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There may be many reasons why individuals differ in their levels of self-compassion. The quality of attachment with significant caregivers in childhood may be one such reason, in addition to the amount of stress and negative life events and the level of self-regulative abilities (Gilbert 2005). Being more self-compassionate can therefore be both a result of an innate trait and/or a trait that has been nurtured. In our study, we predicted higher self-compassion to lead to higher vmHRV based on theories of self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy (Neff 2003b), and on this basis we treated self-compassion as a trait. However, with a cross-sectional study design, we cannot draw certain conclusions about causality (see Williams et al. 2015) (see Williams et al. 2015). Thus, the previous findings that state-induced self-compassion predicts higher vmHRV (Arch et al. 2014; Rockliff et al. 2008) (Arch et al. 2014; Rockliff et al. 2008), support our hypothesis that it is higher self-compassion that predicts higher vmHRV.
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74,919 |
Certain conditions favour agenda change leading to policy evolution. According to Kingdon , joining the streams requires policy entrepreneurs who are more or less constantly at work on pointing attention to particular problems or policies. However, their likelihood of influencing the policy agenda is enhanced by a policy window, which can open either because of change in the political stream (e.g. an administration change) or the prevailing mood among the public. Politicians decide to undertake some sort of initiative on a particular subject and cast about for ideas to mobilise support for their proposals and capitalise on the prevailing national mood. Putting themselves in the market for proposals creates a window for advocates, and many alternatives are then advanced by their sponsors. In some cases, policy change may occur in situations where both the problems and their solutions may not have changed at all. Instead, the availability of an alternative that somehow responds to a new political situation can change the policy agenda.
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| 1Other
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396,212 |
Can obtained results be applied from pre-clinical to clinical scenarios? For example, numerous potential infection-related biomarkers have been revealed by different research, how should a proper interpretation or efficient comparisons be made so that more attention can be paid to those compounds with enough practical value?
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257,277 |
An archetype TRP channel gene was first cloned from a blind Drosophila mutant in 1989 (3). Sequence analysis revealed that its RNA transcript has a molecular sequence of 4.1kb that encodes a 1,275 amino acid protein (3, 4). This channel is unique because it does not have appreciable structural similarity with any other known proteins. Subsequent studies showed that this channel is indeed an archetype of a TRP channel superfamily that is composed of 7 heterogeneous subfamilies made up of 28 different isoforms in mammals. Many of these different subtypes have specific roles in mediating a host of responses to a wide variety of ambient stresses such as changes in temperature, membrane stretch, medium pH osmolality, and exposure to exogenous modulators of kinase-induced changes in TRP channel phosphorylation status (5–7). The vanilloid subfamily contains 6 different TRPV subtypes. The characteristics of the TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) isoform are better understood than those associated with others in the same subfamily. These subtypes are expressed throughout a wide variety of different human tissues including peripheral nerve endings, brain and the spinal cord. It is the predominant heat detector in peripheral sensory neurons that innervate tissues throughout the body. This subtype is cation permeable enabling Ca2+ influx that is enhanced above 42°C, exposure to a hypertonic challenge, mechanical stretch, a reduction in pH below 6.5, and by a variety of chemicals, including capsaicin, piperin, resinferatoxin, olvanil, zingerone. In addition, different types of tissue injury can induce increases in the expression level of agents that induce the release of cellular constituents that in turn stimulate TRPV1 activity. Two of these constituents include bradykinin and nerve growth factor (NGF). They both are released at sites of tissue injury and serve to increase both pain sensitivity as well as thresholds for inducing hyperalgesia (8). The satiety factor, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) can also activate TRPV1. Agents such as bradykinin and nerve growth factor (NGF) increase pain sensitivity thresholds that underlie hyperalgesia (8). However, this response is dependent on prior protein kinase C (PKC)-induced TRPV1 phosphorylation (9). Capsaicin is a relatively selective TRPV1 channel agonist and its ability to induce Ca2+ transients is used to determine functional TRPV1 expression. A model for how capsaicin selectively activates this channel was derived based on extensive investigation using a variety of experimental techniques including mutagenesis, patch-clamp recording, crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, computational docking and molecular dynamic simulation (10). Stromal fibroblasts express TRPV1 activity that is confirmed based on accompanying rises in underlying ionic currents (11). These capsaicin-induced responses precede increases in proinflammatory cytokine release along with increases in α-smooth muscle expression that induce myofibroblast transdifferentiation and other phenotypic changes.
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368,084 |
It has been mentioned in the article (Section 3.1.2) that there are two main reasons for selecting these factors: 1) their correlation with the spread, and 2) their enhancement of the model outcomes based on trial and error. The impact of the factors has been seen during the creation of the model and how the model becomes more reliable. In other words, these factors provide a unique set of features for the different countries that the model self-learn from it through the introduced algorithm. This also has been mentioned in Model Hypothesis, see section 2.1 Hypothesis and assumptions.
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158,065 |
The results of conventional spirometry examinations are summarized in Table 1. They confirmed the severely deteriorated lung function in patients compared with healthy subjects, whose lung function was in the normal range. The spirometry values in subgroups of patients according to the documented GOLD severity stage are provided in Supplementary Table 1. They fell significantly with the disease severity (p < 0.0001). The respiratory rates during spontaneous tidal breathing directly preceding these examinations are given in Table 1, and they showed no significant differences between patients and healthy subjects.
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166,361 |
We performed a real experiment similar to the simulated one, using a Lego NXT robot that followed a circular path with a radius of 2.35 m and centered at the projection beacon 1 (reference beacon). The robot carried the microphone to continuously acquire the ultrasonic emissions. We chose a real environment where the multipath effect could appear. For that purpose, the robot navigated close to two columns and a wall. In addition, we placed two methacrylate plates next to the trajectory, working as reflectors to emphasize the multipath effect in other points of the path, as shown in Figure 15. In the last quadrant of the path, we manually introduced acoustic noise using a drill. Figure 15 clearly shows how the GCC-PHAT(β) (red) provides a better result compared to CC (black), by estimating the position practically at all the points marked on the path, thus making the ULPS more robust when the multipath effect appears.
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58,938 |
Ultrasound scores in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis and hand osteoarthritis. Total grey scale synovitis (GSS) and power Doppler (PD) scores are shown in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis without arthropathy (HH-WA), haemochromatosis with arthropathy (HH-A) and hand osteoarthritis (HOA). † p < 0.1 and *p < 0.05 for analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test (p values are not adjusted for multiple testing)
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274,321 |
Participants completed the Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT; Swinburn et al., 2004) which consists of 27 subscales measuring various language functions, and a cognitive screen. The CAT defines behavioral T-scores for each task, with lower T-scores indicating poorer performance. Each score defines how a given patient performed relative to a distribution of 60 patients with post-stroke aphasia. The threshold of impairment in each task is derived from a second population of 27 people with normal language and cognition, and it varies with task (for cut-off scores and maximum possible scores on each task, see Table 2). Performance below a cut-off score implies that the patient would be in the bottom 5% of the neurologically intact population. Note that patients with aphasia can score within the normal range on some subtests of the CAT; this occurs most frequently when patients have relatively mild aphasia or when the subtests are relatively easy (Howard et al., 2010). Further details on the scoring procedure and standards are given in the CAT manual (Swinburn et al., 2004). The prime focus of the current analysis was the verbal fluency task (semantic and phonemic), and tasks requiring sentence processing (spoken and written, comprehension and production).
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381,363 |
To conclude, this planned methodical investigation will serve as a foundation for determining the medical influence of nasal irrigation with HC amongst rhinosinusitis and postoperative patients, whether in China or abroad. Furthermore, it will aid in underscoring the matters that necessitate a more thorough design in this research aspect.
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345,484 |
Healthy infants were recruited via the maternity ward at Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, in conjunction with a mandatory screening for phenylketonuria when the infant was 2 days old. For 210 infants, the caregivers consented to participate. Healthy young adults (n = 176) were recruited at a dentist’s office at their annual control visit. Participants with antibiotic use within at least 3 months before sampling were excluded.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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221,825 |
Validity indices averaged across wear locations for each speed bout are presented in Table 2. Across normal speeds, the waist (MAPE = 4%), thigh (4%) and ankle (5%) locations displayed higher accuracy than the wrist location (23%). Across the whole range of speeds, the ankle and the thigh locations showed the highest accuracy (MAPE = 9 and 11%, respectively), while the wrist and waist locations showed the lowest accuracy (MAPE = 30 and 24%, respectively). Mean precision (correlation) values (and 95% CIs) are presented in Supplementary Figure 2, Additional file 8 for the relationship between directly observed steps and steps averaged across each specific wear location-based devices. Table 2Validity indices (accuracy, bias, and precision) averaged across wear location for each speed boutTreadmill speed, km/h (mph)SlowNormalFast0.8 (0.5)1.6 (1.0)2.4 (1.5)3.2 (2.0)4.0 (2.5)4.8 (3.0)5.6 (3.5)6.4 (4.0)7.2 (4.5)8.0 (5.0)Waist MAPE ± SD92.4 ± 11.274.1 ± 25.240.7 ± 26.816.6 ± 18.35.9 ± 12.14.1 ± 11.62.7 ± 8.93.1 ± 9.12.6 ± 8.62.6 ± 6.1 MPE ± SD− 92.4 ± 11.2−74.1 ± 25.3− 39.7 ± 28.2− 15.3 ± 19.4−5.0 ± 12.5−2.6 ± 12.0−1.7 ± 9.2−1.7 ± 9.4−0.9 ± 8.91.2 ± 6.6Wrist/Arm MAPE ± SD93.8 ± 9.483.6 ± 19.068.5 ± 28.156.2 ± 34.352.4 ± 37.150.1 ± 36.851.2 ± 36.152.2 ± 33.854.9 ± 32.053.2 ± 28.7 MPE ± SD− 93.8 ± 9.4− 83.6 ± 19.0− 68.4 ± 28.3− 56.1 ± 34.5−52.3 ± 37.2−49.7 ± 37.3−51.1 ± 36.2−52.0 ± 34.1− 54.6 ± 32.5− 51.6 ± 31.5Thigh MAPE ± SD60.2 ± 28.210.9 ± 14.73.2 ± 8.73.5 ± 9.03.2 ± 8.93.3 ± 9.23.7 ± 9.96.0 ± 14.79.8 ± 23.111.1 ± 24.7 MPE ± SD− 59.5 ± 29.7−8.9 ± 16.0−1.6 ± 9.1−1.2 ± 9.5−1.8 ± 9.3−1.7 ± 9.7− 2.1 ± 10.4−5.0 ± 15.1−8.5 ± 23.6−7.2 ± 26.2Ankle MAPE ± SD14.9 ± 19.84.4 ± 13.13.4 ± 13.23.6 ± 13.83.1 ± 13.42.9 ± 10.44.1 ± 12.08.7 ± 15.720.7 ± 18.023.5 ± 7.9 MPE ± SD− 14.6 ± 20.0−0.6 ± 13.8−1.5 ± 13.5−1.3 ± 14.2−1.8 ± 13.6−1.1 ± 10.8−3.0 ± 12.4−8.0 ± 16.1−20.4 ± 18.4−23.5 ± 7.9All mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean percentage error (MPE) values are presented as mean percentage ± standard deviation (SD). Waist devices: Actical, ActiGraph GT3X+, NL-1000, Digi-Walker SW-200. Non-dominant wrist device: ActiGraph GT3X+; Arm device: SenseWear. Thigh device: activPAL. Ankle device: StepWatch. MAPE and SD values closer to 0% indicate higher accuracy and precision, respectively. MPE values closer to 0% indicate lower bias and negative values mean undercounting
| 4 | 0biomedical
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344,344 |
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) is the first large-scale randomized clinical trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of intensive glucose reduction and metformin use on diabetic complications in T2D . In UKPDS34, metformin use showed a risk reduction of 32% for any diabetes-related endpoint, 42% for diabetes-related death and 36% for all-cause mortality in newly diagnosed overweight T2D individuals . Accordingly, in UKPDS80 (a post-interventional 10-year follow-up of the UKPDS), intensive therapy with metformin resulted in a risk reduction of 33% in myocardial infarction, 20% in stroke and 16% in microvascular complications, defined as vitreous hemorrhaging, retinal photocoagulation, or renal failure in T2D patients .
