text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate Change: Historical Perspectives and the Current Debate
Efforts to address global warming should be conducted with a thorough knowledge of climate history, maintains James Fleming, professor of science, technology, and society at Colby College, and current Wilson Center public policy scholar. Weather and climate experts Roger Launius and Michael MacCraken joined Fleming on December 11, 2006, to offer a historical perspective on the current climate change debate. During the event, sponsored by the Environmental Change and Security Program, the speakers drew on information and arguments presented in Fleming's new books, The Callendar Effect: The Life and Work of Guy Stewart Callendar and Intimate Universality: Local and Global Themes in the History of Weather and Climate. The books, according to Fleming, look back at efforts to understand human interactions with weather and climate, and also provide a useful foundation for addressing the challenges posed by global warming.
The Legacy of Guy Stewart Callendar
In 1938, British engineer and scientist Guy Callendar began research that would lead him to identify the links between the burning of fossil fuels and climate change. By compiling weather data from around the world, Callendar discovered that global warming could be induced by increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. His theory is known as the "Callendar effect."
Yet until recently, Callendar's contribution to climatology was largely overlooked by historians and scientists. "His scientific papers, though very valuable, were in danger of being scattered, damaged, and lost," said Fleming. By collecting Callendar's previously unpublished scientific correspondence, notebooks, family letters, and photographs, Fleming was able to chronicle the climatologist's life and groundbreaking research, which continues to influence scientists today. Launius, chair of the division of space history at the National Air and Space Museum, credited Fleming with "rescuing Callendar from obscurity," arguing that the biography provides a more comprehensive and complete history of early climate change research than was previously available.
Exploring the History of Climate and Weather
The eight essays in Intimate Universality: Local and Global Themes in the History of Weather and Climate span 300 years of meteorological history. Fleming, who co-edited the book and contributed a chapter, said the collection illuminates the ways in which history can serve as both a tool and an artifact of modernity. The book tracks past attempts to understand, predict, and even control climate and weather. "It serves to stimulate other explorations in fields of science and technology by juxtaposing the intimate, the local, and the global," said Fleming. Launius observed that in addition to underscoring the urgent need to curtail current levels of pollution, Intimate Universality raises important questions about the potential implications of proposals to counteract the effects of global warming by "engineering" the climate.
Together, The Callendar Effect and Intimate Universality "make an important contribution to our understanding of weather and climate," and serve as benchmarks in the historiography of meteorology and climate change, said Launius. The Climate Institute's MacCracken agreed, praising Fleming for helping provide a foundation for scholars seeking to construct more comprehensive climate assessments. He called for immediate political action to address global warming, but cautioned that any strategy to address climate change must go beyond simply reducing carbon dioxide emissions and include a comprehensive plan to address deforestation and ocean acidification: "[W]arming isn't the only important issue."
Drafted by Ken Crist.
James Rodger Fleming // Public Policy ScholarProfessor of Science, Technology, and Society, Colby College; Fellow, Global Environmental Stewardship, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Chair, Division of Space History, National Air and Space Museum
|
<urn:uuid:b6074802-ebc5-4b3d-96e8-051f3bb7c55e>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/climate-change-historical-perspectives-and-the-current-debate
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702957608/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111557-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939627 | 747 | 2.9375 | 3 |
I have seen many questions on SE on the dual nature of electrons behaving in certain circumstances as particles and as waves in some other circumstance. There is one thing I couldn't get a clear answer on.
When making double slit experiment, we all agree that the electrons behave as waves. The same is true in atoms, where electron levels are described by Schrödinger equation. However, if we speak about a field like plasma physics (my field of work) and maybe beam physics, electrons are treated classically as particles with applying Newton's equation to describe their motion. The models built on particle treatment of electrons show an excellent agreement with experimental results.
From experimental results and testing, we know that electrons behave like waves (in double slit experiment) or as particles (gas discharge models). My question is, is experimenting the only way to decide which model (wave/particle) describes electrons better in particular circumstances? Isn't there any theoretical frame that decides whether electrons will behave as particles or wave in particular circumstance??
For the record, in plasma physics the strongest type of theoretical models is called Particle In Cell models (PIC). In those models Newton equation of motion is solved for a huge number of particles including electrons. Then the macroscopic properties are determined by averaging. This method although it treats electrons classically it is very successful in explaining what happens in experemints
|
<urn:uuid:e4b162c0-5731-431e-bd0a-39a5a4b4e0e0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/79123/how-to-tell-theoretically-whether-an-electron-behaves-as-wave-or-particle
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890211.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00182-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948471 | 280 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This blog is the first in a series of three titled: God’s Black Box
DOES SCIENCE AND THE BIBLE AGREE?’
Side note ‘ An aeroplane’s black box, which is coloured orange, contains the last two hours of cockpit conversation and the flight data recorder.’ Information including airspeed, altitude, vertical acceleration and fuel flow. All this info is collated and used in the event of an accident to diagnose the cause. (1)ref
Before we start, a quick review.
Here are some of the scientific discoveries about the universe which are uniquely referred to in the Bible. (with one of the scriptural references)
1. The universe of space, time, matter and energy had a beginning. ( Genesis 1.1) (The Big Bang)
2. It did not emerge from within its own space, time, matter and energy. (Hebrews 11.3) (space-time theorems)
3. It continues to expand from its beginning (Isiah 40.22,42.5) (space-time theorems)
4. It operates according to a set of unchanging physical laws (Jeremiah 33.25) Astronomers have established the constant laws of physics which underpin the universe.
5. The law of decay (energy degradation or entropy) is prevalent. ( Romans 8.20-22) ie referred in science as the law of thermodynamics.
For thousands of years, the Bible stood alone in identifying these 5 features. Today astronomers and physicists have established the truth of all five. (2) ref
In this blog, I will deal with the creation of days 1-5.
When most people pick up the Bible they read Genesis as a creation text.
Written over 3500 years ago, the author has written it grammatically and chronologically and It reads like a historical account of actual events.
Many go on to say. “I can’t believe the Bible because science contradicts the Genesis account.”
However, in recent times the scientific record of the creation events has aligned with the Genesis account.
Also, what people have failed to realise is that there are other creation texts within the 66 books of the Bible and within these over two dozen extensive texts that deal with creation. When these are integrated they deepen our understanding of these events.
“But no one’s interested in what the Bible or Genesis says anyway!” I hear a few of you say.
“Really? ” Here are a few opening chance conversations between sceptics and Christian astrophysicist and cosmologist Dr Hugh Ross.
While flying on one of his many journeys Dr Ross opened his laptop to do some work on his next presentation and the following conversation occurred.
Peering over his shoulder the man exclaims…
“How can you believe the Bible when everyone knows the Bible says the earth is flat?”
“Where does it say the earth is flat. ”
“I don’t know. “
“Well, it doesn’t say that the earth is flat but would you be interested to learn that Genesis has the creation accounts in the correct scientific order.
“Really, what do you mean?” and another conversation…
Overlooking Dr Ross’ shoulder the flight attendant asks, ” Do you mind if I ask you some questions? I’m very interested in what you’re working on.”… Before the end of the flight, people were bending over seats and moving into the aisle to listen to the conversations, ask questions and exchange business cards. And another conversation…
“While convalescing in hospital after surgery, I spent nearly all my waking hours answering questions… on the Big Bang, the first eleven chapters of Genesis, human exceptionalism, the fossil record and the creation texts elsewhere in scripture. Not just from clinicians, but five different chaplains visited me and brought their questions too.” The Chaplains believed that science had exposed multiple errors in the Bible concerning the creation account. (2)ref
It is interesting to note that it has only been since the evolutionary theory posed in the last century appeared, that the hostility toward an old earth view has surfaced. Early church leaders held no strong views for either. While the current debate between an old earth view and a young earth view exists. This hasn’t always been so prevalent.
In 1561 a Protestant document was agreed upon by the wider Protestant community called the ‘Belgium confession’ in which was stated (article two) “that the record of nature and the Bible provide trustworthy and reliable revelation from God, giving testimony to Gods attributes and handiwork.” (3)
More recently, it is with a similar intent that Jewish physicist and author Gerald Lawrence Schroeder pursued his studies of cosmology which gave him the view that scripture and the record of nature concur with modern scientific discoveries that present an old earth foundation. (4)
JP Moreland philosopher, theologian and apologist, in the book ‘Three Views on Creation and Evolution.’ said, “To believe that the Bible allows for millions of years is not something forced on the text from the outside. One can make a strong case for Biblical ambiguity regarding the age of the Earth without any references to geology or astronomy.” (5)
Michael Guillen, Christian physicist in his book ‘Amazing Truths, How the Bible and science agree,’ reiterated this view. Other influential Christian leaders who hold an old earth view include C.S Lewis, Francis Schaeffer Jack Hayford, Lee Strobel, Chuck Colson, William Lane Craig, Dr James Montgomery Boice, Nancy Pearcey and John Ankerberg.
