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Regarding language, positive outcomes derive mainly from using smartphones in functional manners. In particular, improvements in the semantic component of language emerge when PWD use their smartphones to take notes of words or navigate the internet when they do not remember a definition (Brando et al., 2017). In the same fashion, Lorenz et al. (2019) report positive daily PWD experiences using SIRI, a famous virtual assistant. More evidence emerges regarding technologies to support the communication process: PWD answers more frequently to the incoming calls when the telephones are adapted to their perceptual and cognitive needs. Differently, these devices cannot improve the quality of life of the users ultimately, as they cannot solve broader problems such as remembering to call or whom the PWD have spoken to (Topo et al., 2002; Fleming and Sum, 2014).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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141,384 |
Participants performed four main sessions of the behavioral task in each of which a total of 10 stimulus pairs were presented to participants. This set of 10 pairs consisted of pairs of stimuli with different hardness and four additional pairs with the same hardness level (4C2 + 4 = 10 pairs). In each trial of the behavioral task, participants were presented with one pair of stimuli after the other and grasped each stimulus as described above. Then, they verbally reported a perceived difference. Each participant was allowed to report a difference in their own numerical scale, which would be normalized in the following data analyses (see Data analysis for normalization details). Each main session began with the instruction session. There was a maximum 60-s break between successive sessions. Overall, a total of 40 pairs (10 pairs × 4 repetitions) were presented to participants during the behavioral experiment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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259,918 |
Table 3Association of demographic and socio-economic factors with self-rated changes in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption during the Italian lockdown following the COVID-19 pandemic (9 March – 3 May 2020) by means of adjusted regression coefficients (β) with 95 % CI and P-value, Italy 2020%UPF score mean† sd † β 95 % CI‡ P-value β 95 % CI§ P-valueAge groups (years) 18–3914·8−0·365·21Ref.Ref. 40–5523·7−0·535·35−0·51−0·99, −0·030·039−0·84−0·38, −0·310·002 56–6524·4−0·213·76−0·87−1·39, −0·340·001−1·35−1·94, −0·75<0·0001 66–7526·8−0·142·73−1·26−1·82, −0·70<0.0001−1·83−2·48, −1·19<0·0001 >7510·3−0·091·81−1·38−2·06, −0·70<0·0001−1·94−2·72, −1·17<0·0001Sex Women59·6−0·484·47Ref.Ref. Men40·40·023·370·500·20, 0·790·0010·400·08, 0·710·01Geographical areas* Northern17·3−0·094·88Ref.Ref. Central6·7−0·535·47−0·38−1·03, 0·270·25−0·38−1·04, 0·280·26 Southern and Islands74·4−0·293·70−1·48−1·93, −1·03<0·0001−1·32−1·80, −0·84<0·0001Living area ≥200 000 inhabitants11·4−0·454·95Ref.Ref. <200 000 inhabitants11·9−0·514·88−0·09−0·68, 0·510·770·38−0·24, 0·990·23 <50 000 inhabitants54·20·070·10−0·58−1·13, −0·030·0390·004−0·59, 0·600·99 Villages/rural areas22·5−0·905·20−1·02−1·56, −0·490·0002−0·33−0·92, 0·260·28Educational level Up to lower secondary18·5−0·042·56Ref.Ref. Upper secondary36·3−0·113·760·17−0·25, 0·590·43−0·06−0·53, 0·420·81 Postgraduate45·3−0·504·750·32−0·14, 0·780·17−0·25−0·83, 0·330·41Household income (EUR/year) ≤10 0005·0−0·414·28Ref.Ref. >10 000 ≤ 25 00027·4−0·474·28−0·07−0·77, 0·620·83−0·27−0·97, 0·430·45 >25 000 ≤ 40 00029·3−0·113·670·28−0·42, 0·980·43−0·05−0·78, 0·690·90 >40 000 ≤ 60 00012·7−0·093·880·59−0·18, 1·350·130·15−0·67, 0·960·73 >60 00011·3−0·164·291·030·23, 1·830·010·44−0·42, 1·300·32 Non respondents14·3−0·474·340·19−0·56, 0·940·62−0·08−0·85, 0·680·83Marital status Married/in couple73·1−0·143·74Ref.Ref. Unmarried15·6−0·785·33−0·53−1·00, −0·060·03−0·29−0·81, 0·220·27 Divorced5·3−0·645·19−0·11−0·76, 0·540·74−0·01−0·69, 0·670·97 Widower6·0−0·302·80−0·10−0·75, 0·550·770·29−0·44, 1·010·44Number of cohabitants None10·6−0·794·64Ref.Ref. 138·5−0·123·320·47−0·03, 0·970·070·46−0·14, 1·060·13 223·50·0013·980·630·09, 1·170·020·690·05, 1·320·03 >227·4−0·534·790·16−0·38, 0·700·560·21−0·44, 0·860·54Occupational class Professional/managerial43·5−0·364·39Ref.Ref. Skilled non-manual30·9−0·033·71−0·14−0·49, 0·220·45−0·12−0·51, 0·270·55 Skilled manual5·0−0·252·82−0·55−1·25, 0·150·13−0·33−1·10, 0·450·41 Partly skilled/unskilled6·2−0·113·18−1·50−1·14, 0·140·12−0·36−1·06, 0·340·32 Unemployed/unclassified14·5−0·644·48−0·58−1·04, −0·130·01−0·42−0·93, 0·090·10*Numbers do not add up to 100 % due to missing data.†Unadjusted means.‡Multivariable-adjusted linear regression including cohort, age groups and sex.§Multivariable-adjusted linear regression including cohort, age groups, sex, geographical area, living area, educational level, household income, marital status, number of cohabitants and occupational class.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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269,777 |
Based on the participants’ experiences, managing the COVID-19 crisis requires familiarity with the principles of teamwork. The participants referred to the need for collective wisdom to control the crisis. Participants believed that forming joint teams allowed them to share experiences to reach the goal rapidly with the least damage. They also referred to the need to anticipation and immediate action in all areas of the crisis management. According to the interviews, the managerial competencies required for the crisis management were expressed as follows:
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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385,557 |
Despite the strengths, there are several limitations in this study. Lack of enough available data may account for the reasons why we had identified no more than one significant predictor in the meta-regression analysis. There is a shortage of studies into the subtypes of MCI, which prevented us from performing further subgroup analyses on aMCI prevalence. Only two studies [19, 20] included in the meta-analysis drew results from a nation-wide sample. The rest had participants from different regions. Significant socioeconomic disparities exist across regions in China. We found no study involving minority ethnicity groups. China has 56 ethnic groups. Further studies into these populations are needed. A national study using a unified protocol is preferred.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
315,846 |
Displacement vectors. In each frame \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f_k,$$\end{document}fk, we compute the vector \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {r^{k}}$$\end{document}rk from anchor to swing (cyan lines in Fig. 3). Starting from the second frame, a displacement vector \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {d^{k}}$$\end{document}dk is computed by subtracting the vector \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {r^{k-1}}$$\end{document}rk-1 of the previous frame (dashed cyan) from the current \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {r^{k}}$$\end{document}rk (solid cyan). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {d^k}$$\end{document}dk captures the motion of the swing relative to the anchor by canceling out the motion of the latter. Naively employing the cyan vectors \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {r^k}$$\end{document}rk as raw features does not capture relative motion as effectively, because the variation in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbf {r^k}$$\end{document}rk through time is dominated by the spatial arrangement of anchor and swing rather than by the change in relative position between frames (compare the magnitudes of the cyan and black vectors in Fig. 3). Note this way of computing the displacement vectors is invariant to camera panning, since the relative motion of the trajectories does not change whether the camera is static or panning.