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243,392 |
-Finally, the structure of the paper seems a bit unconventional. I suggest the authors carefully structure the paper in order to ensure logical progression of ideas. I feel the paper would flow well in a more traditional sense (introduction, methods, results, discussion). Integrating the Project Description section into Methods, then subdividing the VR and ML components of the system description as dedicated sub-sections could be an alternative.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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164,694 |
In our study, the NCP group showed a higher, although not statistically significant, in-hospital mortality rate (24% vs. 17%) than the COVID-19 pneumonia group; conversely, the average length of hospitalization was significantly longer in the COVID-19 pneumonia patients (Table 2).
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193,205 |
The results of the proposed method were further compared against all the 30 bottom-up saliency methods on the ECSSD dataset as in Table 3 and Figure 11 to evaluate its performance. The ECSSD dataset is well known for harboring complex images while the superiority of the proposed method is obvious because it has achieved the best values of precision (0.853), F-measure (0.790), MAE (0.163), and OR (0.573). The learning-based method of DRFI and graph-based methods of DGL, FBSS, and MRBF also achieved better results; however, only the proposed method managed to score precision above 0.800. The foreground and backgrounds seed selection methods such as MRBF and FBSS have also achieved a better MAE score compared to BGFG, which is also based on background and foreground seed selection. The DCLC that showed superiority in the image category of overlap declined its performance on the ECSSD dataset. The SIM method showed the lowest value for most of the performance metrics, except the MAE, while the method of SUN scored relatively the worst value for MAE. The effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting salient objects from a wide range of image categories has been successfully proven by experiments.
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217,441 |
Nanoparticles consist of multiple components that allow drugs or compounds to be delivered to the site of interest and unleash a certain effect . They have the ability to be easily tuned and functionalized for active targeting, deliver a large quantity of therapeutics to tumor cells, and provide passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to reach tumor tissue (by extravasation through leaky tumor vessels). Furthermore, nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver a consistent amount of payload and release therapeutic agents with a high level of control . Various nanoparticles were designed to target BCAFs in TNBC (Table 2).
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113,715 |
We first evaluated the expression levels of the AMPA receptors in Western blotting experiments. We found that GluR2 protein levels were reduced by about two-fold by the ARA diet in cortical homogenates, whereas injections of Aβ42 oligomers did not further reduce the expression of this AMPA receptor member (Additional file 6). We observed drastic reductions (to 12–20% of the levels observed in the control OLE group after NaCl injections) of the expression levels of the four types of AMPA receptors in the hippocampus homogenates of ARA-fed mice after Aβ42 oligomer injections (Additional file 7). The intensities of the Western blot bands corresponding to the various AMPA receptor isoforms appeared as almost wiped out in these homogenates, although such variations could not be strictly correlated to those of the expression levels, owing to lack of linearity of the antibody-antigen response in the Western blot experiments in some ranges of expression.
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237,458 |
In the adult population, the use of Ommaya reservoirs for cystic craniopharyngiomas as an isolated therapy has been mainly limited to smaller and heterogeneous case series with relatively low recurrence rates of 0–27.3% over a follow-up period up to 56 months . The largest series was reported by Moussa et al. who treated 52 patients (36 pediatric and 16 adults) with no prior resection, achieving local tumor control in 73% of cases at mean follow-up of 54 months . Only 19% of patients required re-aspiration every 6 months, while the lack of need for re-aspiration in the remaining patients was attributed to marsupialization of the cyst after initial collapse into surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces via the Ommaya catheter holes. A more recent study by Steiert et al. validated this finding in 12 patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas who underwent stereotactic catheter placement into the ventricular system with the tip in the cyst, thus creating a cysto-ventricular shunt. This resulted in mean reduction of cyst volume of 92% at median follow-up of 41 months .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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288,131 |
The minimum rate and EEmmf are depicted in Figure 4 for the coalition-based approach when NOMA is used in a shared CUs setting with r=2 and r=3. This time, the clusters are formed using DL, with the average number of receivers set to 3. NOMA helps to increase EEmmf and the transmission rate simultaneously, but the gain is clearly larger if the reuse factor r grows, since this allows for more degrees of freedom when sharing the channels. Therefore, NOMA can only realize its full potential when the co-channel interference level prevents the system to attain the target transmission rates, while it just provides a marginal gain in the high SNR regime. As a consequence, NOMA is mostly useful in dense wireless systems when the number of active users is high, even if the transmission rate required by the devices is not particularly high (e.g., mMTC in 5G).
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259,477 |
Gallium-67 (67Ga) citrate, a SPECT tracer, was probably the first radiopharmaceutical exploring iron utilization by pathogens used for the clinical imaging of IFD. One of the proposed mechanisms by which [67Ga]Ga-citrate localizes to the infection site was by in vivo binding to pathogen-produced siderophores followed by subsequent uptake into the organism via SIT. Before the widespread availability of PET, [67Ga]Ga-citrate imaging was commonly applied for infection and oncology imaging. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), a leading opportunistic infection in advanced HIV infection, causes diffuse [67Ga]Ga-citrate uptake in the lungs . [67Ga]Ga-citrate has better sensitivity than chest radiographs in the evaluation of PJP. [67Ga]Ga-citrate imaging in the right setting has an excellent negative predictive value for PJP . Lung uptake of [67Ga]Ga-citrate is not specific for PJP as other prevalent entities in the immunocompromised host may also show avidity for [67Ga]Ga-citrate. These entities include cytomegalovirus infection, other fungal infections including histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis, bleomycin toxicity following chemotherapy, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis . [67Ga]Ga-citrate has fallen out of favor due to its suboptimal image quality, high radiation burden on patients, the requirement for late imaging up to 48 to 72 h post tracer injection, and the availability of newer radiopharmaceuticals and PET technology with superior diagnostic performance. Gallium-68 (68Ga) citrate is a PET congener of [67Ga]Ga-citrate with superior diagnostic performance. [68Ga]Ga-citrate PET/CT has the potential to complement [18F]FDG PET/CT assessment of IFD since the former has striking differences in its biodistribution, allowing for a more robust assessment of disease involvement in regions of the body with high physiologic [18F]FDG uptake, such as the brain . To date, no study has evaluated the possible role of [68Ga]Ga-citrate PET/CT in IFD.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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239,466 |
Confocal fluorescence images of HeLa cells. (A) Fixed HeLa cells stained with 2a (20 μM), Hoechst 33342 (1 μM), and corresponding bright-field (BF) and merged images. The white arrows indicate the 2a-mediated nucleoli staining. (B) Fluorescence images of fixed HeLa cells stained with 2a (20 μM) without and with RNase treatment. The BF and fluorescence images for untreated cells show the absence of any autofluorescence signal. (C) Fluorescence displacement assay with 2a (20 μM) in the absence or presence of BRACO-19 (20 μM). The BF and fluorescence images for cells treated only with BRACO-19 (20 μM) show the absence of any BRACO-19-associated fluorescence signal. (D) Fluorescence, BF, and overlay images of live HeLa cells stained with 2a (10 μM) for 10 min. The white arrows indicate the 2a-mediated nucleoli staining in living cells. The fluorescence images for untreated cells show the absence of any autofluorescence signal. Scale bar = 10 μm. Experimental settings (A–D): A 405 nm diode laser was used for Hoechst 33342 (λexc = 405 nm, λem = 410–445 nm), and an argon laser (λexc = 458 nm, λem = 470–700 nm) was used for 2a excitation.
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272,489 |
One of the main roles of artificial tissues is protection of the body against dehydration. In order to fulfil this function, the gel should be strongly hydrated. According to TGA the decomposition temperature for OxD-Gel cryogels with ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were 253, 260 and 269 °C, respectively. Cyclic DSC analysis confirmed that the endothermic peaks at about 100 °C related to water evaporation and not to the degradation of material.
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105,659 |
The term “sexual exploitation” means any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust, for sexual purposes, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially or politically from the sexual exploitation of another. Similarly, the term “sexual abuse” means the actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, whether by force or under unequal or coercive conditions .
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| 1Other
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74,777 |
For nirK-harbouring microorganisms, the edge PCA first principal component was related to the higher relative abundance of the genera Gemmatimonas, Opitutus and Sulfobacillus at the natural site, while the genera Methylocella, Methylotenera, Paraburkholderia, Burkholderia and Ralstonia were more abundant at the drained site (Supplementary Fig. 1). The diversity of nirS-harbouring microorganisms varied along the first PCA axis for the drained site. The difference in nirS-harbouring microbes between the natural and drained soils was primarily due to the higher contribution of the genera Pseudogulbenkiania, Cupriavidus and Rubrivivax at the natural site and of Nitratifractor, Sulfurovum, Sulfurimonas and Pyrobaculum at the drained site (Supplementary Fig. 2). A superposition of the nosZI-harbouring microbial community composition on the phylogenetic tree showed that the drained site has a diverse and heterogeneous community, while only the nosZI gene-possessing genus Rhodanobacter was abundant at the natural site (Supplementary Fig. 3). In contrast, the natural site possessed a diverse community of nosZII-harbouring microbes, while the drained site was colonised with only four genera: Desulfomonile, Anaeromyxobacter, Opitutus and Diplosphaera. The edge PCA of nifH-harbouring microorganisms indicated that the natural site had a higher abundance of Slackia, Methanopyrus and Desulfitobacterium, while the drained soil had a more diverse set of genera (Supplementary Fig. 4). The separation of amoA-harbouring archaea between the natural and drained sites occurred primarily along the edge PCA first principal component and was related to the higher abundance of Nitrosopumilus at the natural site; other differences were attributed to an uncultured thaumarchaeote (Supplementary Fig. 5). nrfA gene-possessing microbes were detected only at the natural site (mainly from the genera Anaeromyxobacter, Myxococcus, Opitutus and Geobacter) (Supplementary Fig. 6).
