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A 15-year-old right-hand dominant male presented with bilateral deformities of his ring and small fingers that were noted at birth. The patient grew concerned about the appearance and functionality of his hands, stating that his small finger constantly caught on his clothing. He also reported difficulty making a complete fist due to overriding fingers, resulting in decreased grip strength.
| 3 | 1clinical
| 3Clinical case
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26,515 |
In Section 2.2, we examined and reviewed the synthetic oscillators that were strictly developed by biologists and, in a way, can be thought of as endeavors to identify new methods of engineering systems at the molecular level. Having said that, the nanonetwork research community have also proposed oscillatory systems whose mechanisms are largely inspired by natural oscillators or mechanisms to perform and provide functions pertaining to communication devices. We discuss them in the subsequent paragraphs.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
57,263 |
Young adult participants' (n = 64, age = 20–34y) brain networks were constructed using a node set consisting of 349 disks (3 mm radius) built around putative area centers across the cortical surfaces of the two hemispheres (see Materials and Methods for details on node definition and brain graph construction). Edges between all node pairs were derived by Fisher z-transformed Pearson correlations that were calculated from their resting-state time series. Reliable community assignments were first generated with Infomap community detection using a bootstrap approach that labeled the node set with community assignments across 2–10% edge densities. Community detection identifies highly interconnected groups of nodes that are segregated from other groups of nodes; in the brain network, a number of these communities correspond to distinct brain systems that are hypothesized to subserve distinct domains of information processing (e.g., visual processing, task-level control). Accordingly, for the remainder of this report, the term “community” will be used when describing a general network property, whereas the term “system” will be used when describing a functionally labeled community in the brain. At a broader level of description, we examined distinctions in activity and connectivity between two types of systems: sensory–motor and association systems (Fig. 1A). Sensory–motor systems can be broadly categorized as those systems that are engaged in neural coding and transformation of incoming sensory and outgoing motor information, whereas association systems are those systems that typically direct and integrate information in a wide range of tasks and across multiple modalities (Mesulam, 1990; Posner and Petersen, 1990).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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347,653 |
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of SFE parameters on retrieval and yield of phenolic compounds. For this purpose, a CCD model with two axes, four central points and three levels (−1, 0, 1) for each independent variable was applied: (a) temperature, 40, 50 and 60 °C; (b) pressure, 150, 275 and 400 bar; and (c) co-solvent percentage, 7, 11 and 15%. This model procured a total of 18 experiments which were conducted in a randomized order (Table 1). Finally, the bioactive compound contents in extracts as determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS and the extraction yield were response variables. The extraction yield of each procedure was calculated considering the weight of dried extract and the amounts of lemon verbena used in the procedure (Equation (1)):(1)Yield (%)=Weight of dried extract(g)Weight of dried leaves used (g)×100
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
370,106 |
A library was prepared from 100 ng total RNA from TiLV-positive F2 liver without any enrichment of mRNA or rRNA depletion, using TruSeq RNA library preparation according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Illumina Inc., San Diego CA, USA). Library was amplified and barcoded using 15 cycles of PCR. Library quality and quantity were checked using a D1000 screentape (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara CA, USA) and qPCR (New England Biolabs, Ipswich MA, USA), and 300 bp paired-end sequencing was carried out on the MiSeq with Illumina v3 SBS reagents.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
392,370 |
The primary outcomes were considered the mean values and the correspondent standard deviations (SDs) of the validated tools of QoL, comparing the values of participants with UI and the controls. If the data were reported in other ways, e.g., median and interquartile ranges, they were transformed into means and SD.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,062 |
Finally, we examined whether the fertilization-induced oocyte zinc spark and resulting zinc shield’s inhibition may serve as a possible anti-polyspermy defense mechanism. While ZP proteinase acrosin has already been shown to be inhibited by Zn2+ , mouse knockout studies have shown that acrosin may not be the sole ZP-targeting proteinase/zona lysin . Furthermore, sperm proteasomes have been implicated in ZP-penetration in various vertebrate and invertebrate species, as reviewed in . It has been newly discovered that sperm Zn-metalloproteinase MMP2, located on the sperm inner acrosomal membrane (IAM), is an additional sperm-borne zona lysin . We used fluorogenic substrates to examine all three proteolytic activities of the 26S proteasome (chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like) in the presence of the same physiologically relevant concentrations of Zn2+ used in the oviductal glycan release assay. We found that increased concentrations of Zn2+ (1.5 and 2.5 mM) reduced all three sperm-proteasomal activities at 20 min of incubation in both the pre-rich and rich fractions (Figure 5), with the exception of sperm chymotrypsin-like activity of the rich fraction. Interestingly, after 60 min of incubation, 500 µM Zn2+ increased the chymotrypsin-like activity of both fractions and the caspase-like activity of spermatozoa from the sperm rich fraction, while no change in activity was observed in caspase-like activity of spermatozoa from the pre-sperm rich fraction (p < 0.01, n = 5 biological replicates, four technical replicates per treatment/biological replicate). Additionally, to understand if Zn2+ blocks sperm-borne zona pellucida proteinase MMP2, we used zymography paired with the Zn2+ blocking of boar and bull sperm extracts. The presence of 1.5 mM Zn2+ prevented the gelatin breakdown of 72 and 92 kDa proteins (MMP2 and 9, respectively) as well MMP2 and MMP9 expressing trophoblast cell line extract (positive control) while smaller sized proteins had increased gelatin breakdown in boar as compared to vehicle block (Figure 6, n = 2 biological replicates). Thus, we can confirm that sperm-borne MMP2 activity is severely reduced in the presence of Zn2+ concentrations similar to seminal fluid while upregulating other proteins with gelatinase activity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
177,395 |
National weekly ILI rates were pulled from public data provided by the Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (KCDC)37. The selected sites for the clinical sentinel surveillance system report the number of ILI patients and the number of outpatients. Based on this report, KCDC releases the weekly incidence of ILI per 1000 patients.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
221,763 |
In Figs. 10 and 11, the blue curve represents the ideal prediction performance, the red line represents the actual prediction performance, and the green line represents the corrected prediction performance. The prediction accuracy is higher when the distance between the lines is smaller. As seen from the figures, there is good agreement between the treatment plans predicted by the nomogram and the actual clinician's choice of treatment for lumbar disc herniation.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
391,189 |
BCMV and BCMNV are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. The genomic RNA of BCMV and BCMNV translate into a single polyprotein that autocatalytically cleaves into 10 mature proteins: The first protein (P1), helper component proteinase (HC-Pro), third protein (P3), first 6-kDa protein (6K1), cytoplasmic inclusion (CI), second 6-kDa protein (6K2), genome linked viral protein (VPg), nuclear inclusion a (NIa), Nuclear inclusion b (NIb) and coat protein (CP). An additional short open reading frame known as Pretty Interesting Potyviridae ORF (PIPO) has been described in the P3 cistron (Chung et al., 2008). BCMV and BCMNV are transmitted in common bean seeds by several aphids in a non-persistent manner (Spence and Walkey, 1995). Aspects of taxonomy and transmission of these viruses were recently reviewed (Worrall et al., 2015) and are beyond the scope of this review.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
94,461 |
Metabolomics analyses showed that fasting circulating lipids were lower in the treatment group than those of the control group. The trending increase of deoxycarnitine in the treatment group also indicated increased de novo carnitine biosynthesis to support increased fatty acid β-oxidation. Aligning with this metabolic path, the level of 3-hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher in the treatment group at month 9, indicating that dogs in the treatment group were using fatty acids at a greater rate than control dogs.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
186,948 |
Typical case: left radial head fracture. a Preoperative radiograph showed Mason type III radial head fracture. b Postoperative radiograph revealed a good restoration of alignment between the radial head and neck. c Anteroposterior and lateral radiograph showed bone union at 12 months after surgery. d Functional outcomes at the final follow-up. Compared with the unaffected sides, the ROM of elbow and forearm rotation was sufficient
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 3Clinical case
|
171,404 |
Additionally, it was shown that control systems can also be efficiently synthesised. For this purpose, a nonlinear control system was proposed and modelled. The tests of the AVA working in open and closed systems showed that thanks to the use of a controlled SMA spring, it is possible to perform an AVA which adjusts itself to the disturbance frequency on an ongoing basis, and it is better than passive systems because it operates in the broader frequency range.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
246,813 |
