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By offering discounts on specific products based on, e.g., the distance cycled, meters climbed, or points accumulated through racing, sponsors could entice users through the gamified feedback loops. To a limited extent, in-game uniforms and unlockable bikes are already offered as rewards for the completion of specific rides or challenges and this could easily be extended to benefits in real life.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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294,342 |
In this paper, we introduce a general and unified framework for describing systems, based on the theory of dynamical systems and stochastic processes, and show how this framework can be used to examine and illuminate some familiar philosophical questions. Here are some examples:What does it mean for a system to be deterministic or indeterministic, and which features of the system, if any, determine which others?Does the present determine the future? Does it determine the past? What is the smallest set of facts encoding the system’s entire history? Could there be non-temporal forms of determinism?How can we define nomological possibility and necessity for a system?What are the laws governing a particular system, and is there a distinction between “laws” and “brute necessities”? How do laws depend on symmetries?What structure must a system have in order to permit generalizations from local observations to global regularities?How might we use principles of parsimony such as Occam’s Razor when we make such generalizations? And can we formulate a version of Occam’s Razor in terms of symmetries?What is the role of space and time in a system? What is the relationship between the geometry of space and time and the system’s behaviour?Is this spatiotemporal geometry exogenous, or is it determined by the dynamics? In other words, are space and time more fundamental than the system’s dynamics, or the other way around? Might space and time be “emergent”?How should we individuate systems? Should two structurally indistinguishable systems count as “the same”, or might they count as different?For each of these questions, our framework allows us to identify in clear and precise terms what is at stake. We illustrate the generality of the framework by sketching how it can accommodate, schematically, the systems described by some standard physical theories, such as classical mechanics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, and special and general relativity. In principle, our framework can also be used to describe many systems studied in the special sciences, such as biological, social, and economic systems, though we do not have the space to develop these applications here. We make a few remarks about special-science systems at the end of the paper and hope that our framework will serve as a basis for future work in some of those areas.1
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| 1Other
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347,537 |
Calculation of EPR parameters are known to be sensitive to the computational setup, including the underlying structures. The first section therefore discusses the relevant structures, which all are obtained with QM/MM, but employing different QM/MM optimization protocols (as described under Computational Details). In two subsequent subsections, we discuss the basis set, the effect of the chosen DFT functional, and the effect of employing models sizes beyond the first coordination sphere of the copper ion. In all cases, we also compare our calculated results against previously published experimental data, as indicated by references in the appropriate tables. Finally, we discuss our findings in relation to recent studies of the substrate binding process, as well as the compilation of experimental EPR parameters for LPMOs provided by Vu and Ngo .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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147,341 |
The lemurs of Madagascar account for a quarter of global primate diversity, and, when recently extinct forms are considered, occupy ranges of body size, locomotor style, and dietary niche comparable to the diversity observed among all other living primates [1–3]. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of lemurs greatly exceeds that of the relatively narrowly adapted Lorisiformes, which evolved in the presence of anthropoid primates on continental Africa and Asia . This diversity has prompted researchers to hypothesize that lemurs evolved on Madagascar through a process of adaptive radiation [5–10]. In this paper, predictions of an adaptive radiation model are investigated in regard to dietary adaptation using approaches that combine phylogenetic methods with the quantification of molar shape evolution.
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109,846 |
Providers in mental health services were not interviewed. Patients, however, reported issues related to fragmented services and a lack of collaboration between providers within the specialist mental health services and between specialist services and primary care. Ramsdal describes a schism between specialist and primary mental health services in Norway because the two have developed separately from one other based on different knowledge bases and different organization and management principles . This description concurs with the perspective of that of Roger and Pilgrim . In our study providers’ differing views on patients’ need for hospital admittance may be an example and this is presumed to complicate collaboration and prevent more integrated services. A small number of patients reported that services forming a whole despite serious mental problems and many providers involved. This indicates that some cases of successfully integrated services occurred.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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264,165 |
Some cross-sectional studies used repeat or serial surveys, with data collected in different “waves” over time. These studies generally used the same survey questions but with different samples each time. In this section we have included studies that analysed both one wave and multiple waves.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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248,384 |
Between January 2013 and March 2017, a total of 632 meningiomas were resected in the authors’ institution. Additionally, 94 meningiomas of WHO grade II and III as well as meningiomas from patients suffering from neurofibromatosis type 2 that were treated between July 2003 and March 2017 were included in order to have larger subgroups of these less common patients that are potential candidates for PRRT. Overall, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples of 726 meningiomas were available and suitable for tissue microarray construction. Furthermore, the following clinical data was collected: age, gender, histopathological diagnosis (2016 WHO classification), presence of NF2, prior radiotherapy, primary or recurrent tumor, and tumor location.
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380,052 |
Beta diversity analysis was performed to assess the global effects of DHF on gut microbiota structure. Here, we focused on community dissimilarities based on the weighted UniFrac distance, which considers differences in membership, phylogenetic distances, and abundances. In the PCoA, PC1 and PC2 together accounted for 48.5% of the variations in the gut microbial community (Figure 4B). The gut microbiota in DHF-treated female mice and their controls showed significant separation at both week 4 (p = 0.013) and week 12 (p = 0.023), primarily along PC1 (Figure 4B–D). DHF did not induce further changes in the gut microbiota between the two time points (p = 0.335 for week 4 vs. week 12 in DHF-treated female mice). In contrast, there was no difference in the overall gut microbiota structure between the DHF-treated and control male mice at either time point (p = 0.176 for week 4 and p = 0.141 for week 12). These results show that DHF treatment induced significant and stable changes in the gut microbiota structure from 4 weeks onwards in female mice, but had no significant global effect in male mice.
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217,879 |
Table 3 presents the results for the manual validation stage at BLAH7. After the validation process, for the 40 documents, we retrieved more entities, more relations, and with better quality by discarding illy annotated entities and relations. Further, by reaching a consensus between the four annotators, we increased our datasets’ quality by adding even more annotations. These datasets are available in the PubAnnotation (http://pubannotation.org/collections/LASIGE:%20Annotating%20a%20multilingual%20COVID-19-related%20corpus%20for%20BLAH7) platform (in their original and consensus format).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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124,916 |
To make the forest a popular recreational green space for tourists, it is essential to balance the perceived conflict between the recreational appeal and the threat of wild nature. Improving tourists’ recreation experience while convincing tourists that these environments are safe has become a key research issue in urban forest recreation development. Visitors enjoy recreation in the planned activity area in urban forest green space. Therefore, improving the service quality in the activity space can enable tourists to have a better recreational experience. According to the broken window theory , a well-managed and orderly green space can make tourists feel safe. Improving the management of an urban forest can be achieved by enhancing the green space’s social attribute, which is the convenience of recreational activities in the environment . The service quality that reflects this trait may affect tourists’ safety perception in the urban forest. To test this hypothesis, it is necessary to have a deeper understanding of the internal relationship between safety perception and urban forest service quality.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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93,425 |
The mean Harris Hip Score was 92 (range 65 to 100), and 13 of 14 hips rated as excellent or good on the Merle d'Aubigné rating system. One patient has become wheelchair-bound secondary to general poor health and severe dementia, and thus no score was recorded for this patient. Radiologically, all fractures were healed with well-fixed acetabular components, and no cup migration was seen in any case. Radiologically no cup appeared to be at risk of loosening or revision surgery for any reason. No new complications had occurred since the perioperative period in any patient.
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18,558 |
The specific footwear requirements are closely related to an individual’s foot risk status. This means that to provide people with diabetes with appropriate footwear, their foot risk status must be assessed first. We followed the classification as provided in the NHMRC guideline . Other countries may use different risk classifications, and we advise healthcare professionals to ensure they use the guideline that is applicable in their own country with regard to foot risk status assessment. In this guideline, we did not separate between intermediate- and high-risk. The first reason for doing so was that some recommendations do not depend on foot risk status per se, but on the presence (or absence) of the specific risk factors of foot deformity or previously healed ulcer. To cover these differences, specific recommendations were needed that applied both to people at intermediate- and high-risk. Further, combining both groups while including specifically targeted recommendations also gives healthcare professionals from other countries the opportunity to match the recommendations in this guideline with their own country’s foot risk status classification system. Finally, the recommendations that did not target a specific risk factor were similar for people at intermediate- or high-risk, which means they could be combined.
