed – Contact AMS Metal for the best aluminium composite panel manufacturers Malaysia
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African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer
These beautiful birds inspect and patrol the Chobe River all year round. They are truly icons of the African bush.
This is a large species of eagle that is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa wherever large bodies of open water occur that have an abundant food supply. It is the national bird of Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Sudan.
This species is listed as Least Concern by IUCN. The estimated population size is about 300,000 individuals with a distribution area of 18,300,000 sq km.
This image was captured on the Chobe River, near Kasane, northern Botswana, Southern Africa.
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Core Skills Verbal Test (CoreV)
|Training||Test User Occupational Ability (TUO-A) formerly known as Level A|
|Assessor Time||Approx. 30 minutes (Timed)|
The CoreV assesses an individual's ability to read, understand and reason with generic verbal information. This test is suited to any role where reasoning with written information is a required competency. The test is not specific to any industry or role in particular therefore the CoreV can be used universally as a measure of verbal reasoning.
The test consists of 36 multiple-choice questions based on passages of text containing information from a range of job roles and industries.
Here is an example of the type of passage of information you might see in the CoreV:
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MILLIONS of students worldwide have signed up in the last year for MOOCs, short for massive open online courses — those free, Web-based classes available to one and all and taught by professors at Harvard, Duke, M.I.T. and other universities.
But when those students take the final exam in calculus or genetics, how will their professors know that the test-takers on their distant laptops are doing their own work, and not asking Mr. Google for help?
The issue of online cheating concerns many educators, particularly as more students take MOOCs for college credit, and not just for personal enrichment. Already, five classes from Coursera, a major MOOC provider, offer the possibility of credit, and many more are expected.
One option is for students to travel to regional testing centers at exam time. But reaching such centers is next to impossible for many students, whether working adults who can’t take time off to travel, or others in far-flung places who can’t afford the trip.
But now eavesdropping technologies worthy of the C.I.A. can remotely track every mouse click and keystroke of test-taking students. Squads of eagle-eyed humans at computers can monitor faraway students via webcams, screen sharing and high-speed Internet connections, checking out their photo IDs, signatures and even their typing styles to be sure the test-taker is the student who registered for the class.
The developing technology for remote proctoring may end up being as good — or even better — than the live proctoring at bricks-and-mortar universities, said Douglas H. Fisher, a computer science and computer engineering professor at Vanderbilt University who was co-chairman of a recent workshop that included MOOC-related topics. “Having a camera watch you, and software keep track of your mouse clicks, that does smack of Big Brother,” he said. “But it doesn’t seem any worse than an instructor at the front constantly looking at you, and it may even be more efficient.”
Employees at ProctorU, a company that offers remote proctoring, watch test-takers by using screen sharing and webcam feeds at offices in Alabama and California. ProctorU recently signed an agreement to proctor new credit-bearing MOOCs from Coursera, including one in genetics and evolution offered at Duke and one in single-variable calculus at the University of Pennsylvania.
MOOC students who want to obtain credit will be charged a remote-proctoring fee of $60 to $90, depending on the class, said Dr. Andrew Ng, co-founder of Coursera, based in Mountain View, Calif.
Other remote proctoring services offer different solutions. At Software Secure in Newton, Mass., test-takers are recorded by camera and then, later, three proctors independently watch a faster-speed video of each student.
Compared with services where proctors are monitoring students in real time, this combination of recording first and viewing later “gives greater latitude for the institution to adjust the timing of exams to whenever they want,” said Allison Sands, Software Secure’s director of marketing. The cost is now $15 per exam.
Employees at ProctorU say they are well-versed in the sometimes ingenious tactics used to dodge testing rules. “We’ve seen it all,” said Matt Jaeh, vice president for operations. “After you’ve sat there a while watching people, the patterns of behavior for normal people versus the people trying to sneak in a cellphone to look up information are very clear.”
Each proctor can monitor up to six students at a time, watching three side-by-side camera feeds on each of two screens. If a student’s eyes start to wander, the proctor gives a warning via videoconferencing software, just as a classroom monitor might tell students to keep their eyes on their own papers. For an overwhelming majority of people, that warning suffices, said Jarrod Morgan, a co-founder.
With the system in place, “cheating usually isn’t a problem,” he said. But if it does occur, ProctorU follows the rules of the institution giving the exam. “Some schools ask us to cut off the exam on the spot if there’s a suspicious incident,” he said; others ask that the exam be continued and the incident reported.
Beyond the issue of proctoring, MOOCs are also addressing the problem of making sure that credit-seeking test-takers are the same students who enrolled in the course. In that effort, Coursera is offering a separate service, called Signature Track and costing $30 to $99, that confirms students’ identity by matching webcam photographs as well as pictures of acceptable photo IDs.
Students also type a short phrase, which is analyzed by a software program. It takes note of the typing rhythm and other characteristics, like how long the keys are pressed down. Then, when a student submits homework or takes a test, the algorithm compares a bit of new typing with the original sample. (And if you’ve broken your arm, there’s always your photo ID.)
Online classes are hardly new, but earlier courses typically didn’t have to handle exam proctoring on the scale required for vast MOOCs. The University of Florida in Gainesville, for example, has long offered many programs for students studying far from the campus, with some monitoring done by ProctorU, said W. Andrew McCollough, associate provost for teaching and technology.
Now the school has set up its first MOOC, on human nutrition (enrollment 47,000), and is working on four others, all through Coursera. The question of proctoring is being debated, he said, as faculty members worry about academic integrity amid the growth of open, online classes. “They don’t want any fooling around,” he said. “But as we get more experience and evidence, the faculty are getting familiar with ways technology can replicate a classroom experience.”
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– Your home is one large electric circuit that is wired in parallel (multiple electron paths)
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– Today we’re going to look at how electricity is delivered to your homes.
HOW ELECTRICITY FLOWS TO YOU
– Electricity flows to every home through high-voltage wires. The wires are either above ground and span over cities in hydro towers, or are wired underground (which is why you need to notify the electric company if you are digging on your property).
– The high–voltage wires travel through a device called a transformer, which only allows 120V per wire to enter all households in North America.
– Three wires enter each home from a hydro pole. Two of these wires are “hot” or “live” (black) wires and one “neutral” (white) wire. Having two wires entering the house and one leaving the house completes the circuit in your home.
– The three wires that connect to each home are connected to the home by an electric meter. The electric meter measures how much electrical energy is used in the home.
– The three wires then travel from the electric meter to the main breaker switch.
MAIN BREAKER SWITCH
– Every home has a main breaker switch that can turn off all the electrical energy traveling to the home.
– When electricians work in a home, they turn the main breaker switch off so that they don’t electrocute themselves.
– The main breaker switch is controlled by a device known as a circuit breaker.
– The three wires now pass from the main breaker switch into the distribution panel.
– The distribution panel is a metal box inside of each home that contains the circuit breakers or fuses for each circuit in the home.
– There is one more wire in the distribution panel called the “ground wire.” All electrical outlets in your home attach to the ground wire. The ground wire is then dug deep into the ground so that it discharges any extra electricity into the Earth where it is harmless.
– Instead of a fuse, newer distribution panels have circuit breakers to regulate the amount of electricity that goes through each circuit.
– If too much current flows through the circuit breaker, pieces of metal heat up and separate. When these metal pieces separate, the circuit is broken.
– Fuses are an older alternative to circuit breakers in a distribution panel.
– Fuses are a piece of metal that allows for a complete circuit to exist.
– If the amount of current flowing through the circuit is higher than is allowed by the fuse, the metal heats up and melts therefore breaking the circuit.
– Fuses have a disadvantage over circuit breakers; once the fuse melts it needs to be replaced. A circuit breaker can be reused.
WALL OUTLETS, POLARIZED PLUGS, AND GROUNDING PINS
– Once electricity enters the home, it is safely divided into each room using wall outlets.
– Wall outlets have the following safety features:
- Wall outlets are made out of plastic, which does not conduct electricity.
- Most wall outlets have room for a third prong. This space is called the “ground terminal.” The ground terminal is used in case of a short circuit; electricity will leave the home and travel to the ground outside.
- Most wall outlets now have space for polarized plugs. Polarized plugs have one prong that is larger than the other. Using a polarized plug prevents the neutral wire from staying connected to the electrical device switch. A polarized plug will only fit into the wall outlet one way.
– The third prong of a plug is called the “grounding pin.” This prevents a short circuit and makes sure the electricity passes to the ground rather through you.
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER (GFCI)
– This is a special type of wall outlet that contains a circuit breaker. The GFCI outlet detects small changes in electrical current and breaks the circuit when too much current enters the circuit.
– The GFCI is important to have in areas close to running water (kitchens and bathrooms) to make sure electricity stops when the current changes slightly.
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Incorporate LGBT history, themes and people into your curriculum!
- Ensure that your LGBT students see themselves reflected in your lessons.
- Create opportunities for all of your students to gain a more complex and authentic understanding of the world around them.
- Encourage respectful behavior, critical thinking and social justice.
Explore the lesson plans below and find what works best for your classroom.
Want to help your students learn about respect? Check out GLSEN’s lessons on Bullying, Bias and Diversity.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Two chapters that are definitely relevant to Catcher in the Rye are "It's More Than Just Rain or Snow" and "Is that a Symbol?"
The argument in "It's More Than Just Rain or Snow" is this: weather is almost always more than just a plot device; it's often symbolic of emotions or included to bring about some type of emotional response within a reader. Catcher in the Rye takes place in winter in New York. Things are freezing. Personally, Holden is going through a crisis of character. He's frozen at this stage in his life and does not know what to do. Holden also gives voice to the change that occurs in winter by continually asking where the ducks go when the pond in Central Park freezes over.
Symbols are everywhere in Catcher in the Rye. The two most prominent symbols in the novel are Holden's red hunting hat and the Natural History Museum. Holden wears the red hunting hat whenever he feels threatened or embarrassed. It's a sort of shield for him. The Natural History Museum symbolizes Holden's fear of change (remember the ducks?). He likes everything frozen in place.
Many other chapters from How to Read Literature Like a Professor are relevant, particularly the two chapters about sex.
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« AnteriorContinuar »
one inch to three inches in length, and, when planted in the best feeding grounds, grow in a year to four or five inches, when they are regarded as marketable.
The best planting grounds, all things considered, are found in Tangiers Sound, a portion of the bay opposite the county of Dorchester, and of Somerset, in Maryland, and marked off from the bay proper by a chain of islands dropped from the Dorchester Hook to Crisfield, the present terminus of the Delaware railroad. Here the water is comparatively shallow, and the sound is so completely shielded by islands on one side, and the mainland on the other, as to be at all times tranquil. The business of planting, therefore, may be carried on without interruption, and the plants are not liable to be covered by sand.
Good planting grounds are valuable, and are seldom sold; but sometimes they are leased at rates ranging from $50 to $400 annually per acre. Sales of lots covered by three to seven feet of water have been made at upward of $1,000 per acre; and the most desirable grounds are valued at rates above these figures, and pay an interest of more than twenty per cent. on that valuation.
There are other excellent planting grounds superior even, in some respects, to those of Tangiers, but they are open to the objection of loss from shifting sands, so destructive to the plants. On the Tangiers bottoms exists a rank vegetable growth called sea-moss, in which the oysters become securely imbedded, and which protects the spawn and the young oysters until their shells become sufficiently hard to afford protection from the numerous anquatic foes that prey upon them.
The boundaries of the planting lots are determined from stakes or small evergreen trees, firmly secured in the mud at the corners. These fragile corner-marks are strictly respected by the neighbors, and a case of trespass rarely occurs.
The plants are allowed to remain from three to six months, never exceeding a year. The tonging season commences in September and continues through the following April, it being a rule with the fishers to close operations before May; as, according to their belief, oysters are unfit for use in any month that is not spelled with the letter R. The breeding season occupies the four months from May to August inclusive, and the oysters are then necessarily not in good condition for use. Consequently those engaged in the business during the other part of the year employ their boats in freighting fruits and vegetables, or turn their attention to trucking, particularly to the cultivation of sweet potatoes and melons, for which the islands and high mainlands are peculiarly adapted.
Quality. There is a great difference in the quality of oysters of the same size and age. Locality has its influence to such a degree that most natural beds and all planting grounds produce oysters of different flavors. An experienced oyster fisher can, at sight, generally tell the locality from which the oyster was taken; and the epicure, accustomed to the different flavors, can by taste designate the bed on which the oyster was grown and fatted.
The oysters of Tangiers are excelled in delicious flavor by those at the mouth of the Cherrystone River, on the coast, and by those in Lynnhaven Bay on the west side, at the mouth of the James and the Nansemond Rivers. The Cherrystones deservedly hold the first rank, but are practi,cally little known beyond their own neighborhood, as the natural beds are of small extent and their production limited. There are, however, fine feeding grounds in the vicinity of Cherrystone, and all oysters planted there become of superior quality, and are sold abroad as Cherrystones. The true Cherrystone, in fine condition, retains its shape when cooked, (which is that of a cherry seed,) and cuts as finely as a tender sirloin.
Propagation.—The art of breeding the oyster crop, by artificial means, is still in a primitive state in this country. In France, where labor is cheap and abundant, the cultivation of the oyster crop has been carried to the same perfection that has been attained in pisciculture. There the beds are as methodically marked out as for a flower garden, and a close calculation is made as to the greatest profitable produce from a given number of plants. As a portion of the crop becomes sufficiently matured for market, it is gathered, and other plants are at once put in the place.
In the Chesapeake the plants are shoveled from the deck of the vessel as she is towed slowly over the space marked out, and the quantity is consequently indefinite. The design is, however, to cover the bottom with a single layer of the plants. The water on artificial beds varies in depth from two to twelve feet, three to four feet being most desirable, as the beds may then be inspected from the surface, when the water is clear and tranquil. Such a depth, too, is most favorable for forking and tonging, and the entire crop may be gathered at one time.
Until a comparatively recent period the oyster was regarded as hermaphrodite, but the sexes are so marked that those familiar with them can readily distipguish them at sight, the females being in excess of the males. During the breeding season the oyster is said to be in the milk," which term is applied to the ova, or spawn. The spawn is discharged in minute, viscid balls, of such gravity that they float midway between surface and bottom in the water, and are there met by the sperm of the male, which is discharged at the same time. Fertilization is thus effected in the water, and the ova adhere to the first bard or rough substance with which they come in contact, and at once begin to assume shape, and to exhibit indications of life. The spat at first appears to belong to the vegetable rather than to the animal kingdom; but, as it continues to grow in size, the animal assumes a more vigorous and decided character. In a few weeks it is capable of a feeble, independent motion that gradually increases until the shells are perfectly formed, when it attains the power to open and close them.
The object to which the floating spawn is most likely to fasten is the shell' of another old oyster, and this accounts for the fact that, while single oysters only are found in the artificial beds, they exist in clusters in the natural beds (Figure 7.)
The spawn gradually changes its rotund shape, and spreads upon the substance to which it adheres, forming a white spot that in time assumes the appearance of a thin, flat shell, though it remains soft and friable. It is now called a spat, and is covered by a delicate skin that grows thicker and harder until it becomes a shell. The spat is much sought after by fishes, crabs, and turtles, and numbers are thus destroyed. The shell begins to harden when the spat attains half an inch to an inch in diameter, and thickens with the growth of the oyster. At one year old it is an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, and its shell is susliciently hard to place it out of danger from most of its enemies. It may now be used as a plant, though greater size and more age are desirable for stocking artificial beds.
Although ranked by naturalists in a very low scale of animal existence, the oyster is not without certain physical power, and sufficient instinct for self-preservation under ordinary circumstances, as illustrated in instances where the floating spawn has attached to the inside of the shell of an old oyster while open for feeding. Were the spat allowed to remain there, it would soon so increase in size as to cause serious incou
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Establishing a Healthy Foundation by Cheri Barton Ross
Explaining the concept of death to a child is a very difficult, confusing, and uncomfortable experience for a parent, educator, or therapist, and it is a topic that is often first introduced by the loss of a pet - sometimes a child's earliest exposure to loss and grief.
• There is an undeniably special bond that develops between people and their pets, especially between animals and young children, and while the death of a pet can be devastating to an adult, children are often deeply affected by such a loss.
Without readily available outlets for their feelings, the trauma of pet loss can remain with a child for life, and without help many adults feel inadequate and not up to the task.
• The aim of this book is to provide therapists, counselors, educators, parents, social workers, veterinarians, and physicians with resources to help children cope with the loss of a pet.
• Published 2/25/05.
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NYUNGWE FOREST NATIONAL PARK
Located in the South West corner of Rwanda, Nyungwe National Park is an untouched natural rainforest that is filled with exciting biodiversity.
Covering over 1000 square kilomtres, Nyungwe is surely one of the world’s most beautiful and pristine mountain rainforests. It’s believed to be one of Africa’s oldest forests, staying green even through the Ice Age, which explains its diversity. Home to habituated chimpanzees and 12 other primates species (including a 400-strong troop of habituated Ruwenzori Black & White Colobus), it’s also a birder’s paradise with over 300 species, including 16 endemics, and is home to 75 different species of mammal. This majestic rainforest is filled with nature and wildlife experiences for you to emerge yourself in. Hiking or even biking the beautiful terrain, tracking the famous chimpanzees, experiencing the canopy walk, witnessing beautiful birds, relaxing by waterfalls are just a glimpse of activities that Nyungwe offers. Sounds and views collaborate to create a one-of-a-kind wildlife experience. Exploring through the forest, travellers will witness the lush green mountains and cooling mist in a landscape that won’t be soon forgotten.
The home of roughly 400 species of chimpanzees, Nyungwe is home to one of East Africa’s last intact populations and boasts two wild chimp communities that welcome guests (one in Cyamdungo and other around Uwinka). Thus, it’s not surprising that chimpanzee tracking is a popular activity in Nyungwe (especially when the park’s trees are in full bloom during the summer) as well-trained guides often lead visitors through the park’s forests. And while actually viewing chimpanzees is not guaranteed, you’ll enjoy learning about these creatures and their natural habitats from your guides. But you’ll probably have to get up around four a.m. to succeed in this very challenging activity as chimps are mostly likely to be seen early in the morning.
Chimpanzees are far from the only creature that will fascinate wildlife lovers in Nyungwe as with thirteen recorded species, the park is home to East Africa’s most diverse primate population. Nyungwe is the only location in Africa where you’ll find “supergroups” of more than 300 Colobus monkeys and one of the few places worldwide where you’ll see L’Hoest’s monkeys (primarily on the main round near Uwinka). Another rare animal you might also run into is the owl-faced monkey, an Albertine Rift endemic that inhabits Nyungwe’s southern forests. In fact, most of the monkey species found in the park are endemic.
Described by Birdlife International as “the most important site for biodiversity conservation in Rwanda,” the Nyungwe National Park is home to roughly 310 bird species, 27 of which are endemic to the Albertine Rift. Although actually spotting birds in the park’s forests may be challenging, the bird songs you’ll hear during the trek will surely make it more enjoyable. If you would like to learn about birds you might see and hear, book a guide for $50 U.S. at the headquarters of the Rwanda Development Board. The guides so knowledgeable about birdlife in Nyungwe they can identify birds by ear, such as the rwenzori turaco and grey-chested kakamega.
Visitors to Nyungwe National Park can experience the rainforest from a new perspective: the Canopy Walkway. Hanging 60 meters above the forest floor between giant trees and towers, East Africa’s only Canopy Walkway provides a stunning view of the park’s amazing wildlife and nature. The Walkway is accessible as part of a specialized guided tour along the Igishigishigi trail or if you’re not part of a tour, hiking the Imbaraga or Umuyove trails. Conducted year-round, the Canopy Walkway Tour costs $60 U.S. per person. All participants must be at least six years of age and children must be accompanied by adults. You should bring a raincoast as rain frequently falls in Nyungwe. But if you don’t come with a raincoat, you can rent one as well as walking boots and sticks.
As wonderful as exploring the diverse ecosystem of the Nyungwe National Park is, you really won’t get a feel for the area until you discover its rich culture. The region’s song, dance, music and cuisine are all integral parts of Nyungwe’s culture and walking tours of Banda Village – located 15 km down the mountain from the Uwinka Visitors Centre – represent the perfect setting for learning about an area where people have lived for more than 50,000 years. The tours provide guests the opportunity to participate in activities such as local food tasting and basket weaving and if you’re fortunate, you might able to attend a traditional wedding ceremony and learn about traditional medicine.
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Public Distribution System (PDS): Ensuring Food and Economic Security in India
Have you ever wondered how a nation with over 1.3 billion people manages to feed its poor? One of the answers is the Public Distribution System (PDS), a government-sponsored chain of ‘fair price’ shops dispensing food grains and other essential commodities at subsidized rates to people living below the poverty line.
What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)?
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is a national food security system, functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Its primary purpose is to provide staples like rice, wheat, and sugar, as well as kerosene and other essentials, at affordable prices to the less privileged sections of society.
History and Evolution of PDS in India
The roots of the PDS can be traced back to the scarcity of food during World War II. The government of British India introduced rationing in 1943 to ensure an equitable distribution of food and essential items during the war and the subsequent famine.
After independence, the need to maintain an equitable distribution of essential commodities prompted the Indian government to continue the rationing system, leading to the establishment of the Public Distribution System.
Revamped Public Distribution System
By the late 1980s, the government felt the need to expand the PDS due to the deepening poverty crisis. This led to the birth of the Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) in 1992, which aimed at improving the availability of essential commodities to the rural populace.
Targeted Public Distribution System
In 1997, the Indian government introduced the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) to focus on the ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ sections of society. This system aimed to serve the population below the poverty line with special subsidies.
The Importance of PDS
The PDS plays a critical role in maintaining food security in India by ensuring the availability of essential food grains to the economically disadvantaged sections of society.
Through subsidized rates, PDS provides a sort of economic security to the poor, reducing their expenditure on food and freeing up resources for other necessities.
The Components of PDS
Under the PDS, beneficiaries receive wheat, rice, and coarse grains at highly subsidized prices.
Other Essential Commodities
Apart from food grains, the PDS also provides other essential commodities like sugar and kerosene.
Fair Price Shops: The Backbone of PDS
Role of Fair Price Shops
Fair Price Shops act as the retail outlets under the PDS where beneficiaries can collect their allotted goods.
Fair Price Shops and The Poor
These shops are instrumental in reaching out to the underprivileged, acting as a lifeline to the poor in remote and rural areas.
Challenges in the PDS
One of the significant challenges in the functioning of the PDS has been corruption at various levels, leading to leakage of commodities.
Sometimes, the commodities do not reach the beneficiaries due to inefficiencies in the distribution system.
There have also been instances where the quality of food grains distributed under the PDS has come under scrutiny.
Steps Taken by the Government to Improve PDS
Computerization of PDS
The government has taken steps to computerize the PDS to prevent leakages and ensure transparency.
Direct Benefit Transfer
The Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme allows the subsidy amount to be directly deposited into the beneficiaries’ bank accounts, reducing corruption.
Strengthening the Supply Chain
Efforts are being made to strengthen the supply chain to ensure timely delivery of quality commodities to the beneficiaries.
The Impact of PDS on Poverty
Several studies suggest that PDS has played a significant role in reducing poverty in India.
PDS and The Below Poverty Line Population
The system has been instrumental in providing food security to the below poverty line (BPL) population, thereby acting as a safety net for the vulnerable.
The Public Distribution System is a robust mechanism that the Indian government has put in place to ensure food and economic security for the country’s poorer segments. Despite the challenges, it continues to serve as a lifeline for millions of Indians living below the poverty line. However, constant monitoring and effective reforms are necessary to make this system more efficient and impactful.
1: What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)?
A1: The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-sponsored system in India that provides essential commodities at subsidized rates to underprivileged sections of society. The primary purpose of PDS is to ensure food and economic security for these segments, particularly those living below the poverty line.
2: Who are the beneficiaries of the PDS?
A2: The beneficiaries of the PDS are primarily people living below the poverty line in India. These include economically disadvantaged sections of society who are unable to afford essential commodities at market prices. The system provides them with staple food grains, sugar, and kerosene at highly subsidized rates.
3: What commodities are distributed under the PDS?
A3: The PDS distributes essential commodities including, but not limited to, staple food grains like rice, wheat, and coarse grains. Other commodities such as sugar and kerosene are also provided at subsidized prices to ensure the beneficiaries’ essential needs are met.
4: What are the challenges faced by the PDS in India?
A4: The PDS in India faces several challenges, including corruption, inefficiencies in distribution, and issues with the quality of the commodities. Corruption often leads to leakage of commodities, while inefficient delivery mechanisms can result in the intended beneficiaries not receiving their allocated goods. There have also been instances where the quality of food grains supplied under the PDS has been questioned.
5: How has the government improved the PDS?
A5: The government has undertaken several measures to improve the PDS. This includes computerization of the system to increase transparency and prevent leakages, introduction of the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme where the subsidy amount is directly deposited into the beneficiaries’ bank accounts, and strengthening the supply chain to ensure timely delivery of quality commodities to the beneficiaries.
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For any base. the logarithm function has a singularity at
. In the above plot, the blue curve is the logarithm to base 2 (
), the black curve is the logarithm to base
(the natural logarithm
), and the red curve is the logarithm to base 10 (the common logarithm. i.e.
Note that while logarithm base 10 is denoted
in this work, on calculators, and in elementary algebra and calculus textbooks, mathematicians and advanced mathematics texts uniformly use the notation
, and therefore use
to mean the common logarithm. Extreme care is therefore needed when consulting the
The situation is complicated even more by the fact that number theorists (e.g. Ivić 2003) commonly use the notation
to denote the nested natural logarithm
Whereas powers of trigonometric functions are denoted using notations like
is less commonly used in favor of the notation
Logarithms are used in many areas of science and engineering in which quantities vary over a large range. For example, the decibel scale for the loudness of sound, the Richter scale of earthquake magnitudes, and the astronomical scale of stellar brightnesses are all logarithmic scales.
The derivative and indefinite integral of
are given by
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Causes, Symptoms of Lumbar Disc Herniation /Spinal disc herniation also is known as a slipped disc, is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings. Disc herniation is usually due to age-related degeneration of the outer ring, known as the annulus fibrosis, although trauma, lifting injuries, or straining have been implicated as well. Tears are almost always postero-lateral (on the back of the sides) owing to the presence of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the spinal canal. This tear in the disc ring may result in the release of chemicals causing inflammation, which may directly cause severe pain even in the absence of nerve root compression.
Lumbar Disc Herniation /Spinal disc herniation also is a common condition that frequently affects the spine in young and middle-aged patients.1,5,11 The lumbar intervertebral disc is a complex structure composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and sparse fibro chondrocyte cells that serve to dissipate forces exerted on the spine. As part of the normal aging process, the disc fibro chondrocytes can undergo senescence, and proteoglycan production diminishes. This leads to a loss of hydration and disc collapse, which increases strain on the fibers of the annulus fibrosus surrounding the disc. Tears and fissures in the annulus can result, facilitating a herniation of disc material, should sufficient forces be placed on the disc. Alternatively, a large biomechanical force placed on a healthy, normal disc may lead to extrusion of disc material in the setting of catastrophic failure of the annular fibers.5
Anatomy of Spinal Disc Herniation
Herniated = from “a hernia,” a part of the body that bulges out through an abnormal opening
Disc = the disk-shaped cushions between the bones of the spine
The vertebral column (also called the spinal column orbackbone) is made up of 33 bones known as vertebra (plural, vertebrae). Each vertebra is separated from the adjacent vertebrae by intervertebral discs, a spongy but strong connective tissue. The intervertebral discs, along with ligaments and facet joints, connect the individual vertebrae to help maintain the spine’s normal alignment and curvature while also permitting movement.
The image at left shows the entire spinal column from beside and from the front. The bones of the spinal column are orange in color, and the intervertebral discs are white.
In the center of the spinal colum,n there is an open channel called the spinal canal. The spinal cord and spinal nerves are located in the spinal canal, where they are surrounded by spinal fluid and protected by the strong spinal column. On each side of the spine, small openings between adjacent vertebrae called foramina (singular, foramen) allow nerve roots to enter and exit the spinal canal.
The spine is divided into the following distinct regions:
- Cervical spine – consists of seven vertebrae in the neck. These vertebrae are small and allow for the mobile nature of the neck.
- Thoracic spine – consists of 12 vertebrae in the upper and mid-back. These are larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae. Each thoracic vertebra is attached to a rib on either side. This provides significant stiffness and strength to the thoracic portion of the spine.
- Lumbar spine – usually consists of five vertebrae in the lower back, but may vary between four and six. These vertebrae are the largest because they withstand the greatest amount of force in the spine. The lumbar spine is also more mobile than the thoracic spine. Because of these factors, the lumbar spine is the most frequently affected by degenerative conditions, spinal stenosis, and herniated discs.
- Sacrococcygeal – the very lowest portion of the spine. The sacrococcygeal region consists of one single bone, made of fused vertebrae in the sacrum (five vertebrae) and coccyx (four vertebrae). It attaches to the pelvis on either side. In a small number of people, there may be a disc between the first and second sacral vertebrae. Alternatively, the fifth vertebra in the lumbar (lower) spine may occasionally be fused to the sacrum, leaving only 4 lumbar vertebrae.
- A herniated disc occurs when the fibrous outer portion of the disc ruptures or tears, and the jelly-like core squeezes out. When the herniated disc compresses a nearby nerve, as in the image below, the result can be a pinched nerve. A pinched nerve may cause pain, numbness, tingling or weakness in the arms or legs. The substance that makes up the disc’s jelly-like core can also inflame and irritate the nerve, causing additional pain.
A bulging disc occurs when the outer wall of the disc weakens but doesn’t rupture, and “bulges” outward. A herniated disc may actually begin as a bulging disc whose outer wall is then ruptured by a great amount of pressure.
Disc herniation can occur in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine. The location of the pain depends on the location of the herniated disc. If the herniation occurs in the neck, for example, it can cause pain that radiates into the shoulder and arm; if it occurs in the lower back, the pain produced can radiate down into the hip and leg. Depending on the location, it can damage the spinal cord.
Symptoms of Spinal Disc Herniation
A cervical herniated disc may put pressure on a cervical spinal nerve and can cause symptoms like pain, pins and needles, numbness or weakness in the neck, shoulders, or arms. A large disc herniation in the cervical spine may compress the spinal cord within the spinal canal and cause numbness, stiffness, and weakness in the legs and possibly some difficulty with bowel and bladder control.
A thoracic herniated disc may cause pain in the mid back around the level of the disc herniation. If the disc herniation compresses a thoracic spinal nerve as it travels through the foramen, then pain or numbness may travel around the rib cage from the back to the front of the chest or upper abdomen. A large disc herniation in the thoracic spine may compress the spinal cord within the spinal canal and cause numbness, stiffness and weakness in the legs and possibly some difficulty with bowel and bladder control.
A lumbar herniated disc may cause the following symptoms:
- Intermittent or continuous back pain (this may be made worse by movement, coughing, sneezing, or standing for long periods of time)
- Spasm of the back muscles
- Sciatica — pain that starts near the back or buttock and travels down the leg to the calf or into the foot.
- Muscle weakness in the legs
- Numbness in the leg or foot
- Decreased reflexes at the knee or ankle
- Changes in bladder or bowel function
- Difficulty walking
The symptoms of disc disease may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult a doctor for a diagnosis.
Causes and Risk Factors
Herniated discs can often be the result of degenerative disc disease. As people age, the intervertebral discs lose their water content and ability to cushion the vertebrae. As a result, the discs are not as flexible. Furthermore, the fibrous outer portion of the disc is more likely to rupture or tear.
Acute disc herniations can occur in young, healthy people as a result of an injury or tear to the outer layer of the disc (called the annulus fibrosis) that allows the central, jelly-like portion of the disc (called the nucleus pulposis) to herniate into the spinal canal or foramen.
Tests and Diagnosis of Spinal Disc Herniation
The straight leg raise may be positive, as this finding has low specificity; however, it has high sensitivity. Thus the finding of a negative SLR sign is important in helping to “rule out” the possibility of a lower lumbar disc herniation. A variation is to lift the leg while the patient is sitting. However, this reduces the sensitivity of the test.
- Projection radiography (X-ray imaging) – Although traditional plain X-rays are limited in their ability to image soft tissues such as discs, muscles, and nerves, they are still used to confirm or exclude other possibilities such as tumors, infections, fractures, etc. In spite of these limitations, X-ray can still play a relatively inexpensive role in confirming the suspicion of the presence of a herniated disc. If a suspicion is thus strengthened, other methods may be used to provide final confirmation.
- Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) – A diagnostic image created after a computer reads x-rays. It can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it, including soft tissues. However, visual confirmation of a disc herniation can be difficult with a CT.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without contrast – A diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. It can show the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration, and tumors. It shows soft tissues better than CAT scans. An MRI performed with a high magnetic field strength usually provides the most conclusive evidence for the diagnosis of a disc herniation. T2-weighted images allow for clear visualization of protruded disc material in the spinal canal.
- Myelogram An x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces. By revealing displacement of the contrast material, it can show the presence of structures that can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, such as herniated discs, tumors, or bone spurs. Because myelography involves the injection of foreign substances, MRI scans are now preferred for most patients. Myelograms still provide excellent outlines of space-occupying lesions, especially when combined with CT scanning (CT myelography).
- Electromyogram and nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS) – These tests measure the electrical impulse along nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscle tissue. This will indicate whether there is ongoing nerve damage, if the nerves are in a state of healing from a past injury, or whether there is another site of nerve compression. EMG/NCS studies are typically used to pinpoint the sources of nerve dysfunction distal to the spine.
- Computerized tomography (CT) scan – a series of X-rays, assembled by a computer into 3-dimensional images of the body’s structures
- Myelography – a procedure that involves injecting a liquid dye into the spinal column followed by a series of X-rays and a computerized tomography (CT) scan. This procedure may provide useful images that reveal the indentations of the spinal fluid sac caused by bulging or herniated discs, or bone spurs that might be pressing on the spinal cord or nerves.
- Electromyography (EMG) – tests the electrical activity of a nerve root to help determine the cause of pain.
- The presence and severity of myelopathy can be evaluated by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a neurophysiological method that allows the measurement of the time required for a neural impulse to cross the pyramidal tracts, starting from the cerebral cortex and ending at the anterior horn cells of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. This measurement is called Central Conduction Time (CCT). TMS can aid physicians to:
- determine whether myelopathy exists
- identify the level of the spinal cord where myelopathy is located. This is especially useful in cases where more that two lesions may be responsible for the clinical symptoms and signs, such as in patients with two or more cervical disc hernias
- follow-up the progression of myelopathy in time, for example before and after cervical spine surgery
- TMS can also help in the differential diagnosis of different causes of pyramidal tract damage.
Since a herniated disc may cause similar symptoms to other degenerative spinal conditions, a surgeon may order a variety of diagnostic procedures to rule out other possible conditions.
Treatment of Spinal Disc Herniation
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Nicotine, other chemicals in cigarettes, smoking behaviors and other factors may contribute to wrinkles and premature aging of the skin: Nicotine causes blood vessels to narrow, reducing oxygen flow and nutrients to skin cells.
Herein, does vaping cause skin aging?
“The nicotine in vaping liquids dehydrates your skin,” explains Dr. Raja. “So you can get premature wrinkles and very dry skin, which don’t look good. In addition to skin aging, too, vaping can also delay wound healing.
Hereof, why does nicotine make you look older?
Smoking reduces oxygen to the skin, which also decreases blood circulation, and that can result in weathered, wrinkled, older-looking skin, explains Dr. Bahman Guyuron, a plastic surgeon in Cleveland, Ohio, and the lead author of the study.
Does nicotine break down collagen?
The nicotine and chemicals used in vaping can also cause skin ageing as the nicotine can cause the breakdown of collagen which helps to keep our skin firm and plump, which is why smokers and indeed those who vape often develop lines around the lips and have puffiness around their eyes.”
Nicotine increases collagen production in fibroblasts and reduces the phagocytosis of collagen.
Science News also notes that nicotine sends cells into inappropriate activity, leaving your skin sagging and wrinkled. Along with nicotine, the facial expression you make with your mouth and eyes when vaping can lead to wrinkles on your face.
You’ll look younger and healthier. You’ll have fewer wrinkles. Because smoking lowers the body’s ability to generate new skin, people who smoke get wrinkles and show other signs of aging sooner. People who quit smoking have a better quality of life.
When you quit smoking, blood and nutrient flow to the outer layers of your skin improves almost immediately. Though your skin will never fully return to its original pre-smoking state, most of what’s damaged can be vastly improved, including collagen and elastin renewal.
The Aging Process Slows Down
When you stop smoking, vitamin C and collagen production returns to normal within months. Shallow, dynamic wrinkles may repair themselves. Skin coloration and a healthy glow returns, as improved circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients.
Your skin recovers its elasticity when you stop smoking. It will also be smoother, making it more pleasant to look at and touch. Your skin complexion will become visibly brighter in the first few weeks after you stop smoking. After six months, your skin will regain its original vitality.
Botulinum Toxin Injections for Smokers’ Lines
When administered carefully by a trained professional, the botulinum toxin can soften lines and wrinkles around the mouth by reducing the number of muscle contractions and movements which cause dynamic wrinkles.
Tips: 7 Ways to Improve Your Skin after Quitting Smoking
- Eat Better. The food you eat can help (or harm) the appearance of your skin. …
- Take Vitamins. …
- Hydrate. …
- Use Sunscreen. …
- Cleanse & Moisturize. …
- Consider Anti-Aging Products. …
- In-Office Treatments.
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of toxic chemicals that can damage the cells of your skin and lead to signs of premature aging. Smoking can cause deeper wrinkles on the face, particularly between the eyebrows, around the eyes, and around the mouth and lips.
The nicotine in cigarettes constrict your blood vessels, which carry oxygen and essential nutrients to your skin. When these blood vessels are constricted, your skin is deprived of oxygen and nutrients. The result is dull and uneven skin complexion.
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If you want to do an easy science project, the best advice we can give you is to pick a topic that is interesting to you - interesting projects are often the easiest to do!
When you are unsure about what kind of project to do, it's often a safe bet to repeat an experiment that has been done before. This is acceptable when you are doing a science experiment for class or for a local science fair.
Repeated science fair projects are generally easy because they are so well understood and documented.
For example, an egg science project is a pretty easy project because there is so much information out there about eggs and egg projects.
Easy science projects can be done by simulating the effects of interesting phenomenon like tornadoes - a tornado science project can be done in under an hour; a fun and visually interesting science project.
After looking at some easy projects and picking one, doing the project is simply a matter of following the steps. It's a good idea to follow the guide, especially if you've never done a science project before.
If you are trying to recreate a project that has been done before, beware that you may end up making a science fair project very similar to someone else's project.
This is simply because they may choose to do the same one as you. This may be fine if you are doing a project for class. If you are trying to do well at a science fair, however, you may find that the lack of originality will hurt your chances.
Does this mean that you cannot repeat a previously completed experiment? Are easy projects for the birds? No! Look at the easy science projects available and choose one that you like. Then change some aspect of it. If you make an interesting change to a known experiment, this will go a long way to adding some originality back in.
For more information about doing well at science fairs, check out our winning science fair project page.
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December 17, 2013
Study Of Massive Stars Shows Milky Way’s Missing Arms
University of Leeds
A 12-year study of massive stars has reaffirmed that our Galaxy has four spiral arms, following years of debate sparked by images taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope that only showed two arms.The new research, which is published online today [17 December] in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, is part of the RMS Survey, which was launched by academics at the University of Leeds.
Astronomers cannot see what our Galaxy, which is called the Milky Way, looks like because we are on the inside looking out. But they can deduce its shape by careful observation of its stars and their distances from us.
"The Milky Way is our galactic home and studying its structure gives us a unique opportunity to understand how a very typical spiral galaxy works in terms of where stars are born and why," said Professor Melvin Hoare, a member of the RMS Survey Team in the School of Physics & Astronomy at the University of Leeds and a co-author of the research paper.
In the 1950s astronomers used radio telescopes to map our Galaxy. Their observations focused on clouds of gas in the Milky Way in which new stars are born, revealing four major arms. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, on the other hand, scoured the Galaxy for infrared light emitted by stars. It was announced in 2008 that Spitzer had found about 110 million stars, but only evidence of two spiral arms.
The astronomers behind the new study used several radio telescopes in Australia, USA and China to individually observe about 1650 massive stars that had been identified by the RMS Survey. From their observations, the distances and luminosities of the massive stars were calculated, revealing a distribution across four spiral arms.
"It isn't a case of our results being right and those from Spitzer's data being wrong – both surveys were looking for different things," said Professor Hoare. "Spitzer only sees much cooler, lower mass stars – stars like our Sun – which are much more numerous than the massive stars that we were targeting."
Massive stars are much less common than their lower mass counterparts because they only live for a short time – about 10 million years. The shorter lifetimes of massive stars means that they are only found in the arms in which they formed, which could explain the discrepancy in the number of galactic arms that different research teams have claimed.
"Lower mass stars live much longer than massive stars and rotate around our Galaxy many times, spreading out in the disc. The gravitational pull in the two stellar arms that Spitzer revealed is enough to pile up the majority of stars in those arms, but not in the other two," explains Professor Hoare. "However, the gas is compressed enough in all four arms to lead to massive star formation."
Dr James Urquhart from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany, and lead author of the paper, said: "It's exciting that we are able to use the distribution of young massive stars to probe the structure of the Milky Way and match the most intense region of star formation with a model with four spiral arms."
Professor Hoare concludes, "Star formation researchers, like me, grew up with the idea that our Galaxy has four spiral arms. It's great that we have been able to reaffirm that picture."
On The Net:
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This article is intended to introduce basic tool making knowledge
to beginner toolmakers, die maintenance technicians and press technicians.
We will first define what is a stamping die and difference type
of stamping dies exists in the market. Step by step introduce die
component and it function and application. It will also discuss
some terminologies use in the stamping industries such as cutting,
forming, lancing, ironing operations etc.
What Is a Stamping Die?
Basically, Stamping operation is a cold-forming operation, which
mean that, it runs under room temperature and no heat was introduced
to the entire operation intentionally. However, heat is still generated
from friction during the punching process. As such, proper lubricant
needs to be applied during the stamping operation to reduce heat
and wear rate of die members.
A stamping die is usually consists of a serious of precision punches
and dies that cuts and forms sheet metal into a desired shape or
profile within a specified dimension zone. The die members (punch
and die) are typically made from special types of hardened tool
steel. In some cases, die members are made of special material called
carbide to prolong tool life and enable it to runs in much higher
speed. ( 800- 1,500 spm in some cases)
A typical die set design can be seen on Figure 1.
Name of Tooling components:-
1. Top Die shoe
2. Top thrust plate
3. Punch holder plate or punch plate
5. Stripper backing plate ( some tools without this plate)
6. Stripper plate
7. Die plate
8. Die backing plate
9. Lower Die shoe
10. Guide pillar and bush
The part that the Die produced is called a piece part (see Figure
2). Usually, a Die can produces 1 part per cycle ( Stroke ) but
some Dies can produces more than one piece part per cycle and runs
as fast as 1500 strokes per minute with close tolerances up to +/-
0.05mm ( 0.0019 inch ).
