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As far as sex is concerned, we have found no significant differences when comparing the global figure for this variable with the subgroup of smokers, where, as in most health centres, women are in a clear majority (75% of staff at the hospital we evaluated are women). However, there are significant differences when comparing the average accumulated tobacco consumption by sex as men consume a greater amount of tobacco packs/year. There were also significant differences (p < 0.001) when comparing the data on cumulative tobacco consumption from 2013 to 2020, with reduced consumption in both sexes. Therefore, in 2020, the average accumulated tobacco consumption among smokers decreased to an average of 13.45 ± 14.60 packs/year. This figure is positive since long-term smokers are more reluctant to quit smoking. Nilan et al. concluded in their 2020 meta-analysis that, as regards sex, in countries with high economic resources, male health workers tend to have a lower prevalence of smoking compared to those in the general population, while the rate is similar in women. However, among those health workers from countries with medium-low and low resources, they tend to have a similar or even higher prevalence than those of the general population . This shows how much influence the economic and social environment has, even in smoking, among health professionals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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19,447 |
a) HPLC chromatogram showing the purification of [18F]FAC using a semi preparative HPLC system. Blue line: radioactive signal from radioactive detector Red line: UV signal from UV detector @ 254 nm. b) Quality control analysis of [18F]FAC with analytical HPLC system showing coinjection of purified [18F]FAC from preparatory column and non-radioactive FAC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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293,547 |
A clip-on wearable IMU-based system was used in this study to capture users’ fine-motor finger and wrist joint movements while manipulating objects. The system comprises IMU-embedded hand and wrist modules that can be selectively applied to the fingers and wrist (see Figure 1). Its form factor is particularly suitable for the present study, in the sense that inter-finger interferences can be significantly reduced by eliminating undesirable contact on bare hands, thereby increasing the precision of hand-object manipulation. Each module contained a 9-axis IMU sensor (a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, and 3-axis magnetometer) to quantify the dynamic movements of the finger and wrist joints into discrete signals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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291,624 |
“Brain size is affected by multiple factors including age, circulating hormone levels, environment and experience (Healy and Rowe 2007). Of note, because we used wild caught starlings we cannot control for their exact age or developmental history. The larger females could be older compared to the smaller female starlings.”
| 2 | 0biomedical
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269,244 |
Nanohardness values derived by PDF fitting (Figure 9) are in accordance to relevant reported values in literature . The utilisation of an expectation maximisation algorithm enabled to obtain a global solution regarding the mean values of each phase identified out of a sample of 100 observations for each specimen in order to obtain a statistical representation of the nanomechanical behavior.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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258,755 |
Figure 3 shows images of glochidiate trichomes of Caiophora clavata. The coloured SEM images combine topography and element-mapping images, to highlight the elements in different colours: Si in red, Ca in yellow to brown, P (together with Ca) in green. SEM surface images show the composition of the outermost layer of the cell wall close to the surface, depending on the penetration depth of the electron beam (typically a few micrometers). Figure 3B shows longitudinal sections in combined colour images and separate grayscale mapping images for each mineral element; a surface image of a similar trichome is shown for comparison (Figure 3A). A detailed image of the barbs (Figure 3C) shows Si in the barb tips and strong signals of P and Ca in the barb shoulders. A comparison of Figures 3B,C illustrates differences in quality between two different preparation methods. The sample in Figure 3B was prepared by “freeze substitution,” which preserves the calcium carbonate-based minerals particularly well. Location “1” shows the Ca-rich core in the cell lumen, which appears well preserved, as well as the calcium content of the cell wall, in contrast to the conventionally prepared trichome in Figure 3C with irregular deposits in the cell lumen and a loss of minerals in the walls. Silica in the barb tips and calcium phosphate in barb shoulders appear well preserved in both samples. Ca-phosphate is also found in the base of the trichome in Figure 3B. EDX spectra of selected spots (Figure 3D) indicate high concentrations of calcium carbonate (Spot 1), silica (Spot 2), calcium phosphate (Spot 3), and only low concentrations of Ca and P in the form of an irregular precipitation in Spot 4.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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119,211 |
Platelet integrin αIIbβ3 has been reported to play a central role in the process of TCIPA . This observation is not a surprise because αIIbβ3 is a key receptor supporting platelet aggregation . While the primum movens of TCIPA remains elusive, one could speculate that platelet αIIbβ3 participates at least partially because of its ability to ensure the physical interaction with tumor cells . The process of TCIPA has been extensively studied and well characterized. In addition to αIIbβ3, it is supported by other platelet surface receptors such as the GPIb-IX-V complex and CLEC-2 and triggered by soluble agonists including ADP and TxA2, which are released from activated platelets . TCIPA also relies on thrombin generation, even though the role of this serine protease largely depends on the experimental conditions . Several studies have shown a correlation between TCIPA and tumor metastasis . This is now widely accepted since many publications refer to this link, even though the detailed analysis of the seminal papers mainly show indirect links, with a paucity of experimental evidence (Figure 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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248,130 |
According to fifth scenario, environmentally conscious development is the most important, economic development is the second-most important, while social development will be satisfied when the other thresholds are achieved. The SI for this scenario (SI5) was calculated as follows, giving a value of 0.46.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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245,154 |
This second finding showing a greater tendency for the mask-wearing behavior of focal individuals to match that of others in close proximity can also be explained as homophily—that is, the tendency for individuals to self-select into groups based on similar preferences. However, our third finding provides some additional support for our conformity interpretation in that distant others in the same setting showed behavioral similarity. We found that focal participants who were wearing a mask correctly were in social contexts that averaged 33% mask-wearers; focal participants who were not wearing a mask were in social contexts that averaged just 19% mask rates.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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10,891 |
LARP7 family proteins play a critical role in protecting their tightly associated RNA against nucleolytic degradation29,32. Since ciliate telomerase RNA or mammalian 7SK RNA are transcribed by RNA Pol III, they end with a run of Uracil (U) residues, which is recognized by the N-terminal La-module of p65 and LARP7 proteins31,39. Fission yeast telomerase RNA is transcribed by RNA Pol II and initially carries a poly(A)-tail40. It also carries a consensus Sm binding site AU4-6G and an intron near its 3′ end. The Sm complex promotes a spliceosome-dependent ‘slicing’ reaction, wherein the RNA undergoes only the initial cleavage step of the splicing reaction, without completing the ligation step that allows joining of exons41,42. This initial slicing reaction is crucial for the further maturation of the telomerase RNP complex, which includes the addition of a 5′ tri-methyl-G cap to telomerase RNA, exchange of the Sm complex with the Sm-like complex Lsm2-8, and assembly of Trt1 with telomerase RNA42. The spliceosome-mediated cleavage also truncates one nucleotide from the Sm binding site of telomerase RNA, which is further subjected to exonucleolytic degradation so that the majority of mature telomerase RNA ends with a string of U residues42, a preferred binding site for LARP7 family proteins and perhaps Pof8. On the other hand, 3′ poly(U) is also a preferred binding site of the Lsm2-8 complex, and mutation of the poly(U) sequence disrupts both TER1-Lsm and TER1-Trt1 interactions42.