| 4 | 1clinical
| 1Other
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324,742 |
Verification of RNA-Seq sequencing data by the qRT-PCR assay (a) and Pearson correlation coefficients of genes under alkaline-salt stress for 6 and 24 h (b). The Y-axis represents qRT-PCR relative expression levels from three biological replicates and the log2 fold-change of the unigenes
| 4 | 0biomedical
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185,147 |
Such evidence reveals the importance of adequate fitness levels for optimizing performance and suggests that what is considered optimal might differ at different moments of the season. In trail running, a sport with several competitive moments, accumulated load should be considered throughout the season.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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379,299 |
Water was directly spread or placed after filtration through sterile mixed cellulose membranes of 0.45 μm pore size (ME 25, Whatman) on Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salts Sucrose (TCBS, Roth) agar plates. Colony Forming Units (CFUs) of presumptive Vibrio were counted after overnight incubation at 37°C. Water (25 mL) was enriched in Alkaline Peptone Water (APW, Roth) and incubated overnight at the same temperature. To estimate the colonies of V. cholerae growing in TCBS, 30 presumptive colonies were isolated and enriched in APW. Water was also spread in duplicate directly or after serial dilutions in 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on Mac Conkey agar (Roth) for the determination of coliforms and on Plate Counting Agar (PCA, Roth) for terrestrial heterotrophic bacteria. CFUs were counted after overnight incubation at 37°C and 30°C, respectively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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279,018 |
There was no significant association between iodine knowledge levels and iodine intake after adjusting for age (r = 0.06, P = 0.50) (Table 5). Using logistic regression, studying in the science cluster significantly increased the probability of having a higher iodine knowledge level with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 4.33 (1.49, 12.61). In addition, having received iodine education also significantly increased the probability of having a higher iodine knowledge level with an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 2.73 (1.21, 6.14).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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378,788 |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a worldwide prevalence rate of 5% . Individuals afflicted with ADHD typically have a constellation of symptoms, characterized by that of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The presence of these symptoms often leads to significant psychosocial impairments, for example, that of academic achievements. Individuals with ADHD often tend to have difficulties with emotional regulation too . Because of their inherent difficulties with emotional regulation, these individuals tend to be short-tempered and irritable. The advances in experimental psychology have led to the discovery of emotional biases. Targeting emotional biases could potentially help improve the core symptoms of irritability and short-temperedness among these individuals. Emotional biases refer to the preferential allocation of attention toward emotional stimuli . Emotional biases are most found among individuals who have the combined subtype of ADHD. Children with ADHD-C typically have difficulties not only in emotional processing, but also in comprehension of others’ emotional state, recognition of facial emotions, matching emotional stories, and orientating toward emotional cues . The theoretical approach suggests that these individuals typically have altered top–down processes that are typically responsible for executive planning, inhibition, and cognitive control .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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76,163 |
The physical and chemical parameters from the inspected habitats were analysed statistically (Table 1). The range of values for temperature, turbidity, pH, and fluoride did not vary much among the habitats with and without mosquito breeding. However, the range of TDS, EC, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, BOD, and DO were found more in habitats with mosquito breeding compared to habitats without breeding, whereas a wider range of nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were found in those habitats without mosquito breeding.Table 1Physico-chemical parameters of habitats with and without mosquito breedingParametersHabitats with mosquito breeding (n = 26)Habitats without mosquito breeding (n = 14)RangeMean ± SDRangeMean ± SDTemperature (°C)27–3029.12 ± 1.2427–3129 ± 1.36Turbidity (NT)0.1–2.30.61 ± 0.610.1–2.30.64 ± 0.57TDS (mg/L)139–10,9131558.76 ± 2820.86134–54801304.14 ± 1554.23EC (micromho/cm)198–15,5902386.03 ± 4036.51192–78301832.92 ± 2238.86pH6.82–8.727.56 ± 0.56.6–8.256.6 ± 0.51Total alkalinity (mg/L)60–760202.15 ± 144.5345–280179.21 ± 72.13Total hardness (mg/L)52–2800399.34 ± 607.1864–1020352.71 ± 338.3Nitrite (mg/L)0–1.210.11 ± 0.240–3.810.69 ± 1.33Nitrate (mg/L)1–4612.57 ± 13.621–5219.14 ± 19.3Chloride (mg/L)13–4800552.5 ± 1247.9811–2500468.07 ± 700.93Fluoride (mg/L)0–0.720.22 ± 0.180.01–0.620.22 ± 0.18Sulfate (mg/L)1–31055.46 ± 85.320–23137.71 ± 67.86Phosphate (mg/L)0–1.10.34 ± 0.290–1.510.48 ± 0.4BOD (mg/L)1.5–306.22 ± 6.831–255.96 ± 6.64DO (mg/L)1.5–204.13 ± 3.531.4–83.61 ± 1.94
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26,526 |
One way to ensure that a model will indeed oscillate is to adhere to specific design guidelines, such as those presented by Novak and Tyson . Four fundamental requirements for the design of an oscillator are negative feedback, time delay, sufficient non-linearity of reaction kinetics, and proper balancing of time scales of opposing chemical reactions. An oscillatory system should be able to return to its starting point, which is achieved through negative feedback. To ensure the chemical reactions involved in the oscillations do not settle at a stable steady state (no oscillations), the negative feedback signal must be sufficiently delayed in time, and thereby, obtain sustained oscillations. Non-linearity is essential to destabilize the steady state and therefore, the kinetic rate laws of the reaction mechanism must be sufficiently “nonlinear”. The reactions that produce and consume the interacting chemical species must occur on appropriate timescales that permit the network to generate oscillations. Such guidelines, therefore, lay the framework for new and novel oscillatory systems to be designed in principle without having to worry about the correctness of the design, as long as the requirements are met.
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27,923 |
Determining the extent to which breeding populations overlap during the non-breeding season (i.e., migratory connectivity) is essential to interpret the ecological and evolutionary patterns of migratory species . Migratory divides delineate the boundaries between adjacent breeding populations with divergent migration pathways and are common in many migratory bird species [2–4]. Intraspecific variation in migratory routes may be driven by physical factors such as past glacial events, geographical barriers, or suitable habitat for refueling [5–7], or biological factors such as the distribution of resources, energetic costs of migration, or competition between breeding populations .
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748 |
This study was designed to evaluate the influence on risk assessment and subsequent adjuvant treatment recommendations of information provided by Prosigna Gene Signature assay added to clinicopathological factors. Risk assessment and use of adjuvant therapy has been shown to vary between institutions, regions, and countries , . One of the reasons for research in biomarkers and related risk algorithms is reduce uncertainty in risk assessments so that patients can anticipate and experience a consistent and reliable approach to initial breast cancer management regardless of the care setting, or who they see.
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20,550 |
In the peanut-specific model, an additional increase in basolateral galectin-9 concentration was observed when IECs were exposed to the combination of oligosaccharides and CpG ODN. This coincided with a decrease in IFN-γ production in the peanut-specific co-culture model when galectin-9 was neutralized by TIM-3-Fc. Therefore, we assume that also in an allergen-specific setting, galectin-9 may mediate the immunomodulatory effect in the case of scFOS/lcFOS, as was described previously (10). Next to the role of galectin-9, we assessed whether oligosaccharide mixtures exert their functions via C-type lectin receptor dectin-1 which is present on human IECs and HT-29 cells (27). IFN-γ production was not significantly affected after neutralization of this receptor, indicating that dectin-1 might not be important in the recognition of non-digestible oligosaccharides. However, there are also studies indicating that dectin-1 can collaborate with other TLRs or complement receptor 3 (45, 46). Further investigation into the possible role of dectin-1 might be necessary to rule out any collaboration with other receptors. In conclusion, this in vitro study indicates that combined exposure of IECs to CpG ODN and scFOS/lcFOS in a peanut-specific co-culture model contributes to an effector response that is favored toward a Th1 and regulatory IL-10 response and is less prone to the Th2 milieu. To improve efficacy and safety of currently developing protocols for immunotherapy, scFOS/lcFOS may be an interesting candidate for dietary adjunct therapy in allergen-specific immunotherapy, since the final efficacy goal of immunotherapy is the suppression or recovery of the allergen-specific Th2 response which may contribute to acquiring long lasting tolerance induction.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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101,563 |
The first indication of sexually dimorphic pain processing was evidence showing that spinal TLR4s, which are expressed specifically on microglia in the CNS, contribute to PNI-induced pain hypersensitivity in male but not female mice . TLR4 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family involved in response to pathogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and consequent activation of the innate immune system . The sexually dimorphic role of TLR4 prompted broader investigation into the relevance of microglia to neuropathic pain in female mice. Damage to a peripheral nerve produces spinal microglial reactivity in female mice comparable to that of males [8, 63]. However, application of intrathecal minocycline, propentofylline or fluorocitrate, which may inhibit processes in glial cells, or specific microglial lesioning (via intrathecal injection of saporin toxin conjugated to the MAC-1 receptor) in mice alleviates nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivity in males only and are entirely ineffective in females, suggesting that microglia are not necessary for pain hypersensitivity in female mice . Inhibition of spinal P2X4Rs attenuates pain hypersensitivity in male but not female mice, confirming that microglia neuronal signalling does not contribute to pain processing in female mice . p38 MAP kinase inhibition in the spinal cord is also ineffective in attenuating hypersensitivity in female mice . While male microglial BDNF knockout mice (CX3CR1CreER x loxP-Bdnf) display significant impairments in development and maintenance of PNI-induced hypersensitivity, pain processing is unaffected in female knockout mice . Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of spinal BDNF reverses hypersensitivity in males only, ruling out the possibility that non-microglia derived BDNF contribute to female pain processing . Assessment of genes relevant to the microglia neuronal signalling pathway demonstrated that upregulation of P2rx4 is exclusive to male mice, indicating that the P2X4R-dependent signalling pathway is not being engaged in female mice, which may be the key to the sex dependency of microglia in pain . IRF8-IRF5 signalling lies upstream of P2X4R transcriptional upregulation [37, 42]; therefore, a sex difference in P2rx4 levels after nerve injury may result from differential IRF8-IRF5 expression. However, PNI upregulates Irf8 and Irf5 expression equally in both sexes, which could account for the microglial proliferation observed in females . Thus, the inference is that IRF5 mediated transcription of P2rx4 is likely not occurring in females, which may be the key to the sex-dependency of microglia in pain.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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89,407 |
Transforming growth factor 2 (TGF-β2) was measured in the serum using the diagnostic test DRG Diagnostic (USA), the ELISA analysis. S100 (A1B and BB forms) was analyzed in the serum by the diagnostic test (CanAg Diagnostics, Sweden) with a solid-phase, non-competitive method based on direct “sandwich”-technology. sCD44 adhesion molecules was determined in the serum by the ELISA-based method (Bender MedSystems®, Austria).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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25,942 |
For total Aβ extraction, we used a procedure previously described . 20 heads per biological replicate were homogenized in 100 μL of 70 % formic acid. Samples were centrifuged at 16,000 g for 20 min at room temperature. The supernatant was collected and evaporated using a SpeedVac. The pellet was resuspended in 100 μL 2× LDS containing reducing agent (Invitrogen) and homogenized by sonication (10 pulses). Samples were then boiled at 100 °C for 10 min and 15 μL of each sample were used for western blotting to determine total Aβ levels. For LDS/SDS oligomer Aβ extraction, 20 heads per biological replicate were homogenized in 100 μL 2× LDS containing reducing agent (Invitrogen). Samples were incubated on ice for 30 min and then boiled at 100 °C for 10 min. 15 μL per sample were used for western blotting to evaluate LDS/SDS-stable Aβ oligomers. Proteins were separated on 16.5 % Tris-Tricine Criterion gels (Biorad) blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were incubated in a blocking solution containing 5 % milk proteins in TBST for 1 h at room temperature, then probed with primary antibody diluted in TBST + 5 % BSA overnight at 4 °C. 82E1 Aβ1-42 Antibody was from Takara, used at 1 in 100 dilution.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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137,960 |
There is no clearly defined path for ensuring quality of care within the GTR. Although service providers are expected to turn in periodic reports of their performance, this information is not used to modify provider payment. Unannounced supervision visits are sometimes used to identify poorly performing service providers, and “repeat offenders” who may then be subjected to sanctions such as redeployment, disciplinary panels, and very rarely withholding of salaries. It has been stated that gross indiscipline and favoritism make it difficult to implement disciplinary measures on erring service providers.