Nowhere in the Bible is a definitive number put on the age of the earth. Although it’s antiquity is inferred. Theologians use different references and historical associations to come up with a view. Here is one view that is supported by scientific evidence.
|
<urn:uuid:a631153e-8bc1-4f6a-924a-194c86b1c82b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://wanderingwithwords860704980.blog/2019/09/01/gods-black-box-by-bronwyn-pearse-guest-writer/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140746.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713002400-20200713032400-00370.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943607 | 1,262 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Escamol is a computer music software designed for the generation of scores executable through other software or computer music languages.
Brief history – Escamol was developed by Roberto Morales-Manzanares in the early nineties. It was developed in Prolog language and has been designed as a work tool capable of generating computer scores based onf grammatical rules, to be able to use later with other languages or external software such as Aura and Csound, the latter belonging to Music N family.
Features – Equipped with a graphical interface implemented in Tcl/Tk, Escamol was used in particular in the SICIB system. The main feature is the ability to generate output can be managed through the MIDI protocol, Csound and Aura, a software by Roger Dannenberg. The link with external software allows Escamol can be used in real time.
For this topic I’ve read:
Roberto Morales-Manzanares, Non Deterministic Automatons Controlled by Rules for Composition, Proceedings of International Computer Conference, San Francisco, 1992.
|
<urn:uuid:e0cbb38f-53c6-4382-810e-377c47e7b01f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.musicainformatica.org/topics/escamol.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00286.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.917272 | 221 | 2.875 | 3 |
A white buffalo or white bison is an American bison possessing white fur, and is considered sacred or spiritually significant in several Native American religions; therefore, such buffalo are often visited for prayer and other religious rituals. The coats of buffalo are almost always brown and their skin a dark brown or black; however, white buffalo can result from one of several physical conditions:
- They may be albinos, in which case they will remain unpigmented throughout their lives, and may also have hearing and vision problems.
- They may be leucistic, with white fur but blue eyes, instead of the pink seen in albinos.
- They may have a rare genetic condition which causes a buffalo to be born white, but to become brown within a year or two as it matures.
- They may be beefalo, a bison–cattle crossbreed, and thus have inherited the white coloration from their cattle ancestry.
White buffalo are extremely rare; the National Bison Association has estimated that they only occur in approximately one out of every 10 million births.
Individual white buffalo
- In 1833, a white bison was killed by the Cheyenne. The Cheyenne killed this white bison during the Leonid Meteor Shower (The Night the Stars Fell) and scribed a peace and trade treaty on its skin. This event was documented by historian Josiah Gregg and other travelers on the Santa Fe Trail.
- On October 7, 1876, a buffalo hunter named J. Wright Mooar killed a white buffalo in the Deep Creek drainage near Snyder, Texas. He retained the hide his entire life, despite reports that Teddy Roosevelt offered him $5000 for the hide. White Buffalo Park is presently located near the site of the shooting, and an adjacent ranch is the current resting place of the hide.
- A bison named Big Medicine (1933–1959) was born in the wild on the National Bison Range on Montana's Flathead Indian Reservation. The name "Big Medicine" was chosen due to the sacred power attributed to white bison. Following its death in 1959, its body was preserved and is now displayed at the Montana Historical Society in Helena.
- A white buffalo was recorded at the U.S. Army Arctic Testing Center, Fort Greely, Alaska. There is a copyrighted photograph of it in Seeing the White Buffalo by Robert Pickering. This buffalo was part of a herd that had been relocated from Montana.
- A female named Miracle (not to be confused with Miracle Moon), was born at the family farm of Dave, Valerie, and Corey Heider near Janesville, Wisconsin on August 20, 1994. Her fur fully transitioned to brown as she matured, and she gave birth to four calves of her own before dying of natural causes on September 19, 2004. Additionally, a calf born at the Heider farm died aged 4 days in 1996. A third white calf was born in August 2006 which died after being struck by lightning in November of the same year. Kathleen Buerer wrote a memoir about her 1994 visits to Miracle, "By the Side of the Buffalo Pasture".
- Medicine Wheel, a white buffalo was born on May 9, 1996 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Pine Ridge, SD on the Merrival farm, In 2000, Medicine Wheel escaped his pasture and was shot by a tribal police officer.
- Spirit Mountain Ranch donated a herd of white buffalo to the Sacred World Peace Church and Alliance, The SWPA has successfully bred six generations of white buffalo starting from a single white female, almost all with brown fathers. Their herd includes 17 white buffalo as of February 23, 2015:
- Miracle Moon (female, born April 30, 1997), calf of Big Momma (brown). Miracle Moon (the first white of this line) has been DNA tested, and is shown to be 100% buffalo, or bison.
- Rainbow Spirit (female, born June 8, 2000, calf of Miracle Moon)
- Mandela Peace Pilgrim (female, born July 18, 2001, calf of Miracle Moon)
- Arizona Spirit (male, born July 1, 2002, calf of Miracle Moon)
- Sunrise Spirit (female, born May 22, 2004, calf of Mandela Peace Pilgrim)
- Spirit Thunder (male, born May 27, 2004, calf of Rainbow Spirit)
- Chief Hiawatha (male, born May 16, 2005, calf of Miracle Moon)
- Tupelo Buffalo Park and Zoo in Tupelo, Mississippi, owns a white buffalo bull named Tukota ("Too-ko-ta")
- A male white buffalo named Spirit of Peace was born on April 17, 2005, on the Blatz Bison Ranch in Fort St. John, British Columbia. Spirit of Peace died on June 1 of the same year, probably as a result of his premature birth.
- A female white buffalo calf was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky on June 3, 2005 at Buffalo Crossing, a buffalo ranch and tourist facility. She was named Cante Pejute (Medicine Heart in the Lakota language) in a traditional ceremony led by Steve McCullough, a Lakota/Shawnee from Indiana.
- A male named Blizzard was born in March 2006 on the farm of an anonymous rancher, who arranged to have the calf transported to Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Manitoba in recognition of his spiritual significance to aboriginal people.
- A third white buffalo was born on the Heider farm (see "Miracle" above) on August 25, 2006. The male calf was named Miracle's Second Chance and was unrelated to Miracle. The Heiders planned to breed the male with the descendants of Miracle, but during a thunderstorm late November 26, 2006, five buffalo on the Heider farm were killed in a lightning strike, including Miracle's Second Chance.
- Lightning, formerly known as Kenahkihinén (Kĕ-Nah‛-Ki-Nĕn, from the Lenape language meaning 'Watch Over Us'), a male white buffalo, was born November 12, 2006, at Woodland Zoo in Farmington, Pennsylvania.
- On May 31, 2008, a third white calf was born to a normal brown two-year-old at the National Buffalo Museum, Jamestown, North Dakota.
- On May 12, 2011, a white male buffalo calf named Lightning Medicine Cloud (Wakinya Pejuta Mahpiya in Lakota) was born near Greenville, Texas during a thunderstorm on the ranch of Arby Little Soldier. In May 2012, less than year after its birth, Lightning Medicine Cloud was found dead, thought to have been butchered and skinned by an unknown individual; his mother was found dead the next day. A necropsy determined that they died of natural causes, from a bacterial infection called blackleg. In April 2012, Lightning Medicine Cloud's father was killed by a lightning strike.
- On June 16, 2012, a white male buffalo calf was born on Peter Fay's dairy farm in Goshen, Connecticut. The calf was temporarily called Tatanka Ska ('white buffalo' in Lakota). Four elders from the Oglala Sioux Tribe, along with Fay and members of the Lakota, Seneca, Mohawk, and Cayuga tribes, performed a naming ceremony on July 28 at the farm; the calf was named Yellow Medicine Dancing Boy. Fay plans to care for the buffalo rather than sell it for meat.
- On July 4, 2012, a white female buffalo calf named "Baby" was born on Steve and Carol Sarff's Countryside Buffalo Ranch in Avon, Minnesota. She died on July 20.