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255,096 |
However, some positive effects on mental health care associated with a receiving a diagnosis of “personality disorder” were also described, especially regarding access to treatment and improved self-understanding. Some papers described service users finding that the diagnosis helped them to reflect on their own feelings and responses, and to engage in treatment. This was especially true if the diagnosis seemed to fit their experiences, and if it was contextualised with helpful information about the condition and treatment options. Where it was accompanied by access to potential helpful therapy, there were reports of the diagnosis offering a sense of validation and relief.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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209,292 |
In addition to spike IgG bAbs, we also monitored for seroconversion of IgG bAbs to NP. Of vaccinated participants, 26.0% (59/227) had NP seroconversion during March–August 2021 (Figure 2). Only 2 had symptomatic, PCR-positive, vaccine-breakthrough infections, both of which were self-limited, outpatient cases. In the unvaccinated cohort, 4 participants had SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed: 2 by PCR while experiencing symptomatic infection (1 outpatient case, 1 requiring intensive care) and 2 diagnosed by spike IgG seroconversion and who reported mild symptoms retrospectively. The frequency of NP seroconversions in the vaccinated population correlated with the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections diagnosed in the unvaccinated participants (23.5% [4/17]) (Figure 2), suggesting similar exposure rates.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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271,524 |
MTT assay was performed after 24 and 48 h. Therefore, 10 µl of MTT reagent (3-[4,dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was added to the microplate and incubated for 4 h and 90 µl of formalin buffer was added to each well. Furthermore, 100 µl 10% SDS in 0.01 M HCl as solubilization solution was added to each well and remained inside the incubator at 37°C. After solubilization of purple formazan product completed over night, microplates absorbance value was measured at 570 nm wavelength with ELISA reader .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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230,370 |
The use of secondary material resources is an urgent area for solving energy recovery and for the protection of the environment. Pyrolysis or gasification of waste, particularly biomass from agricultural residues, is a potential resource economy approach . Pyrolysis processes have been continuously improved and are widely used in the manufacture of coke and charcoal. Today, the scientific community has concentrated its attention on the solid residues of pyrolysis or gasification of biomass, known as biochar. With the abundance of raw materials from the massive production of agricultural waste worldwide, biochar has always been recognized as a low-cost product. The production and availability of biochar seem feasible and the routines promising. This is clearly shown by the exponential growth in the number of publications on biochar . Moreover, biochar is seen as a new tool to establish environmental management and sustainable energy production. The biochar matrix is similar to an activated carbon, although the commercial one has a higher microporosity and surface area due to the activation process . As a result of no secondary activation process, biochar should be an impressive economic contaminant adsorbent that can be developed from energy recovering with a beneficial role in water treatment, greenhouse gas mitigation, and soil enhancement . The variability of physio-chemical properties enables biochar to optimize its efficiency in targeted applications . While biochar has been used by humans for centuries as a soil supplement, the material has now been acknowledged for its adsorptive properties . Wu Ping and colleagues (2019) published a detailed review of the works of literature concerning biochar between 1998 and 2018 . China is the region with the largest number of publications, evidently because the region’s agricultural technologies are the foremost in the world. Especially during 2011–2015 and 2016–2018, the most used keywords related to biochar were “sorption”, “activated carbon”, “heavy metals”, “pyrolysis”, and “removal”. During this period, the literature describing biochar properties and their application for contaminant immobilization increased . For instance, biochar has recently been studied as a sorbent material to remove metals and organic compounds from aqueous solutions . Recently, biochars from different raw materials were compared in terms of the adsorption capacity of TCE (expressed as mg of TCE adsorbed per gram of material) determined by a batch assay . Because of textural characteristics, it is also demonstrated that biochar has a positive effect on improving soil quality, such as increasing total specific soil area, enhancing soil structure and aeration, and creating good habitats for microorganisms . Biochar’s macropores may provide appropriate dimensions for bacteria (microbial cells generally measure between 0.5 and 5 µm) . Furthermore, some authors have considered the potential role of biochar as an electron acceptor for microbial extracellular respiration and growth . The research conducted by Cruz Viggi and colleagues (2017) confirmed the importance of electrochemical properties in the biochar-bacteria relationship. Three biochars were tested for their capacity to enhance methane production from a food-waste fermentate. The study suggested that a simple electrochemical test for the determination of electron donation capacity (EDC) might be sufficient to select the most appropriate biochar for anaerobic digestion . Because of these interesting results, recent studies point to biochar as possible support for the growth of specific bacterial consortia and the enhancing of biodegradation of pollutants (Figure 4) . The purpose of this interest is to insert a low-cost material already approved as a fertilizer in the context of environmental matrix re-qualification.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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153,807 |
Our immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry results characterizing the tACE interactome were supported by a study characterizing the Rho-A interactome in which ACE, AKAP4, ODF2, hexokinase, and alpha- and beta-tubulin were identified constituent proteins of bovine caudal epididymal sperm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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122,209 |
MFA has also been applied for media optimization. Xing et al. performed MFA in continuous culture to assess the metabolic demands (in terms of amino acids) of antibody producing CHO cells , which resulted in a modified medium where final concentrations of ammonia and lactate were reduced and higher viable cell densities and higher productivities were achieved.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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309,400 |
The third research question dealt with the overall usefulness of e-health services for TGD people, whether they are considered acceptable and feasible. Strictly speaking, there were no comparable assessments of e-health services in terms of acceptability and feasibility between the studies, but service user feedback was specific to the particular intervention approach, meaning conclusions could be drawn in this regard. The integration of e-health services into people’s everyday lives, which is flexible and low cost and not tied to a specific location, should be emphasized . This allows HCPs to contact service users directly in their familiar environment in a way that would not be possible without e-health services . TGD as well as LGBTQIA+ individuals could benefit in the long run if HCPs are trained through e-health services. A significant issue with e-health services for TGD service users is whether a treatment service should be classified as too basic . If TGD service users classify content as too generic and not optimally inclusive due to an enforced gender binary, as in a game-based intervention, this tends to be counterproductive to the commitment to participate . Further to the included studies, according to a recent qualitative study (this study was captured via the literature search but excluded due to its non-interventional study type and general discussion of generic TGD-non-specific gamified interventions) with 14 TGD adolescents between 11 and 18 years, focus group results indicated that potential users of game-based e-health interventions value gender inclusivity, up-to-dateness, and personalization of content and prefer a focus on prevention and mental health . At the same time, this study supported several previously mentioned mental health-influencing stigma sources such as, on the stressful side, transphobia, lack of support opportunities, lack of gender representation, and negative encounters online, and, on the health-promoting side, helpful social media and online information, education about LGBTQIA+, and finding likeminded peers . In the case of games, addressing these issues and adapting future e-health interventions for TGD could potentially help build resilience .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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17,209 |
The development of primary and secondary antibody is described in . Briefly, the primary antibody anti-HT-2 Fab was selected using phage display from an immunized library. HT-2-blue protein conjugate was used as an immunogen. The HT-2 specific antibodies were selected against HT-2-AP conjugate using magnetic beads and screened utilizing a robotic station and HT-2-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate as the antigen. The primary antibody anti-HT-2 Fab was characterized using a Biacore Q biosensor to determine the IC50 value and cross-reactivity with closely related mycotoxins such as T-2, T-2-triol, T-2 tetraol, diacetoxyscirpenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol and neosolaniol. Secondary anti-IC antibody was selected from a naïve scFv phage display library against a complex formed by anti-HT-2 Fab and HT-2 attached in an oriented manner through a six-histidine tag to magnetic beads. The screening of the positive anti-IC antibodies was performed by phage ELISA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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176,279 |
Education related to vaccines is heterogeneous and diverse. In Spain, this is dependent on the universities, as the design of education programs tend to be flexible, although the final objective is to obtain specific competences that are defined at the state level . The management of vaccination interventions is carried out in Spain by Nursing professionals, but collaboratively with the physician, not as an independent intervention, as in other countries such as the UK, where the prescription of pharmacological products by Nurses is recognized and included in the training programs of the different healthcare specialties.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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365,099 |
Evaluation measures included a questionnaire designed for the purpose with demographics: age, living situation and educational level. Further, the questionnaire included 26 items containing elements of needed and perceived Knowledge of breast cancer, perceived Support from the healthcare professionals or peers in different situations and the Danish version of the ten‐item validated general self‐efficacy scale (GSE) questionnaire to investigate the Ability to act towards problems in everyday life. The GSE covers a broad range of the sense of personal competence to deal effectively with stressful situations (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995). The scale has been shown to have high validity and reliability in various populations across contexts and cultures (Luszczynska et al., 2005).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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100,165 |
All patients who experienced events of syncope or pre-syncope had concomitant diseases, and were receiving concomitant medications during the study, which may have increased the risk of an event. Furthermore, seven patients (26%) had previous episodes of syncope and three (11%) had previous episodes of dizziness. In terms of concomitant diseases, 23 patients (85%) had respiratory disorders, 16 (59%) had vascular disorders, and 14 (52%) had cardiac disorders. The most common concomitant medications were anticoagulants (n = 27, 100%), gastrointestinal protective drugs for acid-related disorders (n = 20, 74%), and diuretics (n = 18, 67%). Four patients (15%) received concomitant antihypertensive medications.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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69,425 |