| 1 | 2other
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396,029 |
With regards to the expenditure of energy, today’s western lifestyle results in only 38% of the energy expenditure relative to body mass compared to our ancestors’ average accrual ; whilst even greater discrepancy exists for total energy expenditure (TEE). To shed practical light on these values, the average person would need to expend and extra 72kj of energy per kilogram of body mass per day (~17 kcal/kg/d) to achieve the TEE of hunter-gatherers: the equivalent of a 19 km (12 mile) walk every day for a 70 kg man.
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272,276 |
Immediately after conditioning, the mice were returned to their colony room. Each cage was placed on a telemetry receiver (RPC-1, DSI), and EEG, core body temperature, and a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) pulse from the transmitter were processed and collected by a DSI software. TTL pulses generated when the mice moved around in their cages were used as a measure of activity. Behavioral states of the animals were determined visually by a trained observer based on EEG and activity in 10 sec epochs using a scoring program (SleepSign for Animal, Kissei, Nagano, Japan) as previously described . Briefly, each epoch was scored either as active wakefulness (AW, with movement recorded in epoch), quiet wakefulness (QW, no activity during epoch), NREM or REM. During NREM sleep, the EEG was characterized by high amplitude, slow waves, while REM was characterized by regularly spaced, lower amplitude waves and increased theta activity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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30,362 |
Thirteen trials (n = 2198) measured the effect of vitamin D supplementation on FBG . Overall, we observed no difference in FBG reduction between intervention and control groups (WMD = −3.59; 95%CI: −7.94–0.76; p = 0.11). The heterogeneity was moderate (p = 0.005; I2 = 57%) (Figure 3B). However, vitamin D supplementation produced significant decreases in the following subgroups: Middle Easterners, dose > 2000 IU/day, study duration ≤ 3 months and baseline vitamin D deficient (Table 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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49,880 |
Use of snuff and khat are novel associations found among women and men, respectively. Snuff use is a risk factor for oral cancer , while khat, a natural amphetamine, is associated with a range of effects from tooth decay to psychosis [20–22]. Khat, Catha edulis Forsk, is a shrub whose leaves and twigs are chewed for their stimulant effect and there is no obvious biological explanation of this association. Overall, however, drug use appeared to be a major avoidable risk factor.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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326,189 |
We then assessed the prognostic value of the aforementioned formula using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Patients in the low-risk group showed better OS than those in the high-risk group (P < 0.001; Fig. 7c). Moreover, time-dependent ROC analysis was utilized to evaluate the prognostic capacity of the formula. The areas under the ROC curve for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 0.582, 0.634, and 0.636, respectively, implying that the integrated two-mRNA signature was much better at predicting the risk of LOI in patients with HNSCC (Fig. 7d).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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236,579 |
Raw data files were processed using MaxQuant software suite (version 1.5.2.8, Tyanova et al., 2016) for identification and relative quantification of proteins. A false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.01 for proteins and peptides and a minimum peptide length of six amino acids were required. The Andromeda search engine was used to search the MS/MS spectra against the Human Uniprot database. A maximum of two missed cleavages were allowed. Q Exactive spectra were analysed using MaxQuant's default settings for Orbitrap spectra, including a main search peptide and MS/MS match tolerance of 4.5 and 20 ppm, respectively. The maximum precursor ion charge state used for searching was seven, and the enzyme specificity was set to trypsin. Further modifications were cysteine carbamidomethylation (fixed) as well as protein methionine oxidation. For dimethylation labelled samples 28,031 KDa on lysine and the peptide N‐terminus (light) and 36,076 KDa on lysine and the peptide N‐terminus (heavy) were added to the search parameters. The minimum number of razor and unique peptides was set to 1. Heavy‐to‐light (H/L) ratios were calculated using MaxQuant's default settings. Uniprot human_2013_06 database was used for bioinformatics analysis. Gene enrichment analysis was done using the gene ontology website (http://geneontology.org/)
| 4 | 0biomedical
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109,771 |
Beagle 2 entry, descent and landing sequence. Spin and up and eject (from Mars Express) to entry took 6 days. The pilot parachute pulling away the back cover and releasing the main parachute occurred at 2.6 km. Air bags were inflated at an altitude of 280 m. From atmospheric entry, at a closing velocity of 6 km−1, to impact and airbag separation took 8 min. Local time at landing was approximately midday.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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221,331 |
The inclusion of all the morbidities in the model was supported by the fact that some morbidities that were not significant or associated with BV were significant in the multiple logistic regression. Additionally, we adopted the suppressor effect concept proposed by Sun et al. (27) and argue that the methodological approach could show some patterns of the disease, which the conventional approaches fail to reveal.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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151,901 |
In terms of the number of bacterial colonies growing in the PCA culture medium, we observed a decreasing trend with increasing dilution of the culture medium in both adults and larvae of each mosquito species (Additional file 1: Figure S1). A better separation of colonies was observed at the 10–3 dilution (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Six bacterial strains were identified from field-collected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults (Additional file 2: Table S1). The midgut bacteria identified in the field-collected Ae. albopictus adults belonged to six families (Staphylococcaceae, Erwiniaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Neisseriaceae, Micrococcaceae and Microbacteriaceae). In comparison, midgut bacteria belonging to five families (Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Erwiniaceae, and Moraxellaceae) were observed in field-collected Ae. aegypti adults (Fig. 1a). Bacillus endophyticus and Pantoea dispersa were the most common bacterial species isolated from Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus adults, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1).Fig. 1Relative abundance of bacterial families molecularly identified (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) in the midgut of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus collected in the field in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. a Adults, b larvae
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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260,584 |
First, the starting position of template w is at the upper left corner of image f, and the center of template w can be anywhere, but if it is on the four edges of image f, f needs to be filled, just like the dotted line in the figure. But, it is required that the filling width cannot exceed half of the template.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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167,360 |
An investigation into the effects of CAO and jaw tracking upon SIMT SRS treatment of multiple brain metastases was undertaken. There were three main methodological processes involved: development of a CAO algorithm; generation of treatment plans and comparison of plan quality parameters; and QA of plans.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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11,464 |
PANI was finely ground using a mortar and pestle. This insoluble powder requires shaking at 200 rpm to stay in suspension. Reflecting the improved solubility of P3ABA, this polymer was suspended in broth by sonication (QSonica Q700 Sonicator, Newtown, CT, USA) at the following settings: amplitude 30, elapsed time 10 s, repeat 4×. Suspensions of PANI and P3ABA were prepared at 1% (w/v) for a final concentration of 0.5%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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378,114 |
As a second state, the wearables are waiting for a trigger to record the whole data sequence. In this state, all signals were sampled continuously on both wearables and intermediately saved in a first in first out buffer on the random access memory (RAM) of the sensor platform. The buffer was configured to save approximately one second of data. If a trigger event happens, which reflects an absolute acceleration over 14 g, additional two seconds of all signals are sampled and recorded on the RAM. Both wearables were configured in a way such that if one wearable is triggered, also the other one is triggered. This is important to have synchronous data sets. One try to catch a pass leads to three seconds of data, one before and two after the trigger.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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120,773 |