- On May 7, 2016, a white buffalo mother gave birth to a white male buffalo calf at Sioux Valley Dakota Nation in Manitoba. As of 2019, there are five white buffalo in Sioux Valley.
- White buffalo can be found in the village of Questa, New Mexico.
- Ghostbuster, a white female buffalo, was donated to the City of Hays, KS in the summer of 2017 by a local rancher (http://www.visithays.com/193/Bison-Herd)
- On March 29, 2018, a white female buffalo calf named "Dušanka" was born at the Belgrade Zoo, Serbia. She was named after the Christian holiday of Pentecost.
- On October 30, 2018 a white buffalo calf was born on Lakota Territorial land.
- In June 2020, a white buffalo named ‘Faith’ was born at Bitterroot Bison in Lolo, Montana.
In popular culture
- A white silhouette of a bison is featured in the flag of the state of Wyoming. The bison is the state mammal; it is branded with the Great Seal of Wyoming. White represents purity, uprightness and one of the colors of the United States flag.
- A charging white buffalo over crossed swords is used as the logo for the NHL team, the Buffalo Sabres. A white buffalo head was used from 1996 to 2006.
- The US National Park Service's Arrowhead Emblem, commonly worn as a patch on the employee's uniform, incorporates a white buffalo.
- American hard rock musician Ted Nugent has a tune that he wrote and sings called "Great White Buffalo", alluding both to the creature and to the frequent conflicts between indigenous tribes and spreading pioneers. The track appears on albums such as 2009's Playlist: The Very Best of Ted Nugent.
- The White Buffalo is a 1977 western film starring Charles Bronson as Wild Bill Hickock, who is hunting a white buffalo that haunts his dreams.
- Red Dead Redemption 2 has a legendary animal quest where the player can hunt a white bison.
- "What is the underlying significance of the birth of the white buffalo?". AAA Native Arts. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "Long-Term Exhibits: Big Medicine (1933–1959)". Montana Historical Society. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "Kathleen Buerer". White Magic Publishing. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "Tukota". Sacred World Peace Church. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "An American Legend: White Lions, White Bison and Spirit Bears". Tupelo Buffalo Park and Zoo. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "White Bison Born in Kentucky". Wellbriety! Magazine. White Bison Online. 6 (10). July 18, 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Panian, A.J. (December 24, 2006). "Thousands watch over naming of buffalo". Tribune Review. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Ogden, Eloise (October 8, 2008). "National Buffalo Museum's third white buffalo". Minot Daily News. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Chasing Hawk, Ernestine (June 14, 2011). "Sacred white buffalo calf born in Texas". The Buffalo Post. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "Rare White Buffalo Dies in Hunt County". CBS DFW. May 4, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Kellar, Brad (August 21, 2012). "Breaking: Sheriff says Lightning Medicine Cloud died of natural causes". Herald-Banner. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- "Update: Officials formally address death of sacred buffalo". KETR. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Kountz, Keith (June 27, 2012). "Rare white bison born after tribal dance & prayer". WTNH. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "White Bison Celebrated and Named". CBSLocal. Associated Press. July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- "Rare white buffalo born on farm in Connecticut". Fox News. June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Michael, Melia (July 20, 2012). "American Indians Hail Rare Birth of White Bison". Virginian Pilot. Associated Press. p. 8.
- Ode, Kim. "* Rare white buffalo calf dies on Minnesota farm". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- "Rare white buffalo calf born at the Belgrade Zoo". Tanjug, RTS. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
- Keyes, Verna Keays (February 15, 1960). "Tukota". Natrona County Public Library. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- Pickering, Robert B., Seeing the White Buffalo. Denver Museum of Natural History & Johnson Books. 146 pgs. (hb & pb)., 1997.
|
<urn:uuid:c211a3c5-0819-4ff6-a2a6-0866d09d2ce0>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_buffalo
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707013816-20200707043816-00259.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956166 | 2,603 | 3.609375 | 4 |
We are so glad you chose to visit this site. The classroom is an adventure-filled learning environment. Students will learn to explore their imagination and curiosity in a safe and secure learning environment.
Please visit the link under Resources for Parents for information on the Common Core State Standards. This will tell you exactly what your second grader should know in math by the end of second grade as well as at the end of every grade level.
There is also a link to Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and technical subjects.
2nd grade newsletters can be found in the Newsletter links to your right.. Feel free to look back at previous newsletters and use this website as a resource if a newsletter has been misplaced.
Resources for Parents
Skills Practice for Students
- ABCya Numbers
- Hooda Math
- Sheppard Software Math
- Fun 4 the Brain
- Johnnie's Math Page
- Soft Schools
- Mr. Nussbaum's Math Lab
- 2nd Grade Math Games
Homework, Schedule, and Behavior Policy
Homework begins the second week of school. It will be given out on Mondays and returned on Friday. We will do our best to send any news and notes from the classroom and school notices home in the Monday folders, so check those every week.
|
<urn:uuid:67a268d1-02a4-4025-85fd-38253d3a539f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://kemp.adams14.org/index.php?token=eyJyZWYiOiJzZWNvbmRncmFkZSIsImlkIjowLCJvdGgiOiIifQ==
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00554.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918604 | 275 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Hunting the Hunters at the Bottom of the World
Commentary by Captain Paul Watson
The Ross Sea
From 0930 Hours to 2130 Hours.
From: 67 Degrees 21 Minutes South and 164 Degrees 4 Minutes West
To: 67 Degrees 29 Minutes South and 170 Degrees 6 Minutes West
For twelve hours our ship the Steve Irwin has been on the tail of the Cetacean Death Star, the Japanese whale killing factory ship the Nisshin Maru.
Every hour has brought us closer to this monstrous killing machine, this industrialized floating whale abattoir.
Flanking us is the Yushin Maru #1 on our starboard side and the Yushin Maru #3 on our port side. Both ships are a mile on either side of us.
Earlier they came in close trying to goad us into chasing them to throw us off the tail of the Nisshin Maru. We did not take the bait, instead keeping our focus on catching the mother ship.
And every hour we have closed the gap by a half a mile. By early tomorrow morning we will be alongside them and we will keep chasing them onward. In the last twelve hours we have chased them 150 miles to the west. By 930 tomorrow morning it will be 300 miles.
Where we are heading, we have no idea. The Japanese whalers run and we follow and that is fine with us because as long as they are running, they are not killing whales.
It is a strange sight. Four large ships running full speed across the top of the Ross Sea in one of the most remote and hostile areas of the planet.
All day we have had whales surface beside us and each time we could see the harpoons on the two harpooners running along side us. Harpoons that the gunners dare not fire with us here. They know what we will do if they attempt to kill a whale.
Our best deterrent is our history and with eight whaling ships sunk and numerous others rammed, our reputation as whale defenders gives us a measure of respect in the eyes of these killers. They hunt and kill whales and we hunt and kill whaling ships.
These hunters today became the hunted and like all prey, they run.
We don't want to sink them, we just want to keep their harpoon guns silent and we want to keep them running.
|
<urn:uuid:421de459-73b9-4af5-882f-da6de3eb1264>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://seashepherd.nl/commentary-and-editorials/2009/02/01/hunting-the-hunters-at-the-bottom-of-the-world-269
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00696.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952543 | 490 | 2.75 | 3 |
By Penny Ossowski
The most commonly grown cucurbits in the home garden are zucchini, pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, melons and gourds. At this time of year on radio, television and even at our BOGI meetings the following questions are often asked ‘how do I tell the difference between the male and female flowers?’ and ‘why are the baby fruit shrivelling and/or falling off?’
‘how do I tell the difference between the male and female flowers?’
· the female flower has a small fruit behind the flower
· male flowers have a spike (anther) in the centre of them while the female flower has a small fruit at the back of the flower and its centre (pistil) is like a small clenched fist.
‘why are the baby fruit shrivelling and/or falling off?’
· most likely the fruit has not been pollinated, sometimes it can be caused by a nutrient deficiency, pest attack or unsuitable weather
pollinating fruit/flowers (these flowers only open for a short time on one day)
· usually done by bees but sometimes there is a shortage of bees, the weather is wet or even too hot
· carry out by hand preferably in the early morning using a paintbrush or feather brush across the spike (anther) in the male flower and brush this across the centre (pistil) of the female flower or break the male flower from the plant, strip the petal from the flower and brush the centre (anther) across the centre (pistil) of the female flower.