Cervical cancer is the fourth most known female malignancy in the world, and approximately 90% of cervical cancer occur in low-income and middle-income countries where organized screening and HPV vaccination programs are lagging . Tobacco smoking was found to be a paramount causative factor for cervical precancer and cancer in a cohort study on more than 300,000 women . The most common histological subtypes are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma that account for approximately 70% and 25% of all cervical cancers, respectively . DNA damage due to internal and external factors results in DNA double-stranded break can give rise to an imbalanced cell process. The key to recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA (double-stranded break) is the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and mediator of MDC1 (DNA damage checkpoint protein 1). USP7 interacts with the MRN-MDC1 complex and stabilizes MDC1. The accumulated complex leads to the recruitment of ub p53 binding protein 1 and BRCA1 (breast cancer protein 1) to DNA double-stranded break . E2-EPF is a member of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and is overexpressed in cervical squamous cancer through its effect on the pVHL-HIF pathway. Hypoxia predisposes to high tumor metastasis by inducing hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
336,180 |
The environmental impacts of food were estimated with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), a methodological tool to assess the environmental impact through the life cycle of a product (farm to plate principle). Supporting Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) data, individual unit processes in a supply chain, representative for Dutch market situations were provided by Blonk Consultants and were saved in SimaPro (version 8.52, PRe Consultancy B.V., Amersfoort, the Netherlands). Blonk consultants provided data on 225 foods in the Netherlands, covering approximately 80% of foods consumed in the DNFCS . A panel of RIVM scientists performed extrapolations of the data to all foods consumed in the DNFCS 2012–2014. Environmental impact of the food products was then estimated using ReCiPe 2016 . Environmental impact indicators that were estimated in the ReCiPe model were greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2-eq), acidification (kg SO2-eq), eutrophication of salt (kg N-eq) and fresh (kg P-eq) water, and land use (m2a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
47,928 |
To further specify the spermatogenic lineage differentiation, we analysed the protein expression of mouse MVH, a specific protein for differentiating germ cells and DAZL, a key intrinsic factor stimulating translation of MVH and response to extrinsic RA . As expected, our results showed that MVH and DAZL were detected at day 3 and highly expressed in SSC conditions with RA at day 6 (Figure 2B,C). Therefore, our data suggest that RA facilitates the differentiation of mouse ESCs into spermatogenic lineage in SSC conditions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
66,175 |
Evident sex differences in the distribution of E. coli bacteraemia by age were present; rates were higher in females between 1 and 54 years of age and greater in males in the older age groups (> 54), this is consistent with previous findings . E. coli bacteraemia frequently occurs as a complication following a UTI. Indeed, the greater bacteraemia rate among females were likely due to a higher proportion of UTIs occurring among females aged between 1 and 54 years. Females have a higher predisposition for UTIs compared with males due to their urethras being shorter and in closer proximity to the rectum .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
126,719 |
Under difficult listening conditions such as speech in noise or multi-talker environments, we have to rely on predictive top–down mechanisms for understanding continuous speech. On the one hand, such mechanisms can be very useful; on the other hand, prediction may be erroneous, and false predictions may require effortful mechanisms of repair. Primarily, the cingulo-opercular network seems to be important for noise suppression during listening under speech-in-noise conditions (Vaden et al., 2013), in line with the abovementioned “task maintenance” hypothesis (Dosenbach et al., 2008). However, considering the above-described dynamic tuning function of executive control handling incompatibilities and conflicts (Mansouri et al., 2009), it can be assumed that the DLPFC has a superordinate control function regarding the “dosage” of predictive top–down mechanisms. The number of studies on this aspect of language processing is still small, but there is some clinical evidence that aberrant connectivity between the DLPFC and the speech processing regions give rise to auditory verbal hallucinations that might be considered as excessive top–down generated predictions of auditory perception (Clos et al., 2014; Psomiades et al., 2018).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,789 |
Because the sample size was calculated based on the primary endpoint of the RCT, the sample size for this secondary analysis was not calculated. . The calculation was performed to determine the number of participants needed to detect at least a 15% difference between the intervention group and the control group concerning the number of registered sick leave days during 12 months after inclusion. With a two-sided t test, statistical significance of p < 0.05 and 80% power, at least 135 participants were needed in each group. The variable registered sick leave was chosen since it was the primary outcome of the randomized control trial .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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371,941 |
In the CR-KP negative group, urine culture was positive in 18 patients (12.3%) and 4 of them were Klebsiella pneumonia (2.7%). In this group, 140 patients received treatment (95.9%). Antibiotics used in the second group are shown in Figure 3. The most frequently used antibiotic periods were 1-day (20.9%) and 5-day (7.4%) intervals, respectively. None of the patients in this group had a fever of more than 38 °C and reinfection.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
349,871 |
While the role melanin plays in the E. dermatitidis IR response is still obscure, the differences in how photonic and particle irradiation affect this organism have become clearer with this study. The observations we made after breaking down the “hierarchy” of differentially expressed genes in the two groups demonstrates the value of comparative transcriptomic experiments. For example, although all of the canonical processes involved in DNA repair (e.g., DNA synthesis and HR) were observed to be part of the recovery to both types of IR source, the response to particle irradiation involved a more diverse set of genes and an increased magnitude of differential gene expression- 467 were genes differentially expressed with a >5-fold change in every particle-irradiated sample, while this number was only 166 for γ-radiation. Beside being larger in number, the particle-associated genes encompassed a greater diversity of KOG groups, including upregulated genes associated with defense mechanisms (e.g., transporters), lipid and coenzyme transport and metabolism, and energy production and conversion, while there was a conspicuously strong enrichment of ribosomal subunits among the genes that were downregulated after particle exposure. This latter observation was interesting to us, because although we also saw downregulation of translation-associated genes in cultures responding to γ-radiation (Schultzhaus Z. et al., 2020), these were entirely excluded from the list of genes down-regulated five-fold or more. It is possible, then, that the damage that occurs in cells irradiated by ionizing particles requires a stronger cessation of protein synthesis, which may in turn result in massive changes in the proteomic response to these sources, something which we will focus on in follow-up studies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
350,775 |
Secondly, we simulated the condition where the 3D line moved while the intersection angle remained unchanged; the C1 and C2 places were fixed. Endpoint A was (−0.5,−0.5,−0.5), The initial position of endpoint B was (−0.5,1.5,−0.5), and the kth position was (−0.5−k∗0.05,1.5,−0.5−k∗0.05); k was the offset time. The end position of point B was (−5.5,1.5,−5.5). A Gaussian error with a mean of 0 was added to the optical center of the camera, with a 5 cm RMS value. A Gaussian error with a mean of 0 was added to the camera angle, with a 1° RMS value. A Gaussian error with a mean of 0 was added to the x- and y-directions of the two endpoints of the 2D line, with a 2-pixel RMS value. The results of the simulation while the intersection angles are 90° and 120°, and shown in Figure 5a,b respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
323,568 |
The effects of the compounds 1–10 on the viability of human endothelial cells (HUVEC), were determined using a WST-1 assay. The cells were stimulated with the test compounds at various concentrations, ranging from 0.006 µmol/mL to 1.5 µmol/mL for 24 h. The results are presented in Table 3. Among the tested compounds, derivatives 1, 4 and 5 appear to have the lowest effect on the viability of HUVECs. Viability of the cells after 24 h incubation with compounds 1, 4 and 5 at the concentrations of 1.5 µmol/mL was 46.8 ± 1.8%, 40.0 ± 8.6% and 47.7 ± 7.3%, respectively. Dimethyl and trimethyl derivatives (6–10) exerted greater inhibitory effects on HUVECs growth (Table 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
51,366 |
The products of linoleic acid conversion by five lactobacilli were analyzed by negative ion LC/APPI-MS/MS (Table 2). MS/MS spectra of the products confirmed the position of hydroxyl groups (Figure 1; Black et al., 2013a). The strains of lactobacilli differed in with respect to their conversion of linoleic acid to hydroxy fatty acids (Table 2). L. reuteri, L. hammesii, and L. spicheri produced 10-HOE only, while L. plantarum produced 10-HOE, 13-HOE and 10,13-dihydroxy octadecanoic acid. L. plantarum TMW1.460Δlah produced 13-HOE but not 10-HOE or 10,13-dihydroxy octadecanoic acid, demonstrating that their formation by L. plantarum TMW1.460 is attributable to a dedicated linoleate 13-hydratase acting on linoleic acid and 10-HOE, respectively. L. sanfranciscensis did not convert linoleic acid.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
337,002 |