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204,630 |
Conceptualization, AR, MA-F, and JA. Methodology, MH, IA, and PC. Software, AR. Validation, MH, IA, and PC. Formal analysis, AR. Investigation, AR, MA-F, and JA. Resources, AR, MA-F, and JA. Data curation, AR, MH, IA, and PC. Writing—original draft preparation, MH and AR. Writing—review and editing, AR, MH, RA-S., FA-M, MA-F, and JA. Supervision, MA-F and JA. Project administration, AR, MA-F, and JA. Funding acquisition, AR, MA-F, and JA. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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102,615 |
Results for automatically calculated peak velocities and atrial contraction. Manual and automatic measurement results of automatically calculated peak emptying velocity, peak filling velocity, and atrial contraction as mean ± SD in the left and right side of the heart. Comparison of automatic tracking vs manual measurements as correlation R value and bias ± SD. The validation was performed on n = 20 subjects. The atrial contraction is given in % of the atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) in end systole
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49,279 |
In the present study, CD73 exhibited a remarkably worse prognostic value, which was somewhat expected from similar results observed in other cancers [17–21] and from the fact that CD73 has a wide range of oncogenic property in addition to immunosuppressive function [11, 13–16]. Moreover, the unfavorable prognostic impact of tumor CD73 expression was further enhanced when combined with low tumor A2AR expression. However, the reason underlying the survival benefit of high tumor A2AR expression is unclear as the functions of A2AR have mainly been studied in immune cells and in the context of the tumor microenvironment; specifically, A2AR expression on immune cells has been broadly considered to be immunosuppressive. In addition, only a few reports have investigated the function of A2AR in tumor cells. For example, A2AR activation was shown to decrease cell viability and induce cell death in a study using the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 . Conversely, knockdown of A2AR was found to decrease the growth of a lung cancer cell line, H1975 , and A2AR antagonists induced apoptotic cell death in PC9 and A549 lung cancer cell lines . However, selective A2AR agonists had no effect on H1975 cell viability and A2A blockade was suggested to act on host immune cells but not on tumor cells expressing A2AR . The complex signaling pathway downstream to A2AR in tumor cells should be investigated to provide a mechanistic explanation of the different effects of A2AR.
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313,525 |
From a total of 19 studies that were included in this review, seven reported that there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups. From these seven studies, two [16, 23] reported that there was a significant improvement rate in their intervention groups. A third study by Quinn et al., had reported that most assessment criteria had no-significant differences, but the criteria that showed significant differences favored the control group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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145,681 |
Controlled trials assessing anxiety and stress as primary or secondary outcomes with at least one active treatment group and one comparator group were included. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Mean age in the range of 10–24 years old; (2) healthy and clinical samples; (3) minimally measures obtained pre- and post-intervention; (4) pro- or prebiotic administration (any form); (5) published and peer-reviewed data; (6) any date of publication. Exclusion criteria were: (1) administration of pro- and prebiotic combinations (synbiotics); (2) unpublished data; (3) duplicate data/publications.
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300,399 |
We evaluated the clustering results of two different ion image clustering pipelines, namely the density-based DBSCAN clustering algorithm, combined with non-linear dimensionality reduction using UMAP, and the pervasive k-means clustering algorithm. In both pipelines, we compared regular ion images and neural ion images from two different MSI datasets, namely a human lymph node and a mouse kidney dataset.
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60,923 |
TBI is accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), in which there may be two mechanisms that lead to hyperglycemia. First, during the inflammatory response, several cytokines are released, including TNF-α, IL-6, and CD11d . Studies demonstrated that TNF-α regulated quantity and function of glucose by decreasing levels of adipocyte-specific genes and increasing levels of preadipocyte-specific genes, contributing to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia . Second, inflammatory responses increase the level of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, which induce elevated levels of blood glucose. Nitric oxide (NO), which is activated in the inflammatory response, participates in signal transduction pathways that lead to the release of corticosterone from the adrenal gland, and finally results in hyperglycemia. . While not still understood, the interaction between inflammatory response and hyperglycemia is clearly important and warrants further investigation.
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83,591 |
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has estimated that approximately 25% of the world’s agricultural products are contaminated with mycotoxins, resulting in significant economic loss due to their impact on human health, trade, and animal productivity . Streit et al. analyzed 13,578 samples of feed and feed raw materials for contamination with ZEA from all over the world over a period of eight years (January 2004–December 2011), and found that 36% of samples were positive for ZEA . Among the positive samples, the average concentration and the maximum concentration were up to 101 μg/kg and 26,728 μg/kg, respectively . Thus, detoxification strategies for contaminated feeds for animals are needed to reduce or eliminate the toxic effects of ZEA in order to improve food safety, prevent economic losses, and reclaim contaminated products. Numerous physical and chemical detoxification methods have been tried, including chemical, physical, and biological approaches. Among them, biological transformations (including the use of microorganisms to breakdown ZEA) are the least studied and may provide an effective means to manage this mycotoxin. Microorganisms in the Bacillus genus are considered as probiotics and have been shown to effectively degrade ZEA in vitro. For example, Tinyiro et al. found that B. subtilis 168 and B. natto were efficient in the removal of more than 75% of ZEA from the liquid medium , whereas Cho et al. reported that a B. subtilis strain degraded 99% of ZEA in the liquid medium . Moreover, Yi et al. isolated a strain of Bacillus licheniformis CK1 from soil samples and found that this strain was capable of degrading ZEA . However, there was limited investigation on feeding animals with microbiologically-detoxified diets . Therefore, the purpose of this study was investigate effects of Bacillus licheniformis CK1 on growth performance, vulva size, relative weights of organs, and serum hormone of female piglets fed feed contaminated with ZEA. In addition, we also evaluated the expression of the estrogen receptors in the vagina, uterus, and ovary of the piglets.
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377,047 |
Furthermore, the temperature dependence of DC breakdown strength for composites was compared, as shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that with the increase of temperature, the DC breakdown strength of each composite has a quite different descending trend. Notably, with the increase of DCP content, the temperature dependence of DC breakdown strength for composite become weak gradually. The temperature dependence of DC breakdown strength for XLPE-PS 3# and XLPE-PS 4# has little difference, and both of them show the weakest dependence on temperature.
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63,768 |
In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that MRL/lpr mice spontaneously developed pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by an imbalance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, as well as organic vessel stenosis. In addition, eNOS, ET-1 and survivin were found to play pivotal roles in the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension in MRL/lpr mice (Fig 7). Although further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of CTD-PH, MRL/lpr mice may be a useful model for the investigation of its pathophysiology.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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302,952 |
A fluctuation in the existing order or stability pushes the current system away from equilibrium into a state of non-equilibrium that may threaten the system’s structure such that it can reach the critical point or the bifurcation point. In the complex system paradigm, the components are in a disorderly state when a system collapses from the bifurcation or critical point, after which point they unite to form a new rule and create a new order, when the bifurcation point is reached .
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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314,464 |
As in Experiment 2, the experiment started with a learning phase, in which the to-be-learned assignments were shown for 60 s in written form. For a particular participant this might read: “I am a triangle. The chair is a circle. The tree is a square.” (“Torture is a triangle. The chair is a circle. The tree is a square.” in the negative-valence condition). Participants were instructed to place the middle finger of the left hand on the S-key and the index finger of this hand on the D-key (response keys for Task 1) and the middle and index finger of the right hand on the K- and L-keys, respectively (response keys for Task 2). After this learning phase, the PRP paradigm started. Here, the first task was an auditory discrimination task and the second task was the matching task. Following a fixation cross (500 ms), a tone was played for 50 ms. Either 100 ms or 1,000 ms after the onset of the tone, a label-shape combination appeared for 300 ms. After that, a blank screen appeared for 2,200 ms or until the participant finished both responses. Error feedback was provided for 1,000 ms if the participant entered the second response first. A response on a high tone was given with the S-key, on a low tone with the D-key, and a response on a matching combination was given with the K-key and non-matching with the L-key. One block consisted of 48 trials, resulting from the combination of the 2 (S1: 300 vs. 900 Hz) × 2 (SOA: 100 vs. 1,000 ms) × 3 (shape: triangle, square, circle) × 3 (label: relevant vs. neutral1 vs. neutral2) conditions, whereby matching label-shape combinations were presented twice as often as each possible non-matching combination in order to have the same proportion for matching and non-matching trials (Sui et al., 2012). Ten repetitions resulted in 480 trials in sum, and after 160 and 320 trials, a break slide appeared, which the participants could end as soon as they wanted to go on. Ten randomly chosen trials were presented as practice trials before the experimental phase started.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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128,867 |
A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). You should upload this letter as a separate file labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. You should upload this as a separate file labeled 'Manuscript'.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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192,173 |
Participants were scanned using a Philips Achieva 3.0 T scanner using a 32-channel head coil. Following the localizer scan, first a T1-weighted structural scan was recorded (isotropic voxel size 1.1 mm3, RT =7.9 ms, TE = 3.5 ms, flip angle = 8 degrees, FOV = 250 mm, duration = 04:12 s) using a 3DT1 image sequence. Next, a T2* functional scan was performed (voxel size = 2.75 mm x 2.84 mm x 2.75 mm, RT = 2.2 s, TE = 30 ms, flip angle = 80 degrees, slice thickness, echo planar imaging [EPI], volumes = 3 × 188, number of slices = 38, FOV = 220 mm, duration = 3 × 07:09 s). Functional scans consisted of 3 runs with 188 volumes each and each run lasting 6 min; we discarded the first two scans to allow for stabilization of the signal. Participants were instructed to lie still in the scanner and were constantly monitored through a camera system. Furthermore, head movements were restricted by using foam triangles to fill available empty space between participants’ heads and the head coil.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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320,502 |
OCC is widely studied for indoor LOS communications. However, due to the limited FOV of a camera, an LOS-based OWC link typically suffers from shadowing and blockage, which limits the mobility and performance [109–111]. Thus, the OCC through an NLOS path emerges as a solution for achieving strong robustness to blocking and mobility. It mainly leverages the light reflections from walls, ceiling and other diffusely reflecting surfaces to establish the communication links, but may experience high path loss and multipath-induced inter symbol interference especially for links with high transmission rates.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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293,740 |
Neurotrophins are important in the development, differentiation, and survival of RGCs. Many of these neurotrophins are produced by glial cells during normal conditions. In this context, BDNF has been shown to protect RGCs in mice with ocular hypertension (194). Furthermore, it has been shown that GDNF combined with BDNF convey synergic protective effects (195). Finally, glial cells are important producers of neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, CNTF, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5, all having potential as neuroprotective properties (196). Among the mentioned neurotrophins, more have already been tested in preclinical settings. An example is mature BDNF, which has been targeted to secretory vesicles within RGCs by adeno-associated virus gene therapy, increasing BDNF production and long-term BDNF receptor expression in a mouse model of optic nerve damage and in a rat model of chronic IOP, which provides neuroprotection against RGCs (197). In addition, increased release of CNTF by Müller glia has been shown to provide endogenous neuroprotection of RGCs after both ischemias and in response to the induced ocular hypertension (194). Recently, an encapsulated cell technology has allowed a controlled, continuous, and prolonged administration of CNTF in animal models that provide photoreceptor protection (198). In general, the administration of exogenous neurotrophins or the augmentation of endogenous production has been shown to have a protective effect on RGCs in several experimental models, highlighting this as a potential therapeutic strategy for glaucoma (199). The efficacy of such treatments may, however, decrease over time as treatment with chronic neurotrophin administration can lead to downregulation of the relevant receptors (197).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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161,755 |
Re 1.: To check for the timing of early language milestones, we plan a between-subjects design to compare the age (in months) of reaching particular linguistic milestones across bilinguals and monolinguals. We will also perform a within-subjects design to compare the timing of reaching particular linguistic milestones in bilinguals’ first (L1) and second language (L2).