You will know within 2 or 3 days if the pollination was successful as the fruit will become noticeably larger.
Don’t despair if your plants start with all male flowers or all female flowers, this is normal. This is why you always have a few plants grouped together to increase the possibility of having male and female flowers at the same time.
Buy from a large range of cucumber seed online at Eden Seeds. For lovers of cucumbers the warmer months are a good time to add them to your garden.
|
<urn:uuid:050b41b2-be3a-4d3e-bec4-d6e22e564a2a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.edenseeds.com.au/gardening-article?blogposturl=cucurbits
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00472.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953348 | 447 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Filed under: Heart & Vascular
Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger's disease, your blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi). This eventually damages or destroys skin tissues and may lead to infection and gangrene. Buerger's disease usually first shows in the hands and feet and may eventually affect larger areas of your arms and legs.
Buerger's disease is rare in the United States, but is more common in the Middle East and Far East. Buerger's disease usually affects men younger than 40 years of age, though it's becoming more common in women.
Virtually everyone diagnosed with Buerger's disease smokes cigarettes or uses other forms of tobacco, such as chewing tobacco. Quitting all forms of tobacco is the only way to stop Buerger's disease. For those who don't quit, amputation of all or part of a limb may be necessary.
Want to know more about this article or other health related issues? Ask your question and we'll post some each week for CNN.com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in.
|Most Viewed||Most Emailed|
|
<urn:uuid:c06a3525-99fa-4cff-ac4c-0f407579fa93>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://edition.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/buergers-disease/DS00807.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678697956/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024457-00089-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951729 | 270 | 3.171875 | 3 |
… and the language of human speech is overrated.
Given that human children learn to use spoken language to attach labels to mental representations very early on, and given that much of human communication is based on spoken and written language, it is tempting to perceive human language as our main thinking and reasoning tool.
The more we learn about the reasoning abilities of non-human animals, the more doubt is cast on the position of human language as the ultimate thinking tool.
Many philosophers have used language to write about their mental models of the world, and yet, when we read their explanations, to what extent can we be confident that the mental models that we reconstruct from a written text resemble something similar to what the writer had in mind?
Argumentative writers and speakers of human languages easily forget is that every mind is different, has made unique experiences, and therefore creates unique mental models of the world. Arguing about which mental models are “better” or “correct” has entertainment value for some, but it distracts from the fact that mental models can’t be debated – the debates are always about partial mental models that have been serialised into human language and that are interpreted out of context, without the substrate of all the unique experiences that gave rise to the shared models.
The atoms of the “language” of thought
Human mental models have been around for much longer than human language. To understand the core mechanisms of human reasoning and thinking, and to appreciate the dangerous limitations of human language, we need to step back in time and look at how language evolved from a biological perspective.
Here is a synopsis of the thinking tools that predate human language:
- Humans and a some other animals are capable of shared attention. I can look at something and detect that another animal is looking at the same thing, and I understand that we are both seeing the same thing, whilst realising that we may have wildly different perspectives on the thing (associations with past experiences) that we see. Someone who has never seen or heard of a gun may not know that it can kill. I can also observe two people who are looking at some object, and I understand that their minds are focused on that object.
- Beyond awareness of shared attention humans have evolved limbs that allow us to point to things, to further disambiguate and make it more obvious what we are focusing on.
- Humans and other animals create mental representations (= models) of the things we interact with.
- Furthermore humans and some animals can identify commonalities between things (abstract/generalise) and create mental models of groups of similar things (= categories).
- … and can identify spatial relationships between things (containment and connectors) and create mental models of these relationships (= graphs).
- … and can identify changes over time (movement of things) and create mental models of patterns of movements (= operations).
- Humans and perhaps also some animals can apply their pattern recognition and abstraction abilities to operations, leading to mental representations that contain abstract operations.
- Humans and perhaps also some animals rely on their mental models to conduct extensive simulations to predict events and arrive at decisions. In some domains this happens subconsciously and very fast, and in other domains we are capable of slower and deliberate conscious simulations.
We and other animals can do all of these things without talking! No spoken or written language is required. Mental models and reasoning clearly came first. Human language came second.
Achieving shared understanding
Prior to spoken or written language communication via shared attention and pointing was the was way of establishing shared understanding, and such shared understanding related to very down-to-earth representations.
We probably developed the technique of validation by instantiation (pointing to multiple examples) long before language, to establishing a reasonable level of shared understanding of life-critical abstract concepts. Perhaps it became convenient to associate some of these abstract concepts with reasonably distinct kinds of grunts, and this then eventually led to how we speak.
Some philosophers – and software developers – are so infatuated with language and syntax that they can become blind to how the physical world is shaping our mental worlds.
Pre-language humans communicated within a highly local context in space and time. The things being referenced were “close at hand”. It was reasonable for people to assume that others understood what they referred to. The risks for misunderstandings were limited.
As soon as spoken language entered our world, initially as a serialisation format for communicating simple references to things within our local context, things started to get messy. We started to reference abstract things, references to references, and experiences that occurred many years ago. From that time onwards I suspect the number of misunderstandings in communication grew exponentially.
Theory of mind has likely evolved in tandem with language, it allowed us to create rough and speculative models of what might go on in another mind. But since people could not visit the past of other people, this lead humans down the path of extensive social delusion, where they started to assume that they understood each other much better than they actually did.
Validation by instantiation would now only come into play when harsh reality pointed people to concrete misunderstandings. Something like the 80 / 20 rule will have been good enough for language to be a useful and viable tool. Making correct assumptions 80% of the time was good enough for day to day life.
The seeds for storytelling had been sowed. The first human hive minds emerged.
Written language made things even worse in terms of the scope of the social delusion. People had opportunities to “read” large volumes of information out of context in space and time. Many of the written words of old and distant texts seemed familiar – as needed with the help of a translator (another source of potential misunderstandings), and people started importing many thousands of references to very unfamiliar abstractions into their mental models on top of their first hand experiences.
We all know that human imagination knows no/few limits, but at the same time we like to believe that we “understand” what others have written, without necessarily realising the contradiction. The human tendency to believe in the validity of our imagination after hearing or reading a story allowed storytelling and belief systems to rise to new heights.
Human culture increasingly became defined by myths residing within hive minds. At that stage a few people started scratching their heads about weird human behaviours and the beliefs that underpinned the observed behaviours. In today’s society, within the pathology paradigm of Western medicine, such people would be labelled autistic.
At all times throughout human history a few people would have realised that human language has severe limitations in terms of ambiguity and precision. This led to the development of number systems and mathematical tools. The industrial revolution and the computer revolution would not have been possible without reliable mathematical tools.
Given the limitations of human languages, it is perhaps not entirely surprising that modern foundations of mathematics take us back to core concepts that pre-date human language – to the atoms of the language of thought.
Model theory expresses the biological foundations of human mental models in a formal symbol system. And since mathematicians were at work, they used recursion to made sure that this symbol system is fit for representing and reasoning about all other kinds of symbol systems and syntaxes.
Denotational semantics is based on the simple observation that with our current technologies we can easily construct sufficiently unique symbolic tokens that allow us to abstract the use of human understandable symbol systems into corresponding machine readable symbol systems and to store the references between the two.
Category theory is a thinking tool for articulating large scale patterns and establishing semantic equivalences between different domains, it does not involve any concrete symbol systems. We perform such semantic calculations in our minds all the time, mostly subconsciously.
Visualising the language of thought
… and integrating it with digital computers:
In the Cell technology implementation of mathematical foundations we use unique tokens (semantic identities) to denote symbols and symbolic language systems.
We recognise that all language (and especially meaning/semantics) is created and shaped by individual symbol system users. All conceptual references are associated with exactly one agent, accounting for the fact that we all have unique mental models and that the cultural hive mind is a social delusion.
We rely on validation via instantiation to establish a reasonable level of shared understanding between agents (human and software), and on information quality (IQ) logic in combination with Bayesian logic to estimate the level of shared understanding in relation to specific contexts/domains.
Design of trustworthy protocols
… for interacting with humans and machines:
The foundational and irreplaceable role of the language of thought for reasoning and decision making explains why model building is so important. With spoken and written language and digital “storytelling on steroids” enabled by zero marginal cost communication modern humans have painted themselves into a dangerous corner – the goal of communication has shifted from knowledge validation and achieving shared understanding towards the transmission of seductively simplistic beliefs.