Regrettably, toxicological data gathered so far address potential pitfalls of these NPs related to its chemistry and size. In human skin cell-based experiments, often characterized by high doses of exposure, TiO2 causes oxidative stress and DNA damage and, extracted from sunscreens, induces apoptosis of exposed UVA-irradiated cells, an effect that is dampened by pre-coating . Furthermore, TiO2 NPs are phagocytized by monocytes/macrophages that consequently display oxidative stress and genotoxic effects . In mouse brain microglia, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, TiO2 NPs form cytoplasmic aggregates and stimulate ROS . In chronically exposed rodents, TiO2 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis of the lung , and TiO2 NPs appear to play a role in the onset and aggravation of allergies through a cyto-genotoxic mechanism . Also, human lymphocytes, either from healthy individuals or with respiratory disease, are damaged by TiO2 NPs at the DNA level . Human studies, regarding professionally exposed worker to TiO2 (nanoparticles), show oxidative damage of nucleic acids of Ti-containing exhaled breath condensate samples and increased oxidative stress and overexpression of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines . However, the aforementioned studies are limited in numbers, jagged/fragmentary and not specifically addressed to highlight TiO2 NPs in humans.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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18,001 |
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) originate from tumor tissues and are released into the peripheral blood1. Several studies have indicated that CTCs are an independent risk factor associated with the prognosis of solid tumors, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)2. CTCs may be an active source of HCC metastasis or recurrence. Patients with higher CTC counts may have poorer outcomes, higher recurrence risks, and lower disease-free survival and overall survival after surgery3. Accordingly, a variety of methods have been developed to detect and analyze CTCs4. The direct analysis of unpurified nucleated cells from blood or diluted blood samples by tumor-specific staining is simple, but has limited applications and stability because typical biomarkers, e.g., CD133 and EpCAM, are only expressed in a small fraction of CTCs56. Bulk blood-processing methods, such as flow cytometry and magnetophoresis, have a tendency to exclude rare cells, but are popular for CTC detection owing to their use of simple and readily available tools. The morphological properties that are shared by all tumor cells, such as size, deformability, and density, can be applied for CTC detection17.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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44,971 |
This research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The design of this study was approved by the local Ethical Committee (CPP Sud Méditerranée IV, decision March 8th, 2011). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent has been obtained for each participant of this study.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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294,954 |
Alzheimer’s disease has a very intricate etiology, and several reports have hypothesized that the four major pathophysiological pathways (oxidative stress, amyloid-beta pathway, tau pathway, and cholinergic pathway) are responsible for the progression of AD . These pathways include the formation of senile plaques through amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposition , the agglomeration of neurofibrillary tangles after tau neurofibrillary degeneration , the disruption of cholinergic activity , and oxidative stress .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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372,632 |
Our results identified genes associated with the virulence and defense subsystem, which have the potential to confer resistance to more than one class of antibiotics, as is the case for genes encoding efflux pumps. The prevalence of these genes in Lake Bolonha, which, although belonging to a protected area, is located in the metropolitan area of the city of Belém, may be an indication of anthropic pressure.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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25,452 |
The set-up errors of the ML, SI, AP direction and the rotation angle were recorded, then the mean absolute error and standard deviation were calculated. The three-dimensional displacement value was calculated by the formula F=(X2+Y2+Z2)1/2 (F represents the three-dimensional displacement error, X represents the value of ML direction, Y represents the value of SI direction, Z represents the value of AP direction). The average error value, system error, and random error of all the patients were computed. The error of M was calculated according to the formula proposed by VanHerk (MPTV = 2.5Σ+ 0.7б, guarantee 95% of the prescription dose of at least 90% patients). According to the Stroom definition of the error estimation : the mean value of earch patient's position error is individual systematic errors, and the standard deviation of each patient's position error is individual random errors; while group systematic errors (Σ) is the standard deviation of the individual systematic errors, and random errors (σ) is the standard deviation of the individual random errors. The formula for calculating the set-up error boundary of rotation was not designed at home and abroad.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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64,801 |
Fig 5A shows how the indexed change in US electricity use per capita relates to the indexed change in mean power plant size (as measured by nameplate capacity). Over the last 100 years, the two series tracked together quite closely, with both electricity use and power plant size increasing rapidly between 1920 and 1980 and plateauing thereafter. How important was this change in technological scale for meeting per capita demand? To answer this question, Fig 5B plots the indexed ratio of mean power plant size to electricity use per capita. This ratio indicates the fraction of electricity use per capita growth that was met by increases in power plant capacity. Between 1920 and 2015, increases in power plant capacity accounted for roughly half of the total increase in electricity use per capita.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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241,328 |
Even with multiple perspectives and results from several studies including wet-laboratory experiments on different proteins, protein structural dynamics in solvents still remain comparatively less well understood. From a biological perspective, domains of the RVFV L protein have very similar characteristics to other proteins. It is therefore important to have a visual understanding of the structural dynamics of the RVFV L protein domain in explicit solvents of different densities and concentrations. This requires a molecular-level understanding of the protein dynamics in these varied environments, since a comprehensive molecular picture of protein (de)stabilization by co-solvents has so far remained elusive. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent or treat RVFV infection in humans or ruminants . Therefore, the findings presented here on the structural dynamics of the L protein domain could facilitate studies of other protein–protein and protein–solvent interactions and may also represent new targets for therapeutic design. Understanding the conformational ensemble of the cap-binding state without a binding partner could reveal novel targets not observed in static structures of the cap-binding domain. This will, in turn, aid in the design of therapeutics targeting this important binding domain.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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232,258 |
The trend lines show that the incidence of all three gynecological cancers increases with age. The increased incidence trend regarding age for CC (y = 1.3966x + 0.3765, R2 = 0.3395), UC (y = 1.7963x − 5.4688, R2 = 0.5063) and OC (y = 1.0791x − 0.8245, R2 = 0.5317) was statistically significant (Figure 5).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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298,049 |
Literature has reported the role of diverse neuropeptides such as FLPs, ILPs, and NLPs in the feeding circuit. The widely expressed family of FLP neuropeptides act on GPCR receptors to modulate feeding behavior in C. elegans. For instance, FLP-1 is implicated in fat storage and diet-induced changes in antioxidant responses mediated via the NPR-4 receptors in the intestine (Mutlu et al., 2020; Jia and Sieburth, 2021). Also, npr-4 mutants result in impaired foraging behavior, fat homeostasis, and food preference (Cohen et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2016; Bhardwaj et al., 2018). Another allatostatin/galanin-like GPCR, viz, NPR-9 impinges on the AIB interneurons to regulate food-evoked foraging, which, in turn, may affect metabolism and fat storage (Bendena et al., 2008). Interestingly, the FLP-18 neuropeptide has been found to act on different GPCRs to regulate a variety of feeding-related functions, i.e., FLP-18 binds to NPR-4 receptors to regulate fat accumulation in the intestine and modulate foraging behavior in the RIV and AVA neurons (Cohen et al., 2009). Moreover, NPR-5 receptors mediate the effects of FLP-18 in the ciliated sensory neurons to induce lipid storage in ASJ neurons to regulate dauer formation and in ADF neurons to stimulate feeding (Cohen et al., 2009; Lemieux et al., 2015). Multiple features of feeding behaviors are illustrated in Figure 4. Further, FLP-18 and FLP-21 are implicated in the social feeding behavior, by associating with the different isoforms of NPR-1 receptors (de Bono and Bargmann, 1998; Rogers et al., 2003). It is noteworthy that the NPR-1 receptor is an evolutionary conserved Neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor, known for its role in regulating feeding in vertebrates [reviewed in Beck (2006)]. NPY and its receptor defects have been shown to contribute to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and obesity [reviewed in Gehlert (1999), Zhang et al. (2012)].
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
48,481 |
Sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (KS; A) and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (KL; B) of three Anacardiaceae tree species. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences by the LSD post-hoc test following a one-way ANOVA at P < 0.05. Values are means ± SE (n = 5).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
273,745 |
TEAM Me approved activities were all identified and defined by the interdisciplinary team members. Activity examples included walking, yoga practice, and completion of individualized physical/occupational therapy assignments. Patients notified an interdisciplinary care team member before their participation in a TEAM Me activity, and upon completion of the activity, patients were awarded stickers for display on their door board along with prize tickets.