Types of stamping Die.
There are many kinds of stamping dies exist in the market, all of
which perform a few basic operations, either cutting, forming, bending,
drawing or all of them. The Die can be runs manually ( manual loading
and unloading of piece part ) or automatically. The automatic Die
we called a Progressive Die. Which consists of many operations within
Cutting operation is perhaps the most common operation performed
in a stamping die. The component to be cut is placing in between
the punch and die. Desired shape and form is cut after two members
bypass each other. Usually, the Die is bigger than the punch to
allow smooth enter of the punch. The sizes difference between the
punch and die are called the cutting clearance.
Cutting clearances change with respect to the type of cutting operation
being performed, the metal's properties, and the desired edge condition
of the piece part. The cutting clearance often is expressed as a
percentage of the metal's thickness. Different clearances applied
to different material thickness and different type of material to
be punched. The most common cutting clearance used is about 5 percent
per side of the metal's thickness. In general, the harder the material
the bigger the cutting clearance will be applied.
Example 1. . A steel sheet of
1mm thickness ( 0.0393 inch ). Cutting clearance 5%.
Cutting clearance = 1mm ( 0.0393 inch ) x 0.05 = 0.05mm per side
( 0.00196 inch )
A Brass sheet of 1 mm thickness ( 0.0393 inch ). Cutting clearance
Cutting clearance = 1mm ( 0.0393 inch ) x 0.04 = 0.04mm per side
( 0.0015748 inch )
High punching force is needed to perform the cutting operation.
In general, the punching force can be calculated as follow:-
F = A X S
Cutting force = Area ( Perimeter of shape to be cut x thickness
of material ) x Shear strength of material
Note : Shear strength = 80% of the tensile strength.
3 show you a typical example of cutting condition.
1. Roll over : Plastic deformation state of material.
2.Penetration : A shinning cut band at the side of cut edge and
it is usually 1/3 of the total material thickness.
3. Fracture. Break off.
4. Burr edge.
There are still many different cutting operations, each with a special
purpose and application. Some common one are:
Trimming-The outer shape of the piece part is trim away to
give the piece part the desired shape.
In the progressive die, notching is applied on the outer edge of
the strip, unwanted part to be cut away to give the desired profile.
In some cases, notching is applied in the progressive die to provide
a stopper for material feeding. (see Figure 5).
Blanking- The term blanking is a cutting operation in stamping
die to cut out the desired piece part from the metal strip. The
dimension on the die profile is exactly the dimension of the component
wanted. The cutting clearance is applied on the punch. ( subtract
5% / side from die )
Cutting a hole onto the sheet metal or component. Some time called
perforating. The main difference between piercing and blanking is
that in blanking, the slug is used, and in piercing the slug is
discarded as scrap. The punch's size is exactly the hole size of
component wanted, cutting clearance added on the die side. (see
lancing, the metal is sliced or slit in an effort to free up metal
without separating it from the strip.
operation is to remove some small material from the component, usually
applied to provide better cut band. (see Figure 9).
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Are happier people more compliant during Covid-19 lockdowns?
To tackle the Covid-19 pandemic, governments around the world have introduced lockdowns, asking citizens to adhere to unprecedented measures restricting their personal freedoms. The legal enforcement of wide-ranging lockdowns through policing is almost impossible, so governments must rely on compliance – particularly in the case of multiple lockdowns – like we are currently experiencing in the UK.
This means that studying what makes people more likely to comply with restrictions is key to designing effective policy communication and measures to contain the pandemic.
Two existing models of happiness and compliance
The affect infusion model predicts that happier people show less compliance. It assumes that they perceive risky prospects, such as falling ill from Covid-19,as less dangerous or that they act more selfishly: for example, by behaving less carefully in front of others who may be at greater risk.
In contrast, the mood maintenance model assumes that happier people show more compliance if compliance is not too much of a burden. This is simply because they have more to lose. They should strive to retain their current levels of happiness.
We tested these competing psychological theories in nearly perfect quasi-experimental conditions, exploiting the worldwide introductions of Covid-19 lockdowns in the first half of 2020 as large-scale experiments.
Across the board, we found a positive relationship between happiness and compliance:
- People that lived in areas with higher levels of happiness in 2019, spent more time in residential areas and less in restricted areas such as retail or recreation, transit, or workplaces.
How we found this: we used nationally representative cross-section data on about 50,000 respondents from 892 regions in 49 countries from the Gallup World Poll. We measured objectively in terms of time spent in different geographical areas obtained from Google Mobility Reports.
- During the pandemic, people that said they were happier were more likely to report that they were complying with government recommendations and preventive public health behaviours, including washing hands, covering mouth and nose, or avoiding contact.
How we found this: we used self-reports from more than 39,000 respondents from 330 regions in 20 countries from the Imperial College London-YouGov Covid-19 Behavioural Tracker.
- People who reported higher levels of happiness were more likely to spend more weekdays at home and to isolate when told.
How we found this: We exploited a novel panel of more than 30,000 individuals – the University College London Covid-19 Social Survey in the UK, using (dynamic) individual fixed effects panel data models while controlling for a wide range of time-varying observable characteristics of survey respondents.
The graph below summarises the findings from our three studies. It shows how one standard deviation increase in happiness, based on the spread of the data, relates to compliance. Here, a standard deviation increase is where happiness is higher than the average level of happiness by a fixed amount.
Compliance behaviour is also measured in terms of a one standard deviation change, except for ‘observed time spent in different geographical areas’, which is measured in terms of a tenth of one standard deviation (for scalability reasons).
The graph below shows that in study two, for example, people with happiness that is one standard deviation higher than the average, were about 0.05 of a standard deviation more likely to comply with recommendations.
Notes: Shown coefficients for Study 3 come from dynamic panel data Arellano-Bond estimator. All coefficients covariate-adjusted. All variables standardised with mean zero and standard deviation one. Confidence bands 95%.
Importantly, these findings held for different dimensions of subjective wellbeing, including life satisfaction and evaluation, affect, and how worthwhile people felt their life was (purpose)- known as eudemonia.
Negative affect, as measured by how anxious people are, was associated with less compliance. This may help explain reactance bias, rebelliousness, and protests against lockdown measures observed in many countries around the world.
The relationship between happiness and compliance was stronger amongst older people and people who are at greater health risk of Covid-19, suggesting that risk-avoidance may be a primary motivation behind compliance behaviour.
What are the policy implications?
Our findings are in line with the predictions of the mood maintenance model and that people behave risk-aversely by trying not to jeopardise their current happiness levels. They also matter at both a practical and a policy level:
- They stress that we need to be aware of the impact that our current mood has on our behaviour.
- Policy-makers could devise interventions aimed at raising wellbeing during lockdowns, specifically targeting population groups at risk of low wellbeing, and target policy communication more effectively.
More generally, our findings suggest that a stronger focus on wellbeing in policy-making – while being a good in itself – could also help increase compliance with some of the toughest measures of our time.
Tan, H. B., & Forgas, J. P. (2010). When happiness makes us selfish, but sadness makes us fair: Affective influences on interpersonal strategies in the dictator game. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(3), 571-576.
Krekel, C., Swanke, S. A., De Neve, J.-E., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Are happier people more compliant? Global evidence from three large-scale surveys during Covid-19 lockdowns. CEP Occasional Paper, 54.
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Application of Solar Power in Telecom Tower to Reduce Environmental Pollution
Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6,
17 September 2022
During the last decade, the significant problem resulting from the increase in energetic consumption and the environmental "emergency" caused by the emission of greenhouse gases pushed people to find new solutions and new technologies for the production of primary energy suitable for meeting the urging and growing energetic demand. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of our day. The average temperature has risen significantly. This temperature increase is linked to the influence of global warming, which has resulted in the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The reason for the growth in GHG, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2), is increased energy use, which results in pollutant emissions. As a result, developing telecommunication infrastructure necessitates an increasing amount of electricity to power it, and hence we choose our topic title as fitting. This paper explores how an effective energy management system along with energy and environmental auditing pave the path for Green telecom in terms of green telecom network, green telecom equipment maintenance, environmentally friendly telecom building design, and shape telecom waste disposal. The discussion focused on the usage of solar energy in telecom towers, as well as research conducted through case studies and government directives to meet the necessity of strategic fit compliances for environmental protection.
- carbon footprint
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
What is a dietary supplement?
As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/dshea.html#sec3), which became law in 1994, a dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) that
is intended to supplement the diet;
contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins; minerals; herbs or other botanicals; amino acids; and other substances) or their constituents;
is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and
is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.
What is a new dietary ingredient?
A new dietary ingredient is a dietary ingredient that was not sold in the United States in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994.
Are dietary supplements different from foods and drugs?
Although dietary supplements are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as foods, they are regulated differently from other foods and from drugs. Whether a product is classified as a dietary supplement, conventional food, or drug is based on its intended use. Most often, classification as a dietary supplement is determined by the information that the manufacturer provides on the product label or in accompanying literature, although many food and dietary supplement product labels do not include this information.
What claims can manufacturers make for dietary supplements and drugs?
The types of claims that can be made on the labels of dietary supplements and drugs differ. Drug manufacturers may claim that their product will diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent a disease. Such claims may not legally be made for dietary supplements.
The label of a dietary supplement or food product may contain one of three types of claims: a health claim, nutrient content claim, or structure/function claim (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html). Health claims describe a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient, and reducing risk of a disease or health-related condition. Nutrient content claims describe the relative amount of a nutrient or dietary substance in a product. A structure/function claim is a statement describing how a product may affect the organs or systems of the body and it can not mention any specific disease. Structure/function claims do not require FDA approval but the manufacturer must provide FDA with the text of the claim within 30 days of putting the product on the market (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-labl.html#structure). Product labels containing such claims must also include a disclaimer that reads, "This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."
How does FDA regulate dietary supplements?
In addition to regulating label claims, FDA regulates dietary supplements in other ways. Supplement ingredients sold in the United States before October 15, 1994, are not required to be reviewed by FDA for their safety before they are marketed because they are presumed to be safe based on their history of use by humans. For a new dietary ingredient—one not sold as a dietary supplement before 1994—the manufacturer must notify FDA of its intent to market a dietary supplement containing the new dietary ingredient and provide information on how it determined that reasonable evidence exists for safe human use of the product. FDA can either refuse to allow new ingredients into or remove existing ingredients from the marketplace for safety reasons.
Manufacturers do not have to provide FDA with evidence that dietary supplements are effective or safe; however, they are not permitted to market unsafe or ineffective products. Once a dietary supplement is marketed, FDA has to prove that the product is not safe in order to restrict its use or remove it from the market. In contrast, before being allowed to market a drug product, manufacturers must obtain FDA approval by providing convincing evidence that it is both safe and effective.
The label of a dietary supplement product is required to be truthful and not misleading. If the label does not meet this requirement, FDA may remove the product from the marketplace or take other appropriate actions.
What information is required on a dietary supplement label?
FDA requires that certain information appear on the dietary supplement label:
Name of product (including the word “supplement” or a statement that the product is a supplement)
Net quantity of contents
Name and place of business of manufacturer, packer, or distributor
Directions for use
Supplement Facts panel
Serving size, list of dietary ingredients, amount per serving size (by weight), percent of Daily Value (%DV), if established
If the dietary ingredient is a botanical, the scientific name of the plant or the common or usual name standardized in the reference Herbs of Commerce, 2nd Edition (2000 edition) and the name of the plant part used
If the dietary ingredient is a proprietary blend (i.e., a blend exclusive to the manufacturer), the total weight of the blend and the components of the blend in order of predominance by weight
Nondietary ingredients such as fillers, artificial colors, sweeteners, flavors, or binders; listed by weight in descending order of predominance and by common name or proprietary blend
The label of the supplement may contain a cautionary statement but the lack of a cautionary statement does not mean that no adverse effects are associated with the product. A label for a fictitious botanical product is available at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fdsuppla.pdf.
Does a label indicate the quality of a dietary supplement product?
It is difficult to determine the quality of a dietary supplement product from its label. The degree of quality control depends on the manufacturer, the supplier, and others in the production process.
FDA is authorized to issue Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations describing conditions under which dietary supplements must be prepared, packed, and stored. FDA published a proposed rule in March 2003 that is intended to ensure that manufacturing practices will result in an unadulterated dietary supplement and that dietary supplements are accurately labeled. Until this proposed rule is finalized, dietary supplements must comply with food GMPs, which are primarily concerned with safety and sanitation rather than dietary supplement quality. Some manufacturers voluntarily follow drug GMPs, which are more rigorous, and some organizations that represent the dietary supplement industry have developed unofficial GMPs.
Are dietary supplements standardized?
Standardization is a process that manufacturers may use to ensure batch-to-batch consistency of their products. In some cases, standardization involves identifying specific chemicals (known as markers) that can be used to manufacture a consistent product. The standardization process can also provide a measure of quality control.
Dietary supplements are not required to be standardized in the United States. In fact, no legal or regulatory definition exists in the United States for standardization as it applies to dietary supplements. Because of this, the term “standardization” may mean many different things. Some manufacturers use the term standardization incorrectly to refer to uniform manufacturing practices; following a recipe is not sufficient for a product to be called standardized. Therefore, the presence of the word “standardized” on a supplement label does not necessarily indicate product quality.
What methods are used to evaluate the health benefits and safety of a dietary supplement?
Scientists use several approaches to evaluate dietary supplements for their potential health benefits and safety risks, including their history of use and laboratory studies using cell or animal models. Studies involving people (individual case reports, observational studies, and clinical trials) can provide information that is relevant to how dietary supplements are used. Researchers may conduct a systematic review to summarize and evaluate a group of clinical trials that meet certain criteria. A meta-analysis is a review that includes a statistical analysis of data combined from many studies.
What are some additional sources of information on dietary supplements?
Medical libraries are one source of information about dietary supplements. Others include Web-based resources such as PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=nih) and FDA (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-info.html). For general information on botanicals and their use as dietary supplements please see Background Information About Botanical Dietary Supplements (http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/botanicalbackground.asp).
General Safety Advisory
7/7/2004 3:01:00 PM
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In our quest to be healthy, is it possible to have too much of a good thing? Absolutely.
Many nutrients influence neurotransmitter activity and brain function, but not always for the better. Copper, folic acid, and iron are three important, beneficial nutrients that can be harmful to your body and brain. Here’s how.
Copper is an essential nutrient that plays a role in a number of biological systems. Copper helps the cells of your body have structural and functional integrity. It also helps your cells produce energy, signal to one another, reproduce, and grow. Copper is a key defense against cellular oxidation and radiation. It helps form pigment and strengthens the connective tissues in your body.
Copper is a critically important nutrient for the human body. So how can you get too much of it?
Copper toxicity is a condition known as copperiedus and occurs when your plasma copper levels exceed 140 micrograms per deciliter. Common ways to develop copper toxicity include eating acidic foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, taking dietary supplements, and drinking water than has been contaminated with copper.
Copper toxicity happens when extra copper in the liver overflows and builds up in the kidneys, brain, and eyes. This overload hampers both spatial memory and neuromuscular coordination functions of the brain. Too much copper can also reduce your body’s ability to absorb zinc and iron. Symptoms of copper overload include depression, anxiety, mood swings, fatigue, sleep problems, and headaches.
Folate is a B vitamin found in fruits, vegetables, and seeds. Affecting mood and cognitive function, folate is critically important for the development and functioning of the nervous system.
Many people supplement with folic acid, which the body then converts into folate. Adults who are deficient in folate can experience depression and dementia. But can you have too much of a good thing when it comes to folic acid? Absolutely.
Older adults are commonly deficient in vitamin B12. When combined with a B12 deficiency, folic acid supplementation can present serious risks to the nervous system and cognitive functioning.
Folate is critical for developing embryos, and so in 1996 the US Food and Drug Administration started requiring food makers to add folic acid to grain products including flour, breads, pasta. While this strategy has been very effective in reducing neural tube birth defects across the country, many Americans are consuming excessive amounts of folic acid in the form of fortified foods, nutritional supplements, nutrition bars, and drinks.
One risk of consuming too much folic acid is that it may block the action of folate in the body. Synthetic folic acid – found in supplements and grain products – converts into folate in the digestive system. But if the digestive system is not able to adequately convert it, then synthetic folic acid circulates in the bloodstream. This prevents actual folate from getting into the cells of your body.
Folic acid overload can mask vitamin B12 deficiency in the body, causing it to progress to confusion, dementia, and damage to the nervous system. With an estimated 1 in 6 older adults deficient in B12, make sure your doctor knows about any folic acid supplements you take and closely monitors your folate levels.
Iron is a key nutrient that is used by the body to make a protein called hemoglobin. Without hemoglobin, red blood cells cannot transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
But too much iron can have serious health consequences.
Some people have genetic predispositions or disorders that result in iron overload; these include sickle cell disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, and others. You can also experience iron overload due to multiple blood transfusions, getting iron shots or injections, or consuming high levels of iron supplements.
Iron overload affects your heart, liver, and other organs. It creates oxidative stress in the brain and can also cause the mitochondria in your brain to malfunction, decreasing the effectiveness and integrity of brain cells and eventually leafing to neurodegeneration.
Copper, folic acid, and iron are all important nutrients for your body. But there is such a thing as too much of a good thing. Overloading on these three key nutrients can cause short- and long-term cognitive impairments and dementia. Work with your doctor to make sure that your levels are right where they should be!
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28. Making way through web of
By Mark Alberstat
Computers, like people, are not perfect. Errors occur, sometimes during
the most basic of tasks.
Take surfing the web, for example. There are a number of common Internet
error messages that mystify most novice web users.
Instead of your computer displaying the page expected, an almost blank
white page appears with a number in the right-hand corner in large print.
Most users will hit the backspace, try the page again or simply move on.
More practiced web-hands may be familiar with the messages but not know
the underlying reason for them.
Following is a list of the most common Internet error messages, what they
mean, and what you can do to remedy the problem:
400: Bad request. This is a common message. It means that the URL
(Uniform Resource Locator, or the address to the website) you typed in or
requested is not correct.
The page you want to view could have changed its location in the website's
file structure. It may have been deleted entirely and the host server
cannot find it.
If you see this message, the first thing to do is to double-check that you
typed in the URL correctly and that all the letters that are supposed to
be upper case are in their proper case.
Also check on the slashes, tildes and numbers and make sure the 0s are
numerical and not the letter O.
404: Not found. This is one of the most commonly seen error pages
by anyone who surfs the web. Also fairly generic and often caused by the
same things found in the 400 error page.
If the URL you are looking for ends in ".html" you can try ".htm" or vice
versa. This small difference can make all the difference to the hosting
401: Unauthorized/403: Forbidden. You receive this message when you
are trying to access a site that is protected by some type of security.
You may be allowed to view the page but have entered an incorrect
password, or the hosting server does not allow access to their site from
the domain you are working from.
If you see this message, you can try your password again or request a new
If you are truly not supposed to be on this site, or viewing certain areas
of it, getting around the security is next to impossible for the average
Host Unavailable: This message is the result of the hosting server
being off-line or down for maintenance. You may try clicking on the reload
button or try again later in the day when the other end has cleared up
whatever problems brought down their server.
Network Connection was refused by the server: You get this error
message when you are making a request to a server that limits the number
of people or requests it can handle at any given time. The only way around
this error is to click on the reload button until you connect or try again
With a better understanding of these error messages, your next surfing
experience could be less frustrating when faced with an unfriendly page
that displays an error number in the left-hand corner.
The Mousepad runs every two weeks. It's a service of Chebucto Community
Net, a community-owned Internet provider. If you have a question about
computing, email firstname.lastname@example.org. If we use your question in
a column, we'll send you a free mousepad.
Originally published 15 February 2004
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The evidence base is growing: strengthening women’s land rights contributes to women’s empowerment and household welfare.
Evidence is also showing that women who have more secure land tenure are more likely to plant trees or make other investments to improve the land and generate ecosystem services. This means efforts to improve women’s land rights can also create enabling conditions for land restoration.
But strengthening women’s land rights isn’t that simple. Unfortunately, there’s also evidence that changing property rights is not an easy process in any case. There are always vested interests to protect the status quo, especially when it comes to something as important as land rights. And when it comes to women’s property rights, there are additional layers of gender norms that make it even more challenging to bring about changes.
The issue of women’s land rights for land restoration will be discussed at a high-level panel “This Land is Our Land: Gender perspectives on tenure and rights” at the Global Landscapes Forum in Paris, December 6. In preparation for that event, we have asked a number of experts:
“What would it take to strengthen women’s land rights, in practice?”
There are a number of debates to consider when answering this question. A few are highlighted below to guide responses.
Can women’s property rights be secured through changes to the law? Legal and policy reforms are important in many cases, but do not always translate into change on the ground. To be effective, not only do reforms need to be implemented on the books, but men and women also need to know about the changes. Furthermore, cultural norms and customary rights are powerful in many contexts, with varying definitions of men’s and women’s rights over resources. How should statutory law interact with customary law, in such a way that creates lasting cultural change?
And then there are debates over whether women’s property rights are more secure under individual, household, or collective tenure. To be secure, do women’s property rights need to be registered and held by an individual woman, or can they be secured as part of households or within community land rights?
On the positive side, there are good examples of projects and policies to strengthen women’s land rights that have worked or are being tested. But gender relations and property rights are both highly contextual, so it is dangerous to impose “models” from one country to another. For example, how does the type of terrain (e.g. forested versus agricultural), land tenure context, or economic activity of the land imply different bundles of rights, and different threats to women’s tenure security?
Global Landscapes Forum partner WLE is asking you: “What would it take to strengthen women’s land rights, in practice?”
Read responses from experts and join the debate by sharing your thoughts in the comments section on WLE’s blog.
Originally published at WLE’s Thrive as “What would it take to strengthen women’s land rights?”
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Modern datacenters store large volumes of data that is critical to reliable online services such as financial transactions, healthcare services, national security and defense, as well as our online activities and communications. This data must be available on demand and accessible only by the authorized entities. Vendors offering datacenter services must therefore fight ongoing threats that risk the security, integrity and availability of sensitive data. As the threat evolves exponentially and cybercriminals leverage sophisticated tools to compromise datacenter network security, vendors rely on technologies that could outpace any human’s capability to identify and proactively respond to network security threats. At the heart of these technologies is Machine Learning that automates the mechanism involved in defending against cyber-attacks, protecting sensitive business information of customers and streamlining end-user experience.
Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and refers to the study of algorithms and mathematical models that can be used in applications involving compute processing. The mathematical models derive the behavior of a system by learning the behavior pattern of output in response to input data. Using these models, computers can predict the response behavior of a system based on the parameters associated with it. For instance, if a datacenter network is compromised and the data traffic is routed to unauthorized channels, machine learning can identify the traffic behavior as anomalous and trigger appropriate security actions. This is effectively the primary role of machine learning in the security of modern datacenter networks. The prominent use cases in this role include:
Intelligent Intrusion Detection
Traditional intrusion detection systems were designed to identify attempts to access the network based on known threats. However, modern datacenter infrastructure face a range of new and variable threats in attempts to deceive intrusion detection systems that lack intelligence. While cyber-attackers continue to evolve the technologies and practices used in intruding a datacenter network, implementing a security system that covers all present and future threats may be virtually impossible. To address this issue, machine learning based intrusion detection systems evaluate each attempt to access the network against a range of predefined metrics. These metrics can be static and dynamic – the machine learning system doesn’t rely on a fixed set of static policies but incorporates the dynamic behavior of the network. As a result, the intrusion detection system accurately classifies security threats against legitimate intrusion attempts as the network behavior, traffic flows and other parameters change. The machine learning system learns from the false negatives and false positive alerts to continuously improve its accuracy in detecting unauthorized attempts to access the network in the future.
Security Forensics and Root Cause Analysis
Cloud datacenters generate a deluge of log big data that contain unprecedented information about network incidents that could potentially lead to downtime, security breach or performance issues. The vast information requires technology capable of evaluating the nature of each incident, classifying the alerts and triggering appropriate actions based on accurate results. Machine learning aids the forensic analysis of datacenter infrastructure and network logs and the data traffic. Machine learning models can be applied to collect the right piece of information faster than humans and target its search in close proximity of the root cause. Machine learning algorithms can be trained to improve their outcome of data extraction and facilitate accurate analysis accordingly.
Considering the complex architecture of large-scale IT infrastructure, service degradation can escalate exponentially across the network when the root cause is not addressed proactively. Machine learning tools facilitate classification, visualization and analysis of the datasets to glean insightful information more intuitively. A manual approach to perform root cause analysis of large-scale datacenters may require expertise and skills in data analysis acquired over decades of experience in the industry.
Response Automation for Proactive Security
Identifying a security issue constitutes one part of the risk mitigation process. The other key element is related to the response to potential attacks and the ability to ensure business continuity during possible security disasters. To achieve these goals, the systems should be capable of accurately identifying the root cause and performing appropriate risk mitigation actions without causing service disruption. This means that the security system must evaluate real-time performance of the datacenter and evaluate a range of parameters in reducing the impact of risk mitigation actions to end-users. If certain datacenter resources have to be isolated, the IT workloads should be transferred to the available infrastructure instances. This transfer should also balance the load on the available infrastructure to limit performance degradation for other users. With machine learning capabilities, the algorithms can be developed and tuned to align security response actions with the organizational goals of service availability, performance and security as promised to end-users as part of their SLA agreements.
Preventive Maintenance and Security Upgrades
Cloud datacenter companies are well positioned to fight against cybercrime with their ability to invest in the latest and greatest datacenter resources. The maintenance and upgrades often incur downtime and costly business opportunities for both the cloud vendor and customers. Failure to upgrade the systems on time can open the network to zero-day or unpatched security attacks. With machine learning technologies, organizations can evaluate the performance of their infrastructure and security resources against ongoing threats, understand which systems are underperforming and need upgrades or replacement.
Machine learning allows datacenter companies to monitor the equipment for potential failures, schedule maintenance only when its needed and prolong the life of its hardware. A well-functioning hardware that doesn’t collapse upon extensive usage in enterprise-grade infrastructure environment is less likely to cause networking issues that may leave security loopholes in the system.
Effectively, machine learning enables an automated and autonomous security system that is designed to incorporate the needs of end-users while addressing security challenges. Especially when cloud vendors target mass market with large volumes of storage and sever resources, the security challenges grow exponentially complicated for traditional or manual security systems. Machine learning fills in this gap and allows organizations to maximize the value potential of their datacenter investments.
These postings are my own and do not necessarily represent BMC's position, strategies, or opinion.
See an error or have a suggestion? Please let us know by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org.
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posted by Melissa .
Two identical thin wires are oriented along the x and y axes.
With current on x plane going North. Current on y plane going West.Both carry the same current I, and there is no electrical contact between the wires. The points A, B, C, D are each equidistant from both wires.
A: top left
C: bottom left
D: bottom right.
the net magnetic field at each point are?
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In the last decade, an entire cottage industry has sprung up around generational differences in the workplace. Endless amounts of articles, blog posts, videos, and books will tell you how to craft your organizational environment into an intricate web that takes into account differences among generations. Unfortunately, in all of the excitement about accommodating everyone from Gen Z to Baby Boomers, one thing has been overlooked: perceived generational differences are not backed by research. In fact, building policies around these differences does more harm than good for organizations: it amplifies generational stereotypes and ignores the individual characteristics of each employee. To bring out the true potential of every employee, we need to move beyond this approach and build talent strategies that are focused on individuals, not on stereotyped groups.
Generation: a term that is a bit more obscure than you might think
“Generation” is typically used to describe a cohort of individuals who experience the same significant events around the same period of time in their lives and, as a result, are shaped by those events. For example, the Baby Boomer generation is shaped by events like the Cold War and the moon landing.
Although most are familiar with the terms used to identify the generations that are currently in the workforce, delineating the boundaries between them can get murky. For example, the Pew Research Center defines these generations as:
- Baby Boomers: 1946-1964
- Generation X: 1965-1980
- Millennials: 1981-1996
- Generation Z: 1997-2012
However, Nielsen shifts the Millennial bracket to 1977-1995, and PWC shifts it to 1980-1995. The more sources you look at, the less clear the boundaries become. Defining Generation Z? If you ask McKinsey, they would put it at 1995-2010, but Statistics Canada opts for 1993-2011.
Even when examined on the surface, generational boundaries are not as defined as you may think. Let’s dive deeper.
What research really tells us about generational differences in the workplace
More and more evidence is accumulating that the characteristics that we tend to ascribe to different generations in the workplace do not hold up in research studies:
- Think Millennials put more value on being passionate about their work as compared to other generations? A recent IBM study showed that 20% of Millennials, 21% of Gen X-ers, and 23% of Baby Boomers want to be doing work that they are passionate about.
- View Baby Boomers as more likely to be “technology dinosaurs”? A survey conducted by Dropbox and Ipsos showed that Boomers are the least likely to be stressed out about using technology at work.
- Expect Boomers to prefer traditional working hours, and Millenials to seek flexibility? The same Dropbox/Ipsos survey showed that 42% of Baby Boomers, 43% of Gen X-ers, and 39% of Millennials adjust their working hours to work earlier or later on different days. Universum found similar results in their survey, showing that both Millennials and Gen X-ers consider flexibility in working hours and locations to present big opportunities for their career.
- Consider members of younger generations to be less committed to organizations and more open to shifting jobs? A large-scale review of the literature done by David Costanza and colleagues showed that there are no significant differences between younger and older generations in their intent to leave their job and in their commitment to their current organization.
Furthermore, generational groupings can obscure true individual differences that exist within a generation. For example, cultural factors can shape views in very different ways within a single generation:
- When conducting global comparisons, Universum found that 77% of U.S. Millennials consider holding a leadership role to be important, compared to just 51% of Japanese Millennials.
- Dropbox/Ipsos found that 85% of Baby Boomers in the U.S. are happy at work, whereas only 64% percent of Baby Boomers in France feel the same way.
These data points are just a small subset of a larger trend that puts in question many of the perceived distinctions between generations.
This does not fit with my reality – if generational differences do not exist, what am I seeing?
You may be thinking that none of this research aligns with what you are experiencing in your organization: your Gen Z-ers, Millennials, Gen X-ers, and Baby Boomers might appear quite different in how they work and what they value. Where do these differences come from? There are two things that can be at play.
We are all subject to confirmation bias: paying more attention to things that align with our beliefs than those that do not. Because generational differences in the workplace have gotten so much attention, we are primed to notice these differences when they occur, even if they are not that common. For example, you may be more likely to notice and remember the Baby Boomer who is struggling to set up their PowerPoint presentation, than one who is successfully navigating your Slack channels.
Workplace tenure and life stage
What may look like a generational difference can be a result of life stage or tenure in the workplace. In fact, many studies that show generational differences fail to account for these factors (Rudolph & Zacher, 2018). As individuals go through different stages of their life, their values and approaches to work change. For example, your Gen X-ers might be more likely to have families than your Gen Z-ers, which may make those Gen X-ers more likely to prefer the predictability of regular working hours. When Gen Z-ers get to that same life stage, they may start exhibiting the same preferences.
Similarly, tenure in the workforce can dictate behaviors and preferences at work. Boomers might not switch jobs as often as Millennials not because they are Boomers, but because they are later in their career and have a better sense of their path forward. Millennials might have less clarity on the best job fit and switch jobs often to zero in on the right career path. As they gain experience, this movement will slow down.
The pitfalls of building a talent strategy based on generational differences
Because perceived generational characteristics are not based on true differences, building a talent strategy to accommodate these perceived characteristics has negative implications.
If the differences you are observing are a result of life stage or tenure, then your strategy for accommodating generations will be static: working in the moment, but not long-term. As members of each generation get older and gain work experience, their values and views will change, so your approach to Millennials today will not be effective with those same Millennials tomorrow.
Bucketing your talent into generational groups also sets back efforts in enriching and celebrating diversity in the workplace. It erases complex individual differences in favor of stereotypes. Practically, it can even get a little silly. Everyone divides up generations slightly differently, so how will you make decisions for those employees who are on the boundary? Does being born in 1980 versus 1981 really mean that you need an entirely different approach, as might be suggested by the generational boundaries of the Pew Research Center? Or do the employees born in those two years need the same approach, as might be suggested by how Nielsen sets its generational brackets?
A better way forward
To create a talent strategy that meets the needs of every employee, we need to move beyond the generations-focused approach and consider every team member as an individual. Survey employees to understand their preferences instead of making assumptions and consider the other factors that may contribute to the way they work, such as their life stage or tenure. In an inspiring TED talk, Leah Georges suggests “meeting people at their onlyness”: using the lens of the individual, not the lens of generational stereotypes, to understand someone’s behavior at work.
Is this approach more time-consuming? Yes. But it is also one that yields greater returns in the long run. As employee values and needs change over time, your approach remains flexible. Employees are not locked into the “Millennial” bracket or the “Baby Boomer” bracket with a fixed approach that no longer serves them well, even if it was a fit at one point in time.
Building a talent strategy based on individuals allows every employee to maximize their potential, not just those that fit the generational stereotype.
Philip Hunter is an organizational effectiveness expert with more than 15 years of experience working closely with leaders and teams to create the conditions for optimal organizational performance. His areas of focus include leadership development, performance management, succession development, culture transformation, and talent strategy. As a Principal within Verity’s Talent Management Practice, Philip brings a passion for delivering high impact and creative solutions that enhance the impact of leaders within the business.
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A project to plant 750,000 trees has been unveiled by BBC's Countryfile programme.
The two-year initiative, called Plant Britain, will urge viewers to help grow the trees at various sites across the UK in an attempt to stall climate change.
An initial target of 750,000 has been set to mirror the number of children starting primary school this year, with the project launching on Sunday in a special edition of the show, according to the BBC.
Presenter Anita Rani said: “Plant Britain is something for everyone to be involved with, to do their bit for their mental health, wellbeing and the environment.
“A tree for every child starting school is such a wonderful aim, for children to be able to connect with nature, plant a seed, watch it grow and leave a legacy for the next generation.
“Whether you have a garden, a backyard or even just a windowsill, this is for everybody. You can plant in soil, plant in a yoghurt pot, but just plant something.”
The show is working with the Woodland Trust to supply the trees to viewers.
An online interactive map will be used to log where the plants are being grown. Countryfile will also be sharing information about other types of plants which can be planted in different locations.
Plant Britain will launch on Countryfile on Sunday on BBC One.
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Presentation on theme: "An overview of the INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM"— Presentation transcript:
1An overview of the INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Dr. Saurav Goel - PhD (Engineering)Lecturer at Queen’s University, Belfast,United Kingdom
2Contents Education system of ancient India Vedic Universities Pre-independence education system (British Rule)Post-independence education system (1947 onwards)Basic school educationHigher educationNew developments
4A SCHOOLING UNIQUE TO INDIA THE GURUKUL SYSTEMA SCHOOLING UNIQUE TO INDIA
5THE GURUKUL SYSTEMGurukul (ashram) was a type of school in India, residential in nature, with pupils living in proximity to the teacher (guru).In a gurukul, students would reside together as equals, irrespective of their social standing, learnt from the guru and distribute work in themselves to help the guru in his day-to-day life.At the end of studies, pupil would be ready to offer gurudakshina (one time fees) to the guru. The gurudakshina is a traditional gesture of acknowledgment, respect and thanks.
7NALANDA UNIVERSITYNalanda is the name of an ancient university in Bihar, Indiawhich was a Buddhist center of learning from 427 CE (AD) to 1197 CE (AD). It has been called as "one of the first great universities” in recorded history.
9IMPACT OF BRITISHERS ON THE INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
10Since English was increasingly being employed as the language of instruction, during 1852–1853 petitions were sent to the British Parliament in support of both establishing and adequately funding university education in India which resulted in the Education Dispatch of July 1854 which helped in shaping the Indian education system .
11THE BRITISHERS :Established a Department of Public Instruction in each province of British India.Established teacher-training schools for all levels of instruction.Increased the number of Government colleges ,vernacular schools and high-schools .The Department of Public Instruction was in place by By 1857 a number of universities were established modeled on the University of London.Educational reforms in the early 20th century led towards the nationalisation of many universities.
13India's first education minister recommended strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system and introduced right to education.
14RIGHT TO EDUCATIONEvery child between the ages of 6 to 14 years has the right to free and compulsory education. The government schools shall provide free education to all the children. Private schools shall admit at least 25% of the children in their schools without any fee.
16The Indian government lays great emphasis on primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India.) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that any children do get an opportunity to nurture.
17NCERT is an autonomous body fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) The NCERT was established in It functions as a resource centre in the field of school education and teacher education. Publication of school textbooks and other educational material like teachers’ guides/manuals etc. are its major functions.
18There is a common educational structure (10+2+4) followed all over the country. Its similar to the USA but unlike to the one being followed in the UK
20HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA With Prof. Ian Hutchings (University of Cambridge)
21India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States.Some institutions of India, such as:Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) and (IISc)All India institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)Indian Institute of Management (IIMs)have been globally acclaimed for their standard of education.
28Delhi Chief Minister Ms. Sheila Dikshit launched the ‘Ladli’ Delhi Chief Minister Ms.Sheila Dikshit launched the ‘Ladli’. Under the scheme, the state government intends to deposit Rs.100,000 in the account of every girl child (belonging to a particular income group) by the time she attains the age of 18.As per the scheme, the government will deposit Rs.10,000 in the name of a girl child at the time of her birth and Rs.5,000 each at the time of admission to Class I, VI, IX, X and XII to encourage her education.EDUCATE THE GIRL CHILD
29GLOBAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES The online projects encourage students to collaborate ,cooperate and communicatewith the students all over the world. This use of cyber space has led to the globalisationof education.
30In the Words of Indian Government, We give them roots, we give them wingsAnd great joys from, little things,A hope that they will soar ,A hope that they will try,We are sure that one day ,Our children will learn to fly.
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Anyone willing to contact a resident of the UK has to dial a digit code before the phone number. This digit code is known as area code. Though they are as omnipresent as grass, people tend to pay less attention to their importance and significance.
This post is a move to throw light on the beginning of area codes like 0117 dialing code and their importance, alongside telling how cNumber can help your business.
The Beginning Of Area Codes In the UK
Area codes or STD codes came into being in 1958 with a purpose to let a local subscriber dial a phone number without the help of any telephony operator. Original area codes were designed by converting the first three letters of exchange name into numbers. For instance, Aylesbury’s first-ever area code was 0AY6.
Only the area code of London was an exception. Around 1980, it was realized that the UK was running out of number combinations using this format. This is why British Landline System launched a new telephony dialing plan on 16 April 1995.
Under this plan, geographic area codes and some telephone numbers were changed. A “1” was added as a prefix to most of the area codes while the area codes in areas like Bristol, Leeds, Leicester, Nottingham, and Sheffield, the area codes were entirely changed.
Earlier, area codes were considered essential for landline calls. With the change of time, mobile phones overshadowed landline phones. But, the significance of area code hasn’t faded.
From a business point-of-view, area code is still very important as they help the people to locate the presence of a business.
cNumber – Helping Businesses To Make A Name
cNumber is the UK’s prime VoIP phone number provided that can help businesses of all kinds to firm their feet in a certain part of the UK.
Taking the help of its local phone number, a business situated outside the UK can associate itself with the targeted market without being present there.
As these local phone numbers are driven by VoIP technology, any business can hold over communication system which is:
- Easy to set-up and maintain
- Highly scalable and mobile
As these local phone numbers have a cloud-based infrastructure one can use them instantly. There are no set-up and installation protocols to follow-up. cNumber takes care of this aspect from its customers’ side.
Starting from the set-up to system maintenance, cNumber looks after everything. They are plug-and-play resources that can be at one’s service after buying a subscription plan.
How is cNumber helping Businesses to Gain Significance In Particular Area?
For overseas businesses or businesses coming out from a particular region in the UK, the VoIP-based local phone numbers are nothing but a blessing.
Their diligent use enables a business to reach the doors of success in a below-mentioned manner.
Familiarity with the locals
In a local region, local customers are the target. Having a business phone number that shares a similar area code as of the targeted customers helps to make acquaintances easily.
It gives the impression that the business is located nearby and helps customers to become familiar with the business.
Using the local phone number of the targeted region is a cost-effective deal for both the customers and businesses. Calls made on landline/mobile numbers of the same area codes are charged as per the local rates.
For unlimited calling plans, the calls are often free of charge as well. It’s a big relief for a business situated outside as international calling expenses are too high in this case.
The local phone numbers of cNumber are powered by VoIP technology and expert very less call incurring charges. Hence, a business can save big on calling aspects using them.
Meet the state law compliance
There are some areas like Aberdeen, Brighton, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and many more where one can’t make a call without adding area code before a phone number. If these areas are the targeted markets of a business then having area code local numbers is important.
Area codes are not going to lose their sheen now and ever. If a business seeks to gain impeccable significance in the local vicinity then a local phone number with area codes is important.
cNumber’s local area code numbers are perfect for this job. With cloud-based deployment and impressive feature-suite, they will make things easier than ever.
Articles sent in by our content partners may be paid or sponsored content. MobilityArena has vetted the links at the time of publication; however, the articles should not be considered a blanket endorsement for the products or services highlighted herein.
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When the subprime mortgage crisis struck, everyone was looking for someone else to blame. It is very simple to blame members of Congress, banks, and even borrowers with less than perfect credit. The fact of the matter is there is more than enough blame to be passed around.
In order to understand how the subprime mortgage crisis started you first have to understand what the rules were For obtaining a standard mortgage. Most lending institutions required those who were purchasing homes to put down upwards of 20 percent of the purchase price of a new home. Unfortunately in many instances, the value of some homes were falsely inflated by not only the existing market but by real estate agents and appraisers.
Understanding property values
The first step in valuing a home is to determine the value of the homes. This is done by checking homes that are nearly by obtaining a fair market valuation. When market valuations are done they are typically based on recent sales, and adjustments are made based on what size the lot is, what amenities are offered, and other differences in the property.
In many cases, a real estate agent in setting property values would contact the local appraiser and tell them they were putting a home up on the market and asking them what the maximum price it could be listed for. This often started a cycle that was almost impossible to break. Buyers were paying too much for properties, lenders were lending money based on fake values, appraisers were misrepresenting numbers, potential new homeowners wanted their piece of the American dream and subsequently everyone paid the price.
While it may be simple to explain how the housing market got so out of control, none of this would have been possible without the lack of oversight that was created through deregulation. Lending institutions also played a significant role in the mortgage meltdown. Many did this by ignoring the simple mathematics that previously had allowed them to safely make mortgage loans.
A normal debt to income ratio is about 30 percent. This should mean that no more than 30 percent of your income would be needed to pay your housing expenses. Housing expenses include mortgage payment, insurance payment, and taxes. The the premise behind this is really quite simple – if no more than 30 percent of your income is going to housing expenses chances are very good you will never default on your loan. As more loan products became available (since banks are in the business of loaning money) more creative ways of ensuring somebody could obtained financing were created.