Mathematics, the arts, and music are human scale tools for communicating the essence of complex patterns of mental states (knowledge, feelings, and awareness of agency and motivations) that don’t survive simplistic attempts of serialisation and de-serialisation via stories. The outputs of mathematics, the arts, and music are highly generative, they can’t be described in any simple story. Instead they open up and invite a multitude of complementary interpretations.
The interpretation or application of mathematical theories has become a critical part of a growing number of knowledge intensive disciplines. The essence of the scientific method is the combination of the atoms of the language of thought with the technique of validation via instantiation. The arts and music are essential complementary communication and exploration tools for feelings, agency, and motivations.
Of course creative storytelling also allows for a multitude of interpretations, but whenever storytelling and related tools of persuasion are used to transmit and replicate beliefs, as is usually the case in politics and marketing, interpretation out of context becomes problematic, and critical validation becomes essential to minimise misunderstandings and attempts at deception.
If we value the creation of cultures of thinking, then the risks of deceptive storytelling need to be acknowledged, and exploration and critical validation of knowledge, feelings, agency, and motivations must be encouraged.
Join us at the next CIIC unconference on 2 December to explore the design of new types of dialogues and interaction patterns specifically for knowledge validation and trust building in our increasingly interdisciplinary world.
|
<urn:uuid:492f6a8f-087e-43c5-b767-c6df2f5ab89e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://ciic.s23m.com/2017/09/28/the-language-of-thought-is-underrated/?like_comment=317
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396495.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528030851-20200528060851-00104.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948075 | 2,130 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Iris (U. S. P.)—Iris.
"The rhizome and roots of Iris versicolor, Linné"—(U. S. P.).
COMMON NAMES: Blue flag, etc. (see below).
ILLUSTRATIONS: Meehan, Native Flowers and Ferns, I, 141; Bigelow, American Medical Botany, I, 155; Millspaugh, American Medicinal Plants, 173.
Botanical Source.—Iris versicolor is an indigenous plant, with a fleshy, horizontal root or rhizome. Its stem is 2 or 3 feet in height, terete, flexuous, round on one side, acute on the other, and frequently branched. The leaves are about 1 foot long, 1/2 to 1 inch wide, ensiform, striated, erect, and sheathing at the base. Bracts scarious. The flowers are from 2 to 6 in number, generally blue or purple. The ovary is obtusely 3-cornered. The peduncles are of different lengths, and flattened on the inside. The sepals are spatulate, beardless, the border purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow, and white, and veined with purple. The petals are erect, varying in shape from spatulate to lanceolate, usually paler than the outer, entire, or emarginate. The stigmas are 3, petaloid, purple, or violet, bifid, crenate, and more or less reflexed at the point. Stamens 3, concealed under the stigmas, with oblong-linear anthers. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, when ripe oblong, turgid, 3-sided, with roundish angles. The seeds are numerous and flat (L.—B.—W.).
History and Description.—Iris versicolor has been designated by various names, as Blue flag, Flag lily, Water flag, Liver lily, Snake lily, Flower de luce, Poison flag in contradistinction to Sweet flag (Acorus Calamus), and Larger blue flag to distinguish it from the other species of this genus. The name Iris, from a Greek word meaning "the rainbow deified," was given it by the ancients on account of the brilliancy and diversity of color in its blossoms.
Blue flag is one of our most beautiful and interesting common wild flowers, growing throughout the United States in wet, marshy localities, blooming in May and June. The flowers, from 2 to 6 in number, are large and showy, of a purplish, or violet-blue color, variegated with white and greenish-yellow, interspersed with purple veins. The plant grows from 1 to 3 feet high, having a stout, sometimes branching stem, angled on one side. The leaves are sword-shaped, from 6 to 8 inches long, and 3/4 of an inch wide. The root, which resembles that of Acorus Calamus, is the part officially used. It has a peculiar odor, augmented by rubbing and pulverizing. The U. S. P. thus describes iris: "Rhizome of horizontal growth, consisting of joints, 5 to 10 Cm. (2 to 4 inches) long, cylindrical in the lower half, flattish near the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar, annulated from the leaf-sheaths, grayish-brown; roots long, simple, crowded near the broad end; odor slight; taste acrid and nauseous"—(U. S. P.). The recently dried root varies from a light, pinkish-brown internally, studded over with minute white dots, somewhat resembling in color very light sandstone, to a dark red-brown—the latter being unfit for pharmaceutical uses. Care should be exercised as to the locality in which the plant grows. We recently rejected a large lot, more than 2000 pounds, extra fine in external appearance, that came from the South, and was of a dark, red-brown internally, but almost destitute of oleoresin, which principle had been replaced by a red, astringent tannate. Our experience is to the effect that the Ohio raised iris is superior to that of any other locality known to us, and in collecting the drug, for specific iris, many times the market price is paid for the rhizome from one locality in the state.
The active properties of iris are taken up by boiling water in infusion, and by alcohol or ether; and its acridity, as well as its medicinal virtues are diminished by age. The fresh root, sliced transversely, dried in an atmosphere not exceeding 39.4° C. (103° F.), pulverized, and then placed in darkened and well-closed vessels to protect it from the action of light and air, will have its medicinal virtues preserved for a great length of time.
Chemical Composition.—The fresh rhizome of iris, when distilled with water, yields an opalescent distillate, from which a white, camphoraceous substance separates, soluble in alcohol, and having a faint odor (C. H. Marquardt, 1876). The rhizome furthermore contains starch, gum, tannin, sugar, oil, and resin. The resin is of a light-brown color, of a faint odor, and of a taste resembling that of the root; when perfectly freed from oil it is whitish-yellow. Its therapeutic influences are not positively known. It is soluble in chloroform, ether, and boiling alkaline solution, from which acids precipitate it. The oil possesses in a high degree the taste and smell of the root, and is the principle to which it owes its medicinal activity. Cressler (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1881, p. 602) found indications of an alkaloid, obtainable by extracting the alcoholic extract of iris with acetic acid, removing fat by means of ether, and abstracting the alkaloidal substance by means of amylic alcohol after rendering the fluid alkaline.
As early as 1844, Prof. John King prepared and introduced to the profession the oleoresin of iris—about the same time that he discovered the resins of cimicifuga and podophyllum. The name, oleoresin of iris—a trade name being iridin—was applied to this substance 50 years ago. It is but little used at present, except in combination with other hepatics, in pill form, in the treatment of chronic diseases of the liver. The preparation upon the market known as irisin, though commonly spoken of by medical writers as iridin, or oleoresin, is a mixture of the oleoresin, with a sufficient amount of the root to stiffen it and render it pulverizable. It may be stated here that the watery fluid preparations of iris are very unreliable. Fluid preparations should be made only from recent rhizomes, presenting internally a very light pinkish-brown color, studded with minute white dots. Those having a brown-red color throughout, should be rejected. When dropped into water the preparation should give an opalescent, milky appearance, and when in large amount should precipitate oleoresin. The odor of iris should also be perceptibly increased when its preparations are added to water, being to most people a disagreeable, nauseous, fatty odor.
Medical History.—This plant was highly esteemed by our American Indians, who used it in gastric affections, and it was also a popular domestic remedy when it was thought necessary to produce salivation without resorting to mercurials—hence it is sometimes called "vegetable mercury." Bigelow, Smith, and Thacher wrote regarding its cathartic properties, but on account of its unpleasant effects, when given in purgative doses, it did not come into general use until taken up by our school, where it is not used as a cathartic.
The blue flag is one of our most valued of early Eclectic medicines, having been used almost exclusively by our practitioners, until of late years, when it found quite a prominent place in the therapeutics of both Allopathic and Homoeopathic practice.
Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Physiologically, iris acts upon the gastro-intestinal canal, and the glandular and nervous systems. It powerfully excites the biliary, salivary, and pancreatic secretions. Upon the gastro-intestinal tract it acts violently, causing acid vomiting, frequent, hydragogue catharsis, with intestinal burning and severe colic. A writer says: "The root of the blue flag extends its influence through every part of the system in small doses, and repeated at short intervals. It seems to act more particularly on the glandular system, exciting them to a discharge of their respective offices. In large doses it evacuates and exhausts the system, acting on the liver, and the alimentary canal throughout." Animals, after death from its ingestion, show marked congestion of the gastric and intestinal tissues. By its action upon the nervous system, it has produced neuralgia of the face, head, and extremities. Iris salivates, but without injury to the gums and teeth. In general practice salivation is not, as a common rule, desired for the cure of disease, yet we have many articles which produce it, and often without the practitioners being aware of the fact, and hence, when it does occur, the cry is at once raised that mercury is used. Salivation caused by vegetable agents may be known from that by mercury, by the absence of mercurial fetor, and no sponginess of the gums or loosening of the teeth.