| 3 | 2other
| 0Study
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227,251 |
The exploration of intrinsic immune escape mechanism mainly included three major aspects: tumor immunogenicity, antigen presentation capacity and immune checkpoint molecules expression (Schumacher and Schreiber, 2015). We first assessed a series of factors associated with tumor antigenicity, including mutations, MSI, neoantigens, CTA, and CNV-related indicators (Figure 4D). C4 exhibited a lower rate of nonsilent mutation compared to C1 and C2 (p < 0.05; Figure 4D, Supplementary Figure S6A). MSI score displayed a decreasing trend from C4 to C1, although it was not significant (Figure 4D, Supplementary Figure S6B). Neoantigens and CTA were also vital source of tumor-specific antigens, but they were not significantly different between the four clusters (Figure 4D, Supplementary Figures S6C–E). C1 presented higher aneuploidy score and fraction of segments with LOH, in contrast to the other three clusters (p < 0.05; Figure 4D, Supplementary Figure S6F, Supplementary Figure S6L). C3 exhibited a high level of homologous recombination deficiency, consistent with its mutation cluster characteristics (mutational signature 3) (Figure 4D, Supplementary Figure S6J). In addition, TCR diversity and cytolytic activity were applied to further assess tumor immunogenicity (Rooney et al., 2015). C2 and C4 exhibited a lack of TCR diversity and low cytolytic activity, as opposed to C1 and C3 (Figures 4D,E, Supplementary Figures S6M,N). Overall, C2 and C4 displayed lower immunogenicity, which may be an intrinsic immune escape mechanism for these two clusters. In term of antigen processing and presenting machinery, C1 exhibited the highest APS while C2 and C4 were quite the opposite (p < 0.05; Figure 4F). Expression of MHC molecular were also relatively low in C2 and C4 (Figure 5A). Of note, corresponding to MHC loss, TCR diversity was also lacking in C2 and C4. The absence of MHC stimulation may be responsible for the scarcity of TCR diversity in these two clusters (Figure 4D). Therefore, we believed the defect of antigen presentation capacity may be another intrinsic immune escape mechanism for C2 and C4.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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391,789 |
Several rarefaction and extrapolation curves of diversity measures comparisons are presented in Figure 2. First we aimed to compare diversity values of different plant organs used for fungal isolation. However, considering the very low number of individuals obtained from seeds (Table 1), no rarefaction was achieved and diversity measures were not plotted. In Figure 2b, a reference to the maximum q = 0 rarefaction value obtained for seeds is shown. In comparison, it is possible to see that leaves have greater richness (q = 0), that is, a higher number of genera. Furthermore, Maués (Figure 2c) and the susceptible guarana genotype BRS300 (Figure 2d) also have greater richness (q = 0) with no differences observed in the other indexes studied (q = 1, 2). It is interesting to note that the rarefaction curves in Figure 2b–d were estimated by the combined analysis of leaf and seed isolates. However, when analyzing them separately, the patterns of diversity change (Figure 4). The richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes analyzed by BoxPlots show that the municipality of Manaus (MAO) and the susceptible genotype (BRS300) are the most diverse. In leaves, the greatest diversity was observed in samples MAO 300 and MAO 871 while the seeds samples MAO 300 and MBZ 300 had higher indices within the observed parameters. Variation in diversity estimates appears to be greater in seed samples, which can be explained by the sensitivity of the Shannon index (q = 1, Figure 4b) and of the Simpson index (q = 2, Figure 4c) to unique and abundant and only to abundant genera, respectively. The lower number of analyzed seed isolates exacerbates the observed RA values for the present OTUs, particularly in sample MAO 300, where two OTUs contain 68% of the RA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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233,535 |
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting 220 countries and territories. This increase in the contaminated has reached over 182.204.682 persons according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Due to this enormous number of infectious cases, the use of face masks is obligatory to protect human health. This health emergency is caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is transmitted largely by the respiratory route (vide infra) .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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203,927 |
While the prevalence of the GLA p.Asp313Tyr variant seems to be higher in PD patients compared to the general population, its pathogenic causative role in the context of PD needs to be further elucidated, and these findings should be interpreted with caution. The clinical significance of the variant abovementioned is still under debate. Patients carrying the p.(Asp313Tyr) variant should be monitored annually, as enzyme replacement therapy could be used if organ manifestations occur.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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229,128 |
In addition to spotted hyena and lion biomass, the biomasses of other large predators were collected and combined for each site. Large predators are here regarded as those with an adult body mass of over 20 kg. In Africa, there are seven large mammalian predators: spotted hyena, brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), lion, leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dog. However, striped hyena was not included as data for this species are scarce. This is with the exception of the Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, where striped hyena abundance data were provided in lieu of brown hyena abundance (Hatton et al., 2015, and references therein). The striped hyena is solitary and occurs at low densities (Hofer & Mills, 1998), so its exclusion from the present study should not greatly influence the results.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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352,955 |
Although numerous miRNA and siRNA molecules exhibit potential to reduce tumor growth, efficient and safe modes of delivery remain a limiting step for the broad application of RNAi in clinics. However, usage of AGO2-conjugated nanoparticles to deliver the tumor suppressor miR-376 into the xenograft mouse tumor was shown to be an efficient and non-toxic strategy , demonstrating that miRNAs/siRNAs could be targeted for cancer therapies through the AGOs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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356,285 |
We evaluated our associated variants in an independent sample of West and East Africans drawn from the AADM study (participant characteristics: Table 1). One of the variants, rs35910270 (LDLRAP1), did not pass quality control filters in the replication dataset and was not included in the replication analysis. PCSK9 variant rs45613943 was associated with lower LDL-cholesterol in the AADM data (P<9x10-5; Table 4). The association of both APOB variants was directionally consistent with the main findings but did not reach statistical significance (rs6752026 P = 0.08; rs679899 P = 0.09; statistical significance set at P<0.01). There was no association between rs12071264 or rs72658855 with LDL-cholesterol in the AADM study.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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356,086 |
Prior to investigating the performance of univariate and multivariate techniques, we examined the four MANOVA test statistics in order to identify the most appropriate for subsequent comparisons. Fig 1 shows representative results for the type I error and power of the MANOVA test (see S1 Appendix of Figs 1–4 for complete results) using the four different statistical criteria. We observed the same trend under all simulation scenarios with Roy’s largest root having a considerably high false positives rate over 30%. In contrast, the remaining statistics exhibited very similar type I error rates. Pillai’s trace was the most robust measure followed by Wilks’ lambda and Lawley-Hotelling trace. Roy’s largest root was not considered with regards to power analysis due to the unacceptably high type I error rate. Pillai’s trace consistently demonstrated the lowest power. In contrast, Wilks’ lambda was associated with a slightly higher probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis in the presence of treatment effects than Pillai’s trace but it was outperformed by Lawley-Hotelling trace. However, we chose Wilks’ lambda for further analysis because it provided a good compromise between type I error rate and power in comparison to the other multivariate test statistics.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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10,352 |
The redox-sensing schemes of three regulators and the redox-active compounds examined in this study. (A) The active site metals and amino acid residues in the three sensor-regulators are shown, along with the compounds they react to and the changes they undergo. The redox state of [2Fe–2S] in SoxR changes upon interacting with RACs. The peroxide-sensing Fe2+ in CatR/PerR undergo Fenton reaction with H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radical, and the nearby His is oxidized to oxo-His. Thiol-perturbation by RES cause disulfide bond formation in RsrA to release SigR to transcribe its target genes. Whether RES alkylates RsrA has not been reported. (B) Redox-active compounds examined in this study. It is known that phenazine methosulfate (PMS) is an ROS-producer, plumbagin and p-benzoquinone are both ROS-producers and reactive electrophile species (RES), and that diamide and monobromobimane are RES.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,489 |
Chronic low-grade neuroinflammation has been reported in PTSD, anxiety, and major depressive disorders (MDD) [14–16]. Clinically, multiple studies have indicated that such disorders are related to elevated circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [16–18]. Meanwhile, altered immune responses and increased pro-inflammatory reactions are also observed in patients with PTSD . Despite the abundant discoveries of neuroinflammation in PTSD and related disorders, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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96,813 |
Detailed arterial geometry and the fluid dynamics are best captured using the finite element (FE) approach and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Liu et al.19 carried out an 3D FE simulation of the main circle of Willis combined with a lumped parameter model boundary condition, and the result showed good agreement with the Doppler ultrasound measurements. Using a FE approach, Al-Hassan et al.20 and Kim et al.21 studied the three-dimensional whole coronary system using more detailed geometries reconstructed from computed tomography (CT). Each coronary outlet boundary condition was coupled to a lumped-parameter coronary bed model and the inlet was assigned to the systemic circulation. However, such a 3D approach requires a complex model reconstruction and the geometry smoothing from CT scans can be extremely time consuming.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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76,862 |
The Nanomed device is an array of silicon microneedles that is used for pretreatment of cosmetics and acne medication application , that has shown also an increase in speed of onset and degree of reduction of pain for the delivery of the topical anesthetic dyclonine . Finally, the Nanopatch™ is a microneedle drug delivery system intended for use with vaccines and will be discussed more thoroughly in Section 3.4.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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290,709 |
Freshly synthesized pre-Al-MCM-41 material containing organic surfactants inside pores was modified with copper by template-ion exchange method (TIE). The extraction of the organic template with simultaneous deposition of metal was performed by stirring of non-calcined pre-Al-S-MCM-41 with methanol (VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) solutions of copper chloride—CuCl2 (POCH, Gliwice, Poland). The concentration of CuCl2 solutions used for the TIE method was dependant on the assumed percentage extraction of template (Table 1). The pre-Al-S-MCM-41 sample, dispersed in copper-methanol (1 g/50 mL) solution, was stirred (500 rpm, magnetic stirrer) under reflux at 70 °C for 3 h. Then the samples were filtered, washed with methanol, dried at 60 °C overnight and finally calcined at 550 °C for 6 h in air atmosphere.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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217,235 |