We observed a decrease in expression of GFAP and S100-β in mice kept on the PLX diet and treated with BMP7. BMP7 treatment also revealed decreased RNA levels of gliosis and inflammatory markers in PLX mice when compared to the mice kept on the normal diet. Previously, it has been reported that microglia respond early to changes in microenvironment and become activated. Bosco et al. showed that microglia become activated early in the retina, prior to any increases in IOP in the DBA/2J mice . Similarly, early activation of microglia has also been observed and implicated in progression of Parkinson’s disease . Furthermore, in the ocular hypertension mouse model studied in Gallego et al., the authors suggest that upregulation of MHC-II in microglia in the controlateral eye regulated the morphological changes of retinal astrocytes . Thus, we propose that microglia respond to the BMP7 first and become activated. These activated microglia upregulate factors, which in turn can trigger Müller cell gliosis. Consistent with this notion, our findings indicate the Ifn-γ and other inflammatory factors were upregulated as early as 3 h following incubation of microglial cells with BMP7 in vitro, and these levels were further increased 6, 12, and 24 h postincubation with BMP7. In contrast, factors associated with gliosis do not begin to increase until 3 days in vivo, with most markers increasing after 7 days.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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53,505 |
Standard controlled ovarian stimulation was used for all patients as follows, suppression of pituitary gonadotropin secretion with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (Suprefact, Hoechst AG, Germany) by subcutaneous (SC) injection (500 mg/d) at the mid luteal phase of the previous ovarian cycle (day 21). After ovarian suppression was confirmed [serum levels of estradiol (E2)≤50 pg/ml, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)≤12 IU and luteinizing hormone (LH)≤5 IU], ovarian stimulation was initiated by SC injection of 150 IU/day recombinant FSH (Gonal F, Serono, Switzerland). When at least three follicles reached a minimum diameter of 18-20 mm, a single injection of 10,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, Pregnyl, Organon, Netherland) was given. Oocytes were retrieved 36 hours later using a standard ultrasonically guided follicular puncture.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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251,047 |
The ibogaine drug (a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound and an aromatic ether; PubChem CID: 197060) is extracted from the rain-forest shrub iboga (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.), which grows in West Africa. Ibogaine inspires a sense of well-being and has been used as an anti-addiction agent and is involved as a part of alternative medicine . Its production, transport, sale, and possession are illegal in many countries (including USA, France, Switzerland, for example) or somewhat prohibited or controlled (Canada, Australia, and Israel) but also legal (Brazil, The Netherlands, Gabon, and South Africa). However, it is not listed in the UN International Narcotics Control Board’s Green List, or List of Psychoactive Substances under International Control. Previous reports on ibogaine human health beneficiaries have been ambiguous and opposite . Beneficial effects are evident but with serious precaution and medical supervision. However, in our previous experiments on rats treated with per os doses (1 and 20 mg/b.w.) that affected its energetic metabolism and redox balance, no serious toxic and harmful ibogaine effects were shown . Here, in parallel, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of its action on ex vivo model that combined ibogaine pharmacological, metabolic, and redox properties.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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320,297 |
In addition, virtual cycling platforms allow simulation of different road surfaces, including tarmac, gravel, and dirt, each with its own resistance and riding experience. Thus, with only one type of bicycle at home, the athlete can train and compete in a greater variety of scenarios or categories than would otherwise be possible.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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193,310 |
Differing approaches of generating blast conditions and differing methods for measuring neurological function and behavior could lead to contradictory preclinical findings. As already mentioned, experimenter-induced animal stress caused by handling before and during testing, duration of testing, and exposure to new testing arenas may contribute to conflicting findings. Implementing automated behavioral assessments using home-cage monitoring with minimal human interference and animal stress appears to offer more consistent results (84).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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351,810 |
To conclude, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept, and applicability of (1) audio transfer learning for feature extraction, (2) DemCNN, a custom raw waveform based CNN in detecting dementia through spontaneous speech. We demonstrated that (1) audio transfer learning with a pretrained VGGish feature extractor performs better then the baseline approach (Luz et al., 2020) using automatically extracted acoustic features, and that these are relatively minor improvements. Our DemCNN method (2) overperforms our VGGish method (1) by 4% and the baseline on the test partition (Luz et al., 2020) by roughly 1%.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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284,998 |
It has been widely confirmed that there is a generation of neutralising antibodies during the course of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. A variety of studies have demonstrated that the antibodies with the highest neutralisation power are those that act on a specific area of the S-protein which coincides with the region that binds to human cells known as RBD (Receptor Binding Domain). The tests that have been carried out found that this RBD can undergo mutations, which means including a miscellany of neutralising antibodies that target the various areas of S-protein in therapeutic and vaccine creation strategies is essential . To understand this, we must understand adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system comprises three main cell types for viral infections: B cells that produce antibodies, CD4+ T cells that possess a range of helper and effector functionalities, and CD8+ T cells that kill infected cells. This type of immune response is slow because of the intrinsic need to select and expand specific cells against the virus from large groups of naive B cells and T cells specific for different molecular structures and sequences (more than 109 cells each). This proliferation and differentiation of naive cells in effector cells requires approximately 6–10 days for them to take control of the viral infection .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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112,240 |
We ran InterProScan v5.4–47 on the longest protein per gene to annotate protein domains. The default Ensembl annotation of these seemed out of date for several species, and with this procedure we had a more uniform dataset. We counted the occurrences of the PFAM v31.0 domains PF05729 (NACHT domain) and PF14484 (Fish-specific NACHT associated domain, FISNA). In addition we translated the assemblies of all species into all six reading frames with transeq from Emboss v6.5.7 , and searched these with the NACHT and FISNA domains with HMMER v3.1b2 . The species relationship in Fig. 2 is derived from and we used ETE3 to plot the dendogram.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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3,061 |
The G–R scale reduction statistics is given by:26\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathrm {GR}}_i = \sqrt {\frac{{W_i(N - 1)/N + B_i/N}}{{W_i}}}.$$\end{document}GRi=Wi(N-1)∕N+Bi∕NWi.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
91,994 |
Conceptualization, M.G.-H. and D.K.; Investigation, P.R.E., D.L., M.H., K.B., J.W., S.M.V.F., B.K.F., S.H.M., and N.V.; Methodology, B.M.K. and J.C.C.; Writing – Original Draft, M.G.-H., D.K., P.R.E., and D.L.; Writing, M.G.-H., D.K., P.R.E., and D.L.; Funding Acquisition, M.G.-H. and D.K.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
106,677 |
It has been reported that a variety of protein kinases such as PKA, PKC, PKG, MAPK, CK1, and others could phosphorylate the related sites of the Cx43 protein directly or indirectly, thus affecting the GJ function (Rackauskas et al., 2010). In the present study, we have showed that the high expression of Cx43 protein with different phosphorylation levels in BCP mice, BCP-morphine mice and BTcP mice, therefore the p/T ratio of Cx43 protein was more noteworthy. We found that the expressions of Cx43 and p-Cx43 proteins were higher at early stage but the p/T ratio of Cx43 was decreased gradually over time in BTcP mice. Study has showed that increased Cx43 phosphorylation at the site of serine 368 was associated with the functional down-regulation of GJ (Palatinus and Gourdie, 2016). In the present study, the decreased p/T ratio of Cx43 could lead to the occurrence of BTcP by regulating the function of GJ channels, and the p/T ratio of Cx43 was an important factor affecting GJ function.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
172,183 |
Because the monitoring area of the total station is small, the effect of earth curvature is negligible when calculating the plane coordinates of monitoring points. For the polar coordinate method (Fig 2(a)), the total station is set up at station point T with known plane coordinates (XT, YT). The station point should be stable during the monitoring period and should be convenient for the instrument observing monitoring points. Reference point R is usually located in a stable area, which is away from the deformation area, with known plane coordinates (XR, YR). The function of the reference point is to help the orientation of the total station. For each monitoring epoch, the total station at station point T first sights the reference point R as backsight. Then it rotates to the monitoring point M to obtain the horizontal angle observation β, vertical angle observation γ, and slope distance observation STM. With the known plane coordinates of point T and R, the azimuth of TR, denoted as αTR, can be calculated. Also, the plane coordinates of monitoring point M, denoted as (SM, YM), can be computed with the following equations : XM=XT+DTM*cosαTM=XT+STM*cosγ*cosαTR+βYM=YT+DTM*sinαTM=YT+STM*cosγ*sinαTR+β(1) where DTM stands for the horizontal distance from station point T to monitoring point M, and αTM signifies the azimuth of TM.