Therapeutically, this agent is alterative and cholagogue. It is one of our best agents to influence the process of waste and repair. It exerts a powerful catalytic action upon the lymphatic glandular system, and the ductless glands, as well as upon the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. In cachectic states of the system, bad blood, scrofula, and "mercurial diseases," it does excellent service, and in secondary syphilis, with cerebral disturbances, and copper-colored dermal pigmentation, it is one of the best drugs we possess.
Upon the liver, its action is marked. In that unpleasant condition known as "biliousness," it is prompt and efficient, and as a remedy for bilious headache, accompanied by nausea and vomiting of bitter ingesta, or in sick headache, dependent upon indigestion, it is unsurpassed. In chronic hepatitis, and other hepatic disorders, with constipation, and sharp, cutting pains, increased by motion, iris may be given alone or may be advantageously combined with other hepatics. Duodenal catarrh, with jaundice, and clay-colored stools, indicating a lack of biliary secretion, is cured by iris, and it is likewise valuable in constipation, dependent upon biliary and intestinal torpor. Minute doses of iris allay gastric irritation, being valuable in cholera infantum and cholera morbus. Rx Specific iris, gtt. v; aqua, fl℥iv. Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every hour. In diarrhoea and dysentery, with large, slimy evacuations: Rx Specific iris, gtt. xv; aqua, fl℥iv. Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every hour. Iris, in small doses, is often valuable in gastric irritation, associated with sickness at the stomach and vomiting, and in gastralgia. It is not without good results in burning aphthous states of the oral cavity. From 1 to 5 drops should he used in the latter case. Reflex muscular pains, dependent upon gastro-intestinal and pancreatic disorders, are relieved by it, and especially when the muscular coats of the viscera are involved. Pectoral pains and distressing sensations beneath the scapula are also relieved by iris in doses of from 1 to 5 drops.
Ɣ Iris is specifically indicated in soft glandular enlargements. It is one of the very few reliable drugs used for the cure of goitre, or enlarged thyroid. Indeed, for this condition it is our most direct and effectual remedy, whether the enlargement be constant, or whether it be simply a fullness due to menstrual irregularities. This use was early pointed out by Prof. King. Further, it has a marked influence for good on the ovarian and uterine disturbances giving rise to this fullness. In goitre, apply a cotton cloth saturated with specific iris, and give internally a teaspoonful, 3 times a day, of a mixture of specific iris, flℨss; aqua, fl℥iv. Basedow's disease—exophthalmic goitre—in the early stage, has been cured by iris; Addison's disease of the suprarenal capsules has been greatly improved, though not cured by it. In chronic affections of the pancreas, with a sodden, leaden-colored tongue, and in chronic splenic disease, when the skin is blanched—as in leucocythemia—this drug is indicated. Chronic renal diseases, ascites, anasarca, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium, have yielded to its curative powers. In dropsy, it is administered in cathartic doses. It is seldom used at present as a cathartic, but when so used its harsh effects may be somewhat overcome by combining it with ginger, piperin, or camphor.
As a remedy for uterine hypertrophy, enlarged ovaries, ulcerated os and cervix uteri, uterine leucorrhoea, and dysmenorrhoea: Rx Specific iris, gtt. x to xx; aqua, fl℥iv. Mix, Dose, 1 teaspoonful every hour in acute troubles, and 4 times a day in chronic affections. It is all the more strongly indicated in these conditions, if there be impaired general health, with mental depression, and when the skin presents abnormal pigmentation.
This drug has been successfully used in chronic rheumatism, syphilitic rheumatism, gonorrhoea, spermatorrhoea, and prostatorrhoea. Specific iris, in doses of from 1 to 5 drops, every 4 or 5 hours, in a fluid ounce of water, will be found very useful in those prostatic discharges and nocturnal emissions, the result of masturbation, and which are accompanied with considerable debility, mental uneasiness, and more or less irritation of the nervous centers. Prof. Scudder, in his "Practice," states that he has for years placed great reliance on iris in treating syphilitic iritis. It is very efficient in malarial jaundice, and intermittent and bilious remittent fevers. It is rendered more efficient in malarial disorders, when combined with euonymus, or alstonia constricta. Iridin, in 3-grain pill, every night, followed by a saline cathartic in the morning, was quite popular among Edinburgh physicians some years ago as a remedy for the vomiting of pregnancy.
Iris is of great utility in dermal practice, given alone or associated with other indicated remedies. It seems to have a better action in chronic conditions. It is particularly adapted to diseases involving the sebaceous glands, and is especially useful in comedones, and other eruptions common to youth. It is indicated by rough, greasy, discolored conditions of the skin, and in those cases where pustular eruption seems to be associated with functional disturbances of the reproductive apparatus; also when associated with thyroid fullness in the female. It is valuable in syphilitic skin diseases. We have used it beneficially in eczema rubrum of children, and in cases of eczema of the scalp in adults. Some cases are benefited only, not cured by it. In One case of 13 years' standing, the unpleasant symptoms were subdued as long as the patient took the drug; as soon as the iris was withdrawn the unpleasantness returned, though the general health of the man was much improved by its administration. Herpes zoster and herpes praeputialis usually call for iris and rhus. Rupia and impetigo have been cured by it when associated with sulphur, or Fowler's solution. Persistent prurigo, psoriasis, and acne indurata will usually present conditions calling for iris. For lepra: Rx Specific iris, flℨi to flℨii; aqua, fl℥iv. Mix. Teaspoonful 4 times a day.
The system should first be prepared by sulphur, or the sulphites, compound tonic mixture, or acid solution of iron, if debilitated. Other remedies may be associated with iris in chronic skin diseases when indicated, as alnus, apis, phytolacca, or rhus tox. Pustules upon the scalp and face in children are benefited by the minute dose of iris.
The dose of iris depends largely upon the effect desired. If a pronounced action upon the gastro-intestinal and glandular secretions is desired, from 5 to 20 grains of the powder, or 10 to 60 minims of the strong tincture, or 5 to 20 drops of specific iris may be used. In some persons, and when exhibited in large doses, it is apt to occasion much distressing nausea, with considerable prostration; these effects may be obviated or mitigated by combining it with a few grains of capsicum, or ginger, a grain of camphor, or 4 or 5 grains of resin of blue cohosh (caulophyllin). For its specific uses, however, the specific iris, in doses of from 1/20 to 5 drops, is preferred. Like all representative fluid preparations of iris, specific iris is liable to decompose and gelatinize, and is then useless as a medicine. The remedy is not appreciated as it should be, but it is safe to say that with a reliable preparation it will grow in favor the more it is employed.
Specific Indications and Uses.—The specific indications for iris may be stated as fullness of thyroid gland; enlarged spleen; chronic hepatic complaints, with sharp, cutting pain, aggravated by motion; nausea and vomiting of sour liquids, or regurgitation of food, especially after eating rich pastry or fats; watery, burning bowel discharges; enlarged lymphatics, soft and yielding; rough, greasy conditions of the skin; disorders of sebaceous follicles; abnormal dermal pigmentation; menstrual wrongs, with thyroid fullness; unilateral facial neuralgia; muscular atrophy and other wastings of the tissues; bad blood.
[image:15534 align=left hspace=1]Related Species.—There are several species of iris, as I. virginica, Linné, Boston iris; I. lacustris, Nuttall; Iris verna, Linné, or Dwarf iris, etc., which are often collected and mixed with the official article. Iris florentina, or Florentine orris, is said to be emetic, cathartic, and diuretic, but it is seldom employed except in the composition of tooth powders, and to conceal an offensive breath (see Iris florentina).
|
<urn:uuid:7705d495-af94-4a34-9c7c-df6d64644ed5>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/iris-vers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830746.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00238-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938366 | 4,157 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The Kepler spacecraft has found over 750 candidates for extrasolar planets, and that is just from data collected in the first 43 days of the spacecraft’s observations. “This is the biggest release of candidate planets that has ever happened,” said William Borucki, Kepler’s lead scientist. “The number of candidate planets is actually greater than all the planets that have been discovered in the last 15 years.”
