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In this paper, the sub-surface crack distribution characteristics of grinding fused quartz were studied. Further research on the sub-surface crack distribution characteristics is very important for understanding the grinding removal mechanism of brittle materials and the evaluation of the strength of the ground surface. Through layer-by-layer polishing and image process techniques, the characteristics of large-area crack distributions at a certain depth of the ground surface were obtained, and the influence of the change in the abrasive grit morphology on the surface of the grinding wheel on the crack morphology was studied. In addition, the extended finite element simulation of the single abrasive scratching of fused quartz was carried out, and the reasons for the formation of large-area crack distribution characteristics were analyzed.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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194,443 |
I think it would already help a great deal, as I mentioned above, if the authors delved more into the difficulties and risks inherent in transferring an interactive story-completion task to a computerized environment and then subjecting the video-based data to a computerized algorithm.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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35,747 |
(ii) a freely accessible and fully searchable SAS experimental data and model data bank (SASBDB; https://www.sasbdb.org/; Valentini et al., 2015 ▸) has been established to be part of an envisioned federated system of interoperable data banks supporting hybrid data and model validation.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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60,537 |
Although there are some concerns that whether the information in the verbal reports reflects thinking accurately and whether participants would change and alter the course of thought with verbal protocols (see reviews ). We believe that it’s appropriate to ask participants to respond orally in our experiments. In the history of facial attractiveness judgment, researchers asked participants to make their judgments either with keyboard or mouse . For example, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of each face by clicking a mouse on a 7-point scale . Taubert et al. (2016) asked participants to make dichotomous decisions about whether a face was attractive or not based on a brief glimpse of a profile picture and found the assimilative effect of the previous face. However, participants might just repeat their action or they are reluctant to move in a wide range. When participants made their judgments by orally report, they were able to respond without any restraint, and they could correct their answers when they thought their given answers were inappropriate, leading to weaker assimilative effect.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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234,760 |
The cortex grew intensively in H1 cuttings after the use of all rooting enhancers, and their widths were greater compared with the control. In the case of H2 cuttings, a higher mean as compared to the control was noticed as a result of the use of Plant extract only. In the case of H3 cuttings, the means after treatment by Organic preparation, Plant extract, and NAA were higher compared to the control. The use of IBA, NAA, and plant preparation affected the increase of the mean of the width of cortex tissue in H4 cuttings (Figure 4).
| 4 | 0biomedical
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74,792 |
The metagenomic data indicate that the community structure of organisms possessing either nir genes differed between the study sites. The nirK gene diversity was higher at the natural site and the dissimilarity between nirK possessing communities two locations was dominated by replacement process. The nirK-type denitrifiers belonging to the genera Gemmatimonas, Opitutus and Sulfobacillus were dominant in the natural site soil, while the genera Methylocella, Methylotenera, Paraburkholderia, Burkholderia and Ralstonia were predominant at the drained site. The nirS-type denitrifiers belonging primarily to Pseudogulbenkiania, Cupriavidus and Rubrivivax were observed at the natural site, while at the drained site their diversity was slightly higher. Nitratifractor, Sulfurovum, Sulfurimonas and Pyrobaculum nirS-type denitrifiers were dominant at the drained site. According to Graf et al.51, the majority of the abovementioned nirS-type denitrifiers also possess the nosZ gene, while only half of the listed nirK-type denitrifiers have the ability to reduce N2O. At the natural site, in addition to the diverse community of nosZII-harbouring microbes, nosZI gene-possessing genus Rhodanobacter was found to be abundant. The genus Rhodanobacter has been shown to be an important group of denitrifiers in acidic soils52. At the drained site, a diverse community of nosZI-harbouring organisms and nosZII-type denitrifiers (Desulfomonile, Anaeromyxobacter, Opitutus and Diplosphaera) were predominant. The results indicate that the soil C and N content significantly affects the denitrifying community structure in tropical peatland soil. In addition, denitrification ability has been described for several archaea including the genera observed in the studied tropical peatland (Haloferax, Halobacterium and Ferroglobus)53.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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179,217 |
What do the cases in Box 1 have to do with medical professionalism? Case 1 addresses aspects of social justice as a core element of professionalism. Case 2 leads us to emphasize interprofessional professionalism as illustrated in essential and comprehensive discharge planning. The filmed behaviours in Case 3 are surely recognized as unprofessional, but what of the statement?
| 2 | 1clinical
| 1Other
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269,253 |
To summarize, in this systematic review, we answer two primary research questions:RQ1: Which kinds of assistive technologies are available to support target users’ social interactions, including perceiving social signals, and how to involve target users in their system design?RQ2: Which types of the evaluation methods are used in Socially Assistive Systems and how to apply each method in system evaluation?
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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132,009 |
The order of the items has been modified to group similar items (see http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standard-protocol-items-for-clinical-trials/). Title {1}Contralateral surgical exploration during inguinal hernia repair in infants (HERNIIA trial): Study protocol for a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial.Trial registration {2a and 2b}.NCT03623893 [clinicalTrials.gov][registered on August 9, 2018]https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03623893NL7194 [Netherlands Trial Register][registered on July 24, 2018]https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7194NL59817.029.18 [Registry ID: CCMO][registered on July 3, 2018]Protocol version {3}Version 1.8, date 30-06-2020Funding {4}This work is funded by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), grant number 852001903.Author details {5a}Kelly MA Dreuning: Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands.Maurits W van Tulder: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.Jasper V Been: Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.Maroeska M. Rovers: Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands.Jurgen C de Graaff: Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.Markus F Stevens: Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Johannes R Anema: Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Jos WR Twisk: Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.LW Ernest van Heurn: Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, The NetherlandsJoep PM Derikx: Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands.Name and contact information for the trial sponsor {5b}Investigator initiated clinical trial;L.W. Ernest van Heurn (Principal Investigator)e.vanheurn@amsterdamumc.nlRole of sponsor {5c}This is an investigator initiated clinical trial. Therefore, the funder (ZonMw) plays no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
| 4 | 1clinical
| 1Other
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102,261 |
Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) enabled dose escalation to limited volumes and at the same time a reduction of normal tissue complications in external-beam-radiotherapy (EBRT) and stereotactic-body-radiotherapy (SBRT) . The most commonly used technique for pre-treatment imaging is a perpendicularly mounted kilovoltage- (kV) Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (kV-CBCT) [3–5] while Megavoltage- (MV) treatment beam has only been used on a limited basis as MV-CBCT due to reduced soft-tissue contrast and reduced quantum efficiency.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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386,856 |
Rehabilitation strategies for NNMDs should include therapies aimed at improving AROM, however, scientific evidence is scarce (Johnson et al., 2012). The findings of this study provide preliminary evidence regarding the effects of playing Boccia on AROM for people with severe upper limb functional limitation. After the intervention, some positive changes were observed in hand wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. The MBI method showed that both changes were considered very likely or most likely to be beneficial. Interestingly, a strong association between ulnar deviation and wrist flexion range of motion has been observed (Li et al., 2005), suggesting that changes in one movement influences the range of motion in the other. Given that wrist flexion and ulnar deviation are related to spasticity (de Bruin et al., 2014), it could be hypothesized that playing Boccia could be a useful strategy to ameliorate this symptom. In this regard, further research is needed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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42,921 |
Barad’s departure from understanding performativity merely as a concept that addresses action within the constraints of language allows also for an appraisal of how exercises work to assess and develop protocol too. Synthesised with Alexander Galloway and Eugene Thacker’s work on protocol,21 Barad’s work allows for an understanding of protocol not simply as written instructions to which responders in an emergency comply. Instead, protocols are the product of, and actively have a role in governing, the particular intersections between aesthetic forces which invoke the future emergency in the exercise. This is because exercises work specifically to enact protocol and, as such, the aesthetic forces evident in exercises focus on making protocol an object of strategic appraisal. The intersections between aesthetic forces in exercises are thus centred on testing and producing protocol. As a product of exercises, protocol is also emphasised in this article as contingent, as something made and remade through its continual assessment and development in exercises over time.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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146,701 |