| 2 | 1clinical
| 1Other
|
117,607 |
So, what is the effect of selecting an arbitrary value for KaE/KIE satisfying the conditions in Table. 2? Well, even though the high/low levels of A and E representing the corners of the operational area are still the same, the steady‐state trajectory inside the operational area is slightly altered. However, the largest effect is found in the dynamic behavior of the controller motifs. Thus, given time series measurements of A, E and kpi/o would provide us with data to perform parameter estimation (Isermann et al. 1992). This is, however, not a topic in this paper as we here focus on the steady‐state behavior.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
172,546 |
Please submit your revised manuscript by Sep 06 2021 11:59PM. If you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at plosone@plos.org. When you're ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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334,976 |
Pseudo-nitzschia is usually a common component within the phytoplankton community of the Mexican Pacific coast, where 14 species and two varieties have previously been reported [24–31]. However, most of the identifications of Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Mexican Pacific coast are based on morphological characters only, which leave doubts as to its correct identification. We isolated a strain of Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica from samples collected during regular surveys to monitor HAB events in Todos Santos Bay and Mazanillo Bay on the Mexican Pacific coast. Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica was originally described in Hasle as Nitzschia subpacifica. It has been documented in Angola, Australia , Korea , China , Greece , Hong Kong , Peru and Scotland coasts, but has not been reported in the Mexican Pacific. DA production has been documented in only one strain isolated from Gulf of Maine . Here we document the morphology, phylogenetic relationships and production of DA of Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica strains isolated from Todos Santos Bay on the Mexican Pacific coast under laboratory conditions at sufficient and deficient availability of P at two temperatures (16°C and 21°C).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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6,174 |
Now if v ≠ 0, then a(b − 1)x = e. Since we want to find positive equilibrium points, we assume b > 1. Then x = e/a(b − 1). From the equation r(1 − x − y) = av, we have rx(1 − x) = rxy + axv = rxy + y = y(1 + rx). It follows that (10)y=rx1−x1+rx=reab−a−eab−1ab−a+re.Since axv = y, we have v = y/ax = r(ab − a − e)/a(ab − a + re). Thus we get the third critical point (11)E2=eab−1,reab−a−eab−1ab−a+re,rab−a−eaab−a+re,0.Notice that in order for the first three coordinates of E2 to be positive, it is enough that ab − a − e > 0; that is, b > e/a + 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
78,279 |
After the indicated treatments, cells were lysed by ice-cold RIPA buffer containing proteasome-inhibitor cocktail (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA). Protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluride membrane (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL), and probed with an appropriate antibody. Antibodies against caspase-7, caspase-9, p53 were purchased from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, CA). Anti- human RIP1, RIP3, GPX1, Catalase, γ-H2AX, H2AX, and PGAM5 antibodies were from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, MA). Anti-LC3 antibody was purchased from Novus Biological Inc. (Littleton, CO). TrxR1 antibody (B-2) and glutathione synthetase (GSS) antibody (C-5) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). A total of 30 μg protein was used for the immunoblotting, unless otherwise indicated. GAPDH was used for the loading control.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
335,310 |
Among the PKS clusters (Figure 5), three gene clusters of T. lixii MUT3171 resemble those for the production of naphthopyrone in Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 (BGC0000107), betaenone in Phoma betae (BGC0001264 and BGC0001280), monoascorubrin in Talaromyces marneffei (BGC0000099) and stipitatic acid in Talaromyces stipitatus ATCC 10500 (BGC0000154). Naphthopyrones are pigments that protect Ascomycetes from a wide range of predators , but their derivatives can display cytotoxic activity . Betaenones are phytotoxic and their production was not confirmed in Trichoderma. The candidate biosynthetic gene cluster for the production of the antimalarial drug stipitatic acid appears incomplete in T. lixii MUT3171, missing an essential cytochrome P450 and a FAD-binding protein . The genomic region potentially involved in the biosynthesis of monoascorubrin, a red pigment historically used as food colorant , contains more genes than the reference BGC0000099, but the central PKS genes (g7562.t1 in T. lixii MUT3171) are nearly identical.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
374,182 |
As the threats from climate change, land degradation and invasive species increase in a human‐dominated world, the post‐2020 biodiversity agenda needs to be strategic. Decisions of where and how to invest the limited resources available for conservation need the support of vulnerability assessments grounded on precise impact mechanisms and the best available information. Kling et al. (2020) have taken the first steps in this direction, by highlighting the need to frame vulnerability assessments under a specific paradigm, and the need to analyse the interaction between vulnerability paradigms when defining suitable conservation, management and adaptation strategies.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
88,238 |
A non-local damage model is implemented and employed for the first time to study damage in cartilage tissue. There are some limitations to the interpretation. First, the threshold values for damage initiation were taken from a former local damage model (Hosseini et al. 2014), where they were derived from experimental data. However, that study discussed that relevant data exist neither for collagen type II nor for proteoglycan-rich matrix in cartilage. The threshold values were transferred to the present implementation by accounting for the averaging procedure over the characteristic length (Eq. 10). Better validation of the threshold values will be performed when experimental data become available. Second, the characteristic length was chosen equal to the thickness of the superficial tangential layer, the smallest typical length scale for cartilage matrix. Although this is a reasonable choice, this volume does not allow detection of damage gradients within the superficial zone, if such gradients would occur. To do so, it would be possible by decreasing the characteristic length and using a finer mesh, or by using ellipsoidal volumes with higher aspect ratio in the direction of the collagen fibrils.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
61,746 |
To estimate premature mortality rates from sight loss and blindness in 2013, the country specific mortality rate [55–57] was multiplied by an odds ratio of 2.34, which was derived from the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP) . Deaths due to sight loss and blindness by age and gender were calculated from the demographic data and mortality rates utilising the attributable fraction approach.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
372,598 |
The metagenome data were submitted to the GCSplit to be assembled into contigs (Miranda et al., 2018). The coding sequences (CDSs) were predicted using Prodigal (Hyatt et al., 2010). The contigs were submitted to the CARD database (Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database) to detect ARGs, based on homology against 2383 reference sequences, through the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) tool, using the perfect and strict algorithm (Jia et al., 2016). The programs were executed using the default parameters.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
314,142 |
We considered 2 types of outcomes: birth attendant EBP adherence and maternal and perinatal health outcomes. EBP adherence was measured as the number of EBPs that a birth attendant successfully completed of the 18 practices that the World Health Organization recommends as essential for all mothers and newborns (Table 1).29,30 Previous research has suggested that this EBPs adherence metric is associated with reduced risk of perinatal mortality in this setting.43
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
121,281 |
Forty-two HSA tumor and matched normal formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were collected at PennVet between 2015 and 2016 as part of standard clinical care. Microscopic slides were reviewed and confirmed by a veterinary pathologist (ACD); tumor and normal tissue for dissection were identified. FFPE tissue cores were harvested from tumor and normal tissue blocks using a 3 mm punch tool. Genomic DNA (gDNA)) was extracted using GeneRead DNA FFPE Kit (Qiagen) and was quantified using a Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer. We then accessed the quality of extracted gDNA with a TapeStation 2200 system. We prepared libraries from 23 HSA cases whose gDNA was of sufficient quality and quantity. Whole exome libraries were prepared for tumor and matched normal samples using Canine All Exon kit (Agilent technologies). Paired-end sequencing (2X75) was performed on Illumina NextSeq500 platform in the Next Generation Sequencing Core at the Perelman School of Medicine (NGSC, ngsc.med.upenn.edu). Sequence data were acquired and processed per NGSC instructions followed by uploading to Illumina BaseSpace sequence hub for downstream analysis. Sequence reads were aligned to the latest canine reference genome, CanFam3. Reads with a mapping quality less than 20 were filtered out, unmapped reads and PCR-derived duplicated reads were also eliminated using Picard (version:1.139)
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
138,944 |
Samples were collected during standard of care exams in the gynecologic oncology clinic at the Stephenson Cancer Center in Oklahoma City, OK. Catch-All Sample Collection Swabs (Epicentre) were used to collect vaginal and fecal samples. Vaginal swabs were collected from three sites per individual: vaginal introitus (VIT), mid-vagina (MDV), and posterior fornix (VPF), and then placed into a dry sample collection tube. Fecal samples were collected via a rectal digital exam, after which any stool collected was placed on a Catch-All swab and placed in a dry collection tube. Two swabs were collected from each site (bilaterally from the vaginal sites and sequentially for the rectal samples). Each participant completed a quality-of-life survey regarding their medical treatment history, antibiotic use within the past year, vitamin consumption, socioeconomic status, and other lifestyle metadata (Table S1).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
263,666 |
All methods relying on clot volume are critically dependent on the blood preparation method that is used. When using whole blood, retraction is stopped when the red blood cells are compacted to polyhedral structures. Thus, the degree of clot retraction that can be measured is critically dependent on hematocrit and will normally be limited to about 50–60%. When platelet rich plasma is used, the retraction will proceed to about 80 to 90%. Moreover, the concentration of fibrin can be expected to influence clot retraction. Reconstitution experiments have demonstrated that an increase of fibrin from 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL was accompanied by a 60% reduction of clot retraction . Results from clot retraction experiments using a volumetric method might not be comparable to clot area measurements, as the clot volume describes the three-dimensions of the clot and will therefore report bigger changes than the two-dimensional measurement of the surface area.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
320,028 |
Other factors could also be responsible for the large increase in the group with initial low connection to nature. For example, there is a positive correlation between previous experiences of nature, motivation to participate in nature-based activities, and connection with nature (Cheng and Monroe, 2012). It can therefore be assumed that students with less connection to nature also have less direct contact with nature. The direct contact with nature, as it took place at the zoo, is therefore potentially a new experience for this group, which may have led to a strong change in their relationship with nature. For nature-connected, on the other hand, contact with nature was not a new experience, so there was no significant change.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
256,692 |
Eighteen states had medium HLE2 scores, and 26 states had low scores. Low-scoring states generally had websites that were more difficult to navigate (Arkansas, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts and North Carolina) and offered little or no CWF content. States with the lowest HLE2 scores did not have a CWF page (Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Wyoming). Some low-scoring states with no CWF information on their website provided links to CDC fluoride-related web pages .