Some limitations of the present work must be considered. Firstly, the randomization procedure was chosen to fit the studied population of severely ill people experiencing coercive measures on psychiatric wards and to allow their recruitment. The targeted study population is per definitionem unable to consent, and therefore Zelen’s design had to be applied. As the focused outcome parameters of subjective coercion exceed measures that are collected within clinical routine, the main sample for the analysis consisted of patients, who had been randomized and also actively consented to the study, thus limiting a full intention-to-treat approach. This is important, as only about 25% of patients who had experienced a coercive intervention and were consecutively randomized could be included in the analysis. In addition to the denial of consent, difficulties in contacting potential participants, either because of persistent symptomatology, early, unexpected discharge against medical advice, or communication issues hampered effective recruitment. In many cases coercive interventions were linked to emergency situations before or during admission, and for instance in cases of concomitant substance abuse the reasons to be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital were no longer present the following days. However, this problem reflects on the one hand the daily reality of acute psychiatric wards and the uttermost difficulty to conduct a RCT within this setting; on the other hand, it illustrates the implementation difficulties of a clinical intervention for severely ill patients in the context of acute care. Moreover, is must be noted that post-coercion review sessions are legally required at least in some German federal states, and efforts must be made to guarantee the provision of this intervention also following inpatient hospital treatment. Flexible settings including home treatment and a maximum of therapeutic continuity may facilitate the implementation of the intervention. Alongside the limitations of the statistical power of the analysis, recruitment impediments may have led to selection bias. It is probable that study participants might have been more likely to have a minimally positive attitude toward psychiatry or ward staff, while patients who rejected the offer of hospital support and left the ward as early as possible might have experienced an even higher extent of subjective coercion.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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42,721 |
Females and males differ in autonomic characteristics ([1–8], for review, see ). The processes underlying such differences include physical characteristics, hormone levels, and variations in organization of central regulation of autonomic outflow. One region that is both key to autonomic regulation and shows sex differences in anatomic structure and functional responses to autonomic challenges is the insular cortex. The insular cortex processes autonomic stimuli and regulates autonomic outflow via projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem sites [10–17]. In animals, insular regulation of autonomic functions is region specific, and this regulation appears dynamic but not necessarily tonic . The human insula also activates in response to blood pressure challenges [19–21] in a region-specific manner .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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195,531 |
The initial draft was based on informal discussions with NICD staff on the RfA Reports in July and September 2019 and at the public forum on POPIA at the NICD campus in Sandringham, Johannesburg in July 2019. The first draft was completed in May 2020. Feedback was provided by Gayle Sherman (GS) and staff at the NICD and a revision of the Code completed in June 2020. At this stage, CS and GS identified gaps in the draft Code and areas where further expertise were required.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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243,752 |
As we stated in the introduction, at the moment we performed, and wrote our study, there were two qualitative studies developed in China, one which enrolled nurses, while the other one involved nurses and doctors. As we mentioned above, there are major differences between China and other countries from all over the world, starting with the politic regime, and finishing with the healthcare system, and culture, which have a major impact in regard to how people respond to restrictive measures, dissemination of information, pandemic response and how people perceive all those facts. Taking all those mentioned above (and also those mentioned in our answer to the previous question), we believe that it is important to ascertain more points of view, in order to have a larger frame over how healthcare workers perceived the pandemic preparedness period (and for future studies how they perceived the pandemic response), in order to improve, on a global level, future responses. Besides, as we stated in the discussion section, our study is the first one to include residents, besides doctors and nurses, which, even though is inherent to a more heterogeneous information, and for some people, this may represent a minus, we consider that it is necessary in order to have a full view over the perceived weaknesses, moreover because residents were an important part in the response to the pandemic, at least in our country. We consider that a survey could not provide an in-depth understanding of the healthcare workers perceptions and feelings, maybe not even one with an endless number of questions (which would, of course, be unrealistic); we believe that qualitative research is the proper method to use when it comes to in-depth understanding and analyzing people emotions and feelings regarding sensitive issues.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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282,762 |
In our analyses, expression changes of SCW-related genes did not show consistent results between the two ERF041-VP16 lines. Interestingly, expression of SCW-type CESA genes decreased in the higher-expression line #21. In A. thaliana and rice, ERFIIId genes, including ERF035, are co-expressed with SCW-related genes (Saelim et al., 2019). Overexpression of the ERFIIId genes by more than 50-fold when compared with that of wild-type caused a decrease in the expression of SCW-type CESAs (Saelim et al., 2019), which is consistent with our results for ERF041-VP16. Additionally, in the moderate-expression line #23, SCW-regulatory transcription factors were generally upregulated, except for MYB83 and MYB103. The regulatory network of the SCW consists of a large number of components and complex interactions (Taylor-Teeples et al., 2015). Our results suggest that the SCW regulatory network has multiple different stable states that are dependent on the expression level of ERF041-VP16. Taken together, these findings indicate that ERFIIId/e genes affect the SCW pathway through activation of some factor(s), but their effects vary and are dependent on their expression levels. To clarify how the downstream pathway is affected by the expression levels of ERFIIId/e and which factors mediate control, comprehensive genetic, and/or biochemical analysis are/is required.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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238,840 |
As shown in Figure 5A, cells growing on AuNC-aECMs exhibited spikelets of voltage in the absence of laser irradiation and after laser irradiation with 0.5 W/cm2 for 1 min, 2.0 W/cm2 for 1 min, and 2.0 W/cm2 for 5 min. However, we found no significant differences in the electrophysiological parameters among recorded cells. It is important to note here that the lack of detectable difference may not actually indicate that there was no effect of response to various treatments. This is because the recorded cells were quite diverse, and a large number of cells need to be recorded in each coverslip to account for the variability in electrophysiological properties. However, using the patch clamp technique, it was not possible to record more than a dozen cells per coverslip due to technical and time limitations (i.e., on average, one cell can be recorded each 15 min). In addition, we could identify an axon in 10 of the 20 cells that exhibited spikelets, suggesting that they are most likely due to differentiation of one of the neurites into an axon and the initiation of expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels near the axon hillock. As shown in Figure 6, we found an increased expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels in differentiated neurons grown on laminin-coated AuNC-aECMs post laser irradiation compared to the absence of laser irradiation. Additionally, we found increased colocalization of MAP2 and Nav1.6 in differentiated neurons grown on laminin-coated AuNC-aECMs in a laser intensity-dependent manner. The results suggested that immunocytochemistry might be more effective method to elucidate whether the photothermal response of laminin-coated AuNC-aECMs increases the differentiation of NSCs into functional neurons compared to the patch-clamping recordings.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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62,515 |
The study process comprised three stages: obtaining informed consent, physical assessment and measurement of walking balance. The test instruments were: -i.Fat Loss Monitor with Scale (OMRON® HBF-400): - The equipment measures Weight: 0.0 lb. to 330.0 lbs. in 0.2 lb. increments; %BFM: 5.0 to 60.0% in 0.1% increments; and BMI: 7.0 to 90.0 in 0.1 increment. DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) has been the established method for accurate evaluation of body composition. OMRON has used research information from several hundred people from 10 to 80 years of age using the DEXA method to develop the formula by which the Fat Loss MONITOR with Scale works. The body fat mass and body fat percentage are calculated by a formula that includes five factors: electrical resistance, height, weight, age and gender.ii.Hand Dynamometer (Lafayette, model 78,010, USA). This equipment features a dual- scale readout that displays isometric grip force from 0 to 200 pounds (0–100 kg). The HGS was read off to the nearest 1.0 kg.iii.Stadiometer: - The height was read off and recorded to the nearest 1.0 cm at the vertex of the head with the participants standing barefoot.iv.Measuring tape (butterfly brand, made in China): A 15 m long measuring tape was used to mark out the required 3-m distance on the ground.v.Stop clock (Heurer brand, made in Germany). The stop clock was used to measure the walk time required to cover the 3-m distance and was read off to the nearest second.vi.Weighing scale (Hana bathroom scale, made in China) – This was used to obtain the weight of the subjects. The body weight was read off to the nearest 1.0 kg.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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275,884 |
Despite its limitations, the results constitute novel information from both a clinical point of view, as it may constitute a potential strategy to improve breastfeeding rates in the NICUs, and from a methodological point of view, as it should be recognized that an observational study on breastfeeding might influence the measured outcome, with a lack of reproducibility between centers. In any case, these findings advocate for the development of additional research in this area.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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16,312 |
A 34-year-old female with past medical history of sickle cell trait presented to her gynecologist with bilateral palpable breast masses. She was referred for bilateral mammograms and sonograms which revealed a 4.2 × 2.2 × 3.2 cm irregular right breast mass and 1.3 × 1.0 × 0.8 cm left breast mass, highly suspicious for malignancy. She underwent ultrasound-guided core biopsies of both lesions which showed infiltrative, poorly differentiated carcinoma (Fig. 1a). Immunohistochemistry performed for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 were negative and Ki67 proliferative index was approximately 70%. At this time, the patient was referred to the oncology clinic. The patient underwent bilateral breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which revealed multiple suspicious enhancing masses in all four quadrants of the right breast, a possible right pleural based enhancing mass and multiple suspicious masses in the left breast (Fig. 2). She was sent for Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest with intravenous contrast to evaluate the pleural mass and was discovered to have multiple pulmonary nodules. A CT-guided fine needle aspiration of a 1.9 × 1.2 cm right lower lobe lung nodule showed malignant cells similar to those from the breast biopsies. Subsequent bone scan revealed multifocal osseous disease involving the thoracic, lumbar spine and right ischium, acetabulum and superior ramus. Options for systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic triple negative breast carcinoma were discussed at this time.