| 3 | 2other
| 1Other
|
49,481 |
This technique is preferable due to the following reasons:Easy to perform.Less operative anesthesia time.Provides wide exposure.The possibility of using four hands.Less tissue sacrifice with less damage to the nasal mucosaLess bleeding at the surgical site, which in turn results in less incidence of post op hemorrhage.Protection, preservation and easier harvestation of the nasoseptal flaps , to be used for reconstruction if needed.No nasal packing required.Easier operative field closure and defects reconstruction.Post op near normal nasal cavity.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
177,455 |
A generalized schematic of the subsurface architecture of the study in respect of the degree of movement of the leachate away from the dumpsite is illustrated in Fig. 11. The data for the cross section was derived using the different measured parameters (leachate plume, water table and geoelectric layers) from the study area. The red colour indicates the area affected by the leachate oozing from the dumpsite. While the uncolourd part indicates the areas unaffected by the leachate. From the schematics, the leachate is shallowest at the middle. This coincides with the location closest to the dumpsite Boreholes 2, 3 and 6, located at the western half of the figure, have not been affected by the leachate. However borehole 10, located at the Eastern half of the section, has been affected by the advancing leachate plume. This is so due to two factors. One is the proximity of borehole 10 to the dumpsite, relative to the others. Secondly, the direction of groundwater flow indicates that the flow direction of the leachate is in the southeast direction which favours the eastward movement of the leachate. This conforms to the established fact that much of the leachate would tend toward the flow direction of the groundwater serving as a good solvent. This conclusion is also favoured by the local geology of the area underling the dumpsite which is characterized by a top lateritic cap underlain by fine to medium grained sandstone, both of which are porous and permeable. The geological framework of the area hence indicates the penetration of the leachate plume at varying depths from shallowest close to the dumpsite and deepening and spreading southeastwards. The groundwater from areas affected by the leachate thus become unfit for use as portable water.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
385,496 |
We hypothesize that low effect sizes (i.e., low FC) introduce statistical noise into the reference standard construction in isogenic conditions, possibly creating biases when using only p-value informed DEGs. Therefore, to test this hypothesis, we first construct a reference standard for each method using all the data, and then degrade the dataset by filtering out genes with effect sizes, in an increasing fashion and evaluate the strength of the agreement across them. Thus, if we use fold change (FC) as a proxy for effect size (as calculated by Equation (1)), Fold Change of gene k = Ak/Bk(1) where Ak and Bk are the expression of gene product k in condition A and B (Figure 1). The experimental design was comprised of constructing the reference standard across different levels of fold change (FC) and evaluating the concordance as a consequence of the effect size filter. Since we do not distinguish between up- and down-regulated genes, for down-regulated genes, we take their reciprocal, (FC−1 = 1/FC) when we filter for FC thresholds. In the manuscript and figures, we will use FC to represent both upregulated genes fold changes and 1/FC for downregulated genes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
253,133 |
RUTF was designed to fulfil 100% of the nutritional needs of children recovering from SM and may theoretically enable weight gain of up to 20 g/kg/day 26. Weight gain velocity is usually high at the start of the therapeutic feeding, then decreases and later plateaus 27– 34. Weight gain may be affected by comorbidities such as HIV or other chronic infections but may also be related to intestinal or systemic inflammation (SI), leading to reduced appetite, nutrient malabsorption, and metabolic changes 25, 35, 36.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
194,508 |
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
258,763 |
The stratification of different calcium phosphate and carbonate phases shown in Figure 4 is in remarkable contrast to previous analyses of stinging hair sections of Loasa pallida, where we had found a continuous change in the phosphorus concentration from the inner to the outer side of the wall (Ensikat et al., 2016). Thus, we prepared new cross sections of stinging hairs in order to check the previous findings (Figure 7). Indeed, the phosphate concentration decreases gradually from the outside of the wall towards the inside of the wall. No separate layers of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate are formed; calcium phosphate on the outside grades into calcium carbonate on the inside.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
353,307 |
Two classes of eco-composites based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and wood sawdust (S) were obtained by two different methods: dibenzoyl peroxide cross-linking (P) at a high temperature and EB cross-linking at room temperature of 25 °C using the irradiation dose between 75 kGy and 600 kGy. 5 phr and 15 phr were the amounts of S used as filler. Even if both cross-linking methods insured gel fractions over 98%, the cross-link densities determined on samples cross-linked by the P method were higher when compared to those determined on samples cross-linked by EB. However, the addition of S increases the cross-link density of the composite in the case of the EB cure. Over the irradiation dose of 300 kGy, the composite becomes harder and less elastic, even for 5 phr S. The addition of 15 phr S to the samples irradiated over 300 kGy degrades the tensile properties of the composite. These results correlated with FTIR analysis show that the irradiation dose up to 300 kGy appears to be sufficient to obtain the reinforcement effect in the composite. After that, the process is susceptible to be close to degradation. FTIR analysis showed the cellulose radical formation during the irradiation and also the formation of active functional groups susceptible to chemical reactions that can be associated with the bonding process between the matrix (EPDM rubber) and the filler (S). The water uptake tests have shown very good absorption properties, especially for 5 phr S, irrespective of the irradiation dose.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,428 |
The sensing principle of the micro-temperature sensor is: when the ambient temperature increases, the gold has a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) characteristic, and the resistance value increases as the temperature increases. This characteristic is due to the “resistance-temperature coefficient” (TCR) of the conductor, which is defined in Equation (1). (1)α=1ρ0dρdT where α is the resistance value-temperature coefficient; ρ is thermal resistivity; ρ0 is the thermal resistivity at 0 °C.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
379,224 |
The previous results inspired other works not using the single monocular camera approach anymore, but RGB-D or stereo cameras. The RGB-D sensor, as the name suggests, is composed by an RGB camera and a depth sensor, and is based on two types of technology: the Structured Light Sensor, with its main examples being the Microsoft Kinect, Orbbec Astra, and ASUS Xtion PRO, and the more modern type, the time-of-flight, such as Microsoft Kinect II . On the other hand, stereo cameras are composed of two RGB cameras, using a stereo disparity technique to estimate depth instead of measuring it . Therefore, it is possible to use stereo cameras (or a stereo camera rig) for 3D reconstruction, as it is reported in .
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
337,541 |
AURKA is identified as a target protein of HnRNP Q1 by RNA-immunoprecipitation assay following next-generation sequencing. HnRNP Q1 enhances the translational efficiency of AURKA mRNA by interacting with the 5′-UTR of AURKA mRNA through its RNA-binding domains . More importantly, this regulation mechanism is vital for the pro-proliferative properties of HnRNP Q1in colorectal cancer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
209,792 |
Exclusion criteria were pregnancy and lactation, concurrent systemic or debilitating medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases or malignancies, periodontal treatment within the past four months, and the use of antibiotics within the past four months. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before the study.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
295,847 |
We performed the suggested control experiment for the fungal interaction between A. nidulans and S. macrospora vegetative hyphae. Metabolites of extracts of the ΔmdpC A. nidulans strain were applied, which inhibit Sordaria fruiting body formation. These extracts specifically affected development but not the vegetative growth rate of S. macrospora (lines 399-401, Figure 6—figure supplement 1b and Figure 6—figure supplement 1-source data 2, lines 25-26 in abstract). The experimental set up was added to the description of methods (lines 827-834).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,246 |
In the paper by Herman et al. (2020a), T90 was calculated from a derived relative wavelength sensitivity action spectrum for virus inactivation by UVC and UVB exposure (Lytle and Sagripanti 2005). This action spectrum ALS (λ was used to derive the equivalent 254 nm inactivation parameter D90 = 3.2 J/m2 (Herman et al. 2020a) that gives approximately the same results as the laboratory inactivation measurements for SARS-CoV-2 on steel mesh exposed to simulated sunlight (Ratnesar-Shumate et al. 2020). The amount of irradiance at the Earth’s surface FO(λ) (mW/m2) needed to estimate T90 in the critical 290 to 315 UVB range was calculated for over 270 locations (Herman et al. 2020b) with their elevations plus the daily effects of cloud and aerosol cover, ozone amounts all obtained from the OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite data record (Schenkeveld et al. 2017). The key equation linking the laboratory results with inactivation time is given by Eqs. 1 and 2. 1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{\mathbf{N}}{{\mathbf{N}}_{\mathbf{0}}}={\mathbf{e}}^{-\mathbf{kD}}$$\end{document}
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
21,087 |
Our findings indicate that there is evidence of a feral dog population on Navarino Island. The participants reported sightings of unaccompanied dog packs in remote parts of the island (up to 19.4 km from the northern settled coast; Fig. 2) and sightings of dog pups (feral or abandoned) outside town (52 participants). They identified 52% of the 172 sightings as feral dogs. This may be an over-estimate, but given that free-roaming village dogs are easily recognized in the small town of Puerto Williams, it is likely that participants could distinguish between owned and feral dogs. However, it is not clear whether this presumably feral population has achieved long-term human independence, as for example the dogs eradicated from Isabela Island, Galápagos (Reponen et al., 2014). The reported population of abandoned dog pups and missing dogs may have been recruited into feral dog packs (e.g., Boitani et al., 2017). The importance of the local landfill (12 sightings of dog packs of 8–11 animals on average) as a food subsidy warrants further investigation, as these novel ecosystems can produce a variety of positive and negative impacts on vertebrate species exploiting them (Boitani et al., 2017; Plaza & Lambertucci, 2017). For cats, the few sightings (5% of participants) in natural areas were along the northern-settled coast, except for one cat sighted 5.2 km south of the coast. Further phenotypical, genetic, and ecological research is needed to better understand the feral dog and possible feral cat population and their impacts on Navarino Island.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
256,491 |