3. Figure 6: Fog concentration clearly is anti-correlated with apical constriction, but it is not clear if this is cause or effect. For an apically secreted protein it is possible that apical constriction concentrates apical vesicles that contain this protein, leading to greater intensity. Authors should determine if the accumulation pattern precedes apical constriction.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
75,665 |
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is caused by deficient insulin secretion or poor insulin utilization, with hyperglycaemia as the main symptom. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes has risen rapidly in recent years, especially in developing countries. Diabetes is a chronic, life-long disease that can be accompanied by many complications in its later stages. Most diabetic patients also have abnormal lipid metabolism, and hyperlipidaemia can easily lead to atherosclerosis, which can cause coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction and other serious complications of diabetes . According to the latest data from the International Diabetes Federation, there are currently 4.15 hundred million adult diabetic patients worldwide, and the global cost for the treatment of diabetes and its complications reached $673 billion in 2015. Every 3 s, a person will be diagnosed as diabetic somewhere in the world, and every 7 s, a patient will die because of its complications. Furthermore, many people have abnormal glucose tolerance and without intervention and treatment will have developed diabetes after 5 years. Diabetes has become a public health problem worldwide [2, 3].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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138,896 |
Boc-P85-COOH was synthesized according to a previously reported protocol . Briefly, 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU; 4.6 mL, 3 mmol) was slowly added to a mixture of Boc-P85 (4.1 g, 1 mmol) and succinic anhydride (300.3 mg, 3 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, quenched with water (20 mL), and acidified with an aqueous HCl solution (1%). The yellow precipitate was collected and washed with aqueous HCl solution (1%, 15 mL× 3) and H2O (15 mL× 3) (Boc-P85-COOH, 78%).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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149,188 |
Thus far, we have made the case that studies should estimate the burden of AMR by considering 2 counterfactual scenarios: the S-infection counterfactual and the no-infection counterfactual. To make such a comparison in a cohort study, 3 different cohorts need to be defined: patients with R infection, patients with S infection, and uninfected patients. Conceptually it is easy to distinguish among these cohorts, but translating these concepts into cohort-inclusion criteria and selection methods creates some challenges. Also, AMR burden is often measured as attributable mortality, or a derived outcome like disability-adjusted life-years. Though mortality seems like an objective outcome, it can be measured at different points in time, within differently defined populations. To ensure internal and external validity of burden estimates, the outcome definition should inform the applied analytical approaches, which, unfortunately, is often not the case (48).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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3,833 |
To further assess the accumulative effects of the 4-miRNA signature on risk score prediction, we calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the training, internal, and independent cohorts, respectively. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the AUC for 1- and 2-year OS of 4-miRNA signature were 0.78 and 0.75 in training cohort (Fig. 4a), 0.78 and 0.77 in internal cohort (Fig. 4b), and 0.80 and 0.74 in independent cohort, respectively (Fig. 4c), suggesting that this signature is a stable predictor along with censored survival data. In ROC analysis, the AUC of risk score as categorical variable had no difference with continuous variable to predict trastuzumab response (Supplementary Fig. 5) and ruled out the concern of overfitted cutoff point. We compared the predictive accuracy of the 4-miRNA signature with each of the single miRNA, and the combined signature with the four miRNAs has higher AUC (0.74, 95% CI 0.69–0.81) and higher performance (specificity 73.16%, sensitivity 75.43%) as compared with any of the single miRNA or signature containing only three miRNAs (Supplementary Table 3). The signature was also significantly more specific and sensitive than other single clinicopathological risk factors (P < 0.05), except for the number of metastatic site in the internal cohort (P > 0.05) (Fig. 4d–f).Fig. 4Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under curve (AUC) values. a–c Time-dependent ROC curve in the training cohort, internal cohort, and independent cohort to assess prognostic accuracy; AUC at 1- and 2-year were calculated in the three cohorts according to the 4-miRNA signature, the spanning parameter of the NNE approach was span = 0.25×nobs−0.20. d–f Comparisons of the prognostic accuracy for trastuzumab response by the 4-miRNA signature (high score vs low score), metastatic sites (1, 2, ≥3), age (≤50 vs >50), Ki67 (>15% vs ≤15%), ER status (positive vs negative), PR status (positive vs negative), menopause (yes vs no), and 4-miRNA signature combining metastatic site. P-values showed the AUC of 4-miRNA signature vs the AUC of metastatic sites, age, Ki67, ER status, PR status, or menopause. AUC was calculated, and its 95% CI was estimated using Bootstrap method. The P-values were two-sided and based on Bootstrap test. ER estrogen receptor, PR progesterone receptor, HR hazard ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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2,881 |
In recent years, researchers have invested significant energy in developing more industry-friendly methods of producing recombinant proteins. Non-purified inclusion bodies and CLS have been tested as immunogens against C. perfringens toxins in both experimental and farm animals . Moreira Jr et al. immunized guinea pigs with inclusion bodies and CLS, and they also validated this strategy against botulinum toxins serotypes C and D. Their results enhanced the appeal of non-purified recombinant proteins for use in veterinary vaccine industries. The aim of the current review was to examine the most frequently used strategies to produce recombinant CPA, CPB, and ETX toxins. Additionally, this review accesses the protective potential of the recombinant toxins produced under different conditions for mammalian livestock animals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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341,168 |
Overall, unlike several studies that often include individual “known” beneficial agents, which may underestimate the interactions and signaling between microorganisms and amendments’ supply, this study took into account broader-scale plant microorganisms, including selective native AMF and salt-tolerant rhizobia, and soil amendment with green compost under abiotic stress as a system-based approach in shaping the soil to better understand the plant tolerance and microbial symbionts changes. This would bring us closer to the holy grail in reaching sustainable agriculture under environmental changes. In addition to the below-ground alfalfa-associated microorganisms’ traits, the plant physiology and antioxidant system were integrated in order to identify the system-based response to normal and salt stress conditions. The treatment involving green compost, AMF, and rhizobia strain deems effective, as compared with individual or dual treatments, in improving and preserving alfalfa’s physiological and biochemical traits under salt stress conditions. A possible mechanisms scheme of compost, rhizobia strain, and AMF for inducing salt tolerance in alfalfa by modulating dynamics tolerance expression is presented in Figure 8. The direct mechanisms of biofertilizers include osmolytes accumulation, antioxidant system activation, elevated levels of ROS neutralization, nitrogen fixation, selective uptake of ions, photosynthesis machinery protection, and production of glomalin and EPS-binding cations. These mechanisms lead to increase root length, surface area and root number, and thereby nutrient uptake . The indirect mechanism might include, at least partially, phytohormones, ACC deaminase production, and/or systemic tolerance induction, which counteract on salinity stress and maintain cell turgor and stimulate plant growth. Considering such a current scenario, future research is needed to identify potential stress targets at transcriptional, proteomics, and hormonomics levels.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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156,444 |
The ToM30Q revealed the expected effects regarding correlations with empathy (Blair, 2005; Chapman et al., 2006; Singer, 2006; Lam and Yeung, 2012; Christov-Moore et al., 2014). Unlike in study 1, we observed the expected relationship to gender (Ahmed and Miller, 2011; Gardner et al., 2012; Meneghetti et al., 2012; Ibanez et al., 2013; Wacker et al., 2017). Also as anticipated, we observed a difference in profile between the ToM30Q and a second task that measured false-belief (Rutherford, 2004). The ToM30Q also showed some degree of independence between the four factors we extracted (Moran, 2013). Despite the relative success of our multiple partial validations, the ToM30Q revealed absolutely no evidence of any difference between persons having dyslexia vs. those not having dyslexia. This null result occurred both for the ToM factor and the emotionality factor. The contrast between the false-belief tasks and our ToM30Q can be seen most clearly in Figure 1. This shows no difference in ToM on the ToM30Q but a relatively robust difference on both false-belief tasks (one used with each sample).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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59,868 |
Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the endocrine system resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormone. It has been reported in cancer patients as a possible risk factor for liver cancer . Thyroid hormone affected liver cancer progression in experimental animals, and T3 treatment promoted a rapid regression of carcinogenesis and diminished liver cancer metastasis in a rat model . Moreover, the rate of tumor growth was slower in hypothyroid mice, but the tumors became more invasive and significantly more metastatic . However, the molecular mechanisms and metastasis-inducing factors of liver cancer metastasis in the presence of hypothyroidism are not fully understood. In the present study, T4 treatment significantly abolished the up-regulation of cell migration and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling caused by PGCP knockdown (Figure 4F). Therefore, we suggest that PGCP-mediated T4 accumulation inactivate the Wnt signaling pathway via the induction of DKK4 expression. This mechanism could explain how low concentration of Thyroid hormone may promote liver cancer metastasis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