On the basis of spike counts, comparisons of neuronal activation evoked by natural calls and their time-reversed versions have been made for bird songs (McCasland and Konishi, 1981; Margoliash, 1983), marmoset twitter calls (Wang et al., 1995; Wang and Kadia, 2001) and cat meow calls (Gehr et al., 2000). Comparisons were also made between the artificial sinusoids of temporally asymmetric envelopes (Lu et al., 2001a,b; Wang et al., 2014). Interestingly, the conclusions from the studies using the natural and artificial sound types were not consistent. For animal songs/calls, neurons were generally more responsive to the natural versions than their time-reversed counterparts whether animals were anaesthetized (Wang et al., 1995; Gehr et al., 2000) or awake (McCasland and Konishi, 1981; Margoliash, 1983). Thus, the differences in the response magnitude may reflect differences in innate network or past experience. For the artificial sounds, a larger proportion of neurons preferred ramped-up sinusoids to ramped-down sinusoids (Lu et al., 2001b; Wang et al., 2014). This response preference was apparently opposite to our present result, which demonstrated a stronger activation with the ramped-down F than with its time-reversed revF. However, when we closely inspected the relevant responses evoked by the stimuli that were comparable in duration and envelope shape to ours and presented in the similar manner (see Figure 4 in Wang et al., 2014), the ramped-down sinusoids appear to generate larger responses than the counterparts if the discharge rates are measured only during the sound-on period comparable to ours (i.e., 80 ms).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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333,927 |
PCs with different dimensionally ordered structures are prepared in different ways. Assembled 1D PCs have been investigated as Bragg reflectors , whereas 2D/3D PCs have been extensively researched in areas related to displays, sensing, telecommunications, solar energy, and photocatalysis . The most effective method to obtain periodic PBG structures is by self-assembly technology; such a method utilizes one or more kind(s) of colloidal particles that form periodic array structures by directional alignment under appropriate conditions. Compared with the “top-down” manufacturing process, the self-assembly method has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and scalable production. Moreover, self-assembly happens to all things either statically or dynamically . Colloidal self-assembly is mainly induced by the synergistic effect of macroscopic or microscopic forces such as liquid surface tension, capillary force, van der Waals force, chemical bond, external field, etc. The resulting CPCs from self-assembly have a periodic structure analogous to the crystalline lattice structures, except that the atoms or ions are replaced by colloidal particles and show interesting optical properties and useful applications .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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68,015 |
Cardiomyocytes were seeded into 6-well plates for 24h and then transfected with NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) or PI3-kinase (PI3K) siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000 reagents. Subsequently, the cells were treated with angiotensin II (Ang-II) for 30 min after incubated with or without NaHS (100 μM).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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252,765 |
Furthermore, we also predicted that when participants perceived their partners as providing more RC support, they would perceive the pandemic as affecting their goal outcomes less, and when participants perceived their partners as providing anti‐RC support they would perceive the pandemic as affecting their goal outcomes more (H2; see Table 4). Contrary to the hypothesis, RC support was not associated with the perception that the pandemic affected the participants' goals. However, the results showed that at the weekly level, when participants perceived their partner as providing more anti‐RC support, they were more likely to report that the pandemic was negatively affecting their goal pursuit. The results were not significant during the daily diary. At the between‐participants level, the participants who experienced their partners as providing more anti‐RC support were more likely to report that the pandemic was negatively affecting their goal pursuit compared to participants who experienced their partners as providing less anti‐RC support. The between‐participant results were consistent in the daily and weekly analyses.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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232,698 |
From a societal perspective, for the best allocation of limited societal resources, it would help to understand the comparative burden of HRPL according to specific health conditions more comprehensively. Evidence on impaired productivity caused by certain health problems among workers can also motivate employers to change work conditions and practices (e.g., employee benefits, support services and facilities) for employees with different health problems to further reduce productivity loss and retain skilled workers longer in the workforce. However, while there have been studies focused on measuring the number of absent workdays among workers with one health condition , only a few have examined the comparative burden of different commonly occurring health conditions on labour productivity . Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the HRPL according to workers’ common health conditions.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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98,234 |
A. Consensus matrixes of 431 TCGA ccRCC samples for each k (k=2 to 7), displaying the clustering stability using 1000 iterations of hierarchical clustering. B. Plot of cumulative distribution function (CDF) from consensus matrix for each k (k= 2 to 12). C. The Δ(k) vs k plot, indicating the optimal cluster number is k=5 where the ‘elbow’ occurs. D. Proportion of Ambiguous Clustering (PAC) vs k plot, allowing inference of the optimal k by the lowest PAC, that is 2 or 5. E. Average silhouette width vs k plot, showing the optimal cluster number k= 5 with respect to the major increase from k=3 to k=5 and the subsequent drop-off. F. Silhouette width profile calculated from the consensus matrix when k=5, which was selected as the optimal k.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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205,006 |
However, the serum lipidomic characteristics in patients with POEMS syndrome were not investigated. Therefore, we designed this study to describe characteristics of the serum lipidome in patients with POEMS syndrome and to explore potential biomarkers in evaluating disease activity and remission.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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43,270 |
We have also completed the requested apoptosis experiments for siRNA treated 381T, RMS559 and Rh3 cells. Specifically, cells were analyzed at 4 days post-transfection and showed that apoptosis was not reproducibly affected in RMS cells following MYF5 or MYOD knockdown (Figure 4—figure supplement 4). These data again support our idea that cell cycle is the major effect following myogenic factor disruption, with secondary effects leading to elevated apoptosis over time.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
99,751 |
where Φ(·) denotes the standard Gaussian CDF and F(·) is the normalized Fisher transformation defined in Equation (3). Based on the properties of the Fisher transformation and of extreme order statistics, it can be shown that zpx[i, j] defined in Equation (17) also follows a standard Gaussian under the null hypothesis that the pixel [i, j] has zero βm for all m. This design is expected to be better to cope with propagation but less powerful to suppress noises, as a result of not taking full use of the eight neighboring pixels but only utilizing two of them in calculating the correlation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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344,175 |
In summary, we found a changing retail food environment in Mexico, especially in non-urban and in the most disadvantaged areas of the country. These findings suggest that distribution and trends differences in food stores may contribute to health inequalities. Tackling these changes in the food environment may represent a strategy to inform public policies aimed at reducing non-communicable diseases and health inequalities, in coordination with already existing policies such as sugar-sweetened beverages and non-essential energy dense food taxes, and front-of pack labeling system.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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359,850 |
Not reported in detail in this paper is the lack of significant effects of noise, treadmill speed, and the number of visual distractors on cognitive performance and marksmanship accuracy. The lack of significant finding might be attributed to separate resources for these modalities (Wickens, 2002), but is likely to be very task dependent (Wang and Duff, 2016). Although we chose a very distracting background noise, the levels were moderate (<85 dB SPL) and were likely not sufficient to force changes in attention due to rapid adaptation to the stimuli. There are mixed results in the literature on the effect noise can have on cognitive performance. The interference, if present, is less likely to impact non-auditory cognitive tasks such as visual reaction time (Molesworth et al., 2015). Since there is no auditory task consistent with the theory of separate resource pools (Wickens, 2002). A future study might incorporate an auditory-based task, such as monitoring a radio or providing auditory cues for the target, which would likely impact performance to a much greater extent as found in a study of driving (Murphy and Greene, 2017). With regard to the number of visual distractors, the most significant findings were a greater amount of time required to hit the target and a higher number of misses, both of which were expected. Not explicitly tests in the current experimental paradigm is the effect that salient colors (e.g., red targets) might have on attention and memory, or if any gender differences exist. All targets were presented in red and the main manipulation was the number of red targets shown. In future studies, the interaction of color and recall can be tested by varying the color of the target within or across trials.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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33,718 |
Tables 6 –13 list the detailed results of 4 indices on the experimental datasets in each iteration of SAFCM. For the dataset Wine, when the number of clusters is 4, 5, or 6, the result based on Xie-Beni index or Kwon index is of no convergence. However, the proposed index can achieve the desired results.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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43,457 |
The top two histograms show weekly cholera cases by district in 2013 and 2014. The upper two histograms weekly cholera cases in Lomé in 2013 and 2014. Suspected cholera cases reported are indicated on the Y-axis and the weeks are indicated on the X-axis. The districts (upper histograms) and arrondissements of Lomé (lower histograms) declaring cholera cases are indicated to the right of the corresponding histogram. In 2012 only 61 cases were reported in Togo: 49 cases were reported in Lacs, 9 cholera cases came from Lomé (7 of which came from D2), and 3 cases were reported in Golfe. Only four cholera cases were reported in Togo in 2011.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
189,780 |
However, most existing studies on the experiences and performances of vocational pathway university students have utilized a phenomenological qualitative approach, and the cultural, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral determinants affecting transition success have not yet been synthetically identified from the perspective of school belonging. Specifically, little attention has been paid to the interrelations between bicultural identity integration, self-esteem, academic resilience, and interaction anxiousness, alongside their predictive roles in school belonging. More importantly, despite considerable concerns about students’ transition experiences from vocational colleges to universities in the United States, Canada, the U.K., and Australia , they remain relatively underexplored in the Chinese university setting. Therefore, there is great significance in holistically investigating the influence of bicultural identity integration, self-esteem, academic resilience, and interaction anxiousness on school belonging among vocational pathway university students.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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368,279 |