The freeze depth also varies as shown in Fig. 17. The water in soil gradually freezes as the temperature decreases from the surface to the maximum freeze depth (Fig. 17a), this part of the soil layer is called the frozen layer and below the frozen layer is the unfrozen layer. The freeze depth affects the water content of soil (Fig. 17c). In the simulations of this paper, the water storage model is applied in Comsol to fully investigate the effect of freezing water on the soil porosity ratio as well as the permeability coefficient, and the results are more reflective of the hydrothermal coupling during the freezing and thawing process. The water content of soil in the frozen layer decreases to the residual water content. Although freezing does not occur below the maximum freeze depth, the water content of the soil under the maximum freeze depth also decreases. This is because the ice front is constantly developing downwards during the freezing process and water migration occurs under the influence of temperature as well as soil pore capillary forces, resulting in a decrease in the water content of the soil below the maximum freeze depth. The water migration occurs by gravity and the water content of the soil gradually converges to its original state after the soil has completely melted. Figure 17Characteristics of temperature-depth-water content variation in the seasonal frozen regions ((a) simulated value, (b) temperature-depth trend, (c) water content-depth trend).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
269,448 |
SIGNIFICANT research has been dedicated recently to developing methods for deep learning in ultrasound imaging, as summarized in several recent review articles and special issue editorials –. The merger of deep learning and ultrasound image formation is promising because it has the potential to shed light on features that are not considered by algorithmic approaches that underlie the mathematical, model-based component of image formation, with multiple input-output and training options –. These data-driven deep learning approaches have the potential to be more robust than the traditional model-based beamforming methods, as they do not require parameter changes when switching to different scanners, they are able to generalize across different datasets, and they can infer from advanced beamforming methods in less time than that required to perform the otherwise computationally intensive calculations associated with advanced beamformers –. Despite the promising potential of deep learning approaches applied to ultrasound imaging, there has been a noticeable dearth of publicly available frameworks to evaluate new deep learning methods with the same reference data. Such open frameworks are useful for benchmarking and comparing methods against each other, as demonstrated in the fields of visual recognition and computed tomography .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
391,839 |
In this study, 1308 human sera were selected from samples collected for one survey in 2010 . This survey was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of the pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus in Taiwan and a total of 1558 samples were obtained between September and October of 2010. Briefly, the survey used a multi-stratified design to sample the civilians from three regions (northern part of Taiwan: Taipei, Taoyuan; and southern part of Taiwan: Tainan). In each region, age- and gender-stratified sampling was conducted using household registration records. A questionnaire-based interview was used to collect demographic data at the time of blood sampling. Information about travel history (history of traveling to an endemic area), movement history, types of dwelling. Etc., was not collected in the serosurvey in 2010 and therefore not analyzed in the study.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
165,034 |
The results have several implications for initiatives for raising young peoples’ interest in STEM. First of all, interest congruence is an important factor for study outcomes, persistence as well as performance, in STEM. Therefore, interest assessment and congruence evaluation, e.g., by the Explorix (Jörin Fux et al., 2003), the SDS (Holland et al., 1973), or the O*Net (2018) can be an important starting point for selecting appropriate participants for interventions in two ways: They help to identify participants with a structure of vocational interests congruent to STEM that, however, are not yet motivated for going into STEM. This might be a promising target group for interventions as they also have good chances for persisting in STEM. On the other hand, students with a low congruence in interest assessments may be better counseled toward different pathways as their chances for persisting STEM are notably lower.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
171,497 |
In cancer, oncogenic single-point mutations of all RAS isoforms most commonly affect codons 12, 13 and 61, and all of them impair GTP hydrolysis. This renders RAS preferentially GTP-bound and active . Interestingly, the oncRAS isoform as well as the position and the substitution of the mutations vary between human tumor subtypes .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
26,076 |
Differentiation for at least 30 days led to subsequent maturation of the iNSC represented by a significant increase (means of eight high power fields from four lines each, paired t-test, p < 0.001) of MAP2-positive cells with long and elaborate processes from 7% under proliferative conditions to 75% at the end of the differentiation (Figures 5a–c). Further quantification of the neuronal subtypes after 30 days of differentiation revealed 61.9% of the MAP2-positive cells to be BRN2-positive (a marker of glutamatergic upper-layer cortical neurons; Figures 6a,e). We tried staining glutamatergic neurons directly for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), however, the punctuate staining of synaptic terminals in the absence of a somatic signal prevented quantification (Figure 6f). 20.4% of differentiated neurons stained positive for GABA (Figures 6b,e), 21.7% were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, Figures 6c,e). Only very occasionally (<0.01%), neurons expressed choline-acetyltransferase (CHAT), the rate-limiting enzyme of acetylcholine synthesis. The latter exhibited a relatively large soma with very elaborate processes (however, void of MAP2, Figure 6d). Ctip2-positive (a marker for lower-layer cortical neurons) cells were absent (data not shown).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
184,525 |
The aims of this review are: (1) to summarize how guidelines were established for small companion animals to serve as a base of comparison with equine vaccination guidelines; (2) to present potential limitations of the AAEP guidelines equine core vaccinations and resources that can complete these guidelines; and (3) to propose future research to improve the guidelines of equine core vaccination.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
115,494 |
In addition to sequencing the partial N variable region, full length sequencing was undertaken of RNA harvested from one of the tissues obtained from Farm 2. As expected the genome of the Algeria/Cheraga/2015 virus isolate was 15,948 nt and conformed to the rule of 6. The genomic structure of the virus was as expected, including intergenic CTT motifs, gene start and end sites, and non-coding leader and trailer regions. Comparisons of the full length genome between the KY885100/Algeria/Cheraga/2015 isolate and the most closely related KC594074/Morocco/2008, KJ867541/Ethiopia/2010 confirmed that these viruses are greater than 98% identical. Unfortunately the full genome sequences of 2012 Algeria virus (KP793696), and the 2012 (KM068121) and 2013 (KM068122) Tunisia viruses and 2015 Morocco virus (KY197740) are not available. However based on the partial N gene sequences the closest relationship has been seen with 2012 Algerian (98.8%), and 2012 and 2013 Tunisian isolates (98.8%) suggesting the continual circulation of this virus in Algeria as well as in the surrounding region.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
342,982 |
“There are stock-outs, and some parts of the country are flooded almost two times per year, Great Upper Nile and Bahr Elghazal. If they do not stock up on the drugs during the dry seasons, they won’t be able to get drugs for almost six months” (male, director, MoH #5).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
223,654 |
Due to its high seroprevalence among dogs in South America, Europe, and the U.S., several studies have documented co-infection with Babesia spp. in L. infantum infected dogs. In the U.S., Babesia exposure was approximately 32% among a cohort of dogs living with L. infantum . In Northern Portugal, L. infantum was the most prevalent co-infecting agent among a cohort of dogs with babesiosis using PCR to detect L. infantum . Cardoso et al. (2010) note that studies not using PCR to detect L. infantum underestimated rates of co-infections . This study found that the L. infantum and Ba. canis co-infected dogs did not experience lower hematocrit values compared to Ba. canis singly infected dogs; however, a complete clinicopathological evaluation was not performed, and a higher proportion of the co-infected dogs (22%) succumbed to disease compared to singly infected dogs (6%) . In Brazil, Babesia-seropositive dogs can be found in every state, with some areas reporting as high as 67% canine seropositivity . The true rate of co-infection between L. infantum and Babesia species is also complicated by the low sensitivity of Babesia PCR from peripheral blood in non-clinical dogs. In a study from Brazil, 81.6% of a canine cohort was seropositive for Babesia exposure, with 25% co-exposed with L. infantum, but only 3.3% were PCR-positive for Babesia . Whether the large seroprevalence of Babesia in dogs from endemic areas are currently subclinically infected or have resolved infection is not clear.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
202,083 |
To assess the effect of aging and AD progression on local brain regions, node clustering coefficient and betweenness centrality were estimated for each group. The weighted clustering coefficient is the average intensity of all triangles associated with each node, which indicates the extent of local interconnectivity or cliquishness in a network (Daianu et al., 2013; Otte et al., 2015).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
265,192 |
PBC is a progressive cholestatic liver disease that is caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers . It is characterized by chronic non-suppurative inflammation and destruction of interlobular bile ducts, which in turn may lead to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and death, unless liver transplantation is undertaken. miR-21 and miR-210 levels in the liver tissue of patients with PBC are increased compared to those in healthy individuals . Elevation of a let-7 miRNA (let-7b) and miR-520a-5p, and a decrease in miR-125b, are biomarkers in refractory PBC . The expression of miR-223-3p and miR-21-5p was suppressed in the peripheral blood B cells of patients with PBC as the PBC stage progressed . miR-139-5p targets the proto-oncogene, c-FOS, and promotes the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to an increase in TNF-α levels . It was significantly downregulated in clinically advanced PBC (portal hypertension type and hepatic failure type). Increased levels of immunomodulatory miR-451a and miR-642a-3p were observed in plasma-derived EVs of patients with PBC compared to the levels in healthy controls .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
291,312 |
Sample characteristics, and number of contacts with the health system and of prescribed drugs in the year prior to lung cancer diagnosis in 4,488 patients with known Performance Status residing in the territory of the Agency for Health Protection (ATS) of Milan.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
192,839 |
The most enhanced Raman bands were observed to be the 1080 cm−1 or the 1575 cm−1 band (approximately corresponding to 679 and 703 nm, respectively, with an excitation of 633 nm); in fact, they place themselves between the excitation and the most pronounced plasmon resonance wavelength of the different substrates.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
315,886 |
In contrast to PoTs, most trajectory-based representations treat each trajectory in isolation (Wang et al. 2011; Wang and Schmid 2013; Messing et al. 2009; Matikainen et al. 2009; Raptis and Soatto 2010). Two exceptions are Jiang et al. (2012) and Narayan and Ramakrishnan (2014). Jiang et al. (2012) assign individual trajectories to a single codeword from a predefined codebook (as in DTF works Wang et al. 2011; Wang and Schmid 2013). However, the codewords from a PoTs are combined into a ‘codeword pair’ augmented by coarse information about the relative motion and average location of the two trajectories. Yet, this pairwise analysis is cursory: the selection of codewords is unchanged from the single-trajectory case, and the descriptor thus lacks the fine-grained information about the relative motion of the trajectories that PoTs provide. Narayan and Ramakrishnan (2014) model Granger causality between trajectory codewords. Their global descriptor only captures pairwise statistics of codewords over a fixed-length temporal interval. In contrast, a PoT groups two trajectories into a single local feature, with a descriptor encoding their spatiotemporal arrangement. Hence, PoTs can be used to find point correspondences between different videos (Fig. 14).