| 4 | 1clinical
| 3Clinical case
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51,908 |
The net synaptic current at each moment is defined as Iinhib(t)+Iexcit(t) and is the sum of the currents mediated by all active inhibitory and all active excitatory synapses at time t. When the inhibitory synaptic current overcomes the excitatory current, the net synaptic current is negative and will hyperpolarize the membrane potential (Fig 6A). When the excitatory current is stronger, the net synaptic current is positive and will depolarize the membrane potential. Multiplication of both the excitatory and inhibitory currents by the amplification mechanism will multiply the sum of the excitatory and the inhibitory currents at any given time and will therefore multiply the net synaptic current (Fig 6A). Here, we further tested whether such multiplication would hold at a more realistic biophysical cell in order to include the possible additional effects of reversal potential and voltage dependent currents on the net synaptic current.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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76,240 |
Note that precision and recall defined as in Equations (4) and (5) do not take into account the fact that a small distance error is better than a large distance error for our application. In order to account for this, we introduce a weighting mechanism with a weight of 1 for the exact detected position, 1/2 for the orthogonally adjacent detected position and 1/3 for the diagonally adjacent detected position. The resulting fuzzified recall and precision parameters shown in Figure 20 and Figure 21 are significantly improved.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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108,993 |
In Q. pyrenaica, the number of cambium cells during dormancy was 8 ± 1, whereas active cambium had 10 ± 2 cells, with no significant differences between treatments (Supplementary Figure S3). Xylem growth presented a bimodal pattern, corresponding to the peaks in earlywood vessel and latewood formation (Supplementary Figure S3). Earlywood growth onset occurred between late-March and early-April (DOYs 91–94) and vessel lignification started 1–8 weeks later, depending on the year (Figure 2). Latewood development started between June and early-July (DOYs 160–182) and its lignification began up to 2 weeks later (Figure 2). Latewood enlargement ceased at the end of July-mid-August (DOYs 211–231). No significant differences were observed between treatments in Q. pyrenaica cambial phenology (Table 3 and Figure 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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242,464 |
While we hypothesized that organelle inheritance timing might be controlled in part by the cell cycle, we found that organelle inheritance mostly continues even when S-phase is blocked, consistent with previous studies of peroxisome, cortical ER, and mitochondrial inheritance (Fagarasanu et al., 2005; Loewen et al., 2007; Yang et al., 1999). We arrested cells in hydroxyurea for 3 h, sufficient time for cells that were past S-phase when the drug was added to complete their cell cycle and arrest at the following S-phase, giving us confidence that all cells experienced an S-phase block. After hydroxyurea treatment, cells were morphologically arrested at the large bud stage of the growth cycle, which normally corresponds to late M-phase (Fig. 3A). Even though cortical ER and peroxisomes are normally inherited in emerging buds (around the time of S-phase onset) and all other organelles are inherited in growing buds (after S-phase onset), we nevertheless observed cortical ER, peroxisomes, vacuoles and mitochondria in most of the large buds that had grown from the hydroxyurea-treated cells (Fig. 3A,B). Nuclei, on the other hand, remained either in the mother cell (not inherited) or at the bud neck (partially inherited) (Fig. 3A,B). A two-tailed χ-squared test of these data rejected the null hypothesis that organelles are distributed to the mother, bud neck and bud in proportion to the relative areas of these regions in a two-dimensional maximum intensity projection (χ-squared=134,074 for cortical ER and peroxisomes, 143,215 for vacuoles and mitochondria, 49,291 for nuclei, P<0.0001 for all), supporting the conclusion that each organelle is asymmetrically distributed in hydroxyurea-treated cells. Thus, even when S-phase completion is blocked, inheritance of organelles that depends primarily on actin-based transport can proceed. Fig. 3.Organelle inheritance does not require completion of S-phase. (A) Maximum intensity projections from epifluorescence stacks of hydroxyurea-treated cells. From left to right, cells are expressing GFP–HDEL to visualize the cortical ER, endogenously expressing Pex3–mCherry (peroxisomes), Vph1–GFP (vacuoles), Cit1–mCherry (mitochondria), and GFP–HDEL to visualize the perinuclear ER (all in green). Gray, cell outline from bright field imaging. White arrows point to the bud in each frame. (B) Percentage of cells (n=75 cells from three experiments for cortical ER, peroxisome, and perinuclear ER; 80 cells from three experiments for vacuole and mitochondria) in which the organelle of interest was inherited (green bar), not inherited (magenta bar), or partially inherited (yellow bar) in the presence of hydroxyurea.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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348,341 |
The non-linearized versions of models T1 and T2 were also investigated using the MCMC technique. However, as noted for the original Monod model, it was not possible to estimate the maximum growth rate and half-saturation constant reliably from the available data, resulting in estimates that were not biologically feasible. The non-linearized T1 model did show MCMC chain convergence for the threshold parameter (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}_{t}$$\end{document}Ht; Table 2), estimating its value at 83 mM (95% confidence interval 2.4–139.4 mM), comparable to the estimate of the T1 model. The non-linearized T2 model did not show MCMC chain convergence for the threshold parameter; therefore, the non-linearized model versions were not considered further.Table 2Mathematical notationNotationDescriptionUnit\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H$$\end{document}HHydrogen concentrationmM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P$$\end{document}PAcetate concentrationmM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$X$$\end{document}XBacterial cell concentrationg L−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t$$\end{document}tTimeh\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$$\end{document}μmax or \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mu }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x},H}$$\end{document}μmax,HMaximum growth rate on hydrogenh−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mu }_{max,R}$$\end{document}μmax,RMaximum rate of the reverse reactionh−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${K}_{H}$$\end{document}KHHydrogen half-saturation constantmM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${K}_{R}$$\end{document}KRHalf-saturation constant for the reverse reactionmM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$Y$$\end{document}YYield of the bacterium when growing on hydrogeng L−1 mM−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${k}_{d}$$\end{document}kdBacterial death rateh−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\eta$$\end{document}ηFirst-order kinetics rateh−1 mM−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}_{t}$$\end{document}HtThreshold concentration for hydrogen uptakemM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}^{*}$$\end{document}H∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}^{*}=H-{H}_{t}$$\end{document}H∗=H-HtmM\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f,F$$\end{document}f,FSigmoidal smoothing functions from Ribes et al. Dimensionless\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$A$$\end{document}ATuning parameter from Ribes et al. mM−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T$$\end{document}TTuning parameter from Ribes et al. mM
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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29,463 |
Finally for this preliminary section, we reiterate that this paper is focussed on movements within a single tier. The remarks about wider movement around the space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {N}}(X)$$\end{document}N(X) in Proposition 1 and Corollary 1 are included for context.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
80,240 |
For each of the parameter sets marked by a black square in panel E, a bifurcation analysis (with XPPAUT ) is performed using the parameter with largest absolute period sensitivity coefficient as bifurcation parameter. Given are plots of species S1 and the period versus the bifurcation parameter. Small panels (right hand side) show details for specific ranges of the bifurcation parameter. Red lines denote stable steady states, dotted black lines unstable steady states. Green dots (often melting to a line) denote stable limit cycles, blue circles unstable limit cycles. The dotted gray vertical lines indicate the original value of the bifurcation parameter and its perturbation (+2%) for the parameter set examined. Note that the examined parameter sets leading to sensitivities in B-D occur rarely for the model as they lie outside the 90% data range (end of whiskers, indicated by dashed lines in E).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
21,341 |
To further analyze and validate the expression of αvβ6 and pStat-3 in GBC, western blot analysis was performed in 10 paired fresh primary tumor tissue and corresponding paracancerous normal tissue. And these paired fresh specimen were collected immediately after surgery between January 2011 and November 2012 and were stored at −80°C. All patients have confirmed the informed consent.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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18,672 |
Table 1Pre-, intra-and postoperative data. Postoperative SUI and postoperative pad use are significant lower in patients with BMI <30. Data presented as mean value±standard deviation or relative frequency. All patientsBMI < 30BMI ≥ 30p Preoperative data Parity2.5 ± 1.72.3 ± 1.52.7 ± 1.90.297Patient age [a]70.3 ± 8.771.8 ± 7.868.3 ± 9.40.055 Intraoperative data Operation time [min]24.9 ± 13.123.8 ± 11.826.3 ± 14.70.352 Postoperative data Hospital stay [d]3.1 ± 1.83.3 ± 2.22.9 ± 1.00.284Urge20/9912/568/430,804SUI 0.006- no50/7135/4115/30 - I°10/713/417/30 - II°8/713/415/30 - III°3/7103/30 Positive stress test14/915/549/370.075Satisfaction 0.055- very good33/10024/569/44 - good30/10017/5613/44 - fair11/1005/566/44 - poor26/10010/5616/44 Pad use1.6 ± 2.31.3 ± 2.22.8 ± 2.90.004
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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123,895 |
One–hundred and seven girls (50%) had laparotomy and 107 (50%) had laparoscopy performed as an initial operative approach. Conversion to open procedure was noted in 18 girls (8.41%). In the second part of our study, since 2003, the number of patients operated on with laparoscopy increased to 55.00%. All girls, but one, with malignant tumor were subjected to formal laparotomy. They all underwent at least complete resection of the affected gonad and therefore were excluded from the analysis concerning ovarian tissue preservation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
112,620 |
Turbidity is a simple indicator for the clarity of water. For mean turbidity outflow values (Fig. 2j), no remarkable differences were noted between the indoor and the outdoor values except for the control ponds comprising BR46, DO46 and tap water mixed with fertiliser, which were significantly higher (p < 0.05) under controlled than natural conditions. Whereas, planted ponds comprising BR46 have shown to be significantly (p < 0.05) lower in terms of their mean turbidity outflows under controlled than natural conditions.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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211,327 |
MR is an increasingly popular method, made possible by the wide-spread availability of genotype data. MR can help to identify possible causal risk factors worth prioritising for follow up in RCTs and intervention trials. MR uses genetic variants as proxies for levels of the exposure in an instrumental variable analysis. For example, through genome-wide association studies (GWASs), we might identify genetic variants that pre-dispose individuals to smoke more or fewer cigarettes. These genetic variants can be used as an instrument to test causal effects of the exposure (e.g. smoking) on an outcome (e.g. depression), given that certain assumptions are satisfied (discussed below) . Genetic variants that alter our average lifetime levels of the exposure are randomised at conception and inherited independently of confounding lifestyle factors. This is akin to a natural experiment, and the genetic variants are less likely to be biased by confounding and reverse causation than observed exposures . Therefore, MR analyses can provide causal estimates, as long as the underlying assumptions are satisfied .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
252,050 |
Based on the improved evidence theory (DCre-Weight), the air quality model (DCreWeight) is proposed to evaluate comprehensive air quality. Firstly, considering the contributions of pollutant to air quality evaluation, the weights of pollutants are built based on the subjective weight method and the objective entropy weight method. Then, define the concentration of six air pollutants as pieces of evidence and use the improved evidence theory to make a comprehensive decision of air quality level.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