308,106 |
A549 IRF1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 RIG-I KO clone, and A549 NT cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at a density of 0.5 × 105 cells per well and infected the next morning with Influenza A SC35M reporter virus (SC35MNS1_2A_GLuc_2A_NEP) at an MOI of 0.001 in DMEMINF. Supernatants were harvested 0, 8, 24, 32, 48, and 56 h post infection. The supernatants were stored frozen at −80 °C until further analysis (see 2.6.1 Read-out by Luciferase Assay).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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130,287 |
Long non-coding RNAs are a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not codify for proteins and are emerging as regulators of important cellular functions. Although their ultimate function is not very well known, several studies suggest they are involved in apoptosis, cell migration, and cell cycle, and play very critical roles in gene expression regulation, including gene transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic regulation. Differential expression of lncRNAs has been identified in RCC and normal renal tissue but only a few of these lncRNAs have been studied in depth.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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307,902 |
The manuscript submitted by Liu and colleagues described an interesting observation that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) binds to Wnt ligands Wnt3a and Wnt5a; this binding regulates APP protein level and neuronal development in vivo and in vitro. Authors used multiple approaches to show that APP is a Wnt receptor for Wnt5a and Wnt3a, including the use of a Drosophila genetic model, APP KO, and a neuronal lentivirus-mediated transduction model. They found that Wnt-mediated function requires the region of extracellular Cysteine Rich Domain. Experiments in this study were well designed and the data were compelling. The conclusion is supported by the experimental results.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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127,040 |
We analyzed the effect of TGF-β1 reduced signaling on the expression of synaptic transmission proteins and electrophysiology parameters in the frontal cortex of mice, confronted with data obtained from ALF mice, which presented a thrombocytopenia-linked reduction in circulating cytokine TGF-β1 concentration. In our study, AOM mice, apart from reproducing standard behavioral and biochemical blood parameter alterations of acute HE (data not shown), presented lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia (Figure 1B), frequently reported in patients with ALF and cirrhosis . From a clinical standpoint, thrombocytopenia in liver diseases is often associated with splenomegaly but may also include reduced thrombopoietin released from the impaired liver, and in this way affects platelet production . Lymphopenia is recognized at the early stages of cirrhosis and can be associated with abnormal production of new T lymphocytes and enhanced apoptosis . Additionally, blood analysis of AOM mice with the predominant number of neutrophils in the manual leukogram indicates the increase of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a clinically relevant index associated with severity and mortality of patients with liver diseases .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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113,841 |
The latent class model did not allow isolation of items in specific dimensions. Instead, it revealed conditional positive response patterns associated with the extracted classes, thereby allowing discrimination of subgroups that had not been directly observable in the participating studies. The profiles showed variation in intensity, that is, high, intermediate, and low probabilities for positive responses to the questionnaire. Thus, it was possible to identify traits of the anxious/depressive components, represented by higher probabilities of positive responses given by the workers in relation to items Q6, Q9/10, and Q18/20.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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350,239 |
Face and facial landmark detection has been widely explored and among most effective approaches are active appearance models , supervised descent , or constrained local model , whose implementation is available in the OpenFace suite [42, 43] (OpenFace library is available at https://cmusatyalab.github.io/openface). From the detected landmarks, local appearance-based features, with different variations of LBPs and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) being most common, are extracted and classified to detect particular AUs. In OpenFace, the geometry-based features are coupled with HOG features reduced using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and classified with a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) to detect the AUs —recently, in , this SVM-HOG approach was reported to outperform solutions based on CNNs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
109,027 |
All serum values are expressed as mean ± SEM or median (IQR). After data were tested for normality by the Shapiro–Wilk test, comparison was done either by the unpaired “t” test with Welch’s correction or Mann–Whitney U test. Correlation analysis was done using the Spearman coefficient of correlation. A “p” value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism 5.01.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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146,444 |
Substituting Equation (17) and the adaptation laws (29) into the above equation with consideration of Equations (6)–(8), we obtain:(33)V˙2iσxt,Qxat=σxTt(C2−1C1E˙xt+(ρ1z2t+uztMuxt+Δxt−x¨dt)+αxsxtpxqx)+ℓxφx−1Qxat−Qxσit,V˙2yσyt,Qyat=σyTt(C2−1C1E˙yt+(ρ2z4t+uztMuyt+Δyt−y¨dt)+αysytpyqy)+ℓyφy−1Qyat−Qyσyt,V˙2zσzt,Qzat=σzTt(C2−1C1E˙zt+(ρ3z6t−g+cosϕcosθMuzt+Δzt−z¨dt)+αzsztpzqz)+ℓzφz−1Qzat−Qzσzt,V˙2ϕσϕt,Qϕat=σϕTt(C2−1C1E˙ϕt+(ρ4z12tz10t+ρ5z82t+ρ6Ω¯z10t+ϱ1uϕt+Δϕt−ϕ¨dt)+αϕsϕtpϕqϕ)+ℓϕφϕ−1Qϕat−Qϕσϕt,V˙2θσθt,Qθat=σθTt(C2−1C1E˙ϕt+(ρ7ψ˙tϕ˙t+ρ8θ˙2t+ρ9Ω¯ϕ˙t+ϱ2uθt+Δθt−θ¨dt)+αϕsϕtpϕqϕ)+ℓθφθ−1Qθat−Qθσθt,V˙2σσψt,Qψat=σψTt(C2−1C1E˙ψt+(ρ10z8tz10t+ρ11z122t+ϱ3uψt+Δψt−ψ¨dt)+αψsψtpψqψ)+ℓψφψ−1Qψat−Qψσψt.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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298,679 |
For this study, data on measured activity concentrations of various consumer products containing NORMs from previous literatures and nuclear security commission (NSSC) data were obtained. The data were statistically analyzed using a boxplot, with the lower, median, and upper whiskers serving as input for dose estimation. The boxplot analysis of 238U, 232Th, and 40K are shown in Figure 1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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337,058 |
We tested the ability to improve transcript assembly parameter choices of three alternatives to AUC, which do not rely on the reference transcriptome in simulation where we know the ground truth (see Section S9 and Fig. S4 in Supplementary Data). The metrics we compare with are Transrate (Smith-Unna et al., 2016), “number of reads” mapped to the transcriptome using Salmon, and a linear combination of the previous two metrics and other features.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
6,007 |
The overall score for the assessment of the risk of bias for each included studies (17-19) was evaluated as low, indicating poor reporting and experimental design in accordance with to the Downs and Black scale ( Table 5) (16). The agreement between reviewers was highly reliable with a kappa value of 0.904.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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156,531 |
This study aimed to understand the experiences of OOH staff in addressing these issues, to find out how task-shifting can be implemented to optimise service effectiveness and patient care. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted of qualitative studies on experiences of task-shifting to NMPs from GPs in OOH primary care services.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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172,729 |
This was a small-scale ‘proof of concept’ study conducted within a small budget. Replication would be advantageous with blind psychometric assessment, and controls on who delivers the program—ideally, more than two leaders and more groups, to remove effects of leader(s). Leaders probably cannot be kept ignorant of the hypothesis, for in our experience, they must understand what activities are or are not possible within each Treatment group. But distributing leaders across groups should minimize unwanted leader effects. Objective measures of behavioral change would be preferable to self-report.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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171,661 |
Allergic diseases are a group of disorders caused by aberrant immune responses to harmless allergens and are increasingly prevalent worldwide . Allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic asthma are the most common allergic disorders. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergic diseases implicate the importance of appropriate and balanced immune response towards environmental substances .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
337,246 |
The RNA was isolated from bovine granulosa cells using RNA kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA samples were treated with RNase free DNase I to avoid DNA contamination. RNA degradation and contamination were detected by 1% agarose gels. The RNA concentration was assessed using NanoPhotometer spectrophotometer (Implen, CA, USA). The extracted RNA was stored at − 80 °C and all 12 samples (three from each group) were sent to the company (Gene Denovo Biotechnology Co. Guangzhou, China) for RNA-Seq analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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243,380 |
I also think there needs to be some discussion of what all these metrics mean. There must have been a rationale for including them and it would be useful to explain to the reader how to interpret the measures. For instance what does average saccade deceleration show about the perceptual behaviour of the performer? What does it mean in the context of this task? Otherwise they are just numbers.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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383,742 |
Gingival fibroblasts were serum-starved for 24 h, then treated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h. Cells were further cultured in the presence of 20 μg MDCF-DA (Sigma-Aldrich) for 20 min and imaged with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Fsx100, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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242,556 |