This is an astounding amount of potential exoplanets from data taken during such a short period of time, however Borucki added that they expect only about 50% of these candidates to actually turn out to be planets, as some may be eclipsing binary stars or other artifacts in the data. But still, even half would be the biggest group discovery of exoplanets ever.
And the exciting part is that 706 targets from this first data set have viable exoplanet candidates with sizes from as small as Earth to around the size of Jupiter. The team says the majority have radii less than half that of Jupiter.
The Kepler team has found so many candidates, they are sharing. They will keep the top 400 candidates to verify and confirm with observations using other telescopes – with observations done by Kepler team members. And today they have released the other 350 candidates, including five potential multiple planet systems.
However, some astronomers are upset about this and think the Kepler team should release all of their findings from the first year, as is typically done with NASA data.
Kepler launched on March 6, 2009, and has been on the hunt for exoplanets. Of course, the holy grail is finding an Earth-like or Earth-sized planet, especially those in the habitable zone of stars where liquid water and possibly life might exist. In the spring of 2009 the Kepler Mission conducted high precision photometry on nearly 156,000 stars to detect the frequency and characteristics of small exoplanets. Kepler studied an area in the constellation Cygnus, looking for the small changes in light that would signal a planet passing in front of its star.
But it takes time to verify candidates and find out if they are actually exoplanets. Usually, confirming the transit of an extrasolar planet requires observations of three different transits. While NASA’s policy requires astronomers to release their data from NASA instruments in a year, the Kepler team has worked out an agreement with the space agency so they can keep a certain portion of their data until they actually have time to verify this huge amount of exoplanet data. Between launch delays of other telescopes, cloudy nights for Earth based telescopes, and viewing a part of the sky that is only visible from the ground from April until September, they haven’t had the observing time they needed to check out all their planet candidates. The extension of the deadline gives the Kepler team the time to make sure they have gone through and found all the false positives and other potential misinterpretations of the Kepler data.
Dennis Overbye in the New York Times has written an article that delves more deeply into this little controversy. What is propriety data, and what is public? It’s a tough argument either way: scientists who have put years of their life into building a spacecraft should have the time they need to verify their data. But others feel the science should be open and available, and a policy is a policy: the deadline for releasing the data is here.
Whatever your feelings on open or closed data (and the Kepler team is only getting an extra six months on just part of their data, by the way), you have to be impressed with the quantity of potential exoplanet finds. And Kepler still has at least two years left of observations.
Papers of interest:
|
<urn:uuid:2b43132d-1fdb-4324-a0a4-9889bcb4929b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.universetoday.com/66386/new-worlds-to-explore-kepler-spacecraft-finds-750-exoplanet-candidates/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00817.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958293 | 768 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Stanford geospatial network model of the Roman world
Conventional maps fail to reflect the cost of transferring goods and information across space and managing heterogeneous territories with pre-modern technology. More realistic maps would seek to account for differences in travel speed and cost that are characteristic of specific media, such as land, rivers, and sea, and to take account of meteorological variability. This project aims to compute and visualize real communication and transfer costs by converting physical distance into travel time and monetary cost. The goal is to create a complex digital network model of the Roman world using ESRI ArcGIS and Gephi that can be accessed through an interactive web site. This project is supported by a Digital Humanities Specialist Project grant (awarded for the fall of 2011 and winter of 2012; with Elijah Meeks and others) and ties in with work done at Stanfordís Spatial History Lab. The URL of the project website will be published in May 2012.
|
<urn:uuid:193b5009-b87d-4ff2-adda-6f9ed84a3cdb>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://web.stanford.edu/~scheidel/map.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813241.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00272-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909413 | 193 | 2.96875 | 3 |
On September 26, in a media note, the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Health and Human Services submitted the President’s annual Report to Congress on Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 (this period runs from October 2019 to September 2020).
The statement mentioned that “The United States anticipates receiving more than 368,000 new refugees and asylum claims in FY 2020. Of them, 18,000 would be refugees we propose to resettle under the new refugee ceiling; we also anticipate processing more than 350,000 individuals in new asylum cases”.
This is a drastic cut in the refugee program for the year 2020, bringing it from 30,000 in 2019 to just 18,000. This is the lowest level of admissions the program has had since its implementation four decades ago, while refugee flows are increasing worldwide.
Who is considered a refugee?
Under U.S. law, a “refugee” is a person who is unable or unwilling to return to his or her home country because of a “well-founded fear of persecution” due to race, membership in a particular social group, political opinion, religion, or national origin. This definition is based on the United Nations 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocols relating to the Status of Refugees, which the United States became a party in 1968.
In the same media note, thethe priority countries for Refugee Admissions in 2020 are named, “The Trump Administration has also put a new, practical focus on assisting refugees where they are concentrated: in places like Bangladesh, Colombia, and Turkey”.
The State Department and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are the primary agencies that assess the viability of different refugee populations for admission, as well as the capacity of U.S. government officials to process them. We can compare the changes through the five last Fiscal Years:
For Fiscal Year (FY) 2015: Ceiling = 70,000 / Admissions = 69,920
For Fiscal Year (FY) 2016: Ceiling = 85,000 / Admissions = 84,988
For Fiscal Year (FY) 2017: Ceiling = 110,000 / Admissions = 53,691
For Fiscal Year (FY) 2018: Ceiling = 45,000 / Admissions = 22,500
For Fiscal Year (FY) 2019: Ceiling = 30,000 / Admissions = 28,100
That’s means that for 2020 with a ceiling of 18,000 refugees, 12,000 less refugees would be accepted in comparison with the Fiscal Year 2019.
Senior Administration Officials told the New York Times, the Trump administration will reserve 4,000 refugee slots for Iraqis who worked with the United States military, 1,500 for people from Central America and 5,000 for people persecuted for their religion. The additional 7,500 slots are for those who are seeking family unification and have been cleared for resettlement.
The International Rescue Committee estimates the United States currently has 30,000 people who have completed the Department of Homeland Security interviews for resettlement, far above the Presidential Determination announced. Nearly 9,000 are ready for travel.
The argument for the cut
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Acting Director Ken Cuccinelli says in his statement on the Trump Administration’s proposed refugee ceiling for Fiscal Year (FY) 2020, “Our nation continues to face a security and humanitarian crisis at our southern border where hundreds of thousands of Central Americans who are not being persecuted in their home countries are using our asylum system to gain entry into the United States. The ongoing crisis has created an unprecedented asylum workload for USCIS and creates difficulty for legitimate asylum seekers who need protection.
Representatives of organizations working for human rights have also mentioned their position. Ryan Mace, Grassroots Advocacy and Refugee Specialist at Amnesty International USA said: “Sadly, this number isn’t based in fact”. “We know that we can vet them and resettle them at rates far higher than this – because the U.S. has done it for decades. This is purely a political decision, and one that couldn’t come at a worse time”.
David Miliband, President and CEO of the International Rescue Committee said, “This is a very sad day for America. This decision represents further damage to America’s leadership on protecting the most vulnerable people around the world. It has no basis in logic or need, damages America’s interests, and tarnishes her values. Refugee Resettlement is an essential lifeline that the U.S. provides for the most vulnerable refugees at a time of unprecedented global crisis”.
This situation brings us many questions: If only 18,000 refugees will be allowed in 2020, what will happen to the other more than 300,000 asylum applications? Should they return to their countries and continue to be victims of violence and persecution? And if there are priority countries, what will happen to people from other countries in South and Central America who fled violence a few months ago and are on the US border?
|
<urn:uuid:9b2a2644-55f6-4f92-9037-5d88114966cd>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://revolutionenglish.org/trump-administration-reduces-refugee-admissions-to-new-historic-low/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00475.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949563 | 1,043 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Adverse childhood experiences and school readiness outcomes: Results from the GUiNZ study
This report describes using Growing Up in New Zealand (GUiNZ) survey instruments to create a measurement of adverse child experiences (ACEs) and correlates this measurement with school readiness outcomes. Statistically significant associations were found between a child’s experience of ACEs and their performance in cognitive tests administered at 54 months. This study was authored by Matthew Walsh, Sophie Joyce, Tim Maloney and Rhema Vaithianathan and funded by the Children and Families Research Fund (Ministry of Social Development, NZ).