166,587 |
The results of the competitive adsorption tests, with all heavy metals in solution at the same time, are presented in Table 8 and Table 9 and Figure 4. Tests performed with Pluronic F-127 as surfactant showed the following order of removal Pb (II) > Cu (II) > Ni (II) > Zn (II). This result comes in agreement with the single tests results, where Pb (II) showed to be more easily removed than Ni (II) or Zn (II). As already mentioned, this sequence can be explained by the electronegativity of the cations. Since Pb (II) is the heavy metal ion that is more electronegative, its tendency to be attracted and remain adsorbed on the MWCNTs structure is higher compared with the other cations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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47,393 |
As previously described, the zip1 mutant, where the pachytene checkpoint is triggered, showed a strong delay in meiotic progression and the formation of mature spores was dramatically reduced (Figure 2A, 2B, S1A). Notably, the H4-K16R and H4-K16Q mutations were able to partially (K16R) or completely (K16Q) alleviate the checkpoint-dependent meiotic block: the zip1 H4-K16Q and zip1 H4-K16R double mutants progressed faster into meiosis (Figure 2B, S1A) and formed dityrosine-containing spores in a higher proportion than zip1 cells (Figure 2A); however, spore viability remained low (Figure 2C) indicating that although zip1 H4-K16Q and zip1 H4-K16R cells were able to progress into meiosis and to form mature spores, the problems caused by the lack of Zip1 persist. Thus, the status of H4K16ac modulates meiotic progression in the zip1 mutant. Interestingly, the H4-K16Q mutant mimicking constitutive acetylation shows a stronger checkpoint defect, similar to the lack of the Sir2 deacetylase 36 (see below).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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27,280 |
The population characteristics of the elderly subjects in the HANI study are summarized in Table 1. There were no subjects with abnormal biochemical parameters, such as serum albumin or impaired activities of daily living (ADL). The prevalence of anaemia was 6.5%. The plasma amino acid levels were determined, and the number of subjects with low plasma free amino acid levels were calculated based on the concentrations of the plasma free amino acids shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. Among the essential amino acids, the highest rate was observed in the elderly subjects with low plasma Trp levels (low Trp group, 11.1%). The low Trp group was compared with the control group with normal plasma Trp levels. The amino acid profile of the low Trp group is shown in Additional file 2: Table S2. There were no significant differences in BMI, serum albumin, and haemoglobin between the low Trp group and the normal Trp group. The mean age in the low Trp group was slightly higher than in the normal Trp group (Table 1). There were no significant differences in energy intake and protein intake between normal and low Trp group (Additional file 3: Table S3).Table 1Comparison of age, body mass index (BMI), biochemical parameters, abilities of daily living (ADL) and olfactory and health characteristic in the study populationVariableTotalNormal Trp groupLow Trp groupNumber (% of men)144 (36.1)128 (36.7)16 (31.3)Age, y (range)73.7 ± 5.5 (65−93)73.2 ± 5.3 (65−93)77.5 ± 6.4 (66−91)*BMI, kg/m2 (range)23.4 ± 3.2 (16.7−33.6)23.4 ± 3.0 (16.9−33.6)23.7 ± 4.3 (16.7−31.7)Serum albumin, g/dL (range)4.4 ± 0.2 (3.7−4.9)4.4 ± 0.2 (3.7−4.9)4.4 ± 0.2 (4.0−4.9)Hemoglobin, mg/dL (range)13.9 ± 1.3 (10.1−16.7)13.9 ± 1.3 (10.1−16.7)13.5 ± 1.3 (11.5−15.9)CRP, mg/L (range)0.090 ± 0.10 (0.004−0.5)0.095 ± 0.11 (0.007−0.5)0.055 ± 0.04 (0.004−0.143)**Low albumin, % (n)NoneNoneNoneAnemia, % (n)6.3 (9)5.5 (7)12.5 (2)High CRP, % (n)NoneNoneNoneADL disabilityNoneNoneNoneOE score6.2 ± 2.9 (0−12)6.5 ± 2.8 (0−12)4.4 ± 2.4 (0−8)**OE score: the open essence score; None: no subjects. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Significant: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 between normal Trp and low Trp group (Welch’s t-tests or Fisher’s exact test)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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32,325 |
In the case of cefepime, a 2 h incubation with 4 μg/mL antibiotic resulted in a 96% overall accuracy (128/134 total replicates), with 3 major errors and 3 very major errors (Table 2, Fig 3, S3 Fig). We excluded strains BAA-39 and HFH-29568 from the statistical analysis as previous classification characterized the strains as intermediate resistance by Etest (MIC = 24 μg/mL). As previously noted, the MBT-ASTRA assay cannot be used to classify intermediate resistance in its current configuration . Supporting this assertion, two of the independent replicates of the assay performed with strain BAA-39 gave a susceptible result while the other two gave a resistant result (Fig 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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40,331 |
Semi-structured interviews were conducted by the first author at the hospital, with the family alone and then with their treating pair of clinicians. Interviews were conducted at two time points: once on the first day of the FAP (pre-treatment) and once on the last day of the program (post-treatment). Pre-treatment interviews asked participants to discuss the reasons behind the family’s admission into the program, as well as any expectations of change. In the post-treatment interviews, participants were asked to reflect upon the family’s experiences of the program and any outcomes they witnessed in light of their initial expectations (questions in both sets of interviews were appropriately phrased to suit whether it was the family or clinicians being interviewed). Both sets of interviews involved a series of open-ended questions, which encouraged participants to talk in detail about their experiences. Each interview lasted for approximately 45–60 min. The interviews were then audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts coded and analysed for themes that emerged both within and between cases.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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231,743 |
Fourth, we did not correct for the fact that many individuals in the Swedish population would appear multiple times in our risk scores. They could, for example, be a proband if affected with one of our 11 disorders, and also be a sibling, parent, uncle or cousin if they had affected relatives. We do not expect this approach to produce biases in our FGRS scores, but our confidence intervals are likely to be modestly underestimated.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
199,112 |
As a general limitation, the estimation of a backward model will never achieve perfect accuracy because dozens of electrodes are not enough to capture the thousands of underlying sources of neuronal activity. One approach for addressing this would be through incorporating simulated iEEG data, where the ground truth is known, such as the LFPy toolbox . Specific limitations of an approach for estimating spatial filters utilizing eigenvalue decomposition are detailed below.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,123 |
We obtained empirical data on Pcontinuation by compiling global impact survey continuation rates using all surveys completed using Tropical Data (www.tropicaldata.org) in the calendar years 2017 and 2018. We used these inputs, and the same median and IQR Csurvey as earlier,32 to determine the global per-EU cost of strategies (a) and (b) and the Pcontinuation at which the costs would equalize, for the same six illustrative N¯s.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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278,286 |
In mice with acute pancreatitis, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for pancreatic viability and might protect organs against cell stress (66). A recent study reported that Th17 cells from patients with inflammation potently induce the differentiation and activation of DCs that preferentially promote the IL-17 response in a positive feedback loop (67). As an initiator, IL-17 is also involved in T cell-mediated inflammation. In the primary phase of infection or inflammation, IL-17 accelerates proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release, amplifying inflammatory reactions (68). IL-17 synergizes with other mediators to activate tissue-infiltrating neutrophils and helps eliminate invading pathogenic bacteria. NF-kB, a central molecule, links initial acinar injury to systemic inflammation and perpetuates inflammation in AP (69). IL-17 directly stimulates inflammatory responses or indirectly induces the production of IL-6 by stabilizing IL-6 mRNA through activation of the NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathways (70–72). As a target of IL-17A, IL-6 is necessary for the RORγt-dependent differentiation of Th17 cells (73), suggesting that IL-17A induces positive feedback. In addition, IL-17A triggers the production and release of various cytokines during AP (74), and these cytokines in turn enhance the synergistic secretion of IL-6 and IL-17A in fibroblasts. Yang demonstrated that IL-17 is increased in the early phase of SAP, confirming that the adaptor protein Card9 coordinates IL-17 to balance immune reactions in SAP pathogenesis (75). By activating the IL-23/IL-17/neutrophil axis, IL-17A exacerbates virus-induced AP (76). Thus, the combination of biomarkers will help clinicians develop and adjust the clinical treatment of AP.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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200,581 |
VD11-4-2 was further tested by using the MCF-7 breast cancer line, which is also derived from a metastatic site . MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 differ in their genotypic and phenotypic properties, one of which is receptor expression: while the former is a triple-negative cell line, the latter is estrogen and progesterone positive . However, both show enhanced CA IX expression under hypoxia, and the use of MCF-7 ensured that the effect on migration was not specific to the MDA-MB-231 cell line alone. The formerly mentioned inhibitor U-104 did not influence MCF-7 cell line migration in wound healing assay . Previous studies show that MCF-7 cells have a lower rate of migration and invasion when not stimulated by growth factors . In our study, EGF non-stimulated MCF-7 cell speed was too low to observe statistical differences between the groups. However, we observed that VD11-4-2 (20 µM) significantly reduces EGF stimulated MCF-7 cell migration speed. Human fibroblasts migration that does not express CA IX protein was not affected by VD11-4-2 exposure, therefore indicating that this compound influences only CA IX-positive hypoxic cell migration.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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265,577 |
Figure 4 shows the network attention area maps of an amyloid positive (label: 1) and amyloid negative (label: 0) SCD patient and their predicted classification. It can be seen that the occipital cortex showed high (red areas) and the frontal cortex moderate to high (yellow-orange areas) network (node) importance for the amyloid positive scan. In case of the amyloid negative scan, it can be seen that the frontal cortex showed most network (red areas) importance.Fig. 4Network activation maps. For each subject, a 2D class activation map with complementary probability can be obtained. The red areas indicate patterns that are highly associated with the specific predicted class
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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266,863 |
After 1 kGy γ-irradiation, the value of N4 decreased from 0.36 to 0.23 and N3 increased from 0.64 to 0.77. The same was analogous to the drastic reduction in the intensity and area under BO4 units (800–1200 cm−1) and rise under BO3 units (1200–1500 cm−1) in the 1 kGy γ-irradiated glass when compared with the non-irradiated one, as seen from the Figure 3a inset. The [BO4] units may have converted into [BO3] units (evident from the rise in N3) and non-bridging oxygens (NBOs), owing to the radiolysis of B-O bonds.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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211,182 |
The kinase statistic shows the overall change of the peptide set that represents a given kinase. Positive values indicate higher kinase activity in rd1, while negative values indicate lower activity, e.g., in rd1 CN03. The kinase score includes the sum of significance and specificity score (Scores > 1.5 shown in the table).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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190,504 |
Guidelines currently recommend systematic testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis in certain high-risk groups, which includes people on dialysis, to reduce the burden of active tuberculosis and consequent risk of mortality, even in countries with low TB burden. Our study supports the importance of such screening and subsequent treatment, and provides strong support for further studies of the potential benefit of expanding this recommendation to those with less severe renal impairment, particularly in countries with high prevalence of CKD.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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134,480 |