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
172,190 |
Affected by changes in temperature, humidity, and air pressure, the distribution of atmospheric density in the monitoring area is usually inhomogeneous in both vertical and horizontal planes. Especially for large hydropower dams built in the alpine-gorge area, topographic factor makes the meteorological conditions very complex, resulting in an extremely inhomogeneous distribution of atmospheric density. Then for long-term continuous automatic monitoring of dam deformation with robotic total stations, the refraction caused by uneven atmospheric density has a significant effect on the angle and distance measurements. Although reciprocal observing can eliminate the refractive error, it is not practical for automatic monitoring. It is essential to find a way to rectify the effect of refraction to retain the monitoring accuracy. The conventional method is to establish a model of the atmosphere to describe the change of the refraction index in space. And together with angle and distance measurements, the temperature, humidity, and air pressure are measured simultaneously and used to carry out corrections according to the certain atmosphere model. The deficiency of the atmosphere model based correction method is that high accuracy meteorological sensors are required. Moreover, meteorological measurements at the station point do not reflect the atmospheric conditions along the whole line. Instead, by using the known stable points as a reference, the measurements towards monitoring points can be corrected without meteorological data. The principle of which is similar to that of GNSS differential positioning.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
254,802 |
Signal detection methods are often prone to generating false positives due to protopathic bias, which occurs if an event is mistakenly ascribed to initiation of a new treatment when both shared a common cause such as an underlying disease exacerbation (18). LEOPARD is a signal filtering method aimed at eliminating this bias. The method works by examining the rate of treatment initiations before and after adverse event incidence; protopathic bias is inferred if treatment follows the event more often than it precedes it (15). To address this, we will employ a one-sided binomial test of the distribution of treatment initiation events, with the null hypothesis that treatment initiation is equally likely before an AE as after it, and the alternative hypothesis that the probability is higher after the AE. This test will be carried out at the 50% significance level (19); signals where the null hypothesis is rejected will be discarded.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
155,846 |
We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) for each metric using the GRETNA toolbox(Wang et al. 2015). The AUC provides a summarized scalar for brain topological properties independent of single threshold selection and can sensitively detect topological alterations in neurological disorders (Huang et al. 2017; Lei et al. 2015). The matrix was thresholded at a value that yielded a binary undirected network of different link densities ranging from 0%–100% in 1% increments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
221,364 |
We conducted several sensitivity analyses. First, because not all hospitals reported data to Cerner HealthFacts during every quarter of the study period, we repeated the analyses focusing on the subset of hospitals that did report data in each quarter. Second, to assess whether SEP-1 implementation was associated with better care preventing progression to organ dysfunction and death for patients presenting with milder illness, we repeated our analyses in a broader cohort of patients with suspected serious infection (defined by ≥1 blood culture draw and intravenous antibiotic(s) within 24 hours of hospital arrival, without any requirements for SIRS or organ dysfunction). Third, we repeated our analyses in patients with suspected septic shock (defined as ≥2 SIRS criteria, ≥1 blood culture draw, and either hypotension [systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg] or lactate ≥4.00 mmol/L within 24 hours of hospital arrival) because some analyses suggest that the benefit of timely sepsis bundles may be limited to this severely ill subset.8,13,34,35,36 Fourth, we repeated our analysis using a longer 1-year policy roll-in period (6 months prior through 6 months after October 2015, rather than just 1 Q) to account for the possibility that some hospitals may have begun preparing for SEP-1 implementation ahead of time while some may have taken longer to react.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
104,119 |
Based on pairwise F ST estimates (Table 2), genetic relationships are closest between bears of the Northern, Western, and Northeast clusters. However, an area of isolation among bears is evident in the James Bay region (specifically Akimiski Island) as the strongest differentiation was between the Southeast cluster and the other three clusters (Table 2). It is possible a group of bears in this region has become demographically and geographically limited, similar to what is observed in Norwegian Bay (Paetkau et al., 1999), and is reflected in the limited genetic diversity (Table 1).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
365,708 |
Improving the yield of viable testicular sperm after cryopreservation will also help to reduce the need for repeat procedures in men with NOA. Sperm freezing technology is now over 50 years old and its safety and efficacy are well known. However, the need to improve the yield of viable testicular sperm for ICSI after cryopreservation and thawing is more acute than ever since many men with NOA have low reservoirs of testicular sperm that are entirely depleted after a single sperm retrieval procedure. The application of sperm vitrification, an alternative to the traditional, computer-controlled slow-freezing process that is now commonly performed with oocyte freezing, has met with significant success37. Recent research has also addressed the value of in situ whole tissue cryopreservation rather than dispersed tissue freezing to improving the recovery of testicular sperm27. Innovative ways to find viable testicular sperm in the setting of an entirely immotile population after sperm thawing using motility stimulants, hypoosmotic swelling, or laser technologies have also been explored38. Lastly, novel freezing technology based on the excellent freezing characteristics of the zona pellucida offers the promise of improving sperm viability after freezing and thawing39. We believe that advances in laboratory technology over the next several years will have a major impact on our ability to help men with NOA to become biological fathers.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
192,136 |
Serum samples were collected from 337 healthy volunteers, including 161 males and 176 females. The age of volunteers ranged from 18 to 74 years, while the median age is 55. The lower quartile age is 44 years, while the upper quartile age is 64 years. The ELISA detected whether these sera could specifically react with the five antigen peptides and four protein segments above. The seropositive and negative results of serum ELISA assays are summarized in Tables 6, 7. Among the 337 healthy volunteers, 170 cases (50.45%) were positive for anti-human adenovirus 3 (Table 6). There were 124 positive cases (36.80%) for anti-human adenovirus 7 and 118 positive cases (35.01%) for anti-human adenovirus 5. Twenty-five cases (7.42%) were positive for the polypeptide from the common ancestor virus. Meanwhile, 134 cases (39.76%) were positive for the anti-adenovirus conservative region. The highest antigen, the human adenovirus antibody, had 170 positive cases (50.45%) (Table 7). The human adenovirus type 7 had 145 positive cases (43.03%), the second-highest rate. The anti-human adenovirus type 5 was third, with 123 positive cases (36.50%). The common ancestor protein had 23 positive cases (6.82%), the lowest rate.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
147,486 |
Another pharmacological approach is the use of modified melittin conjugated to monoclonal antibodies targeting prostate cancer cells. By modifying the structure of melittin, the potentially immunogenic and allergenic properties of melittin could be reduced and the water solubility should be improved . Two different antibodies were used: J591, which recognises the extracellular domain of PSMA, and the antibody BLCA-38. The systemic and intratumoural injection inhibited the growth of the tumour and led to an improved survival without being toxic to other organs. Since the solubility of the conjugate limits the dosage, these conjugates may only be useful to target tumours of low burden or smaller metastases. More experimental studies about modifications of the structure of conjugates being more hydrophilic could lead to the development of drugs, which are also usable for bigger tumour burdens.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
153,631 |
Study participants were interviewed three times: during an initial home visit, where consent/assent was obtained, and at pre- and post-intervention office visits. The pre- and post-intervention visits were exactly 3 days apart during which time participants used only personal care products labeled free from LMW phthalates, parabens, triclosan, and benzophenone-3. The product intervention demonstrated reduced urinary concentrations of these chemicals . The intervention did not require any changes to diet or other household exposures of interest, and urinary concentrations of HMW phthalates and BPA were not significantly different between the pre- and post-intervention visits (see Table S3 from Harley et al. ).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
44,388 |
Based on the previous results, we selected 30 min of incubation time and hyperoxia as the optimized conditions for the rest of the study. Then, in the next step, we analyzed samples prepared by diluting tumor cells into suspensions of peripheral blood mononulear cells (PBMCs). Specifically, MCF-7 cells were spiked into PBMCs cells at ratios between 1:1 and 1:10,000, and the assay was performed with the optimized conditions (i.e., 300 μM 2-NBDG in phosphate buffered saline, PBS, for 30 minutes under hyperoxia). The range of investigated cell ratios was determined down to 1:10,000 to simulate the frequency of CTCs in blood samples from patients after enrichment steps, for instance after applying a Ficoll gradient step. Suspensions of MFC-7 and PBMC cells at different ratios were then mixed with 2-NBDG and, also, CD45-APC, to additionally recognize PBMCs under hyperoxia. After 30 minutes of incubation, the samples were washed and measured in the flow-cytometer. A blue (488 nm) and a red (640 nm) lasers were used to detect either the MCF-7 (blue) or the PBMC (red) cells, as shown in Figure 4. Positive events were considered for cells showing only green fluorescence. On the other hand, cells displaying red or both green and red fluorescence were considered as negative events (PBMC). Notably, the data show a very good agreement with the expected number of cells in the samples (Figure 5A) by monitoring the emission produced during the cell metabolism of 2-NBDG upon oxygen enrichment. In this regard, it is possible to extract, for any cell ratio, an average signal for the intrinsic fluorescence developed by individual cells. This can be achieved by dividing the total fluorescence intensity, resulting from the treatment of PBMC and MCF-7 cells with 2-NBDG, by the corresponding number of events for every cell line in each sample. These results are plotted in Figure 5B. Outstandingly, these data show that at any cell ratio the fluorescence of tumor cells is considerably larger than that of normal cells, allowing for single events recognition even at highly diluted regimes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
314,511 |