Adjustable rate mortgages
ARMS became the buzzword of the nineties. These lower interest loans allowed more people to qualify for mortgages. In effect an adjustable rate mortgage is much like your credit card, the rate starts off low and over time increases. Initially, adjustable rate mortgages were intended to be short term loans, allowing a potential homeowner to qualify for a loan, build up their credit reporting history, then go to their local bank for a standard mortgage. Unfortunately, all too often these adjustable rate mortgage notes contained fine print that included prepayment penalties, frequent changes in rate, and other hidden clauses.
For those borrowers who were first time buyers, those who were self employed, or those buying their first home these mortgages were extremely attractive. Many borrowers discovered very quickly that these loans were nothing but nightmares. In many cases the interest rate increased three months after the start of the loan. For those homeowners their mortgage payments took a significant jump shortly after the start of their mortgage. In the event that the borrower lost their jobs, became ill, or had other significant life changing factors what should have been the American dream turned into the American nightmare.
Sadly, in this day and age people spend more time reviewing their car loan contracts – which typically only last three to five years – than they do reviewing their mortgage documents which they are going to be paying for twenty to thirty years.
It would be unfair to suggest that every loan that did not have a fixed rate is a problem. There are thousands of homeowners who have successfully navigated the adjustable rate mortgage market. Unfortunately however, these mortgages were not always offered to borrowers who were financially savvy. Instead, unscrupulous mortgage brokers made their interest closing the loan versus considering the interests of the borrower. All too often these mortgage brokers had one goal in mind get the loan closed regardless of the potential long term consequences.
Enabling financial institutions
It is not unfair to place some of the blame on Congress. While the housing market was forming a bubble, Congress in their infinite wisdom encouraged additional lending and recommended to many institutions that they consider loosening their lending standards. It is however important to note before you blame Congress entirely that loosening lending standards was not the main cause of the subprime mortgage crisis. Not that Congress is without blame mind you, with a lack of oversight on how banks reported assets, liabilities, and income it certainly was a factor in this crisis.
The main cause of this crisis started with banks who loaned millions of dollars on home mortgages and then leveraged those loans to make their bottom line look better. The ultimate result of this leverage was that thousands of financial institutions who actually held billions of dollars in mortgage loans, thought they had it made. No one anticipated the bottom falling out of the housing market. Sadly, our society – when it comes to money – often wears blinders. We have a tendency to believe that the value of everything goes up and when it does start going up we refuse to accept the possibility that it can also come down.
When property values started decreasing, banks began having problems with their balance sheets. These problems were caused because the value of the properties which were so heavily leveraged was decreasing at rates that we had not seen in many years. When the dust started settling, banks quickly discovered that their leverage was gone. The ultimate result was banks were all but broke.
Fixing the blame
It is possible to blame Congress, Wall Street, the banks, unqualified borrowers, or anyone else that you feel might be responsible for the mortgage mess. The fact of the matter is that there is more than enough blame to go around. Congress, Wall Street, banks, and society, are all to blame. We are all too often an instant gratification society. This often means we must have the latest, the best, and the biggest. All of these things play a role in any financial mess.
Fixing the mess
It will take some time to recover from this mortgage crisis. In fact, it may take more time than even the experts are telling us. Because builders continue to build, developers continue to buy property, and because our banking regulations still have not been corrected, there is a good chance that this mortgage crisis will continue for a few more years. With housing inventories so high housing values may continue to decline. When housing values decline, those who need their home as an asset, that can be borrowed against, will soon find they are unable to leverage their home further causing them to have less money to spend. Too many people for too long have treated their home as a built in credit card.
Just as there is no single entity to blame for the sub prime mortgage crisis, no single group can fix it either. There must be a change in mentality – we don’t have to keep up with our next door neighbor – by society as a whole. Banks, Wall Street, Congress, and all our regulatory agencies must be held accountable. However, we will only do that when we decide to hold ourselves accountable for our own futures.
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Help your child get off to a great start this year with the Back-to-School Success Pack for Second Grade. Each carefully crafted product in the bundle blends beloved Highlights puzzles, jokes and stories with important second-grade skills, such as arithmetic, reading, cursive writing and basic science concepts. Highlights knows kids and knows how to make learning fun — so kids don’t even realize that they’re learning!
- The pack includes the award-winning Second Grade Big Fun Workbook that gives kids the tools they need for success. Kid-friendly art and giggle-inducing humor keep them engaged longer, building persistence and attention to detail. Lessons include cursive writing, vocabulary, reading, addition and subtraction, multiplication, map skills and more.
- The 48-page Second Grade Learning Fun Workbook: Addition includes lessons on 2- and 3-digit addition, word problems, finding the unknown, fact families, and strategies like using number lines, ten-frames and near-doubles. The 48-page Subtraction workbook covers up to 3-digit problems to solve, word problems, mental subtraction and understanding place value. Both come with a certificate of achievement and answers at the back.
- Second Grade Learning Fun Workbook: Phonics and Spelling is 48 pages thatfocus oncontractions, prefixes, suffixes, inflected endings, decoding skills and more. It also includes a certificate of achievement and answers at the back.
- Handwriting Cursive Practice is an 80-page, full-color pad developed by the handwriting experts at Zaner-Bloser. The horizontal format provides plenty of writing space for both left-handed and right-handed writers. It also has convenient tear-off pages. There are easy-to-follow instructions and special QR codes that can be scanned with a mobile device to watch animated handwriting tutorials.
- Kit and Kaboodle Take the Train is an innovative book that combines leveled readers with puzzles. Kit and Kaboodle love to travel together, and the duo's packing list doubles as clues to hidden objects for kids to find in Hidden Pictures scenes throughout the book. The engaging and silly storylines reduce reading anxiety and make kids want to read the story over and over again.
Together the components of this Back-to-School Success Pack will help your child start second grade strong.
This pack includes:
- Second Grade Big Fun Workbook
- Second Grade Learning Fun Workbook: Addition
- Second Grade Learning Fun Workbook: Subtraction
- Second Grade Learning Fun Workbook: Phonics and Spelling
- Handwriting Cursive Practice
- Puzzle Readers Level 2: Kit and Kaboodle Take the Train
- Heavy-duty, reusable zipper bag to protect your books
- Back-to-School Learning Guide
Contents: 6 Paperback books, 1 Back-to-School Learning Guide, 1 reusable bag
Pages: Varies per book
Product Dimensions: largest 8 3/8" x 10 7/8"
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Have you ever needed fake dirt? No? Well, this is something that we needed at the Greeley History Museum. For an upcoming archaeology exhibition, we’re creating an interactive to explain what stratigraphy (the study of the different layers of the earth) is and how scientists use it in their work. So in order to show the different layers of the earth, we need dirt. The catch is that it cannot be real because real dirt is not safe to use around historical artifacts. So we set about creating fake dirt! Here’s our instructions if you ever need it.
-Pencil shavings (collected from pencil sharpeners in the Hazel E. Johnson Archives)
-Paint (We used different shades of brown to mimic our local dirt. If you need to recreate a different color, just choose paint shades that look close to that!)
-Bowls of various sizes
1. Select the amount of shavings needed to each shade of brown and put them into the bowls.
2. Slowly add paints to each bowl to create the different shades of brown that you want to see. Mix the paints into the pencil shavings with a dabbing motion with your Popsicle sticks.
3. Continue to add paint to your pencil shavings and mix until you get the desired array of shades.
4. Pour your damp pencil shavings onto the paper plates. Continue to keep your different shades separate. Make sure that the shavings are laid as flat as possible to let them dry quickly.
5. Allow your shavings to dry overnight.
6. Once the shavings have dried, add them all together. The different shades of brown help keep the dirt looking realistic. And now you have fake dirt to use!
Written by Katherine McDaniel, Preparator
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• Baby boomers (1946-1965)
• Generation X (1966-1980)
• Generation Y/Millennials (1981-2000)
Each generation brings different experiences, values, and expectations; they have unique identities that result in different behaviours at work. Hence the potential for conflict exists. Those nearing retirement (traditional and baby boomers) may clash with those in the prime of their careers (generation X) or those just entering the workforce (generation Y or millennials).
Here is a quick snapshot of each generation (initially compiled by Veta Richardson for a 2010 presentation to the Quorum Club in Toronto) followed by a brief assessment from the Catalyst Research Center:
• Stability, loyalty, thoroughness
• Hard-working, detail oriented, selfless
• Duty and honour driven
• Seniority is key to advancement
• Highly respectful of authority/hierarchy
• Traditional, nuclear family
Although most members have retired from the labour force, they comprise a wealth of valuable knowledge and experience. Many believe this generation views work as an obligation: They respect authority, take rational approaches, and produce quality work.
• Born into a post-war economy, most had an easy entry into a job-rich world
• Service oriented, driven, process oriented, rankings, face time
• Pay your dues and you should advance
• “Me” generation
• Dynamic of second families (had one set of kids with first spouse, more kids with second spouse)
The older members have begun to retire from the labour force. This generation occupies most of the senior-level management roles. They are often stereotyped as extremely focused on work, and they possess a strong work ethic and desire recognition for their efforts.
• Adaptable, independent, creative
• Not intimidated by authority
• Many are skeptical of workplace and employers
• “What’s in it for me?” is a mantra
• The bridge generation — ultimate translators
• Impact of higher divorce rates
• Watched boomer parents lead “unbalanced lives” and they seek to work to live, not live to work
The oldest members could be entering senior-level management roles while the younger members entering/approaching mid-career and senior-level supervisory roles. Many members of generation X embrace diversity and entrepreneurship.
Generation Y or Millennials
• Techno-savvy and plugged in
• Love to multi-task, inactivity bores them
• Like structure and instructions — ushered activities
• Socially and environmentally conscious
• “Helicopter parents”
• Everybody plays, everybody wins
• High value for diversity
The older members are in the labour force while the younger members are still completing their formal education. This generation is known for being optimistic and goal-oriented: They are known for enjoying collaboration and multi-tasking, are comfortable embracing emerging technologies, and appreciate meaningful work.
Recently, I spoke with Richardson, president of the Association of Corporate Counsel, about the issues of working with different generations. She noted we must be careful not to overhype or over simplify the very significant challenges of working in a multi-generational workplace. Stated simply, generational differences result from different core values, which are shaped by the social, political, and economic forces to which you are exposed when growing up.
These values influence your expectations and, not surprisingly, lead to different “world views” because of the different environments in which each generation developed. Growing up in the ’60s creates a different perspective from growing up during the Great Depression or the Second World War.
A little knowledge can be a dangerous thing. The generalizations I made can be very helpful as they highlight important distinctions between generations. But, they may also lead to stereotypes and one should be careful of acting on stereotypes such as “Baby boomers are workaholics”; “Gen Xers are slackers”; or “Millenials think they are entitled.”
To that end, Richardson offered excellent advice: “Be wary of stereotypes but use your knowledge about the generations to help understand where people are coming from and try to avoid being too judgmental.”
I would add one of the most important things you can do is simply have honest conversations and address these issues directly. Also, you should be prepared for change as each new generation will bring its own strengths and perspectives to the table — and that is a good thing.
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When you first look at this picture, your mind won’t comprehend it. You may just dismiss it as a rock because the collective human consciousness constrains itself to whatever reality it has created up to a point in time. I myself did not understand the impact of this photo at first. It was just another Mars picture with alot of rocks in it. You see the object thats out of place, but you don’t know what it is or comprehend it. It is outside your understanding of reality and your mind makes it slightly invisible. But it is there … look again. It has taken me 7 years and I’m still absorbing the greater meaning of this photo. I keep returning to it and thinking: What is it? I try to find reasons to why this thing cannot be something created by an extraterrestial being and all those possible reasons are very weak arguments. And so the question is answered – we are not alone as a sentient creature in this strange place we call the Universe.
To me, this is the most important photograph of our times. The message it conveys is no less important than when Copernicus stated that the Earth revolves around the Sun and not the other way around.
My initial article on the Mars Metronome object as created much controversy with approximately 43% of people polled so far agreeing that the Metronome object is artificial. I have discussed my opinion on various science forums. People have many arguments against the artificiality of the Metronome, but when the 10 key observations are assessed as a whole there doesn’t seem to be any counterargument that holds much weight.
So onto the next anomalous finding …
Many people consider the following 2 features (found in images taken by the Curiosity Mars Rover) to resemble rodents scurrying across a rock face. This is mainly because of the shape of the objects and the tail-looking features protruding from one side. The image below is the image that anomaly hunters first used to identify these objects.
Mars Mouse Anomaly (Click image to zoom)
Images of before and after the rock
The Mars Rover Opportunity must have thought “at last, after 10 years of hard work I finally get rewarded for my efforts”. This wasn’t the case. In fact, Opportunity had discovered some more work for it to do. What looks like a jelly doughnut was in fact a rock, something which is seen a lot on Mars but this one is unique.
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Churchill and Common Folk: A Case of Misconception
- By RICHARD M. LANGWORTH
- | January 18, 2018
- Category: Truths and Heresies
Churchill was at ease with common folk, and they with him. In Cherbourg, 24 July 1944, a Frenchman offers the PM a light. (Life Magazine)
Common and everyday…
The Daily Mail asked the Churchill Project for comment on assertions in the Mail Online of December 27th. A Member of Parliament, Laura Pidcock (Lab.- North West Durham) says she helps more people in her constituency than Sir Winston Churchill would have done.
The role of an MP has “fundamentally changed” over the past twenty years, Pidcock told The Guardian. Nowadays, politicians are expected to help people with everyday problems like housing. “I can’t really imagine someone like Winston Churchill or his staff supporting people like this. I know the system was completely different then, but now it’s literally asking people, have you got food, have you got electricity, can you live through this week? We’ve got to physically help people.”
Undoubtedly the constituency work of MPs has changed since Churchill’s time. Communications and awareness are vastly enhanced nowadays. But if the honorable Member is suggesting that Churchill was too much an aristocrat to concern himself with common people, she needs to further her education.
She might begin with a famous Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, who said of Churchill:
Not everybody always recognised how tender-hearted he was. I can recall him with the tears rolling down his cheeks, talking of the horrible things perpetrated by the Nazis in Germany. I can recall, too, during the war his emotion on seeing a simple little English home wrecked by a bomb. Yes, my Lords, sympathy—and more than that: he went back, and immediately devised the War Damage Act. How characteristic: Sympathy did not stop with emotion; it turned into action.
On a more personal level, Churchill did frequent kindnesses for common folk, privately and without fanfare. We know about them only through his private correspondence, the Hillsdale Churchill volumes, and the testimony of observers.
Take for example the Romany couple, “Mr. & Mrs. Donkey Jack , ” who frequented his home town of Westerham, Kent. Churchill thought gypsy life romantic, and allowed them to camp in his wood. Said Churchill’s former secretary, Grace Hamblin: “Sir Winston allowed her to live in his wood, in a little gazebo which had been there for years, full of earwigs and that sort of thing, but she loved it. It would have been stupid to offer her a house because she wouldn’t have understood it. He knew just what would give her pleasure.” Later, when Mrs. Donkey Jack fractured an ankle , Churchill saw to her medical care, paid the bills, and took care of her two dogs in her absence.
Tom Alice Bateman were farmers who scratched out a living near Chartwell. Churchill gave them one of his pedigree calves when he heard they were down on their luck. Questioned about the pedigree, Alice replied with Kentish common sense: “I suppose we could have had the pedigree if we’d liked [but it] wouldn’t make much difference to whether it was a good cow or not. ” She added: “ Got more in his little finger than most of us have in our whole bodies,” she added. “Always has a word for you, has Winston.”
To her he was just “Winston.” It was often that way with common folk who knew him, from neighbors to staff to secretaries, who loved him deeply. It is easy to build a picture in one’s minds of the arch-Tory who knew and associated with only the Good and the Great. That is not the man he was. The chapter, “The Common Touch,” in my book, Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality, contains countless additional examples.
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written by Ted Schettler, MD, MPH
Science Director for CHE and the Science and Environmental Health Network
Phthalates are a family of chemicals used in many consumer products, mainly as softeners of plastics and sometimes as solvents. As a result, human exposures are ubiquitous. In recent years, many laboratory and epidemiologic studies have shown that some phthalates can cause a variety of adverse health effects. In response, the 2008 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) permanently banned three phthalates and temporarily banned three additional phthalates from use in children’s toys and child care products while calling for an expert scientific review of phthalate-related risks.
A panel of scientists assembled as members of the Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) and charged with assessing the safety of using phthalates or six alternative chemicals in children’s toys and child care articles has completed their review and released a report. They recommended that current bans on four phthalates should be permanent, four additional phthalates should be banned, and current bans on two should be lifted. Further, because of inadequate safety information, the panels says governmental agencies should obtain necessary exposure and hazard data for other phthalates and alternatives in order to assess health risks, as they are charged and authorized to do.
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The north of England is arguably defined by the twin dominant counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire, occupying either side of the Pennines, apparently great rivals, yet sharing many aspects that have defined England throughout the centuries.
Lancashire can claim to be both one of the most notable of English counties, yet also one of the youngest of the historical county areas. In fact, at the time of the Domesday Book, compiled on the orders of William the Conqueror in 1086, Lancashire wasn’t even mentioned.
This had changed by the end of the 12th century, by which point there was a clearly recognisable county of Lancashire, and the region has gone on to become one of the most important parts of England, most notably for its rich industrial and cultural heritage.
The area that we know as Lancashire was originally occupied by the Brigantine tribes of Celts, and at one time, during which it also included the settlements of Manchester and Liverpool, it was one of the biggest counties in England. It also became one of the most significant parts of the country when the third Duke of Lancashire, Henry Bolingbroke, seized the English throne in 1399, becoming Henry IV. In the period that followed, the red rose symbol of Lancashire was opposed to the white rose of Yorkshire in that bloody passage of English history known as the War of the Roses.
Always associated with trade, Lancashire dramatically increased its power and wealth during the first half of the industrial revolution, when the towns and cities located in the south of the county became thriving hubs of industry, most notably thanks to the thriving cotton trade, but also due to the extensive sea-going links that had always made the region a trading hub, an aspect of the county’s history that grew rapidly after the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894.
By the second half of the 20th century, Lancashire had become the most populous geographical county in England. Parts of the county were hit hard by the decline in heavy industry that characterised this period, but in the 21st century, many areas have been rejuvenated with new industries and with a greater recognition of the cultural heritage of the urban areas, particularly around Manchester, which rivals Liverpool in its musical history.
The county has always been a remarkably diverse melting pot of influences, with its ports bringing goods, people and ideas from all over the world, while at the same time, Irish, Scottish and Welsh immigrants have brought their own cultural influences to enrich the area.
The result has been a rich and thriving tradition in the areas of art, music and food. The gastronomic delights of Lancashire obviously owe a great deal to the industrial heritage of the county, as well as to the northern regions, whose contributions in terms of livestock and fishing are distinct. The result is a range of distinctively Lancastrian dishes and food products capable of satisfying any taste. Here are some of the best for your consideration:
This may not sound like a particularly healthy dish, but you shouldn’t take the name too literally! The butter pie is popular throughout the county of Lancashire, but particularly around Chorley and Preston. It is actually made from thin-sliced potato, onions and butter along with a pinch of black pepper and is wrapped in a pastry case. As is the case with another famous Lancashire dish, hotpot, butter pie is often served along with a side of pickled red cabbage.
The origins of the butter pie are not entirely clear, but it is possible that it may have been created by the county’s large Catholic population. There is a centuries-old tradition of abstaining from eating red meat every Friday, so local Catholics would be seeking alternative dishes by the end of the week. This tradition may have given us the fish supper and could also have produced the Butter Pie, which for obvious reasons was sometimes known as the Catholic Pie or the Friday Pie.
Perhaps one of the most famous dishes in Lancashire, in fact, one of England’s most distinctive contributions to culinary diversity, is the Lancashire hotpot. The ingredients for this hearty dish are simple. It is made up of lamb or mutton, onions and potatoes, but the combination makes for a warming and wholesome product. The dish originated in Lancashire, and not surprisingly, got its name from the pot that it is traditionally cooked in.
Different regions of the county will add other vegetables, such as carrots or leeks, but the key similarity in all these varieties is the thin slicing of potatoes that go over the top of the meat and onions. The result is a wonderfully tasty dish that is perfect for cold winter nights.
The Eccles cake, you won’t be surprised to discover, earned its name from the town of Eccles. It is a sweet cake, that is made from crumbly pastry and usually filled with currants or raisins, although sometimes other types of dried fruit are used. Although the origins of the Eccles cake remain unfortunately obscure, we do know that a man named James Birch was the first to put the cakes on sale, back in 1793, and they have proved hugely popular ever since. Eccles cakes are easy to make, and extremely tasty, and make for an ideal snack at tea time or as part of a picnic lunch.
Another traditional Lancashire dish, this developed from the availability of large quantities of black peas, traditionally eaten on or around Bonfire Night. This tasty recipe uses the purple podded peas that are usually left to dry on the pea plant. Once shrivelled up, the peas are then picked and packaged, before being left to soak. They can then be cooked and the result is a dish that has some similarities to mushy peas and is usually served with a simple dressing of salt and malt vinegar.
Lancashire cuisine has plenty to offer if you have a sweet tooth and the Manchester Tart is a particularly tasty example of the Lancashire fondness for confectionary. It is believed that they were invented during the Victorian era and have a distinctive appearance. Manchester Tarts are made from shortcrust pastry, to which is added a custard filling, followed by raspberry jam, coconut flakes and a Maraschino cherry, though there are other variations, including one that uses cream, that have proven equally popular. A tasty tea-time treat, they are quite messy to eat, so are best served formally.
Among the stranger traditions of England that have found their way into our cuisine is the Courting Cake. A Courting Cake is a sponge cake, though it usually has a firmer texture than a standard Victoria sponge and is quite similar to a shortbread texture. It was usually filled with strawberries and cream and then presented by a woman to her fiancé, as a token of their love. Courting Cake proved to be a big success and is still eaten today, and the good news is that you don’t need to be engaged to the baker to get your hands on a slice!
Morecombe Bay Shrimp
Morecambe Bay Shrimp are distinctively small, brown shrimp, that have a striking colouring, and a mild, almost sweet taste. They are caught in amongst the shallow waters, sands and mud flats of Morecambe Bay on the Lancashire coast. Sometimes they can be bought already cooked in the shell, but they are most often sold ‘potted’ which means they are boiled in sea water, shelled and then preserved in spiced, clarified butter. Usually they are served cold with thin toast.
The history of shrimping in Morecambe Bay goes all the way back to the 18th century, but the technique of preserving the shrimp in this way for sea journeys is said to date from Tudor times. The shrimping industry grew in the 19th century as the new railways enabled the product to be distributed around the country, and Morecambe Bay shrimps enjoyed another boost in popularity in the early 1930’s when they became fashionable with wealthy London diners.
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|| JOBS | DRUGS | ANATOMY | DIAMONDS | HEALTH TOPICS | DISEASES | ENERGY | GEOLOGY | AIRPORTS | COUNTRIES | FLAGS ||
LEIPZIG, a city of Germany, the second town of the kingdom of Saxony in size and the first in commercial importance, 70 m. N.W. of Dresden and 111 m. S.W. of Berlin by rail, and 6 m. from the Prussian frontier. It lies 350 ft. above the sea-level, in a broad and fertile plain, just above the junction of three small rivers, the Pleisse, the Parthe and the Elster, which flow in various branches through or round the town and afterwards, under the name of the Elster, discharge themselves into the Saale. The climate, though not generally unhealthy, may be inclement in winter and hot in summer.
Leipzig is one of the most enterprising and prosperous of German towns, and in point of trade and industries ranks among German cities immediately after Berlin and Hamburg. It possesses the third largest German university, is the seat of the supreme tribunal of the German empire and the headquarters of the XIX. (Saxon) army corps, and forms one of the most prominent literary and musical centres in Europe. Its general aspect is imposing, owing to the number of new public buildings erected during the last 20 years of the 19th century. It consists of the old, or inner city, surrounded by a wide and pleasant promenade laid out on the site of the old fortifications, and of the very much more extensive inner and outer suburbs. Many thriving suburban villages, such as Reudnitz, Volkmarsdorf, Gohlis, Eutritzsch, Plagwitz and Lindenau, have been incorporated with the city, and with these accretions the population in 1905 amounted to 502,570. On the north-west the town is bordered by the fine public park and woods of the Rosenthal, and on the west by. the Johanna Park and by pleasant groves leading along the banks of the Pleisse.
The old town, with its narrow streets and numerous houses of the 16th and 17th centuries, with their high-pitched roofs, preserves much of its quaint medieval aspect. The market square, lying almost in its centre, is of great interest. Upon it the four main business streets, the Grimmaische-, the Peters-, the Hainand the Katharinen-strassen, converge, and its north side is occupied by the beautiful old Rathaus,.a Gothic edifice built by the burgomaster Hieronymus Lotter in 1556, and containing life-size portraits of the Saxon rulers. Superseded by the new Rathaus, it has been restored and accommodates a municipal museum. Behind the market square and the main street lie a labyrinth of narrow streets interconnected by covered courtyards and alleys, with extensive warehouses and cellars. The whole, in the time of the great fairs, when every available place is packed with merchandise and thronged with a motley crowd, presents the semblance of an oriental bazaar. Close to the old Rathaus is Auerbach's Hof, built about 1530 and interesting as being immortalized in Goethe's Faust. It has a curious old wine vault (Keller) which contains a series of mural paintings of the 16th century, representing the legend on which the play is based. Near by is the picturesque KOnigshaus, for several centuries the palace of the Saxon monarchs in Leipzig and in which King Frederick Augustus I. was made prisoner by the Allies after the battle of Leipzig in October 1813. At the end of the Petersstrasse, in the south-west corner of the inner town and on the promenade, lay the Pleissenburg, or citadel, modelled, according to tradition, on that of Milan, and built early in the 13th century. Here Luther in 1519 held his momentous disputation. The round tower was long used as an observatory and the building as a barrack. With the exception of the tower, which has been encased and raised to double its former height - to 300 ft. - the citadel has been removed and its site is occupied by the majestic pile of the new Rathaus in Renaissance style, with the tower as its central feature. The business of Leipzig is chiefly concentrated in the inner city, but the headquarters of the book trade lie in the eastern suburb. Between the inner town and the latter lies the magnificent Augustusplatz, one of the most spacious squares in Europe. Upon it, on the side of the inner town and included within it, is the Augusteum, or main building of the university, a handsome edifice containing a splendid hall (1900), lecture rooms and archaeological collections; adjoining it is the Paulinerkirche, the university church. The other sides of the square are occupied by the new theatre, an imposing Renaissance structure, designed by C. F. Langhans, the post office and the museum of sculpture and painting, the latter faced by the Mende fountain. The churches of Leipzig are comparatively uninteresting. The oldest, in its present form, is the Paulinerkirche, built in 1229-1240, and restored in 1900, with a curiously grooved cloister; the largest in the inner town is the Thomaskirche, with a high-pitched roof dating from 1496, and memorable for its association with J. Sebastian Bach, who was organist here. Among others may be mentioned the new Gothic Petrikirche, with a lofty spire, in the south suburb. On the east is the Johanniskirche, round which raged the last conflict in the battle of 1813, when it suffered severely from cannon shot. In it is the tomb of Bach, and outside that of the poet Gellert. Opposite its main entrance is the Reformation monument, with bronze statues of Luther and Melanchthon, by Johann Schilling, unveiled in 1883. In the Johanna Park is the Lutherkirche (1886), and close at hand the Roman Catholic and English churches. To the south-west of the new Rathaus, lying beyond the Pleisse and between it and the Johanna Park, is the new academic quarter. Along the fine thoroughfares, noticeable among which is the Karl Tauchnitz Strasse, are closely grouped many striking buildings. Here is the new Gewandhaus, or Konzerthaus, built in 1880-1884, in which the famous concerts called after its name are given, the old Gewandhaus, or Drapers' Hall, in the inner town having again been devoted to commercial use as a market hall during the fairs. Immediately opposite to it is the new university library, built in 1891, removed hither from the old monasterial buildings behind the Augusteum, and containing some 50o,000 volumes and s000 MSS. Behind that again is the academy of art, one wing of which accommodates the industrial art school; and close beside it are the school of technical arts and the conservatoire of music. Between the university library and the new Gewandhaus stands a monument of Mendelssohn (1892). Immediately to the east of the school of arts rises the grand pile of the supreme tribunal of the German empire, the Reichsgericht, which compares with the Reichstag building in Berlin. It was built in1888-1895from plans by Ludwig Hoffmann, and is distinguished for the symmetry and harmony of its proportions. It bears an imposing dome, 225 ft. high, crowned by a bronze figure of Truth by O. Lessing, 18 ft. high. Opposite, on the outer side of the Pleisse, are the district law-courts, large and substantial, though not specially imposing edifices. In the same quarter stands the Grassi Museum (1893-1896) for industrial art and ethnology, and a short distance away are the palatial buildings of the Reichs and Deutsche Banks. Farther east and lying in the centre of the book-trade quarter stand close together the Buchhandlerhaus (booksellers' exchange), the great hall decorated with allegorical pictures by Sascha Schneider, and the Buchgewerbehaus, a museum of the book trade, both handsome red brick edifices in the German Renaissance style, erected in 1886-1890. South-west of these buildings, on the other side of the Johannisthal Park, are clustered the medical institutes and hospitals of the university - the infirmary, clinical and other hospitals, the physico-chemical institute, pathological institute, physiological institute, ophthalmic hospital, pharmacological institute, the schools of anatomy, the chemical laboratory, the zoological institute, the physicomineralogical institute, the botanical garden and also the veterinary schools, deaf and dumb asylum, agricultural college and astronomical observatory. Among other noteworthy buildings in this quarter must be noted the Johannisstift, an asylum for the relief of the aged poor, with a handsome front and slender spire. On the north side of the inner town and on the promenade are the handsome exchange with library, and the reformed church, a pleasing edifice in late Gothic.
Leipzig has some interesting monuments; the Siegesdenkmal, commemorative of the wars of 1866 and 1870, on the market square, statues of Goethe, Leibnitz, Gellert, J. Sebastian Bach, Robert Schumann, Hahnemann, the homeopathist, and Bismarck. There are also many memorials of the battle of Leipzig, including an obelisk on the Randstadter-Steinweg, on the site of the bridge which was prematurely blown up, when Prince Poniatowski was drowned; a monument of cannon balls collected after the battle; a "relief" to Major Friccius, who stormed the outer Grimma gate; while on the battle plain itself and close to "Napoleonstein," which commemorates Napoleon's position on the last day of the battle, a gigantic obelisk surrounded by a garden has been planned for dedication on the hundredth anniversary of the battle (October 19, 1913).
The University and Education
The university of Leipzig, founded in 1409 by a secession of four hundred German students from Prague, is one of the most influential universities in the world. It was a few years since the most numerously attended of any university in Germany, but it has since been outstripped by those of Berlin and of Munich. Its large revenues, derived to a great extent from house property in Leipzig and estates in Saxony, enable it, in conjunction with a handsome state subvention, to provide rich endowments for the professorial chairs. To the several faculties also belong various collegiate buildings, notably, to the legal, that of the Collegium beatae Virginis in the Petersstrasse, and -to the philosophical the Rothe Haus on the promenade facing the theatre. The other educational institutions of Leipzig include the Nicolai and Thomas gymnasia, several "Realschulen," a commercial academy (Handelsschule), high schools for girls, and a large number of public and private schools of all grades.
Art and Literature
The city has a large number of literary, scientific and artistic institutions. One of the most important is the museum, which contains about four hundred modern paintings, a large number of casts, a few pieces of original sculpture and a well-arranged collection of drawings and engravings. The collection of the historical society and the ethnographical and art-industrial collections in the Grassi Museum are also of considerable interest. The museum was erected with part of the munificent bequest made to the city by Dominic Grassi in 1881. As a musical centre Leipzig is known all over the world for its excellent conservatorium, founded in 1843 by Mendelssohn. The series of concerts given annually in the Gewandhaus is also of world-wide reputation, and the operatic stage of Leipzig is deservedly ranked among the finest in Germany. There are numerous vocal and orchestral societies, some of which have brought their art to a very high pitch of perfection. The prominence of the publishing interest has attracted to Leipzig a large number of gifted authors, and made it a literary centre of considerable importance. Over five hundred newspapers and periodicals are published here, including several of the most widely circulated in Germany. Intellectual interests of a high order have always characterized, Leipzig, and what Karl von Holtei once said of it is true to-day: "There is only one city in Germany that represents Germany; only a single city where one can forget that he is a Hessian, a Bavarian, a Swabian, a Prussian or a Saxon; only one city where, amid the opulence of the commercial world with which science is so gloriously allied, even the man who possesses nothing but his personality is honoured and esteemed; only one city, in which, despite a few narrownesses, all the advantages of a great, I may say a world-metropolis, are conspicuous ! This city is, in my opinion, and in my experience, Leipzig." Commerce, Fairs. - The outstanding importance of Leipzig as a commercial town is mainly derived from its three great fairs, which annually attract an enormous concourse of merchants from all parts of Europe, and from Persia, Armenia and other Asiatic countries. The most important fairs are held at Easter and Michaelmas, and are said to have been founded as markets about 1170. The smaller New Year's fair was established in 1458. Under the fostering care of the margraves of Meissen, and then of the electors of Saxony they attained great popularity. In 1268 the margrave of Meissen granted a safe-conduct to all frequenters of the fairs, and in 1497 and 1507 the emperor Maximilian I. greatly increased their importance by prohibiting the holding of annual markets at any town within a wide radius of Leipzig. During the Thirty Years' War, the Seven Years' War and the troubles consequent upon the French Revolution, the trade of the Leipzig fairs considerably decreased, but it recovered after the accession of Saxony to the German Customs Union (Zollverein) in 1834, and for the next twenty years rapidly and steadily increased. Since then, owing to the greater facilities of communication, the transactions at the fairs have diminished in relative, though they have increased in actual, value. Wares that can be safely purchased by sample appear at the fairs in steadily diminishing quantities, while others, such as hides, furs and leather, which require to be actually examined, show as marked an increase. The value of the sales considerably exceeds £10,000,000 sterling per annum. The principal commodity is furs (chiefly American and Russian), of which about one and a quarter million pounds worth are sold annually; other articles disposed of are leather, hides, wool, cloth, linen and glass. The Leipzig wool-market, held for two days in June, is also important.
In the trades of bookselling and publishing Leipzig occupies a unique position, not only taking the first place in Germany, but even surpassing London and Paris in the number and total value of its sales. There are upwards of nine hundred publishers and booksellers in the town, and about eleven thousand firms in other parts of Europe are represented here. Several hundred booksellers assemble in Leipzig every year, and settle their accounts at their own exchange (Buchhdndler-Barse). Leipzig also contains about two hundred printing-works, some of great extent, and a corresponding number of type-foundries, binding-shops and other kindred industries.
The book trades give employment to over 15,000 persons, and since 1878 Leipzig has grown into an industrial town of the first rank. The iron and machinery trades employ 4500 persons; the textile industries, cotton and yarn spinning and hosiery, 6000; and the making of scientific and musical instruments, including pianos, 2650. Other industries include the manufacture of artificial flowers, wax-cloth, chemicals, ethereal oils and essences, beer, mineral waters, tobacco and cigars, lace, indiarubber wares, rush-work and paper, the preparation of furs and numerous other branches. These industries are mostly carried on in the suburbs of Plagwitz, Reudnitz, Lindenau, Gohlis, Eutritzsch, Konnewitz and the neighbouring town of Markranstadt.
Leipzig lies at the centre of a network of railways giving it direct communication with all the more important cities of Germany. There are six main line railway stations, of which the Dresden and the Magdeburg lie side by side in the north-east corner of the promenade, the Thuringian and Berlin stations further away in the northern suburb; in the eastern is the Eilenburg station (for Breslau and the east) and in the south the Bavarian station. The whole traffic of these stations is to be directed into a vast central station (the largest in the world), lying on the sites of the Dresden, Magdeburg and Thuringian stations. The estimated cost, borne by Prussia, Saxony and the city of Leipzig, is estimated at 6 million pounds sterling. The city has an extensive electric tramway system, bringing all the outlying suburbs into close connexion with the business quarters of the town.
The population of Leipzig was quintupled within the 19th century, rising from 31,887 in 1801 to 153,988 in 1881, to 45'5,089 in 1900 and to 502,570 in 1905.
Leipzig owes its origin to a Slav settlement between the Elster and the Pleisse, which was in existence before the year 1000, and its name to the Slav word lipa, a lime tree. There was also a German settlement near this spot, probably round a castle erected early in the 10th century by the German king, Henry the Fowler. The district was part of the mark of Merseburg, and the bishops of Merseburg were the lords of extensive areas around the settlements. In the 11th century Leipzig is mentioned as a fortified place and in the 12th it came into the possession of the margrave of Meissen, being granted some municipal privileges by the margrave, Otto the Rich, before 1190. Its favourable situation in the midst of a plain intersected by the principal highways of central Europe, together with the fostering care of its rulers, now began the work of raising Leipzig to the position of a very important commercial town. Its earliest trade was in the salt produced at Halle, and its enterprising inhabitants constructed roads and bridges to lighten the journey of the traders and travellers whose way led to the town. Soon Leipzig was largely used as a depot by the merchants of Nuremberg, who carried on a considerable trade with Poland. Powers of self-government were acquired by the council (Rat) of the town, the importance of which was enhanced during the 15th century by several grants of privileges from the emperors. When Saxony was divided in 1485 Leipzig fell to the Albertine, or ducal branch of the family, whose head Duke George gave new rights to the burghers. This duke, however, at whose instigation the famous discussion between Luther and Johann von Eck took place in the Pleissenburg of Leipzig, inflicted some injury upon the town's trade and also upon its university by the harsh treatment which he meted out to the adherents of the new doctrines; but under the rule of his successor, Henry, Leipzig accepted the teaching of the reformers. In 1547 during the war of the league of Schmalkalden the town was besieged by the elector of Saxony, John Frederick I. It was not captured, although its suburbs were destroyed. These and the Pleissenburg were rebuilt by the elector Maurice, who also strengthened the fortifications. Under the elector Augustus I. emigrants from the Netherlands were encouraged to settle in Leipzig and its trade with Hamburg and with England was greatly extended.
During the Thirty Years' War Leipzig suffered six sieges and on four occasions was occupied by hostile troops, being retained by the Swedes as security for the payment of an indemnity from 1648 to 1650. After 1650 its fortifications were strengthened; its finances were put on a better footing; and its trade, especially with England, began again to prosper; important steps being taken with regard to its organization. Towards the end of the 17th century the publishing trade began to increase very rapidly, partly because the severity of the censorship at Frankfort-on-the-Main caused many booksellers to remove to Leipzig. During the Seven Years' War Frederick the Great exacted a heavy contribution from Leipzig, but this did not seriously interfere with its prosperity. In 1784 the fortifications were pulled down. The wars in the first decade of the 19th century were not on the whole unfavourable to the commerce of Leipzig, but in 1813 and 1814, owing to the presence of enormous armies in the neighbourhood, it suffered greatly. Another revival, however, set in after the peace of 1815, and this was aided by the accession of Saxony to the German Zollverein in 1834, and by the opening of the first railway a little later. In 1831 the town was provided with a new constitution, and in 1837 a scheme for the reform of the university was completed. A riot in 1845, the revolutionary movement of 1848 and the Prussian occupation of 1866 were merely passing shadows. In 1879 Leipzig acquired a new importance by becoming the seat of the supreme court of the German empire.
The immediate neighbourhood of Leipzig has been the scene of several battles, two of which are of more than ordinary importance. These are the battles of Breitenfeld, fought on the 17th of September 1631, between the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus and the imperialists, and the great battle of Leipzig, known in Germany as the Volkerschlacht, fought in October 1813 between Napoleon and the allied forces of Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Towards the middle of the 18th century Leipzig was the seat of the most influential body of literary men in Germany, over whom Johann Christoph Gottsched, like his contemporary, Samuel Johnson, in England, exercised a kind of literary dictatorship. Then, if ever, Leipzig deserved the epithet of a "Paris in miniature" (Klein Paris) assigned to it by Goethe in his Faust. The young Lessing produced his first play in the Leipzig theatre, and the university counts Goethe, Klopstock, Jean Paul Richter, Fichte and Schelling among its alumni. Schiller and Gellert also resided for a time in Leipzig, and Sebastian Bach and Mendelssohn filled musical posts here. Among the celebrated natives of the town are the philosopher Leibnitz and the composer Wagner.
- For the history of Leipzig see E. Hasse, Die Stadt Leipzig and ihre Umgebung, geographisch and statistisch beschrieben (Leipzig, 1878); K. Grosse, Geschichte der Stadt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1897-1898); Rachel, Verwaltungsorganisation and Amterwesen der Stadt Leipzig bis 1627 (Leipzig, 1902); G. Wustmann, Aus Leipzigs Vergangenheit (Leipzig, 1898); Bilderbuch aus der Geschichte der Stadt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1897); Leipzig durch drei Jahrhunderte, Atlas zur Geschichte des Leipziger Stadtbildes (Leipzig, 1891); Quellen zur Geschichte Leipzigs (Leipzig, 1889-1895); and Geschichte der Stadt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1905); F. Seifert, Die Reformation in Leipzig (Leipzig, 1883); G. Buchwald, Reformationsgeschichte der Stadt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1900); Geffcken and Tykocinski, Stiftungsbuch der Stadt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1905); the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Leipzig, edited by C. F. Posern-Klett and F6rstemann (Leipzig, 1870-1895); and the Schriften des Vereins far die Geschichte Leipzigs (Leipzig, 1872-1904). For other aspects of the town's life see Hirschfeld, Leipzigs Grossindustrie and Grosshandel (Leipzig, 1887); Hassert, Die geographische Lage and Entwickelung Leipzigs (Leipzig, 1899); Helm, Heimatkunde von Leipzig (Leipzig, 1903); E. Friedberg, Die Universitat Leipzig in Vergangenheit and Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1897); F. Zarncke, Die Statutenbacher der Universitdt Leipzig (Leipzig, 1861); E. Hasse, Geschichte der Leipziger Messen (Leipzig, 1885); Tille, Die Anfdnge der hohen Landstrasse (Gotha, 1906); Biedermann, Geschichte der Leipziger Kramerinnung (Leipzig, 1881); and Moltke, Die Leipziger Kramerinnung im 15 and 16 Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1901).
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What causes high cholesterol?
The cause of high cholesterol can range from your lifestyle choices, to genetics, to a medical condition. Let’s have a closer look at some of the possible causes here.
- Being overweight or obese - if you have an unhealthy BMI, you are increasing your risk of high cholesterol.
- Your diet - eating a lot of saturated fat and foods high in salt can cause your cholesterol levels to rise.
- Your age - high cholesterol is more common in older people.