All individuals were identified based on morphological characteristics (Li and Chang 1974; Zhao 2005). A part of caudal fin was collected from each individual, preserved in 95% ethanol and stored at −20 °C in the Fisheries Laboratory of Gansu Agricultural University. Genomic DNA was extracted by proteinase K digestion followed by a standard phenol-chloroform method (Green and Sambrook 2012). 25 D-loop region sequences of G. eckloni (YL) which were derived from the mainstream of the Yellow River in Qinghai Province of China, were downloaded from the GenBank database (GenBank accession No. FJ601074-FJ601098)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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137,693 |
With the ever-growing numbers of genomes being sequenced, the gap between experimentally characterised and automatically annotated genes will continue to grow. It is therefore vital that a complete coverage of functional data is available for automated annotation . In our study we characterised four proteins annotated to EC 1.1.3.15 with alternative activities, and in all cases after a literature search we found articles describing homologous proteins with the same activities . Only one article proposed an annotation transfer which resulted in a recent re-annotation of the protein in UniProt (P37339 protein from E. coli, L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.5.13). The remaining proteins are still not recorded in protein databases as being experimentally tested, and thus do not serve as a reliable base for function transfer. Secondary protein databases, such as UniProt or BRENDA, welcome users’ corrections, however, it is uncertain to what extent those options are actively used by the community and result in correction of annotations. Initiatives such as COMBREX DB, a database of experimentally validated gene annotations , or STRENDA, a guideline of standards for reporting enzymology data could help to solve the problem, but only if the whole scientific community adopts these standards. As a response to this issue, the journal Biochemistry recently called on authors to include accession IDs for all proteins experimentally characterised in their manuscripts , a requirement that should certainly be adopted by other journals. We believe that a structured way of registering proteins characterised in high-throughput experiments should also be developed, and though the depth of protein characterisation in such approaches is limited, they can provide an excellent overview of the substrate scope of a large number of proteins.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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359,764 |
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy; however, the incidence of this cancer is quite low. 1 Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common pathological type of ovarian cancer. In contrast to other tumors, EOC is prone to peritoneal metastasis, and tumor cells can be disseminated throughout the entire abdominal cavity by ascites. 2 Refractory ascites can result in significant difficulties in EOC treatment, and thus, EOC is characterized by chemotherapy drug resistance and high recurrence. 3 The peritoneum is the most common site for EOC colonization, and based on this, the immune microenvironment within the peritoneum is crucial for EOC progression. An immunosuppressive microenvironment further exacerbates tumor progression, and peritoneal EOC is characterized by immune deficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated that the main immune cells within the peritoneum are CD68+ macrophages, specifically tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). 4
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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89,850 |
Usually, a large number of IoT devices are deployed in a close proximity to report a certain event. If all the IoT devices report their data to sink directly, this may result in the wastage of their energy. Therefore, a clustering mechanism is adopted to preserve the energy of the IoTs network. Further, the entire communication between IoT devices and sink is governed via CH. In this case, the energy of the CH may become depleted very sharply, which may limit the lifetime of the IoTs network. Therefore, a dynamic CH selection method for energy balancing is required to balance the energy among IoT devices in the IoTs network . The authors in presents a clustering mechanism for preserving the energy of WSNs, but they assume a fixed CH. Although present a CH selection strategy for balancing the energy among nodes in WSNs, they do not consider that the sensors are harvesting energy from RF sources. Therefore, their work is not suitable for the energy-harvested IoTs network due to the dynamic energy variations in the residual energy of the IoT devices. Thus, in this paper, we present a clustering mechanism along with CH selection for energy balancing for the RF-EH IoTs network.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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312,254 |
In contrast to the IHME model, the Imperial College of London (ICL) model used a conventional state-driven epidemic model to show the benefits of early intervention steps in reducing transmission and preserving health system resources vs. a ‘herd immunity’ strategy. The ICL model assumed that transmission is reduced because of externalities, like lockdowns, school closings, and so on. As a result, early predictions of the ICL model suggested that lifting of large-scale public health interventions could be followed by a second wave of cases. This has turned out to be the case, in some jurisdictions. Yet, for a disease that is already the documented cause of more than 200,000 deaths in the United States alone, we posit that individuals are likely to continue to modify their behavior even after lockdowns are lifted. Indeed, the peak death rates in the United States and globally are not as high as potential maximums in the event that COVID-19 had spread unhindered in the population . Moreover, rather than a peak and symmetric decline, there is evidence of asymmetric plateaus and shoulder-like behavior for daily fatality rates in the spring-summer trajectory of the pandemic in US-states (Figure 1; full state-level data in SI Appendix, Fig. S1). These early plateaus have been followed, in many cases, with resurgence of cases and fatalities.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
357,865 |
All experimental procedures were performed in triplicate and were repeated at least three times. The values represent the mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of the obtained values. Statistical analysis was performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test to compare two groups. Differences were considered significant when p values were ≤0.05. Significant variations in gene-expression levels were considered when values were ≥30%. Data were analyzed using Prism ver. 8 GraphPad statistical software.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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62,881 |
Data (means ± SD) were analyzed using SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Differences were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or t-test. For statistical analysis of the percentage values, the χ2 test were performed. Differences at P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
184,238 |
MMPs are involved in tissue destruction and have a major role in scar formation and can mediate innate immune responses. In healthy skin, MMPs play an essential role in regulating the skin matrix. C. acnes induces production of various MMPs (39), and extracellular matrix remodeling regulated by MMPs is thought to be a part of the pathogenesis of acne (25, 40). The transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), which regulates the expression of several MMPs has been shown to be upregulated in acne lesions (5). Targeting MMPs could be an interesting therapy in acne as this may be a potential way to minimize scar development and abnormal skin remodeling (39).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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236,325 |
Next, the environmental KPI disclosure index (ENV_KPI) was calculated as the ratio of all environmental KPIs disclosed by the company to the maximum number of environmental KPIs. The index for the abovementioned seven categories of environmental KPIs was calculated for every company as the ratio of the number of KPIs presented by the company in a given category to the maximum number of KPIs presented in this category. Thus, the total environmental KPI disclosure index and seven indexes for the indicated categories are calculated using the following formula:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{ENV}}\_{\text{KPI}}_{i} = \frac{{\sum {{\text{KPI}}_{i} } }}{{{\text{MAX}}\_{\text{KPI}}}},$$\end{document}ENV_KPIi=∑KPIiMAX_KPI,where: ENV_KPIi—environmental KPIs disclosure index for company i, KPIi—number of environmental KPIs presented by company i, MAX_KPI—maximum number of environmental KPIs presented.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
109,096 |
Eugenol stress altered the cell morphology and induced a reduction in capsule size/cell diameter ratio and an increase in the surface/volume ratio. Similar results have been reported following the exposure of C. neoformans to fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and terbinafine (Mondon et al., 1999; Nosanchuk et al., 1999; Guerra et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2014). Our group previously demonstrated that itraconazole promotes oxidative burst, and the cells adapt to this process diminishing the capsule size and cell diameter (Ferreira et al., 2013, 2015). This phenomenon could be explained as an attempt of the cells to adapt to different xenobiotics, since the capsule growth is associated to a slower yeast growth. Indeed, cells with high surface/volume ratio cells adapt more rapidly to abrupt changes in environmental conditions (Maxson et al., 2007; Ferreira et al., 2015).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
87,861 |
The patients with higher Cobb degree at baseline showed a better evolution of the scoliosis at T2 if they used the plaster cast (-22.4° vs -11.6°; p < 0.01), even if at t3 they showed a little worsening (-17.5° vs -12°; p < 0.01). Similarly, even patients with lower Cobb degree at baseline showed a better evolution of the scoliosis at t2 if they used the plaster cast (-19.9° vs -9.0°; p < 0.01), with a little worsening at t3 (-17.5° vs -11.8°; p < 0.01).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
68,417 |
Both the parental and the signal peptide-tagged RTs were secreted. Enhancement of secretion due to signal peptide tag induced only moderate decrease in the oxidative stress. Hereby, we could extend our statement on the capacity of RTs to induce oxidative stress: it is induced by a wide panel of RT variants, wild-type and drug-resistant, expressed from viral and from the expression-optimized genes , preferably secreted as well as preferably intracellular, both enzymatically active and inactive. Altogether, this indicates that the propensity to induce oxidative stress and to modulate the immune response towards the antibody type is a property of the protein not linked to its enzymatic activities which can be modified and even abrogated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
97,710 |
Figure 1a–f depicts the SEM images of Au NRs synthesised with HAuCl4 concentrations of 0.5, 0.65, 0.8, 1, 2 and 5 mM, respectively. As described in the “Experimental methods,” the concentrations of AgNO3, AA and seeds varied in proportion to the HAuCl4 concentration, while the concentration of CTAB was kept constant at 0.1 M. Note that these samples were prepared without adding any HCl. As is evident from the SEM images (Fig. 1a–f) and the plot of Fig. 2c, there is a noticeable decrease in the aspect ratio of the NRs with an increase in Au concentration, resulting from a decrease in length as well as an increase in width of the NRs with increasing HAuCl4 concentrations.Fig. 1SEM images of NRs prepared with HAuCl4 concentrations of 0.5 (a), 0.65 (b), 0.8 (c), 1 (d), 2 (e) and 5 mM (f). Scale bar is 100 nm Fig. 2Observed variations in the properties of Au NRs for various HAuCl4 concentrations (without controlling the pH of the solution by HCl), as seen in the optical spectra (a) (the spectra are normalised at 400 nm to facilitate comparison); the position of the longitudinal plasmon resonance in the spectra as a function of HAuCl4 concentrations (b); the variation of the average length and width of the NRs as obtained from the SEM images as shown in Fig. 1 (c); the time evolution of the absorbance at 400 nm for 0.5 mM and 2 mm HAuCl4 (for 2 mM the absorbance values are divided by 4) (d); and variation of the position of the longitudinal plasmon resonance with time during the growth of NRs for 0.5 and 2 mM HAuCl4 (e). The solid lines in b and c are guides to the eye
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
284,775 |
In this study, the species diversity of microfungi was checked on four elements of dishwashers (rubber seals, detergent dispensers, sprinklers, and water drains) and the water supplied to these appliances. The influence of using and applying various detergents on the occurrence of yeast in individual dishwashers was also analyzed.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
325,351 |