Across the lifespan, individuals encounter many scenarios in which hidden, external causes trigger positive or negative outcomes. For example, even after eating healthfully, people may get sick from unobservable germs; even after acting with kindness, kids sometimes get snapped at by parents who are having a bad day; even after diligently studying, students can perform poorly on exams graded by a harsh teacher. Appropriately discounting the influence of these causes—the hidden germs, the parent’s bad day, the harshness of the teacher—is critical when learning to estimate the value of one’s own actions. The present study replicates and extends previous work in adults examining the influence of beliefs about the causal structure of the environment on learning from positive and negative outcomes. Our results indicate that while children, adolescents, and adults demonstrate an understanding of different causal structures within the task, with increasing age, individuals begin to incorporate inferences about the controllability of external causes when assigning credit to their actions. This work examining how the environment influences learning from childhood to adulthood helps shed light on observed developmental changes in reinforcement learning and highlights several future lines of inquiry at the intersection of developmental and computational cognitive science.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
107,568 |
Table 2Lessons learnt for best clinical practice in decision-making about continuous observationFindingsConsiderations raised by patients and staffInterviewees felt continuous observation was best used as a short-term intervention within a positive-risk-taking frameworkEnsure that only patients with severe levels of risk are placed on continuous observationFrequently re-evaluate risk during observationBe open to taking positive risks during or as an alternative to continuous observationKeep the duration of continuous observation to a minimumInterviewees felt continuous observation had the potential to be iatrogenicConsider the potential negative effects of continuous observation for the individual patient, including distress caused by privacy restrictions, reinforcement of risk-taking behaviour, reduced self-efficacy and negative relationships with staffInterviewees felt good decision-making required a thorough knowledge of the individual patientAvoid knee-jerk or blanket reactions to risk behaviourThoroughly evaluate all aspects of a patient’s presentation, including past reactions to continuous observation, and the potential benefits and risks of observation for their overall recoveryInterviewees emphasised the importance of communication and collaboration between staff and patientsCommunicate sensitively and empathically with patients to explain what observation entailsDiscuss the reasoning behind any decisionsAcknowledge the difficulties of being observedBuild mutual trust to enable agreement on taking positive risks within observationTake patients’ views about being observed and about their level of risk into account where possible, whilst acknowledging that some patients may seek to hide their level of risk or lack capacity to weigh up the pros and cons of observation whilst they are acutely illInterviewees emphasised the importance of a supportive and cohesive staff teamInvolve all team members in reaching an agreement about patients’ level of observationPresent a united front when communicating team decisions to patients and do not communicate any disagreements between staffHand over information gained from observation to the rest of the teamEncourage each-other to take positive risks and avoid a culture of blameEncourage staff to discuss difficult experiences with the team, in managerial supervision sessions, and during reflective practiceEnsure that there are sufficient staff on the ward for observation shifts to be frequently rotated, and for adequate attention to be given to other patients
| 4 | 1clinical
| 0Study
|
309,758 |
A qualitative description method was adopted to explain Japanese family doctors’ views on EGP.16,17 In addition, the framework method was used to conduct a thematic analysis.18 Following data familiarisation, two authors (MK and AO) held weekly meetings to review all transcripts and prepare an initial list of codes. The two authors then independently coded two focus group interviews each, and conducted meetings to resolve any disagreements and reach coherence.19 After all transcripts were coded, a framework matrix18 was created to examine the relationships among emerging themes. Quotes or questions identified during the analysis were recorded and used in the final interpretation of the data. It was considered that the data reached the point of coherence because similar themes repeatedly emerged from different groups.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
252,022 |
The belief function is defined as BEL and the formula is as follows:2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{BEL}}\left( {\text{A}} \right) = \mathop \sum \limits_{B \subseteq A} m\left( B \right) \left( {\forall A \subset {\Theta }} \right)$$\end{document}BELA=∑B⊆AmB∀A⊂Θ
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
180,562 |
The uterus forms during embryogenesis by fusion of the two paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts). The two Mullerian ducts normally fuse to form a single uterine body. Complete fusion is completed between the 10th and 17th weeks of intrauterine development.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
226,142 |
0.28 mmol Ln(NO3)3·xH2O (x = 5 for Ln = Dy, Ho, Er and 6 for Ln = Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb) was added to a solution of 0.20 g [Cd(H2O)2(piv)2] (0.57 mmol) in 20 mL of MeCN. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at 80 °C, cooled to room temperature, and filtered. The solution was kept at room temperature and colorless crystals of complexes precipitated after 72 h. The crystals were filtered off, washed with cold MeCN (t = −5 °C), and dried in air at t = 20 °C.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
155,433 |
To detect the influence of aconitine on H9c2 cardiomyocyte, H9c2 cells were treated by aconitine at different dosages of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μM for 24 h, and then the cell apoptosis and intracellular Ca2+ were measured. As the results show, aconitine induced obvious H9c2 cell apoptosis at a lower dose of 0.25 μM, and the effect of aconitine on H9c2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis was dose dependent (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were carried out by western blotting (Figure 1(c)); the results showed that the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in H9c2 cells was reduced by aconitine at a dose-dependent manner, while the expressions of proapoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were upregulated by aconitine at a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1(d)). In addition, aconitine obviously induced a Ca2+ influx which led to a significant intracellular Ca2+ overload of H9c2 cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 1(e)). These results indicated that aconitine could promote apoptosis by inducing intracellular Ca2+ overload.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
346,691 |
The correlations between the dihedral angles (H3′-C3′-C4′-H4′α and H3′-C3′-C4′-H4′β) and the vicinal coupling constants (J3′, 4′α and J3′, 4′β) of compounds 1–3 and related analogues are summarized in Table 1. The dihedral angles were calculated by using the molecular-modeling program CS CHEM 3D Ultra 16.0, with the MM2 force-field calculations for energy minimization. The correlations between dihedral angles (H3′-C3′-C4′-H4′α and H3′-C3′-C4′-H4′β) and vicinal coupling constants (J3′, 4′α and J3′, 4′β) of compounds 1–3 were consistent with the Karplus relationship. The 2′S,3′S-configuration slightly decreased the J3′, 4′β value from 11.3~12.8 to 8.3~10.3 compared to the 2′R,3′S-configuration. These data could also support the structural confirmation of the new compounds 1–3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
338,479 |
Fucoxanthin also induces apoptosis in human EJ-1 and T24 bladder cancer cell lines . In T24 cells, fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis was linked to a decrease in the expression level of mortalin, which is a stress regulator and a member of heat shock protein 70, followed by upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 at a high dose (40 µM) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
165,747 |
In Figure 11A,B the UV/vis characterizations of the bare and doped PMPs are reported. Both Azo-LC-PMP and Azo-LC-PMP(6%_Z) present an absorbance that goes approximately up to 95% in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm. In contrast, for Azo-LC-PMP(6%_Z), an increase of absorption was recorded with a range between 400 nm and 500 nm (Figure 11A). For example, the absorbance at 457 nm shows an increase of 40% compared to Azo-LC-PMP. This probably allows the PMP to absorb higher amounts of radiation in a region other than UV (Figure 11A). The increase in absorbance is probably due to the high reflectivity of the ZnO nanopowder embedded inside the PMP. In fact, these kinds of nanoparticles are also used in scattering layers for different applications .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,356 |
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have proven to be an effective cancer immunotherapy strategy against B cell malignancies (1–6), but T cell exhaustion has been identified as a major roadblock in development of universally effective CAR T cells (6–11). First noted in models of chronic viral infection, T cell exhaustion occurs in the context of persistent antigen stimulation and is associated with limited T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cell killing in response to further stimulation. T cell exhaustion is now recognized as a distinct epigenetic state, where fully exhausted T cells exhibit chromatin changes and cannot be reversed by checkpoint blockade but can be remodeled by cessation of cell signaling (12–14). Exhaustion in CAR T cells can arise via high tumor burdens or tonic CAR signaling during ex vivo expansion, which severely limits therapeutic efficacy (8, 15).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
125,771 |
Data collection will be performed within a secured electronic case report form (eCRF). To allow secure data management and transmission between countries, the eCRF will be implemented in a Data Management System accessible at the respective sites in each country. The database will only be accessible for authorized personnel via a unique login and user ID. All participant data will be pseudonymized and identifiable data (e.g., name, e-mail, address) will be removed prior to uploading. All source documents will be stored in a secure closet for a certain period of time depending on the legal and regulatory requirements at each site.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
343,438 |
SH and TR conceived the ideas for the manuscript and designed the field methodology. SH collected and analysed the data. TR analysed the spectroradiometer data. JL collected the additional optical leaf trait dataset in 2016. MP and JL contributed to writing of the manuscript. SH wrote the manuscript, and TR supervised all stages. All authors gave editorial input and final approval for publication.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
109,113 |
Nav1.5 and β1 enriched adjacent to connexin43 in human atria. (A) Representative immunofluorescent confocal image of a 5 μm-thick section of human RAA labeled for C×43 (green) and Nav1.5 (red), with both channels combined below. (B) Representative immunofluorescent confocal image of a similar section of human RAA labeled for C×43 (green) and the β1 auxiliary subunit of the cardiac sodium channel (red), with both channels combined below.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
323,592 |
The effects of synthesized compounds on HUVECs were also evaluated using the wound healing assay, conducted with the application of the JuLiStage system which enables real-time monitoring of live cells. Our studies have shown that metformin, after 24-h stimulation, significantly decreased HUVECs migration. Other scientists revealed that metformin was also able to inhibit HUVECs migration . Importantly, metformin also suppresses proliferation and migration in cardiac fibroblasts. In the current study, all examined sulfonamides exerted an effect that was similar to that of metformin. However, statistically significant results were obtained only for compounds 6 and 10. The outcomes of migration assay give crucial information on the valuable properties of examined metformin analogs, since pathological migration is a major factor in atherogenesis .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