- Not exercising - if you are physically inactive, your heart is not as efficient at removing bad LDL cholesterol from your blood.
- Smoking - acrolein, a chemical ingredient in cigarettes, raises the levels of bad LDL cholesterol in your blood and can cause it to build up in your artery walls. It also lowers levels of HDL, the good cholesterol, too.
- Drinking too much alcohol - this can cause damage to your liver and raise your cholesterol levels.
- Having a waist circumference of 40 inches or over if you’re a man, or 35 inches or over if you’re a woman, increases your risk.
- Genetics - familial hypercholesterolaemia is a genetic condition (although quite rare) that may cause you to have very high levels of cholesterol. Likewise, if a close family member has high cholesterol, you’re more prone to developing it.
- Your gender - men are more prone to high cholesterol, although it is more common in women if they go through an early menopause.
- Your ethnicity - if your heritage is Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Sri Lankan, you are more at risk.
There are also certain medical conditions that can put you more at risk of high cholesterol. including:
- hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
- high blood pressure
- Type 2 diabetes
- kidney disease
- liver disease
Some medication can also cause a rise in cholesterol levels, including:
- beta blockers
- certain antidepressants
- anabolic steroids
Significant changes to your lifestyle can have a modest impact on your cholesterol levels within a few months - speak to a GP about the best way to make these changes.
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Reading can be a real struggle for some school children and it impacts on more than just their ability to learn.
But what if, in just two weeks you could propel these kids to the top of the class and boost their self-confidence?
Psychologist Maria De Lono is running the first trials in Adelaide on Cellfield, a computer designed program to help kids overcome reading disorders like dyslexia.
"It's really the first program that looks at combining the auditory and visual aspects at the same time."
According to the program's creator, Dimitri Caplijyn, if the results interstate are anything to go by, he's expecting huge improvements with kids here.
"The average improvement is twelve months, some are improving several years, six years or seven years and this is measured by using university standard tests."
Gilles Plain principal Mark Hansen has enrolled four of his students in the trial.
"It does seem quite extraordinary that in two weeks they can completely overhaul these kids' ability to read."
The program assesses the child's reading level, their comprehensive level and what symptoms they display.
Once assessed, the spend the next two weeks engaged in what appears to be a computer game, wearing 3D glasses and gaining points in order to get a top score.
Maria explains that it is all about stimulating different parts of the brain.
"The computer screen often has patterns and bars running across it, it's the sort of visual information which stimulates the visual parts of the brain."
The results were remarkable.
"I don't get mixed up with my words", says Kayla.
"I can read more fluently and pronounce words a lot better," says Sam.
Despite the positive results, Cellfield has failed to impress the Education Department who for the last four years have not made any attempts to subsidise the program.
"The whole Education Department fraternity is such a giant monolith that it's going to take some time for people to realise that this is genuine," says Dimitri.
Cellfield Reading Program
Maria De Lono
King William Street, city
Phone: 8231 3031
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How to Make Raised Bed Gardens
Gardening raised bed frames can be made from landscape timbers, railroad
ties, two by tens, concrete blocks, or just about any other durable and strong
material that holds soil. Even an old tractor trailer tire can be used. Years
ago, this was in common. Make sure the frame is sturdy enough to hold soil.
Anchor the sides from collapsing outward, if needed. The bottom should be
open. If you are using a box or container of any kind, remove the bottom
to provide good drainage. The only time a raised bed should have a bottom
or plastic-lined bottom, is if it is used on a patio or deck.
Tip: Make sure the width of the bed frame is no more than two arms
lengths deep, about four feet. This allows you to reach any part of the garden,
without stretching or climbing across the frame and plants.
Garden bed soil -
While you can use regular garden soil, it is best to make a soil mixture
that is ideal for the plants you are planning to grow. If the bed is really
high, use soil from the surrounding area at the bottom.
Drip hose- A drip hose makes the bed more maintenance free and efficient.
Add it at, or just below, the soil level . Make sure to work it in a pattern
that evenly covers the entire area inside the raised bed.
Mulch- Make your raised bed almost maintenance free. Use plastic mulch
to keep weeds out. For appearance, top the plastic with organic mulch.
Tip: Be creative. Make a series of smaller beds. Landscape around
the beds with stone, mulch. Add paving blocks or stepping stones.
Raised Bed Boards
Raised beds are made of almost any material. Perhaps you've seen an old car
or truck tire, filled with soil and flowers. This is indeed a raised bed
Most raised bed frames are constructed of either wood or plastic. Both can
be attractive and effective. Wood is less expensive, but does not last long.
They rot and lose their clean and neat appearance. Applying paints, stains
or pressure treated wood, can extend the life of the wood boards. But, they
can leach chemicals into the soil.
Plastic boards last a long, long time. While they cost more, they are cheaper
A word about- - Orca boards. (People have asked.) These are plastic
boards. We believe the Orca Board is a brand name, and the manufacturer went
out of business during the recession.
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A drop in muscle strength may be the driver of the fast decline observed in motor capacity in cerebral palsy patients, researchers found.
The study, “Functional capacity in adults with cerebral palsy: Lower limb muscle strength matters,” was published in the journal Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
People with cerebral palsy (CP) experience faster than normal declines in body movement, going through a considerable decrease before the age of 40.
The accelerated motor debilitation likely results from multiple factors, including the combination of muscle adaptations characteristic of cerebral palsy, like stiffness and weakness, with the natural effects of aging.
But there is very little knowledge on how the body elements that allow movement, like muscles, bones, tendons and joints, evolve with age in patients with cerebral palsy and if the decline in movement is related to degeneration of the muscles themselves.
Some studies have shown that children and adults with cerebral palsy who exercise to improve the muscle strength of their lower legs get significantly better at walking and performing other motor tasks.
This study investigated whether some muscle properties like strength and stiffness are related to motor capacity in people with cerebral palsy and how aging impacts that relationship.
Thirty-three patients with spastic cerebral palsy — the most common type of CP — and a mean age of 25 (ranging from 15 to 51) were enrolled in the study. About half of the patients had received botulinum toxin A injections (an anti-spasticity medication) in the past, and some had orthopedic surgery.
The team assessed patients’ functional capacity by asking them to perform different motor tasks. Muscle strength, activity, and stiffness were measured in the lower leg muscles that act on the ankle, called the plantar flexors, which are responsible for extending, and the dorsiflexors, responsible for flexing the ankle.
Researchers found that changes in plantar flexors isometric strength — the strength that comes from a contraction without lengthening or shortening the muscles — explained most of the variability in patients’ performance on all motor tasks.
Though age did not significantly impact the ability to perform motor tasks, older patients were significantly associated with a lower motor function level, lower plantar flexors’ strength, and worse performances in two of the performed motor tests.
Muscle stiffness when no activity was being performed did not significantly relate to motor capacity and, as expected, plantar flexors’ strength in cerebral palsy patients was about half compared to healthy young adults.
Taken together, the study indicates that plantar flexors’ strength is the most important factor influencing motor performance in these patients.
“Muscle weakness in adults with CP … indicates the need for early intervention to prevent the rapid decline in muscle health (muscle volume, quality, and function) that may occur before 30 years of age in adults with CP,” the researchers wrote.
“Appropriately designed interventions to enhance muscle strength, such as progressive resistance training, might slow the decline in functional capacity and improve overall muscle health in individuals with CP as they age,” they added.
The authors did note, however, that the study had its limitations as they were not able to conclude whether lower muscle strength is the cause or effect of reduced motor capacity, and could not assess the factors that may also impact motor functions such as pain.
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BSA 500 Week 5 DQ 1
This work of BSA 500 Week 5 Discussion Questions 1 shows the solutions to the following problems:
Now that you are begining to understand and the use of financial ratios, consider and comment on below:
1. Are they 100% reliable for significant business decisions?
2. How important is history?
3. Which ratios most make sense in a historical perspective?
4. Which ones are important regardless of history?
5. What, if anything, might they tell us about the need for information systems?
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I was reading a problem in Brilliant in which you had to tell the maximum quantity of pieces you could divide an orange into with 3 straight cuts, and then compared with the slicing of objects with less spatial dimensions: a circle and a line segment.
(From now on, each time I refer to "cuts" I mean "straight cuts", and when I refer to "dimensions" I mean "spatial simensions", unless I explicitely state otherwise)
I realized the following:
With 3 cuts, I could divide the orange into 8 pieces by duplicating the quantity of pieces each time. However, that wouldn't work with 4 cuts: I am able to cut all the pieces of the sphere in half with each cut in the first three cuts, but it becomes impossible to do so at the 4th.
With 2 cuts, I could divide a circle into 4 pieces, but I couldn't divide the circle into 8 pieces with a third cut.
With 1 cut, I could divide a line segment into 2 pieces, but the second cut would only allow me to divide one of the pieces in two.
The first thing to notice is that the best cut you can ever do will duplicate the quantity of pieces the object was into. The second thing is that, in all three situations, the last cut which could duplicate the ammount of pieces was the nth, being n equal to the number of dimensions of the object.
Is this a coincidence?
(To not complicate things up, let's assume the tool used to cut the objects and the entity cutting them have more dimensions than the objects themselves)
Let's suppose we want to cut an n-dimensional hypersphere (also called (n-1)-sphere) into the maximum number of pieces possible with n cuts. How would we do it?
We could consider the centre of the hypersphere the centre of a n-dimensional referential, which would have n axis, each one perpendicular to all the others. By cutting through a (n-1)-dimensional object perpendicular to each axis and which intersects the hypersphere, one would be able to divide each of the previous pieces into two. The result would be 2^n pieces, given that the number of pieces duplicated with each cut, starting with one object, and n cuts were made.
I don't know how to find a proof for any dimensions quantity which tells me that the (n+1)th cut can never duplicate the number of pieces, though.
Feel free to contribute.
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The early history of Ecgbeorht is extremely obscure. An obviously retrospective entry, inserted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle immediately after the notice of Ecgbeorht's death, states that he spent three years in exile among the Franks ["... & hine hęfde ęr Offa Miercna cyning & Beorhtric Wesseaxna cyning afliemed .iii. gear of Angelcynnes lande on Froncland ęr he cyning węre, & žy fultumode Beorhtric Offan žy he hęfde his dohtor him to cuene." ASC(A,E) s.a. 836(=839) ("... and earlier, before he was king, Offa, king of Mercia, and Beorhtric, king of Wessex, put him to flight from the land of the English to the land of the Franks for 3 years; and Beorhtric helped Offa because he had his daughter as his queen." ASC(Eng), 62)]. The "three" years of this notice has often been emended to "thirteen" because the marriage of Beorhtric to Offa's daughter occurred in 789 [ASC(A,E) s.a. 787(=789)], thirteen years before Ecgbeorht came to the throne. The suggestion of Henry Howorth that Ecgbeorht ruled Kent during this period is highly improbable, and is due to Howorth's mistaken attribution of coins of Ecgbeorht II of Kent (fl. 765-779) to Ecgbeorht of Wessex [Howorth (1900), 71-3; see Keary (1887), 67]. Howorth's attempt to identify Ecgbeorht of Wessex with a continental Saxon count named Ekbert is completely invalid [Howorth (1900), 73-5].
After the death of king Beorhtric, Ecgbeorht became king of the West Saxons, probably in 802, and apparently following a victory by a West Saxon army over a Mercian army on the same day ["Her Beorhtric cyning foržferde & Worr aldormon; & Ecgbryht feng to Wesseaxna rice; & žy ilcan dęge rad Ęželmund aldorman of Hwiccium ofer ęt Cynemęres forda, ža mette hine Weoxtan aldorman mid Wilsętum; Žęr wearž micel gefeoht, & žęr begen ofslęgene ža aldormen, & Wilsętan namon sige." ASC(A,E) s.a. 800(=802) ("Here King Beorhtric and Ealdorman Worr passed away. And Egbert succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex: and the same day Ealdorman Ęthelmund rode from the Hwicce across at Kempsford; then Ealdorman Weohstan met him with the Wiltshire men. There was a big battle, and both ealdormen were killed there, and the Wiltshire men took the victory." ASC(Eng), 58)]. The years given by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are two years off during this period [see Theopold (1872) for the most detailed demonstration of this]. That 802 is correct for his date of accession can also be seen by counting back from his death (37 years and 7 months prior to the middle of 839 gives late 801 or early 802) ["Ša feng Ecbryht to žam rice & heold .xxxvii. wintra & .vii. monaš." West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List, Dumville (1986), 24; also ASC s.a. 836 (see below)], and the Annals of St. Neots, which appear to be have a better chronology than the various versions of the Chronicle, also give 802 ["Ecgbrychtus, rex Occidentalium Saxonum, regnavit annis XXXVII. mensibus VII." Ann. S. Neots, s.a. 802 (p. 129)]. Charters exist giving supposed regnal years of Ecgbeorht, but these are of too doubtful a nature to be good evidence of the beginning date of his reign [Cart. Sax. 1: 516 (#377), 543 (#390), 545 (#391), 546 (#392), 548 (#393), 577 (#413)]. Some have attributed to Ecgbeorht a supposed charter dated 801 of an "Edbirtus rex" of Wessex ["Edbirtus rex eodem donante occidentalium Saxonum"; "Haunc cartulam reddidit Eadburth ad ęcclesiam Glastingensem." Cart. Sax. 1: 418-9 (#300)], but it seems likely that this charter is a corrupted charter of queen Eadburh, wife of king Beorhtric, who has a charter of the same date with some of the same witnesses [ibid., 390-1 (#282)]. After his accession, Ecgbeorht is next heard from in 815, when he raided Cornwall [ASC(A,E) s.a. 813(=815)], and then not again until the 820's.
In 825, Ecgbeorht emerges from obscurity as a major ruler. He defeated king Beornwulf of Mercia in battle, and an army under the command of his son Ęthelwulf, bishop Ealhstan, and ealdorman Wulfheard drove out king Baldred of Kent. Ecgbeorht then took control of the kingdoms of Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Essex, which were then created as an appanage and (soon thereafter?) granted to his son Ęthelwulf ["& žy ilcan geare gefeaht Ecbryht cyning & Beornwulf cyning on Ellendune, & Ecgbryht sige nam, & žęr węs micel węl geslęgen; Ža sende he Ęžlwulf his sunu of žęre fierde, & Ealhstan his bisc., & Wulfheard his aldorman to Cent micle werede, & hie Baldred žone cyning norž ofer Temese adrifon, & Cantware him to cirdon, & Sužrige, & Suž Seaxe, & East Seaxe, žy hie from his męgum ęr mid unryhte anidde węrun; & žy ilcan geare East Engla cyning, & seo žeod gesohte Ecgbryht cyning him to friže & to mund boran for Miercna ege, ..." ASC(A,E) ("And the same year King Egbert and King Beornwulf fought at Ellendun, and Egbert took the victory; and a great slaughter was made there. Then he sent his son Ęthelwulf from the army, and Ealhstan, his bishop, and Wulfheard, his ealdorman, to Kent with a great troop, and they drove Baldred the king over the Thames; and the inhabitants of Kent turned to him - and the Surrey men and South Saxons and East Saxons - because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives. And, for fear of the Mercians, the same year the king and nation of the East Angles sought King Egbert as their guardian and protector; ..." ASC(Eng), 60)].
In 829, Ecgbeorht conquered Mercia from its king Wiglaf and received the submission of Northumbria ["... & žy ilcan geare geeode Ecgbryht cyning Miercna rice & al žęt be sužan Humbre węs, & he węs se eahteža cyning seže Bretwal<d>a węs; ... & se Ecgbryht lędde fierd to Dore wiž Noržanhymbre, & hie him žęr eažmedo budon & gežuęrnesse, & hie on žam tohwurfon." ASC(A) s.a. 827(=829) ("And the same year King Egbert conquered the kingdom of Mercia and all that was south of the Humber, and he was the eighth king to be 'Controller of Britain'; ... And this Egbert led an army to Dore against the Northumbrians; and there they offered him submission and concord; and on that they parted." ASC(Eng), 60); "... Brytenwealda ..." ("Wide Ruler") ASC(E) s.a. 827(=829)]. By these acts, Ecgbeorht was considered (at least by the authors of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle later that century) to have become the eighth "Bretwalda". The first seven had lived in the sixth and seventh centuries [Bede, Hist. Eccl., ii, 5 (1: 89-90)]. However, even though Ecgbeorht is sometimes listed as the first "king of England", he did not actually rule as such. Nevertheless, he did inaugurate the period of West Saxon supremacy, during which the kingdom of the West Saxons gradually evolved into the kingdom of England. In 830, Wiglaf again became king of Mercia ["Her eft Wilaf onfeng Miercna rices." ASC(A,E) s.a. 828(=830)]. In the same year, Ecgbeorht led an army into Wales, and received the submission of the Welsh ["& žy ilcan geare lędde Ecgbryht cyning fierd on Norž Walas, & he hie to eažmodre hersumnesse gedyde." ASC(A,E) s.a. 828(=830)]. In the 830's, the Vikings began to be a serious menace. Ecgbeorht was defeated by them in 836 [ASC(A,E) s.a. 833(=836)], but in 838 he defeated a combined force of Viking and Cornish troops [ASC(A,E) s.a. 835(=838)].
Ecgbeorht's last appearance in the charters was on 19 November 838, when he approved a charter of his son Ęthelwulf as sub-king in Kent ["Ego Ętheluulf rex Cancie terreni regni ... Cum consensu & licentia patris mei Ecgberti regis Occidentalium Saxonum ..." Cart. Sax. 1: 586#(419)]. He died in 839, probably in the middle of the year [see below under date of death], and was succeeded by his son Ęthelwulf in Wessex, while his son or grandson Ęthelstan became king of Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Essex.
Date of birth: Unknown.
Place of birth: Unknown.
Date of death: 839, prob. middle of the year.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle places Ecgbeorht's death in 836, but the chronicle's chronology is three years off at this point ["Her Ecgbryht cyning foržferde, ... & se Ecgbryht ricsode .xxxvii. wint. [&] .vii. monaž." ASC(A) s.a. 836(=839)]. The Annals of St. Neots, which appear to be free of this chronological error, place his death in 839 ["mortuo Ecgbrychto rege nobili, ..." Ann. S. Neots, s.a. 839]. As noted above, Ecgbeorht was still alive on 19 November 838. At a council of bishops at Astran in 839, Ęthelwulf is stated to be in his first year after the death of his father ["Anno ab Incarnatione Christi DCCC.XXX.VIIII., Indictione II., primo videlicet anno regni Ethelwlfi regis post obitum patris sui, ..." Haddan-Stubbs (1869-78), 3: 624; Cart. Sax. 1: 594 (#421)]. This confirms directly that Ecgbeorht died in 838 or 839. The date can be refined further by calculating back from the eighteen and a half years which is given as the length of Ęthelwulf's reign by the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ["... ža feng Ęšelwulf his sunu to & heold .xviiii. healf gear" Dumville (1986), 24; "... & he ricsode nigonteože healf gear." ASC(A) 1: 66]. Ęthelwulf died in 858 [Ann. Bertin., s.a. 858, p. 49; AU, s.a. 857 (=858)], so the beginning of his reign did not reach as early as 838, or even as early as the early part of 839. If John of Worcester is correct in placing Ęthelwulf's death on 13 January, then Ecgbeorht probably died in the middle of the year 839.
Place of death: Unknown.
Father: Ealhmund, fl.
784, king of Kent.
Ecgbeorht's ancestry is discussed in detail on the page of Ealhmund.
See the page of Ealhmund.
See the Commentary section below.
Ęthelwulf is made the son of Ecgbeorht by numerous sources, including the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List ["Ęšelwulf węs Ecgbyrhting" Dumville (1986), 24], the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle [ASC s.a. 836(=839)], and Asser's life of Ęlfred ["Ęlfred rex, filius Ęthelwulfi regis, qui fuit Ecgberhti ..." Asser, c. 1 (p. 2)].
d. 858, king of Wessex, 839-856; king of Kent, ca. 825-858;
m. (1) Osburh, daughter of Oslac pincerna;
m. (2) Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, emperor.
Son or grandson:
Ęthelstan, fl. 839-851, king of Kent,
Essex, Surrey, Sussex.
The A, B, and C versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle appear to make Ęthelstan a son of Ęthelwulf ["... & se Ecgbryht ricsode .xxxvii. wińt [&] .vii. monaž. & feng Eželwulf Ecgbrehting to Wesseaxna rice, & he salde his suna Ęželstane Cantwara rice & East Seaxna & Sužrigea & Suž Seaxna." ASC(A) s.a. 836 (=839)], while the D, E, and F versions make Ęthelstan the "other" son of Ecgbeorht ["... & se Ecgbriht rixade .xxxvii. winter. & .vii. monšas. & feng Ęželwulf his sunu to WestSeaxna rice. and Ęšelstan his ošer sunu feng to Cantwara rice. & to Sušrigan. & to Sušseaxna rice." ASC(E) s.a. 836 (=839)]. However, Plummer believed "the real meaning of A to be identical with that of E." [ASC 2: 75] The chronicler Ęthelweard clearly states that Ęthelstan was a son of Ęthelwulf ["Porro post obitum Athulf successit in regnum Ecgbyrhti, patris sui, regnumque Cantuariorum tradidit filio suo Ethelstano, et Eastsexena et Suthsexena et Suthrię, ..." Ęthelweard, Chronicon, 30; "... de filiis Ašulfi incipiam loqui. Namque fuere numero fratres quinque: primus Ešelstanus, qui et regnum obtinuerat simul cum patre suo; secundus Ešelbald, ..." ibid., 39]. So does William of Malmesbury ["[Ethelwulfus] denique, avito West-Saxonum regno contentus, cetera quę pater subjugaverat appendicia filio Ethelstano contradidit, qui quando et quo fine defecerit incertum." Wm. Malmes. Gesta Regum, c. 108 (1: 108)] and John of Worcester ["Ecgbrihtus rex Occidentalium Saxonum obiit, ... cujus post mortem filius suus Athulfus in West-Saxonia regnare coepit, suumque filium Ęthelstanum Cantuariis, East-Saxonibus, Suthregiis, et Suth-Saxonibus regem pręfecit. John Worc. s.a. 836 (1: 69)]. On the other hand, Henry of Huntingdon states that Ęthelstan was a son of Ecgbeorht ["De regno Cantię pauca dicenda sunt: siquidem cum Egbrictus rex Westsexe, Baldredo fugato, regnum Cantię in dominio suo tenuisset, Adelstano filio suo moriens illud reliquit. Adelstano vero defuncto, ad fratrem Edelwlfum regem Westsexe regnum illud rediit, ..." Hen. Hunt. v, 31 (p. 171)]. Ęthelstan appears in charters from 839 ["Ego Aešelstan rex" Cart. Sax. 1: 598 (#426)] to 850 ["Ego Aedelstan Rex", Cart. Sax. 2: 48 (#459); "Ego Ethelwolf rex occidentalium Saxonum, seu Ethelstan rex Kanc." ibid. (#460); see also ibid., #437, #439, #442, #444, #445, #446, #449]. Only two of these give any relationship, and they both call him a son of Ęthelwulf ["... Aethelwlfo Regi pręsente atque Aethelstano filio ejus ..." Cart. Sax. 2: 23 (#445, AD844); "... Atheluulfo rege . & Athelstane filio ejus ..." ibid. 2: 26 (#446, AD844)]. Ęthelstan last appears in the records in 851 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which states that he and a certain Ealhhere fought against a Viking army in that year ["And žy ilcan geare Ęšelstan cining and Ealhere dux gefuhton on scipum. & mycelne here ofslogan ęt Sandwic. & .ix. scipu gefengon. & ža ošre geflymdon." ASC(E) s.a. 851 ("And the same year King Athelstan and Dux Ealhhere fought in ships, and struck a great raiding-army at Sandwich, and captured 9 ships and put the others to flight." ASC(Eng) 65]. Haigh, followed by Howorth, would identify Ęthelstan with the East Anglian king of that name who ruled there ca. 827 - ca. 837 and is known only from coins [Haigh (1845), 11; Howorth (1908), 255-262].
As pointed out by Stubbs, chronology would favor the version in which Ęthelstan was a son of Ecgbeorht [Wm. Malmes 2: xl, n. 2]. On the other hand, the two charters to state Ęthelstan's parentage would, if based on genuine charters, seem to give conclusive proof that he was a son of Ęthelwulf. The latter seems more likely, but it is difficult to offer a definite conclusion.
Supposed spouse: Rędburh, regis Francorum sororia.
["Anno ... regis Egbricti secundo consors ejus regina Redburga regis Francorum sororia regi consilium adhibuit, ut nullum de stirpe Britonum in Anglorum finibus toleraret." Onom. Sax., 393, citing MS Trin. Coll. Oxf. X, Chronicon rerum Anglic., 74v] If Ecgbeorht's wife was indeed a sororia (sister-in-law) of a Frankish king, then Louis the Pious would be chronologically the most likely. However, the source is late and not necessarily reliable.
Supposed daughter (doubtful): St. Eadgyth.
["... sancta Editha, sorore Athulphi regis ..." Lib. Monast. Hyde, 26]
Supposed relative: Eadbeorht Pręn, king of Kent, 796-8.
The supposed relationship is given by Henry of Huntingdon ["Tunc ergo populos Cantię, et Sudrię, et Sudsexe, et Estsexe rex Egbricht in dominium suscepit, quos prius cognatus suus Pren injuste amiserat." Hen. Hunt. iv, 29 (p. 132)]. The evident source is a passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which appears to give Ecgbeorht a less specific royal Kentish connection. This is discussed in detail on the page of Ecgbeorht's father Ealhmund, king of Kent.
Conjectured mother (very
kin of Cerdic.
After suggesting that Ecgbeorht was descended from the Kentish kings, Scharer writes: "Perhaps his mother was of Cerdic's kin, a conjecture which cannot be proved since the genealogies register descent only in the male line." [Scharer (1996), 184] Ecgbeorht's ancestry is discussed in detail on the page of Ealhmund, king of Kent.
Proposed (but false)
identification of Ecgbeorht:
Egbert, fl. 809-811, count in Saxony.
In 809, Egbert and the Saxon counts took possession of Itzehoe (Esesfelth) on the river Stör ["Est autem locus super ripam Sturiae fluminis, vocabulo Esesfelth, et occupatus est ab Egberto et comitibus Saxonicis circa Idus Martias et muniri coeptus." ARF s.a. 809 (pp. 129-130)], and in 811, Egbert was one of Charlemagne's envoys in the peace treaty with the Danes [ibid., s.a. 811 (p. 134)]. The identification of this Egbert with Ecgbeorht of Wessex was suggested by Henry Howorth [Howorth (1900), 73-5], but it cannot be accepted.
d. 802?, son of Ealhred,
king of Northumbria.
["Alhmundus, filius Alhredi regis Nothymbrorum, occiditur." John. Worc., s.a. 800 (1: 64), placed in the same year as Ecgbeorht's accession]
Supposed (half-)sister (improbable): St. Alburga, fl. ca. 800,
m. Weohstan, d. 802, ealdorman of Wiltshire.
Weohstan was killed (but his men were victorious) on the same day as the accession of Ecgbeorht (see above). An account of the foundation of the monastery of Wilton, written no earlier than the thirteenth century (it mentions Robert Grosseteste as bishop of Lincoln; he was bishop from 1235 to 1253), states that Alburga was a daughter of (the other) Ealhmund, son of king Ealhred of Northumbria, and sister through their mother of king Ecgbeorht ["Fundator priorię fuit Egbertus primus rex totius Anglię, et ipse fuit causa mutationsi nominis Britannię: sed Elburga, filia Alqmundi martyris, filii Alrudi regis Northumbrorum, et soror Egberti regis, ex parte matris, quia Egbertus fuit filius Alqmundi, filii Offę regis, de prosapia Inę, post mortem patris Alqmundi martiris, filii Alrudi regis Northumbrorum, et sui mariti Wulstani comitis de Ellendinia, id est de Wyltonia, vovit se castitati, et petiit ac desideravit de Egberto rege fratre suo, concedere ... quod concessit rex ... anno Domini DCCLXXIII." De prima Fundatione Wiltonensis Coenobii, Monast. Angl. 2: 319]. Even though the clearly false placement of king Ecgbeorht as a grandson of king Offa might be plausibly explained away as scribal corruption from the name Eafa, grandfather of Ecgbeorht in the orthodox genealogy, the account reeks of invention. The supposed successive marriage of Ecgbeorht's mother to two men named Ealhmund looks artificial, and Ecgbeorht's reign began long after 773. The possible alternate theory that Alburga was a half-sister of Ecgbeorht through the same father is not convincing in the absence of evidence.
Ęthelweard = A. Campbell ed., Chronicon Ęthelweardi/The Chronicle of Ęthelweard, (New York, 1962).
Ann. Bertin. = G. Waitz, ed., Annales Bertiniani (MGH SRG 6, Hannover, 1883).
Ann. S. Neots = Annals of Saint Neots, in William Henry Stevenson, ed., Asser's Life of King Alfred (new impression, Oxford, 1959), 97-145.
ARF = Georg Pertz & Friedrich Kurze, Annales Regni Francorum (Annals of the kingdom of the Franks), MGH SRG 6 (Hannover, 1895), a collective name commonly given to two closely related sets of annals, Annales Laurissenses Maiores and the so-called Einhardi Annales (Annals of Einhard), in parallel on alternate pages until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 (s.a. 801).
ASC = Charles Plummer, Two of the Saxon Chronicles parallel, based on the earlier edition by John Earle, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1892-9). ASC(A) indicates the "A" manuscript of the chronicle, and similarly for the other manuscripts.
ASC(Eng) = Michael Swanton, ed. & trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (London, 2000).
AU = Seįn Mac Airt and Gearóid Mac Niocaill, eds., The Annals of Ulster (Dublin, 1983).
Bede, Hist. Eccl. = Charles Plummer, ed., Venerabilis Baedae, Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum, Historia Abbatum, Epistolam ad Ecgberctum una cum Historia Abbatum Auctore Anonymo, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1896).
Cart. Sax. = Walter de Gray Birch, ed., Cartularium Saxonicum, 4 vols. (1885-99).
Dumville (1986) = David N. Dumville, "The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List: Manuscripts and Texts", Anglia 104 (1986): 1-32.
Haddan-Stubbs (1869-78) = Arthur West Haddan & William Stubbs, Councils and ecclesiastical documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 3 vols. in 4 (Oxford, 1869-78).
Haigh (1845) = Daniel Henry Haigh, An Essay on the Numismatic History of the Ancient Kingdom of the East Angles (Leeds, 1845).
Hen. Hunt. = Thomas Arnold, ed., Henrici Archidiaconi Huntendunensis Historia Anglorum. The History of the English, by Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon (Rolls Series 74, London, 1879).
Howorth (1900) = Henry H. Howorth, "Ecgberht, king of the West Saxons and the Kent men, and his coins", The Numismatic Chronicle 3rd. ser. 20 (1900): 66-87.
Howorth (1908) = Henry H. Howorth, "The Coins of Ecgbeorht and his son Athelstan", The Numismatic Chronicle 4th ser. 8 (1908): 222-265.
John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.)
Keary (1887) = Charles Francis Keary (& Reginald Stuart Poole, ed.), A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum. Anglo-Saxon Series, vol. 1 (London, 1887).
Lib. Monast. Hyde = Edward Edwards, ed., Liber Monasterii de Hyda: a Chronicle and Chartulary of Hyde Abbey, Winchester, 455-1023 (Rolls Series 45, London, 1866).
Monast. Angl. = William Dugdale, ed., Monasticon Anglicanum, 6 vols. (new ed. by John Caley, Henry Ellis, & Bulkeley Bandniel, London, 1817-30).
Onom. Anglo-Sax. = William George Searle, Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum (Cambridge, 1897). Spellings of Anglo-Saxon names on this page have been standardized according to this source.
Scharer (1996) = Anton Scharer, "The writing of history at King Alfred's court", Early Medieval Europe 5.2 (1996): 177-206.
Searle (1899) = William George Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
Stubbs (1868-71) = William Stubbs, ed. Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls series 51, London, 1868-71).
Theopold (1872) = Ludwig Theopold, Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen zur angelsęchsischen Geschichte des achten Jahrhunderts (Inaugural Dissertation, Universität Göttingen, Lemgo, 1872).
Wm. Malmes., Gesta Regum = William Stubbs, ed., Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi De gestis regum Anglorum. libri quinque; Historię Novellę libri tres, 2 vols. (Rolls series 90, 1887-9).
Compiled by Stewart Baldwin
First uploaded 20 June 2010.
Revision uploaded 7 December 2011 (added material on supposed sister St. Alburga).
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The Future of Social Justice in Psychology: Recollections and Social-Historical Contexts
Runtime - 56 minutes
Bertha G. Holliday, Ph.D. presents at the 2011 Teachers College Annual Winter Roundtable at Columbia University.
Dr. Holliday discusses the intersections of race/ethnicity, diversity and social justice, and includes an overview of psychology’s social justice efforts. Assessment of the impact of these and similar efforts suggests that future such efforts might be guided less by legal concepts/remedies (e.g., equal opportunity, equity) and more by principles of diversity (e.g., empowerment, inclusiveness, systems behavioral change) that are more responsive to issues of privilege, power, and context. Diversity is defined relative to its similarities with and differences from other related concepts. Major elements and intended outcomes of diversity are identified and critical types of diversity efforts and challenges are described. It is noted that diversity can be a major tool for reducing both violence to individuals and organizations, and risks of community/organization implosion.
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$169.00 Regular Price
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Roselle is a species of hibiscus, native to west Africa. It’s leaves, flowers and fruits are used for various purposes. In parts of India, the leaves are used to make pickles and flavor curries. The flower is used in folk medicine as a laxative and diuretic.
For pregnant women, roselle is a good addition to the diet as it is rich in iron and folate. These nutrients are essential for prenatal development.
However, since the fruit is mainly grown and eaten in south-Asian and African countries, it is possible that some women may not adapt to it as well. It is recommended that you consult with your doctor before including roselle in your pregnancy diet.
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The world of business has seen a significant shift in recent years, with more and more companies recognizing the value of cooperation and collaboration. In fact, many businesses now believe that the future of business lies in creating partnerships across industries to achieve shared goals. This shift is driven by several factors, including the changing nature of work, the rise of the gig economy, and the global pandemic.
One of the biggest drivers of cross-industry partnerships is the changing nature of work. Traditional models of employment, where workers are hired full-time to work in a company for many years, are becoming less common. Instead, businesses are beginning to rely more on temporary or contract workers, who are often highly skilled and specialized in their fields. This shift has made it more necessary for companies to work together to achieve their goals.
Another factor that is driving the rise of cross-industry partnerships is the rise of the gig economy. This model of work, where individuals work on a freelance basis, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Many companies are realizing that collaborating with these independent workers can be an effective way to tap into specialized skills without having to hire full-time employees.
Finally, the global pandemic has had a significant impact on the business world. Many businesses have had to pivot to new ways of working and find new revenue streams in order to survive. This has led to an increased focus on cooperation and collaboration, as businesses seek to find new ways of working together to achieve their goals.
In order to succeed in the future of business, companies will need to be willing to collaborate and build partnerships across industries. This will require a willingness to share resources, expertise, and information in order to achieve shared goals. By doing so, businesses can tap into a wider network of talent, gain access to new markets, and create innovative new products and services.
The rise of cross-industry partnerships is already underway, with many companies collaborating on projects across different sectors. For example, Ford and General Electric have partnered to create an electric vehicle charging station, while UPS and CVS have collaborated to create a drone delivery service for prescription drugs.
As more and more companies recognize the benefits of cooperation and collaboration, we can expect to see even more cross-industry partnerships in the future. These partnerships will become increasingly important as businesses seek to adapt to changing market conditions, new technologies, and evolving customer needs.
In conclusion, the future of business is cooperative, and the rise of cross-industry partnerships is a testament to this fact. Companies that are willing to collaborate and work together across industries will be better positioned to succeed in the years ahead. By tapping into a wider network of talent and expertise, they can create innovative new products and services, gain access to new markets, and achieve their business goals.
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Turning clocks backwards and forwards always leads me to believe that time is arbitrary — an agreed-upon method of segmenting the day for common reference despite whatever natural inclinations the body might have.
While timekeeping has existed for millenia, standardization of time across the globe is a relatively modern practice. Up until the late eighteenth century, precise schedules were not kept. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century and the industrial revolution with its vast rail and communication networks that standardizing and synchronizing time across large regions became a necessity of doing business.
The history and practice of daylight savings is well-documented, and there is no need to cover it here. Read Seize the Daylight (http://www NULL.seizethedaylight NULL.com/) and the story of DST will be made clear.
What’s more interesting is the concept of time itself.
To the ancients, time was quite often literally and figuratively fluid.
While sundials that relied on celestial bodies have been in use for millennia, water clocks — used by Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese and other cultures — seem somehow more important as these devices could measure time at night.
Anyone could look to the sky and know approximately when it was — between dawn and noon, noon and dusk, dusk and night — simply by the position of the sun. But knowing the hours that would pass between the dusk and dawn? That took ingenuity. And water.
Water clocks were usually simple stone vessels with slanted sides that allowed water to drip at a nearly constant rate from a hole in the bottom. Others were bowl-shaped containers designed to slowly fill up with water coming in at a constant rate. Another version consisted of a metal bowl with a small hole in in its base that when placed in a container of water would fill and sink in a consistent manner that could be measured (as is the case with the bowl seen here).
In the measuring of time with water, there may even be a deeper religious meaning known to the ancients: that of gods and goddesses associated with water also being somehow connected to the passage of days, months, and years. The Egyptian god Thoth, for example — seen as a god of wisdom and the measurement and regulation of events (http://books NULL.google NULL.com/books?id=ACkeJSSIvQYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false) — is often depicted as having the head of an ibis: a water bird. Many gods associated with the passing of time, like the Chinese Shou Xing, carry water. Indeed, it would seem that associating water with time transcends religion and is in our very psyche; it would explain the fabled fountain of youth (http://science NULL.nationalgeographic NULL.com/science/archaeology/fountain-of-youth) — waters sought by explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and conqueror Alexander the Great. It would explain why a sip of water from the Holy Grail could grant immortality.
“Time is a sort of river of passing events, and strong is its current.” — Marcus Aurelius
Measuring time with water seems only natural then if water that is supernatural can be a restorative element against the ravages of time.
And if in your part of the globe you participate in the ritual that is the return to standard time, keep in mind that although your clocks may be turned back, you can not turn back the tide of time.
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Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
EHD is a disease that mainly affects white-tailed deer in the United States. This disease is caused by a virus that is spread by a biting midge. The disease usually affects deer herds in South Dakota in the late summer or early fall. Most refer to this disease as bluetongue and although they are very similar, they are slightly different viruses.
EHD can affect mule deer, bighorn sheep, elk and pronghorn in South Dakota, but it primarily impacts white-tailed deer. EHD is the most common occurring viral disease of white-tailed deer in the United States. The southeastern portion of the United States has EHD outbreaks every year with relatively few losses of animals. In the northern plains, we usually see minor disease losses, but some years, losses can be significant.
If you find evidence of EHD, please contact your local Conservation Officer.
Map of Reported EHD
DISCLAIMER - This map represents the number of dead deer reported from concerned landowners, sportsmen, and GFP personnel. Each mapped area may represent more than one reported dead deer. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) virus has presumably caused all of these deer losses, and EHD has been confirmed by laboratory analysis in most areas with high numbers of reports. This information should be considered a minimum coverage of deer losses because detection and reporting rates of dead deer vary by geographical area and are less than 100%. Variations of EHD prevalence exist at the county level and hunters are encouraged to contact local landowners to determine if deer losses have occurred in areas they hunt.
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Watching movies in english you can have fun and, at the same time, learn a lot of english why watch movies in english if you are a fan of movies. The effect of watching subtitled and non-subtitled and the other group watched the same 3 english movies without subtitle and the effect of subtitles on movie. Disadvantages of watching television english literature essay print the effects of watching reality tv english literature essay writing service. The impact of watching english subtitled movies vocabulary and listening-comprehension are not the only skills improved by watching movies while the effect.
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Routine screening of blood oxygen levels before discharge from hospital improves the detection of life threatening congenital heart disease in newborns and may save lives, according to a study published on the British Medical Journal website.
The low false positive rate of pulse oximetry screening* and the reduced need for treatment because of a timely diagnosis also makes this a cost effective intervention, say the authors.
Affected babies may have an immediately life threatening heart abnormality, because a fetal blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus - which bypasses the baby's non-functioning lungs when in the uterus and normally closes off soon after birth - remains partly open. The current screening technique of a routine clinical examination shortly after birth fails to detect many of these babies because duct-dependent heart disease often lacks heart murmurs. Indeed, 30% of such infants leave hospital without their condition being diagnosed, which leads to higher rates of complications such as circulatory collapse with organ damage and sometimes death.
Pulse oximetry screening has been suggested for early detection of congenital heart disease, but its effectiveness is unclear.
Professor Östman-Smith and colleagues assessed the introduction of universal oximetry screening in one region of Sweden (West Götaland) and examined the diagnostic accuracy for detection of duct dependent heart disease compared to other regions using clinical examination alone. Nearly 40,000 babies born between 1 July 2004 and 31 March 2007 were screened with a pulse oximeter before routine physical examination.
The authors found that in apparently well babies ready for discharge a combination of clinical examination and pulse oximetry screening had a detection rate of 82.8% for duct-dependent heart disease. The detection rate of physical examination alone was 62.5%. Pulse oximetry also had a substantially lower false positive rate (0.17%) compared to physical examination alone (1.90%).
However, some babies had been detected before discharge examination, meaning that the introduction of pulse oximetry screening in West Götaland improved the total detection of duct dependent heart disease to 92%. This was significantly higher than the 72% detection rate in other regions not using the screening technique. Thus the risk of leaving hospital with an undiagnosed duct dependent circulation was 8% in West Götaland versus 28% in the other regions.
Babies discharged from hospital without diagnosis had higher mortality than those diagnosed in hospital (18% v 0.9%). In addition, no babies died in West Götaland from undiagnosed heart disease, but there were five deaths in the other regions.
Interestingly, improved detection was achieved by a maximum of just five minutes of extra nursing time per baby.
The authors conclude: "Such screening seems cost neutral in the short term, but the probable prevention of neurological morbidity and reduced need for preoperative neonatal intensive care suggest that such screening will be cost effective long term."
In an accompanying editorial, Professor Keith Barrington from the University of Montreal in Canada, says that in light of this new evidence on the effectiveness of universal pulse oximetry screening as a low risk and low cost strategy for improving the detection of critical congenital heart disease, "serious consideration should be given to its introduction wherever neonatal cardiac surgery is available."