According to the Cancer Genome Atlas, three molecular types of CRC tumors, hypermutated (13%), ultra-mutated (3%), and with chromosomal instability (CIN) (84%), have been identified . CIN-CRC type is associated with inactivation or loss of Adenomatous polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene as an early event in neoplasia development. The hypermutated-CRC type is characterized by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) and is often associated with wild-type TP53 gene mutation . In total, 70% of CRC adenomas are correlated with early APC gene mutation, which usually progress to carcinoma by acquiring KRAS as well as TP53 and SMAD4 inactivated mutations. Moreover, a small subset of sporadic CRC cases has active BRAF mutations . Approximately 15% of CRC have MSI due to either epigenetic silencing of MLH1 or a germline mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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221,186 |
The cataract score of the right eye was selected for statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA (F(3,44) = 4.235, p = 0.010). A Tukey post-hoc test revealed a significantly higher score in adult degus compared with the other groups.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
162,970 |
The Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed with the use of Statistica version 13.3 for Windows. First, the normality of the data for each studied group were checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Then, the Levene’s test was used to check homogeneity of variance. Since all behavioral and biochemical data met both criteria, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for planned comparisons (the so-called contrast analysis) was applied. The latter analysis was performed in the form of two sets of contrasts. Such a statistical approach enables a fairly reliable estimation of the significance of differences between the selected groups with the smallest possible increase in the α level. The obtained results are presented as the means ± SEM (standard errors of the means) and are considered to be statistically significant when p < 0.05. Moreover, in order to demonstrate statistically significant differences between the exploration time of two identical objects by a given rat in the session T1, or between the exploration time of a novel and familiar object by the same rat in the session T2, in each of the tested groups in the NOR test, the Student’s t-test for independent samples was used.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
228,946 |
Another advantage is that 4T-APS structures have pinned PDs, meaning that the PDs are buried deeper into the substrate to prevent traps caused by the interface between the silicon dioxide layer and silicon layer. In addition, the pinned PD is completely depleted, and thus all of the accumulated charges in the pinned PD can be transferred into FD. This pinned PD structure reduces dark current and allows for easy signal transfer to the FD.23 However, one drawback of having the 4T-APS design is that it is more difficult to manufacture. In addition, if there is an incomplete PD-to-FD charge transfer, a lag may occur. Despite these minor drawbacks, our more compact 4T-APS CIS displayed better performance than the previous 3T-APS model.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
6,045 |
Choline is an essential nutrient; that is, together with essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, it must be obtained from the diet to maintain health . Because choline is present in many foods, a variety of diets can satisfy the need for this nutrient. For the purposes of estimating choline intake by people, researchers use a database available at the US Department of Agriculture web site that lists dietary compounds that contain the choline moiety (i.e., free choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and betaine—a metabolite of choline) . Because all of those compounds provide bioavailable choline, studies on choline intake generally refer to the total dietary choline. Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations, issued by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, call for an average daily intake of 7.5 mg of choline per kg of body weight, but are higher during pregnancy and lactation , given the needs of the fetus and nursing baby . Reported pathological effects of low choline consumption include liver dysfunction in adult men , muscle damage , and apoptotic death of lymphocytes . Moreover, higher consumption of choline or betaine (an oxidized choline metabolite and a methyl group donor) in adults is associated with reduced risk of some cancers (reviewed in ).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
293,868 |
Beside mutations in the NES, localization of Survivin can be influenced by substances that interfere with processes or components of nuclear export. Thus, the CRM1 inhibitor Leptomycin B (LMB), used as positive control, led to nuclear accumulation of Survivin-GFP (Suppl. Fig. S3b).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,893 |
The affinity of at-YTH or tg-YTH for RNA or RNAm6A were determined using a MicroCal iTC200 system (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). Experiments were performed at 25°C in 20 mM Tris pH 8, 50 mM NaCl. The YTH proteins solutions (at concentration ranging from 25 µM to 60 µM) were loaded in the calorimetric cell. RNA (at concentrations ranging between 0.6 mM to 0.9 mM) were titrated in the protein sample typically by performing 16 injections of 2.5 µL aliquots. Control titrations were performed by titrating RNA into buffer. The dissociation constants (Kd), enthalpy of binding (ΔH), and stoichiometries (N) were obtained after fitting the integrated and normalized data to a single-site binding model. Data were processed using Origin 7.0 (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). All experiments were performed at least in duplicate to check for reproducibility of the data.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
75,613 |
The mucilage of the nopal comes from the degradation of pectic substances, which are biopolymers composed of polysaccharides such as pectins. Such a composition is useful as a potential feedstock for the production of edible plastic films . The efficiency of an edible film made from cactus mucilage has been proven for coatings on strawberries (Fragaria ananassa). An increase in lifespan was observed without affecting the color and flavor of food , using the extracting pectin with gelling a capacity and a nongelling mucilage fraction from O. ficus-indica cladodes . The sugar composition indicates that all the polysaccharides obtained contain anionic moieties, and galacturonic acid residues . The mucilage isolated from O. ficus-indica, contains arabinose galactose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose and xylose .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
35,429 |
In a S. breviflora desert steppe community, relationships of species–area, abundance–area, and Shanon diversity–area were described as different mathematical functions. Species–area curves as the first pattern at the community level was better fitted by the logistic model rather than the power function. Excluding grazers for six years had significant effects on species diversity patterns at smaller scales. Similar underlying controlling processes on plant species diversity were observed between grazing and enclosure community. Plant species diversity spatial pattern of the S. breviflora desert steppe community may be predictable because of environmental factor has a large contribution on species diversity. Among all environmental factors, soil particle size distribution was closely relation to plant species diversity. Furthermore, soil particle size distribution may play an important role in determining the soil water availability. Thus, for the present studied community, further research should examined the relationships between species diversity and soil water availability.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
24,915 |
All experiments were performed in duplicate or triplicate and repeated independently at least 3 times. Values are presented as means ± SEM. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni tests for comparison of means. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
186,554 |
Among all of these modifications, m6A, which has been reported as early as 1974 3, 4, was considered to be the most prevalent chemical modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs 2, 5, 6. The m6A modification is preferentially enriched around stop codons, 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTR), as well as in long internal exons with the consensus motif RRACH (R = A or G, H = A, C or U) 7, 8. Due to its involvement in various RNA-related bioprocesses, including RNA decay, splicing, transport and translation 9-12, m6A is a pivotal regulator of RNA fate and plays an irreplaceable role in cell differentiation, development, metabolism, stress response and other cellular activities 2, 13-15.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
298,390 |
In total, 50 mM methionine showed potential improvements in collagen PSMs and coverage over conditions without antioxidant. Therefore, the effects of more potent antioxidants including caffeic acid (CA), gallic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (VitC) at varying concentrations on HA digestion were tested. All antioxidants showed significant improvement in sequence coverage of glycoproteins but not of proteoglycans or collagens (Fig. 3). This is coupled with a significant drop in proteoglycan PSMs in comparison to the reference method. A final variable explored was deglycosylation, as improved identification of ECM glycoproteins and proteoglycans has been reported using PNGase F to remove N-linked glycans (20, 36), as well as GAG-digesting enzymes chondroitinase ABC and heparinase II (36, 37, 38). The addition of PNGaseF slightly improved proteoglycan PSMs and sequence coverage over the reference method but also generated slight decreases in collagen PSMs and sequence coverage. PNGase F digestion significantly improved glycoprotein coverage (p = 0.017) but did not improve glycoprotein PSMs (Fig. 3). The addition of GAG removal enzymes (chondroitinase ABC and heparinase II) offered a significant improvement in proteoglycan coverage (p = 0.012) but not PSMs. Improvement in proteoglycan identification was coupled with decreases in collagen (p = 0.0044) and glycoprotein (p = 0.0002) PSMs, causing GAG removal to result in overall worse ECM characterization than the reference method (Fig. 3). When comparing deglycosylation (PNGase F) of both the Gnd-HCl and HA fractions, in general similar trends were observed when compared with the reference method for PSMs and sequence coverage of proteoglycans (supplemental Fig. S7). However, improvement of proteoglycan coverage with the addition of PNGase F was highly significant (p = 0.00082) when the Gnd-HCl fraction was taken into account.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
251,306 |