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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219,667 |
Partial correlations were estimated using a Gaussian Graphical Model with the GeneNet approach as implemented in the GeneNet R package . GeneNet allows estimation of a GMM from a small sample of high-dimensional data in a computationally and statistically efficient way. It uses an analytic shrinkage estimation of covariance and partial correlation matrices and performs optimal model selection based on local false discovery rate multiple testing. The edges (i.e., the associations) between nodes (i.e., lipoproteins and lipid main fractions) to be included in the final association network are selected using a computational algorithm depending on the relative values of the pairwise partial correlations. For more details about the GeneNet algorithm implementation, we refer to the original publication .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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83,210 |
Previous studies have shown that the genomes of interspecies hybrids are unstable [51–53]. To test whether our evolved hybrids experienced genome instability during their adaptation to ACSH, we sequenced their genomes, measured their relative DNA content by flow cytometry, and compared these data with that from their ancestors. As expected, ancestral hybrids were diploid, and the evolved Y73 × S. mikatae hybrid remained approximately diploid (Additional file 8). In contrast, flow cytometry and read coverage data indicated that the evolved hybrid Y73 × S. kudriavzevii was approximately triploid, suggesting an increase of the DNA content per cell (Additional file 8).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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220,584 |
Slug is a transcription factor that is considered to be an important regulator of EMT‐related signaling molecules (SNAI2 is the gene name and Slug is the protein name). To explore whether TSA promotes EMT in ESCC cells by influencing Slug expression, we measured the RNA level of SNAI2 (Figure 2A) and knocked down SNAI2 by the transfection of si‐SNAI2 in ESCC cells. Knockdown of SNAI2, confirmed by RT‐qPCR (Figure 2B), significantly reversed the effect of TSA on ESCC cell migration (Figure 2C). Moreover, knockdown of SNAI2 impaired TSA‐induced downregulation of E‐cadherin and TSA‐induced upregulation of β‐catenin and vimentin (Figure 2D–2F). These results indicate that TSA facilitates ESCC cell migration via slug‐mediated induction of EMT.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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34,497 |
Camelid agropastoralism has been historically complementary to hunting and gathering in South American since its origins, and continues to be characterized as a remarkable resilient system capable of responding to past and current climate changes (Marsh, 2015). Though Kuznar (1993) reported the abovementioned case study of plant domestication under the context of pastoralism of alien livestock species, this could potentially be also applied for American camelids (llamas Lama glama, and alpacas Vicugna pacos) (Table 1). To our knowledge, however, his work has been the only one of the kind in South America.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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246,920 |
To our knowledge, we performed the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the effect of different, predominantly isolated, protein sources of varying quality on the acute postprandial MPS response at rest and in combination with a resistance exercise bout. We also investigated changes in whole-body skeletal muscle mass and strength following supplementation of different protein sources during prolonged resistance exercise training programs. Protein source/quality demonstrated a significant effect on postprandial MPS both at rest and following resistance exercise. However, although we found a significant effect of protein source/quality on changes in strength with prolonged resistance exercise training, protein source/quality was not associated with favorable changes to lean body mass compared with the lower-quality control proteins. Future research is warranted to assess a more diverse range of protein sources of divergent quality and with whole foods as opposed to isolated protein sources to maximize ecological validity and application.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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142,710 |
The overall accuracy of the CNN classification for all four artificial plaques was 90.2 ± 3.1%, 90.6 ± 3.5%, and 90.1 ± 3.2% for inception v3, ResNet101 and DenseNet201 CNN, respectively. The low-density plaque showed the highest accuracy of 93.3 ± 1.6%, 92.4 ± 2.8% and 92.7 ± 2.8%, respectively; and F1 scores of 0.950 ± 0.012, 0.947 ± 0.020 and 0.945 ± 0.019, respectively (Table 1). The AUCs were 0.982 (95% CI 0.976–0.986), 0.981 (0.974–0.992) and 0.986 (0.982–0.994), respectively (Table 2 and Fig. 4). The medium-density-1 plaque showed the lowest accuracy of 88.0 ± 3.0%, 87.1 ± 2.3% and 87.7 ± 2.9%, respectively; F1 scores of 0.901 ± 0.022, 0.896 ± 0.020 and 0.897 ± 0.021, respectively; and AUCs of 0.951 (0.970–0.962), 0.955 (0.943–0.981) and 0.962 (0.951–0.972), respectively. An ensemble of three CNN models by a multivariate linear regression model slightly increased the AUC to 0.990 (0.982–0.998).Table 1Classification accuracy and F1 scores of Inception v3, ResNet101 and DenseNet201 convolutional neural networks on calcified plaques with motion artifacts of four densitiesPlaque densityInception v3ResNet101DenseNet201AccuracyF1 scoreAccuracyF1 scoreAccuracyF1 scoreHigh88.8 ± 2.3%0.917 ± 0.02490.2 ± 2.8%0.922 ± 0.02789.3 ± 2.9%0.919 ± 0.023Medium-188.0 ± 3.0%0.901 ± 0.02287.1 ± 2.3%0.896 ± 0.02087.7 ± 2.9%0.897 ± 0.021Medium-290.7 ± 2.5%0.939 ± 0.02492.9 ± 2.9%0.942 ± 0.02890.7 ± 2.0%0.937 ± 0.018Low93.3 ± 1.6%0.950 ± 0.01292.4 ± 2.8%0.947 ± 0.02092.7 ± 2.8%0.945 ± 0.019Variables are displayed as mean ± standard deviationTable 2The area under receiver operating characteristic curves of convolutional neural network’s classification on calcified plaques with motion artifactsPlaque densityInception v3ResNet101DenseNet201High0.952 (0.939–0.964)0.972 (0.962–0.980)0.970 (0.960–0.978)Medium-10.951 (0.939–0.962)0.955 (0.943–0.965)0.962 (0.951–0.972)Medium-20.980 (0.970–0.989)0.974 (0.969–0.981)0.976 (0.970–0.982)Low0.982 (0.976–0.986)0.981 (0.974–0.992)0.986 (0.982–0.994)The data is expressed as area under the curve (95% confidence interval)Fig. 4Receiver operating characteristic curves of convolutional neural network’s classification on calcified plaques with motion artifacts
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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66,492 |
Data are shown as median [minimum; maximum] in sham-operated (SHAM, n = 6) and IVC-constricted rats (IVCc, n = 7). Being parametrically distributed, data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test. MAP = mean arterial pressure, LVP = left ventricular pressure, LVEDP = left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/dtmax = maximum value of the first derivate of LV pressure, dP/dtmin = minimum value of the first derivate of LV pressure, tau = time constant of LV pressure decay during the isovolumic relaxation period, IVC = inferior vena cava, IVCc = IVC-constricted rats.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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336,484 |
Considering the 3D structure of bladder, we used the 3D thickness method to measure the invasion depth. Currently, no exact invasion depth of BCa can be obtained, thus, we compared our results with the invasion depth calculated from manual segmentation. Considering the voxel size was resampled to 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 when calculating the invasion depth, the error derived from a voxel may be 1 mm. Based on our initial testing, the difference of invasion depth derived from the manual segmentation and our proposed segmentation method is mostly lower than 1 mm, which further confirmed the accuracy of our segmentation method. Meanwhile, the proposed measurement method for invasion depth may provide a quantitative tool for treatment-decision of BCa.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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325,308 |
Future studies should use caution when comparing stress between dogs that did and did not open. Indeed, Sanford’s stress results may reflect the fact that the test durations of openers in the experimental group were significantly shorter than those of openers in the control group. Thus, openers in the experimental condition may not have been tested long enough to display low frequency stress behaviors. Furthermore, the hypothesis that owners transmit their distress to their dogs may not be falsifiable in analyses that treat opening as a predictor of the dog’s stress. Indeed, the opposite outcome of Sanford’s analysis—that successful openers were more stressed than non-openers in the experimental condition but not in the control condition—would provide more intuitive support for a positive association between the owner’s distress, the dog’s stress, and prosocial rescue behavior. By assessing the effects of only test number and condition on the dog’s level of stress, the present study avoided this ambiguity as well as potential complications resulting from unequal test durations among openers and non-openers in different test conditions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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241,660 |
A review of different analyses that can be used for the evaluation of interactions between proteins and phenolics was given by Czubinski and Dwiecki . These analyses include spectroscopic measurements, microscopic, thermodynamic, electrophoretic, chromatographic and bioinformatic analyses. For the evaluation of protein/cinnamic acid complexes, we applied high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Protein/cinnamic acid complexes were prepared by complexation of different protein matrices (pea, almond and pumpkin) in varying amounts (1%, 2%, 5% and 10%) with cinnamic acid.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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300,831 |
Twenty-six rats were divided into four groups using a random number table, with five, seven, seven, and seven rats in the sham-operated group, the DKD model group, the FPS-treated group, and the RAP-treated group, respectively. In particular, the left kidney was exposed during surgery for the rats in the sham-operated group. The rats were then given distilled water and a standard diet for 18 weeks. In contrast, the rats in the other three groups were given a 40% high-fat diet containing 19.8% fat, 22.3% crude protein, and 44.6% carbohydrates, for 4 weeks. The rats in these three groups were then subjected to left nephrectomy and received two intraperitoneal injections (3 days apart) of STZ at a dosage of 35 mg/kg. This process lasted for 10 weeks, finally establishing a modified rat model of DKD, as described in detail in our previous studies (Mao et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018; Han et al., 2019). Once the DKD rat models had been established, we used gastric gavage to administer appropriate daily treatments: FPS was administered to rats in the FPS-treated group (abbreviated as the FPS group), while the rats of the sham-operated group, the DKD model group, and the RAP-treated group (abbreviated as the Sham, the Vehicle, and the RAP groups) were treated with 2 ml of distilled water (vehicle) or RAP, respectively. After 4 weeks of treatment with the different interventions, all rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by cardiac puncture. Blood, urine, liver, and kidneys were collected for the detection of various indicators. The in vivo experimental process is shown in Supplementary Figure S1. In the clinic, 600 mg/day of FPS is normally used to treat a 60 kg patient with CKD. Based on the standard animal conversion formula, the effective amount of FPS in a rat weighing 200 g was determined to be 120 mg/kg/day. The RAP dose used in this experiment (1 mg/kg/day) was used previously by Wu et al. (2018). Two rats died in the Vehicle, FPS, and RAP groups, respectively, due to severe diabetes and its associated complications during the experiment. Therefore, at the end of the experiment, only five rats were included in each group.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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379,565 |