*Pulse oximetry is a quick and non-invasive method of measuring the concentration of oxygen in the blood of newborns using a sensor placed on a hand, and in this study on a foot as well, for a few minutes before the baby leaves hospital. A low concentration of oxygen could signal a heart problem and would require further investigation
- de-Wahl Granelli et al. Impact of pulse oximetry screening on the detection of duct dependent congenital heart disease: a Swedish prospective screening study in 39 821 newborns. BMJ, 2009; 338 (jan08 2): a3037 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a3037
Cite This Page:
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Until the 20th cent. the term Syria generally denoted those lands of the Levant, or eastern littoral of the Mediterranean, that correspond to modern Syria and Lebanon, most of Israel and Jordan, W Iraq, and N Saudi Arabia. Three geographical factors have played major parts in determining the history of Syria—its location on the trade and military routes, its varied topography, and the encroaching desert. Syria has always been an object of conquest, and it has been held by foreign powers during much of its history. One of the earliest settlements was probably at Ugarit; human habitation at Tell Hamoukar in NE Syria dates to at least 4000 B.C. The Amorites, coming c.2100 B.C. from the Arabian peninsula, were the first important Semitic people to settle in the region, and they established many small states.
From the 15th to the 13th cent. B.C. the area probably was part of the empire of the Hittites, although it came under Egyptian rule for long periods during that time. The first great indigenous culture was that of Phoenicia (located mostly in present-day Lebanon), which flourished after 1250 B.C. in a group of trading cities along the coast. In the 10th cent. B.C. two Hebrew kingdoms were organized in Palestine (see also Jews). Syria suffered (11th–6th cent. B.C.) long invasions and intermittent control by the empire of Assyria. Babylonian conquerors also found success in Syria, and Egypt constantly sought to reestablish its position there. The Syrians were subjected to massacres, plundering, and forced deportations.
Under the Persian Empire, with its efficient administrative system, Syria's standard of living improved (6th–4th cent. B.C.). Alexander the Great conquered Syria between 333 and 331 B.C., and his short-lived empire was followed by that of the Seleucidae (see Seleucus I), who are usually called kings of Syria. Their control of Syria was constantly threatened by Egypt, which was ruled by the Ptolemies. The Egyptians usually held the south until Antiochus III conquered (early 2d cent. B.C.) the region, which was generally called Coele Syria, a name which had been vaguely applied to all of W Syria. The Seleucids founded cities and military colonies and introduced Hellenistic civilization to Syria. Syria long showed the revivifying effects of this new culture. Many of the cities became cultural Hellenistic centers, but the change did not reach the lower levels of the population.
When invasions began again, first by the Armenians under Tigranes and then by the Parthians—both in the 1st cent. B.C.—the Hellenistic sheen was soon dulled. The Romans under Pompey conquered the region by 63 B.C., but they continued to fight the Parthians there, and the Syrians benefited little from the Roman presence. Many changes in administration occurred, and Rome drew from Syria numerous soldiers and slaves. The old pagan gods of Syria were also taken up by the Romans. More significant for the future of Syria, Christianity was started in Palestine and soon exerted some influence over all of Syria; St. Paul was converted from Judaism to Christianity on the road to Damascus. In central Syria, Palmyra grew (3d cent. A.D.) to considerable power as an autonomous state, but it was conquered by the Romans when it threatened their ascendancy.
After the division of Rome into the Eastern and Western empires in the 4th cent., Syria came under Byzantine rule. In the 5th and 6th cent. Monophysitism, a Christian heresy with political overtones, gained many adherents in Syria. Byzantine control there was seriously weakened by the 7th cent. Between 633 and 640, Muslim Arabs conquered Syria, and during the following centuries most Syrians converted to Islam. Damascus was the usual capital of the Umayyad caliph (661–750) and enjoyed a period of great splendor. The Umayyads were forcibly displaced by the Abbasids, whose residence was in Iraq, thus ending Syria's dominant position in the Islamic world. At the same time the ties between Muslim Syria and the predominantly Christian southwest (later Lebanon) began to loosen.
Groups of Christians remained in the Muslim areas, and they generally rendered aid to the Christians who came to Syria on Crusades (11th–14th cent.). By the late 11th cent. the Seljuk Turks had captured most of Syria, and the Christians fought against them as well as against Saladin, who triumphed (late 12th cent.) over both the Christians and his fellow Muslims. After Saladin's death (1193), Syria fell into disunity, and in the mid-13th cent. it was overrun by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan, who destroyed (1260) much of Aleppo and Damascus, massacring about 50,000 inhabitants of Aleppo. The Mongols were defeated later in 1260 by Baybars, the Mamluk ruler of Egypt.
The Mamluks held control of Syria for most of the time until 1516, when the Ottoman Empire annexed the area. The Mamluk period was largely a time of economic stagnation and political unrest. In 1401 the Central Asian conqueror Timur sacked Aleppo and Damascus. For most of the four centuries of Ottoman control, Syria's economy continued to be weak, and its politics remained fragmented. From the later 16th cent., government in Syria was not directly controlled by the Ottomans but was in the hands of several Syrian families who often fought each other. From the late 18th cent. the European powers took an increasing interest in Syrian affairs, the British as friends of the Druze, the Russians as protectors of the Orthodox Christians, and the French as allies of the Roman Catholics (especially the Maronites).
In 1798–99, Napoleon I of France invaded Egypt and also briefly held parts of the Syrian coast. In 1832–33, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, annexed Syria to Egypt. Egypt held Syria until 1840, when the European powers (particularly Great Britain) forced its return to the Ottomans; during this time Syria's economy was revived and numerous schools were established. During the rest of the 19th cent. the Syrian economy was modernized somewhat and educational opportunities were increased. However, conditions were far from good, and growing resentment of Ottoman rule developed among the Syrians. After bloody fighting between Christians and Druze, Lebanon (largely inhabited by Christians) was given considerable autonomy in 1860.
During World War I the British encouraged Syrian nationalists to fight against the Ottoman Empire. The ambitions of the nationalists were thwarted in the peace settlement, which gave (1920) France a League of Nations mandate over the Levant States (roughly present-day Syria and Lebanon). From this time the term Syria referred approximately to its present territorial extent. France divided Syria into three administrative districts on the pretext that political decentralization would safeguard the rights of minorities. The Arab nationalists angrily asserted that decentralization was also a means of maintaining French control by a divide-and-rule policy.
The French made some concessions after serious disturbances in 1925, which included a rebellion by the Druze and the French bombardment of Damascus. Lebanon was made a completely separate state in 1926, and after long negotiations a treaty was signed (1936) giving Syria a large measure of autonomy. Anti-French feeling continued as a result of the cession of the sanjak of Alexandretta (see Hatay) to Turkey, completed in 1939. In the same year the French suspended the Syrian constitution, and in World War II they garrisoned Syria with a large number of troops, most of whom, after the fall of France in June, 1940, declared loyalty to the Vichy government. Relations with Great Britain deteriorated, and when it was discovered that Syrian airfields had been used by German planes en route to Iraq, British and Free French forces invaded and occupied Syria in June, 1941.
In accordance with previous promises, the French proclaimed the creation of an independent Syrian republic in Sept., 1941, and an independent Lebanese republic in Nov., 1941. In 1943, Shukri al-Kuwatli was elected president of Syria, and on Jan. 1, 1944, the country achieved complete independence. However, the continued presence of French troops in Syria caused increasing friction and bloodshed and strained Anglo-French relations. It was not until Apr., 1946, that all foreign troops were withdrawn from the country. In 1945, Syria had become a charter member of the United Nations.
A member of the Arab League, Syria joined other Arab states in the unsuccessful war (1948–49) against Israel (see Arab-Israeli Wars). The defeat at the hands of Israel, coupled with serious internal divisions resulting from disagreements over whether to unite with Iraq (and thus form a "Greater Syria"), undermined confidence in parliamentary government and led to three coups in 1949. Lt. Col. Adib al-Shishakli led the third coup (Dec., 1949), and he governed the country until 1954. A new constitution providing for parliamentary government was promulgated in 1950, but it was suspended in late 1951. From then until 1954, al-Shishakli ruled as a virtual dictator. In 1953 he issued a new constitution establishing a presidential form of government and was elected president.
Opposition to al-Shishakli's one-man rule led to his downfall in 1954 and the reinstitution of the 1950 constitution. After elections in late 1954 a coalition government uniting the People's, National, and Ba'ath parties and headed by Sabri al-Asali of the National party was established; Shukri al-Kuwatli was again elected president. In the following years the Ba'ath party, which combined Arab nationalism with a socialist program, emerged as the most influential political party in Syria. At the same time, in order to offset growing Western influence in the Middle East (exemplified by the creation in 1955 of the Baghdad Pact alliance, later known as the Central Treaty Organization), both Syria and Egypt signed economic and military accords with the USSR.
To counterbalance Soviet influence, Syria joined with Egypt to form (Feb., 1958) the United Arab Republic (UAR). By late 1959, Egypt had become dominant in the UAR, which led to growing Syrian opposition to continued union with Egypt. In Sept., 1961, a group of Syrian army officers seized control of Syria, withdrew the country from the UAR, and established the Syrian Arab Republic. Elections for a constituent assembly were held in late 1961; the assembly chose Maruf al-Dawalibi as prime minister and Nazim al-Qudsi as president of the country; both were conservatives and members of the People's party. In early 1962 a military coup ended this arrangement, and in late 1962 the 1950 constitution was reinstated.
In 1963 another coup brought a joint Ba'ath-military government to power; this regime was headed, at different times, by Salah al-Din al-Bitar, a moderate leader of the Ba'ath party, and by Gen. Amin al-Hafiz. The government nationalized much of the economy and redistributed land to the peasants. At the same time a split between moderate and radical elements in the Ba'ath party was growing. In early 1966 the radicals staged a successful coup and installed Yusseff Zayen as prime minister and Nureddin al-Attassi as president. The new government strengthened Syria's ties with Egypt and the USSR.
Between 1962 and 1966, Syria agitated Israeli interests by attempting to divert headwaters of the Jordan River, by firing on Israeli fishermen on the Sea of Galilee, and by using the Golan Heights to snipe at Israeli settlements. These conflicts contributed to the Arab-Israeli War of June, 1967. During the war Israel captured the Golan Heights (stretching about 12 mi/19 km into Syria northeast of the Sea of Galilee), and it held on to this territory after a cease-fire went into effect. After the war Syria maintained its anti-Israel stance. In 1968–69 the Ba'ath party was again torn by factional strife, and it divided into the "progressives" (led by al-Attassi), who favored state control of the economy and close cooperation with the USSR, and the "nationalists" (headed by Gen. Hafez al-Assad), who emphasized the need to defeat Israel, to improve relations with other Arab states, and to lessen Syria's economic and military dependence on the USSR.
Al-Assad successfully ousted al-Attassi in Nov., 1970. In early 1971, al-Assad was overwhelmingly elected to a seven-year term as president; he was reelected three times. Later in 1971, Syria, Libya, and Egypt agreed to unite loosely in the Federation of Arab Republics. Syria continued to be on good terms with the USSR, which equipped the Syrian army with modern weapons. In early 1973 a new constitution was approved, and the Ba'ath party won 70% of the seats in elections for the people's council. In July–Aug., 1973, about 42 army officers (all Sunni Muslims) were executed after allegedly plotting to assassinate al-Assad, who, they claimed, showed undue favoritism to his fellow Alawite Muslims in the army. (Al-Assad did indeed favor the Alawites in the army and government.)
In Oct., 1973, the fourth Arab-Israeli War erupted; after initial Syrian advances in the Golan Heights, Israel gained the offensive and pushed into Syria a few miles beyond the Golan Heights region. Syria (like Israel) accepted the UN Security Council cease-fire resolution of Oct. 25, 1973, but fighting continued into 1974. In May, 1974, largely through the mediation of U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Syria and Israel signed an agreement in Geneva that ended the fighting. Under the terms of the accord, Israel pulled back to the 1967 cease-fire line and also returned the city of Qunaytirah (Kuneitra) to Syria; a buffer zone, patrolled by UN troops, was established in the Golan Heights.
Since the 1970s the rise of Sunni Islamic fundamentalism has challenged Ba'athist ideology. Between 1976 and 1982, urban centers erupted in political unrest. The Muslim Brotherhood, a radical religious and political organization founded in 1928 in Egypt, was largely responsible for extremist attacks. In Feb., 1982, the brotherhood unsuccessfully attempted an uprising in Hama but was quashed by government troops; thousands were killed. Islamic fundamentalists, however, continue to remain active.
In 1976, Syria sent forces to Lebanon as part of a peacekeeping force to help end that country's civil war. The Syrian military remained in Lebanon, and from 1980 to 1981, Syrian troops sided with Lebanese Muslims against the Christian militias. With Israel's invasion of Lebanon in June, 1982, Syrian troops clashed with Israeli forces and were pushed back. Syria was also antagonized by Israel in 1982, when Menachem Begin announced the annexation of the Golan Heights. By the late 1990s, more than 40 Jewish settlements and villages had been developed in the Golan Heights. Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 1985, Syrian forces stayed; they remained the dominant military and political force there into 2005.
The Syrian government has been implicated in sponsoring international terrorism, especially in support of Iranian, Palestinian, and Libyan causes. In the 1980s, Syria moved closer to the USSR and espoused hard-line Arab positions. By 1990, however, as the Soviet system faltered, Syria attempted to improve relations with Western countries. That year Syria was the first Arab country to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and it contributed 20,000 soldiers to the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War (1991).
Syria, along with Lebanon and a joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation, became involved in peace talks with Israel in late 1991. As talks progressed between Israel and the PLO and Jordan, Syria's insistence that Israel withdraw from all of the Golan Heights proved a stumbling block in its own negotiations. Talks broke off in 1996, but the Syrian government appeared interested in renewing negotiations following the installation of a Labor government in Israel in 1999. Talks were resumed in Dec., 1999. After what appeared to be initial progress, discussions stalled in Jan., 2000, when a secret draft treaty with Syrian concessions was published in Israel, leading to a public hardening of Syria's position with respect to the Golan.
In June, 2000, Assad died suddenly. His son, Bashar al-Assad, a 34-year-old doctor who had been groomed to succeed his father since 1994, rapidly became commander in chief of the army, head of the Ba'ath party, and then president. The son was regarded as an advocate of a free-market economy and political change, but economic liberalization proceeded slowly and he maintained a monopoly on political power. Syria strongly opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq and was accused by U.S. government officials of supplying aid to Iraq and helping Iraqi officials to escape from U.S. forces. The United States later also accused Syria of permitting militants to infilitrate into Iraq. A new cabinet with a mandate to push reforms forward was appointed in Sept., 2003, but subsequently there was little noticeable political or economic reform.
In Oct., 2003, Israel struck at what it called a terrorist training base in Syria in retaliation for suicide-bombing attacks in Israel; it was the first Israeli strike against Syrian territory in 20 years. Simmering grievances among the nation's Kurds erupted into rare antigovernment protests in NE Syria in Mar., 2004.
In Aug. and Sept., 2004, Syria blatantly forced Lebanon to extend President Lahoud's term, an act that was denounced by the UN Security Council. The Feb., 2005, assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri, who had opposed Syrian interference in Lebanon, led to anti-Syrian demonstrations in Lebanon and increased international pressure on Syria. Syria subsequently agreed to withdraw from Lebanon, and by the end of Apr., 2005, the withdrawal was completed. Syria nonetheless retained considerable influence in Lebanon.
A UN investigation into Hariri's killing implicated senior Syrian and Lebanese officials, but Syria refused to allow UN investigators to interview high-ranking Syrian officials, leading the Security Council to call unanimously for Syria to cooperate. Syria, however, vigorously rejected the vote and attempted to discredit the investigation, publicizing the recanting of one witness. However, a former Syrian vice president, Abdul Halim Khaddam, stated (Dec., 2005) that Syria had threatened Hariri and asserted that the assassination could not have happened without the support of high-ranking Syrian officials. (Khaddam, residing in Paris, also called for Assad to be removed from office.) Resistance to moving forward with the investigation from Syria's allies in Lebanon (most notably then-President Emile Lahoud and Hezbollah) blocked the Lebanese government from establishing an investigative tribunal and stalled any additional progress into 2008. By 2010, however, as the tribunal's investigation progressed, it appeared more likely to indicted members of Hezbollah than Syrian officials; in Apr., 2009, the four Lebanese officers who had been held since 2005 in connection with the case were released for lack of evidence.
Assad was reelected in May, 2007, by referendum (he was the only candidate). In Sept., 2007, the Israeli air force attacked a site in N Syria that some reports suggested was a nuclear facility under construction. International Atomic Energy Agency, which called on Syria to cooperate, ultimately concluded in its reports (2008, 2009, 2011) that evidence indicated that the facility was a nuclear reactor. Syria asserted the installation was a missile facilty. Also in 2009 the IAEA said it had found traces of processed uranium at another site, and it subsequently accused Syria of failing to cooperate.
An Arab League summit held in Syria in Mar., 2008, was attended by only half the Arab heads of state, as many sent lower-ranking officials as a protest against Syria's backing of Hezbollah and its allies in Lebanon. In Oct., 2008, U.S. forces launched a raid into Syria from Iraq in which U.S. sources claimed a key figure in the Iraq insurgency was killed; Syria denounced the attack, saying only civilians were killed, and mounted demonstrations against the attack.
Beginning in Mar., 2011, Syria faced ongoing antigovernment demonstrations in a number of cities similar to those in other parts of the Arab world. The protests were especially persistent early on in the southern city of Deraa; Homs, Hama, and many other locations subsequently became centers of protest. Only Damascus and Aleppo were largely free of protests. The government issued some concessions in response, including granting citizenship to thousands of Kurds in NE Syria, ending the 48-year state of emergency, and (later) allowing some opposition parties, but it also accused its opponents of armed insurrection and violently suppressed protests. There also were anti-Alawite attacks by government opponents. Antigovernment demonstrations nonetheless continued, and the unrest turned into civil war as some troops defected and fought against government forces and others also took up arms.
In September leaders of opposition groups announced the formation of the Syrian National Council, but the opposition continued to lack unity and the council was dominated by exile groups. The Arab League suspended Syria's membership and imposed some economic sanctions in November; other nations also imposed sanctions in 2011 and 2012. In December, Arab League monitors entered Syria to oversee an agreement intended to end the violence, but they had no effect on the situation. The violence continued in 2012, with deadly fighting in many urban areas; government forces were accused of brutally targeting civilians and of killing them in mass executions. A new constitution was approved by 90% of those voting in a February referendum, but Assad's opponents called the result as a sham. The opposition also boycotted the subsequent May parliamentary elections.
Former UN head Kofi Annan negotiated a cease-fire in Apr., 2012, but it was quickly violated and never really took effect. The associated UN observers were withdrawn in August; also that month the Syria prime minister defected. In June, relations with Turkey became tense after Syria downed a Turkish fighter jet that had crossed into Syrian airspace; the Turkish government was a strong critic of Assad's attempts to crush the uprising. In October, cross-border fire into Turkey led to recurring retaliatory bombardment by Turkish forces. There were similar incidents involving Jordan and Israel, and subsequently occasional air strikes by Israel in Syria that were said to be directed at military supplies for Hezbollah.
A more broadly based opposition National Coalition was established in Nov., 2012, as a result of international pressure on opposition groups inside and outside Syria to unify, and some 100 nations subsequently recognized the group. Attempts to established a broadly supported opposition government, however, proved difficult. Opposition fighters remained ethnically and religiously fragmented, with militant Islamists, including some aligned with Al Qaeda and others from outside Syria, becoming increasingly significant and rejecting cooperation with other rebels. Kurdish groups sought to established an autonomous Kurdish area. The civil war was increasingly marked by the opposition's divisions, with rebel groups sometimes fighting each other. In Jan., 2014, an alliance of Syrian rebel forces engaged in prolonged fighting in N Syria with an Al Qaeda–aligned rebel group that included many foreigners and was accused of serious human rights abuses. Shiite fighters from other nations, especially Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon, became an increasing and significant component of those forces fighting in support of the government in 2013.
By July, 2013, more than 100,000 were believed to have died in the fighting since Mar., 2011 (according to UN estimates; the United Nations subsequently stopped updating its estimates because it could not verify the figures). The conflict had spread to Damascus and Aleppo; the latter's old city was severely damaged by fighting. The government controlled or contested much of E Syria, making gains there by in 2013, while various rebel groups were in control mainly in the north and west. Many people had been arrested or had disappeared while in government custody, and at least 2 million had fled the country and more than 4 million were displaced inside Syria by September, 2013.
Both government and rebel forces were accused of using chemical weapons, but though there was evidence of the use of sarin, definitive proof was difficult to come by. An Aug., 2013, chemical attack in Damascus in which more than 1,300 died was linked by Western governments to the government, and subsequently, under threat of U.S. attack, the Assad regime agreed to the supervised destruction of its chemical weapons stockpile. A December UN report confirmed that the August attack involved chemical weapons, and found credible evidence of the weapons probably use in a number of prior incidents. Both sides in the conflict have also been accused by human-rights groups of committing war crimes.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Parkinson’s and parkinsonism — symptoms that mimic Parkinson’s — stem from the same areas of the brain. These disorders both cause tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement, however they have different causes and may be helped with different nutritional therapies.
Parkinson’s vs Parkinsonism
It’s helpful to know the difference between the two. Parkinson’s is a disease that slowly destroys brain cells (for some people it happens quickly) in an area of the brain that produces the brain chemical dopamine. Symptoms worsen over the years and include resting tremors, stiffness, slowness, not blinking enough, loss of smell, digestive problems, depression, and dementia.
Parkinsonism belongs to a class of disorders called “hypokinetic disorders,” which means diminished muscle function. Symptoms are slow or stiff movements.
Parkinson’s is due to degeneration of the brain’s dopamine area; parkinsonism is caused primarily by abnormal clumping of proteins called alpha-synuclein.
This clumping interferes with communication within the brain and also degenerates tissue.
Nutritional Support for Parkinson’s
Because Parkinson’s disease degenerates the area of the brain that produces dopamine, nutritionally (and pharmaceutically) supporting dopamine can significantly help people Parkinson’s patients.
Dopamine is an important brain chemical that helps regulate not only feelings of reward and pleasure, but also mood, movements, learning, and motivation.
Nutritional compounds that support dopamine include L-dopa, pyridoxal-5-phoshate, DL-phenylalanine, beta-phenylalanine, and acetyl-tyrosine.
Nutritional Support for Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism also involves dopamine, but nutritional support should focus more on preventing or slowing the clumping of alpha-synuclein. In fact, research shows dopamine medications may worsen parkinsonism.
The key is to support the energy factories inside each brain cell, called mitochondria, and to support cell function.
Nutritional Support for Parkinson’s and Parkinsonism
These strategies have been shown in studies to help nutritionally support both Parkinson’s and parkinsonism:
Support healthy gut bacteria and function. Research shows an unhealthy balance of gut bacteria and gut inflammation can cause aggregation of alpha-synuclein, thus increasing the risk of Parkinson’s and parkinsonism.
Consider a ketogenic diet or intermittent fasting. Both these diets have been shown to slow down protein aggregation and promote healthy function of brain cells.
Take flavonoids to protect brain cell mitochondria. Flavonoids are anti-inflammatory plant compounds that have been shown to protect the brain. Turmeric and resveratrol are examples of powerful flavonoids.
Take nutrients to protect mitochondria. Nutritional compounds that have been shown to protect the mitochrondria include CoQ10, carnitine, riboflavin, niacin, alpha-lipoic acid, and magnesium.
Make sure you consume enough essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and protective of brain health. Consume enough in the right ratio.
Support methylation. Methylation is a molecular process necessary for healthy brain function and helping prevent brain inflammation and degeneration. Nutritional compounds that support methylation include methyl B12, L-methylfolate (5-MTHF), trimethylgycine, choline, riboflavin, and pyridoxine.
Exercise! Increasing your heart rate through regular aerobic activity has been shown to help manage the progression and symptoms of Parkinson’s and parkinsonism. It’s best to get your heart rate up to higher levels for at least a few minutes every time you exercise.
What not to take. Acetycholine is a brain chemical and a supplement that can be great for the brain but it opposes dopamine. Therefore, in many cases it is recommended not to take acetylcholine supplements or precursors when you have parkinsonism or Parkinson’s disease.
This is a broad and simple overview of some nutritional strategies that can help you manage Parkinson’s or parkinsonism in addition to medical and functional neurological care. Ask my office for more advice.
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Shakespeare Pronunciation is a complete AUDIO pronunciation dictionary for all the words in Shakespeare’s plays, including Latin words and phrases. In this easy to use app, each word is respelled and has a pronunciation guide which is simple to follow. The app also has sections on how the verse structure influences pronunciation, and suggestions for the accents and dialects that are used in the plays. This will prove to be an essential tool for actors, directors, teachers, students, and anyone who reads aloud the works of William Shakespeare. Extensive research by authors Louis Scheeder and Shane Ann Younts, Arts Professors at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts, have produced an invaluable resource for education and performance. The app provides the pronunciation of more than 5,000 carefully recorded words including every character name, geographic location, mythological reference and any unfamiliar word. Words can be found using the advanced search function and the word history or by scrolling alphabetically. Act, scene, and individual line numbers from the Complete Pelican Edition are used. This is a must-have for anyone who studies, performs, and enjoys Shakespeare.
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NASA’s headquarters in Washington, D.C. will be named after the first Black female engineer at the agency, Mary W. Jackson.
“Mary W. Jackson was part of a group of very important women who helped NASA succeed in getting American astronauts into space. Mary never accepted the status quo, she helped break barriers and open opportunities for African Americans and women in the field of engineering and technology,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine.
Bridenstine pointed out that NASA’s headquarters sits on Hidden Figures Way, which was re-named in 2019 with a bill from congress. Jackson, along with Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Christine Darden, and their work in the West Area Computing Unit, were profiled in the 2016 book and subsequent movie ‘Hidden Figures.’
Jackson graduated in 1942 with a dual degree in math and physical sciences, and took a job as a math teacher at first. In 1951, Jackson was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which in 1958 was succeeded by NASA. She was known as one of the ‘human computers’ at Langley.
In 1958, she was promoted from mathematician to engineer, and became NASA’s first Black female engineer.
“We are honored that NASA continues to celebrate the legacy of our mother and grandmother Mary W. Jackson,” said, Carolyn Lewis, Mary’s daughter. “She was a scientist, humanitarian, wife, mother, and trailblazer who paved the way for thousands of others to succeed, not only at NASA, but throughout this nation.”
In 2019, President Donald J. Trump signed the Hidden Figures Congressional Gold Medal Act that posthumously awarded the honor to Jackson, who passed away in 2005, and her “Hidden Figures” colleagues.
Read more about Jackson and the other women profiled in ‘Hidden Figures’ here.
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Ha Long Bay is a body of water of approximately 1,500 square kilometer in north Vietnam with a 120 kilometer coastline, in the Gulf of Tonkin near the border with China, and 170 kilometer east of Hanoi. “Vịnh Hạ Long” — Ha Long Bay — means “Bay of the Descending Dragon” in the Vietnamese language. Hạ means “descending” and Long means “dragon” in Sino-Vietnamese.
The bay consists of a dense cluster of 1,969 limestone monolithic islands, each topped with thick jungle vegetation, which rise spectacularly from the ocean. Several of the islands are hollow, with enormous caves. Hang Đầu Gỗ (Wooden stakes Cave) is the largest grotto in the Ha Long area. French tourists visited in the late 19th century, and named the cave Grotte des Merveilles. Its three large chambers contain large numerous stalactites and stalagmites (as well as 19th century French graffiti). There are two bigger islands, Tuan Chau and Cat Ba, that have permanent inhabitants. Both of them have tourist facilities, including hotels and beaches. There are a number of wonderful beaches on the smaller islands. Some of the islands support floating villages of fishermen, who ply the shallow waters for 200 species of fish and 450 different kinds of mollusks. Many of the islands have acquired their names as a result of interpretation of their unusual shapes: such names include Voi Islet (elephant), Ga Choi Islet (fighting cock), and Mai Nha Islet (roof). 989 of the islands have been given names. Birds and animals including bantams, antelopes, monkeys, and iguanas also live on some of the islands.The bay was World Heritage listed by UNESCO at the 18th meeting of the Committee of the World Heritages of UNESCO (in Thailand on December 17th, 1994). It is one of Vietnam’s most popular tourist destinations
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Is there anything we can help you find?
Child and Adolescent Oral Health Issues
This fact sheet provides health professionals with information on issues in child and adolescent oral health. It examines the prevalence of unmet oral health needs for a significant number of children and adolescents whose families cannot afford dental care. The topics include dental caries, access to care, children and adolescents with special health care needs, dental sealants, fluorides, nutrition, injury and violence, and tobacco. The fact sheet includes references and contact information for the national Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center.
Maternal & Child Health: Depression During and After Pregnancy: A Resource for Women, Their Families, and Friends (2010)
Maternal & Child Health: A Healthy Smile for Your Young Child: Tips to Keep Your Child Healthy (2009)
Maternal & Child Health: La Depresión Durante y Después del Embarazo: Un Informe Para Mujeres, Sus Familias y Amigas. (2008)
Maternal & Child Health: Taking Care of Mom Nurturing Self as Well as Baby (Booklet) (2009)
Maternal & Child Health: Be an Oral Health Champion (2009)
A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV (2013 Edition)
Rural Policy Brief. Demographic and Economic Characteristics With Sole County Pharmacy Closures, 2006-2010 (Brief No. 2013-5, November 2013)
Oral Health Resource Bulletin (Volume 30, December 2013)
Women's Health: Women's Health USA 2012 (2013)
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Brian Murton. Cambridge World History of Food. Editor: Kenneth F Kiple & Kriemhild Conee Ornelas. Volume 2. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Australia and New Zealand are Pacific Rim countries situated on the southwestern edge of that vast ocean. But although Australia has been peopled for at least 50,000 years (some now say 70,000), and New Zealand for just over 1,000, the dominant foodways of both have been shaped over just the last 200 years—since the beginning of British settlement in Australia in 1788.The indigenous people, the Aborigine in Australia and the Maori in New Zealand, are now minorities in their own lands (Aborigines comprise less than 2 percent of Australia’s population and Maori about 15 percent of New Zealand’s), and the foods and beverages they consume have been markedly influenced by food and drink of British origin. Indeed, from a contemporary perspective, food and drink in Australia and New Zealand—the lands “down under”—predominantly derive from the strong British heritage.
In this chapter, the environments of Australia and New Zealand are briefly described, not only because they are notably unique but also because they were so amenable to “ecological imperialism” (Crosby 1978). The food systems of the indigenous peoples, although now vastly altered, are also outlined, but the bulk of the chapter is devoted to the processes that produced contemporary patterns of food and drink consumption among both the immigrants and the indigenous peoples.
Because of its transitional position between the low and middle latitudes, about 40 percent of Australia is located within the tropics. However, the southwestern and southeastern littoral zones lie within the mid-latitudes and have temperature and rainfall regimes somewhat similar to those of western and Mediterranean Europe and, consequently, have proven conducive to the naturalization of European flora and fauna. The continent is an ancient and stable one. Large parts of it have an aspect of sameness, with almost monotonous expanses of flat land and sweeping vistas (McKnight 1995), and only in the Eastern Highlands is there great topographical variety.
Climatically, two features stand out: aridity and tropicality. Central and western Australia are arid, and well over half of the continent receives less than 15 inches of rainfall a year. By contrast, northern Australia (away from the east coast) has a monsoonlike climate, which brings abundant moisture between November and March, followed by a seven- or eight-month dry season. The northeastern coast is humid and hot, but the southeast has true midlatitude conditions with adequate precipitation, although the summers are hotter than in comparable latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The southwest enjoys a subtropical drysummer/wet-winter situation—a “Mediterranean-type” climate.
The flora and fauna that developed in Australia and provided the subsistence for its indigenous people are unique, primarily because of nearly 100 million years of isolation, during which the present biota evolved and diversified without interference from immigrant species. About 80 percent of Australia’s 25,000 species of plants are endemic, with two genera, the eucalypts or “gums” (Eucalypt spp.) and the acacias or “wattles” (Acacia spp.) overwhelmingly dominant. Furthermore, much Australian flora exhibits pronounced xerophytic (drought-resistant) characteristics. Only over the last few million years has there been a limited exchange of biota between Australia and (the biotically rich) Southeast Asia. In the past 200 years, the introduction of new species, mostly of European origin, has dramatically impacted the landscapes, especially of temperate Australia.
Australia’s assemblage of terrestrial animal life is also unique. The more familiar placental animal groups are absent, their place being taken by marsupials, the majority of which are herbivores, including the macropods (kangaroos and wallabies, rat kangaroos, wombats, phalangers,”possums,” and koala).There are also a number of carnivorous marsupials (“mice,” “moles,””cats,” and “devils”) and a group of numbats (anteaters), as well as omnivorous marsupials called bandicoots. Additionally, Australia has two monotremes (egg-laying mammals), the duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the spiny anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Placental mammals are recent arrivals, which until the introduction of European species after 1788 were mostly rats, mice, and bats from Southeast Asia. Australia also has a wide variety of reptilian fauna, an exceedingly varied and singular avifauna, and abundant insects and arthropods but limited amphibian and freshwater fish life.
In contrast to Australia, New Zealand is characterized by sloping land, true midlatitude climates, and dense vegetation. It is located along the “Pacific Rim of Fire,” and vulcanism is evident in the North Island; alpine mountains dominate parts of the South Island. Everywhere else, hill country and small valley plains dominate, except in the eastern part of the South Island where the Canterbury Plain, New Zealand’s largest lowland, is located.
Overall, the climate can be characterized as “marine west coast,” dominated by air from the oceans, especially from the west. Some parts of the east (leeward) side of major mountains are relatively dry, but in most of the country, the precipitation averages between 30 and 60 inches annually, with mountain regions receiving more. Temperatures are moderate (50° F to 80° F in summer and 30° F to 70° F in winter), again except for the mountains.
Prior to human occupation, the islands were heavily forested, with more than 75 percent of the total area covered with what the early British settlers called “bush.” Much of this was actually a sort of temperate rain forest, which had evolved in relative isolation under unstable (volcanic and glacial) environmental conditions. The fauna inhabiting this environment was conspicuous by the lack of land mammals (other than a species of bat) and was dominated by bird life, a distinctive feature of which was the relatively high degree of flightlessness. The kiwi, New Zealand’s national emblem, shares this characteristic, along with a variety of rails, woodhens, and other species.
The most notable nonflying birds were the two dozen species of moa—ostrichlike birds, now extinct, some of which were very large. Various types of waterfowl, parrots, and innumerable “bush birds,” large and small, were also present in abundance, along with some species of lizards, but there were no amphibians save for a few species of frogs. A rich marine-mammal population included fur seals, sea lions, leopard seals, elephant seals, dolphins, and many species of whales, as well as an abundance of fish and mollusks.
Indigenous Food Systems
The unique and remote Australian environment provided a home for the Australian Aborigines, who comprised a distinctive society of hunters, gatherers, and fishers. Arriving from what is now Southeast Asia possibly as many as 70,000 years ago, over the subsequent millennia they spread across and occupied all parts of the continent at varying densities, depending on local environmental conditions. Mostly they led a seminomadic existence, but their movements were not helter-skelter (Davis and Prescott 1992). It is thought that there may have been from 500 to 600 tribes or tribelets, with each recognizing the territoriality of others.
Within each tribe there were usually several clans of a few dozen people each. Although there is no evidence of formal agriculture, the gathering and distribution of seed, the management of natural vegetation by fire, and the rudimentary cultivation of yams (Dioscorea spp.) in certain areas indicate some degree of plant husbandry. There were no domesticated animals except the dog. The total population of Aborigines at the time of European contact is not known. The most widely accepted estimate is about 300,000, although some authorities place the number as high as 1.5 million (McKnight 1995). Geographic distribution, density, and mobility were closely related to the availability of food, water, and other resources (Berndt and Berndt 1988).
Most Aboriginal languages had special terms for vegetable foods, as distinct from terms for the flesh of animals, birds, reptiles, fish, mollusks, and insects. Generally, foods from vegetable sources fell into three main categories: roots and tubers, fruits, and seeds (although some plants produced more than one type of food item, and, in a few instances, it was the pith of the plant that was consumed). There were considerable differences in the importance of various types of plant foods between ecological zones. In the vast desert and semiarid areas, Aborigines utilized between 60 and 100 edible species of plants (Latz and Griffin 1978; Peterson 1978). However, this extensive list could be reduced to about a dozen staples. (A staple is a plant species that singly or in combination with another accounts for at least 50 percent of the diet during the period it is consumed.)
Principal staples were the roots of various species of Ipomoea (convolvulus), Vigna lancelota, and Portulaca oleracea (“pigweed”); the fruits of Solanum (for example, the “bush tomato”), Ficus, and Santalum (the “quandong”) species; and Leichardtia australis (the “bush banana”). Other principal staples were the seeds of various Acacia species (“wattles”); grasses, such as those of the genus Panicum; and herbs, such as Rhyncharrhena linearis (the “bush bean”) (Peterson 1978; Palmer and Brady 1991). It is estimated that plants provided some 70 to 80 percent of the diet (in terms of bulk) consumed by desert Aborigines (Gould 1969).
In the more humid southeast, about 140 species of plants were eaten (Flood 1980). These included the roots and tubers of various lilies (such as Aguillaria minus, the “vanilla lily”); at least 20 species of terrestrial orchids (for example,Gastrodia sesamoides, the “potato orchid”); bulrushes (Typha orientalis and Typha domingensis); and the bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum). Also consumed were the roots and tubers of various dandelionlike plants, including the “yam daisy” (Micoseris scapigera), the “native carrot” (Geranium solanderi), and the “Australian carrot” (Daucus glochidiatus). Seasonal fruits, such as the “native cherry” (Exocarpus cuppressiformis), “native raspberries” (Rubus triphyllus), currants (Coprosma quadrifida), and the “kangaroo apple” (Solanum linearifolium), entered the diet. The pith of tree ferns (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea spp.) was also consumed. More plant foods were eaten in the coastal regions of the southeast than in the highlands, but on the plains of the eastern interior, grass seed, especially the native millet (Panicum decompositum), was the staple plant food.
In the tropical north, there were also a large number of plant foods. One study has identified 47 species of root crops and 49 of fruit or seed used by Aborigines (Crawford 1982), although the staples varied between coastal regions and river valleys and the interior (Turner 1974; Levitt 1981). Among the roots and tubers eaten, various yam species (for example, Dioscorea transversa, the “long yam,” and Dioscorea bulbifera, the “round yam”) were the most important, but the tubers of various convolvulus species (Ipomoea spp.), lilies (for example, the “blue water lily,” Nymphaea gigantica), the “swamp fern” (Blechnum indicum), and the “wild kapok” (Cochlospermum gregorii) were also consumed.
Seeds from numerous trees, including various Acacia species (Levitt 1981), as well as seeds from some species of Sorghum were consumed in the north, along with a large number of nuts—from the Zamia palm (Cycas angulata), the Pandanus (Pandanus spiralis), and the “nut tree” (Terminalia grandiflora). Fruits included several species of Ficus,the “jungle plum” (Buchaninia arborescens), the “native goose-berry” (Physalis minima), the “big green plum”(Planchonella pohlmaniana), the red “wild apple” (Syzygium suborbiculare), and the “wild prune” (Pouteria sericea)(Davis and Prescott 1992).
Considerable variation also existed in the types of flesh eaten. Snakes and lizards, especially two species of “monitor” lizard or goanna (Varunus varius and Varunus giganteus), were commonly consumed, as were a number of small marsupials and rodents (Peterson 1978; Flood 1980). In wetter areas, “pos-sums” (phalangers) were frequently a part of the diet (either the “brushtail possum,” Trichosurus vulpecula, or the “mountain possum,” Trichosurus canicus), along with various gliders (for example, the “squirrel glider,” Petaurus norfolcensis, and the “greater glider,” Schoinobates volans), the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), and various types of “flying foxes” (Pteropus spp.).
Bandicoots (Perameles spp.) and other marsupial “rats” and “mice” (for example, Antechinus spp. and Sminthopsisspp.) served as food, as did rodents of various types (for example, the “broad-toothed rat,” Mastocomys fuscus, and the “bush rat,” Rattus fuscipes). In addition, larger marsupials contributed to the human diet, although in arid and semiarid areas they were relatively limited, and even in wetter areas were problematic to hunt, requiring cooperative ventures that involved considerable numbers of hunters. The latter generally used fire (Peterson 1978), but in the New England tablelands, large permanent nets were employed (Flood 1980). The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), the “Euro”(Macropus robustus), and the gray kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), as well as numerous wallaby species (for example, the “red-necked wallaby,” Macropus rufogriseus) were all hunted. In the wetter areas, wombats (Vombatus ursinus) became important dietary items.
It has been estimated that in coastal and riverine regions, fish, shellfish, and crustaceans made up perhaps as much as 40 percent of the diet (Flood 1980). In the southeast, fish—caught by line, net, trap, or spear—included mullet (mainly Mugil cephalus), snapper (Chrysophrys auratus and Trachichthodes affinus), and various types of wrasses (for example, parrot fish and red cod, Pseudolabrus spp.). Such shellfish as the pipi (Paphies australis), cockles (Chione stutchburyi), mussels (Perna canaliculus and Mytilus edulis), the catseye (Lunella smaragda), and the mudsnail (Amphibda crenata) were very important food items, as were crayfish (Jassus spp.), gathered along rocky shorelines.
In the coastal areas of the tropical north, a diversity of marine resources was enjoyed. Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) were hunted and their eggs gathered. The dugong (Dugong dugon), a herbivorous marine mammal, was another valuable source of animal protein, especially in the Torres Strait region and off the coasts of Arnhem Land (Turner 1974). There is no question, however, that in the coastal regions of the north, where they were obtainable throughout the year, fish were the staple food.
Other marine resources that made important contributions to the diet in some areas included freshwater fish, shellfish, and crustaceans. In the watershed of the Murray-Murrumbidgee system (Flood 1980), the Murray cod (Maccullochella macquariensis), the “trout cod” (Maccullochella mitchelli), the silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), crayfish, mussels, and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) were captured and consumed. In the far north during the monsoon, the barramundi (Lates calcarifer), a large, tasty fish, was hunted with spears across the inundated floodplains (Davis and Prescott 1992). Rivers flowing to the Tasman Sea throughout the southeast of the continent contained eels (Anguillaspp.).
Birds constituted an important source of food, although in very dry areas they were probably only substantial food items following the infrequent heavy rains (Frith 1978). On the more humid plains of the north, east, and southwest, emu(Dromiceius novaehollandie) were plentiful and available throughout the year, but they were difficult to catch (Flood 1980). Ducks, such as the “mountain duck”—Tadorna tadornoides—of the southeast, were abundant in swamps and lagoons and along the rivers, as were black swans (Cygnis atratus) and a variety of other waterfowl. Wild turkeys (the Australian bustard, Eupodotis australis) were another excellent source of food on the open plains, and smaller birds were probably an important source of protein because they could be hit with stones relatively easily (Flood 1980). Eggs also provided food and, in some places, were seasonally very important. For example, in the Daly River country, just south of Darwin, the goose-egg season could be counted on for an abundant harvest (Berndt and Berndt 1988).