255,286 |
The third session’s theme was perfectionism and core values. In addition to repeating core meditation from session one and two, the third session introduced a new meditation from the MSC program called “loving-kindness for ourselves” and a core value exercise called “living with a vow” which allowed participants to reflect on which values are important to them. Between these meditations we held two brief lectures on perfectionism and core values.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
228,425 |
Since antiquity, rivers have served as an important source of food and water as well as a natural waterway for transportation and navigation. Like many important natural features, they have also been considered sacred to cultures around the world for their life giving qualities and have been compared to arteries in the human body. The Ganges in India, the Nile in Egypt and the Amazon River are but a few famous waterways that have been and continue to be central to the survival and culture of the surrounding peoples . The immense importance placed on these water ways for their wide range of benefits and uses has pushed countries such as India and New Zealand to bestow on the Ganges and the Whangananui Rivers the legal status of persons and the consequent legal rights in order to better protect them . Rivers of course also play a central role in the ecology of the planet as vibrant and vital ecosystems, which house numerous species . Nowadays, the long list of common uses of rivers also includes recreational activities such as bathing, walking, camping, and fishing . River water cleanliness and consequent suitability for swimming and ecosystem biodiversity, including abundance of fish species or pollution-sensitive river mammals , are key indicators of good aquatic health. These guiding points influence whether or not potential users decide to make use of rivers for recreational purposes, which include those that do not necessarily involve any contact with the river water such as fishing, walking, and engaging in other sporting activities near the river . Sadly, the impairment of biodiversity and river health are causing a decrease in recreational use of rivers, making the use of these waterways, and their therapeutic benefits, much less common. Among the most common disruptions endured by river systems, very evident are the alterations of the riverine habitat structure due to human intervention and the consequent loss of harmony within the fluvial landscape . This can be due to dams and bridges being built, as well shoreline destruction for naval or recreational purposes. Numerous are the consequences of such disturbances which are compounded by the harm caused by the chemical pollution of fluvial ecosystems such as faecal water contamination and eutrophication in urban areas , migration of pollutants from heating plants to rivers , microplastics , herbicide water contamination , river sediment pollution by various harmful hydrocarbons and chloride contamination from road salt application in colder climates to mention just a few. Lower recreational use of rivers is mainly associated with diminished water transparency following algal and bacterial blooms which create an immediate negative visual perception of the river’s safety . Air pollution in the vicinity of polluted rivers, from which anthropogenic volatile organic compounds can be released forming photochemical smog, may also heavily affect the health of residents living along the riverside . Therefore, the protective effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds at the basis of the emerging ‘green prescriptions’ and ‘forest-bathing’ that could derive in principle from riparian plant emission are outweighed by the adverse effects of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. Herein, we aim at discussing the potential benefits provided by clean rivers on human health from a therapeutic perspective using in silico techniques to show that some secondary plant metabolites which are relatively abundant in river waters could provide benefits in the treatment of psoriasis. To this aim, conscious of the role of molecular docking (MD) in the exploration of biomedically-relevant molecular interactions, we conducted an MD study with the program HDOCK using the 3D structures of NF-kB, IL-17 and IL-36, that are the protein targets involved in psoriasis and those from three plant metabolites found in rivers. HDOCK is used for both macromolecule-macromolecule and small molecule-macromolecule dockings, with types of macromolecules including proteins. HDOCK score furnished by the program is an energy score whose values are listed dimensionless and larger negative numbers of HDOCK score indicate stronger binding interactions between the interacting ligand/macromolecules, which was reported to correlate well to experimental binding affinities . Different flavonoids and their glycosilated forms (Figure 1) were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) as secondary plant metabolites released into river waters from riparian vegetation at concentrations up to about 5 µg/L . These river plant metabolites, produced in great variety depending on the plant species, season and environmental conditions, play a key role in controlling essential functions such as plant growth and reproduction, and in establishing bioecological relationships with other organisms . A recent study conducted on German floodplain forests along the rivers Elster, Pleiße and Luppe showed that among the plethora of secondary metabolites from riparian vegetation, apiin (produced from Apiaceae and Urtica dioica), guanosine (from Digitalis purpurea), and hyperoside (from Hypericum species, Fraxinus excelsior and Galanthus nivalis) were those present at the highest concentrations (up to about 5 µg/L) within the other compounds detected in the waters of the rivers. Ultimately, our work emphasizes the need to preserve the quality of river water in order to entice people back to the once popular habit of frequenting rivers for recreational purposes, especially in the warmer seasons, which could lead to positive effects on human health.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,731 |
When answering a Zoom poll of their perceived risk of getting COVID-19 at their facility on a scale of one (“Not at All”) to ten (“To a Great Extent”), the responses among participants were more evenly distributed when asked about their perceived risk of getting COVID-19 in their facility at the beginning of the pandemic (30% reporting 1, 2, or 3; 40% reporting 4, 5, 6, or 7; 30% reporting 8, 9, or 10) than compared with at the time of the focus group (79% reporting 1, 2, or 3; 17% reporting 4, 5, 6, or 7; 4% reporting 8, 9, or 10) (S1 Fig). When asked to discuss where they felt more at risk of getting COVID-19, almost 75% of participants mentioned feeling more at risk outside of the facility, often comparing the precautions taken at their workplace with the lack of precautions and unknown COVID status among those they encountered outside the facility. In the words of one participant, they felt more at risk “Outside the facility, because we can’t make those people out there obey the rules that’s going to keep [COVID] under control.”
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,090 |
Transaxial PET/CT images at the thoracic level of a 69-year-old female MM patient before and after therapy. A Baseline PET/CT demonstrated a hypermetabolic, intramuscular, soft-tissue lesion in the thoracic wall with no relationship to the bone (arrow) as a sign of EMD. B Follow-up PET/CT showed a complete metabolic remission of the EMD as response to treatment (B)
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 3Clinical case
|
335,165 |
Several epidemiological studies that have shown that exposure to a farm environment as well as to raw/unprocessed cow's milk in the prenatal period and early childhood is associated with protection against the development of asthma and other allergies later in life. Many cow's milk components have been shown to have similar effects on human immune cells as their breast milk counterparts.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
177,930 |
The age of THA patients was analyzed in some studies (Kurtz et al., 2009; BQS—Bundesgeschäftsstelle Qualitätssicherung gGmbH, 2009; IQTIG–Institut für Qualitätssicherung und Transparenz im Gesundheitswesen, 2018). These studies revealed that every sixth to fifth THA patient is younger than 60 years. Five studies (Bashinskaya et al., 2012; Nemes et al., 2014; Culliford et al., 2015; Pilz et al., 2018; Sloan et al., 2018) have shown a tendency toward younger patients.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
17,999 |
New research strategies to mimic natural conditions through the use of elicitors, co‐cultures, quorum sensing signalling and the specific modulation of the genomic regulation systems are innovative applications of modern synthetic biology that will provide a new and more rational approach for drug discovery.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
7,561 |
A comparison of these delocalization times with a simple estimate of hopping times obtained from the density functional theory (DFT) band structure calculations (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Fig. 3, τ hop = ħ/W with W the bandwidth) shows that such estimates (~300 as intralayer hopping and ≫1 fs interlayer hopping) are compatible with our experimentally determined delocalization times. Note, however, that hopping times and delocalization times are not expected to be identical due to the presence of the core hole in the RPES measurements and possible difficulties of DFT calculations to capture bandwidths correctly.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
355,585 |
As first example, a set of transcriptional biosensors using the repressor PhdR and its regulated promoter PphdB was constructed. In C. glutamicum, PhdR naturally represses the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid degradation in absence of any phenylpropanoids, which can be readily taken up and utilized as sole carbon and energy source by this bacterium (Kallscheuer et al., 2016a). PhdR derepression is specifically initiated by CoA-activated ring-hydroxylated phenylpropanoids such as p-coumaroyl-CoA. The proposed mode of action of PhdR is typical for MarR-type regulators (Otani et al., 2016). Upon binding of a CoA-activated phenylpropanoid, PhdR undergoes a conformational change and is unable to bind to its operator site, which in turn promotes binding of the RNA polymerase to PphdB, the promoter of the regulated phd operon (Kallscheuer et al., 2016a).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
379,544 |
Here, we report a premediated synthesis of the first xanthene‐based bis(germylene)‐Ni complex 2 (Scheme 1) and its utilization as a low‐temperature precursor to form monodisperse ultra‐small NiGe nanocrystals. The NiGe has been electrophoretically deposited on nickel foam (NF) and fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes and applied for alkaline OER for the first time, resulting in substantially low overpotentials surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art Ni‐, Fe, Co, and benchmark NiFe, and noble‐metal‐based catalysts. Strikingly, the NiGe also exhibits superior long‐term stability over three weeks (505 h). A combination of extensive ex situ methods and quasi in situ Raman spectroscopy revealed that NiGe is merely a precatalyst for OER and, under applied potentials, transforms completely into OH−/CO3 2− intercalated γ‐NiOOH that serves as an active catalyst to facilitate O−O bond formation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
250,901 |