As already reported, ATRA tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum and only small quantities manages to permeate the receptor compartment. As shown in Table 4, the drug incorporation in the gel is known to result in a slower skin permeation rate than in fluid state vehicles. Besides, the alcoholic solution containing free soluble ATRA molecules provided the greatest permeated amount; however, the presence of the organic solvent represents an insurmountable drawback to a safer drug formulation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
316,929 |
Freshly dissected LV myocardial tissue ≤1 mm3 was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) for at least 2 h. After being washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) 3 times followed by fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide, samples were dehydrated through graded alcohols and embedded in Epon Araldite. Ultrathin sections (50–60 nm) were cut using an ultrami crotome (Leika, Germany) and stained with 3% uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Images were acquired with a CM-120 transmission electron microscope (Philip, Holland).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,159 |
(A) 293T cells were treated with ponatinib, imatinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib and osimertinib for 24 hr and the cell amounts were determined by cell counting. Data represent average from three independent experiments (two biological replicates for each point in every experiment) with indicated SD. 0, cells treated with TKI vehicle DMSO. With exception of dasatinib, the inhibitors did not affect 293T proliferation at the concentration ranges (red lines) used in RTK screening (Figure 5A). (B, C) Cells were transfected with human wild-type ABL, and p190 and p210 variants of BCR-ABL, and wild-type human EGFR or its activating mutant T790M, treated with inhibitors for 24 hr and analyzed for activating phosphorylation (p) by immunoblot. Actin and total levels of expressed kinases serve as loading controls. Cells transfected with empty plasmid serve as transfection control. (D) Evidence demonstrating that 2 and 5 μM nilotinib inhibits expression of transfected FGFR2, MET and RON. (E) Inhibition of LTK and INSR autophosphorylation by nilotinib. (B–E) Data show a representative experiment for three independent experiments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
29,335 |
The complex immune evasion strategies of GBM might require combination management to achieve more efficacious therapeutic benefits (Boussiotis, 2014; Chinot et al., 2014; Gedeon et al., 2014; Sakai et al., 2015; Suryadevara et al., 2015; Bordon, 2016). The optimal therapy requires a multidisciplinary approach with a thoroughly evaluating of the mechanisms of immune regulation and constant monitoring as well as pharmacological intervention to improve clinical outcomes (Ardon et al., 2012; Reardon et al., 2014; Danlos et al., 2015). Whether irSEs could be managed equally effectively with alternative immunosuppression or whether prophylactic antiviral and antibacterial therapies are beneficial in certain population need to be studied prospectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
76,821 |
Other molding techniques that are applicable on the microscale and generally used with thermoplastics are injection molding and embossing. Injection molding involves forcing a thermoplastic in its liquid state into a dye mold composed of two parts that can be separated once set. Through the use of sprues and runners that can be removed after molding, complex three-dimensional shapes can be achieved. However, issues can arise at the microscale regarding the capillary pressure that needs to be overcome to achieve fine details, since the polymer can begin to set before all fine structures are filled . Embossing involves using a metal dye pressing into a polymer substrate and imprinting the features of the dye into the material. This technique is capable of replicating nanoscale features in the polymer .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
125,035 |
Figure 4 shows the CT image and MR image of the patient in the practice group and the registration results. Comparing Figures 1(a) and 1(b), the original spatial positions of the two images differ greatly. From (d), after the transformation, the two images achieved a good registration result.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
343,934 |
In regard to the aspects presented above, the present study aims to reveal the biosafety profile of three different orthodontic implants by correlating the surface topography of each implant with the biological results obtained following their exposure to gingival fibroblasts, starting from the premise that the composition of the metal alloy together with the surface topography of the implant play an important role in ensuring the biocompatibility of the orthodontic devices. Thus, the biosecurity profile of one stainless steel orthodontic implant (Leone, Italy) and two titanium-based implants from Abso Anchor Dentos (Daegu, Korea) and psm Medical Solution Gmbh (Gunningen, Germany) was assessed through the extraction means method in terms of cell morphological aspects, cell viability, and cytotoxicity by employing an in vitro model represented by primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cells. Moreover, the potential irritative effect of the release of the metal ions from orthodontic implants has also been investigated in vivo, using the hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay. The technique is an alternative method to animal testing used for the evaluation of biocompatibility and potential irritative effects on skin or mucosal tissues table and was previously applied for some types of dental materials . It involves the exposure of investigated extractive solutions of the orthodontic implants to the developing blood vessels of the CAM, monitoring any signs of disruptive events.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
94,869 |
The question of where the Yulong plague focus comes from has been asked since it was confirmed in 2006. This study shows that the Yulong strains originated from the Sichuan Batang strains of Himalaya marmot plague foci, which is consistent with the plague spreading in a route from the north to the south in China, as previously described by Morelli G . The Luzi village is located in the center of the focus and was the first discovered plague epidemic; it also had the highest frequency of infection in the epidemic area. However, the tracing results of MLVA (14+12) showed that the strains from Mangshang Village were the earliest strains. The Mangshang village is located in the northernmost part of the Yulong plague focus, and the transmission line of Y. pestis in the Yulong focus also goes from the north to the south, similar to the plague spreading route in China.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
314,212 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and their comparison between two groups was performed via Student’s t test. Classification variables were recorded as case number and percentage, and compared between groups using chi-square test. All data analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.), and figures were plotted in GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.). P-values less than 0.05 meant that results were statistically significant.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,406 |
Firstly, we determined pairs of graph construction schemes and community detection algorithms that fulfilled the evaluation criteria presented in Section 2.3.10. The first two criteria were evaluated via bootstrapping and surrogate null models, while for the third, based on the similarity of individual community partitions with consensus community partition, we run a two‐way ANOVA over the pairs of graph construction schemes and community detection algorithms (p < .05). We run also a two‐way ANOVA over the pairs of graph construction schemes and community detection algorithms to assess the effect of both factors and their synergy to the repeatability of network topology quantified with NMI.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
39,749 |
Inclusion is the act of educating learners who were previously educated in special schools, as a result of their special needs, in regular schools that provide the necessary support to ensure access to quality education. Curriculum adaptation refers to improvements and amendments in what is taught, methods of teaching and structures of education with the aim of accommodating all learners (Chataika et al. 2012).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
275,245 |
2) Line 17-20. The fact that populations will be artificially promoted by MSC methods is independent of species concept, but what represents the correct level to define a species is very much dependent on species concept. A major absence in the introduction is defining what you mean by species – without that definition, it cannot be possible to objectively delimit them with a statistical analysis. I think you define them as “what systematists define them to be”, i.e. that information external from the method is used to define enough species that you can estimate your parameters. I don’t have a problem with that as a definition but it needs to be clearly stated. Without it, species have some mythical status in this approach and appear to be conjured from thin air, as nothing in the model actually specifies the correct level unless you know the parameter – which you can't do without knowing some species already! There is some useful discussion later on, but it needs to be much clearer upfront.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
282,713 |
The triterpenoid glycosides of ECa 233 can be transformed to triterpenic acids, which are active metabolites, by anaerobic bacteria in the human digestive tract13 (Fig. 1). ECa 233 is sparingly soluble, and thus there is poor absorption after oral administration14. Recently, Siam Herbal Innovation Co., Ltd., developed a new standardised extract of C. asiatica, Centell-S, with similar components to ECa 233 but that is freely soluble in water. Centell-S may therefore provide greater oral bioavailability of triterpenoid glycosides compared with ECa 233, especially regarding absorption. For this reason, we investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of active triterpenoids in Centell-S and ECa 233, using beagle dogs as an animal model based on data from previous studies14,15. In our previous study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of ECa 233 and Centell-S, and demonstrated that rats showed considerable interspecies differences relative to humans. In rats, active metabolites were barely detected in plasma samples after the administration of ECa 233 and Centell-S. It is possible that rats have few microorganisms to transform parent triterpenoid glycosides to active triterpenic acids, while the human digestive tract has anaerobic bacteria that can transform the parent compounds into active metabolites15. This difference indicates that the results of pharmacokinetic studies from rats might have limited applications for human use.Figure 1Chemical structure of bioactive triterpenoids in standardised extracts of Centella asiatica.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,570 |
Given that synapses are complex secretory machines with multiple synaptic vesicle pools and other cargo, it is unlikely that a single mechanism accounts for all capture. Indeed, while we observe a robust increase in axonal cargo deposition away from synapses, loss of cargo in nerve terminals is partial upon Rab6B KO. Hence, other mechanisms must exist. What could such redundant mechanisms be? A trivial explanation is that Rab6A partially compensates. This appears unlikely because Rab6B is the dominant brain isoform and Rab6A was not upregulated upon Rab6B KO, and future gene ablation studies should assess this. One alternative mechanism could operate through regulation of anterograde transport by Arl-8, a small Arf-like GTPase. In C. elegans, Arl-8 promotes anterograde axonal transport and inhibits cargo deposition, and this activity is antagonized by JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) (Klassen et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2013). A second alternative mechanism couples cargo unloading to increased microtubule dynamics in nerve terminals compared to other axonal areas (Guedes-Dias et al., 2019). GTP-tubulin is enriched by the increased dynamics, and binding of the motor KIF1A to GTP-tubulin is weaker than to GDP-tubulin, and this weakened interaction enhances cargo unloading in nerve terminals. Ultimately, it appears likely that at least three mechanisms cooperate for cargo delivery to nerve terminals: (1) cargo capture via molecular interactions between Rab GTPases and presynaptic proteins (this study); (2) local suppression of anterograde cargo transport within nerve terminals (Klassen et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2013); and (3) weakened local cargo-microtubule interactions (Guedes-Dias et al., 2019). Loss of any one mechanism leads to partial impairments in the delivery of presynaptic material because the remaining mechanisms, and perhaps additional unknown mechanisms, continue to support cargo delivery.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
128,273 |
In most of those family studies, the considered dyads are distinguishable or nonexchangeable, which means that there is at least one variable that can distinguish the two partners of the dyad. For instance, gender differentiates the two partners in heterosexual dyads; generation differentiates the two partners in parent–child dyads. In this study, we focus on distinguishable dyads, because they are more usual in family research. However, a discussion of how to deal with similarity and accuracy in exchangeable dyads (e.g., homosexual dyads, friends, colleagues) can be found in Kenny et al. (2006).