Patients with CHD show a higher risk of heart failure later in life than patients born with grossly normal hearts . One study showed an overall prevalence of heart failure of 26% in a cohort of patients with surgically corrected CHD . While the highest risk of heart failure is in patients with morphologically right ventricles exposed to systemic pressures, even patients with isolated ventricular septal defect are at higher risk of systolic and diastolic dysfunction 30 or more years after surgical repair . This suggests that either a factor of the surgery can produce ventricular dysfunction decades later, such as the residual scar tissue, or else that a common etiology for both the CHD and ventricular dysfunction exists.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
2,884 |
The first studies involving the cloning and expression of the gene encoding CPA determined the nucleotide sequence and protein molecular weight of CPA . This way, a 28-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide was identified, as well as some biochemical properties of the toxin were described. Many strategies have been employed in an attempt to obtain a non-toxic version of CPA for vaccination, the most common of which are site-directed mutagenesis, isolation of the strains that naturally produce non-toxic CPA, expression of only the N- or C-terminal domain, expression of chimeric toxins, and expression on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores (Table 2) .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
189,953 |
The pandemic, however, impeded the access to families and consequently their participation in the study. We believe this was a limiting factor which may have excluded important views and perspectives that could have contributed largely to the richness and quality of this material. While the study focused on the common patterns/pathways as perceived by the home visitors, we are certain that more extensive research with families would add new levels of understanding of an even larger diversity of individual and communal pathways to health inequities.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
286,270 |
(B) Model of odor input from ORN (see Equation 4), having time-varying mean μ(t) (top) and 3 ways to set variance of ORN inputs (bottom): (1) fixed but small σ (Smaller σ (fixed)), (2) step increase from spontaneous to evoked state, except for GCs (σ Vary in Time), and (3) large fixed σ (Larger σ (fixed)). The smaller and larger fixed σ values match the spontaneous and evoked values when σ varies in time.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
222,077 |
Kinematic data were collected to characterize subjects' locomotor movements on the treadmill and overground. A motion analysis system (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK) was used to collect kinematic data at 100 Hz. A quintic spline interpolation was used to fill gaps in the raw kinematic data (Woltring; Vicon Nexus Software, Oxford, UK). Subjects' movements were tracked via passive reflective markers placed bilaterally over the hip (greater trochanter) and ankle (lateral malleoulous) and asymmetrically on the thigh and shank to distinguish the legs. The duration of treadmill trials was defined by real time kinetic detection of heel strikes whereas the duration of overground trials was defined by elapsed time. Heel strikes were identified with raw vertical kinetic data collected from the instrumented treadmill (Bertec, Columbus, OH, United States). Given that force data was only available during treadmill trials, but not overground trials, the greatest forward excursion of the ankle was used to identify heel strikes post-processing so that the same heel strike detection could be used across treadmill and overground walking epochs as had been previously done (e.g., Torres-Oviedo and Bastian, 2010, 2012; Sombric et al., 2017).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
387,749 |
The addition of neurotrophins to control cultures (OPCs on laminin) did not influence the time course of process outgrowth. On laminin, the differentiation of OPCs proceeds quickly (Figure 1), with noticeable morphological changes evident daily. While neurotrophins such as CNTF and NT‐3 may stimulate the differentiation of OPCs plated on substrates such as polylysine (Barres et al., 1996; Du et al., 2003; Heinrich et al., 1999; Yan & Wood, 2000), there were no identifiable or significant effects observed with the addition of any of the growth factors on the time course of OPCs differentiating on laminin (data not shown).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
297,243 |
The most common signs and symptoms were blurred vision (81.8%) and gastrointestinal symptoms including vomiting (51.9%) and nausea (49. 1%). The outbreak group had a statistically higher diastolic blood pressure (P =0.005) and respiratory rate (P =0.027), and lower temperature (P =0.004) at the time of admission but the differences were not clinically significant (Table 1).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
70,327 |
As shown in Table 1, the RMSEA coefficient assessment of the four-factor CAMI model’s fit was excellent; however, its fit was less satisfactory according to its CFI and TLI values. Interestingly, the loading between item 6 and the Authoritarianism factor was not significant. A modified version, discarding this problematic item yielded a similar fit but all expected factor loadings were supported (see Figure 1). Factor correlations were very high overall, suggesting that all items could potentially be explained by one dimension. On the basis of CAMI’s 25 items, an alternative, simpler, one-factor model was estimated and compared to the four-factor version. Model fit seemed slightly less adequate than the four-factor solution. Because these models were statistically nested, they could be compared using a robust chi-square difference test. The result confirmed that the four-factor model had a significantly better fit than the one-factor model and should, therefore, be preferred (Δχ2 = 40.982, Δdf = 6, p < 0.001).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
98,981 |
To validate the final, non-rejected model (H3), we used the model to predict an experiment not used in model fitting. We simulated the response to stimulation with Iso (and control) followed by oligomycin, i.e. the reversed order of stimulations compared to Fig. 4c. The predicted response with uncertainty is showed in Supplementary Fig. S5D. We performed the corresponding experiment in BMP4-treated cells (Supplementary Fig. S5E) and found the prediction to agree with and overlapping the experimental data (Fig. 4f). This finding supports the final model.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
200,644 |
Information on hospitalization status was available for 28,669/35,458 (80.9%) cases. Whereas patients with EM and LA were hospitalized in only 0.8% and 6.6% of cases, respectively, the hospitalization rate was relatively high among NB cases (85.6%). Among those cases with information available (29,273/35,458), 16,388 (56.0%) recalled a tick bite prior to LB infection. Information on the B. burgdorferi species was available for 8.0% (2,830/35,458) of reported LB cases. Of these, 2,599 (91.8%) were classified as B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Among cases with further specification of B. burgdorferi isolates (231/2830), the most common species found was B. burgdorferi s.s. (115/231; 49.8%), followed by B. afzelli (87/231; 37.7%), B. garinii (13/231; 5.6%), B. bavariensis (9/231; 3.9%), and B. spielmanii (7/231; 3.0%).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,896 |
Total RNAs were extracted and purified using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen). RNA quantity and quality were measured by NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific). RNA integrity was assessed by standard non-denaturing 1.2% TBE agarose gel electrophoresis. The mRNA extraction was done using the Dynabeads mRNA purification kit (Thermofisher ref n° 61006) and starting with 80–100 µg of total pooled extracted RNA (from two separated extractions per condition) and following the manufacturers guidelines. Final mRNA yield measurements were done the Qubit HS RNA kit (Thermofisher ref Q32852).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
28,837 |
Osteoprogenitor cells from non-sclerotic and sclerotic subchondral bone (n = 6, three donors, knee osteoarthritis) were expanded through passage 3–5 in complete medium supplemented with 2.5 ng/mL FGF-2. One million cells were seeded on porous hydroxyapatite cylinders (Engipore, Finceramica-Faeza, Faeza, Italy) and implanted into subcutaneous pouches of nude mice (CD-1 nude/nude, Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH, USA). Four pouches were implanted per mouse with duplicate grafts per donor. After eight weeks, mice were euthanized and grafts were explanted and immediately fixed in formalin for two days.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
353,665 |
As described before, the major source of LPS is Gram-negative bacteria that are part of intestinal microbiota. Once released by cellular division or death, there are several mechanisms to limit the entrance of LPS into the bloodstream. The main organ related to LPS detoxification is the liver, through enzymes expressed on hepatocytes (ALP) and Kupffer cells (AOAH). Alkaline phosphatase cleaves the phosphate groups of lipid A, leading to a non-toxic molecule, while AOAH promotes LPS deacylation, thus reducing the activity and practically inactivating LPS (Guerville and Boudry, 2016).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
123,544 |
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive glioma type, affecting ~17,000 patients per year. Treatment failure of glioblastoma may be due to tumor heterogeneity and treatment resistance of cancer stem cells, triggering disease recurrence . Several studies have indicated that m6A in RNA is associated with tumorigenesis and progression of glioblastoma . Overexpression of METTL3 or inhibition of the RNA demethylase, FTO, is known to suppress GSC growth and self-renewal. Moreover, suppression of FTO causes tumor regression and promotes survival rates in GSC-grafted mice. Several oncogenes, including ADAM19 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19), EPHA3 (EPH receptor A3), and KLF4 (Kruppel like factor 4), are upregulated in METTL3 or METTL14-depleted GSCs, and conversely downregulated in GSCs with METTL3 or METTL14 overexpression .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
390,102 |
Integrating SMBP into routine hypertension care is important and collaborative partnerships between care delivery organizations, public health agencies, and community organizations may make this practice more sustainable. Further, collaborative care models to support SMBP may be an important step in developing medical and community partnerships that promote health and well-being and broaden the locus of care to help people in their daily efforts to improve their own health.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
374,919 |