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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156,407 |
The next questionnaire was the Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ—Batchelder et al., 2017). This had 27 items intended to assess empathy towards other people. A factor analysis was conducted using the same procedure as for the ToM30Q. This revealed a single factor, containing 19 of the 27 items. The remaining items had low factor loadings and three or fewer items. A summary of the items loading on Factor 1 plus the items that were not robust enough to form additional factors in our particular dataset, is given in Appendix 4. Cronbach's Alpha analysis for the ECQ resulted in a reliability estimate of 0.895. We considered this again sufficient for us to proceed to data analyses proper.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
48,307 |
The external held-out test set of the TDT challenge consisted of 101 actives and 955 inactives. The performances of the ML models of Workflow 1 and Workflow 2 on the held-out test set (1056 molecules) are given in Table 3. For Workflow 1, the results using fingerprints with 1024/2048 bits or with 4096 bits are reported. Note that the maximum possible EF5% for the held-out test set is 10.5 (as the fraction χ = 0.05 is smaller than the ratio of actives to inactives 8), whereas it is 20.0 for the primary HTS dataset. Workflow 2 gave the best performance for the held-out test set from all five submissions to this TDT challenge. For Workflow 1, the version using 1024/2048 bits was the one submitted to the TDT challenge. Later, it was found that a substantial amount of collisions due to hashing occurred in the short fingerprints, which affected the performance. Using longer fingerprints (i.e. 4096 bits), the performance could be improved and was found to be similar to that of Workflow 2. This highlights the resistance to noise of the ML methods used, since in Workflow 1 the false positives in the primary data were included. In Workflow 2, these false positives were corrected using the information from the confirmatory screen.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
139,783 |
According to the recent literature, the prevalence of SLC26A4 mutations in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts is variable among different ethnic groups. Biallelic mutations in SLC26A4 were found to range from the 57% to the 95% in Asian groups . In Caucasian cohorts it is estimated that only 25% of patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts present biallelic mutations , while another 25% present with monoallelic mutations , thus leaving one half of the patients without known genetic etiology of their anomaly.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
84,218 |
Pull-down assay with the PDX-1 promoter in INS-1 cells treated with CK2 inhibitors or transfected with the phospho-deficient mutant USF1T100A. (a) One mg of nuclear extract from INS-1 cells treated with 10 µM CX-4945, 50 µM TBB or 50 µM quinalizarin (Q) for 24 h was incubated with 1 μg of the biotinylated PDX-1 DNA probe. The DNA-protein complex was passed through a μMacs™-column and then loaded on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel followed by Western blot analysis. Identification of USF1-binding to the PDX-1 promoter was performed with the USF1 specific antibody sc-8983, PDX-1 was visualized with the polyclonal rabbit antiserum against recombinant full-length mouse PDX-1. Relative protein amounts of bound USF1 and PDX-1 were shown in the bar graphs. The diagram shows the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by using Students t-test. *Significant difference p < 0.05, **significant difference p < 0.01. (b) INS-1 cells were transfected with the wild-type USF1 or with the phospho-deficient mutant USF1T100A for 48 hours. One mg of nuclear extract was incubated with 1 μg of biotinylated PDX-1 DNA probe. The DNA-protein complex was passed through a μMacs™-column and loaded on a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel for Western blot analysis. Identification of FLAG-USF1-binding at the PDX-1 promoter was performed with the mouse monoclonal antibody FLAG M2 (F1804), PDX-1 was visualized with the polyclonal rabbit antiserum against recombinant full-length mouse PDX-1. Relative protein amounts of bound FLAG-USF1 and FLAG-PDX-1 was shown in the bar graphs. The diagram shows the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
315,773 |
Accessory gland gel is critical for larval development. (A) Amino acid composition and putative phosphate and glycosylation sites of gel proteins determined based on Fig. 6 based on relative number associated with each predicted protein sequence. Gene identification is based on those used in the B. antarctica genome57. Relative amounts are based on comparison levels between columns. (B) Survival of developing larvae with (black) and without (gray) gel presence at larval ecdysis. Open circles are the average and filled circles are each replicate. (C) Larvae length after 20 days with and without gel at larval ecdysis. Bar indicates significance at P < 0.05. T-test was utilized to examine statistical differences with the use of R statistic packages. Bars above or beside indicate significance at P < 0.05.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
323,102 |
We next observed the differentiation status of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations over the course of treatment. In NDMM pre-ACST, phenotypic composition was similar to HD, but post-ASCT, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ that were TN and TCM cells and a reciprocal increase in TEM cells, which persisted to EOT (Figures 2A,B, left). In RRMM (at baseline and with treatment), there was also a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ TN cells but, unlike in NDMM, both the CD4+ TCM and TEM populations had reciprocally expanded (Figure 2C, left). These shifts in phenotypic composition were not evident in CD8+ T cells, because TEMRA cells are already an established subset in older HD (Figures 2B,C, right).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
2,879 |
More than 150 million clostridial toxoid doses are produced annually in Brazil . The rate of production of the clostridial vaccine is increasing on an annual basis as the number of farm animals continually rises. At present, it is impossible to eradicate C. perfringens. Recombinant versions of CPA, CPB, and ETX, which are produced mainly in Escherichia coli, have gained ground as promising alternatives to the clostridial vaccine because they present solutions for the aforementioned issues. The use of non-pathogenic E. coli strains and the fact that recombinant toxins may present reduced or no toxicity can minimize, or even obliterate, some of the problems associated with native toxin production. Furthermore, heterologous protein expression in E. coli can be tightly controlled, allowing the uniform production of recombinant toxins once the culture conditions have been optimized. Because some recombinant toxins have barely any toxicity, there is no requirement for the use of formaldehyde, which makes the production process simpler and safer. Finally, yet importantly, growing E. coli is a less laborious process than cultivating C. perfringens.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
337,277 |
In the present study, bGCs were exposed to different levels of in-vitro heat stress and found that heat stress involves compromising the physiological functions of bGCs by increasing intracellular accumulation of ROS, inducing apoptosis and reducing the synthesis of E2 and P4 [7, 9, 15]. For more understanding, we conducted the transcriptomic study of in-vitro cultured bGCs exposed to heat stress at 39, 40, and 41 °C. Amongst the several hundred genes induced or repressed due to heat stress in-vitro, an attempt was taken to screen out genes associated with, heat shock protein family, apoptosis, steroidogenesis and oxidative stress (Table 2). As expected, the whole set of genes of heat shock family viz., HSPA8, HSPA14, HSP90AA1, HMOX 1, etc. were up-regulated in bGCs at most of the heat stress points. The expression of these genes was more at 41 °C of heat stress as compared to other treated groups (39, 40 °C). Our findings are supported by previous studies that led to the induction of HSP genes by heat stress [27, 28]. Similar to our study, HSPs induction was reported in various cell/tissue types such as leukocytes/lymphocytes [29–31], bovine endometrial tissue, bovine conceptuses [32, 33], bovine granulosa cells bovine MECs , buffalo lymphocytes due to heat stress. It has been reported that heat stress causes an increase in HSPs in virtually all the vertebrates, including mice [36, 37] domestic goats , humans [39, 40], juvenile Hamadryads baboons , common carp , domestic chickens [43–46] and domestic turkey . Our results showed an increased accumulation of inducible HSP70 in heat stressed groups at both the protein and mRNA levels, thus supporting the idea that HSP70 can act as a reliable thermal stress biomarker [42, 48]. Likewise, several apoptosis-related genes like BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX), caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (CASP3) and (CASP6), etc. were also found to be significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated under heat stress that signal through the apoptosis signaling pathway. Up-regulation of apoptotic genes could lead to disruption of the potential of mitochondrion transmembrane, resulting in the release of cytochrome c leading to apoptosis induction . Data on the induced expression of apoptotic genes at 40 °C suggest that the cellular mechanism may not provide protection for bGCs against heat-induced apoptosis while the rate of apoptosis decreased at 41 °C of heat stress due to over-expression of HSP70, HSP90 and HSP60 protein levels likely helped bGCs activate self-protection mechanisms and cope with hyperthermia through clearance of damaged proteins. Our results are in line with some previous reports where the MAPK mediated induction of HSP70 at high temperature could play a crucial role in inhibiting caspase-3 and BAX activation [50, 51]. Therefore, we suggest that the induction of HSP70 occurs to reduce apoptosis of granulosa cells induced by heat stress. This is a first study that unveiled the effect of heat stress with different intensities on apoptosis-related gene expression and on the cellular defensive mechanism in bGCs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