Valuable contributions to the diet were made by various types of insects, with perhaps the most widely utilized the larvae of various moths, collectively called “witchetty grubs” (Peterson 1978).Among these, probably the most important were the larvae of the Cossidae family, especially Xyleutes lencomochla, which feed on the roots of certain acacias. In the southeast, especially in the granite peaks of the highlands, another moth, the bogong (Agrotis infusa), was important. During the spring and early summer, these moths migrated to the mountains, where they occupied fissures, clefts, and caves in summit rocks and could be collected and eaten in vast numbers (Flood 1980).
The primary beverage of the Aborigines appears to have been water. It does not seem that there were any intoxicating beverages, although in some areas, plants (for example, wild honeysuckle and pandanus fruit), honey, and such insects as crushed green ants were mixed with water (Massola 1971). In the more tropical parts of the continent, the Aborigines chewed the leaves of three plants (Nicotiana gossei, Nicotiana excelsior, and Duboisia hopwoodi) (Berndt and Berndt 1988), and on the north coast, tobacco was introduced by Makassan traders sometime after the sixteenth century (Berndt and Berndt 1988).
The seasonal distribution of edible plants and the movements of fish and animals imposed seasonal patterns of diet, as well as patterns of movement over territories (Crawford 1982). Any single Aborigine territory encompassed a variety of ecological systems and, thus, was capable of producing a variety of food supplies throughout the year.
In general, during the dry season (the winter in the north and the summer in the southwest), the Aborigines lived in the river valleys, and those in the Kimberleys, for example, started exploiting the first of the roots reaching maturity when the rains ceased around April or May (Crawford 1982). By June and July, they were digging up root plants in the alluvium along the banks of creeks and rivers, and at this time, they began burning spinifex and cane-grass to stimulate the regrowth that attracted kangaroos. Water lily tubers were harvested in August and September when water levels were low, and as the weather became hotter, ephemeral pools were poisoned for fish.
When the rains came in December, the camps were moved onto higher ground, although fruits and seeds were still gathered in the valleys. In the rich coastal areas of the southeast, seasonal movement was less than that elsewhere, but it did involve getting food from the bush during the winter and from the rivers and coasts during the summer (McBryde 1974). People in the highlands and tablelands had a more nomadic existence, moving away from the higher land in the winter. Tribal territories were generally much smaller in the humid areas than in semiarid and desert areas.
Apart from knowing the right season, the right times for certain foods, and the right places to find them, obtaining them involved the use of implements and tools (Berndt and Berndt 1988). For plant foods, gathered almost exclusively by women, the most important tool was the digging stick. Men knew how to interpret the spoors of various creatures and to decoy animals and birds, and they had to be adept at spear throwing. Fire was commonly used in both hunting and food gathering (Latz and Griffin 1978). People were conscious of the abundance of food plants after burning but attributed this phenomenon to associated ceremonies performed to increase rain and food. The effect of frequent burning was to produce a series of small patches—at different stages of recovery from fire—that sustained different plant and animal communities.
Culinary practices were fairly rudimentary. Some fruits and tubers required no preparation and were usually eaten when and where they were found. Most roots, however, were cooked for some minutes in hot ashes or sand. The more fibrous roots were pulverized, and bitter or poisonous tubers were sliced, soaked, and baked, often several times (Crawford 1982). Grass seed was crushed in a stone mortar and mixed with water, with the resultant “dough” baked in hot ashes (Massola 1971). Small animals were cooked in hot ashes, and larger ones in earth ovens. Sometimes foods were mixed to improve their flavors and to make them more palatable; additives included gums from acacia trees, water sweetened with honey, and crushed green ants (Crawford 1982).
The first humans to settle in New Zealand (who came to be called Maori in the early nineteenth century) were Polynesians who arrived between 1,000 and 2,000 years ago (Davidson 1984). The precise dates are unknown, but there is no hard evidence of settlement before A.D. 800, and recently, dates of A.D. 1000 to 1200 have been suggested (Anderson 1989). Like the eastern Polynesian societies from whence they came, Maori obtained their food by gardening, raising domestic animals, hunting (particularly fowling), fishing and shellfish gathering, and gathering uncultivated and semicultivated plants (see Nancy Davis Lewis, chapter V.E.3.). However, in this temperate, midlatitude land, gardening (as practiced elsewhere in Polynesia) was at best marginal and at worst impossible. Indeed, there is now considerable evidence to suggest that even in regions most amenable to horticulture, gardens may have contributed only about 50 percent of the means of subsistence (Jones 1995). Thus, the food quest in some communities can truly be described as “hunting-and-gathering.”
Two aspects of Maori foraging and farming have dominated discussions of prehistoric subsistence (Davidson 1984). Hunting for moa has captured both popular and scientific interest for more than a century. But more recently, scholars have been equally impressed by the Maori achievement of adapting the sweet potato or kumara (Ipomoea batatas) to an annual cycle in a temperate climate. Moreover, it has been recognized that Maori moa hunting was merely one aspect of more general hunting activities, and that the use of other plants, particularly the bracken-fern root, or aruhe, also constituted very important adaptations in some areas (Young 1992).
Of the range of tropical crops that the Polynesian settlers must have tried to introduce, only six species survived until early European times: the sweet potato, taro (Colocasia esculenta), yam or uhi (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea esculenta), the “bottle gourd” or hue (Lagenaria siceraria), the “paper mulberry” or aute (Broussonetia papyrifera),and a species of “cabbage tree” or ti (Cordyline terminalis). In 1769, Captain James Cook and his companions identified all six, but soon thereafter the yam and the paper mulberry seem to have died out (Davidson 1984).
The three main cultivated food plants were sweet potatoes, taro, and the bottle gourd, of which sweet potatoes were by far the most important. Indeed, the whole question of the introduction of horticulture in New Zealand has been bedeviled by controversy, which has centered on the sweet potato, because to grow it in New Zealand required both its adaptation to new climatic conditions and the protection of the plant and its fruits from extremes of temperature and heavy winter rains. The Maori developed an array of pits in which to store tubers—a departure from methods used elsewhere in Polynesia, where the plants grew perennially and were planted from shoots, and the tubers remained in the ground until required. Exactly how the sweet potato—an American plant—reached New Zealand (and the rest of Oceania, for that matter), let alone how its cultivation and storage came to be, remains a subject of speculation. We do know that by the twelfth century, sweet potato cultivation seems to have expanded from the northern part of the North Island into the southern part and, soon thereafter, into the northern South Island.
The species of cabbage tree, Cordyline terminalis, was brought to New Zealand from the tropics, but other cabbage trees (Cordyline pumilio, Cordyline australis, and Cordyline indivisa) are natives and were also exploited for food. The white inner trunk of young trees and the fleshy taproot were both used. Roots, often a meter in length, were split in two and cooked in an earth oven, and the trunks were prepared in the same manner (Young 1992).
Like cabbage trees, the karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) was also “semicultivated,” yielding bountiful crops of plum-size, oval berries that turned orange when ripe. The outer flesh of this fruit is tasty, but the bulk of the food value is in the kernel, which is highly poisonous if eaten raw. Ripe berries were gathered from the ground and trod upon with bare feet to work off the outer flesh (Burton 1982). Next, the kernels were steamed in an earth oven for 24 hours, steeped in running water for a lengthy period to extract the bitter alkaloid poison, then preserved by drying in the sun; subsequently, they were stored in baskets.
Between the gardens and the bush lay areas where the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum) grew. The tips of the new fronds can be eaten raw or boiled, but the roots (aruhe in Maori) were the major parts of the plant that were consumed. This fern was usually dug up in the spring, at a time when the roots are about an inch thick and break crisply to reveal a white interior with a few black fibers. They were dried on shaded platforms by the wind, then roasted, scraped, the inner flesh pounded, and baked into small loaves.
Truly “wild” foods were secured from the forest. There are at least 190 edible native plants found in New Zealand (Crowe 1997), and Maori used most of them. A variety of roots were utilized, including those from two species of bindweed (Calystegia spp.); terrestrial orchid tubers (examples include those of the “potato orchid,” Gastrodia cunninghamii, the “onion orchid,” Microtes unifolia, and the “sun orchid,” Thelymitra longifolia); the roots of the bulrush or raupo (Typha orientalis); and the rock lily (Arthropodium cirratum).
Shoots and leaves from a wide range of other species were used as greens. Important among these were the young fronds of a number of ferns, such as the curling buds of the hen-and-chicken fern, Asplenium bulbiferum (which taste like asparagus) and especially the “sow thistle” or puha (Sonchus asper). An introduced species, Sonchus oleraceus, is still eaten today. Like the pith of the cabbage tree, that of the black tree fern of the forest (Cyathea medullus) was baked for several hours on hot embers, then peeled and eaten, or, alternately, steamed in an earth oven, sliced, and dried on sticks.
The berries of numerous trees were consumed, but those of the hinau (Elaeocarpus denatus), the tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa), and the tutu (Coriaria spp.) underwent elaborate processing. Hinau berries, for example, were pounded and sifted to remove the hard kernels, and the meal was then kneaded into a paste and formed into dark brown, oily cakes that were cooked and could be stored. A somewhat simpler procedure subjected the kernels of tawa berries to roasting in hot ashes or steaming in an earth oven. Perhaps tutu berries underwent the most complex processing. The only part of these that was not deadly poisonous was the purple juice of the sepals enclosing the fruits. That juice was first sieved, with any vestiges of seeds, stalks, or leaves discarded, after which it was permitted to set until it became a relish, or it was boiled with the pith of tree fern or with pieces of bull kelp (Durvillea antarctica) to form jellies.
A large number of other trees supplied insignificant amounts of small berries, but these were not staple foods. They were often called “children’s food,” although many were regarded as delicacies. Sweeteners also were obtained from the bush, mainly from the nectar of flowers and from certain vines, such as the rata (Metrosideros fulgens). A very important food item in some areas was the pollen of the raupo (Typha orientalis), which was dried, stripped from the stems, sifted, mixed with water, then made into loaves and steamed.
Of the Polynesian domestic animals (the pig, Sus scrofa, the chicken, Gallus gallus, and the dog, Canis canis) described by Nancy David Lewis (chapter V.E.3.), only the dog seems to have survived the journey to New Zealand. Dogs were kept as food animals as well as for hunting birds, and their dietary importance varied from place to place. They were probably seldom a major source of protein but always a steady and reliable one (Davidson 1984). In addition, the small Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) accompanied humans to New Zealand, and although it can hardly be viewed as a domesticated animal, it was a scavenger around settlements and a fruit-eating forest dweller that was esteemed as a delicacy. “Rat runs,” where snares were laid, were so valuable that they were virtually “owned” by families, or by individuals.
There were also numerous hunted animals, particularly the fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), and a wide variety of birds to capture, including the large flightless moa, already mentioned. The importance of the fur seal in the pre-European diet has only recently been appreciated. When Polynesians first arrived, the fur seals bred prodigiously, and as one seal represents an enormous amount of meat, they were probably as important in the diet as moa. They were gradually reduced in number and driven from their northern breeding grounds before the arrival of the Europeans, but they remained important in the south. Other marine mammals, such as sea lions, leopard and elephant seals, dolphins, and whales, were eaten when they were occasionally captured or, in the case of whales, washed up on beaches.
Although moa may not have dominated the early human diet in New Zealand as once thought, they were an important food item everywhere. While the dates of the final disappearance of moa from different parts of the country are not established, the birds seem to have survived in some localities until about the fifteenth century. Apart from moa, the most important birds eaten were shags, penguins (especially the Little Blue), ducks (particularly the Grey, Anas gibberifrons, and the Paradise, Tadorna variegata), the sooty shearwater (the “mutton bird” of later times), and various rails.
A variety of “bush” birds were eaten as well. These included the kaka (Nestor meridonalis), the pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), the tui (Prosthermadera novaeseelandiae), the kiwi (Apteryx spp.), the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), parakeets (Cyanoramphus spp.), wattled birds, albatrosses, mollyhawks, and various gulls.
Birds were captured or killed with nets, spears, and snares, and by hand collection of the young. Bush birds were most commonly snared and speared in the autumn and early winter when berries were ripe or when nectar was in the flowers early in the summer. Bird carcasses were preserved in fat in airtight containers made from either gourds or bull kelp (Belich 1996).
Shellfish formed a very important item of Maori diet, especially by the eighteenth century and in the northern part of the country, where the most productive shellfish beds were located (Davidson 1984). Shellfish gathering was largely women’s work, as was the gathering of crabs, sea urchins, and kina. In contrast, the catching of fin fish was largely done by men (Young 1992). Hook-and-line fishing, as well as various types of nets and traps, were used to catch snapper, red cod, barracouta, trevally, yellow-eyed mullet, and various wrasses. Many other fish were also caught and consumed, but there was considerable regional variation in the most important species. In the north, snapper dominated, but in the south it was barracouta and red cod. A considerable quantity of the fish caught was baked and hung from poles and racks to dry for future use. Seaweed, especially a type called karenga (Porphyra columbina), was also consumed, as was bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica, which served additionally to make storage containers for other foods) and sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca).
Inland dwellers utilized small freshwater fish, such as the kokopu (a native trout), grayling, postlarval young trout returning upstream (known as inanga or whitebait), and a species of lamprey. Freshwater cray-fish and mussels were consumed, but the most important freshwater creatures were eels, taken in basket-work traps. In some locations, elaborate weirs were constructed to channel eels during their migrations.
Although methods of preserving and preparing food have been mentioned, the latter deserve further comment. The earth oven (a circular hole in the ground about 2 feet in diameter and about 1 foot deep), called either a hangi or an umu, was the principal method of cooking (Crowe 1997). A fire was made in the hole, and a layer of stones laid upon it; these, when heated, were removed, and the embers cleaned out. The heated stones were returned to the hole, covered with green leaves, and sprinkled with water; then more leaves were added, and food baskets or leaf-wrapped food placed on this layer. The food was covered with still more leaves, wet flax mats, old baskets, and the like, and the whole sprinkled liberally with water and covered with earth so that the steam could not escape. A family’s food would normally cook in an hour or less, although larger amounts took longer. In addition, some food was doubtless roasted in hot ashes. Another technique, stone boiling, was also in common usage. Water and food were placed in a wooden trough, and red-hot stones added to bring the water to a boil.
Finally, a comment upon cannibalism is necessary. Human flesh did constitute part of the diet (at least of eighteenth-century males) (Davidson 1984), but the practice seems to have been a form of revenge (utu), desecrating the victims beyond the grave by turning them into cooked food (Belich 1996). Although it fascinated and revolted early European observers, the preponderant evidence indicates that those cannibalized were enemies captured or killed in war, and cannibalism was primarily an ultimate way of subjugating adversaries (Hanson and Hanson 1983).
By way of summary then, broadly speaking, New Zealand in the eighteenth century was divided into three areas in terms of the mix of foods consumed (Cumberland 1949; Lewthwaite 1949). In the northern area, horticulture was most successful, and the many harbors and estuaries contained rich fish and shellfish resources. Along the coasts of the southern North Island and northern South Island, and in the interior of the North Island, horticulture was more marginal, and hunting and gathering much more significant. Apart from the northern fringe, people in the South Island depended on hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild plants.
The period between A.D. 1350 and 1600 was one of transition. The early settlers had exploited the premium game animals, such as moa and seals, to the point of exhaustion, and this led people to move into areas suitable for gardening, particularly in the north; it also resulted in an increased reliance on fishing and gathering throughout the islands. Large-scale marine fishing seems to have increased in importance after 1600, but the hunting of smaller birds and the trapping of eels were also significant. Gardening certainly dominated in the north, but elsewhere the “semicultivated” plants also grew in importance in the diet.
After European contact, the Maori were quick to adopt a variety of European plants, in part to vary the diet in those areas where traditional horticulture had been practiced, and in part to create a new dimension in economics where traditional horticulture had been impossible. More vigorous varieties of sweet potatoes and taro were introduced, as was the white potato (Solanum), which probably dates from the early 1770s. Because it was easier to grow than the sweet potato and provided a higher yield, it rapidly gained popularity everywhere (Burton 1982; Belich 1996). Less popular European vegetables introduced in the eighteenth century were carrots, pumpkins, cabbages, turnips, and parsnips (Burton 1982)—although fruit trees, especially peaches, were welcomed. Maize was the first cereal to gain acceptance; wheat was adopted only during the 1840s and 1850s.
Of the European animals, the pig—well established and running wild by the early nineteenth century—was the earliest and most successful introduction. No other animal in New Zealand yielded such a large quantity of meat, and pork became an important source of protein. In fact, pork and white potatoes joined native puha (sow thistle) and sweet potatoes, foods from the sea, and birds from the forest as the Maori diet in the early decades of the nineteenth century. At first, all of these new introductions may have contributed to an improvement in nutrition, but once Maori began selling land and losing access to the resources of the bush and water, the quality of the diet diminished (Pool 1991).
From Colonies to Nations
Although numerous Dutch, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and British explorers had touched the shores of Australia and New Zealand from the late sixteenth century onward, it was only in the late eighteenth century that European colonization of these lands commenced. The 1769 voyage of Captain Cook initiated this process, and the establishment by the British of a penal colony at Botany Bay in 1788 (soon moved to Sydney Harbour) marked the beginning of their (since then) permanent—and largely unchallenged—presence in these southern lands.
Several other penal colonies and one free-settler colony (South Australia) were established by 1840, but in the early years it was Sydney that dominated British affairs in the South Pacific. Among other things, Sydney was the base from which New Zealand’s resources—enumerated as flax, timber, whales, seals, sex, and souls by James Belich (1996)—were exploited, and it was not until after 1840 that the direct settlement of New Zealand proceeded. Even then, Australian influences remained strong, especially with regard to food and beverage habits.
The free settlers (both working- and middle-to-upper class) who went to Australia and New Zealand after 1840 were from very similar socioeconomic backgrounds, and not surprisingly, the economies of the two countries developed in very similar ways. Australia was a little more Irish (and Catholic) than New Zealand because in Australia’s formative years, more than one-third of the settlers (both convicts and assisted migrants) were from Ireland. In New Zealand, by contrast, approximately one-quarter of the settlers were Scots, and only 19 percent were Irish. Nonetheless, according to Michael Symons (1982), the Irish influence on antipodean food included a strong preference for potatoes, the method of cooking them (boiling in a cauldron), and a liking for strong drink consumed away from home at pubs.
English settlers comprised barely a half of those arriving in the colonies, and the overall mixed British—in contrast to purely English—character of the population also had considerable influence on eating and drinking in the region. Indeed, the food and beverage habits carried to Australia, and later to New Zealand, were basically those of Britain’s burgeoning urban underclass: potatoes, bread, and tea, with a little sugar, milk, and occasionally bacon (see Colin Spencer, chapter V.C.4.).
On the other hand, some of the assisted migrants, from the working and lower-to-middle classes, were from rural backgrounds and accustomed to a bit more diversity in their diets (potatoes, bread, cheese, butter, bacon, milk, tea, sugar, peas, turnips, and a little meat). Moreover, the officers and officials of the Australian penal colonies and, later, the wealthier settlers in both Australia and New Zealand brought with them the food habits of a middle class, sometimes with upper-class aspirations. Colin Spencer (chapter V.C.4.) describes a late-eighteenth-century middle-class meal in England as consisting of three boiled chickens, a haunch of venison, a ham, flour-and-suet pudding, and beans, followed by gooseberries and apricots. As a rule, large amounts of meat were consumed by those who could afford it, and such vegetables as cabbages, carrots, spinach, Brussels sprouts, and turnips were common. Beer and ale were the most popular drinks until distilled spirits, such as gin and crude rums, took over during the eighteenth century.
In both Australia and New Zealand, the early years of settlement were characterized by a failure to establish successful farms and achieve self-reliance in food production. The area around Sydney was poor farming country, and in the early nineteenth century, sheep farming for wool production became the lifeblood of Australia. Sheep reached New Zealand a bit later (1833), pastoralism expanded in the 1840s, and by the late 1850s, wool was also central to the New Zealand economy.
In Australia, a lasting dependence upon imported foodstuffs developed. New Zealand also depended on imports, but in addition, such settlements as Auckland, Wellington, New Plymouth, and Nelson came to rely on a flourishing Maori agriculture for their supplies of potatoes, maize, onions, cabbages, peaches, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, grapes, melons, apples, and quinces, as well as flour (milled in Maori mills), fish, chickens, geese, turkeys, and goats (Belich 1996). It was only in the late 1850s that settlers began to produce much of their own food and the role of the Maori as food providers began to decline.
The last half of the nineteenth century brought stunning transformations to Australia and New Zealand. The gold rushes that began in both countries during the 1850s precipitated rapid social and economic changes, including the growth of urban areas, so that by 1900, these areas encompassed about 50 percent of the population (Symons 1982). In addition, railway networks opened up areas for the production of food of all types, not only for local consumption but also for export. After the 1870s, and especially after the inauguration of refrigerated shipping in 1882, both Australia and New Zealand became producers of meat (mutton, lamb, and beef), dairy products, and later fruit, for the British market. By the late nineteenth century, livestock ranching and the growing of both temperate and tropical cereals, fruits, and vegetables were all well established in areas suited to them, and in Australia, irrigated farming was developing along the Murray-Murrumbidgee river system. In well-watered, temperate New Zealand, the native vegetation was largely replaced by exotic pasture grasses to feed the introduced animals (Crosby 1978), and in southeastern Australia and along the northeastern coast (where the growing of sugar and tropical fruits came to dominate), the landscapes were transformed as well.
One outcome of the success of pastoralism was that Australia and New Zealand became nations of meat eaters. Up through the 1870s, there was no overseas market for meat, which, as a consequence, was inexpensive relative to people’s incomes (Burton 1982). Meat in large amounts was eaten at every meal: beefsteaks or mutton chops at breakfast, cold beef at luncheon, and roast or boiled beef or mutton at dinner (Symons 1982; Walker and Roberts 1988).
“Rations” and “Crew Culture”
Convicts (under sentence of “transportation” to Australia) along with their guards, working-class settlers bound for New Zealand, and assisted migrants to both countries (not to mention the crews of the ships carrying them all) were all provided with “rations.” The voyage from the British Isles was a long one, with three to six months the norm (the “First Fleet” to Australia in 1787 and 1788 took eight-and-a-half months), and although officers and cabin passengers enjoyed a satisfactory diet, the rations for the rest—which were not satisfactory—remained remarkably the same for more than 70 years.
By way of illustration, the weekly rations for each of the Royal Marines aboard during the First Fleet’s voyage to Botany Bay were 7 pounds of bread, 2 pounds of salt pork, 4 pounds of salt beef, 2 pounds of peas, 3 pounds of oatmeal, 6 ounces of butter, three-quarters of a pound of cheese, and a half-pint of vinegar, along with 3 quarts of water a day (Symons 1982); the convicts’ rations were two-thirds those of the marines. More than a half-century later, during the 1840s, New Zealand Company settlers were provided with 3.5 pounds of salt meat and 5.25 pounds of biscuit weekly, supplemented with rice, flour, oatmeal, dried peas, dried potatoes, raisins, butter, sugar, coffee, and tea.
Nor did the issuance of rations necessarily end when one stepped ashore. In Australia, the convicts and guards from the First Fleet had to subsist on rations for nearly three years, because agriculture had not yet developed (Walker and Roberts 1988). In the early settlements in New Zealand, ordinary migrants lived on New Zealand Company rations so long as the Company’s money lasted (Belich 1996). But it was sheep farming that firmly entrenched the “ration mentality” in Australian and New Zealand food culture.
Sheep grazing required complements of shepherds as well as gangs to shear the sheep, usually made up of itinerant males, who were the founders of many working-class traditions in both countries. Shepherds were partially paid in rations; handed out on Saturday nights and supplemented with spirits and a paycheck, this food eventually earned the name “Ten, Ten, Two, and a Quarter” because it usually included 10 pounds of flour, 10 pounds of meat, 2 pounds of sugar, a quarter-pound of tea, and salt (Symons 1982).
“Ten, Ten, Two, and a Quarter” was the monotonous diet of the rural workforce until well into the twentieth century, and it was very characteristic of the diet of “crews” of coastal seamen, soldiers, sawyers, mill-workers, construction workers, road and railway builders, miners, gum diggers, and farmhands. The “crew culture” was a factor in quite a few industries, and despite the many different kinds of work, involved a number of common characteristics: The work was dangerous; the crews lived in rough conditions; they used similar slang; most members were single; most spent their money on binges; and most ate a ration-style diet.
Basically, then, for the first half century, the majority of Australians were reared on what might be called prison rations—a practice that was transferred to New Zealand. In both countries, crew culture was reinforced by the dominant means of cooking: an open fire, whether at a campsite or in a hut or cottage. With the necessary implements—hatchet, knife, quart-pot (the “billy can”), and frying pan—the standard rations made a “damper,” a fry of meats, and pots of tea. The “damper” was flour and water, cooked in the ashes of the fire; the meat was salt pork, corned beef, or freshly slaughtered mutton; the tea, although taken with plenty of sugar, usually lacked milk. Its abundance meant that meat was consumed at every meal.
More Genteel Food Habits
In contrast to the diets of the lower classes, the food-ways carried to these new lands by the more genteel folk reflected the social differences of the Great Britain they had just left. Cabin passengers breakfasted on rolls, toast, cold meat, and hot chops. At luncheon, the fare was ham, tongue, beef, pickles, bread, and cheese, and in the evening they dined on preserved salmon, soup, goose, saddle of mutton, fowls, curry, ham, plum puddings, apple tarts, fruit, and nuts, all of this washed down with stout, champagne, sherry, and port (Belich 1996).
Once ashore, these elite few endeavored to maintain their notions of genteel dietary regimes. Thus, as early as 1789, it is recorded that the governor of New South Wales, the senior officers of the regiment guarding the convicts, and the senior officials of the civil administration sat down to several courses of fish, meat, and game (Clements 1986). Or again, in New Zealand of the 1850s, the meal served at an elegant dinner party might have included local fish, beef, sweet potatoes, Irish pork, Lancashire ham, and Cheshire cheese (Burton 1982). Indeed, just a few years later, an upper-class “colonial banquet” in Australia consisted of asparagus, turtle soup, trumpeter (a local fish) with butter sauce, lamb à la poulette, roast kangaroo, Australian blue cheese, wines, and liqueurs with coffee (Symons 1982). Later in the century, a suggested menu for a dinner party included oysters, turtle soup, baked barramundi, “beef olives” and chicken cream, roast fillet of beef, roast turkey and bread sauce, asparagus on toast, “angel food” cake, cherries in jelly, fruit, olives, and deviled almonds (Symons 1982).
Generally speaking, middle-class meals were enormous. Breakfast consisted of porridge, bacon and eggs or lamb cutlets, and perhaps curry or fish (Burton 1982). Luncheon might feature soup, a roast joint, vegetables, and cooked pudding or fruit. Four- or five-course family dinners were not uncommon, beginning with an “appetizer” of soup or fish, continuing with a roast, vegetables, and a pudding, and topped off with fruit and cheese.
Diet and Modernization
Food habits were considerably influenced by late-nineteenth-century technological developments, such as urbanization, railroads that rapidly transported products, and breakthroughs in food processing and preservation (including refrigeration). Australia and New Zealand were becoming modern, mass-consumption societies.
Giant roller mills producing refined white flour began to appear in the 1860s, and from this time on, workers, like their counterparts in Britain, began to enjoy a cornucopia of biscuits, macaroni, jams, confectionery, cordials, pickles, condiments, and snacks. These products, with their brand names, were advertised extensively and commonly sold in the emerging grocery shops. Also in the 1860s, beer (now “bottom fermented” and thus capable of longer-term storage and long-distance transportation) was brewed, and by 1900, today’s major brewery corporations were already in existence.
Cooking technology also changed. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, cooking was mostly done over an open fire, where meats were roasted and stewpots suspended. One refinement at this time was the “Dutch oven” or “camp oven,” a round pot with legs and a handle so that it could either stand or hang. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the “Colonial oven,” a simple cast-iron box with a door in front that sat in the fireplace, had come into widespread use. Cast-iron ranges were imported beginning in the 1850s, and by the 1870s, locally manufactured stoves had entered the market (Burton 1982). This was at about the same time that the first gas stoves were introduced, permitting better control of the cooking process.
By the early twentieth century, a new array of processed and packaged foods—that supplemented the basic bread, mutton, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fruit, vegetables, and tea—were in common use. As Symons (1982) has noted, tea was the national beverage, and alcohol was not usually drunk with meals (other than by the upper classes), but rather was imbibed separately in hotel bars (Wood 1988). By the time of World War I, both Australia and New Zealand had seen the development of strong temperance movements, which proved powerful enough to persuade governments to hold referendums on the outright prohibition of alcoholic beverages, and some of the voting was very close. During the war, hotel bar hours were curtailed (Symons 1982), with closing time usually at 6:00 P.M., leading to the infamous “six o’clock swill.”
During the 1920s, numerous developments further standardized eating habits. Fresh fruits and nuts were heavily promoted, as were pasteurized milk and ice cream (Symons 1982). Bread—a staple in urban areas since the time of early settlement—was baked mostly in mechanized bakeries, and to see it wrapped for sale in grocery stores was becoming common in Australia. Iceboxes were now widespread, and by the 1920s, wealthier housewives were looking forward to owning their own refrigerators.
The 1920s also saw an increased American influence on food, as sundae shops and soda fountains arrived and such big American food companies as Heinz, Kellogg, and Kraft moved in. These, along with such others as Nestlé (Switzerland) and Cadbury (England), came to dominate Australian and New Zealand eating and drinking habits. They pushed early “convenience” foods, defined as those that needed no cooking outside of the factory, which simplified breakfast and provided after-school and bedtime snacks. One product epitomizes this era. “Vegemite,” made from brewery waste (spent yeast), became a runaway success after its alleged health attributes were extensively advertised during the 1930s and 1940s (Symons 1982). The post–World War II baby boom created a huge new market for “Vegemite, the family health food.”
At this time, too, food companies and women’s magazines promoted a more dainty cuisine aimed at the afternoon tea market: “Lamingtons” (chocolateand-coconut-coated cubes of cake), “Anzac biscuits” (made of coconut, rolled oats, and golden syrup), and especially the “Pavlova” (made of whipped egg whites, corn flour, vinegar, sugar, a few drops of vanilla essence, and a pinch of cream of tartar, baked and topped with whipped cream and fruit—especially passionfruit and, today, kiwifruit). Pavlova, named after the famous ballerina (“It is as light as Pavlova”), is alternatively said to have originated in both Australia and New Zealand (Symons 1982).
World War II had much influence upon food and beverage habits. Rationing was introduced, which curtailed the use of sugar, tea, flour, and meat. However, the demand for more fruit and vegetables created by the presence of U.S. military forces in Australia and New Zealand brought about an increase in the acreage planted with both. Vegetables were also increasingly canned and, later, dehydrated to provide the military with preserved food. The meat-processing industry was compelled to upgrade its standards and put out new canned meats, such as chile con carne, luncheon meats, “Spam,” and Vienna sausage (Symons 1982). Coca-Cola came with the American troops and stayed after they left.
Until the 1960s in both Australia and New Zealand, bread, milk, vegetables, groceries, and meat were all delivered. But with the advent of relatively inexpensive automobiles (first in Australia and quite a bit later in New Zealand) and universal ownership of refrigerators, supermarkets began to control food sales, all of which had the effect of furthering the trend toward nationally standardized and distributed food. Supermarket giants came to dominate food marketing with “prepackaging,” bright labels, and an emphasis on low prices rather than on quality. These chain-store companies did not like dealing with small producers and growers. Because they preferred products with long shelf life, they tended to offer canned, dried, and frozen rather than fresh foods, processed by industrial-size producers who could guarantee regular supply, consistent quality, and steady prices.
By identifying gaps on the supermarket shelves, such producers brought forth a new array of foodstuffs, many of a “convenience” nature, such as “Muesli,” reconstituted orange juice, teabags, pizza, frozen fruits and vegetables, and the like. Foods of this sort were marketed as “labor-saving,” were usually aimed at target groups after extensive market research, and were given scientific credence through the endorsement of “home economists” and “nutrition experts” (Symons 1982).This was especially characteristic of the frozen-food industry, which included such internationally known brand names as Birdseye (owned by Unilever in Australia and New Zealand), as well as local processors (for example, Watties in New Zealand) that began freezing peas, corn, berry fruits, Brussels sprouts, beans, and asparagus during the 1950s and later expanded into fish products, “TV dinners,” frozen chips, cakes, poultry, and meats.
As has been the case in developed countries elsewhere, recent decades have also witnessed the sacrifice of family farms to agribusiness, monoculture, the intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the arrival of scientifically “engineered” fruits and vegetables, made possible by agricultural research and funded by both governments and private corporations (Symons 1982). Recently, however, new “alternative” farming ventures have also arisen that produce organic fruit and vegetables and market them directly to consumers through resurrected city markets. At the same time, the “back to the earth” movement has supplemented the limited information prevailing in industrial societies concerning the imitation of developing-world cuisine (Symons 1982). In Australia, the food items of the original inhabitants have begun to be noticed again, but as yet in New Zealand, there has not been the same level of interest in “Maori” food other than breads, seafoods (kai moana), and foods cooked in the traditional earth oven (Osborne 1989; Paul 1996).
Eating establishments have existed since the beginnings of settlement in Australia, and in fact, in 1800 the Freemason’s Arms in Sydney served excellent French-style food. More commonly, early eating houses and taverns dished out boiled mutton and broths, but both the Australian and New Zealand colonies had numerous eating houses with reputations for excellent “British cookery” (Symons 1982). The belle epoque for fine restaurants was between 1890 and World War I, when in all of the major cities, gourmet restaurants served a wide range of continental cuisines. Following the war, however, gourmets could lament that the two countries had only one diet: steaks, chops, beef, mutton, potatoes, and gravy, with suet pudding and slabs of cheese (Symons 1982).
For the less wealthy, “fourpenny” and “sixpenny” restaurants, serving basic meats and vegetables, had come into being at about the middle of the nineteenth century (Symons 1982). The fish-and-chip shop, a feature of Australian and New Zealand life that has remained, albeit modified, to the present day, arrived somewhat later. Another such feature is the ubiquitous meat pie brought by the British, which evolved over a long period to become the standardized dish common since the 1920s (Symons 1982). Men commonly ate meat pies at sporting events and as a counter lunch item in hotel bars. By World War II, the meat pie had become a “national dish” in both countries. The New Zealand Food and Drug Regulations of 1973 state that meat pies shall be encased in a pastry shell and contain not less than 25 percent cooked or manufactured meat (Burton 1982).
Until recently, “going out to dinner” for many Australians and New Zealanders meant the fish-and-chip shop or the “pie cart,” a mobile, trailerlike café parked at a convenient location, which served meat pies with various accompaniments (for example, mashed potatoes and peas, known all together as “pea, pie, and pud”), as well as various other types of portable food to its customers (Burton 1982). Even as late as the 1960s, the only alternatives to the fish shop and the pie cart were the dining rooms of hotels and exclusive private clubs, both of which served a very standard antipodean cuisine: steak and chips, roast meats and vegetables, bread and butter, tea, and ice cream with passion fruit (Symons 1982).
By the late 1960s, however, the pie carts and the fish-and-chip shops began receiving stiff competition from American-style fast-food outlets. Kentucky Fried Chicken was the first, in 1968, and McDonald’s and Pizza Hut were not far behind. A decade later, such fast-food franchises were everywhere, although their products did not completely replace fish-and-chips and meat pies, and many of the traditional fish-and-chip shops have recently expanded their “takeaway” (carry-out) menus to include Chinese food as well as a variety of European fast foods, such as gyros and kebabs. Fast-food outlets of this type, often operated by recent immigrants, have contributed significantly to the diversification of foodways in Australia and New Zealand.
Of even more importance, however, has been the recent explosive growth of all types of restaurants. Some of this growth can be attributed to the influence of immigrants from Europe soon after World War II and, more recently, from Asia and the Pacific region. But as affluence grew in both Australia and New Zealand, more people began to visit Europe and other places around the world, and as they did so, they discovered that there was more to the “good life” than steak-and-eggs and chips.
Contemporary Food and Beverage Ways
Migrants, overseas travel, the window to the world opened by television, affluence, and the continuing globalization of food have all contributed to the diversification of Australian and New Zealand diets. Another significant change has been in drinking habits. An accompaniment to the growth of diversified, quality eating places has been the proliferation of locally produced wines, some of fine quality, some not. Although Australians and New Zealanders were and are beer drinkers, they have also historically drunk sweet wines, characteristically “screw-topped Riesling” (Symons 1982).
Grapes have long been grown, since 1791 in Australia and 1819 in New Zealand (de Blij 1985). Wine making developed early in Australia: By the 1820s, it was successful around Sydney and had expanded to the Hunter Valley. In the 1830s and 1840s, viticulture and wine making began in Victoria and South Australia, and a solid market for sweet and fortified wines developed. During the 1960s and the years that followed, the industry was transformed, with new, high-quality cultivars planted; technological and wine-making improvements led to a vastly expanded and diversified array of wines to meet developing consumer tastes.
Large-scale wine making is much more recent in New Zealand, which had only 200 acres planted with wine grapes in 1945. But the industry expanded enormously after 1960, with white varietals initially dominating. Today, red varietals have also come into their own, and there are more than 140 vineyards marketing wine in New Zealand. Some are owned by large corporations; yet there are also many small producers making excellent wines.
“One Continuous Picnic”?
Symons (1982) has characterized eating and drinking in Australia since 1788 as “one continuous picnic,” and the contention here is that the same has been true in New Zealand. Both peoples were dispatched to the antipodes with packed provisions—”rations”—of salt pork and ship’s biscuits. Pastoralists were paid in rations of flour (for damper), “billy tea,” and slabs of meat, and the indigenous peoples learned their new foodways from the “crews” who were transforming their lands. The railways sent Australians and New Zealanders jaunting off with a litter of tins and bottles. More recently, semitrailer trucks have brought in Coca-Cola, frozen puff pastry, and “Big Macs.” The concept of a picnic highlights the most essential character of Australian and New Zealand food right from the beginning: portability. Even the penchant for outdoor barbecuing (the “put-another-shrimp-on-the-barbie” syndrome) can be interpreted in this light. Broiling meat and seafood over hot coals harks back—nostalgically?—to an earlier age, when men (and women, when they were present) cooked their rations over open fires with a minimum of equipment.
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The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the United
States federal government agency primarily responsible for administering
civilian foreign aid. President John F. Kennedy created USAID in 1961 by
executive order to implement development assistance programs,in the areas
authorized by the Congress.
iMMAP is a pioneering humanitarian organization that for more than a decade has
led the way in the effective use of information management practices and
principles in service to the world’s most vulnerable populations.New approaches
and new solutions are required to address a range of problems plaguing
humanitarian ... Read more.
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The seasons are changing, school is in full swing, people are hustling and bustling going back and forth to work. All this hectic running around can weaken the immune system. Even the healthiest person can fall victim to a cold or flu if the right steps aren’t taken to build up the immune system. We’re not “technically” in the flu season yet but I know a few people who have already had the flu. According to the CDC, influenza activity often begins to increase in October and peaks between December and February. So it’s important to do what we can now before flu season peaks.
If you haven’t started already, right now is the time to start building up the immune system. There are many ways to go about doing this. Vitamin C, getting sufficient sleep and eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables are all excellent ways for helping the immune system. Along with those things, one of the best ways I’ve found to build up my immune system has been with elderberries.
Elderberries are known to stimulate the immune system. And many people use elderberries in syrup form to take as a daily supplement, which is what I do. In this post about elderberries; I will discuss the properties of the berry, the wonderful benefits and the way to use this great immune booster.
What Are Elderberries?
Sambucus otherwise know as elder or elderberry are flowering plants which produce clusters of blue-black berries. The origins of these berry filled plants are worldwide. There are many varieties 0f Sambucus ranging from all over America to South Asia, Northern Europe and South America.
The elderberry plant is a perennial plant and can grow up to 13 feet tall. During the spring the plant blooms white flowers. The flowers are similar to the flavor and scent of honeysuckles, which are often used to make teas and jellies. When early fall comes around the plant produces ripe berries and they can be used to make syrups, extracts and jellies.
Both flowers and berries of the elder plant are used for medicinal and food usages. But beware of the leaves, twigs, stems, roots and raw berries. These items contain high amounts of toxic properties and can cause illness such as vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea and weakness.
What Makes Elderberries Beneficial
Elderberries are loaded with high dosages of antioxidants and vitamin C. There are also moderate levels of vitamin B6 and iron as well. It’s been reported that the antiviral properties of the berries are so high that it’s shown to be effective against 10 strains of the influenza virus, including the swine flu. Ingesting an elderberry supplement can shorten the duration of flu symptoms by 3-4 days. It’s also been proven that by taking an elderberry supplement it activates the immune system and fights against inflammation.
Studies are also showing positive effects from elderberry extract being administered to cancer and AIDS patients. Basically anyone who has a compromised immune system or don’t want a compromised immune system can benefit from use of elderberries.
How To Use Elderberries
Most people use elderberries in a syrup form as a supplement. But there are other ways, such as using the flowers and dried berries to make tea. I tend to use both these methods. Right now as I write I feel a cold coming on so I am currently drinking a blend of elderberry and mullein tea. I previously talked about mullein leaf right here. It’s easy to purchase dried elderberries. You can find them at most health food stores or order them online from places like Mountain Rose Herbs.
However what I really like is elderberry in syrup form. Now there are fantastic sites which will explain to you how to make your own elderberry syrup such as this one from Wellness Mama. And when I have time I’m definitely going to try my hand at it. But for now, I’ve found a wonderful elderberry syrup local to me here in North Carolina called Sweets Syrup so I choose to use this one. Around this time of the year I normally take a tablespoon of elderberry syrup a day. More if I have a sniffle or sore throat I feel coming on.
However lately I’m starting to become a little creative with the syrup. I’ve drizzled it over my matcha latte and it was delicious. I might try it over some waffles next. 🙂
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Traditional cost systems rely exclusively on allocation bases that are driven by the volume of production. On
the other hand, activity-based costing defines five levels of activity—unit-level, batch-level, product-level,
customer-level, and organization-sustaining—that largely do not relate to the volume of units produced. The
costs and corresponding activity measures for unit-level activities do relate to the volume of units produced;
however, the remaining categories do not. These levels are described as follows:
1. Unit-level activities are performed each time a unit is produced. The costs of unit-level activities should
be proportional to the number of units produced. For example, providing power to run processing
equipment would be a unit-level activity because power tends to be consumed in proportion to the number
of units produced.
2. Batch-level activities are performed each time a batch is handled or processed, regardless of how many
units are in the batch. For example, tasks such as placing purchase orders, setting up equipment, and
arranging for shipments to customers are batch-level activities. They are incurred once for each batch (or
customer order). Costs at the batch level depend on the number of batches processed rather than on the
number of units produced, the number of units sold, or other measures of volume. For example, the cost of
setting up a machine for batch processing is the same regardless of whether the batch contains one or
thousands of items.