Another limit of previous techniques is the impossibility to exhaustively sampling all double mutants in the limited libraries that can be screened in complex systems like human tissue cultures. Structure determination with the previous methods would only be achievable if the libraries were biased to massively reduce diversity. Therefore previous strategies are best suited to small proteins, or to protein systems where the directed evolution strategy can handle large libraries, such as in the case of the GB1 domain (Olson et al. 2014). CAMELS employs instead multiple rounds of mutation enrichment to compress the variability in a library of few hundred thousand elements. This solves the problem of limited library diversity and has the potential to be of practical value to investigations of moderately sized proteins in systems where the library size is an important constraint.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
362,291 |
Established ART clients had over 3 times greater odds of achieving viral suppression after Treat All roll-out compared to established ART clients assessed before Treat All [AOR: 3.1 (1.6–5.9)]. There was no statistically significant difference among established ART clients between the before and after Treat All periods with regard to rapid initiation, loss to follow-up, or missed scheduled appointment (Table 4).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
349,823 |
The vast majority of studies looking at the response to IR in fungi, however, have been done using either X-rays or γ-rays. These types of IR are not entirely indicative of most situations that are encountered in the clinic or in the field. Radiation treatments, nuclear accidents, and environments with high background IR (e.g., outer space), almost never contain a spectrum of pure γ- or X-rays. Rather, they involve ionizing particles of higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) (Cucinotta and Durante, 2006). RBE refers to the ability of a type of IR to damage cells relative to a similar dose of γ-rays, while LET refers to energy transfer to a medium an ionizing particle produces per unit of track length. The distinction in the biological effects between high and low LET IR sources may be great, as charged particles are known to cause distinct types of DNA damage (e.g., more complex and clustered lesions), and could interact with other cellular structures (e.g., cell membranes, proteins, organelles, and melanin) to a greater extent than IR from photons (Ward, 1988; Hada and Georgakilas, 2008). For example, carbon ion (high LET) induced specific mutations in the S. cerevisiae and the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa when compared with lower LET irradiation sources [X-rays or γ-rays (Ma et al., 2018; Matuo et al., 2019)], and irradiation with high or low LET sources produce different cell killing rates based on strain melanization status in C. neoformans (Pacelli et al., 2017a).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,215 |
From the results of the pre-test analysis above, it can be understood that the pre-test questionnaire did not delete any items through item analysis, and then the reliability analysis revealed that the values of the indicators met the criteria for the questionnaire, and therefore, the pretest questionnaire could be used as a questionnaire for the formal survey. The final Social Attachment Questionnaire consisted of 16 items.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
88,304 |
Sectoral dynamics and core-periphery structure: Chart of the 65 sectors (horizontal axis) in the 27 countries (vertical axis), showing the evolution of the core-periphery structure over two snapshots, 2008–09 and 2015–16. Interpretation: x → y implies x in 2008–09 became y in 2015–16 (x, y ∈ {core, periphery}). Visual inspection reveals that Finance (FN) and Industries (ID) sectors are frequently occurring in the core across almost all countries. Sectoral abbreviations given in the Table 1 in Materials and Methods. Also, countries like Canada (CAN), Finland (FIN), France (FRA), Philippines (PHL) and Sweden (SWE) maintain a stable core-periphery structure with no change, whereas the rest of the countries show different degrees of change in the core-periphery structure.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
179,449 |
The case described herein demonstrates a unique approach leading to optimized antidepressant therapy in a patient. This approach consisted of a clinical pharmacist performing a PGx-informed assessment assisted by the proprietary clinical decision support system (CDSS), MedWise™ which has been described elsewhere . This CDSS incorporates PGx results in combination with the medication regimen to support the clinician on the identification of clinically significant DDIs, DGIs, DDGIs, and drug-induced phenoconversion. Other clinical factors are also considered to provide recommendations to optimize antidepressant therapy.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
367,518 |
First, as demonstrated in our empirical examples and argued above, ‘bigger is not always better’ when it comes to selection of instruments for glycaemic MR studies. Above we show that in some cases glycaemic instruments with fewer SNPs may be stronger and thus, more robust for use in MR when it comes to trying to minimise the important issue of ‘weak instrument bias’. This is the case for both HbA1c and diabetes, with the HbA1c instrument being superior. We therefore recommend that researchers do not assume that the latest and largest GWAS will always yield the best genetic instrument for these exposures and that careful consideration should be given to which GWAS is selected for the exposure. Genetic variants identified in older GWA studies may of course also be pleiotropic. Thus, researchers might choose to empirically test this in their MR study by for example, performing a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS). However, it is important to note that instrument selection will likely have to balance choosing an instrument with a larger number of genetic variants (greater R2=total strength), but potentially with smaller average strength (lower F-statistic). When prioritising the former, it is more likely that the instrument will include pleiotropic variants, which violates a core MR assumption. If the latter is prioritised it is possible that the total instrument strength may be weakened, as fewer variants often yield a larger F-statistic, but with lower variance explained in the exposure (R2). However, it is also important to note that more variants provide opportunities to run more robust methods, including common sensitivity analyses such as the MR-Egger test. For the HbA1c instrument exemplified above in the UKB cohort, however, when we partitioned by glycaemic vs. erythrocytic variants the R2 remained at 1% for a small number of SNPs. Therefore, this example is a demonstration of an integrated approach that considers the total and average strength of the instrument, alongside biological function of the variants. In addition, another way to avoid pleiotropy is to use an approach such as that of Luo and colleagues (75), who adjusted for erythrocytic properties to control for unknown sources of pleiotropy.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
232,083 |
The overall survival rate of samples was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of the difference in survival rate among different groups was analyzed by log-rank method. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences of infiltration of immune cells between different sample groups, with p < 0.05 as the significant threshold. Statistical analysis was performed with R software v3.5.2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
388,442 |
The phantom was immersed in a water tank with its surface 19.5 mm from the transducer face. For this condition, the focal illumination region was at the phantom surface for θi = 0°, considered as the smallest possible angle (see Figure 3). Then, for each illumination angle, two PA subframes were acquired and the angle was varied n times in steps of Δθ until the n-th angle was achieved (6)θn=θmin+nΔθ.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
21,217 |
The other cupin 2 domain-containing protein (MIM_c14530), which attracted attention during proteome analysis, was considerably smaller and exhibited only about 21% amino acid similarity to that of MsdoB4. Moreover, the adjacent genes differ from the previously mentioned genes found in the neighborhood of MsdoB4. Furthermore, this protein showed also an increased expression when the cells were cultivated with the other organic sulfur compounds.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
390,351 |
Meadows invaded by Solidago plants seem to create more homogeneous environment thus we hypothesize lower behavioral trait variation of workers and colonies from this habitat type compared to ants living in seminatural meadows. According to the results of other studies (e.g., Modlmeier and Foitzik 2011; Maák et al. 2019), we also assumed that habitat and colony characteristics, mostly nest density and colony size will strongly influence both behavioral trait variation and plasticity of individuals and colonies. We also expected that the level of rIIV differs between habitats. As previous studies suggest, a positive interaction between individual state and rIIV exists (DiRienzo and Montiglio 2016; Lichtenstein et al. 2017), thus we expect larger individuals to express higher rIIV. Moreover, we hypothesized that habitat type will affect the behavioral types of workers and colonies and that functionally different behavioral traits will show different behavioral syndromes on individual and colony levels. Finally, we assumed that because of various selective pressures occurring in two habitat types, the effect of different behavioral traits on colony productivity will be different between the two habitat types. We assumed that in seminatural meadows, as a response to intraspecific competition, colonies with higher aggression level will have higher productivity, whereas in the invaded meadows, higher exploration skills and activity of workers will enhance the productivity of Myrmica colonies.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
98,132 |
There is considerable confusion about the use of terminology in this area. A number of different terms are often used synonymously with involvement, such as engagement or participation, while the terms patients and the public are also used interchangeably with ‘citizen’, ‘consumer’, ‘layperson’ or ‘service user’. These conceptual differences have emerged from disparate traditions social movements, policies and practices to describe the involvement process.30 They have also been used to imply a greater or lesser level of involvement, power or influence in decision-making processes within an organisation. However, this language does not always reflect the underlying ethos of these involvement activities.31 In the absence of a consensus on terminology, we define involvement as an activity that is done ‘with’ or ‘by’ patients or members of the public rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them.32 This definition reflects the fact that the involvement process has increasingly come to be seen as a process of partnership: ‘…the active participation of patients, carers, community representatives, community groups and the public in how services are planned, delivered and evaluated. It is broader and deeper than traditional consultation. It involves the ongoing process of developing and sustaining constructive relationships, building strong, active partnerships and holding a meaningful dialogue with stakeholders’. (p9)13