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
243,273 |
HEK293T WT and NOD1/2 KO NF‐κB reporter cells were seeded in 96‐well plates and stimulated with various stressors for 8 h. Then, cells were lysed in lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and luciferase activities were determined with firefly luciferase glow kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Luciferase activities were normalized to the amount of protein determined with Coomassie Plus kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fold inductions were calculated against normalized luciferase activities of corresponding controls.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,657 |
Presurgery this measurement is either by ultrasound or clinical examination. Patients are eligible if they have either a palpable tumour (clinical examination) of any size or a tumour with an ultrasound size of ≥1·5 cm. 618 patients had tumour size <1·5 cm, of which 607 had a tumour confirmed as palpable.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
138,146 |
All tasks were selected from and hosted on The Many Brains Project’s web-based cognitive testing platform, TestMyBrain . We selected the tasks to assess, as closely as possible, the domains outlined by the National Institute of Mental Health–Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative . We were able to include a formally equivalent web-based version of digit symbol coding. However, it was not possible to select formally equivalent tasks for the remaining domains because of a lack of availability of web-based versions. In addition to these domains, we included a measure of crystallized intelligence and a measure of risk-taking propensity. The final battery included 9 tasks (see Table 1 for domains, tasks, and equivalent MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery [MCCB] tasks). Full descriptions of the tasks can be found in Multimedia Appendix 1. The total administration time was approximately 45 to 50 minutes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
45,033 |
In conclusion, we propose that the increase in miR-9a during ageing in stem and progenitor germ cells modulates degeneration in spermatogenesis and promotes detachment toward sperm maturation. The abnormal increase in stem cell maintenance in miR-9a mutant testis and the age-related loss of fertility illustrate the severe consequences of failure to restrain stem cell adherence to their niche.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
359,940 |
Another group of innate immune cells that play a role in immunity to leishmaniasis are NK cells . Mouse infection studies showed that early (seven days post infection) depletion of NK cells decreased IFN-γ production and led to significant increase in parasite burden . It was also reported that HeN mice were resistant to L. major infection, and this was attributed to NK cell-mediated early IFN-γ production . In contrast, the enhanced susceptibility to leishmaniasis observed in BALB/c mice was associated with diminished NK cell activity . Collectively, these studies suggest that NK cells contribute to host protection during Leishmania infection.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
328,868 |
RE: As suggested we have now added few sentences in the discussion section about the link between clinical data and the microbiota profiles. As for antibiotic treatment, we reported more details in lines 257-263. We recognize the potential effect of clinical/demographic data on the changes of mirobiota profile however we wish to underline that these data were not significantly different among the three groups.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
380,284 |
Representative images of X-gal and Dystrophin staining in serial transverse cryosections of mdxnu/nu TA muscles grafted with donor satellite cells (A and B respectively); pre-irradiated single cell co-transplant (C, D); pre-irradiated single fibre co-transplant (E, F). In (A) and (B), the host muscles had been irradiated 3 days previously with 18 Gy and in (C–F), the host mdxnu/nu TA muscles were non-irradiated. All scale bars = 100 µm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
127,303 |
However, thanks to several studies conducted over the last few years, it is now known that this is not the only inflammatory mechanism. We can speak of asthma phenotype, which depends on the higher or lower expression of each immunological pathway in the patient’s asthmatic pathology, and on their response to treatments .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
387,102 |
To test this hypothesis in the human brain, Koolschijn et al. trained human participants to encode two overlapping but context-dependent memories. Training was performed across two consecutive days [46••]. On the third day, ultra-high field 7T MRI was used to measure interference between the two memories, both before and after application of tDCS. When MRS-derived GABA was reduced in neocortex using anodal tDCS, neural memory interference increased (Figure 4a). Moreover, the drop in MRS-derived GABA predicted the increase in memory interference (Figure 4a), which in turn predicted behavioural measures of contextual memory interference. These findings are consistent with observations in rodents where activity in cortical interneurons gates context-dependent behavioural performance .Figure 4Neural inhibition protects against memory interference.(a) Across two consecutive days, participants learned two overlapping memories, memory 1 and memory 2, each of which constituted a set of seven associations. Interference between the two overlapping memories increased when cortical GABA was reduced using anodal tDCS, as measured using representational fMRI . Individual differences in the decrease in GABA predicted participants’ increase in memory interference. Modified from Ref. [46••]. (b) The concentration of glutamate and GABA were measured at three time points during a visual task, using MRS in primary visual cortex (orange): before learning (‘Base’), and 30 min. and 210 min. after learning (‘30’ and ‘210’, respectively). Extended training on the visual task (‘overlearning’, shown in blue) shifted the neurochemical profile of visual cortex from glutamate-dominated excitation (‘no overlearning’, red) to GABA-dominated inhibition (‘overlearning’, blue). Modified from Ref. [48••].Figure 4
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
313,243 |
A limitation of this study is the cross-sectional design. Further validation would be needed by using a longitudinal research approach, in particular in young population. We investigated the relationship between ORA waveform parameters and PRAA; however, subanalyses in association with the severity of myopia were not carried out due to the sample size in the current study. Further investigation is preferable with the larger population.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
6,707 |
A CNN was implemented using TensorFlow to classify the spectral patches as either normal or cancer tissue.8–11 The neural network architecture consisted of six convolutional layers and three fully connected layers. The number of filters in each convolutional layer and the number of neurons in each fully connected layer are shown in Fig. 2. The patch size used was 10×10, and the kernel size used for convolutions was 3×3. The output of each convolutional layer is 10×10×N, where N is the number of filters in the convolutional layer. The final layer, i.e., soft-max, generates a probability of the pixel belonging to either class. Neuron weights were initialized to 0.05 with a truncated normal distribution, and the learning rate is 0.01 with an adaptive gradient descent algorithm used for optimization. The CNN was trained for 25,000 steps, using a batch size of 250 and five epochs of data.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
160,287 |
The design file of the surgical guide was transferred to 3D printing slicer software (Preform 3.14.0, Formlabs, MA, USA) and supports were attached to the outer surface of the surgical guide. The thickness of each printed layer was set to 50 μm. The 3D printer used to produce the surgical guide was a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) with an XY resolution of 25 μm, and a laser spot of 85 μm diameter, wavelength of 405 nm, and power of 250 mW. Printing was carried out with a maximum of 5 surgical guides per cycle with a 120° orientation and full-raft base with supports of touchpoint sizes of 0.80 mm. Photopolymer resin (Standard Grey Resin V4, Formlabs, MA, USA) for 3D printing was used as the printing material. Post-processing was followed by washing for 10 min in accordance with the manual provided by the manufacturer, and post-curing (Formcure, Formlabs, MA, USA) was performed for 30 min at 60 °C. Post-processing steps allowed the removal of excess resin, and following completion of the post-curing cycle, the supports were carefully trimmed manually using pliers.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
92,643 |
Splenic MΦs were immunophenotyped and sorted using flow-cytometry on day 3 and day 7 post Bm-L3 infection as described in the Section “Materials and Methods.” Post-sort analysis showed very high purity (>95%) of sorted cells (Figure 1A). Percentages of splenic MΦs-secreting IL-4 increased at day 3 p.i. (p ≤ 0.05), but those secreting IL-12 decreased (p ≤ 0.01) as compared to uninfected controls. This scenario changed rapidly at day 7 p.i. when splenic MΦs secreting IL-4 decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) while those secreting IL-12 and IL-10 increased as compared to day 3 p.i. (p ≤ 0.001 for both). Notably, percentages of splenic MΦs secreting TGF-β increased at day 3 p.i. (p ≤ 0.05) but dropped significantly at day 7 p.i. (p ≤ 0.001, Figure 1B).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
119,134 |
Although there have been studies on obesity and hypertension [7, 9, 10], methodologies for deriving diet quality scores vary and findings differ by sex and score used . In a cross-sectional study, the Dietary Guideline Index (DGI) was inversely associated with central adiposity in men , while in a prospective study, the Framingham nutritional risk score was inversely associated with obesity in women . Similarly, the Healthy Diet Indicator was inversely associated with hypertension in men , while the Recommended Food Score (RFS) was inversely associated with blood pressure in both men and women.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
232,302 |
We learned from our study that keeping the patient in the supine position and having a concomitant femoral and popliteal access is better than the prone position, with only a retrograde popliteal access, as it is more comfortable for the patient and easier for the physician, not to mention the ability to decrease the sheath size used at the popliteal access with the supine position as the popliteal artery access would be used for crossing the lesion only, and the remainder of the procedure, balloon dilatation and stent placement, would be continued from a femoral access.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
337,831 |
Besides the canonical Hedgehog activation via extracellular ligands like Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), there is also a noncanonical Hedgehog activation via oncogenic pathways like KRAS, C-MYC, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), or beta-catenin described (Figure 5) (54). In this regard, it needs to be evaluated if Hh inhibition on the level of the transmembrane receptors is sufficient for osteosarcoma therapy. However, it could be shown that several Smoothened inhibitors are sufficient to inhibit Gli1 expression and proliferation in osteosarcoma cell lines (55).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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