A schematic and an image of the fouling apparatus used for the following sample preparation are presented in Figure 13. Two solutions of 50 and 5% v/v of pMDI in monochlorobenzene (MCB, supplied by Merck) were prepared. Solid amine hydrochloride (AHC) (5 mol % of AHC to pMDI; see Figure 5) was added to the bottom of the reactor vessel. The coupons were suspended from a stainless steel ring assembly, which was placed on the floor of the reactor. All coupons were positioned so that their UV–ozone-cleaned side faced toward the center of the reactor. Approximately 1 L of either 5 or 50% v/v solutions of pMDI in MCB was added to the reaction chamber, submerging the bottom half of the coupons. The 50% v/v solution was chosen as a representative crude MDI concentration found in the early stages of the separation process. The 5% v/v solution was chosen with the expectation that there would be a direct correlation between the overlayer thickness and solution concentration. Thus, the 5% v/v solution was chosen to ensure that samples were prepared where the organic layer deposited was thin enough for interfacial analysis with XPS and ToF-SIMS without the use of destructive depth profiling.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
87,075 |
The parameters were taken from the literature whenever possible (6 out of 21) and the rest (15 out of 21) were fitted to the 36 time points of the WT data (Table 1).Table 1Model ParametersUT/URAT/ARLiteratureFittedLiteratureFittedMaximum enzyme ratesVUT—119.7 μM/minVAT—976.9 μM/minVUR—14.7 μM/minVAR—473.4 μM/minMichaelis-Menten constantsKm,GlnB3 μM (11)—Km,GS—133.8 μMKm,GlnB-U2 μM (11)—Km,GS-A—56.1 μMKm,GlnK—9.9 μMKm,GlnK-U—59.8 μMDissociation constantsKGLN,190 μM (11)—KGlnB¯15.0 μM (7)—Kα-KG,1—3.0 mMKGlnB-U¯0.25 μM (7)—KGlnK¯—8.3 μMKGlnK-U¯—9.7 μMKGLN,2—1.4 mMKα-KG,2—0.89 mMHill coefficientsnUT3 (17)—nAT—2Fractional sequestrationx—0.4
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
395,576 |
We use two conceptualizations of internal reliability. The first one is based on classical measurement theory where reliability is defined as a ratio of true score variance to total variance. The most popular representative of this conceptualization is Cronbach’s α that is based on average inter item covariance and represents “internal consistency” reliability . The other conceptualization is based on the common factor model, where reliability is defined as a proportion of total score variance accounted for by common factors. We have used McDonald’s ω to estimate reliability of general factor, group factors and total reliability . While Cronbach’s α assumes unidimensional concept, McDonald’s ω can be used as an estimate of general scale saturation for a multidimensional construct [22, 23, 37]. When an instrument is composed of two or more subscales, we would like to know whether it measures a unidimensional or a multidimensional construct. McDonald’s ω total is calculated from results of a hierarchical factor analysis as a ratio between variance accounted for by extracted general and group factors and the total variance. ω general is a ratio of the variance accounted for by the general factor and the total variance. ω group is a ratio of the variance accounted for by all group factors and the total variance. However, in calculating ω group variance accounted for by a group factor is taken only over items that load on that factor; thus, for the general factor, ω general and ω group do not have to add up to ω total. For each group factor ω total, ω general and ω group are calculated using only items that load on that factor. For a group factor ω group and ω general add up to ω total. The ratio of the ω general in relation to ω total provides a measure of general factor saturation. Higher values of ω general support unidimensionality, while lower values support multidimensionality of the measured construct. We also use CITC to identify any items that may lower reliability of a subscale.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
164,486 |
(A) Schematic of the single coiling model. The dashed line indicates the body midline. Gray arrows indicate descending motor command. (B) Membrane potential (Vm) response of isolated spinal neuron models to a depolarizing current step. (C) Vm of spinal neurons during a simulation with a tonic command to left pacemakers only. Note the synaptic bursts in gray in the right MNs and IC neurons (a blue arrow marks an example). The Vm of a rostral (lightest), middle, and caudal (darkest) neuron is shown, except for IC neurons that are all in a rostral kernel. (D) Periodic depolarizations in a hyperpolarized motoneuron on the same side where single coils are generated. (E) The phase delay of left neurons in relation to ipsilateral spinal neurons in the first somite and an IC in the rostral kernel in a 10,000 ms simulation. The reference neuron for each polar plot is labeled, and all neurons follow the same color-coding as the rest of the figure. A negative phase delay indicates that the reference neuron precedes the neuron to which it is compared. A phase of 0 indicates that a pair of neurons is in-phase; a phase of π indicates that a pair of neurons is out-of-phase. Sensitivity testing showing (F–I) coiling frequency and (J–M) proportion of full coils during ten 20,000 ms simulation runs at each value of σd, σl, σp, and σw tested. Each run is color-coded. Bars on box plots represent 25th, median, and 75th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range. L: left, R: right. Statistics: Asterisks denote significant differences detected using a one-factor ANOVA test. (F) F5,59=10.4, p=5.2×10−7. (G) F5,59=2.4, p=0.05. (H) F5,59=5.2, p=0.0006. (I) F5,59=2.2, p=0.07. (J) F5,59=10.9, p=2.7×10−7. (K) F5,59=4.9, p=0.0009. (Note that there were no pairwise differences detected). (L) F5,59=6.5, p=8.2×10−5. (M) F5,59=8.8, p=3.5×10−6. P-values for t-tests are found in Figure 2—source data 1. See also Figure 2—figure supplements 1 and 2 and Figure 2—videos 1 and 2. IC, Ipsilateral Caudal; MN, motoneuron.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
19,107 |
A more space economical alternative is to build the Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) for the same set of substrings: It has a linear structure, see Fig. 2 (right), but because of nondeterminism, processing of patterns appears to be a difficult task. It turns out that this difficulty is only a matter of perspective: traversing the DFA becomes much simpler if we recognize that it is a Wheeler graph in disguise.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
396,073 |
For the evaluation of the efficacy of the additive, the Panel considered four long‐term trials done in weaned piglets. The data from these four studies were pooled and statistically analysed. The data showed an improvement on the body weight and on the feed to gain ratio in the piglets fed with the additive at a nominal dose of 500 mg additive/kg feed. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the additive has a potential to be efficacious in weaned piglets at the nominal dose of 500 mg/kg feed and extrapolated this conclusion to growing minor porcine species. The analyses of the enzyme activity in the diets showed a higher glucanase and xylanase activities compared to the intended ones. Consequently, the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy at the recommended dose in terms of enzyme activity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
45,054 |
We report the proportions of countries that included, on their national medicines list or lists, each of the essential anti-cancer medicines on the 2013 and 2015 Model Lists and we report the median numbers of such medicines listed overall, by time since the national list was last updated, by World Bank income group and by WHO region. Correlations between the median numbers of anti-cancer medicines listed and per-capita GNI, physician density and per-capita government expenditure on health were evaluated, as Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r), using Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, United States of America) spreadsheets.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
68,435 |
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the heterologous expression of the hybrid antibacterial peptide LFcinB into PiggyBac system with high antibacterial properties against bovine mastitis origin S. aureus and E. coli and also provides the basis for next cost-effective expression of other antimicrobial peptides in genetic engineering. Recent genetic studies have also suggested that PiggyBac can be used as potential alternate of viral vectors for the gene therapy and transgenic production.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
367,960 |
The structure of the input data is key for any model to learn. Fig 1 shows the concept of the overall structure of the proposed graph of multi-dimensional data sets for forecasting the spread. It illustrates how different types of data can be linked and clustered for the model to learn the spread of a virus. This data can be seen as dynamic features related to both virus and the location with long temporal scales (i.e. the population data) or short ones (ti). It shows how local and global trend for a virus can be forecasted for a given country (nz), with urban features that include both spatial and demographic factors (xm), that share a spatial weight (gj) with other countries in the graph, whereas government mitigated measures (rq) are applied. Put all together, the model needs to differentiate between factors that characterise countries or regions, and those which characterise the virus spread to understand the patterns of spread at global and country levels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
107,828 |
Overall our study provides preliminary but solid evidence of the complex source of susceptibility contrast in MS brains. Although our sample size is small, i.e., only eight cases, our data are a respectable demonstration that variations in R2* are affected differently by myelin structure and iron content in different regions of MS brains. Our overall findings suggest that the association between iron/myelin and R2* is not univocal. We provide additional and different demonstration that R2* values are affected by both myelin and iron contents. Changes in the content of one may affect the content of the other. In translating our results in vivo, care needs to be taken when interpreting MRI data in MS patients and careful consideration of the anatomical and pathological region needs to be done in order to properly assess the meaning of T2*/R2* changes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
250,521 |
Hence, this is an ideal moment to clarify the effective and potential social impact (Pulido et al., 2018; Aiello et al., 2020) that research in psychology has had until now and will have in the future. The aim of this Research Topic is to collect those studies that demonstrate, with evidence, how psychological research in diverse areas of the discipline can address crucial needs in society and solve most of the pressing social problems, thus achieving social impact. The articles composing this Research Topic represent a great variety of methodologies and fields within psychological research, such as education, gender, violence, or well-being. It also includes methodological contributions on how to gather the social impact (Gómez et al., 2019; Sordé Martí et al., 2020) of psychological research using different tools and data sources.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
272,628 |
Figure 2 shows the mRNA expression of SREBP-1, FAS, IL-6, and TNF-α. The diabetic rats showed altered gene expressions, and the values were significantly (p < 0.05) recovered upon the treatment with truffle extract. Similar results were obtained in the group of rats treated with GB.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
332,501 |
The analysis of the correlations between the NO2 concentration and temperature, relative humidity and radiation has shown that the association with temperature is the least relevant. The correlation changed from positive to negative throughout the year without a clear pattern. Obviously, the contribution of traffic cannot be disregarded and may mask or suppress the impact of temperature variations on the NO2 concentration. Our assumption that during the night, the situation may change due to traffic disappearance, was not confirmed. The correlations with the humidity and radiation, on the other hand, were notably consistent: the NO2 concentration correlated with the relative humidity and was anticorrelated with radiation for almost the entire year. Moreover, most of these relationships were real and the intervening effect of the other meteorological parameters was small.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
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