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
7,083 |
The paper proceeds as follows. I begin in Section 2 by distinguishing two types of explanatory question, which are the explanation of a syndrome in general and the explanation of the clinical presentation of a particular patient with appeal to a diagnosis. Using MDD as a case study, I explore the potential challenges that psychiatric disorders pose for these explanatory questions. While philosophers of psychiatry have offered promising approaches to the first kind of explanation that handle the challenges of heterogeneity and multilevel complexity, these problems continue to affect the second kind of explanation. Nonetheless, I argue in Section 3 that even though psychiatric diagnoses may turn out not to pick out homogeneous causal essences, there are other ways in which they might offer causal explanatory information. I suggest that some can provide negative information that excludes certain causes, some can provide partial explanations involving possible causal processes, and some can provide information about the causal relations between the symptoms themselves.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
289,274 |
The β-1,3-glucans biosynthetic pathway (Figure 6) starts with the formation of glucose-1-phosphate catalyzed by the phosphoglucomutase (PGM), which transfers the phosphate of the glucose-6-phosphate from position 6 to 1. The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) is catalyzed by the cytoplasmic UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) (Kroth et al., 2008). Then, UDP-glucose serves as a substrate for the linear polymerization catalyzed by the activity of β-1,3-glucan synthase (BGS, single gene). This reaction generates a linear β-1,3-glucan that can be further processed to β-1,3/1,6-glucan polymer, which is called chrysolaminarin. The last reaction is catalyzed by β-1,6-transglycosylases (TGS, 3 genes). The chrysolaminarin breakdown to glucose molecules is carried on by endo- and exo-β-glucanases (endo-BGS, exo-BGS) (Figure 6). Small oligosaccharides are further hydrolyzed to glucose by the activity of β-glucosidases (BG), glucose feeding the central metabolism.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
274,162 |
Energy transfer from triplet states via Dexter electron exchange can, in principle, be blocked by the typical activity of antioxidants—ground-state electron transfer. This activity is the transfer of one electron from the quencher to the excited molecule, resembling half of a Dexter exchange (Figure 6B). A model for the flavonoids is provided by the observation that triplet riboflavin (3Rbf) can be deactivated by the polyphenols rutin, catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate in a concentration-dependent manner . The triplet deactivation was by transfer from the polyphenol to 3Rbf of either a hydrogen atom (H•, i.e., an electron accompanied by a proton) or just the electron. This ground-state transfer produces a polyphenol radical and a (doublet) riboflavin radical (2Rbf, i.e., the radical 2Rbf•) . Filling the ground-state vacancy left by the riboflavin’s excited electron may prevent Dexter exchange, blocking that mode of energy transfer to DNA and thereby preventing dCPD formation. The high energy electron remains on the riboflavin, which can still be considered excited. Doublet riboflavin (or in our case DBAS•) can then donate the extra electron (and proton) to an electron acceptor, which in the case of ambient O2 would result in the reactive oxygen species superoxide, O2•− . These ground-state transfer reactions are also not a desirable property for a triplet-state.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
161,062 |
These wetting behaviors are important and make them suitable for various applications in which these kaolinite films deposited by PLD and MAPLE can be used as active surfaces by functionalization or grafting with hydrophilic groups, as a support for use such as a sensor for protein detection, or as composite materials for temperature sensor and food packaging including.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
80,024 |
HEK-293T, HeLa and Jurkat cells were obtained from American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC), Ghost-CXCR4 (X4) cells were from AIDS Reagents and Reference Program of the NIH. HEK-293T, HEK-293TABIN1-KO, HeLa and Ghost-X4 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM). Jurkat cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium. Culture media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml), while for Ghost-X4 cells, G418 (500 μg/ml), hygromycin (100 μg/ml) and puromycin (1 μg/ml) were added additionally. HEK-293TABIN1-KO cells were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system from HEK-293T cells. Briefly, guide RNAs targeting the third exon of ABIN1 on the genome was constructed into pLenti-CRISPR-V2 plasmid , and then transfected into HEK-293T cells. 48 hpt, the transfected cells were screened with puromycin (1.5 μg/ml), followed by mono-clonal screening in 96-well plate. The ABIN1 knockout strain was determined by Western Blot and genome sequencing. Primary CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated and activated as described .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
45,211 |
Effect of Mangifera indica leaf extracts on liver marker enzymes (A) Aspartate transaminase and (B) Alanine transaminase levels in tissue of control and experimental mice. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM for six mice in each group, Dunnett’s, values are statistically significant at ap < 0.05 vs control group; bp < 0.05 vs HgCl2 group and "nonsignificant vs control group
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
38,466 |
MiaPaCa-2, HPAC, AsPC-1, and PANC-1 PDAC cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA) and maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. Colo357 and L3.6pl PDAC cells and human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cells were obtained from MD Anderson Cancer Center and cultured in DMEM/FBS or keratinocyte serum-free medium supplied with 5 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor and 50 μg/mL of bovine pituitary extract (Invitrogen). The cell lines have been tested and authenticated in core facility Applied Genomics Technology Center at Wayne State University. The method used for testing was short tandem repeat (STR) profiling using the PowerPlex® 16 System from Promega (Madison, WI). XPO1 inhibitor selinexor (Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA) was dissolved in DMSO to make a 1 mM stock solution. Anti-EGFR (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-c-Myc (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), anti-MT-MMP (Cell Signaling), anti-MMP1 (R&D Biosystems, Minneapolis, MN), anti-Pak4 (Santa Cruz), anti-p21 (Millipore, Billerica, MA), and anti-β-actin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) primary antibodies were used for Western Blot analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
325,372 |
In an attempt to facilitate the consistent simulation of databases for a wide range of atmospheric RTMs, we developed the Atmospheric Look-up table Generator (ALG). ALG is a MATLAB-compiled software package that allows generating look-up tables (LUTs) based on a suite of atmospheric RTMs. Namely, a LUT consists of a collection of input atmospheric conditions and corresponding generated RTM spectral outputs (see Sect. 3.3 for further details). ALG provides consistent and intuitive user interaction for defining model configuration and running and storing RTM data for any spectral configuration in the optical domain. The main objectives of this paper are therefore to (1) describe the ALG tool from a functional and software design perspective, thereby giving the reader an overview of the implemented features and generated LUT data; and (2) perform a comparison study between the models implemented in ALG: MODTRAN (v5 and v6), 6SV v2.1, and libRadtran v2.0.2.
| 3 | 2other
| 0Study
|
58,829 |
To obtain λk,jϕ, we minimize the cost function with respect λk,jϕ and set it to zero which results:(46)λk,jϕ=1Hk,jϕ provided that Hk,jϕ≠0. However, it has been observed in many cases that optimizing the factor matrices with β-divergence and the sparseness in Equation (46) increases the likelihood for some Hk,jϕ to converge very close to zero, thus leading to numerical divergence when dividing by zero. Other practices introduced a small constant to Hk,jϕ to prevent direct division by zero. Unfortunately, such approach is identical to constant sparsity and no longer preserves the L1-norm optimal solution. In this paper, we adopt the maximum likelihood approach to formulating the adaptive estimation of sparsity parameter λk,jϕ. Considering the following maximum likelihood criterion :(47)λML=arg maxλlnp(v|λ,Wˇ) where lnp(v|λ,Wˇ) is the log-likelihood conditional probability of the observations given Wˇ and λ. By using the Jensen’s inequality, for any distribution Q(h), the log-likelihood function satisfies the following:(48)λML=arg maxλ∫Q(h)lnp(v,h|λ,Wˇ)dh=arg maxλ∫Q(h)(lnp(v|h,Wˇ)+lnp(h|λ))dh=arg maxλ∫Q(h)lnp(h|λ)dh
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
168,163 |
In some cases, Equation (2) can be further simplified. For example, for wide band transducers TF(Tx) ≈ TF(Rx). Under spike excitation and for pulser bandwidth much larger than transducers bandwidth, it can be assumed that [Spulser]∗ ≈ cte = A, at least within the transducer’s frequency band. Finally, for a receiver with flat frequency response, G in Equation (2), can be considered cte. Then Equation (3) can be simplified:(4)FFT(Sref)=A×G×TF(Tr)2×TF(fluid−gap)×TF(receiver∗),
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
327,899 |
Lung function, BMI, use of antibiotics, sweat Cl, and microbiology were evaluated in the 12 months before starting Ivacaftor and every 3 months during the follow up. Mean treatment duration was 11.3 ± 6.9 months. 10/25 pts had therapy for greater than one year.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
186,230 |
The Amathole region is a transition zone between two of the six defined marine Ecoregions of South Africa: the Agulhas (South Coast) and Natal (East Coast) Ecoregions18. The Agulhas Ecoregion is characterised by warm temperate waters, the widest margin of the country’s continental shelf (up to 240 km) and several reef complexes that hold the highest number of the country’s endemic fish species15. Distinguishing features of the Natal Ecoregion include subtropical waters, a narrow continental shelf (5–50 km), high riverine input, steep shelf-edges with numerous incising canyons, complex oceanographic patterns (upwelling cells and cyclonic eddies) driven by the dominant Agulhas current15. Apart from our surveys, which were prioritised to inform MPA placement prior to increasing coverage in 201917, the area is largely unexplored as it has treacherous sea conditions. Strong currents persist throughout the area due to the Agulhas current being funnelled nearshore by the narrow continental shelf23. Furthermore, increased regulation on fisheries, particularly the commercial linefish sector, in response to depletion24,25 resulted in a substantial decrease in commercial fishing effort in the Amathole area over the past two decades26,27. Subsequently, commercial landings data have decreased to such an extent that it is no longer a reliable source of information on fish distribution and abundance in the area, and alternative data collection methods are required.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