In conclusion, we designed a new IBV immunogen based on a spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence which was cloned into the pVAX1 vector to form a DNA vaccine (pV-S_con). Moreover, the novel DNA vaccine effectively protected chickens against a heterologous strain challenge. Our study confirmed that vaccines derived from spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence are a promising strategy for IBV vaccine development, and for other viruses with high variability.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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271,328 |
Ultrapure water (Thermo science® NANOpure, U.S.A) was used. Copper (II) sulphate‐5‐hydrate (99%–102%), oxalic acid (≥98%), citric acid monohydrate (≥98%), DL‐malic acid (≥98%), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA, ≥98%), L‐histidine (≥98%), L‐glutamic acid (≥99%), L‐tyrosine (≥99%), glycine (≥98%), D‐(+)‐glucose (≥99.5%), sucrose (≥99%), D‐(‐)‐fructose (≥99%), starch (from wheat), casein (Hammarsten bovine, protein >95%), pepsin (pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa, ≥250 unites m/g solid), and pancreatin (pancreatin from porcine, 4×USP specifications) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Whey protein (food grade) was purchased from Ji'nan Shenghe Chemical Co., Ltd; bile was extracted from fresh porcine gall bladders and stored at −20°C until use.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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233,780 |
Whole blood, collected in tubes without anticoagulants and with coagulation activator gel. The samples were centrifuged at 3500× g for 10 min and the supernatant was separated and frozen in aliquots at −80 °C until determination of the corresponding variables.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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95,701 |
Traditionally, the standard of care for patients with solitary brain metastasis has been resection plus whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) [4, 7]. Resection allows for histopathological examination of the tissue and has been shown to improve neurological symptoms, functional independence, and survival . Moreover, several studies found that when resection was followed by adjuvant WBRT, it resulted in improved intracranial tumor control and lower rates of neurologic deaths compared to resection alone [9–13]. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) assigned patients to WBRT or observation following either initial surgery or SRS. While the researchers did not find the addition of WBRT to affect overall survival when compared to observation, they did find that following either surgery or SRS, the addition of WBRT reduced the 2-year relapse rate when compared to surgery without adjuvant WBRT. More specifically, WBRT reduced the probability of relapse from 59 to 27% following surgery. A similar trend was noted following SRS, in which adjuvant WBRT reduced the probability of relapse from 31 to 19%. While the former result is consistent with what other experiments have also demonstrated (i.e. improved disease control with adjuvant WBRT following resection), the latter result is novel in that it suggests a possible role for adjuvant SRS in the management of brain metastases . The fact that SRS followed by WBRT offered better control than SRS alone, along with the fact that surgery plus WBRT led to improved outcomes as compared to surgery alone, suggests the possibility that SRS following surgery may offer similarly improved rates of disease control without the sequelae associated with radiation exposure to the entire brain.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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62,329 |
Hypoxia induces lytic reactivation of KSHV , and HIF-1 has been shown to directly upregulate the level of KSHV lytic switch protein RTA, especially in the presence of LANA [9, 24]. This suggested that knockdown of HIF-1α might impair KSHV lytic activation in PEL cells exposed to hypoxia. To assess this, we measured the mRNA levels of three KSHV lytic genes, RTA (immediate-early), vIL6 (early), and ORF26 (late) in shHIF-1 PEL cells (Fig 3A). We found that the mRNA of all three genes increased with hypoxia but decreased substantially upon HIF-1α knockdown, both in normoxia and hypoxia (Fig 3A). We also measured the protein levels of intracellular RTA and vIL6 in cell lysates as well as secreted vIL6 levels in the supernatants using Western blotting, and found that the changes in their protein levels correlated with changes in their mRNA levels; shHIF-1 decreased their levels under hypoxia and also suppressed their basal levels under normoxia (Fig 3B). We then examined the effects of HIF-1α knockdown on virus production. Virus particles from the supernatants were collected after 72 hours in normoxia or hypoxia, concentrated by ultracentrifugation, lysed, and Western blotting was performed for ORF45, a lytic protein included within the tegument of KSHV virus particle. As has been previously described, hypoxia induced a small increase in ORF45 production, however, shHIF-1 cells had a decrease in ORF45 production in both normoxia and hypoxia to levels substantially below the basal level seen in normoxic shScr cells (Fig 3C). These observations indicate that HIF-1 plays an important role in lytic reactivation of KSHV in normoxia as well as hypoxia.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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102,472 |
The amount of intracellular MDA, as a product of lipid peroxidation, significantly increased when cells were incubated for 48 hours with Aβ. Pretreatment of cells with 30 µg/ml of the acidic fraction for 24 hours followed by co-treatment with Aβ for 48 hours significantly attenuated Aβinduced MDA production (Fig.2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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197,748 |
Prabhakaran et al. studied the antimicrobial activity of various solvents (methanol, water, acetone, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) from different plant parts (leaves, flowers, roots, seeds and bark) of Moringa oleifera. The disc diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa and E. carotovara. They found that ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate extract of leaves showed inhibitory activity against both bacteria. Ethanolic leaves’ extract showed good minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (79 ± 0.3%). The high total phenolic content and the presence of various phenolics are responsible for significant antibacterial activity. These polyphenols interact with the protein and enzymes of the cell membrane and destroy the cell membranes structures, thus inhibiting cell functions and leading to the death of microbes .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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107,949 |
The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of leaves, roots and seeds of M. peregrina extracts were investigated against E. coli, S. aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia (Majali et al., 2015). The results on the inhibition of studied bacterial strains were concentration dependent. The root extract showed good antibacterial activity against E. coli (18–42 mm), K. pneumonia (44–59 mm), and S. aureus (34–45 mm) followed by ethanol extract of leaf (E. coli = 14–30 mm; K. pneumonia = 8–19 mm; and S. aureus = 9– 22 mm) and seed extract (E. coli = 16–38 mm; K. pneumonia = 6–32 mm; and S. aureus = 6–18 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentrations values of the M. peregrina extracts were 12.0 (E. coli), 15.0 (K. pneumonia) and 18 mg/ml (S. aureus) for leaf extract, 13.0 (E. coli), 7.0 (K. pneumonia), and 9.0 mg/ml (S. aureus) for seed extract and 3 (E. coli), 5.0 (K. pneumonia), and 2.0 mg/ml (S. aureus) for roots extracts.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
125,807 |
To reduce the risk of developing common MH conditions during the pandemic, social and family support networks, telemedicine health services, and other resources including financial support are crucial for students stranded in foreign countries. Liem and colleagues (2020) further emphasized the need for social support and outreach programs for migrant workers stranded in any host country during the COVID-19 pandemic . Psychological reactions to pandemics include maladaptive behaviors, emotional distress, and defensive responses . Hence, for people experiencing psychological crises concerning public health emergencies, many countries have previously developed preventive procedures and practices that are also applicable to COVID-19 .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
134,041 |
Once we established which methods were previously used to generate retinal organoids, we systematically reviewed the steps of each protocol and indexed the external factors added to help the early development of the retinal lineage (Table 1), alongside other essentials, such as starting material and medium composition (Figure 8). We found that just over 40% of protocols use stem cell clumps in a suspension culture to generate embryoid bodies, as detailed in Zhong et al. (Figure 8A). Around 35% of protocols use single cells to generate aggregates, which could be further sectioned into the type of plate used and the number of cells seeded per well. We found that the two most commonly used seeding densities and the most common plate type originated from two protocols: Nakano et al. , and Kuwahara et al. . Nakano et al. generated aggregates using 9000 cells per well, and the popularity of the protocol is evident, with almost 30% of all single-cell aggregate methods using 9000 cells as their seeding density. Kuwahara et al. generated embryoid bodies using 12,000 cells per well, becoming the second most popular seeding density, with almost 25% of protocols using this amount. Both papers use V-bottom 96-well plates, resulting in 60% of methods with a single-cell start using these for their initial seeding (Figure 8B).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
254,269 |
According to the given hypothesis, Π is differentiable on π1,π2, so there exists a tangent line for the function Π at the point qπ1+pπ22p,q. This tangent line can be indicated as a function l2x=Πqπ1+pπ22p,q+Π′qπ1+pπ22p,qx−qπ1+pπ22p,q. Since Π is convex on π1,π2, then the following inequality (see Figure 2) holds for all x in π1,π2: (20)l2x=Πqπ1+pπ22p,q+Π′qπ1+pπ22p,qx−qπ1+pπ22p,q≤Πx.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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153,029 |
Some reports indicate that ISRIB is not effective in certain transgenic APP and tau mouse models, possibly because of ISRIB’s pharmacological profile or differences in the level of engagement of the ISR in these models [42, 43, 69, 75, 76]. The very high failure rate of AD clinical trials may be partly due to the premature translation of successful pathology reduction in transgenic mice to humans . Thus, choosing appropriate models in AD research is extremely important . Our findings are in line with very recent findings from mice that ISRIB restores hippocampal protein synthesis and corrects synaptic plasticity disruption and learning and memory deficits . Compared with transgenic models, whether or not animal models incorporating injected soluble Aβ here more closely mimic key early pathological changes in sporadic AD patients need to be carefully addressed in future studies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
236,418 |
To characterize at protein level the different metastatic properties of the cells, we carried out a global in silico analysis of the differentially-expressed proteins to visualize protein-protein interactions and the most significantly altered protein clusters and macromolecular complexes related to proteins associated with metastasis in one, two, or three of the metastatic cells lines. Among the observed vast dysregulation of proteins associated with metastasis (lymph nodes, liver, and liver and lung metastasis), released proteins together with nuclear proteins were amongst the most dysregulated proteins as assessed by String (Figure 3A), contributing to the dysregulation of different clusters of proteins related to metabolic processes, fatty acid metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, DNA repair, cell development, signaling pathways, post-translational modifications, gene expression, and cell adhesion (p < 0.05). Among them, gene expression, with two different clusters containing 6 and 25 proteins (p < 0.05), was the most overrepresented dysregulated process.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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354,179 |