We have successfully addressed the research questions (i)–(v) as mentioned above in the introduction. With respect to question (i), a rational protocol to synthesize well‐defined ultra‐small NiGe nanoparticles could be achieved, starting from a new Ni‐Ge molecular precursor. To answer the questions (ii)–(v), the as‐prepared NiGe was electrophoretically deposited on NF and FTO and investigated for the alkaline OER for the first time. The catalytic activity and stability of the NiGe was found to be strikingly higher than that of benchmarked Ni‐, Fe‐, Co‐, and NiFe‐based catalysts in identical conditions. Under electrochemical conditions, a vigorous electroconversion of NiGe occurred indicating that the NiGe is indeed a precatalyst for OER. The dissolution of Ge further confirmed the insignificant structural or functional role of Ge for OER, however, it is essential to direct the structure to form the most active catalyst. From the combination of advanced ex situ and quasi in situ Raman spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that the transformation of NiGe is instantaneous, forming a highly‐active γ‐NiOOH phase that acts as the most active structure to facilitate O2 evolution. It could be expected that the large interplanar spacing of γ‐NiOOH provides the ionic intercalation of OH−/CO3 2−, which is favored for the OER process as reflected in higher ECSA values. We believe that the insights offered in this study can easily be generalized to the other transition metal germanides that are also expected to follow the same transformation in alkaline media as that of NiGe. The presented molecular approach might be referenced to investigate and explore a large number of unexplored class of solid‐state intermetallic materials for water splitting that otherwise are impossible to attain in their nano‐form.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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299,698 |
Understanding the unity and diversity of genetic influences on CC and how they map onto associated PFC development and structure is another priority for future research. Structurally, there is evidence of differential genetic regulation of different PFC regions; for example, development of the mouse dorsal (and not ventral) PFC is especially sensitive to the fibroblast growth factor family of genes . Several independent twin studies [36, 39, 41, 157, 233] have yielded evidence that at the latent variable level, CC constructs are moderately to highly heritable and, importantly, that the separability of working memory updating and mental set shifting from the common CC factor is largely attributable to different genetic influences.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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110,761 |
Besides differences observed from oncoprotein and gene copy number analyzes (e.g. HER2 expression/amplification) RNA next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have allowed for better understanding of the mutational landscape of IBC . A seminal work was conducted under the auspices of the IBC World Consortium by Van Laere et al. who reported results of Affymetrix gene expression profiling and molecular classification using the PAM50-algorithm derived from 137 patients with IBC and 252 patients in non-IBC . Four robust IBC-sample clusters were identified, associated with the different molecular subtypes (p < 0.001), all of which were identified in IBC with a similar prevalence as in non-IBC, except for the luminal A subtype (19% in IBC vs. 42% in non-IBC; p < 0.001) and the HER2-enriched subtype (22% in IBC vs. 9% in non-IBC; p < 0.001). Overall, 75% of the IBC samples were classified under the classically more aggressive subtypes, basal-like, HER2-enriched, claudin-low, or luminal B subtypes, whereas these subtypes account for 54% of the non-IBC samples. The number of genes with a uniquely IBC-specific gene expression profile represented only 3% of the global expression differences. Similar results were observed when triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) IBC samples (n=39) were compared with TNBC, non-IBC (n=49) . No unique IBC-specific subtypes were identified by mRNA gene-expression profiling of those tumors. Nonetheless the limited number of genes assessed by the PAM50 platform could account for failure to observe specific genomic signature in IBC samples.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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93,663 |
Because of the essential functions of theca cells during the development of avian ovarian follicles, establishing an in vitro culture model of theca cells is important and necessary for future investigations. Early in 1973, researchers had begun to preliminarily explore the isolation and culture of the follicular granulosa layer and the theca layer of hens [9–11]. In addition, in 1989, turkey granulosa cells and theca cells were isolated and cultured by Porter et al. , but all the studies on these cells did not measure or guarantee their viability and purity, nor did they define their characteristics. After these studies, most investigations of the granulosa layer and theca layer of follicles consistently used the previous methods, with no obvious improvements in separation or culture . In other words, the previous studies on avian theca cells did not reliably measure their viability and purity, and their characteristics are not fully understood. However, previous studies proved that the FSHR protein was present only in granulosa cells within follicles, while CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 were present only in theca cells. In addition, assessing the CYP17A1/19A1 content was the best standard for evaluating the synthesis ability of androgen and estrogen in theca externa and interna cells respectively [2,3,8,13,15–20]. The previous studies defined the basic characteristic differences between the granulosa layer and the theca layer and provided the theoretical criteria for identifying the granulosa layer and the theca layer at the tissue level; however, no studies have systematically measured the purity, viability, and characterization of theca cells in birds. A reliable model for avian theca cell culture has not yet been established.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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103,811 |
We imaged 31 Sxa using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measured their profiles. In order to interpret how well the measured profiles compare with the Clausen profile, we compare them to not only the Clausen profile but also to other prototypical tapered profiles (see Section Comparison with the Clausen profile). By fitting the profile models to the measured profiles, we find that the Clausen profile describes the Sxa’s tapered shape the best (see Fig. 4(B)).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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86,429 |
Buffer used in Automated Western Blotting and Western Blotting comprised of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 50 mM sodium fluoride (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 5 mM sodium pyrophosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1 mM ethyldiaminetriacetate (EDTA) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10% v/v glycerol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1% TritonX100 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) with protease inhibitors benzamidine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 1 mM dithiothreitol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
347,489 |
AtCIPK23 was found to be highly expressed in cotyledon, leaves, and radicle in Arabidopsis seedlings, but not in hypocotyl , which is different from NtCIPK23. Phenotypic analysis of atcipk23 also showed that the absence of AtCIPK23 does not significantly affect the hypocotyl elongation and seed germination of A. thaliana . All these data hint that AtCIPK23 might be dispensable during hypocotyl elongation or seedling emergence. Although AtCIPK23 and NtCIPK23 are homologous genes with similar nucleotide sequences, due to the different expressional level in hypocotyl, the two genes play different roles in hypocotyl elongation. Therefore, during the functional characterization of homologous genes, enough attention should be paid to the specific intracellular environments, including the expression pattern (species, tissue, organ, cell-type, treatment), upstream or downstream pathways, interactive targets, etc. . On the basis of these differences, genes with high homology might have different functions. The knowledge is very useful in the functional study of an individual gene member from its multigene family, especially when there is functional redundancy. Meanwhile, it was also clearly shown that conclusions from model plants, such as A. thaliana, could not represent all conditions in plants, and different species have their own characteristics.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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364,447 |
These results demonstrated that the FMDV epitope present in the GH-RVG fusion protein is able to interact with the B cells receptors of the vaccinated animals, and induce the production of specific antibodies. Nevertheless, more experiments should be performed in order to study in more detail the immune response triggered.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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295,410 |
For At, we used the fAnaTes1.2 assembly with a scaffold N50 of 25.06 Mb, containing 316 contigs with 7.06 Mb contig N50. The Tr assembly has a scaffold N50 of 16.71 Mb, having 530 contigs with 3.14 Mb contig N50; Ca assembly has a scaffold N50 of 74.08 Mb, after removing two contigs less than 1 kb, it has 586 contigs and contig N50 of 14.52 Mb.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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290,595 |
Molecular experiments have revealed that the potato proteins (i.e., POTH1, KNOX) negatively control GA levels. POTH1 is involved in vegetative growth, accompanied by a reduction in GA levels. Reduction of GA20 oxidase levels was observed through conjugation to particular elements of POTH1 in regulatory sections of the GA20 oxidase gene to inhibit its function. GA20 oxidase, a vital enzyme in the GA biosynthesis pathway, is essential for the production of inactive GA20, the precursor of active GA1. GA20 oxidase encodes functionally identical enzymes with various patterns of tissue-specific expression. For example, one of the GA20 oxidase genes, known as StGA20ox1, is highly expressed in the shoot and leaf, but is expressed at low levels in stems, stolons, and tubers. StGA20ox2 is relatively in higher levels in stolons and tubers while it is at relatively low levels in fruits and developing seeds. StGA20ox3 accumulates in stems, roots, stolons, and tubers, nonetheless at a lower level than the other two genes .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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267,098 |
pyr operon and scheme of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. (A) Under oxidative stress, genes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis are downregulated. Loss of function of carA and pyrP leads to an alteration of bacterial fitness. Pyrimidine metabolism is divided in two different pathways: the de novo and the salvage pathways. The de novo pathway uses glutamine, ATP and bicarbonate (HCO3−) in the cell to produce uridine monophosphate (UMP). The salvage pathway uses extracellular uracil to generate UMP. Loss of function of carA and pyrP genes leads to an alteration of bacterial fitness and a higher sensitivity to H2O2. UMP, uridine monophosphate, UTP, uridine triphosphate. The underlined genes are located on the same operon. This scheme was adapted from KEGG pathway. (B) Some of the pyr genes are located on an operon and transcribed from a single promoter. pyrG and pyrD are located further in the genome and transcribed with their own promoter.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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218,987 |