|
340,115 |
For adhesion and invasion screening, all 127 Salmonella isolates were GFP labeled by transformation with pFPV25.1 or pFPV25.1Kan. Electrocompetent bacteria were prepared as described previously (70), with some modifications. After transformation with plasmid, single colonies were restreaked on fresh Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates (with appropriate antibiotics). Cultures were prepared in 1 ml of LB (with appropriate antibiotics) in 2-ml Eppendorf tubes and grown for 16 h, and glycerol-based cryostocks were prepared from these cultures.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,398 |
A consensus matrix was constructed for every pair of {graph construction scheme—community detection algorithm} that showed high test–retest reproducibility across the cohort (group‐averaged NMI > 0.9). We quantified how many times two nodes across the 74 SBNs (37 participants x 2 scans) were classified in the same community and this entry, ti,j, was assigned to the relevant pair of nodes. The consensus matrix has the same dimensions as the original SBN (90 × 90 in our case) with entries assuming integer values between 0 and 74 {37 participants x 2 scans}, which were then transformed to denote the probability of a pair of nodes (brain areas) being classified as belonging to the same community across the cohort and scan sessions. We converted the consensus matrix into a probability one by dividing each entry by 74.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
55,112 |
Patients with tumours arising in the head and neck frequently present with cervical lymphadenopathy and no evidence of a primary tumour. In our study, HR HPV was strongly associated with tumours arising in the oropharynx. Specifically, a positive HR HPV assay was 100% specific and had a 100% positive predictive value for p16 positive oropharyngeal tumours. In contrast, a positive HR HPV assay had a 96% negative predictive value for tumours arising from a non-oropharyngeal site. Such a result would be particularly useful in the situation where a primary tumour is not identified or an involved lymph node is inaccessible. In this case, a positive HR HPV assay could guide the surgeon to explore the oropharynx and could potentially act as a surrogate marker in the event that a primary tumour is not found and other tissue is unavailable. Also, in situation where confirmation of a base of tongue tumor is required, use of this test could replace the need for a general anaesthetic for tissue confirmation. Finally, several recent studies have shown that a saliva-based assay can be used as a post-treatment surveillance tool because the presence of HPV DNA after treatment is associated with a higher risk of recurrence [22–24]. While the sensitivity of our assay was similar to these studies, it was significantly lower than studies which measured HPV DNA directly in tumoral tissue . As a result of its modest sensitivity but high specificity, a saliva based assay is best suited for confirming the presence of a clinically occult oropharyngeal tumour and monitoring for recurrence of an HPV positive tumour after treatment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
267,760 |
For basic medical coverage, there is a decline in the rate of patients with no insurance from 83% in 2010 to 66.20% in 2020. In this case, the State shall bear the costs of treatment within the limits of the treatments available in public health establishments. At the same time, there has been an increase in the percentage of participants affiliated with Health Insurance from 12 to 32.10% between 2010 and 2020. This mode of insurance is based on the principles of social insurance for the benefit of persons engaged in a remunerated activity (government employees and private sector employees).
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
135,013 |
To supplement our PD/PDD PLA results, we also performed PAR–pαSyn PLA (Figure 4D) and pαSyn immunostains (Figure 4E) on cerebellum tissue samples from patients diagnosed with multiple system atrophy (MSA) – another main type of α-synucleinopathy – along with healthy region-matched controls (Supplementary Figures 3A,B). From this, we observed PLA staining patterns that closely matched pαSyn pathology in MSA (Figures 4D,E). As a result, we were able to validate PLA signal in two different α-synucleinopathies. From our studies, we found that including technical controls (i.e., imaging adjacent tissue sections in the absence of primary antibodies), along with validation of signal in more than one disease type, led to reliable results from our PLA studies.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,908 |
In this rich and multidimensional manuscript, Farhat et al. report a role for m6A in controlling transcriptional termination in T. gondii. The authors combine biochemistry, structural biology, genetic and genomic approaches to characterize CPSF4, a protein forming part of the cleavage and polyadenylation complex in T. gondii. The authors demonstrate that using its YTH binding domain it selectively binds m6A-harboring targets. Using genetic disruption of this protein or m6A-machinery components, the authors demonstrate that loss of m6A leads to widespread levels of transcriptional readthrough.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
151,667 |
Based on our dose-response experiments (data not shown), polyI:C at 5 µg/ml was considered optimal and used to determine the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses in BSMCs. Because 1,25D3 has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, we hypothesized that 1,25D3 treatment decreases the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses in polyI:C-stimulated BSMCs. Therefore, BSMCs were stimulated with polyI:C (5 µg/ml) alone or in combination with 1,25D3 (100 nM) for 24 hours. Following stimulation, BSMCs were collected, and RNA was extracted. As shown in Figures 3A–F, BSMCs treated with polyI:C, had a significant increase in mRNA expression of IL-6, IFN-β1, CCL2 compared to untreated cells and this effect was observed to a higher extent in asthma and COPD BSMCs (p < 0.05). When 1,25D3 was added to polyI:C-stimulated BSMCs, there was a significant decrease in mRNA expression of IL-6, IFN-β1, CCL2. In addition, we observed a higher extent of the anti-inflammatory effect of 1,25D3 in BSMCs from COPD, namely for IL-6 (40.24 ± 15.39-fold decrease, p < 0.05, Figure 3B) and IFN-β1 (6.65 ± 2.21-fold decrease, p < 0.01, Figure 3D), than in BSMCs from asthma (Figures 3A, C, Table S1A). The intra- and inter-group relative fold change differences in the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers among groups are described in the Supplementary Data (Tables S1A and B).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
146,613 |
The initial morphogenetic change that occurs during the budding of the tube of the salivary glands in the Drosophila embryos is the apical constriction of cells at the point of the future site of invagination, the pit (Figure 1A and A’; Girdler and Röper, 2014; Myat and Andrew, 2000a; Myat and Andrew, 2000b; Sanchez-Corrales et al., 2018). We recently provided the first quantitative morphometric analysis of the very early stages of this process, and revealed that, first, isotropic apical constriction near the future pit commences long before changes at the tissue level are apparent, and that, second, the apical constriction is indicative of a 3D cell behavior of wedging of cells at the pit (Figure 1A’). Importantly, we uncovered a strong regionalization of cell behaviors during the early stages of tube budding: cells near the invagination point predominantly showed apical constriction behavior while cells at a distance from the pit predominantly showed intercalation behavior (Sanchez-Corrales et al., 2018; Figure 1A). What is unclear is how the early tube initiation via isotropic apical constriction of cells, combined with directional intercalation of the cells still positioned away from the forming pit, evolves over time. The process of tube formation is characterized by the continuous invagination of cells and the formation of a symmetrical narrow-lumen tube from an asymmetric placode primordium. We can imagine two scenarios: in one, cell behavior is fixed at early stages of budding, that is, apical cell constriction is restricted to the pit and only apparent during early stages. In a second scenario, cell behavior depends on a cell’s position relative to the invagination pit and thus cell behaviors change as cells move toward the invagination point.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
215,334 |
In permeation testing, it is important to determine the permeation efficiency. For some drugs, such as NSAIDs, faster permeation is preferable to achieve a rapid therapeutic effect. Increased permeation in less time causes a faster decrease in inflammation. It is more desirable than advisable to incorporate drugs with increased permeation into transdermal drug delivery.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
232,035 |
Beyond different methods of remote interpreting, a service that performs interpreting between signed language and spoken languages at a distance in real time, video relay service (VRS), has become widespread [2, 13–16]. The parties in VRS are separated into three different locations, with the users of the service in two different locations and an interpreter in a call center. VRS is thus an interpreted phone call – a telecommunication technology - where the interpreter mediates between a party on a telephone and a party using a videophone or smartphone. VRS is organized and financed in various ways in the countries that provide this kind of service [17, 18].
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
87,559 |
We studied the association of components of human breast milk collected one or four months after birth with the infant serum metabolites at 4 month of age. Infant feeding is considered to play a crucial role in the later development of non-communicable disease. Studies collecting a large number of breast milk samples and corresponding infant blood samples offer an exclusive opportunity to elucidate the effect of milk components. We used maternal milk and infant serum samples available from the PreventCD study to assess the effects of milk on infant metabolites in mother/infant pairs in a longitudinal (month 1 milk ~ month 4 infant metabolites) and a cross sectional approach (month 4 milk ~ month 4 infant metabolites). In the longitudinal approach, the association of protein breast milk content and LPC 14:0 is striking. While fat and hormone breast milk content showed only a very weak effect on the infant metabolites, the milk FA% showed strong associations to infant serum phospholipid species, but in a PL species specific manner.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
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