The paraffin sections were de-waxed, autoclaved at 120 °C for 20 min, and treated with glucose oxidase (GO, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Munich, Germany, No. G-6641) at 100 U/ml in PBS, pH 7.2, containing 20 mM beta-d-glucose and 2 mM NaN3) for 1 h at 37° to remove endogenous peroxidase. The antibodies listed in Table 1 were diluted in PBS/1% BSA/0.1% NaN3 plus 0.003 mg/ml avidin and incubated overnight. The Vectastain ABC elite Kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA, No. PK-6100 via Linaris, Wertheim, Germany) was used for detecting primary antibody binding with 0.02 mg/ml biotin contained in the biotinylated secondary anti-mouse (Vector Labs, No. BA-9200 via Linaris) or anti-rabbit (Vector Labs, No. BA-1000, via Linaris) antibody. Avidin and biotin were both added to inhibit potential endogenous avidin-binding activities in the sections by a very low concentration of free avidin and then saturated by biotin. Diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used as chromogen, and the sections were dehydrated and coverslipped in Eukitt. With exception of IgG, intracellular staining for Igs was achieved using polyclonal antibodies (Table 1) at high dilutions, so that cell surface staining was strongly reduced or absent. MAb 137B4 (anti-CD27) was routinely used with the ABC/DAB system and tyramide amplification as described (Steiniger et al. 2005). This staining method was also applied if increased staining intensity of anti-CD30 mAb Ber-H2 was desirable. For detection of AID (activation-induced deaminase) with mAb ZA001, the AP-based system mentioned below was more appropriate than ABC/DAB with or without tyramide amplification.Table 1Antibodies usedMAb clone nameAntigenDistributor (Germany)1B12CD23Bio-Rad/Serotec, Puchheim, No. MCA 1810 T137B4CD27Quartett, Berlin, No. 030410901B-B4CD138Bio-Rad/Serotec No. MCA 681H via Biozol, EchingBer-H2CD30Agilent/DAKO, Hamburg, No. M0751EK25G9AIDkind gift of G. Niedobitek, Inst. of Pathology, University of Erlangen, GermanyEP190IRF4Cell Marque via Medac, Wedel, No. 358R-14EP1039YCD271GeneTex via Biozol, Eching No. GTX61425KiM1-PCD68gift of R. Parwaresch, Inst. of Pathology, University of Kiel, GermanyL26CD20DAKO, Hamburg, No. M0755MIB-5Ki-67gift of J. Gerdes, Research Center Borstel, GermanyQBend-10CD34Dianova, Hamburg, Germany, No. DLN-09135RWP49IgGNovocastra via Leica Biosystems, Nussloch, No. NCL-L-IgGSPC32CD38Novocastra via Leica Biosystems, Nussloch, No. NCL-CD38-290ZA001AIDThermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, No. 39-2500PolyclonalIgM,Agilent/DAKO, Hamburg, No. A 425"IgDAgilent/DAKO, Hamburg, No. A 0093"IgEAcris Antibodies, Herford, Germany, No. DP022"IgAAgilent/DAKO, Hamburg, No. A 0262"SMASino Biological via Biozol, Eching, No. 100125-T40"CD3, epsilon chainAgilent/DAKO, Hamburg, No. A 0452
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,342 |
In addition, SIFT (Choi and Chan, 2015) PROVEAN (Vaser et al., 2016) and PolyPhen (Adzhubei et al., 2013) algorithms were used to predict the effects of amino acid substitutions on protein function (Table 4). All three databases showed that rs771533925 was potentially destructive. On the contrary, rs559712998 was considered tolerable according to these analyses. However, while rs72677250 was considered tolerable according to the SIFT database, it was considered to be potentially harmful according to the PROVEAN and PolyPhen databases.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
319,608 |
Up to three Sarcocystis spp. were identified in one host individual (Figure 3). No examined Sarcocystis spp. were found in approximately one tenth of the investigated animals (10.7%). The prevalence of single species infections was 15.5%; in all cases when a single species was detected in individual samples, it was S. bovifelis. Two Sarcocystis spp. (69.0%) were most frequently identified in one host individual and in all such cases it was S. cruzi/S. bovifelis co-infection. Three Sarcocystis spp. were confirmed in four animals (4.8%), one European polecat individual, one European pine marten individual and two American minks. In three of these cases, it was S. bovifelis/S. cruzi/S. hirsuta co-infection, in one case—S. bovifelis/S. cruzi/S. hominis co-infection.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
37,196 |
where TTdist is the 600-m TT distance. For both the GE and EC methods the MRreq during the TT was converted to a V.O2 demand (in mL·kg−1·min−1) according to Equation (7). For all methods described, the total accumulated O2 deficit (in mL) was given by subtracting the accumulated VO2 from the accumulated VO2 demand during the TT.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
125,236 |
A potentially life‐threatening but treatable manifestation of APS is intracardiac thrombosis. Thrombus formation can cause embolic pulmonary and systemic events. Thrombi may be located in the chambers on the right or left of the heart. Some indicate that the right‐side chambers are preferred. Thrombus formation was reported more frequently on the right side of the heart in a study of 40 primary APS patients, contrary to valve involvement, which is usually on the left side. 4
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
391,037 |
Reporter metabolite analysis (RMA) and reporter pathway analysis (RPA) identified 106 significantly affected metabolites and 11 significantly affected pathways (P-value < 0.05) in response to infection. The network of significantly changed metabolites and pathways along with differentially expressed gene connections is shown in Figure 4. Only significantly altered genes and metabolites on significantly altered pathways are shown for clarity, which means that only connected nodes (degree equal or more than 1) are shown, and significantly altered genes or metabolites from nonsignificant pathways are omitted. All results are shown in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
159,672 |
A. Isolates from Basel area cohort in global context. B. A small clade assigned to B.1.5 consists of two clusters with an accumulation of samples from Basel. C. Cluster within lineage B.1.8 with two Basel samples without known epidemiological link. D. Two family cluster within lineage B.2 that did not spread further into the Basel community.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
366,117 |
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in cultured hippocampal neurons and tissues were assayed using a commercial mouse cPLA2 (Qiaodu-Bio, Cat# CK-E92479M) or PGE2 ELISA Kit (Qiaodu-Bio, Cat# CK-E90213M), respectively. The hippocampal neurons and tissues were homogenized in ice-cold 70 μl RIPA (Solarbio, Cat# R0010) buffer. The samples were centrifuged at 13,000 g (4°C for 10 min). Ten micro-liter of the supernatant from the hippocampal homogenate was used to assay cPLA2 or PGE2 level, according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The content of cPLA2 was based on measures of absorbance at 450 nm/well in a 96 well plate reader (Thermo Scientific, USA).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
359,105 |
The investigation of nanoscale actinide materials is emerging as a fascinating field of research, challenged by fundamental questions concerning their formation mechanism, interaction with the environment, migration capabilities, fundamental properties and chemical stability.[ 1 , 2 ] Despite the fact that nanotechnology has been rapidly developing since the late 20th century and NPs are nowadays ubiquitous in many fields of science, the stage has been dominated by d‐block systems. The f‐block systems, in particular actinides, have been left behind, to the point that to date the properties of nanoscale actinide materials remain largely unknown. The proven tendency of actinides to aggregate in colloidal nanoparticles, which are responsible for their environmental behaviour, calls for an in‐depth understanding of their properties as nanoclusters and nanoparticles, which can present special behaviour, reactivity and structure. Moreover, the high specific surface area of nanosized systems can find application in the design of high burn‐up nuclear fuels. The need for specialised facilities makes actinide research difficult and expensive. On the other hand, the increasing interest in actinides is promoting collaborations among universities, national laboratories, large‐scale research facilities and industries, and important progress has been made. The many gaps and challenges of actinide nanoscience have been recently addressed more systematically owing to the increasing ability to control NP synthesis.[ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] In the roadmap to study NPs, mastering their synthesis goes hand in hand with the ability to accurately characterise the structures of the products. For actinide NPs, a field in its infancy, improvements in the structural characterisation of non‐homogeneous samples would enormously accelerate the understanding of the systems studied.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
145,591 |
In our study, BMI, HOMA-IR scores, weight gain during pregnancy, history of diabetes in a first degree relative, and fetal macrosomia were not related to the development of T2DM. Similarly, Rayanagoudar et al. report in their systematic review that gestational glycemic status is the main determinant of T2DM risk in the future, and that gestational weight gain or macrosomic infant do not increase the risk . Also in line with our findings, most studies have failed to establish a relation between family history of T2DM and progression to diabetes . However, several studies have linked obesity to the future risk of T2DM . GDM patients who come to our hospital are monitored closely and are asked to adhere to a strict diet, which may have limited their weight gain during, and after pregnancy. Ethnicity, dietary habits, and the prevalence of obesity in our country may also have affected our results.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
20,438 |
The aim of this study was to determine the investigation and treatment practices for children aged 2–59 months admitted with malaria in Western Kenya County hospitals 3 and 4 years after national and international malaria guidelines changed respectively. Documentation of clinical features of malaria (whether present or absent) was good, including the signs that define severe malaria; level of consciousness and respiratory distress . This is an improvement compared to an earlier studies done in Kenya , Uganda and in Benin , and is likely due to routine use of a structured Paediatric Admission Record (PAR) that guides junior clinicians to conduct a complete physical examination of sick children at admission [23, 24] associated with feedback on documentation quality given to hospitals in the form of two monthly reports . Malaria laboratory testing rates when commencing inpatient treatment for clinical malaria were 92 % with recording of diagnostic test results in medical notes found in over three quarters. Findings on rates of testing and reporting are similar to some recent studies in Uganda and Benin , but better than other studies from the region and earlier studies from Kenya [20, 23, 26–28]. Findings therefore suggest some success in adoption of the test and treat approach.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
44,949 |
LH conceived the study and RK, SC, and LH conceptualised the study. RK and SC designed and performed all bioinformatics analysis, visualised all data, and co-wrote the manuscript. PP and SA contributed to the sequencing and assembly work, and co-wrote the manuscript. LH co-wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
337,726 |
Antibodies neutralising inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules typically have an anti-cancer effect through targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 receptors. This is important as the expression of PD-L1 in numerous cancer types including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung carcinomas, endometrial, ovarian, breast cancers and melanoma has been shown to contribute to the evasion by these tumour cells from the immune system . CTLA-4 expression has been implicated in immune dysregulation of cervical, breast, lung gastric, colorectal, skin, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and B-cell chronic leukaemia . Combination therapies against both of these receptors used in patients with melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma have been effective at increasing tumour remission and survival, and trials for these treatments against other types of cancer are underway .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
276,282 |
Cancers harboring RAS mutations have remained genomically untargetable more than 30 years after the initial discovery of the oncogene, and attempts to target KRAS directly or through downstream mechanisms have been met with limited efficacy in clinical trials. Earlier attempts to target KRAS have focused on molecules that bind directly to RAS, inhibit interaction with its activator SOS or its effector RAF, affect downstream signaling (i.e., MEK inhibitors), act on synthetically lethal pathways, and affect binding at the plasma membrane (i.e., farnesyltransferase inhibitors). Unfortunately, none of these mechanisms have resulted in approvals for these strategies in KRAS G12C mutant cancers. KRAS binds tightly with GTP (with picomolar affinity in vivo) in the main binding pocket, and its features sterically inhibit many treatments from reversing the strong binding affinity for GTP4. In order for RAS to maintain its functionality, the molecule requires a modification with C15 farnesyltransferase when localized in the plasma membrane3. This modification was the target of an active pipeline of farnesyltransferase inhibitors and yielded preclinical responses however limited responses in clinical trials12.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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324,461 |