To assess the impact of SpFN-ALFQ immunization following challenge by either the B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 strains, viral load was assessed by viral culture recovery in lung tissues at day 6 post challenge (Fig. 3b). The mean viral load in the PBS vaccinated control animals challenged with B.1.1.7 was 5.67 × 106 TCID50/gram of lung tissue. Virus was not recovered in lung tissue culture in both the 10 and 0.2 μg 2-dose and 1-dose regimens (below the limit of detection of 1.78 × 103) (Fig. 3b). The mean lung tissue viral load in the PBS control vaccinated animals challenged with B.1.351 was 1.36 × 107 TCID50/g. All animals in the 2-dose and 1-dose regimens, for both 10 μg and 0.2 μg doses, showed no detectable virus except for one animal in the 10 μg 2-dose vaccinated group (Fig. 3b). Viral load was also measured in nasal turbinate tissue collected at day 6 post-challenge, with similar results to lung tissue analysis (Fig. 3c). The mean nasal turbinate tissue viral load in the PBS control vaccinated animals challenged with B.1.1.7 was 1.39 × 106 TCID50/g and B.1.351 was 8.14 × 106 TCID50/g of nasal turbinate, respectively. All vaccinated animals were below the limit of detection (1.492 × 103 TCID50/g), except a single outlier animal in the 0.2 μg 1-dose regimen for B.1.1.7 challenged group, and an outlier animal each in the 10 μg 2-dose and 0.2 μg 1-dose regimens for B.1.351 challenged animals (Fig. 3c). Throughout the challenge phase of the study, oral swabs were collected at days 2, 4, and 6 post-challenge and assessed for viral burden by RT-qPCR, by measuring both subgenomic E messenger RNA (sgmRNA) (Supplementary Fig. 2a, c) and total viral RNA (viral load) (Supplementary Fig. 2b, d). Overall oral viral loads decreased modestly over the duration of the challenge in all groups for both B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, which may partially be impacted by residual detection of viral inoculum. These results demonstrate clear protection from tissue viral load in vaccinated animals challenged with B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, a critical determinant in establishing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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220,629 |
We also fabricated a sample U300C with offset α = π/2, enabling the rotation axis to pass through the center of the cylindrical body. When this sample was pressurized, the force τ required to keep the joint straight was small, and the sample bent only by the weight of the upper body without tendon tension. As suggested by the theoretical model, the results show that the spring force of the joint can be designed by adjusting the parameter α.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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104,764 |
Confocal microscopy images of transfected cells with complex 3 (A) and GQDs (B). Blue color show DAPI nucleir stain, green and red show GQDs. Four images of each part are: excited by 408 nm for detecting DAPI nucleir stain (left top), excited by 457 nm for detecting green GQDs (right top), excited by 642 nm for detecting red GQDs (left bottom) and overlay (right bottom).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
369,844 |
7-Benzamide-1-methyl-9H-b-carboline (1-11), to a solution of 1-9 (20 mg, 0.10 mmol) and triethylamine (0.028 mL, 0.20 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added benzoyl chloride at 0 °C and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Upon completion of the reaction monitored by LCMS, the mixture was evaporated and purified by column chromatography using DCM/MeOH (95/5) as eluent to get the desired product 1-11 as white solid (23 mg, 77%). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, d6-DMSO): δ 8.32 (s, 1H, NH), 8.17 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H, ArH3), 8.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH5), 8.00 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, ArH (benzamido)), 7.85 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H, ArH4), 7.61 (m, 1H, ArH8), 7.57 (m, 1H, ArH6); 7.54 (m, 3H, ArH (benzamido)), 2.74 (s, 3H, CH3); HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H16N3+: 302.1288, found: 302.1296; Purity >95%.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
328,217 |
β-Lactams and their derivatives 4 were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and Moraxella catarrhalis (M.cat) . Among them, the meta-CF3 of the phenylthiol ring and the achiral carbamyl group at the lactam nitrogen showed potent activity against M.tb (MIC = 25 μg/mL) and M.cat (MIC = 1.5 μg/mL) (Figure 6). In contrast, a decreasing activity was found with para-CF3, fluorine (para-, meta- and ortho-), and difluoro groups substituted on the phenylthiol ring analogs. Moreover, the addition of the achiral carbamyl group enhanced anti-Mtb activity relative to the unsubstituted derivative. The lack of a substantial difference in the activity against M.cat and M.tb may be due to nonspecific binding of the respective compounds to hydrophobic medium components. The active compound showed good activity against non-replicating and multi-drug resistant Mtb.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
217,069 |
The potency of fructose over glucose to acutely activate ChREBP likely depends on the distinct biochemical pathways and enzymes by which fructose and glucose are metabolized within the liver. The liver and selected other tissues express a high-activity isoform of ketohexokinase (KHKc), which catalyzes fructose phosphorylation, the first step in fructose metabolism (65). This high-activity enzyme permits efficient first-pass extraction of ingested fructose in the liver. Substrate derived from fructose enters the triose-phosphate carbon pool and can be converted to glucose-6-phospate (G6P) via the gluconeogenic pathway or catabolized to pyruvate via glycolysis. Presumably, G6P or other key intermediary metabolites generated from fructose activate ChREBP. In contrast with fructose, glucose phosphorylation is catalyzed by glucokinase. In the liver glucokinase is sequestered in the nucleus in an inhibited state by the glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) (66). As a result, only a small fraction of ingested glucose is extracted by the liver first pass. This may limit hepatic ChREBP activation when glucose is ingested in isolation (62). While glucose gavage alone is insufficient to acutely activate hepatic ChREBP, glucose gavage can activate hepatic ChREBP when glucokinase is activated pharmacologically (62). Altogether, these results are consistent with in vitro data indicating that a hexose-phosphate in the glycolytic/gluconeogenic carbon pool, likely G6P itself, allosterically activates ChREBP.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
187,980 |
Digital photo elicitation was an appropriate method for a study of SGMY intersectionality and resilience as it allowed youth to have a stronger voice in studies of their experience and to direct the research process while examining the context of their lives (Liebenberg et al., 2014). The digital photo elicitation methods provided access to a range of SGMY, including those with mental health struggles, and provided an opportunity for youth to manage their own data and research process. For example, many participants chose photographs that they had previously saved on their personal electronic devices as they had stated that some of these photos had been posted on their social media accounts. This also highlights the temporal value of the research as it showcases how the past has been interwoven with stories of the present and hopes for the future. Pictures from the past can simultaneously represent what they have been through, how they have grown and what they hope for in the future. When analysing the selected photographs, it was evident that they were not exclusively related to online or offline experiences. Many selfies or “planned” pictures also seemed to reflect aspects of both online and offline identities as participant stories unravelled within the interviews. For example, some participants chose selfies or photographs that were important and sentimental to reflect their offline lives that fit well with the theme “Connecting.” These visuals showcased items or activities (e.g., artwork, animals and pets, nature, plants, games cosplay) that helped them in their lives as they were experiencing discrimination and intersectional challenges. Creative and calming outlets that supported their coping were common among many participants.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
95,632 |
We annotated the final set of OTU sequences using the command-line BLAST+ software (Camacho et al., 2009), searching against the complete NCBI nucleotide database (as of 12 October, 2015), with word size = 7 and up to 1,000 hits per query sequence retained. Those with no hits at e = 10−13 (<ca. 85% identity) or better were treated as unannotated. Conflicting sequence annotations were resolved using the last common ancestor algorithm implemented in MEGAN (Huson et al., 2011). Disagreement among hits for a given OTU (i.e., where a single OTU is an equally good match to >1 taxon) was generally resolved at the level of taxonomic Family (83.2% of reads; Table S1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
155,809 |
We (R.M. and N.E.) had commenced our study in patients with diabetes in August 2001 and applied rigorous morphometric techniques, which R.M. had learnt from quantifying myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers in sural nerve biopsies from patients with diabetic neuropathy , to quantify corneal nerve fiber morphology. Our paper , which was submitted to Diabetologia in November 2002 and published in May 2003, rather ambitiously concluded “Corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid, non-invasive in vivo clinical examination technique which accurately defines the extent of corneal nerve damage and repair and acts as a surrogate measure of somatic neuropathy in diabetic patients. It could represent an advance to define the severity of neuropathy and expedite assessment of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials of human diabetic neuropathy” .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
359,897 |
For the extraction of food additive SiO2 from processed food, 10 g of the food sample was suspended in 100 mL of DW. For food containing a high content of starch such as potato chips, 1 g of the food sample was suspended in 100 mL DW and incubated at 90 °C for 30 min with gentle rotation to solubilize the solid food. SBP-MBP@SMMBs were introduced to the food suspension to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL and incubated at RT for 30 min with gentle rotation to induce complexation of captured magnetic beads with food additive SiO2 in the food sample. The captured magnetic bead–SiO2 complexes were collected by using a neodymium magnet and washed three times with DW. The bound SiO2 particles were eluted from the magnetic beads by treating the complexes with maltose to a final concentration of 10 mM. The capture magnetic beads were removed from the suspension by an external magnetic field.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
181,287 |
Compound 11: m.p. 212.5 °C (EtOH); 1H NMR (400.13 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.65 (s, 1H, H1), 8.05 (dd, 3J = 7.8, 4J = 1.8 Hz, 2H, H2′–H6′), 7.54 (m, 3H, H3′–H5′, H4′), 7.44 (dd, 3J = 8.9, 4JF = 6.2 Hz, 1H, H6), 7.10 (ddd, 3J = 8.9, 3JF = 8.1, 4J = 2.9 Hz, 1H, H7), 6.98 (dd, 3JF = 10.1, 4J = 2.9 Hz, 1H, H9), 3.54 (s, 2H, H3); 13C NMR (100.62 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 166.0 (C2), 159.5 (d, 1JF = 243.4 Hz, C8), 158.1 (C4), 137.1 (C1′), 136.2 (d, 4JF = 2.2 Hz, C5a), 131.3 (d, 3JF = 11.1 Hz, C9a), 131.0 (C4′), 129.8 (d, 3JF = 9.9 Hz, C6), 128.7 (C3′–C5′), 127.5 (C2′–C6′), 111.6 (d, 2JF = 22.6 Hz, C7),107.7 (d, 2JF = 24.9 Hz, C9), 39.7 (C3); 15N NMR (40.54 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ–240.8 (N1), n.o. (N5); 19F NMR (376.50 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ–116.7 (ddd, 3JH9 = 10.1, 3JH7 =8.1, 4JH6 = 6.2 Hz, F8); Anal. Calcd for C15H11FN2O: C, 70.86; H, 4.36; N, 11.02. Found: C, 70.70; H, 4.47; N, 10.77.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
60,600 |
A number of participants opted for separation or sexual relationships outside the marriage which may increase transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexual transmitted infections [38, 39]. Since men rarely report sexual health problems , knowledge from their wives could be helpful to marriage counsellors, social workers, and medical personnel to guide diagnosis and management.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
311,418 |
TAP7f inhibits cell adhesion, migration and invasion. (A) B16-F10 cells were pre-incubated with or without different concentrations of TAP7f and then added to 96-microwells previously coated with fibronectin or vitronectin. After 1 h incubation, attached cells were determined by hexosaminidase method. (B, C) Monolayers of B16-F10 (B) or A375 (C) cells were scratched and incubated with or without (control) different concentrations of TAP7f. Pictures were taken at different times with a camera coupled to a microscope. Photographs from one representative experiment are shown (top panels). The area of the wound was analyzed by Image J software (bottom panels). (D) B16-F10 cells were treated with different concentrations of TAP7f for 18 h and the invasive capacity was determined by the Transwell invasion assay. Left: representative photographs of invasive cells after incubation without (a) or with TAP7f 2.5 µM (b), 5 µM (c) and 10 µM (d). Right: quantification of invasive cells. Results are mean values ± SE of three different experiments. Statistical significance in comparison with the corresponding control values is indicated by **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