158,684 |
In contrast to a standard Rescorla-Wagner (RW) model, which has a single learning rate (e.g. ε), RW± has two (potentially) different learning rates for positive and negative prediction errors respectively. i.e. ε+ for positive prediction errors and ε− for negative prediction errors. In other words, (4) θ^kint=θ^kint−1+{ε+(rt−θ^kint−1),ifrt−θ^kint−1>0ε−(rt−θ^kint−1),ifrt−θ^kint−1<0, where 0 ≤ε+,ε− ≤ 1, and θkin0=θ0 for all kin’s. Note that only the chosen arm’s estimated reward rate is updated according to any new observation.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
278,485 |
This paper provides some notable contributions. Firstly, it is worth researching in the current trade context of Vietnam. Specifically, the EU-Vietnam FTA was effective in August 2020, and not long after Brexit, the UK-Vietnam FTA was signed in December 2020 and will come into force in May 2021, which reflects the reciprocal importance of Vietnam's trade with the EU-27 as well as the UK. Also, the aforesaid free trade agreements profoundly strengthen the economic integration between Vietnam and the involved parties. In addition, the fact that Vietnam was first labelled currency manipulator by the USA in December 2020 (Mohsin and McCormick, 2020) attracts more attention to the foreign exchange management of Vietnam in general and the USD/VND exchange rate in particular. With the heavy employment of USD in around 90% of Vietnam's total trade value, the change of USD/VND could affect not only Vietnam's trade balance with the USA but also with the EU and the UK. Thus, this paper captures the reality that USD is a dominant vehicle currency in Vietnam's trade with the EU and the UK, which gives useful information for Vietnam's policy-makers in designing and implementing effective foreign exchange as well as trade policies. Secondly, to the best knowledge of the authors, no research has analyzed the influences of bilateral exchange rates on Vietnam's trade balance with each of EU-27 countries and the UK. In addition, no research has inspected the role of vehicle currency in Vietnam-EU and Vietnam-UK trade. Hence, this is the first study to cover these issues. Moreover, this study can avoid linear assumption by using NARDL method and thus can capture the impacts of exchange rates on Vietnam's trade balance more effectively than the conventional ARDL model. Furthermore, this paper can compare the world's two leading currencies (i.e., USD and EUR) in validating the J-curve phenomenon as well as the Marshall-Lerner condition for Vietnam in the trade with the selected European partners.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
238,207 |
Amin et al. examined the effects of embryo exposure to the intoxicating ingredient in marijuana, THC, on the nervous system and muscle development. THC exposure during early development affected the Mauther cell, a large neuron that helps control the escape response in the zebrafish and related organisms. THC-exposed zebrafish also exhibited changes in muscle cells. Swimming behavior was affected by THC exposure, showing that there are significant consequences of THC exposure during development that are evident in the zebrafish model.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
323,315 |
In order to have fewer side effects and, consequently, lower rate of treatment discontinuation, drug development focused on increasingly selective reuptake inhibitors (Birmes et al., 2003; Gerhard et al., 2016) as serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter. This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine and therefore can increase adrenergic neurotransmission (Brimes et al., 2003).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
264,078 |
Similar efficacy on symptom control was observed with octreotide-long-acting repeatable (LAR) and lanreotide depot, with symptom reduction greater than 50% and with an overall CS control rate of 45.3% in patients with CS . Somatostatin and its analogs are known to be able to inhibit different cellular functions, such as secretion, motility, and proliferation .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
61,838 |
The effect of SAR218645 on approximately 180 different receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters and kinases (see Supplementary Material Table S1) was evaluated at a contract research organization (CEREP, Celle L’Evescault, France) using established protocols or through internal studies. IC50 were determined in cases where significant activity was observed at 10 μM (≥50% inhibition).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
100,780 |
The article by Ignacio Enrique Sanchez concerns a common problem in machine learning, namely the selection of the optimal classification threshold, and provides a mathematical solution based on the principles of game theory. The main concern of the article deals with the unknown distribution of positive and negative samples in the ‘real world’ or ’nature', thus beyond the provided training data set. The provided derivation is very elegant, and luckily for those researchers in the field the solutions turns out to be to select a threshold where sensitivity and specificity are equal in the training data set.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
165,323 |
Table 1Demographic data on the participantsCovariateGroup 1: control patientsGroup 2: short-term khat users diagnosed with OSCCGroup 3: long-term khat users diagnosed with OSCCNo. of participating patients 304142 Age during diagnosis < 40 years 132224≥ 40 years 171918 The amount of khat used Khat abuse patterns (times of use per week) –2–34–6 The consumption time (in years) –15–20> 20Cancer in family history (not provoked by khat)––– History of Smoking –28/ 41 (41.46%)19/ 42 (45.23%) Hypertension (HTN) –28/41 (68.29%)37/42 (88.09%) Diabetes mellitus (DM) –24/41 (58.53%)29/42 (69.04%)
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
367,976 |
Last, comparing our results to other models remains a challenge due to the absence of a unified model similar to what we have achieved that forecast each country globally, or also due to the absence of general benchmark data with a common evaluation metrics. However, we try our best to compare and discuss the performance of our method to any existing models such simple or deep time-series model for specific countries or at any specific time.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
294,038 |
We developed our analysis in the Euclidean setting, relying on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\ell _2$$\end{document}ℓ2-norm for simplicity. However, we can also generalize it to proximal operators involving Bregman distances. In this setting, we have a distance generating function \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$h:{\mathcal {Z}}\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$\end{document}h:Z→R, which is 1-strongly convex and continuous. We follow the standard convention to assume that subdifferential of h admits a continuous selection, which means that there exists a continuous function \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\nabla h$$\end{document}∇h such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\nabla h(x)\in \partial h(x)$$\end{document}∇h(x)∈∂h(x) for all \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x\in {{\,\mathrm{dom}\,}}\partial h$$\end{document}x∈dom∂h. We define the Bregman distance as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$D_{h}(z, {\bar{z}}) = h(z) - h({\bar{z}}) - \langle \nabla h({\bar{z}}), z-{\bar{z}} \rangle$$\end{document}Dh(z,z¯)=h(z)-h(z¯)-⟨∇h(z¯),z-z¯⟩. Then, we will change the proximal step 4 of Algorithm 1 with45\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} z_{k+1} = {{\,\mathrm{argmin}\,}}_{z}\Bigl \{ g(z) + \langle F(w_k) + F_{i_k}(z_k) - F_{i_k}(w_{k-1}), z - z_k \rangle + \frac{1}{\tau } D_{h}(z, z_k)\Bigr \}. \end{aligned}$$\end{document}zk+1=argminz{g(z)+⟨F(wk)+Fik(zk)-Fik(wk-1),z-zk⟩+1τDh(z,zk)}.We prove an analogue of Lemma 3.2 with Bregman distances from which the convergence rate results will follow.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
174,269 |
This study builds on data collected in the Danish National Birth Cohort linked to Danish national registers. The study design and response rates of this cohort have been described elsewhere . Women from all regions of Denmark were invited at their first pregnancy visit to their general practitioner. In total, approximately 60 percent of all invited pregnancies were recruited; 92,274 women and their 100,415 pregnancies . Data collections started during pregnancy, but this study used data from computer-assisted telephone interviews with the mother when the child was 6 months and 7 and 11 years old. The child was interviewed at age 11, and this interview was used for the categorizing of living arrangements at that age.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
344,477 |
The presence of c20S proteasome in blood plasma was first reported by Wada et al in 1993 . In the early 2000s its detection with ELISA was developed . Since then c20S proteasome has been studied in several diseases. Elevated c20S proteasome is found in different solid tumors , hematological disease , critically ill patients , autoimmune diseases and surgery where it can be predictive of disease severity and/or patient outcomes. C20S proteasome is probably not specific to muscle mass or protein wasting and could reflect various mechanisms. The origin (white blood, cancer or injured cells) and role of the circulating proteasome are incompletely elucidated and need to be explored.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
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