In this step, the following groups and functions are defined first: two cyclic groups Zp* and Zp in which prime order p is the size of the group, universe of attributes U=Zp*, a collision-resistant hash function H:{0,1}*→Zp*, and two cyclic groups G1 and G2 of size p that are equipped with a bilinear pairing e:G1×G2→GT. Then, the required generators and parameters are emerged as follows:(1)g←G1;g0,…,gwmax←G2;x0,x,y,z←Zp*; where g is a generator of G1, g0,…,gwmax are generators of G2, x0,x,y,z are randomly chosen from Zp*, respectively. Then, we set the following values:(2)X0=g0x0,Xj=gjx+z (∀j∈[0,wmax]); Yj=gj1y.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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173,437 |
A protocol was prospectively developed detailing the specific objectives, criteria for study selection, approach to assess study quality, outcome and statistical methods. We performed a literature search using Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Internet-based sources of Information on clinical trials (clinicaltrials.gov) from January 2015 to January 2020. The Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms “transcatheter aortic valve implantation” or “transcatheter aortic valve replacement” combined with “cancer,” “malignancy,” or “oncology” were used. No language restrictions were applied. Bibliographies of relevant studies and the “Related Articles” link in PubMed were used to identify additional studies. Published abstracts from the annual meetings of the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, Trans Catheter Therapeutics, Society of Coronary Angiography and Intervention, and Euro Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization, were also identified. Studies comparing the use of TAVR in patients with cancer and patients without cancer were included in the meta-analysis. The study received the proper ethical oversight.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
204,794 |
Here, g is the electron g-factor, μ0 is the vacuum permeability constant, μB is the Bohr magneton, tit is the itth time point in microseconds, r is the bin distance in nanometers, and x is the angle between the bulk magnetic field and the interspin vector.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
178,768 |
The discrete-variables parsing algorithm in Section 3 uses only two pieces of CAN traffic samples. By collecting 15 s of CAN traffic each time, a content can be parsed in at most one minute. For five cars in our experiments, we have the accuracy of 100%. Table 3 shows the percentage of parsing units removed by the three filtering conditions of the algorithm in parsing the left turn signal (the engine is not started). The first stage removes a small number of unrelated parsing units. We have most data unchanged when the relevant operations are not performed on the dashboard. The second stage is mainly to prevent the omission of certain parsing units with timing characteristics, which are unchanged in the first stage but changed in the second stage. There are no such units in this filtering process. The condition of alternating times removes most of the parsing units that do not satisfy the condition, and this primarily contributes to the efficiency of the algorithm.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
358,434 |
For the IMRT plan with a fixed irradiation angle, the irradiation field arrangement could be used to establish the corresponding conformal plan to extract the features of the OAR and target. For other diseases using a 5-fields or 7-fields arrangement, the corresponding field arrangement of the conformal plan can be adjusted accordingly. The VMAT plan, which samples many irradiation fields to calculate the dosimetric information, is time consuming. Perhaps, sampling less equally spaced irradiation fields can achieve similar prediction accuracy with 9 equally spaced fields. The difference in prediction accuracy when sampling different equally spaced irradiation fields will be studied in the future.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
376,047 |
Schori wished to point out that if there was only one repository and the one person who was running it died, and registration was required, there would be a period of at least a year when nobody could publish any new names because they there would be no repository to register them in.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
226,402 |
We conducted a retrospective study of 96 female patients who had been newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer and who had undergone primary surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) between January 2015 and March 2020 at Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Japan. Follow-up data and clinical information for all patients were obtained from patients’ charts. The senior pathologists M.F. and Y.K. examined hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and provided histological diagnoses according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. Tumors were staged according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification. Clinical findings related to images obtained from computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography, together with findings related to ascitic or pleural fluid cytology, were used to initially diagnose and stage patients who had NAC. For most patients who had had NAC, histological diagnoses were obtained after the post-NAC debulking surgery. Most of these patients, except those with stage IA disease, received 3−6 cycles of paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, day 1) and carboplatin (5 areas under the curve, day 1) with or without bevacizumab (15 mg/kg, day 1) every 21 days as postoperative therapy or NAC. Patients who manifested resistance to first-line chemotherapy received second-line regimens, which included mainly cisplatin (60 mg/m2, day 1) and irinotecan (60 mg/m2, days 1, 8, and 15). We excluded NAC patients whose cancer cells had marked or complete response to the chemotherapy. Table 1 provides a summary of the clinical data details. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Wakayama Medical University (authorization number: 1825) and was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent for the use of their tissue samples.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
303,722 |
The CO2 spontaneously hydrates in an aqueous solution and the pH decreases. The CA enzyme significantly increases the hydration rate while an inhibitor decreases the rate in a dose-dependent manner until the spontaneous hydration rate is achieved. Experiments were performed using the Applied Photophysics SX.18MV-R stopped-flow spectrometer by following the absorbance change of Phenol-Red pH indicator at 557 nm. The saturated CO2 solution was prepared by bubbling the CO2 gas in MilliQ water at 25°C for 1 h. Experiments were performed at 25°C using 25 mM Hepes buffer containing 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, 0–100 μM inhibitor and 0.4% DMSO. The enzyme concentration in the assay was 20 nM for CA II, 25 nM for CA IV and 40 nM for CA XII. The rates of CO2 hydration were determined from the slopes of raw curves of initial absorbance change. To determine the fraction of inhibited enzyme, the spontaneous CO2 hydration rate was used as a zero, while the CA-catalyzed reaction rate in the absence of the compound—as a maximum value. Each experiment consisted of 17 compound concentrations, 16 prepared by serial ligand dilution and a last one without the compound. Many points ensured precision, and the experiments were not repeated because the values matched the results obtained by FTSA and ITC techniques. The dissociation constants Kd were determined using the Morrison equation as described by Copeland . The equation and the fitting procedure is provided in the S1 File.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
350,102 |
From a modeling and computational perspective, two distinct types of spatial–temporal clustering or hotspot analysis techniques have been developed. The first type is based on various kinds of scan statistics, and has been used with increasing frequency in public health and infectious disease studies . The second type is based on data clustering and its variations, and has found successful application in crime analysis . BioPortal makes both types of methods available through its Web interface. In addition, it allows the user to interactively invoke these methods and visually inspect their results through STV.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
117,684 |
The main causes of residual stress in Al2O3/ZrO2 composites might be classified into three categories, as follows: (i) thermal residual stresses, which arise upon cooling from the manufacturing temperature and are caused by a mismatch in thermal expansion between the constituent phases; (ii) phase-transformation-induced residual stresses, which stem from the (constrained) volume expansion that accompanies polymorphic transformation of the ZrO2 lattice; and, (iii) compositional (or chemical) residual stresses, which might become significantly large when a strong oxygen off-stoichiometry is accumulated onto the material surface (i.e., upon dopant addition and/or through interactions with the environment). Note that thermal stresses (i.e., the above type (i)) in the Al2O3 matrix are expected to be of a compressive nature when the ZrO2 phase in the composite is predominantly tetragonal, owing to a lower thermal expansion coefficient of Al2O3 as compared to tetragonal ZrO2 . On the other hand, as far as stresses of type (ii) are concerned, a stress component of tensile nature should pile up in the Al2O3 phase in order to counterbalance the compressive stress field created in the constrained ZrO2 grains upon their transformation into the monoclinic polymorph (i.e., accompanied by lattice expansion) . Regarding the effect of off-stoichiometry on the stress state of the surface, the rationale has already been given in discussing the trends observed for monolithic Al2O3. The lattice contraction associated with the formation of oxygen vacancies should potentially lead to surface shrinkage, but the constraint operated by the stoichiometrically unaltered sub-surface keeps the surface at its original dimension. The result is a tensile stress field of chemical origin stored within the faulted Al2O3 lattice of the bearing surface . With these notions in mind, one could deduce that since Composites A and B in their as-received state have similar volume fractions of both tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 polymorphs, there is no reason why the residual stress components of the above types (i) and (ii) should differ. Moreover, stresses of types (i) and (ii) could by no means experience strongly tensile magnitudes, which were instead detected in Composite B. This is indeed another quite counterintuitive issue, unless one assumes a significant contribution of stresses of chemical origin (i.e., the above type (iii)) on the micromechanical state of the composite surface.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
353,646 |
The administration of LPS caused an increase in urea concentration in the sedentary + LPS group (p < 0.0001) and in the trained + LPS group (p < 0.0001). The creatinine levels were also increased in the sedentary + LPS (p < 0.001) and trained + LPS (p = 0.001) animals, demonstrating that the dose applied was able to compromise renal function with no differences observed between sedentary and trained animals (Figures 3A,B). In order to analyze whether LPS modulates kidney injury-related gene expression and if the training protocol could interfere in these responses, we checked neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), and both gene expressions were higher when animals received LPS (Figures 3C,D). Regarding NGAL, the increase was significant in trained + LPS (p < 0.01) compared to sedentary + LPS animals. Histological analyses revealed a low injury score, but the animals from the trained + LPS group showed a clear expansion of the tubulointerstitial space (p < 0.05) as shown in Figures 3E,F.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
237,598 |