186,372 |
Two recent, complementary studies demonstrated that photoactivated CRY2 inactivates the COP1/SPA complex by competitively displacing substrates from the WD-repeat domain of COP1 (Lau et al., 2019; Ponnu et al., 2019; Ponnu, 2020). This mechanism is based on the sharing of a COP1-interacting motif between CRY2 and COP1 substrates. COP1 recognizes many diverse substrate transcription factors; despite their sequence divergence, many of them share a conserved Val-Pro (VP) motif that is required for their interaction with COP1 (Holm et al., 2001; Ponnu et al., 2019). The co-crystal structure of COP1 with VP-containing peptides confirmed that the VP directly binds the WD-repeat domain of COP1 (Uljon et al., 2016; Lau et al., 2019). CRY2 also contains a VP-like motif in its CCT domain, suggesting that CRY2 and substrates may compete for binding to the same domain of COP1 (Muller and Bouly, 2015). Indeed, when the VP motif of CRY2 was mutated, the interaction with COP1 was lost (Ponnu et al., 2019). In agreement with this finding, CRY2 carrying a mutated VP motif failed to complement the cry2 mutant phenotype and was, therefore, inactive in Arabidopsis plants (Ponnu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). In addition, loss of function of CRY2 was observed when the proline residue of the VP motif was mutated (CRY2P532L; Ahmad et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2020). A co-crystal structure of COP1WD with a VP-containing peptide of CRY2 confirmed that the VP of CRY2 binds COP1 (Lau et al., 2019). Hence, both COP1 substrates and CRY2 bind COP1WD via their respective VP motifs. Competitive binding was investigated using the COP1-substrate PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 2 (PAP2), a transcription factor that controls the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in light-grown plants (Maier et al., 2013; Maier and Hoecker, 2014). Co-expression of CRY2 disrupted the COP1-PAP2 interaction, indicating that CRY2 effectively displaced PAP2 from COP1. In contrast, CRY2 carrying the VP mutation was not able to disrupt the COP1-PAP2 interaction (Ponnu et al., 2019). Co-crystals of COP1WD with a VP-peptide from the COP1-substrate CONSTANS (CO) and the corresponding late-flowering phenotype of plants expressing COP1 carrying WD mutations disrupting VP-binding suggest that CRY2 may also outcompete CO from binding to COP1 (Lau et al., 2019). Recently, co-expression of CRY2 was also shown to reduce the COP1-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) interaction in a split-luciferase assay (Li et al., 2021).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,360 |
The inclusion of short-term outcomes in our analysis was also due to the will to ascertain the impact of screening on appropriateness and quality of care, and consequently on the consumption of resources (for example, in case of readmission and major complications).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
304,629 |
Ion-release behavior was evaluated according to ISO 10993-12 standard, quantifying Ti-ion released by means of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) using a Perkin Elmer Optima 320RL equipment (Waltham, MA, USA). Five samples (n = 5) from each study group (n = 6) have been used to ion-release tests.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
371,328 |
Strain and strain rates at baseline were comparable to published reference data in healthy adolescents (Marcus et al. 2011). We found an incremental increase in LV Sl and LV Sc in response to exercise and in accordance to previous exercise strain assessment studies in adult elite athletes (La Gerche et al. 2012). The increase in LV Sc, a parameter of myocardial contractility of circumferential myocardiac fibres, was more pronounced and increased more linearly to 150 W whereas LV Sl, which describes contractility of longitudinal myocardial fibres, reached a plateau at moderate work rates (50–100 W), coinciding with GET as a possible associated mechanism. The contribution of circumferential myocardial contractility was more pronounced as shown by a higher absolute strain increase for circumferential strain over longitudinal strain (− 34.0 ± 4% vs − 22.4 ± 4%), as well as a higher circumferential strain reserve (− 11.6 ± 3.3 vs − 7.8 ± 3.0) (Figs. 3 and 4). This observation points towards a differential exercise contribution of LV longitudinal and circumferential myocardial fibres with dominance of circumferential myofibre motion at higher work rates. This is in accordance with one previous adult study (Stohr et al. 2014) and also confirmed by animal studies (Kovacs et al. 2015), that showed recruitment of circumferential myofibres during exercise confers a higher contractility. This observation is also in accordance with data from non-athlete adolescents in our previous study (Pieles et al. 2015). While specific loading conditions during exercise might to some degree influence our 2-D strain values (Greenberg et al. 2002), we validated this result by measuring strain rate (Table 3 and Fig. 6), which is the least load-dependent parameter (Ferferieva et al. 2012), and in accordance, absolute circumferential systolic strain rate increase was also more pronounced than longitudinal systolic strain (− 3.71 ± 0.71 vs − 2.05 ± 0.34) as was circumferential strain rate reserve (− 2.51 ± 0.77 vs − 1.29 ± 0.37). In contrast to strain, however, strain rate increased continuously to 150 W without a plateau in both fibre directions. Strain rate has previously been shown to be the most accurate noninvasive measurement of contractility during dobutamine (Greenberg et al. 2002) and exercise stress (La Gerche et al. 2012) also compared to strain. As a derivative of myocardial velocities, it is very sensitive and less influenced by pre- and afterload changes and translational tissue motion changes that even strain is susceptible to (Greenberg et al. 2002). While intrinsic myofiber contractile force still increases at higher exercise stages leading to continuous strain rate increase, this phenomenon would not have been captured as well by strain. The plateauing effect of strain values in our study, can be hypothesized to be a result of the susceptibility of strain to stroke volume changes (Weidemann et al. 2002a, b) which has been shown to not alter significantly at near maximal exercise (Higginbotham et al. 1986). Our previous data in healthy non-athlete adolescents of similar age using the same methodology (Pieles et al. 2015) showed similar development for strain and strain rate.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
106,419 |
Residues 290–350 of Cus1(290–368)p are ordered and included in the model (Figs. 1 and 2). This region coincides with the smallest stable fragment that binds to Hsh49p, as shown by our limited proteolysis and coexpression experiments. The remaining 18 C-terminal residues present in our construct are disordered. The Cus1(290–368) domain is folded with most secondary structure elements located at its periphery, and it covers almost the entire α-helical side of RRM1 (Fig. 2A). The domain has two short α-helical regions, α1 (Gln296–Met302) and α2 (Trp312–Ile319), that are linked by a short anti-parallel β-sheet with a 310-helix in the linker connecting the two β-strands (β1, Leu328–Ile330 and β2, Gly346–Ile348). This is further stabilized by two β-turns formed between Arg290–Arg293 and Lys341–Val344.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
110,010 |
Air- and water-quality measures were linked by county to an urban-rural classification scheme developed by CDC (2), which classifies counties (or county-equivalent entities) based on the 2010 Office of Management and Budget delineation of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and micropolitan statistical areas, population size of the MSA, and location of principal city within the MSA for the large counties (20). This scale has four categories of metropolitan counties and two categories of nonmetropolitan counties, for a total of six urbanization categories for counties. The metropolitan categories are large metropolitan (MSA population ≥1 million), medium metropolitan (MSA population 250,000–999,999) and small metropolitan (MSA population <250,000). Large metropolitan counties are subdivided into large central metropolitan counties and large fringe metropolitan counties based on the location and size of the MSA principal city. The nonmetropolitan categories are micropolitan (counties in a micropolitan statistical area defined as urban clusters with a population of 2,500–49,999) and noncore (counties not in micropolitan statistical area). Although urbanization decreases along a continuum from large central metropolitan counties to noncore counties, noncore counties were considered rural in this report.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
384,558 |
All the experiments were performed in triplicate. The experimental results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). For release data, linear or non-linear least-squares regressions were performed, and the model parameters were calculated. The model that best fit the release data was evaluated based on the correlation coefficient (R2). In some cases, the fitting experimental release profiles with the zero-order and the first-order models showed close values of correlation coefficients (R2). Therefore, the model that described the data properly was determined on the basis of comparison of the root mean square error (RMSE) (Equation (6)) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) (Equation (7)) . The criteria were calculated as (6)RMSE=∑i=1n(yi−yi mod)2n (7)AIC=m lnSSR+2×p where yi and yi mod are the experimental and predicted by model ith values of variable, m is the number of data points, and p is the number of parameters of model. The model that shows the minimal values for the SSR, RMSE, and AIC gives the best description of the release data.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
76,662 |
Pain in infancy is a clinical concern and has been recognised as being suboptimally managed.58 Previous studies have shown that pain processing in young mammals is immature: nocifensive withdrawal thresholds are lower, and response magnitudes are greater and longer lasting during early life.21 Normal adult processing of noxious sensory inputs requires a constant balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition within the somatosensory pathway.16,56 Descending modulatory pathways, specifically the spino-bulbo-spinal loop, plays a key role in modulating spinally mediated nociceptive reflexes.48 The periaqueductal grey (PAG) of the midbrain and nuclei within the rostroventral medial medulla (RVM) are pivotal within this loop,18,32,39,40,43 as they integrate pain-related activity from forebrain structures and bidirectionally modulate spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) excitability accordingly.18 Functional nociceptive processing requires a prolonged period of postnatal maturation, and immature pain behaviours are partly explained by the predominance of synaptic excitation over inhibition within the DH.1,20,22,28,30,38,39,53 Opioidergic activity within the descending pathway is one of the major neurotransmitter systems responsible for endogenous pain control,2,3,43 and we and others have previously shown that significant postnatal refinement occurs in the opioidergic signalling system.30,39
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
397,878 |
The unilateral pectoralis major advancement flap has proved to be a useful technique in the reconstruction of most sternal defects after sternal wound infection in older patients. There is, however, need for a follow-up study on a larger number of procedures to evaluate the long-term outcome compared with other methods of sternal reconstruction.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
137,826 |
Principal-component analysis of the LFQ protein intensities in the 168 and midiBacillus strains. PCA of the LFQ protein intensities determined for the control and induced conditions in the parental strain 168 (a) and midiBacillus (b). Confidence ellipses are indicated.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
288,654 |