3. Product-level activities relate to specific products and typically must be carried out regardless of how
many batches are run or units of product are produced or sold. For example, activities such as designing a
product, advertising a product, and maintaining a product manager and staff are all product-level activities.
4. Customer-level activities relate to specific customers and include activities such as sales calls, catalog
mailings, and general technical support that are not tied to any specific product.
5. Organization-sustaining activities - are carried out regardless of which customers are served, which
products are produced, how many batches are run, or how many units are made. This category includes
activities such as heating the factory, cleaning executive offices, providing a computer network, arranging
for loans, preparing annual reports to shareholders, and so on.
Activity-Based Costing:An Overview
Traditional absorption costing is designed to provide data for external financial reports. In contrast,
activity-based costing is designed to be used for internal decision making.As a consequence, activity-
based costing differs from traditional cost accounting in three ways. In activity-based costing:
1. Nonmanufacturing as well as manufacturing costs may be assigned to products, but only on a cause-
2. Some manufacturing costs may be excluded from product costs.
3. Numerous overhead cost pools are used, each of which is allocated to products and other cost objects
using its own unique measure of activity.
Nonmanufacturing Costs and Activity-Based Costing
In activity-based costing, products are assigned all of the overhead costs—nonmanufacturing as well as
manufacturing—that they can reasonably be supposed to have caused. In essence, we will be determining the
entire cost of a product rather than just its manufacturing cost.
Manufacturing Costs and Activity-Based Costing
Activity-based costing systems purposely do not assign two types of manufacturing overhead costs to products. Manufacturing overhead includes costs such as the factory security guard's wages, the plant controller's salary,
and the cost of supplies used by the plant manager's secretary.Activity-based costing systems do not arbitrarily
assign these types of costs, which are called organization-sustainin
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Solar panels are a large investment but one with many benefits that make them worthwhile for most in the long term. Considering the money spent on getting solar panels installed, the last thing anyone would expect is for it to show signs of degradation after just a few years, with one of the more common problems being discoloration on the panels.
You can always choose to maintain your solar panels by properly cleaning them with the help of experts. K&B Solar Panel Cleaning will assist you in taking good care of your solar panels once you decide to install them for your home. Cleaning is one way to maintain the effectiveness of the solar panels and to avoid discoloration.
Solar panel discoloration is very noticeable, with the formerly white portions across the surface of the cell turning into a yellow or brown color, and it tends to happen just a few years after installation. It’s not just an eyesore on the panels, as it can cause the solar module to become less efficient, often being the first sign of more serious problems.
How Long Do Solar Panels Last?
Depending on the manufacturer, solar panels’ performance can be guaranteed for 25 – 30 years, but it’s very possible that your panels will go on to produce electricity for longer than that. The first 25 to 30 years after your solar installation is considered the system’s “useful life”, but panels can still produce electricity for decades longer. In fact, the world’s first modern solar panel is still producing electricity at the ripe age of 60!
What is a solar panel’s useful life? Just like a lot of other equipment, solar panels don’t perform at 100% for their entire life and then just stop working in year 30. Instead, solar panels, at a very slow rate, produce less electricity as they age. This process is called degradation.
Because of solar panel degradation, most panels’ production warranties change as they age. Manufacturers typically guarantee 90% of the panels’ production until the first ten years. After ten years, that percentage drops back to 80% for the remaining 15 – 20 years.
Why Do Solar Panels Get Discolored?
The problem occurs when ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) film, a material used as an encapsulant on the panel, undergoes an uncontrolled chemical reaction. For example, certain chemicals used to treat the glass panels react with chemicals used in the silicon cells, resulting in the formation of acetic acid, which is one of the leading causes of discoloration.
However, there is an even more common cause of solar panel discoloration – exposure to sunlight. While this may sound strange given solar panels are designed to be exposed to sunlight, problems often happen when the EVA is made from cheaper materials.
EVA helps to maintain UV resistance in solar panels, with ultraviolet rays not being used by the panels, so when lower-quality materials are used for this the resistance isn’t as good. Eventually, prolonged UV exposure starts to discolor the EVA, causing it to turn yellow or brown. Again, this happens after the first few years.
How to Stop Solar Panels From Discoloration?
Unfortunately, there are few measures that you can take to prevent discoloration in solar panels, as it’s often the result of low-quality EVA, meaning the best way to stop it from happening is to ensure you buy from a reputable manufacturer using top quality materials for the back sheet.
Before buying panels, make sure to inquire about the EVA and its expected durability, or you could take things a step further and avoid buying solar panels that use EVA for the back sheet. Again, this needs to be done prior to buying, so what if you already have solar panels installed?
One measure that is thought to prevent discoloration is the use of UV-blocking glass panels. These prevent UV rays from passing through the glass, virtually eliminating the chances of discoloration in the first few years of purchase, so replacing the glass may be your best way to keep your solar panels in top condition!
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Devoid of a central post, circular stairs move upward in a spiral shape. The characteristic gives the impression that you are climbing in a medieval castle with endless steps ahead. The main difference between a spiral staircase and a circular staircase lies in the curves. Even though the treads are tapered, the curve offers more room for navigation. But this is more expensive as you extend the space.
- Do not require too many structural supports
- Have a very sophisticated look
- Quite expensive
- Difficult to move large items
- Requires more space
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The COVID-19 pandemic forcing people to spend more time indoors along with the recent advances in Smart TVs provide the need and opportunity for new, emerging experiences that we can introduce into people’s living rooms. Many people are now having very different lifestyles and deciding to work out at home. With the right technology, this can be a very convenient and effective approach, with remote workouts continuing to be an attractive option for many consumers going forward. Cameras are a key part of this technology and their return to the digital television (DTV) market creates opportunities. Given the high resolution and large screen size of modern TVs, these user experiences have the potential to be very immersive, while at the same time bringing health benefits.
In this blog, we discuss how to enable people to exercise in the comfort of their homes using an application on their large screen Smart TV as a guide. We start with an overview of the application, followed by the deep learning approaches for body pose estimation and tracking suitable for Android TVs. We discuss the main considerations in choosing the right Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models and what their capabilities and limitations are.
Let us start with a brief description of the application. Our goal is to estimate and continuously track the body position of the user and compare it against a reference body position of a fitness instructor. We want to find each joint’s location of the body of the student from the camera stream and the teacher from a pre-recorded video. The application should then provide feedback to the user on how similar their position is to the reference. This can be a simple score value or perhaps a more user-friendly approach highlighting parts of the body that need to be corrected. The scoring function should take into account that people have different body shapes. It can use the probability score for each joint and calculate weighted distance or completely discard low confidence estimates. For more information, read this blog.
Beyond the challenge of quantifying the differences between two bodies poses, we have to solve how to correctly identify the corresponding frames from two video streams. Inevitably, there is some latency between the instructor and the student performing the exercise. For that purpose and to account for the different pace of exercising, we have to perform a search to determine which exact pair of images have to be compared.
As you can see in the following image, in our application we are visualizing both video streams overlaid with skeleton data and a score in percentages.
Figure 1: Our Fitness application using BlazePose model
In this blog, we are focusing on Smart TVs as we see great potential in this space. However, a lot of the software models and tools we discuss here also apply to other consumer devices that you might be targeting.
It has been almost a decade since Microsoft developed a Random Forest model for body pose estimation using the Kinect sensor. This highlighted the importance of this task for many end-user applications. Since then, there have been a steady stream of Machine Learning (ML) research focusing on 2D and 3D human body pose estimation. In recent years, deep Learning approaches have shown great potential and are now market leading in this area.
In deep learning approaches in estimating and tracking the body position, there are many things to consider. A solution for Smart TVs, mobile phones, and home devices, in general, has to be very performant, so choosing a suitable CNN model can be a challenging task. The lightweight models for pose estimation usually take RGB images from the camera as an input and output 2D or 3D locations of key points of the body. This can be performed with a single end-to-end model or split between two models where the first one detects a persons and the second one locates the joints or landmarks. An example of the first type of model is PoseNet (based on MobileNetV1 or ResNet50) and the second example is BlazePose (MobileNetV2-like with customized blocks).
Figure 2: Results from BlazePose model, red colour denotes the detection box
The most important considerations are accuracy and performance. To better understand the accuracy, we need to look at the training datasets and error metrics, but often that will not give us a complete picture. Commonly, the datasets are manually annotated, which might introduce large errors due to self-occlusions and low resolution. Even if we use an existing CNN model, we should consider creating our own small dataset to evaluate on. This gives a better understanding of how it performs on our particular use-case.
In addition, we have to constantly evaluate the performance. The ultimate battle – accuracy vs performance. A good starting point for understanding the performance of different models and inference engines is the benchmarking tool from TensorFlow.
For TFLite models, there are many options for running inference on Android devices both in terms of Software (SW) and Hardware (HW) and it can quickly get confusing. On the SW side there is NNAPI, TFLite CPU or a GPU delegate, and on the HW side you have a choice between multiple computation units available for inference such as CPU, GPU, NPU, etc. For Arm platforms, a good option is to use ArmNN TFLite delegate which provides a higher level of abstraction. Alternatively, you can directly target Arm Compute Library (ACL) and ArmNN, which allow for more control to the user. In our case, we have achieved best performance on Mali GPUs with both models, but that might not be the case on your device.
Figure 3: ArmNN inference flow chart
Now the performance of the model is only part of the equation, there is also pre- and post-processing operations that have to be considered. For example, in the case of PoseNet, the model takes 257 x 257 RGB input image and outputs heatmaps and offset vectors. These then have to be processed to locate the final position of each joint in the original camera image. BlazePose’s landmark model, on the other hand, outputs x, y, z coordinates, as well as visibility and presence for each joint. While this sounds more straightforward, there are actually more processing stages involved. This is because the output coordinates of the landmark model have to be projected to the original frame, thus reverting the pre-processing and post-processing stages related with the detection model.
Figure 4: Examples with BlazePose model
These processing stages along with other features in your application also have to be very performant and as a developer you want to utilize your system as much as possible. You want to focus on optimizing the parts which provide you with the most significant performance increases. For that purpose, Arm’s Streamline Performance Analyzer can be just the right tool. It provides you with detailed hardware counters for the different units in your system. Then, if you add annotations in your code, you can see the exact impact of each of the software stages in your pipeline. Florent’s blog provides a great overview of Streamline functionality for ML applications.
Since we have both a video stream and a camera stream in our application, we have to run inference on both. Luckily the instructor’s video can be processed in advance. We can write the skeleton positions to a file offline and then in real-time read from it, calculate the score and simply draw, thus providing valuable performance speed-up.
As briefly mentioned before, the CNN models we use have to be lightweight due to the hardware limitations associated with the Smart TVs and home devices, which impact the overall accuracy. But perhaps even more importantly, these models rely solely on RGB input data. This constraint is due to the limited computational budget, but also from the lack of depth sensors in those products. The presence of depth sensors impacts the price of the device, while at the same time adds to the bandwidth and processing. Of course, on a smaller device, the power budget and the available space would also be major considerations. But ultimately, it is the use-case and body pose estimation that can greatly benefit from depth information.
Due to their RGB-only nature, these models are particularly sensitive to changes in the lighting conditions, and the colors of the background and outfits. The type of application also means we can expect limitations due to the camera angle, camera frame rate and pace of the exercise. Additionally, some of the models have been trained on still images rather than videos and are particularly vulnerable to motion blur. Even the most robust ones struggle with a considerable amount of motion blur. You have to carefully review your camera capabilities, types of exercises and post-processing of the images to handle such cases. Of course, there are also self-occlusions – not all parts of the body are visible always. One last thing to note is that many of the models were trained on datasets where the person is predominantly facing the camera, which is a difficult constraint for a fitness app.
Figure 5: Results with BlazePose with blur and occlusions
At this point, we hope we shared enough information so the reader can understand the challenges in body pose estimation using deep learning. We have discussed some of the models, tools, and limitations. We have seen some excellent results from the BlazePose model and understood better what it takes to build a fitness application for Android Smart TVs. But this is only one part of the equation. Future implementations of such solutions for DTVs can be significantly improved with better HW compute capabilities. Similar to current high-end mobile devices, DTVs could also feature new interactive experiences and bring them to your living room screen. Adding depth sensors would further improve the accuracy and robustness of pose estimation and allow for 3D reconstruction and scene understanding for even more immersive experiences.
I am looking forward to hearing about your experiences implementing deep learning applications on Arm platforms. And do not forget to visit the ML section on developer.arm.com where you can find more help and useful guides.
Sign up to the Arm DevSummit technical sessions where you will learn more about body pose tracking and how to implement this in applications.
Sign up to Arm DevSummit
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Haemochromatosis is characterized by excess iron in the body. Just like lack of iron can cause anemia, excessive levels of iron in the blood are toxic. The effects are damaging since the iron mineral starts building up in the tissue. In many cases, Hemochromatosis is caused due to an inherited abnormality that causes the body to increase absorption of iron from the intestine. This condition is called primary Hemochromatosis. Secondary Hemochromatosis occurs when abnormal red blood cells in the body are destroyed and iron is released.
Causes : Hereditary Hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive condition. This Hemochromatosis which is known as iron overload, bronze diabetes, hereditary Hemochromatosis and familial Hemochromatosis. Hemochromatosis afflicts nearly 1.5 million people in the United States and it is one of the most common genetic disorders in the US. Approximately one in 9 persons have one abnormal Hemochromatosis gene which works out to 11% of the US population. Since all of us have 2 copies of each gene, these individuals have an abnormal HFE gene and a normal gene. Thus they are called as carriers. Between 1/200 and 1/400 individuals have two abnormal genes for Hemochromatosis and no normal gene. The culprit gene is on chromosome 6, known as HFE.
As it is an autosomal recessive condition, siblings of the Hemochromatosis patients are at 25% risk to be affected as well. But the chances of the person to develop symptoms depends on which gene mutation s/he has in addition to environmental factors. The 2 most common changes in the HFE gene are C282Y and H63D. To complicate things further, the age at which symptoms show up vary widely even within the same family.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (IPH), a disorder affecting largely children and young adults, is a similar disorder owing to abnormal accumulation of hemosiderin. Hemosiderin is a protein found in most tissues, but primarily in the liver. It is produced by digestion of hematin, an iron related substance.
Although it affects both sexes in equal proportion, women suffer later in their lives because of the blood loss in menstruation and child birth in their younger ages. This iron dose overload usually affects people in the age group of 30 - 60 years. It is essential to treat this condition lest it lead to heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver. 5% of cirrhosis cases are caused by hereditary Hemochromatosis.
In Hemochromatosis, as the excess iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, heart, endocrine glands, skin, joints and intestinal lining, it may result in toxicity of the affected organs. Persons suffering from Hemochromatosis tend to feel fatigue and lethargy. There might be joint pain or arthritis. Men might notice impotence and reduced sex drive. Other symptoms of Hemochromatosis are loss of body hair and darkening of skin. Cirrhosis of the liver might occur due to scarring of liver. This is accompanied by abdominal pain, jaundice and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Haemochromatosis can lead to heart failure or abnormal heart rhythms. The patient may show symptoms similar to heart failure, diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver. Changes in the pigment of the skin may occur, like grayness or a tanned/yellow appearance. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis appears as paleness of the skin. At times, the patient may start spitting of blood from the lungs or bronchial tubes.
Diagnosis: Hemochromatosis is diagnosed through blood tests and liver biopsy. The usual diagnostic methods are genetic blood studies, blood studies of iron, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and liver biopsy. Blood studies of transferrin iron saturation and ferritin (a protein that transports iron and liver enzymes) concentration are used to screen for iron overload. Genetic testing is a reliable technique of diagnosis of Hemochromatosis as this method became widely available. Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis begins with blood tests and X-ray studies of the chest area.
Hemochromatosis Treatment: The first option of treatment is therapeutic venesection or phlebotomy ( a process of regular bloodletting, similar to blood donation). Patients may need to undergo these procedures one or two times a week for a year. The frequency of phlebotomy may be reduced subsequently based on the condition of iron build up. For cases of patients who cannot tolerate phlebotomy owing to other medical conditions can be treated with Desferal (Desferrioxamine). Patients suffering from Haemochromatosis must limit the consumption of iron. Some times chelating agents may be prescribed to control the absorption of iron. Excess alcohol consumption must be avoided. Avoid iron supplements and Vitamin C, which aids absorption of iron. Reduction in the intake of supplements containing iron and foods such as uncooked sea food may help manage this condition.
Prevention: Genetic testing might be the most helpful as variable severity has been noted in patients who have 2 C282Y genes compared to patients with 2 H63D genes or one of each. The best screening method may be iron and ferritin studies which are cost effective for the susceptible group of people. At the end of the day, Hemochromatisis is a common, easily and effectively treated condition. The complications arise in diagnosis as the symptoms mimic other medical conditions.
Ferritin Blood Test
The iron storage in the body is estimated by the levels of ferritin present in the blood. Serum ferritin is a protein that carries the iron in the blood. The determination of serum ferritin estimates the amount of iron present in the body. Ferritin is found in higher concentrations in spleen, liver and bone marrow where there is a production of blood cells. The amount of ferritin found in the blood is always lesser than these organs. The predominant concentration is often found in the spleen and bone marrow.
Ferritin estimation is an important diagnostic approach in identifying conditions such as anemia, infections and inflammation. The normal reference range of ferritin is 12 - 300 ng/ml in men and 12-150 ng/ml in women. It is recommended that any values below 60 indicate iron deficiency and requires treatment. Low ferritin levels can occur due to heavy menstrual bleeding, inadequate iron in the diet, gastrointestinal bleeding, colon cancer, hemorrhoids or even psoriasis. A person suffering from an underlying condition associated with anemia experiences symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, headaches, loss of libido, abdominal pain and also joint pains. The ferritin levels are often high in conditions such as hemochromatosis, hemolytic anemia and sideroblastic anemia. Birth control pill and anti thyroid medicines can alter blood ferritin values. Those recovering from surgery or illness are also likely to have lower values of ferritin in the blood.
Although iron supplements are recommended for pregnant women and patients having low iron concentrations, increased levels of iron may often lead to toxicity. Ferritin is stored in the body especially in organs like liver, spleen and bone marrow to enable the balance of iron composition in the body. In iron deficiency anemia, the iron stored is used in the production of blood cells leading to depletion of ferritin levels in the organs.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone marrow refers to the spongy tissue that is found inside the larger bones such as spine, breast bone, hips, ribs, legs and skull. Marrow has two parts – both solid and liquid. If the solid portion of the bone is sampled, it is called biopsy. Aspiration procedure is used to collect the liquid part of the marrow.
Both the procedures show whether the bone marrow is healthy and making normal amounts of blood cells. This procedure is normally used by doctors to diagnose and monitor blood and marrow diseases, including cancer. In bone marrow aspiration, the doctor uses a needle to draw a sample of the fluid portion. For a biopsy, a larger needle is used to take the sample of the solid part.
Most often bone marrow aspiration and bone biopsy is done at once. Together, they make the bone marrow examination. Although they are different procedures, they offer complementary information about bone marrow cells.
Why is it done?
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy offer detailed information about the condition of the bone marrow and blood cells. In case the blood tests indicate that cell counts are abnormal, and information is not sufficient about a suspected problem, this is done. The doctor may perform bone marrow exam to diagnose a disease condition involving the bone marrow or blood cells:
Pre bone marrow aspiration procedure
It is imperative to inform the doctor about any medications and supplements the patient is consuming. This can increase the risk of bleeding after a bone marrow aspiration. In case of anxiety or worry, better talk to the health care provider so that a sedative medication could be given before the aspiration in addition to a numbing agent through local anesthesia at the site where the needle is inserted.
Bone marrow aspiration is done in a hospital, a clinic or in a doctor's room. A specialist in blood disorders – a hematologist – or an oncologist, who is a specialist in cancer does the procedure with a nurse and a trained technologist. It usually takes about half an hour for the exam and if any intravenous sedation is given, extra time is taken for pre and post procedure care.
The patient's blood pressure and heart rate are checked. Some form of anesthesia is administered before the bone marrow aspiration as it can be painful. For many, local anesthesia is sufficient. You will be fully awake during the aspiration, but the site is numbed to reduce pain. If you are quite anxious, intravenous IV sedation is given before the marrow procedure.
Bone marrow aspiration procedure
The area for inserting the biopsy needle is marked and cleaned. The bone marrow fluid (aspirate) is usually collected from the top ridge of the back of the hipbone, and if it is done from the breast bone or the front of the hip near the groin. In young children and kids, the sample is taken from the lower leg bone, just below the knee. The patient will be made to lie down on the abdomen or side.
The bone marrow aspiration is usually done before the biopsy. A small incision is made to insert the needle easier. A hollow needle is inserted through the bone and into the bone marrow. Several samples are taken and aspiration takes only a few minutes. While the health care team ensures that sufficient quantity of sample is drawn, sometimes a 'dry tap' may occur, that is fluid cannot be withdrawn. The needle is moved for another attempt.
Post aspiration procedure
After the bone marrow exam, pressure is applied to the where the needle was inserted to stop the bleeding. A smaller bandage is placed on the site. If local anesthesia had been administered the patient is asked to lie back for 10-15 minutes and apply pressure on the biopsy site. In case, IV sedation had been given, you are taken into a recovery area as sedatives may cause impaired judgment, memory lapses or slowed response.
Tenderness may be felt for a week or more after the bone marrow exam, and the doctor administers pain reliever. You need to keep the bandage dry for 24 hours and not shower or bathe, or swim or use the hot tub. It is okay to get the aspiration site wet after 24 hours. In case bleeding soaks through the bandage, or does not stop even with direct pressure, consult the doctor. The doctor also needs to be contacted if there is persistent fever, worsening pain, swelling at the procedure site and increasing redness or drainage at the procedure site. Also it is advised to avoid rigorous activity for a couple of days to minimize bleeding and discomfort.
Results from bone marrow aspiration
The sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. The results are available in a few days. The pathologist or hematologist evaluates the samples to check the health of the marrow and if it has enough healthy blood cells and also for abnormal cells. The doctor confirms or rules out a diagnosis and how advanced the disease is or if the treatment is working. Sometimes, follow-up tests are done.
Risks of bone marrow examination
This is a safe procedure and complications are rare. But some complications include:
Excessive bleeding which can happen in people with low platelet count.
Infection in those with weakened immune systems.
Discomfort that could be long lasting in the biopsy site.
Heart and lung problems can be caused due to penetration of the breastbone.
Sedation can cause allergic reaction, nausea and irregular heartbeats in some.
Uses of bone marrow exams
These are used for many conditions including:
While problems with bone marrow can create lasting and serious health problems, bone marrow exams, such as aspiration and biopsy are important to help determine the status and extent of problems in the cells to evaluate and determine further treatment and management.
Enter your health or medical queries in our Artificial Intelligence powered Application here. Our Natural Language Navigational engine knows that words form only the outer superficial layer. The real meaning of the words are deduced from the collection of words, their proximity to each other and the context.
Diseases, Symptoms, Tests and Treatment arranged in alphabetical order:
Bibliography / Reference
Collection of Pages - Last revised Date: September 20, 2021
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A comprehensive solution to the on-going Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) debacle has yet to be implemented despite the fact that the environmental critical level (ECL) in the western basin has been breached, resulting in surface decant. Johannesburg’s mining activities have enriched South Africa beyond measure. Unfortunately the exact price of these activities is only now coming to light.
Over the years, as mines were exhausted of their mineral wealth, they were shut down. Responsible mine closure and mine rehabilitation practices were unheard of in the early mining days. Thus, following the closure of a mine, water started seeping in which made contact with exposed sulphide minerals which oxidise in the presence of water and oxygen. This caused the water to become acidic which in turn dissolves other toxic metals such as uranium, cadmium, copper, zinc, arsenic, cobalt and nickel.
This toxic water is referred to as acid mine water or AMW and it this which is now seeping to Johannesburg’s surface. Depending on the area and nature of the mining conducted, this water can also contain radioactive particles. AMW falls under the category of an environmental catastrophe. Financial loss, property damage, injury and disease are but a few of the risks which stem from AMW.
In areas such as the western basin, AMW has already flowed into Johannesburg’s streams, dams and groundwater. The three main areas affected by AMW in Gauteng are the western, central and eastern basins, with the western basin being hardest hit.
In the West Rand, it is estimated that between 18 and 36 million litres of AMW is being decanted every day. The Lancaster Dam, Tudor Dam and Hippo Dam on the West Rand have already been contaminated; decant from the western basin has resulted in the Tweelopiespruit being classified as a Class ‘V’ river which means the ecosystem is completely destroyed and concerns are now being raised that the Cradle of Humankind and surrounding landowners could be affected.
Data from the Department of Water Affairs and the Council of Geoscience has also revealed that residential areas such as Kagiso, Khutsong and Randfontein are at a high risk of radioactive contamination.
A short term solution was implemented in 2011 by the Department of Water Affairs when the Trans Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) was appointed to install pumps to extract AMD and upgrade water treatment plants. The TCTA requires R984 million and an additional R385 million per year for four years. To date, the Treasury has pledged R433 million.
In January 2012, a feasibility study to find long term solutions to the AMD crisis was launched by the Department of Water Affairs. The study, which carries a price tag of R17, 2 million, will be complete in February 2013. Meanwhile, a recent report by global management consulting firm AT Kearney emphasised the need for immediate action given that the western basin is already decanting and the central and eastern basins will reportedly start to decant within the next 12 months.
The fact of the matter is that many of the companies and people responsible for the current state of affairs have long since ceased to exist and attempting to obtain redress from any alleged historic wrongdoing in this respect would prove largely futile. Discussions between government and the various mining entities regarding the situation and costs are on-going. By the time a comprehensive solution is implemented, it may well be a case of too little, too late though.
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Several types of Framework Activities will be co-ordinated by the SSC including:
* Scientific Networking and Co-ordination of Resources
Scientific networking will support GEOHAB research in order to provide the communication necessary for a co-ordinated programme and to ensure comparability of approaches, methods and procedures. Modelling within Core and Targeted Research projects will be co-ordinated by the GEOHAB Modelling Task Team to encourage model development and to ensure the general availability of models. GEOHAB will identify, and draw the attention of responsible bodies to, opportunities for co-ordination of resources that will add value to ongoing or planned research.
* Data Management
Data management and quality assurance are essential in the implementation of GEOHAB research projects. The data management activities of GEOHAB will be aimed at developing and recommending procedures for the management and dissemination of data from GEOHAB projects. These activities will facilitate access to data by a broad community of scientists, and will enable regional and global synthesis and communication of results.
* Specification of Protocols and Quality Control
Specification of protocols within GEOHAB projects will ensure that data generated are reliable and compatible, thereby facilitating synthesis and modelling. In some cases, well-defined, internationally agreed descriptions of methods exist and, where appropriate, these will be adopted. In other cases, the GEOHAB SSC will initiate Framework Activities that lead to the development of appropriate protocols to ensure data collection in a uniform manner for comparative studies.
* Capacity Building
Capacity building will ensure that a new generation of scientists are trained in the study of HABs. GEOHAB can meet its objectives only if well-trained scientists from a wide range of countries are involved. Within its endorsed projects, GEOHAB will encourage a “training through research” approach that offers opportunities for student participation in cruises and instruction in marine research disciplines relevant to HABs.
- International Conference on Ostreopsis Development (ICOD), 4th to 8th April 2011 Villefranche-sur-mer (FRANCE). Several species belonging to the genus Ostreopsis (benthic dinoflagellates) are common in temperate seas and in particular in the Mediterranean Sea. The ICOD aimed to review the knowledge on 1) ecological, chemical and toxicological aspects of Ostreopsis species and 2) on the different methods of ecologic, economic and health management of the problem. The ICOD facilitated the exchange between scientists, policy makers and managers of the Mediterranean and other temperate countries, in order to optimize the knowledge transfer and reduce the risks linked to the Ostreopsis development. The event was organised by the French Phycological Society, whose 2011 meeting was held the first two days of the event(4-5 April 2011). Contact : icod@obs‐vlfr.fr Conference website here.
- Theme Session - ICES Annual Science Meeting 2010: Oceanography and ecology of HABs: physical/biological interactions, climate change, and other current issues. Conveners: Donald M. Anderson (USA), Geneviève Lacroix (Belgium), and Patrick Gentien† (France).
- Abstracts at: http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/CM-2010/N/N-2010.pdf. A theme session focusing on HABs was held at the ICES Annual Science Meeting in Nantes, France in September, 2010. This concept was developed during joint meetings of two ICES working groups – the Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom dynamics, and the Working Group on Physical Biological Interactions. The session began with a dedication in memory of our friend and colleague Patrick Gentien, co-convenor of the session who sadly passed away prior to the meeting. The session covered a wide range of model formulations and HAB species. Some of the models were empirical, including approaches such as utilizing sustained wind from specific directions to generate a “wind index” that had a predictive value for Dinophysis and Karenia blooms in southwest Ireland (R. Raine). Other models focused on small-scale behavior and physics such as the scales of turbulence that affect HABs (E. Berdalet), and a population health model of the distribution of Alexandrium cells infected by the parasite Amoebophrya (M. Sourisseau). This study demonstrated that it is realistic to have spatial separation of infected cells from healthy cells with the appropriate behavior. Larger regional-scale models were also presented including a complex ecosystem model that simulated cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic given different nutritional initial conditions (U. Daewel). Another large-scale model was a coupled physical-biological model of Alexandrium bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Maine (D. Anderson). That model captured the regional dynamics of this species with some skill and is now being used in short-term (days) to seasonal (months) forecasts. In this instance the abundance of resting cysts is a strong determinant of the magnitude of the resulting bloom, though results in 2010 demonstrated how large cyst germination can still fail to provide a significant bloom if growth conditions are not favorable in the water column. The session included regional reports on the monitoring of toxic phytoplankton from three Icelandic fjords (H. Gudfinnsson), bio-geochemistry of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea (O. Savchuk), population dynamics of Dinophysis acuminata in the Ría de Pontevedra in Northwest Spain (L. Velo-Suárez) and transport of Dinophysis blooms along the south coast of Ireland (R. Raine). Looking to the future, a new project entitled “ASIMUTH” was introduced (J. Silke); this will integrate Earth Observation data, models and in situ data to provide regular HAB bulletins in six locations along the western European Atlantic coast. A series of poster presentations complemented the oral session. Topics included climate change and the impact of storms on HABs (S. Aleksandrov), the rate of domoic acid production in cultures with different forms of nitrate (G. Calu), and the detection of domoic acid by using Solid Phase Adsorption (G. Hermann). Regional presentations included the summer phytoplankton in the Baltic (E. Lange) and monitoring programme in the southern Caspian Sea (M. Monshizadeh). A model of the life cycle of dinoflagellates demonstrated the role of life cycle transitions in regulating bloom dynamics (A. Kroll). Overall the breadth of model types presented for different HABs and different management needs were impressive. It is encouraging that this aspect of the HAB field is progressing at a productive pace.
- GEOHAB Training Workshop: Taxonomy challenges and identification of benthic dinoflagellates. In conjunction with the GEOHAB Open Science Meeting on Benthic HABs, was held a training workshop from 24 to 27 June 2010 on ‘Taxonomy challenges and identification of benthic dinoflagellates’. The training workshop included microscopy and molecular techniques. Trainers included Drs. Jacob Larsen, Wayne Litaker, Pat Tester and Mona Hoppenrath. The training workshop had 20 participants.More information is available on this WEB site, including presentations and details about publications. https://www.confmanager.com/main.cfm?cid=2067
- GEOHAB Modeling Workshop, 15-19 June 2009, Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway. More information is available on this web site, including presentations and details about publications.
- HABWATCH- Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms(jointly by ICES and IOC and co-endorsed by GOOS). Villefranche-sur-Mer , France , 11–21 June 2003.Proceedings are available on this web site, including recorded oral presentations, posters, and tutorials; http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/habwatch/
- EUROHAB-ECOHAB Workshop on HABs, Trieste, Italy, 5-8 September 2002. European Commission DG Research - Environment Directorate and the U. S. National Science Foundation.
Report available at http://bookshop.eu.int ISBN: 92-894-5700-7 Project title:
EUROHAB-ECOHAB Workshop on HABs, Trieste, Italy, 5-8 September 2002. European Commission DG Research - Environment Directorate and theU. S. National Science Foundation.
Report available at http://bookshop.eu.int ISBN: 92-894-5700-7
- Workshop on "Molecular Probe Technology for the Detection of Harmful Algae", May, 20-24, 2002, Martin Ryan Institute, Galway, Ireland
D r. John PATCHING
Martin Ryan Institute,
National University of Ireland, Galway
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Most mutations involve typos: Something bumps a cell’s elbow as it’s copying DNA, and the wrong letter appears in a triplet – CAG becomes CCG. – Sam Kean
In yesterday’s post I was looking at why it’s hard to copy what someone else does. But what if you want to make it easier to copy what you do?
If you have a process that works really well and you want to scale it then you’re going to have to show others how you do what you do. But what’s the best way to do this? Should you get them to copy exactly what you do or do you adapt what you do to fit the situation you’re in?
Gabriel Szulanski and Robert Jensen’s paper Presumptive adaptation and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer looks at this question and tests it with a franchising business, coming to the conclusion that you should copy things exactly first before you mess around with trying to customise it to your situation.
This can seem strange at first. After all, if you’ve developed a process in one country surely you should adapt it to the culture and preferred ways of working of another one?
It turns out that changing things too quickly means you waste time adapting rather than implementing and that slows you down, and you don’t get the results you should be getting. What you should do is copy the process exactly until you can get the same results as the original model and then start tweaking it to make it even better.
The image above, for example, is Keyhole Ken The cartoonist’s workbook by Robin Hall. If you want to learn how to draw cartoon figures Hall suggests that you should start by drawing page after page of Keyhole Ken, copying the elements that matter. Only start modifying features once you’ve mastered the basics.
The problem we have is impatience. All too often we think that we know better and can improve something without even trying it out first as we’re supposed to. It’s a function of the “Not Invented Here” concept and I know I’m guilty of doing this.
But companies who know what they’re doing, like Intel with a new fabrication facility or Xerox insist on a “copy exact” approach. And I think this has a biological basis too. Organisms replicate themselves. They don’t experiment with huge changes like swapping legs for fins from parent to child. Instead the changes are tiny, one mutation at a time and the ones that improve fit are kept.
Perhaps this is why the apprenticeship model of education works better than more modern alternatives. Apprentices learn how to do things in exactly the way their superior does until they’ve mastered what they need to know. And then, perhaps, they make changes to improve on their ability.
If you want to get better, then, or grow your business or scale a model or roll out a franchise – your starting point should be to figure out how you can replicate your existing working model and make sure that it’s transferred unchanged. That means the people adopting it need to understand that they can’t change it unless they can show that they can perform as well as the existing model does.
I think this has wide applications to almost everything we do. And it comes down to a simple principle.
Build what you already know works.
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October 27 @ 3:00 pm – 4:00 pm EDT/12:00 pm – 1:00 pm
Another summer of record-breaking heatwaves, droughts, fires and floods has shown us how fast climate change impacts are hitting. As educators, there is nothing more important than engaging students across our campuses in dialog about climate solutions. A project I direct at Bard College in New York has been supporting globally coordinated education about the climate crisis. We have engaged hundreds of colleges, universities and high schools– from Malaysia to Minnesota, and from Austria to Alabama– in discussions of climate solutions across the curriculum. Now, you can get involved. On March 30, 2022, we are organizing a Worldwide Teach-in on Climate and Justice, targeting participation by a million students.
Our three-hour teach-in model maximizes student involvement through faculty leadership. Participating schools host a series of concurrent panels with climate-concerned faculty from multiple disciplines—arts, literature, science, business, religion, engineering and more. Faculty are mostly not climate experts; they each talk for five minutes about climate change from their disciplinary perspective, and then lead discussion. In this way, and following our guide including sample panels, it is easy to get thirty-plus faculty participating. That means hundreds of students at each school in serious dialog about climate solutions and justice.
Humanity is in a race to stop global warming. That is the good news: we haven’t lost yet. What we do now, this year, is critical to the future. Join us for this webinar to learn how to engage your campus in this global dialog.
Eban Goodstein, Director, Center for Environmental Policy, Bard College
Eban Goodstein directs Graduate Programs in Sustainability at Bard College. Professor Goodstein holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan, and a B.A. in Geology from Williams College. Goodstein is the author of three books: Economics and the Environment, Fighting for Love in the Century of Extinction; How Passion and Politics Can Stop Global Warming and The Trade-off Myth; Fact and Fiction about Jobs and the Environment. Articles by Goodstein have appeared among other outlets, The Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Land Economics, Ecological Economics, and Environmental Management. His research has been featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Scientific American, Time, The Economist, USA Today, and The Chronicle of Higher Education, and he has testified in Congress on the employment impacts of environmental regulation. He serves on the editorial board of Sustainability: The Journal of Record, has been an Advisor to Chevrolet on their Clean Energy Initiative, and a Director of the Follett Corporation.
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How to Call Someone an Idiot in Spanish
What better way to start this blog than with a few good insults? The Spanish language has plenty of them. But let’s start out with a few soft, gentle, G-rated insults. You might even call them “family friendly”. These are the kind of insults you might hear on television, not the harder and perhaps more colorful variety you would encounter in a Mexican bar or the back streets of Panama. Those I’ll save for future blog posts.
idiota (idiot) is a classic insult. You might use it like this:
Ese idiota no sirve para nada. (That idiot is completely useless.)
estúpido (stupid) and tonto (fool) are also common. If you say no te hagas tonto it means “don’t play dumb”. Of course, tonto becomes tonta with an “a” on the end if you are referring to a female. The same logic applies to estúpida.
imbécil means moron. For example, ¡Que imbécil! means “what a moron!”
Know of some other good, soft insults? Go ahead and post them.
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a group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. These antibiotics are produced by certain species of streptomyces. They often inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50s subunits of 70s ribosomes.
Results from our forum
Some antibiotics take advantage of the ribosomal differences in the cells. For example. Tetracycline ... Binds to the 30S unit of the prokaryote ribosome, mishapes it, and stops transcription. Macrolide - Binds to the 50S unit and stops mRNA movement in the ribosome. These are usually ...
See entire post
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What to Teach Young Children from the Bible
Young children can be taught the same Bible truths we adults hold dear, just in smaller pieces. Here is an illustration. Think about what you feed your little children. You give them the same food you eat except in smaller quantities and cut up into smaller pieces (or even blended). Now with the Bible, we can do the same thing. For example, the Bible teaches that Jesus is interceding for us in heaven right now (see Romans 8:34). Normally, we would think this is too complicated for young children to understand. But they can easily understand if you tell them, "Boys and girls, did you know that Jesus is talking to God about you right now?" In your Bible lesson, all your stories, crafts and activities can reinforce this truth over and over. As an adult, they may never remember when they learned, "Jesus is talking to God about me right now." But this will be the first thing that comes to mind when they need it most.
Young children need to learn about the character of God, before they learn about their responsibility to God. Once they understand His character, they will want to respond to Him with all their hearts. For example, when they understand that God is love, and that He loves them, they will respond to Him in love. 1 John 4:19 says, "We love Him because He first loved us" (NKJV). Good teaching material for young children will be full of truths about the goodness and love of God.
Sticker Fun - Nelly
Lesson 42 - Craft 2
Little Blessings Bible Lessons
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The Flash Card Program Data Structure: The Success Table
We're in the heart of winter here in New England. It's
cold! This is the time of year you either bundle up and
venture out into the cold weather, or batten down the
hatches and stay inside. If you are staying inside, it's
a good time to learn new stuff. I'm not a winter person,
so I've taken on the task of learning a new language -
month, we continued the process of building a
Flash Card Program to help us learn vocabulary and
analyzed the Flash card table. This month, we
continue with our analysis of the flash card success
We're in the process of building a program to help us
learn vocabulary for the Italian language. In the last
two issues, we've laid out the requirements for the
program and have begun to analyze the tables in the
application, as shown below.
In our last Wizard, we delved deeply into the flash card
table. This month, we'll do a thorough analysis of the
flash card success table. At the end of this process,
we will have our tables understood and in place.
The flash card success table is designed to capture
each attempt at learning a word. The thought is that
when a user attempts a word, we record either
success or failure. If the user gets the word correct, it
is recorded. If the user fails to get word correct, we
record the unsuccessful response.
We get three important outcomes from this table.
First, we get an overview of how difficult each word is
Second, by analyzing each failed response, we get a
sense of the type of mistake that is being made.
Third, by analyzing incorrect responses, we can detect
patterns that, when understood and corrected, can
lead to tactics that can help our users become more
efficient at learning the language.
|The Flash Card Success Fields
There are five fields in the table.
FlashCardSuccessKey - This is our auto
number field; it is a primary key whose job is to
uniquely identify the record in the Success table.
FlashCardKey - This is the identifier of the word
being learned. It is a foreign key that hooks into the
primary key in the flash card table.
TestSet - This is a grouping mechanism; it is
used to identify which attempt the flash card
record is associated with.
AttemptDate - This is a DateTime field that
records the date and time that the user makes an
attempt. This defaults to Now() so that it automatically
will put a time stamp on the record.
Success - This is a true/false field that
indicates whether or not the particular attempt was
IncorrectResp - This field is used to record the
response that was attempted only when the response
was incorrect. There is no need to record the correct
response, because we know it matches whatever was
expected as recorded in the Flash Card table.
|Putting the Tables Together - How Do They Talk To Each Other
You'll notice that there is a link between the Flash
Card table and the Flash Card Success table. This
link is between the FlashCardKey in the two tables.
The names, by intent, are the same in both of the
tables. The idea here is to make it easy to analyze the
foreign key when you're looking at the Flash Card
You can see this link in the diagram above with the
line going from the fields FlashCardKey in both tables.
When you look at the diagram, you'll note a small digit
1 next to the Flash Card table and an infinity symbol
next to the Flash Card Success table. These indicate
that for every record in the Flash Card table there is
one or more records in the Flash Card Success table.
The LookupMaster and LookupType tables play a
supporting role. They're also joined with the same
field in each table. As I mentioned last month, these
tables, although not critical to the Flash Card
Program, are standardized in all my applications. You
could easily get to the same functionality of these
tables with individual lookup tables as needed.
|The Foundation Is Built - Time To Look Forward
At this point, all the critical pieces are in place. We
know what we want the application to do and we've
designed our tables.
Keep in mind that, even though we've spent a fair
amount of time analyzing and building the tables, in
practice we'll likely make changes to the fields and
tables as we begin to find various needs that we had
not anticipated, or as we make decisions that will help
us get greater speed in either development time or in
application response. Our goal is to discover these
changes as early as possible. Since these are
structural issues, the further downstream we are in
application, the more expensive it becomes to make a
fundamental change to our table structures.
Next month, we'll begin to design the forms with which
the users will interact. This tends to be a key part of
the application and the most fun to build.