Next, we performed the second harmonic Hall measurements to evaluate the spin Hall angle30. An alternating current (AC) J = J0sin ωt (ω = 259.68 Hz) was applied to the Hall bar under a sweeping external field along the x direction. We measured the 2nd harmonic Hall resistance \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}}$$\end{document}RH2ω, which is originated from the oscillation of the net magnetic moment under the spin–orbit effective magnetic fields31–33. Figure 2a shows a representative \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}}$$\end{document}RH2ω- Hx curve measured at JBiSb = 3.6 × 105 Acm−2. The second harmonic Hall resistance \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}}$$\end{document}RH2ω can be expressed as331\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}} = \frac{{R_{{\text{H}}} }}{{2}}\frac{{H_{{{\text{AD}}}} }}{{H_{x} - H_{{\text{k}}} (H_{x} /\left| {H_{x} } \right|)}} + R_{{{\text{PHE}}}} \frac{{H_{{{\text{FL}} + {\text{Oe}}}} }}{{H_{{x}} }} + R_{{{\text{thermal}}}} \frac{{H_{x} }}{{{|}H_{x} {|}}}$$\end{document}RH2ω=RH2HADHx-Hk(Hx/Hx)+RPHEHFL+OeHx+RthermalHx|Hx|where HAD is the antidamping-like effective field, HFL+Oe is the sum of the fieldlike and Oesterd field, RPHE is the planar Hall resistance, and Rthermal is the contribution from the anomalous Nernst (ANE) and spin Seebeck (SSE) effects. Note that the contribution of the fieldlike and Oesterd field to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}}$$\end{document}RH2ω is much smaller than that of the antidampinglike field in BiSb34,35. Fitting Eq. (1) to the high field data in the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R_{\text{H}}^{{2{\upomega }}}$$\end{document}RH2ω- Hx curve yields HAD (red curves in Fig. 2a). Figure 2b shows HAD as a function of JBiSb. From the HAD / JBiSb gradient, we can calculate the effective spin Hall angle \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\theta }_{\mathrm{SH}}^{\mathrm{eff}}$$\end{document}θSHeff = \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\frac{2e}{\hbar }M_{{{\text{CoPt}}}} t_{{{\text{CoPt}}}} \frac{{H_{{{\text{AD}}}} }}{{J^{{{\text{BiSb}}}} }}$$\end{document}2eħMCoPttCoPtHADJBiSb = 12.3, where e is the electron charge and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbar$$\end{document}ħ is the reduced Plank constant. Recently, it was reported that CoPt multilayers can generate a “self” spin–orbit torque36. We found that the “self” spin–orbit torque in CoPt can contribute to 13% of the total spin–orbit torque (see Suppl. Info. Section 6). Furthermore, we confirmed that there is no artifact contribution from the asymmetric magnon scattering mechanism (see Suppl. Info. Section 7), as observed in the case of the magnetic topological insulator (CrBiSb)2Te337. Subtracting the contribution from CoPt, we obtain the intrinsic spin Hall angle of BiSb θSH = 10.7, which demonstrates the feasibility of BiSb for ultralow power SOT-MRAM.Figure 2Evaluation of the spin Hall angle by the second harmonic measurements. (a) 2nd harmonic Hall resistance as a function of the in-plane external magnetic field H applied along the x direction. The red curves are the theoretical fitting using Eq. (1). (b) HAD as a function of JBiSb.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
320,823 |
Genetic factors are essential for the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer . Thyroid cancer has the highest heritability (53%) among 15 common cancers, with very low shared environmental effects (1%) . A joint study from five Nordic countries revealed that lifetime cumulative risk of female relatives of PTC patients (2%) is higher than that of males (1%); the more PTC patients a family has, the more risk of thyroid cancer their relatives has; and cumulative risk of thyroid cancer increases threefold in comparison with general population lifetime . Moreover, a study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys showed that factors related to thyroid function, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4), also present high heritability: the narrow-sense heritability for TSH is 54%, and that for free thyroxine (fT4) is 56%; the narrow-sense heritability is higher in females than that in males for TSH; and both TSH and fT4 show negative genetic correlations in females after adjusted for environmental effects . In a twin study including 69 monozygotic and 45 dizygotic adult twin pairs, the environment-adjusted heritability of the thickness of thyroid isthmus and thyroid volume (left and right lobes) on thyroid cancer was 50% and 68–79%, respectively . These evidences reflect the high heritability of thyroid cancer.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
224,624 |
Florida red tides have affected humans since first documented in 1844 (3, 33). However, there is little published data on PbTx concentrations in human clinical samples. One of the most discussed studies reported a range of 42–117 ng/mL total PbTx in urine collected from two individuals presenting NSP symptoms after ingestion of contaminated shellfish (5). Diagnosis of NSP from PbTx ingestion is rare and maybe underreported, but the most commonly reported route of exposure for PbTX is inhalation (2, 12). Since the amount of PbTx inhaled is anticipated to be significantly less than the amount ingested from contaminated shellfish, sensitive methods are needed to measure PbTx in clinical specimens. Our method was designed to detect sub-ng/mL concentrations, reporting PbTx-3 equivalents in plasma as low as 0.0400 ng/mL to support both ingestion and inhalation studies. The reportable limit and specificity were confirmed by the analysis of 50 individual plasma samples with no known exposure to PbTx to assure that all positive results are indeed from exposure and not interferences.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
69,422 |
The propagation of activation from the dorsal to ventral regions of the AI, as revealed by F stimulation, was not fully reproduced by revF stimulation. The so-called isofrequency axis is oriented dorsoventrally, roughly perpendicular to the anterocaudal frequency gradient in the AI of the guinea pig (Hellweg et al., 1977; Redies et al., 1989). It is known that AI pyramidal neurons located along the isofrequency axis are interconnected through their horizontal collaterals (Ojima et al., 1991). Thus, the absence of the dorsoventral propagation of activation by the revF stimulation may be a reflection of weak or no interactions between AI cortical neurons through their intrinsic horizontal connections. An alternative interpretation is also possible. Our results may reflect disturbance of gradually delaying thalamocortical transmission along the AI isofrequency axis (Taniguchi et al., 1992; Wallace et al., 2000; Nishimura et al., 2007). Regardless, either hypothesis would lead to a deteriorated temporal sequence of activation peaks across the AI.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
156,200 |
A total of 185 cores from 94 tissue samples of patients undergoing treatment for PC at Vancouver General Hospital were used to build the TMAs. On an average, 2 (range: 1–4) cores per case were assessed. Mean H-index per case was used for further analysis in case of identical core histopathology. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy received a median of 8 month (range: 2–24) androgen deprivation therapy before RP. Patients with CRPC experienced PSA relapse with castrate testosterone levels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
364,686 |
Patient selection is also particularly based on the disease course. In a retrospective analysis of the European group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), advanced-phase disease at allo-HSCT (defined, in this study, as having received four or more prior lines of systemic therapy) was the most important factor for PFS (Relative risk 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7 to 11.4, P = 0.002) . This suggests that allo-HSCT should be performed before the disease becomes treatment-refractory. Transformed MF is usually associated with an aggressive disease course and short durations of response to therapies , and for this reason, allo-HSCT should probably be proposed early in the course of transformed MF. In a French retrospective study on allo-HSCT in advanced CTCL, including 54% of patients with transformed MF, the estimated 2-year overall survival was 57% (95% CI: 0.41–0.77) suggesting that allo-HSCT is a valuable treatment option in advanced-stage CTCL including transformed MF .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
369,728 |
The behavior for t→∞ reflects only part of the general observations made for the chemical kinetics. Thus, it is interesting to analyze how the other properties (e.g., relaxation to low-dimensional manifolds) are reflected in the statistics. If there is a large gap in the time scales of the slow and fast subspaces, it can be shown that the chemical system relaxes very fast in the direction of the fast chemical subspace, while the slow processes are (to a good approximation) frozen. This results in a simplified evolution equation for the chemical system , and then we obtain for the evolution equation for the PDF (note that we drop the dependence (ψ0,t) to simplify reading):(26)dψdt=Z˜fZfΩ(27)dfdt=−ftrace(ZfZ˜fΩψ), and, for t→∞, we obtain: (28)Z˜sψ=Z˜sψ0(29)0=Z˜fΩ(ψ)(30)f→∞ This means that, according to the fast chemical relaxation process, the PDF evolves such that f(ψ)→0 for ψ∉Mm and f(ψ)→∞ for ψ∈Mm.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
247,288 |
Expectedly, we observed that target natural plant extracts showed to be approximately 20 (cedrol) and up to 154 times (camphor) less toxic for the parasite (referred by LC50) than bithionate sodium. Therefore, exploring existing plant compounds to be used alone or in combination with synthetic drugs, might be useful in aquaculture, especially if administered in the feed.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
326,368 |
Attached type: Miners connect the relationship with other roles by a strong affection, but their perception of R-I was greatly low. In the enterprises, some older employees often showed this trait, who were dedicated and loyal to enterprises, even with fewer resource returns. However, this type of miner cannot provide long-term safety guarantees.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
324,005 |
Fluorescence emission melting experiments: Fluorescence emission melting experiments were performed to monitor the change in the fluorescence intensity when the T30695, TBA, 5′-DMAzo-T30695, 5′-DMAzo-TBA and DMAzo were excited at 255 and 450 nm respectively. The range of temperatures investigated was from 25 to 95 °C in the 5KEW or the 5KEW-TEA blends.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
144,789 |
The cell mortality in each group was assessed via PI (BD Biosciences, USA) staining. The cells were incubated in a six-well plate at the density of 5 × 105 cells/mL. The different groups were treated as described above and then incubated with 5 µL of PI for 10 min at room temperature in the dark. Subsequently, the cells were examined under an inverted fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Japan). Red presented PI-positive cells.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
357,014 |
The mean sizes of the Ag NPs with increasing volumetric portion of IL2 are as follows: Starting with (5.4±2.1) nm for pure IL1, the NP diameter increases to (5.9±2.4) nm for 80 vol.% IL1/20 vol.% IL2, (6.1±2.3) nm for 60 vol.% IL1/40 vol.% IL2, (5.9±2.5) nm for 40 vol.% IL1/60 vol.% IL2, (6.6±3.3) nm for 20 vol.% IL1/80 vol.% IL2 and (6.4±3.3) nm for pure IL2. Additionally, the size distribution broadens with increasing IL2 fraction towards bigger NPs with respect to pure IL1. The biggest NP for pure IL1 has a diameter of 10 nm, whereas the biggest NP for pure IL2 has a diameter of 15 nm. The biggest NPs (22 nm diameter) in this mixture were detected for 20 vol.% IL1/80 vol.% IL2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
32,952 |
Using moderator analyses, it is also possible to examine what factors might be related to gender difference in the level of depressive symptoms. For example, the association between depression and economic status has been well-established (McGrath et al., 1990; Steptoe et al., 2007; Kessler et al., 2009). In addition to a stable ratio of gender difference in major depressive disorder (especially in industrialized countries), people living in poverty have been found to show a higher prevalence of diagnosed depression than those of a higher economic status in the same country (Kessler et al., 2009). However, whether gender difference in the level of depressive symptoms in the general population, if it exists, is influenced by socioeconomic status is largely unknown. Similarly, epidemiological surveys and family studies suggest that the rate of depression has been increasing over the past few decades (Angst, 1985; Klerman and Weissman, 1989; Cross-National Collaborative Group, 1992; Weissman et al., 1993), which may also influence gender difference in the level of depressive symptoms. For example, with epidemiological survey data collected in the United States, Canada, Germany, and New Zealand, Weissman et al. (1993) suggested that gender difference in the rate of depression is decreasing due to the increased prevalence of depression in men. This question has not been addressed in the general population. By including year of publication and socioeconomic status of countries/regions where the study was carried out as moderators, a meta-analysis could address both of the above questions. In addition, taking year of publication as a potential moderator offers us an opportunity to observe whether the expected gender difference in the general population is decreasing or not, since such a trend has been suggested in diagnosed depression (Klerman and Weissman, 1989).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