In some OC tissue engineering strategies, scaffolds are preliminarily loaded with different cells to collectively promote tissue repair. Ideal cells for tissue engineering should have adequate sources and be able to maintain in vitro for manipulation and implantation safely. As shown in Table 1, two commonly proposed cell types for osteochondral repair are tissue-specific cells and progenitor cells, namely stem cells from different sources (Figure 3). Consistent with the host tissue, we usually use chondrocytes for hyaline cartilage repair and osteoblasts for subchondral bone regeneration. However, the use of differentiated cells suffers several limitations in the successive process of harvest, isolation, expansion, seeding, culture and finally implantation. For instance, chondrocytes are characterized by limited quantity in the native cartilage tissue, isolation difficulty and dedifferentiation capacity (Nukavarapu and Dorcemus, 2013). Since chondrocytes and osteoblasts both originate from bone marrow stem cells, MSCs have received widespread attention for their prominent advantages such as rapid proliferation and multipotency (Kagami et al., 2011; Mahmoudifar and Doran, 2013). Also, the secretory and immunomodulatory functions are closely related with cartilage regeneration. Various methods have been proposed for spatial and temporal control of differentiation toward the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage including matrix properties and external factors, remaining to further explore and perfect (Seong et al., 2010; Mendes et al., 2018). Additionally, cell-free strategies have been pursued to overcome the aforementioned limitations (Maia et al., 2018). In combination with microfracture technology, biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds without cells are implanted to promote cell recruitment and differentiation within the osteochondral defect area. Moreover, alternative approaches participated by MSC-derived exosomes or extracellular microvesicles have been developed in tissue repair and regeneration (Kim et al., 2020).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
178,917 |
We found that MERS-CoV replicated efficiently in all epithelia from both the Above- and Below-Mean groups, reaching peak titers of ~106 PFU/ml in apical rinse material collected around 3 to 6 days post infection (Figure 3B) and up to ~103 PFU/ml in the basolateral medium at 3–4 days post infection (Figure 3C). The ratio of peak virion release from the apical vs. the basolateral surface was at least ~100, indicating preferential release from the apical surface. Overall, progeny virus titers plateaued at 3 or 4 days post infection and remained stable for the remainder of the experiment, with the titers for the Above-Mean DPP4 group exhibiting a slight decline between 6 and 7 days post infection (Figure 3B). Notably, the virus replicated poorly in epithelia from the donor with very low DPP4 abundance (Donor 9). We also quantified the abundance of viral RNA in infected cells by qRT-PCR (Figure 3D). In keeping with the viral titer data, MERS-CoV RNA steadily increased throughout the timecourse in both groups and peaked at around 3 to 5 days post infection. Interestingly, HAE donors in the Above-Mean DPP4 group reached peak virion production ~1 day earlier than donors in the Below-Mean group (Figure 3B), and exhibited significantly greater viral titers and RNA levels at 1 day post infection (Figure 3D). These data point to greater viral loads in the Above-Mean DPP4 group at the early time points and suggest that the greater DPP4 expression in this group may have contributed to more efficient viral replication in the early phase of the infection.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
37,972 |
Another objective of this investigation is the identification of typical problems arising when transitioning from adolescence into adulthood for patients with ADHD. Thus far, neither adult patients nor adolescents have been included in treatment studies in order to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological or non-pharmacological approaches. The age criterion for patient inclusion in the proposed study is 16 to 45 years, which closes the gap between adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, we have the opportunity to compare late adolescents with young adults and to study the effects of different treatments over a life span that is crucial for personal and social development.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
288,602 |
Alterations in replication dynamics are associated with replication stress. Thus, it was somewhat unexpected that USP37-depleted cells did not exhibit signs of replication stress/DNA damage. However, similar alterations in replication kinetics and cell cycle progression without detection of classical markers of replication stress or the replication stress response have been reported (55). Consistent with the idea that the USP37-depleted cells are undergoing replication stress, these cells showed enhanced induction of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci after treatment with APH along with loss of proliferative capacity upon exposure to multiple forms of replication stress. These results are consistent with a recent study that found USP37-depleted cells are more sensitive to camptothecin (59). Although this study shows similar impacts as our own analyses of the viability of USP37-depleted cells, it is worth noting that RNAi-mediated knockdown likely leaves sufficient enzyme to carry out some of the functions of DUB, which may attenuate some phenotypes. In support of such a potential dosage effect, we find that stable reduction of USP37 levels achieved with shRNA provide similar impacts as does a more efficient, yet transient, reduction of enzyme levels resulting from siRNA. In addition, review of the shRNA and CRISPR screening data from Project Achilles via the DepMap portal (www.depmap.org) revealed that USP37 was found to be essential in 0.4% of cell lines (2 of 547) when depleted by shRNA, whereas 77% (621 of 808 cell lines) are sensitive to CRISPR-mediated loss. Notably, examining results of 372 cell lines that were analyzed in both the shRNA and CRISPR screens revealed nearly identical results with 75% of cells sensitive to CRISPR-mediated loss and 0.5% sensitive to depletion by shRNA. We expect that the use of CRISPR as a means to study the effects of USP37 loss will be informative. However, the severe effects of such loss currently hinder the generation of cells to perform these experiments. It will be important to develop a model that allows more complete loss of USP37 in order to gain further insight into its functions.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
170,188 |
“In years back, before I was born, I know there were elders that were very healthy and strong because they have their food, their native food, not mixed up with the kass'aq [white person] food. Although they have a hard life, they were healthy, strong, because of their native food. Seal oil, dried fish.” [Older Native Alaskan, (75) p. 46]
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
178,181 |
Growth is a complex interaction between genetics and the environment. In an optimum environment, an individual’s maximum growth potential is determined by genes. Nutrition is the most important environmental factor influencing physical growth. Recurrent infections, chronic diseases like poorly controlled asthma, psycho-social deprivation, congenital abnormalities, and parental substance abuse including smoking are well known risk factors of poor physical growth . Though exposure to toxins is an identified risk factor for poor physical growth, little was known about indoor air pollution until recently. Results of studies carried out earlier have suggested a causal relationship between adverse physical growth and indoor air pollution [4, 5].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
109,486 |
The last term in the Hamiltonian Eq. (14) mixes the state |l, m〉 with the states |l, m〉 and |l + 2, m〉. This leads to the mixing of p and f states for n ≥ 4 giving rise to additional lines. In general the line with the main quantum number n splits in a magnetic field into \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$[\tfrac{n}{2}]$$\end{document}[n2] levels (here [x] denotes the largest integer smaller than x).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
367,297 |
This theorem is a combination of the two following results. The first one is Selivanov’s result about properness of every level in the Ershov hierarchy relative to Turing reducibility. The second one is Yates’ construction of a minimal pair of c.e. Turing degrees (see, e.g., ). Below we sketch how these two constructions can be combined together.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
128,904 |
Issues related to data quality were expressed by the interviewees. For example, community members (and potentially even field staff) may be inaccurately reporting data, especially canine containment data. The standard for containment requires people to tether their dogs at the blister stage, before worm emergence, but supervisors usually cannot arrive to the field location in time to verify that the dog was indeed tethered at the blister stage. Visible blisters must be promptly recognized so that dogs are quickly contained. Timing is critical for containment because there are often only a few hours between development of a blister and worm emergence, when the dog will contaminate water sources. A further challenge to surveillance is that Guinea worms in dogs are difficult to identify, especially before the worms have emerged, as blisters often occur near the paws or in between toes and are obscured by fur. Apart from these containment challenges with respect to timing and identification, paper-based data collection also jeopardized the quality of surveillance. Paper-based survey forms are prone to physical damage or loss and errors in handwritten information is a reality. Data could be inadvertently or maliciously changed, and auditing is more difficult because of the lack of version control.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
256,773 |
The approach for a safety evaluation of chemically defined flavouring substances as referred to in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000, named the ‘Procedure’, is shown in schematic form in Figure A.1. The Procedure is based on the Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food expressed on 2 December 1999 (SCF, 1999), which is derived from the evaluation Procedure developed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives at its 44th, 46th and 49th meetings (JECFA, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999), hereafter named the ‘JECFA Procedure’.5
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
270,165 |
We have collected samples from patients diagnosed with ACI after their admission to the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. Sample collection took place between July 2020 and September 2020. Patients admitted to the hospital due to weakness of one limb were considered for this study. In total, after patients met with all of our inclusion/exclusion criteria (see below), we have been able to collect samples from a total of 3 patients, including two males and one female, with an average age of 61.3 years. Patients had no obvious systemic diseases, except hypertension and diabetes. All patients had clear symptoms of neurological deficits. MRI or CT confirmed the diagnosis of ischemic stroke . In addition, three patients with normal physical examination at the health management center were selected as the normal control group, including one male and two females, with an average age of 61 years.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
271,330 |
Divided the Food/digestion components are into three groups. The components that molecular structure are known (oxalic acid, citric acid monohydrate, DL‐malic acid, EDTA, L‐histidine, L‐glutamic acid, L‐tyrosine, glycine, D‐(+)‐glucose, sucrose, and D‐(‐)‐fructose) were defined as known structure ligands group (KSLG), and the food components that structure are complex (starch, casein, and whey protein) were defined as complex ligands groups (CLG), while the pepsin, pancreatin, and bile were digestive ligands group (DLG).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,491 |
Equation (1) also showed the combined effect of various variables on the particle size. The combination of lipid (A) and surfactant (B) showed a negative effect on particle size. So, from the equation, we can say that surfactant (B) has a more prominent effect on particle size than lipid (A). In the case of factors lipid (A) and homogenization cycle (C), it showed a positive effect. As the concentration of lipid and homogenization cycle increases the particle size also increases. At a high homogenization cycle, the lipid may form an aggregate due to the lack of sufficient surfactant (B) concentration. The combined effect of factors surfactant (B) and homogenization cycle (C) showed a negative effect on the size. The combined effect was also found to be similar to the individual effect of surfactant (B) and homogenization cycle (C).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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