Tip of the Month - How To Pull The Date Portion Of A Date Time Field
This month, we used a date time field to record when
a user makes an attempt at learning a word. By
default, a date time field will record both a date and a
time. For example, 11/29/2008 10:07:47 AM would be
recorded on the weekend after Thanksgiving on
Saturday morning. If we want to get just the date
portion of that into a query, report, or form, there is a
handy function called DateValue.
To use this function, type DateValue followed by the
date and time that you want to get the date for,
enclosed within parentheses.
For example, if we type DateValue(now()), it returns
just the date. If you are using it within a query, then you
just reference the field that contains the date and time
for which you want the date.
If you are trying to manipulate an actual date and time
it's just a tad trickier. Access identifies a date and time
with the pound symbol "#". Therefore, when you're
entering in an actual date and time, you have to begin
and end the date and time with #. For example, you
enter datevalue(#11/29/2008 10:07:47 AM#) and that
would resolve to November 29, 2008.
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Keywords: Military hospital beds
Historical Items Showing 2 of 2 View All
Contributed by: Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library
Media: Ink on paper
Alonzo Garcelon of Lewiston was a physician, politician, businessman, and civic leader when he became Maine's surgeon general during the Civil War, responsible for ensuring regiments had surgeons, for setting up a regimental hospital in Portland, and generally concerned with the well-being of Maine soldiers.
In 1892 five physicians -- William H. Simmons, William C. Mason, Walter H. Hunt, Everett T. Nealey, and William E. Baxter -- realized the need for a hospital in the city of Bangor had become urgent and they set about providing one.
Like many towns, Bethel responded to the Civil War by sending many soldiers and those at the homefront sent aid and supported families. The town grew during the war, but suffered after its end.
View collections, facts, and contact information for this Contributing Partner.
The history of a long-time mill town as depicted by seventh and eighth grade students at Mattanawcook Junior High School, with help from Lincoln Historical Society and Lincoln Memorial Library. The site includes exhibits on the paper industry, founding fathers, wartime Lincoln, Main Street, influential institutions, and communication and transportation.
An extensive history of a small central Maine town as compiled by team members from Guilford Historical Society and Piscataquis Community Middle School, with input from Guilford Memorial Library, Guilford Economic Development Board, and the Guilford’s town office. Manufacturing, festive events, historic buildings, notable veterans, and education, are covered in depth.
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National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) is one of the toughest exams that candidates looking out for seats in their favourite streams, MBBS and BDS. NEET Phase I was conducted in May 2016 and the Phase II will be conducted in on 24 July 2016. There are not many days left for those who have been dreaming of pursuing their studies as medical and dental students. The common entrance test demands eye for details in biology, physics and chemistry along with sheer dedication and meticulous preparation.
Dealing with the aforementioned science subjects is stressful to the core and it tests patience of the aspirants. However, an organized strategy of preparation clubbed with disciplined execution of the same is sure to bring down the degree of stress and help the candidates face the exams with an undeterred confidence.
Tips to help you answer questions with ease
- Solving question papers or even glancing at their pattern always works since you will not only get an idea about the question pattern but also about methods for solving the questions. NCERT books can help you a lot specially in the case of Chemistry and Biology.
- Candidates attending coaching classes may find it easy to prepare with a proper plan. However, the candidates, who are indulged in self study, need to concentrate more on revising the topics
- Major chunk of the question paper is supposed to be occupied by Biology. So candidates can allot more time to revise Biology. They can go easy on Physics and Chemistry since they required minimum amount of time for time.
- Preparing notes is an excellent idea. Your notes should be relevant - prepare sheets that should reflect Physics formulas, significant keywords of Biology and equations of Chemistry.
- Be your own supervisor, try to solve previous question papers in three hours since this is the duration you would be given to solve the questions
- The best way to stay active and keep your concentration level at its best is to take breaks in between your preparations. Taking break for a few minutes every hour helps you get back to studies with more enthusiasm and helps you overcome mental as well as physical stress.
- Create a circle of studious friends. Having a study circle of like minded candidates helps you discuss and solve questions, and above all, it helps you clarify many of your doubts pertaining to the subjects.
- Last but not least, sleep well and enough to keep yourself fresh and enthusiastic to sit for writing notes and solve question papers. Studying beyond one's limit is not at all a good idea. Relaxing your brain is equally important.
How will be the NEET exam pattern?
- Total questions -180
- About Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology - 45 questions
- For correct answer - 4 marks
- For wrong answer - 1 mark will be cut
- Candidates of General Category should attain eligibility of 50% and candidates of OBC, SC/ST should attain eligibility of 40% in the NEET 2 exams
- The next NEET exam will be held on July 24, 2016 from 10 am to 1 pm
- General candidates should score 360 and OBC, SC/ST candidates should score 288, failing which their ranks will not be declared
- Candidates will be alloted seats on the basis of their ranks in NEET exams
Which chapters require more attention?
Although there are 20 chapters in total, concentrating more on the following may help you:
Current Electricity, Electronic Devices, Heat and Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, Kinematics, Magnetic effect of current and Magnetism, Oscillations and Waves
There are 29 chapters, still prioritizing the following chapters may help you:
Alcohol Phenol Ether, Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids, Biomolecules, Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure, Chemical Kinetics, Coordination Compounds, Equilibrium, Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles And Techniques, p-block Elements, Thermodynamics
Out of 38 chapters, the following chapters can be given top priority to help you attempt good number of questions:
Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Biological Classification, Cell, Chemical Control And Integration,
Environmental Issues, Evolution, Human Reproduction, Microbes in Human Welfare, Molecular Basis Of Inheritance, Morphology In Flowering Plants, Principles Of Inheritance And Variation, Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants, The Living World
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It’s often said that the youth of our society wastes their time playing video games; ostensibly a purely diversionary activity with no inherent merit. However, as someone with a youth misspent in this way, I have to disagree. There are many ways I feel video game-playing may serve me well in the future. For example, should powerful aliens invade our planet and challenge our species to a Street Fighter II tournament, killing all those who they defeat, I for one would fancy my chances. However on a more mundane level, research published in Nature indicated that video game brings cognitive benefits that transfer to activities other than the game itself.
Waste of time or brain trainer? credit: blindfutur3
In this test, participants are distracted on a task by stimuli, which they have to ignore. The task becomes progressively more difficult, so it’s a good way of testing attentional capacity. When video game players were tested against non-players, they performed better on this task, suggesting they have greater attentional capacity.
In this second task, squares flash on a screen briefly, and participants simply have to say how many there are. If there’s a small number of squares, you just ‘know’ how many there are. This is called ‘subitizing.’ As more and more squares are displayed you eventually lose your ability to subitize and must count the squares manually.
Video game players could subitize greater number of squares than non players (4.9 vs 3.3 on average), again this is consistent with the idea that video games bring beneficial effects — or at least, that video game players possess these benefits. In this case, the benefit is being able to focus on more distinct objects at once.
Widening the training zone
The next task was the “Useful Field of View” task, where the aim is to locate a certain target amongst a field of distracting ones. However, the twist here is that the field of view is extended to three eccentricities — 10, 20, and 30 degrees. The field of view when playing video games typically reaches around 20 degrees, so this is a good way to see whether the attentional benefits video game players have extends beyond the range of view they experience whilst playing. The results indicated that the players outperformed non-players at all ranges.
As with the previous tests, this is tricky to interpret. On one hand it could indicate that video games bring attentional benefits, and that these benefits extend beyond the normal field of vision experienced while playing. On the other hand, it could simply indicate that some people take to video game playing because they have better attentional qualities to begin with. Because this task is further from the conditions of the video game playing itself, you might reason that it is more in line with the latter. It’s impossible to say because this was a quasi experiment — there was no randomisation of group assignment.
Quick thinking – the attentional blink task
A common aspect of the games played by the participants is the need to act fast under pressure (see below for a list of games). To see if there was a difference on this ability between video game players and non-players, a variation on the attentional blink task was used.
In this task, a stimuli is displayed, followed 200-500 ms later by another. Typically, people have trouble processing the second stimuli because of fixation on the first. In the variation, participants had to detect a certain following stimuli from a sequence which included a few distractors. Again, the video game players out-performed the non-players.
Incidentally, experienced meditators also do better on this task.
As mentioned earlier, it’s impossible to determine cause and effect conclusively with this type of study. By selecting specific groups (players versus non-players) instead of randomising, you never know if you’re simply selecting groups who differ on the variable you’re studying to begin with. For instance, do video games attract or create people with enhanced attentional abilities.
To get around this, and experimental task was performed, where a group was told to go play an action video game, while another went off to play a puzzle game. The action video game players did better on the enumeration, useful field of view, and attentional blink tasks after training.
Video games are beneficial for attention?
While these results are consistent with the idea that video game playing brings cognitive benefits, the studies do have some limitations. Mainly, the sample size was pretty low. The enumeration task had the highest number of participants, and even that had only 13 per group. The others has only eight or nine per group.
For the quasi-experiments, this makes it even more likely that the results were due to the samples selected, despite the fact that they were highly statistically significant. For the experiment, the same applies. The significance levels were higher in the latter but that’s expected given it was only for 10 days.
Also, the transfer is fairly similar. Action video games and these tasks still involve sitting and looking at a screen. We don’t know if the results would be different in other situations in more natural settings. But overall it’s nice that by video game playing might, possibly, have benefits beyond helping me defeat an invasion by 2D beat-em-up-obsessed aliens.
Which games did they play?
In the tests comparing video game players with non-video game players, here’s a list of games that the players were into. Note that this study is from 2003!
- Grand Theft Auto 3
- Crazy Taxi
- Team Fortress Classic
- Marvel vs Capcom
- Super Mario Cart
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003, May 29). Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature, 423, 534 –537. pdf
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Stroke Prevention and Risk Factors
National Stroke Awareness Month
A stroke happens every 40 seconds
Every four minutes someone dies from stroke
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S.
Up to 80% of strokes can be prevented
Young Stroke: An Unexpected Reality
Stroke can happen to anyone, at any time, at any age. In America today, stroke in young adults is increasing at an alarming rate. On top of that, 73% of young Americans are not familiar with stroke symptoms and the need for urgent medical attention. During National Stroke Awareness Month watch this video to learn more about the impact of stroke on young adults, learn stroke symptoms and what to do if you spot them, and access resources for survivors and caregivers.
Where Do I Start?
Raising awareness about stroke has many vehicles, including posts on your Facebook page, writing letters to your legislators in support of stroke issues, group presentations, and more. Not sure how to get started? We can point you in the right direction. We can point you in the right direction.
Help us raise awareness of stroke in honor of National Stroke Awareness Month.
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Introducing deer to new feed
Animals adapt slowly to a change in diet from pasture to some other feed types i.e. from grass to lucerne or brassicas. The microbes in the rumen have to change to use the new feed and this takes time, (2-3 weeks before the animal can achieve maximum intake). Managing this transition badly can result in low or no animal growth for the period.
- For best results introduce animals to the diet gradually giving stock time to adjust to the new diet by allowing access to pasture and silage/hay for the first few days. Monitor animals closely as they are introduced to new feed.
- To maximise animal performance avoid short periods on different feeds ie once they are introduced to the crop make sure they can stay there for a reasonable period. Hinds and calves can be introduced to a crop prior to weaning with calves then weaned back on to crop.
Ensure the crop is mature before introducing the deer and allow access to grass, silage or hay.
Fodder beet crops
There is no research data available for the optimal feeding system for deer on fodder beet. The nutrient composition of fodder beet indicates that it should be supplemented about 50% with hay/silage or pasture to balance the diet. Ideally the silage or hay should be fed to animals before they access the fodder beet. The protein content of the fodder beet is low (Crude protein = 10%) so protein can become limiting. However management strategies such as the importance of the age of animal or length of time on a fodder beet crop are not well understood. Anecdotally farmers seem to be using much less supplement and not losing animals although after about 60 days stock can lose condition quickly.
Small amounts of grain fed with grass require little introduction as deer will adapt readily. If larger amounts are required (>25% of the diet) then adjustment is required, starting with a small amount per animal and gradually increasing the amount over a week to 10 days.
There is growing interest in growing lucerne for deer in summer dry regions. Lucerne is a protein rich source of feed and it retains its high quality for much longer than grass. Roughage (hay or straw) and salt both need to be provided when grazing lucerne to make sure there are no health issues. Read the October 2011 Deer Industry News article on how deer farmers are using Lucerne in their production systems here.
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No one had ventured inside the ancient Egyptian tomb since 1825, when a British traveler and draftsman named James Burton sketched its first few chambers. It lay somewhere near the entrance to the Valley of the Kings—burial place of New Kingdom pharaohs who ruled Egypt at the peak of its military power, between 1539 and 1078 B.C.
In 1827 John Gardner Wilkinson, one of the founders of Egyptology, designated the tomb KV 5—the fifth tomb beyond the entrance to KV, the King's Valley. Then for more than 150 years KV 5 was all but forgotten.
In 1989 I was directing a mapping project in the Valley of the Kings, and I wanted to relocate KV 5, not because it held treasures—it didn't—but because the roadway at the valley's entrance was being widened. The roadwork seemed likely to damage any tomb in its path, and that path, I believed, lay right above KV 5.
The tomb has turned out to be the largest ever found in the Valley of the Kings. It was a family mausoleum—the burial place of many of the sons of Ramses II. It contains at least 110 chambers, and its artifacts and hieroglyphs promise to change what we know about Ramses II, one of antiquity's most powerful rulers. During his long reign ancient Egypt controlled lands from present-day Sudan northeast into Syria. Of all the pharaohs he was the most prolific builder. To glorify his name, Ramses erected dozens of imposing temples and monuments along the Nile.
On a hot Tuesday morning in July 1989 our workmen began digging just east of the roadway. With crude homemade hoes they scraped away debris and carted it off in baskets made of old automobile tires—standard archaeological equipment in Egypt. A week of digging revealed traces of a tomb entrance. We could see that a narrow trench had been cut through the debris clogging the tomb's doorway. James Burton, I recalled, had dug just such a trench.
Assistant excavation director Catharine Roehrig, senior workman Muhammad Mahmoud, and I squeezed into the trench, painfully pulling and pushing ourselves over thousands of sharp limestone fragments. To our left and right the tomb was packed nearly to the ceiling with silt and limestone chips washed in by flash floods.
According to Burton's sketch, the third chamber was a cavernous pillared hall. Almost on cue, as we crawled along the trench, we could see the broken tops of massive pillars jutting up through the debris. The trench made a sharp turn to the right to avoid a pillar, then began weaving between two- and three-ton slabs of limestone that had fallen from the ceiling. No part of the ceiling appeared to have collapsed since Burton's visit in 1825, but the fallen blocks were unnerving nevertheless. A headline flashed through my mind: "Egyptologists Flattened as Tomb Collapses. Pharaoh's Curse Returns."
After 20 minutes in the stifling heat we were ready to leave. Soaking wet, sweat streaking my glasses, covered in mud, and with my flashlight fading, I turned to Muhammad. "Do you remember where the entrance is?"
Catharine wasn't sure either. The hall was so filled with debris that we couldn't see more than a few inches in any direction.
"I think we came in from over there," Muhammad said. He crawled forward, looking for a recognizable pillar or scrape in the debris that would show where we'd been. Shining his flashlight around the chamber, he looked up at the ceiling for a moment, then called us over.
"Look" he said. Directly above him we could see crude black letters written with the smoke of a candle: BURTON 1825.
After a few more wrong turns we clambered out of the tomb. Catharine scraped mud from her clothes, wondering aloud about the tomb's original occupants. "Remember Elizabeth Thomas? She thought this might be a tomb for children of Ramses II. Thomas didn't have any proof, but she knew more about the Valley of the Kings than any other Egyptologist in this century. Her theory should be checked out."
I decided to become an Egyptologist when I was eight, my interest in an ancient civilization winning out over dreams of intergalactic travel. Although my parents never tried to dissuade me from so unlikely a career, one aunt regularly pointed out that an interest in ancient Egypt couldn't possibly lead to a decent job. My friends, on the other hand, agreed that cutting open mummies and searching gold-filled tombs were worthy goals.
Not long after I took my Ph.D. in Egyptology from Yale, the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago made me director of its field headquarters in Luxor, the modern town built atop ancient Thebes. Surrounded by so many tombs and temples, I had a wonderful opportunity to delve into the archaeology of the New Kingdom—Egypt's golden imperial age.
The warrior pharaohs of the New Kingdom conquered Palestine and Syria with horse-drawn chariots and other advanced military techniques. For three centuries Egypt was the strongest nation in the world. At Thebes the pharaohs built larger and grander temples to proclaim the might and wealth that made their religious capital "the queen of cities greater than any other city." The city proper stood on the east bank of the Nile; the necropolis, with its royal temples and rock-cut tombs, lay on the west.
On weekends I would take a ferry across the Nile, rent a bicycle or hire a taxi, and head off to the well-known sites. When I began looking for the more obscure monuments, I often couldn't find them.
"I'd like to see the tomb of so-and-so," I'd say to one of the antiquities inspectors.
"I've heard of it," he'd reply. "Do you know where it is?"
"Don't you know where it is?"
"No. The old guard Sheikh Taya, he probably knew, but he died."
Of the tombs crowding the Theban necropolis, few had been mapped by the early 1970s. It was easy to see why: In a four-square-mile strip between the desert mountains and the Nile floodplain lie thousands of tombs, temples, shrines, palaces, and villages—more than in any other part of Egypt, probably more than anywhere else in the world. In some places the tombs are so close together you can crawl from one into another, moving hundreds of feet underground before returning to the surface. In the Valley of the Kings alone, more than half of the tombs are still largely unexcavated—and the burial places of several New Kingdom pharaohs have yet to be found.
The need for a comprehensive map of Thebes struck me as urgent, and I decided to do something about it.
Mapping the Theban necropolis entirely from the ground would take my team decades. Aerial photographs would save time.
In 1982 we made the first ever hot-air balloon flight over Thebes. Never before had I seen anything more beautiful than the necropolis at sunrise from a thousand feet in the air. The bright, early morning light slanted across the landscape, and we photographed Thebes from angles rarely seen before. Though our flight lasted only an hour, we shot more than 20 rolls of film.
We could hear every sound on the ground. Dogs barked incessantly as the noise of our burner disturbed their sleep. Villagers emerged from their homes as we floated overhead, looking up in amazement, saying over and over, "My God! God is great! My God!"
As we landed, a blue pickup sped toward the site. The local police chief got out and walked toward us. In our excitement we had failed to inform him of our flight.
"Why didn't you tell me what you were doing?" he demanded angrily. "Hussein, the schoolteacher, thought you came to invade Egypt. He wanted to shoot you down, and I had to confiscate his gun. This is very bad."
"We are very sorry, sir," I said. "I assure you we did not mean to ignore you. You are the most senior official in this village, and your cooperation is very important to our project. Would you like to come up in the balloon tomorrow? We could show you our work."
The police chief smiled. "That would be very nice. Yes, I will meet you at sunrise. And do not worry about the schoolteacher. I told him that you were not the enemies of Egypt."
I had assumed that making architectural plans of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings would be a simple task. How complex could tombs be that had been surveyed with a carpenter's square, plumb bob, and piece of string and then carved with chert axes and copper chisels? My team of architects and surveyors, on the other hand, had state-of-the-art equipment and a high degree of naive, can-do cockiness.
We seriously underestimated the ancient Egyptians. Tombs we thought could be easily plotted from, say, 500 measurements, often required thousands; tombs we thought could be mapped in a few days took weeks.
Just crawling into the tombs was difficult. To avoid damaging plastered walls and mummies that lay half-buried in debris, we wriggled into pitch-black spaces barely wide enough for our shoulders. Sometimes we would startle a sleeping desert fox or dozens of bats hanging from the ceiling.
The men who dug the royal tombs lived about a mile south of the Valley of the Kings. Their village, Deir el-Medina, offers a fascinating glimpse into everyday Egyptian life. From thousands of inscribed limestone fragments called ostraca—the Post-it notes of ancient Egypt—we know the names of the residents. We know where they lived, when they died, and where they were buried. We even know when they took ill or went on holiday, what they ate, and what they bought and sold.
More than three thousand years ago Deir el-Medina was home to a hundred sculptors, woodworkers, quarrymen, painters, and plasterers. They lived with their wives and children in nearly 70 single-story houses strung along a lane hardly wide enough for two donkeys to pass. Each house had rooms for receiving guests and for sitting and sleeping, a kitchen, and a shaded roof terrace. Wall niches held statuettes of household deities.
In small cellars the workmen stored food they received as payment for their services. What were they paid? An ostracon from the mayor of Thebes to the crew foremen gives the answer: "Please have the wages delivered to the necropolis crew comprising vegetables, fish, firewood, pottery, small cattle, and milk. Don't let anything thereof remain outstanding. [Don't] make me treat any part of their wages as balance due. Be to it and pay heed!"
More than at any other site in Egypt, in the workers' village I feel the presence of people with whom we share familiar emotions and concerns. Listen to two ancient voices—the scribe Pabaki addressing his father, the draftsman Maani-nakhtef:
"I have heeded what you told me, 'Let Ib work with you.' Now look, he spends all day bringing the jug of water, there being no other task charged to him, each and every day. He hasn't heeded your admonition to ask of him, 'What have you accomplished today?' See, the sun has set, and he is still far off [with] the jug."
Workmen left the village early each morning and spent an hour climbing over the hill to the Valley of the Kings. At the end of the day they returned along the same path—unless they chose to spend the night in one of the stonewalled rest houses on the hilltop.
It takes me less than half an hour to hike from Deir el-Medina to the hilltop. A cool breeze—the "sweet breath of the north wind" to the ancient Egyptians—nearly always blows, making hot summer days bearable.
Seated on a rock outcropping with my back to the Valley of the Kings, I peer down on a series of stony hills pockmarked with the entrances to hundreds, perhaps thousands of private tombs from the New Kingdom; most have been plundered but not excavated. Half a mile farther east stand the royal temples of nearly two dozen pharaohs, with great stone columns and pylons and thick brick walls jutting from the desert sand.
Between the desert and the Nile a dozen mud-brick villages still hum with the ageless rhythms of daily life. Children swat sheep and goats down narrow paths, stirring up dust that makes them appear to walk on clouds. Young boys sit astride water buffalo submerged to their necks in the muddy water of an irrigation canal. The panorama reminds me of scenes painted on the walls of the ancient tombs.
At 8 a.m. the temperature on my hilltop has already climbed to 95°F. The sky is cloudless. The modern town of Luxor lies four miles away on the east bank; I can make out the tops of the temple pylons at Karnak and Luxor through the palm trees. Several tourist boats on the Nile jockey for moorage.
Nothing disturbs the tomblike silence up here, except for the whisper of the breeze, the occasional barking of a dog, and the crying of a child in a distant village.
At first glance the Valley of the Kings seems little different from hundreds of other valleys at the desert's edge. Shaped like a human hand with fingers splayed, the Valley of the Kings covers only about seven acres—smaller than nearby valleys. Towering over it is el-Qurn, a 1,500-foot peak shaped like a pyramid. Some Egyptologists believe that this natural symbol of the sun god Re led to the selection of the Valley of the Kings as the site of royal tombs. Another reason was security: There's only one narrow gorge leading into the valley.
By the time Roman travelers hiked the rocky trail and scratched their names on tomb walls, ancient robbers had despoiled most of the royal mummies and carted away the treasures buried with them so that the deceased could live as they had on Earth—furniture, papyrus scrolls, amulets, jewelry, ritual objects, statues. Napoleon Bonaparte brought a team of scholars to record Egyptian antiquities when his army invaded in 1798, and adventurers and archaeologists in the 19th and 20th centuries entered tomb after tomb.
One of the largest and best decorated tombs is that of Seti I, the father of Ramses II. Seti, who did much to promote prosperity during his 11-year rule, overran Palestine, made peace with the Hittites in Syria, opened mines and quarries, and enlarged the great Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. The discovery of his tomb by Giovanni Battista Belzoni in 1817 caused as much furor in the European press as that of Tutankhamun's tomb 105 years later.
Italian by birth and a hydraulic engineer by training, the flamboyant Belzoni had toured Europe in a vaudeville show in which he carried a dozen men perched on an iron frame braced on his shoulders. In 1815 he sailed to Egypt and over the next two years uncovered four royal tombs. Seti's was the most famous.
Painted reliefs, drawings, and hieroglyphs covered almost every wall, pillar, and ceiling. In the burial chamber Belzoni gazed up at a dark blue vaulted ceiling that glistened as if painted the day before. Red stars overlay figures representing the constellations as the ancient Egyptians saw them—Ursa Major as an ox, Cygnus as a man with arms outstretched, and Orion as a running man.
As Belzoni's flickering candle shone on Seti's sarcophagus, its translucent alabaster glowed in the gloom. Nothing like it had been seen before, but gone were the mummy and almost everything else that was movable.
The mystery of Seti's missing mummy was solved in 1881, when the notorious Abd el-Rassul family confessed to plundering a tomb they had discovered hidden behind a nearly inaccessible crevice. Ancient priests, fearing grave robbers, had stashed Seti's remains and 40 other mummies there.
Seti's mummy now rests in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. X-rays show that before death the pharaoh lost a tooth. After death the head and neck were broken from the body and the abdomen was crushed, perhaps by the priests who transported the mummy to its secret grave.
Seti I died in June 1279 B.C., and Ramses II took charge of his father's funeral. After the priests wrapped the mummy and placed it inside several nesting coffins, a flotilla bearing priests and officials, ceremonial vestments, incense, and funerary furniture set off up the Nile from the delta toward Thebes. Peasants lined the riverbanks. Some cheered their new pharaoh; others stood in silent prayer, mourning the old.
When the flotilla reached Thebes, probably in August, priests received the mummy and performed ceremonies in the major temples. I can imagine the great procession leaving the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak, crossing the Nile, and sailing along a canal that cut westward through farmland toward Seti's royal temple. There the procession stopped while the priests performed ritual ceremonies so the mummy could thrive in the afterlife.
Proceeding on foot, the cortege climbed through the barren hills to the Valley of the Kings and Seti's tomb. The mummy was laid to rest in the burial chamber, along with everything needed for the journey into the afterlife: the Book of the Dead, containing spells to protect the deceased; mummy-like statuettes called ushabti to act as servants; offerings of food and wine; and jewelry and furniture to make the afterlife more comfortable. Not until Ramses II died 66 years later would this ceremony be performed for another pharaoh.
In 1995, six seasons after we began work in KV 5, a European television reporter visited us. When she asked what we were digging at the moment, I described our work in the 3,600-square-foot pillared hall.
"This is one of the largest pillared halls ever found in an Egyptian tomb," I said.
"Did you also find colored balls?"
I did a double take. "I'm sorry?"
"I mean, were billiard halls common in ancient Egypt?"
I had trouble keeping a straight face as the camera rolled. When the interview was done, I suggested we tape it again, but she declined.
After clearing the doorway in the rear wall of the pillared hall, we began digging in the chamber beyond, which we assumed would be small. When I struggled through the narrow crawl space into the chamber, Muhammad Mahmoud was there with Marjorie Aronow, a University of Michigan Egyptology student.
"Look," Muhammad said, pointing to a gap in the wall of debris that lay ahead.
I shone my flashlight into the gap; there was nothing but blackness. Strange, I thought. The light should reflect off a wall. Crawling forward, we found that the corridor, which was about nine feet wide, continued a hundred feet into the hillside. There was one door on the left, another on the right, then two more, then four. We counted doors as we crawled forward: 10, 12, 16, 18. Other tomb corridors in the Valley of the Kings have at most one or two doorways cut into their walls. I had never seen a corridor like this one in any Egyptian tomb.
Muhammad pointed his flashlight down the corridor. "What's that?" he asked suddenly.
"Oh, my God!" Marjorie gasped. As we turned our flashlights that way, a human form took shape. Muhammad began whispering a prayer from the Koran.
The figure stood ghostlike in a niche at the end of the corridor. As we inched closer, the form became clearer: It was a five-foot carving coated with plaster painted gray-green. Even though the face was missing, we recognized it as the quintessential god of the afterlife, Osiris, who is often shown as a mummiform figure with his arms crossed over his chest. Each hand held a shepherd's crook and a flail.
We sat for several minutes at Osiris' feet, slowly moving the flashlight beam over the figure from head to toe, again and again. It was a strange feeling, sitting 200 feet underground in utter silence, our light focused on an image of the god of the afterlife. For an instant it was 1275 B.C. again, and this was ancient Thebes. I could imagine priests chanting prayers and shaking tambourines. I could feel the floor tremble as great sarcophagi were dragged down the corridor. I could smell incense and feel priestly robes brush my arm as the funeral procession moved slowly past.
Finally I aimed my beam at the doorways to the left and right of the statue. More surprises. These doors didn't lead to small side chambers, as the other doorways in the corridor did, but into yet other corridors that extended even deeper into the bedrock. And there were yet more doorways cut into their walls.
"I can't believe it," Marjorie kept repeating.
Suddenly KV 5 had gone from a small, unimportant tomb to to what? We crawled back down the corridor, re-counting the doors.
"There have to be over 65 chambers in the tomb," I said—underestimating, as we later discovered. No tomb in the Valley of the Kings has more than 30 chambers; most have only six or eight. Many tombs plunge straight into the steep hillsides, but KV 5 resembles an octopus surrounded by its tentacles.
And there was something else: Inscriptions in Chambers 1 and 2 indicated that KV 5 was the burial place of several sons of Ramses II. Ramses "Junior," the second son, bore titles similar to those of his elder brother, Amonherkhopshef: "Fan-bearer on the King's Right Hand, Heir, Prince, Royal Scribe, General, King's Eldest Son, First King's Son and First of His Majesty, Beloved of Him, Ramses." Of the 30-plus sons, we knew that Merneptah was buried in his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings; two others may also have had separate tombs. Could the rest be here in KV 5? Could the corridors to the left and right of the Osiris figure slope downward to a lower level of rooms? Or might other corridors descend to a cluster of burial chambers? It will probably be many more years before we find out.
Marjorie, Muhammad, and I were the first people in millennia to see these corridors, to touch these carvings, to breathe this stale air. What a humbling experience to sit where Ramses II had come on sad occasions to bury his sons. None of us said a word.
Twenty minutes later we crawled out of the tomb, sweating and filthy and smiling. As the magnitude of our discovery began to sink in, I thought to myself: "I know how we're going to be spending the next 20 years."
Outliving at least 12 of his sons and his favorite wife, Nefertari, Ramses II ruled for an impressive 66 years. During his long reign Ramses expanded and secured Egypt's borders and built grandiose temples and colossal statues of himself and Nefertari up and down the Nile Valley.
Ramses II was tall for an ancient Egyptian, five foot eight, until arthritis forced him to stoop. Slight but well muscled, he had a narrow chin, high cheekbones, an aquiline profile, and large ears. His teeth were so severely worn that the pulp cavities and nerves were exposed; his gums were badly abscessed. His red hair must have set him apart from the typically dark-haired population of Egypt and western Asia.
Ramses II died in August 1213 B.C., when he was about 90 years old. His tomb, which lies less than 200 feet from KV 5, remains one of the great unknowns in the Valley of the Kings. Though the entrance corridor has been accessible since antiquity, thick layers of flood debris still fill most of the tomb, so our knowledge of its art and architecture is sketchy. When our Theban Mapping Project worked there, the debris was so deep we were often unsure whether we were walking down sloping corridors or silt-covered stairways.
By contrast, the tomb of Ramses' beloved Nefertari is well known. It is the largest and loveliest in the nearby Valley of the Queens. We know little about Nefertari herself, for custom seems to have dictated that the biographical details of royal wives go unrecorded. Perhaps the daughter of a Theban nobleman, Nefertari was one of the first women wed to Ramses II. Paintings depict her as beautiful. Her skin is rosy, unlike the pale yellow that characterizes females in most Egyptian paintings. Her high status as principal wife earned her an honor enjoyed by only a few Egyptian women before her: She was deified in her lifetime.
Ramses too was worshiped as a deity in his own time. Since he was a living god, his sons attended to many of his secular duties—settling legal disputes, conducting foreign relations, and overseeing Egypt's agriculture, irrigation, and economy. This may explain why a tomb as unusual as KV 5 came into existence. His sons held positions of greater responsibility than crown princes had in the past, so when they died before he did, each was given a tomb more elaborate than that of an ordinary prince. Each may have had not only a burial chamber but also several beautifully decorated rooms filled with offerings and funerary goods.
This past year we unearthed an adult male skeleton from a pit in Chamber 2. A son of Ramses II? Our workmen talked excitedly about that possibility. I warned them that the bones might have come from a later burial or been washed into KV 5 by flash floods, but nothing diminished their enthusiasm.
"You know," one workman said, "Egyptian mummies are stuffed with gold. Even if we can see only bones now, there will be gold too."
"I will be on television," another said. "My mother will be so proud."
Toward the center of the pit we uncovered the mummified leg of a young cow lying on top of more traces of human bone. This must have been one of the food offerings brought to the tomb to sustain the deceased in the afterlife. Another day we found three human skulls.
Excavating the skeleton proved extremely difficult: The bones were soft, and the fragments were embedded in a cement-like matrix of mud and limestone chips. We had to work with dental picks and artist's brushes to loosen the debris and gently brush it away. Some bones were in such bad shape that we had to apply a thin solution of adhesive every few minutes to keep them from disintegrating.
I squatted in a space only 30 inches wide, braced against the wall with one hand to keep from falling over while I cleaned the skeleton with the other. It often took 10 or 15 minutes to clean and stabilize a single square inch. Every half hour one of the workmen had to help me out of the pit so I could hobble about and restore my blocked circulation.
How did the human bones and skulls get tossed into the pit? I have a theory. Let's imagine that ancient thieves entered KV 5 and stole objects from Chamber 2. Most likely a human mummy had been buried there in a wooden coffin. The pit is too narrow for a stone sarcophagus, and we've found traces of wood. Hastily they hacked through the coffin and the mummy's wrappings, searching for gold, jewelry, and amulets.
Later robbers removed whatever treasures still lay deep inside the tomb. Somewhere they discovered at least three more mummies and dragged them into Chambers 1 and 2, where light streaming through the front door made it easier to see as they hacked heads from torsos, tossed the skulls into the pit, tore away bandages to rip out the amulets placed across the torsos, and then left the remains scattered over the floor.
To find out if the skulls and skeleton belong to Ramses' sons, we'll need to run DNA analyses. X-rays and other tests will tell us their age at death, cause of death, ailments, and injuries—the parts of life no hieroglyphic texts ever discuss. The main problem will be finding tissue samples to compare with our material. The chances of getting uncontaminated samples from the mummy of Ramses II are almost nil. None were taken before the mummy was shipped to Paris in 1976, where it was treated with radiation and chemicals to protect it from bacteriological damage.
One solution would be to compare the DNA results from each of the four skulls. If closely related, then almost certainly they are Ramses' sons. Another possibility would be to analyze tissue from the mummy of Merneptah, one of Ramses' sons and his successor.
Just before shutting down for the season, we removed the three skulls from the pit but left the skeleton in place. At some point we'll have him x-rayed, but for now, as Ahmed Mahmoud Hassan, our excavation foreman, said, "We can let him sleep."
We have collected so much material from KV 5 that it will take us years to analyze it all. There are fragments of plaster reliefs to compare with decorations in other tombs, pottery to reconstruct and date, and bones to identify and test. As a general rule, one day's work in the field generates three or four days' work in the laboratory, library, computer room, and office.
At the end of the 1997-98 field season, my wife, Susan, and I sat on the Amoun Hotel balcony, watching the sunbirds take a final flight before settling in for the night. It was our last evening in Thebes, and as the sun set, one of our workmen called from the courtyard below.
"Doctor. Hello, doctor," Nubie said. "Can I come up, doctor? I have some news."
"Of course, Nubie," I called back.
Nubie climbed the stairs to our balcony. "My wife had our new baby last night." He looked at Susan. "We named her Jasmine, but whenever you are here, we will call her Susan in your honor."
Ahmed Hassan and several of the hotel staff heard our laughter and came up to offer their congratulations.
Ahmed turned to me. "It is good, isn't it, doctor? There are problems, but then we remember that we have family and friends, and sometimes God blesses us even more with babies. And our work is going well, and when you return I am sure we will find many wonderful things in KV 5." He paused, then looked at me and smiled. "God is great! Life is very nice here in our village, doctor. Don't you think so?"
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Osteopathy is a system and philosophy of health care that separated from traditional (allopathic) medical practice about a century ago. Osteopathy sharesmany of the same goals as traditional medicine, but places greater emphasis on the relationship between the organs and the musculoskeletal system.Osteopaths strongly believe in the healing power of the body and try to takeadvantage of that strength. They believe in treating the whole individual rather than just the disease.
Osteopathy was founded in the 1890s by Dr. Andrew Taylor, who believed that the musculoskeletal system was central to health. Chiropractic, a related health discipline, also emphasizes the importance of the musculoskeletal system. The original theory behind both approaches presumed that energy flowing through the nervous system is influenced by the supporting structure that encases and protects it--the skull and vertebral column. A defect in the musculoskeletal system was believed to alter the flow of this energy and cause disease. Correcting the defect cured the disease. Defects were thought to be misalignments--parts out of place by tiny distances. Treating misalignments became a matter of restoring the parts to their natural arrangement by adjustingthem.
As medical science advanced, defining causes of disease and discovering cures, schools of osteopathy adopted modern science, incorporated it into their curriculum, and redefined their original theory of disease in light of these discoveries. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Doctor of Osteopathy (D.O.) degree has been considered equivalent to the doctor of medicine (M.D.) degree. However, osteopaths have continued their emphasis on the musculoskeletal system and their traditional focus on "whole person" medicine. As of 1998,osteopaths constituted 5.5% of American physicians, approximately 45,000. From its origins in the United States, osteopathy has spread to countries all over the world.
Osteopaths, chiropractors, and physical therapists all practice manipulations(adjustments). Back and neck pain are the main reasons patients come to these specialists for manipulation. The place of manipulation in medical care isfar from settled, but millions of patients find relief from it.
When a patient comes to an osteopath with pain, the first step is to determine the cause of the pain. It is important to rule out serious conditions suchas cancer and brain or spinal cord disease. Once it is clear that the pain isoriginating in the musculoskeletal system, manipulation may be appropriate.
Techniques for manipulation vary among practitioners. Most try to get the muscles to relax first. This can be done with heat, medication, or gentle but persistent stretching. The manipulation is most often done by a short, fast motion called a thrust, precisely in the right direction. A satisfying "pop" isevidence of success. Others practitioners use steady force until relaxation permits movement.
Returning the joint to its normal position may be only the first step. If a misalignment is due to a short leg, for example, a patient may need a lift inone shoe. Longstanding pain may have caused muscle deterioration. In that case, additional methods of physical therapy may be necesssary to rebuild muscles, correct posture and change habits that the patient developed to compensatefor the pain. Patients may also be given medicines to relieve muscle spasmsand pain.
Manipulation has rarely caused problems. Once in a while too forceful a thrust has damaged structures in the neck and caused serious damage. The most common adverse event, though, is misdiagnosis. Cancers have been missed and serious back problems that could have been corrected by surgery have been ignoreduntil spinal nerves have been permanently damaged.
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What you can do to prevent infections and stay healthy at home and once you are discharged from the hospital
Germs are everywhere. Most of the time, they don't make us sick because our bodies have defenses like our skin and immune system that protect us. Every once in a while, however, these germs do cause an infection.
Infections occur most frequently in hospitals and other health care settings like clinics and doctors' offices where people have weakened immune systems. Healthy people, however, can also get infections even when they are not in the hospital.
Fortunately, there are simple things you can do at home, at the gym, and in the hospital, that can help prevent infection.
Here are a few easy measures you can take in your daily life to stay healthy.
Keep your hands clean.
Washing your hands regularly is the most powerful thing you can do to prevent infection. Make sure you always remember to wash after going to the bathroom, before you eat, or after taking out the trash. Since it can sometimes be hard to get to a sink, keep an alcohol-based hand sanitizer in your car or bag.
Cover your mouth and nose if you cough or sneeze.
Use a tissue or even the bend in your elbow to prevent spreading germs to others. Make sure to wash your hands afterwards.Take care of cuts, scratches and wounds. Your skin is your armor against harmful bacteria.
Keep all cuts, scratches and wounds.
Clean and protected with a clean, dry bandage. Don't "let it breathe" unless your doctor directs you differently. If cuts are not healing, see a doctor.
Keep your skin healthy.
If it starts getting dry or cracking, apply moisturizing cream to keep skin soft.
Use prescription antibiotics responsibly.
Be careful not to use prescription antibiotics too often. Doing this can actually make them less effective because it allows germs to build up resistance to medications. If you start taking antibiotics, be sure to take the full prescription. Stopping in the middle may allow the infection to return even stronger.
If you are sick, avoid close contact with others.
When you are sick, you should stay home from work or school, and avoid public transportation and other places where there are crowds. Also, don't shake hands or touch others. By doing these things other people won't get sick, and you'll get better faster.
Practice good hygiene at the gym.
Make sure to always clean weights, exercise mats and aerobic equipment with antibacterial wipes before and after you use them. Wear flip flops in the shower and steam room to prevent athlete's foot or other infections. Shower after you work out and make sure you always use a clean towel to dry yourself.
Keep exercise equipment clean.
If you or someone in your family plays baseball, football or any other sport that requires personal protective equipment, be sure that they wipe down this equipment with antibacterial wipes after every use. It's important not to share personal equipment.
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GT Writing Task 2 / Essay Sample # 121
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Many working people get little or no exercise either during the working day or in their free time, and have health problems as a result.
Why do many working people not get enough exercise?
What can be done about this problem?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
Working-class people are more likely to suffer from health issues because they do not work out enough. This is mainly because they do not have enough time during their weekdays and they feel tired to work on weekends. In addition to this, they spend a lot of their spare time watching television, browsing the internet or playing video games. However, there are some solutions to curb this problem.
The reason why working individuals do not do enough exercise is that they have a paucity of time. That is to say that they have to work hard for long hours to gain competitive advantages over their competitors. For example, a recent study has come out with the findings that working adults spend more than 48 hours a week at their jobs where they need to shoulder several job responsibilities, making them utterly exhausted. Consequently, once working adults get back home, they just like to relax with TV programmes, chatting one the phone or playing video games, rather than engaging in any kind of physical activity.
To combat the problem effectively, the government should wage an aggressive campaign to stimulate working people to take part in physical exercise. Offices should encourage employees to do some sort of exercise during office hours as well. While the campaigns will enable them to gain some sound knowledge about the health benefits of having a regular workout, having offices with exercise facilities would encourage them further to take part in some exercises.
To conclude, it clear that working individuals do not engage in exercises due to the modern work pressure; however this issue can be solved if the government mounts campaigns to motivate working adults to take part in physical exercise and offices take initiatives to encourage and facilitates their employees to do some sort of regular physical exercises.
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