169,326 |
During the winning condition (contrast MR > WR), one cluster was significantly deactivated in the orbital part of the right medial frontal gyrus. Otherwise, no significant BOLD reactivity was observed in any of the ROIs for any of the other conditions (AR > ΜR, SR > ΜR, PR > ΜR). Task effects by treatment group are presented in Table S2.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
97,474 |
An illustration to describe how the proposed Neural Self-Information Theory can be used to decode cell-assembly patterns from neuronal spike trains. The Self-Information Code is proposed to explain how real-time neural code is generated via spike-timing variability, and how cell-assembly patterns can be identified in an unbiased manner. A general strategy to apply the neural self-information theory to uncover cell assemblies from spike-train datasets. Cell-assembly code is identified in four steps based on the conversion of an individual neuron's spike train into variability distribution of ISIs, followed by its conversion to a real-time self-information value. The temporally coordinated self-information surprisal patterns across cell population can be detected in an unbiased manner by pattern classification methods such as blind-source analyses. The unique feature of this self-information code is that this neural coding principle is completely intrinsic to the neurons themselves, with no need for any reference point to be set by outside observers.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
24,409 |
In Experiment 1, participants' vocabulary was assessed in a battery of seven tests, and their scores on the individual tests and a composite vocabulary score were related to their performance in a visual lexical decision task. An important goal of this study was to explore how strongly the vocabulary test scores would correlate with each other and whether a better prediction of lexical decision performance would be achieved using the composite score compared to individual test scores. The bivariate correlations were similarly strong for most pairs of vocabulary tests with the exception of the correlations involving the multiple-choice antonym test. As the average score and low SD indicate, this test was too easy for the group. The high correlations between the test scores indicate that all of them measure largely the same ability. We did not find higher correlations between tests using the same modality (production or comprehension) compared to tests using different modalities or between tests using the same format (multiple choice or open answer) compared to tests using different formats. However, the open tests were not interview-based measures; they were not fully open as they still provided the participants with word stimuli and specific tasks to perform on them, namely writing down antonyms or synonyms of the given words. This might be the reason why no distinction was found between multiple-choice and open tests, contrary to earlier findings (Gyllstad et al., 2015). The reliability measure Cronbach's α was relatively high for the test battery as a whole.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
390,538 |
Although the usage of apps to monitor and manage health is increasing, it is difficult to find information about the sources used in the development of the apps . In addition, many app developers focus on the usefulness and ease of use of the app instead of the quality of the content included in the app.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
237,213 |
MARC-145 and 3D4/2 cells (porcine alveolar macrophages, PAMs) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (VA, USA) and used in the investigation. MARC-145 cells were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Life Technologies, MD, USA) and antibiotic–antimycotic solution (Gibco Invitrogen Corporation, CA, USA). 3D4/2 cells are continuous porcine cell lines developed from alveolar macrophages in which their characterization and virus susceptibility have been reported elsewhere34. For propagation, the 3D4/2 cells were cultured in advanced RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 4.5 g/L D-(+)-glucose (Sigma–Aldrich, MO, USA), 10% FBS, antibiotic–antimycotic solution, and GlutaMAX. Cells were cultured and maintained in tissue culture flasks at 37 °C in a humidified environment of 5% CO2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
73,168 |
Sex disparities in IV rt-PA use have been reported; however, whether PSCs reduce these disparities is unknown (11–13). Given this, an analysis of IV rt-PA treatment comparing non-PSCs and PSCs across the US would fill a gap in our understanding. When compared with men, women have worse functional outcomes and lower quality of life after stroke (14, 15). While this may be attributable to patient-level factors, such as older age at time of stroke or differences in stroke subtype, there is also evidence that women receive lower quality of care than men, with less efficient stroke evaluation, delay in treatment with thrombolytics, and lower adherence to stroke care quality metrics (16–18).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
116,155 |
Higher energy mobilization in UE-daughters than in SE-daughters could be an adaptation to the unstable social environment, in which UE-mothers lived during pregnancy and lactation. There is good evidence that an unstable social environment is highly unpredictable and consists of frequent social challenges, which is likely to be found in high-density populations in the wild . This condition can be highly energy demanding for individuals, as it requires them to cope with a variety of stressors, what is often related to increased activity of specific behaviors [64, 65]. Consequently, we found higher levels of the energy-demanding behavioral patterns digging and rearing in UE-daughters than in SE-daughters during the social encounter week. In particular, rearing is associated with attentiveness, as it was previously described in wild cavies [30, 55], and it may indicate increased vigilance in UE-daughters, which has been suggested to be adaptive in adverse environments [66–69]. In the wild, a higher vigilance might be advantageous for UE-daughters, as it enhances their chances of detecting approaching predators, which are naturally attracted to high population densities of prey . In comparison, in a low-density population (i.e. a stable social environment), it seems likely that competition levels as well as the frequency of predatory threats are lower. There, an increased vigilance is not needed and is far too energy demanding. Thus, UE-daughters unnecessarily mobilized energy for being active during the social encounter week, which makes them less well adapted to the stable social condition than SE-daughters.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
134,983 |
Differenced in altitude was often related to temperature, climate and vegetation type. Changes in altitude, causing variations in living conditions, may bring about adaptations in functions related to metabolism . Therefore, correlation analyses between gut microbiota functional genes and environmental factors were performed (Figure 3B, Table S4). Our results suggested that 20.4% of the total functional genes in wild sable gut responded to altitude changes, and most of them were metabolism-related genes. Among them, the function of Energy metabolism, Lipid metabolism, and Arginine and proline metabolism were stronger at higher locations (r > 0.50, p < 0.05), whereas carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism showed the opposite trend (r < −0.50, p < 0.05), indicating an adverse effect of higher elevation on some metabolism-related genes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
17,988 |
An example of successful ‘blue business’ that provides ‘proof‐of‐concept’ for exploiting marine chemical diversity in human health is demonstrated by the approval of the marine‐derived medicine Yondelis® (trabectedin) for the treatment of certain types of soft tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancers. This compound has been developed by PharmaMar, a biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology and committed to research and development and taking inspiration from the sea to discover molecules with antitumor activity. Trabectedin belongs to the ecteinascidin family of antitumor compounds and was isolated from the tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Other interesting marine‐derived compounds under development by PharmaMar for treating other cancers provide further evidence that the sea can be an extraordinarily rich source of new medicines with novel mechanisms of actions.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
35,948 |
We used Hayes's (2013) PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 8). We used Model 8 to provide a more stringent test of our hypotheses, by testing (and controlling) for age moderation of the direct path from justice to deviance. In follow up analyses with Model 7, which does not test or control for moderation of the direct effects, the effects reported below remain statistically significant. PROCESS calculates bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals (95%) at 5,000 samples for each indirect effect. PROCESS conducts regression-based path analysis and creates product terms to analyze interaction effects, centering the predictor variables prior to analysis. As PROCESS allows for a single predictor variable, we conducted two analyses, one for distributive/procedural justice, and the second for informational/interpersonal justice. We entered gender, tenure, income, and negative affect as controls (i.e., covariates in PROCESS; see Hayes and Preacher, 2014).
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
278,433 |
In order to reduce our reliance on the CellaVision cell type classifier, we attempted to train a per-cell classifier on all cells regardless of their CellaVision classification (Fig. 1b vii–x). This resulted in improved performance on sample-level classification in the validation cohort when using all cell types even though a model trained on all cells did not generalize as well onto the validation cohort at the per-cell level (Fig. 1b ix,x). When looking at the per-cell predictions by CellaVision cell type, we noted that other cell types carried predictive signatures of APL including platelets (Fig. 1b xi,xii). This finding, while surprising, is consistent with the known propensity of APL to cause bleeding, thrombosis, and DIC. While there are morphological differences in the myeloid compartment between APL and AML, other cell types also provide information useful for distinguishing APL from non-APL leukemia.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
328,343 |
Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10) multiple regression illustration with only two predictors: Godin Index and Nature Exposure total Score (NAS). Missing values in the NAS are visualized in gray. The regression line (in blue) is presented with 95% of confidence interval (gray area).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
34,134 |
Non-compartmental analysis was used to determine individual pharmacokinetic parameters in all periods. Pharmacokinetic parameters including the Cmax, time to Cmax (tmax), oral clearance and volume of distribution expressed as a function of bioavailability (CL/F and V/F) and AUC from time 0 to infinity or until 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after administration were estimated. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated with WinNonLin version 6.4 (Pharsight, Mountain View, CA). All pharmacokinetic parameters of TAC, MPA, and its metabolites estimated from a single dose period were compared with those from the subsequent combination period. Statistical significance was tested with paired t-test or signed rank test based on the result of Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test. Statistical analyses were performed with R software version 3.2.2 (www.r-project.org).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
49,234 |
From Table 2, it can also be seen that at the same sintering temperature, the roughness of the flakes remained almost invariant with the compression force. Yet, at a constant compression force, the roughness of the flakes decreased with increasing sintering temperature, consistent with the results in Fig. 5. Interestingly, at the same sintering temperature, the ZrO2 surface roughness remained almost constant (Fig. 6), independent of the compression force. With increasing sintering temperature, the ZrO2 NPs tended to agglomerate and the surface roughness decreased accordingly. It has been reported that the surface properties play a critical role in the stability and function of bone-rebuilding materials39. Thus, changing the sintering temperature to reduce flakes roughness may enhance the biomedical applications of the ZrO2 flakes.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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