Walsh, M. C., Maloney, T., Vaithianathan, R., & Joyce, S. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and school readiness outcomes: Results from the Growing up in New Zealand study. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development.
|
<urn:uuid:3217585f-f0bc-4449-be3f-806b04a70a79>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://csda.aut.ac.nz/research/our-publications/2019/adverse-childhood-experiences-and-school-readiness-outcomes-results-from-the-guinz-study
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00149.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909596 | 175 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The La Brea Tar Pits are a famous cluster of fossil sites in urban Los Angeles, around the Hancock Park area. Brea is the Spanish word for asphalt or tar, which has seeped up from the ground in the area for thousands of years.
Over the centuries, animals that came to drink the water, which collected on top, fell in, sank into the tar, and were preserved as bones. The asphalt also preserved many very small “microfossils” such as wood and plant remnants, insects, dust, and even pollen grains.
Scientists have used radiometric dating of the preserved wood and bones to estimate an age of 38,000 years for the oldest known piece from the La Brea pits. Amazingly, the pits still ensnare organisms today. The tar pits are home to several excavation sites.
One of them, just west of the Page Museum is called Pit 91. Digging here began in 1915, and it was decided it would be left as a “showpiece” for visitors.
Unfortunately, after reaching a depth of approximately nine feet, the excavation site suffered repeated cave-ins and floods and was abandoned with thousands of fossils still awaiting excavation.
The day of June 13, 1969, became known as “Asphalt Friday” when Pit 91 was reopened with the idea of collecting everything that could be pulled from the earth.
Pit 91 is currently 15 feet deep and it is estimated that the deposit still has another three to eight feet before all the fossils are unearthed. Besides seeing the site and fossils poking from the ground at the viewing station, the Page museum offers a close-up view of many of those discoveries.
There are plenty of opportunities for learning through a collection of programs geared towards creating a fun atmosphere for children to explore history. The Adventures in Nature Camp offers children, grades Kindergarten to 8th, the chance to explore earth’s animals and cultures through hands-on experiences.
The museum gives behind-the-scenes tours and fun activities focused on kid favorites like dinosaurs and dolphins.
The Adventures in Nature program guarantees to have the world covered. The museum shop offers plenty of souvenirs intended to extend your appreciation. All revenue aids the museum in its acquisitions, research, and educational programs.
Expect to find jewelry and gifts, exclusive notecards, postcards, posters, and a distinctive assortment of books and educational toys for children. The self-guided visit program allows a self-paced tour of the museum at a reduced admission fee for groups.
Guided tours are also available for groups of 10 to 25 people allowing you to choose from a museum tour, park tour, or combination tour. Each tour takes approximately one hour. Call far in advance since there are limited spots.
Where are the La Brea Tar Pits
The Page Museum at La Brea Tar Pits is free on the first Tuesday of each month. The Museum’s parking lot is located at the corner of Curson Ave and 6th St, which is directly behind the museum.
Remember to bring your parking ticket into the museum to receive your validation. Just a word of warning: do not park along Wilshire between the hours of 7-9am and 4-7pm or your car will be ticketed and towed even if you are parked at a meter.
The Page Museum at the La Brea Tar Pits is located at 5801 Wilshire Blvd in Los Angeles, CA 90036.
|
<urn:uuid:3c9bd930-4231-4730-b835-62f6c98bd72b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.daytrippen.com/la-brea-tar-pits-los-angeles-day-trip/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110485.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822065702-20170822085702-00662.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968182 | 713 | 2.984375 | 3 |
TRENDS in the PERIODIC TABLE
A trend is a pattern Trends of the
or a repetition of periodic table
Net Nuclear Charge,
Metallic or Non-Metallic
1st ionization energy
The periodic table
in a certain way
to keep elements with
similar properties close
GROUPS vs. PERIODS
Groups go up and down.
Periods go left and right.
Groups share many similarities.
Periods show periodically
(regularly) changing properties.
The Periodic Table
has a lot of
information on it,
available for you to
use, if you know
where to look and
what it all means.
are your friends,
play with them.
SEVERAL BASIC TRENDS
THAT WE NEED TO
These Trends are…
1. Atomic Mass (in amu)
2. Atomic Radius (size in picometers)
3. Net Nuclear Charge
(how many protons are in the nucleus of an atom?)
4. Ion Size (cations and anions)
5. Metal Properties and Non Metallic Properties
7. 1st Ionization Energy levels
• Developed the first
real periodic table
which ours is based
• He was able to
predict the missing
elements and their
properties once the
table was put
Mendeelev was a genius!
Many of his predictions came true, such as the existence of
“eka-aluminum” which we know as gallium.
A missing element in his table made him believe that an
element with certain properties belonged there.
By looking specifically for this missing
chemists were able to discover gallium.
His predictions were quite close to the actual values of the
various properties he quoted, such as mass, density, ionic
formula, and others.
Our FIRST Trend
Atomic mass goes higher from element
to element, with few exceptions.
The Group Trend is that atomic
The Period Trend is that atomic
mass increases too.
Because of specific properties...
our Periodic Table has a non-regular shape.
The elements are arranged by properties rather than a
way just make the table be uniform in shape.
The Alkali Metals
are in Group 1 but Hydrogen is not in this group.
Alkaline Earth Metals
are in Group 2
This slide left intentionally
blank, and you know why.
are in Groups 3 - 12
are at the bottom and fit in as shown
are at the right hand side of the table
are at the far right, group 18
OUR SECOND TREND
Atomic Radius or Atom Size
If you follow along Table S
for atomic radius, you find:
The Group Trend for atomic
radius is that it increases
down a group.
The Period Trend for atomic
radius is that it decreases
left to right.
Period Trend for Atomic Radius
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8
•• • • • • • •
Atoms get smaller as you go across a period.
They gain electrons in the same energy levels, not getting bigger.
The additional positive charge from the additional protons pulls the
electron orbital slightly tighter for each atom going across the period.
SHOWS Atomic Sizes for Groups and Periods
This is too easy to even discuss much. Hold onto your hat, and be psyched
that this is “REQUIRED” learning.
Each atom is neutral because it has the SAME number of protons & electrons.
Electrons fly around outside the nucleus in orbitals. Protons hang tight
(no joke) with the neutrons in the nucleus. Since the neutrons are neutral
(hence their name!), the only charge particles in the nucleus are the protons,
which are ALL POSITIVE. So, the NET NUCLEAR CHARGE is how many
protons are there in the nucleus, and since each is positively charged, that is
Example: Mercury is number 80, with 80 electrons and 80 protons, a neutral
atom. It also has 121 neutral neutrons in the nucleus with the 80 protons.
So, NET nuclear charge = +80.
Someone, somehow, determined that “the most metallic metal” was
Francium, bottom left hand corner of the Periodic Table.
They also came to the conclusion that Helium was to become
known as the “most non-metallic” element.
You have to remember that, and you have to be able to compare up
to 4 elements at a time and see which is closer to either Fr or He,
and decide which is the most metallic, or most non-metallic.
The NEXT TREND is
1st IONIZATION ENERGY
[what the heck was that again?]
First Ionization Energy,
It is the amount of energy needed to remove
a valence electron from an entire mole of atoms
and make them all into +1 ions.
To turn a mole of Li atoms
into a mole of Li+1 ions,
it would take (look at Table S now)
FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY
the units are kilo-Joules per mole or kJ/mole
There is a whole list of them
on your TABLE S,
Please get Table S out now.
Look at Table S, find Sodium
• Na has a first ionization energy of 496 kJ/mol
• That means to take an outer electron from an
entire mole of sodium atoms, making each one
of those Avogadro’s Number of atoms into a
Na+ ion, it would take 496 kJ for the mole.
FIRST IONIZATION Going across the 3rd
ENERGY FOR SOME period, the trend for
SELECTED ATOMS 1st Ionization Energy
Na 496 kJ/mol is to INCREASE.
Mg 736 kJ/mol
what about Mg
Al 578 kJ/mol to Al then???
Si 787 kJ/mol
P 1012 kJ/mol
The Mg - Al EXCEPTION
is one of those unusual
places where the periodic
table cannot manage to be
Still, “the trend” is that first It’s a trend to wear a
tuxedo to the high
ionization energy increases school prom. But it’s an
when going across any exception to wear a
color like these guys!
• just so you know, there are first, second
and third ionization energy levels.
• each is measured with the unit kJ/mol
• the “first” is the energy required to
remove the first electron
• the “second” is to remove an additional
electron from the mole of ions (+1
cations into +2 cations, this is not in
Another Trend – Ionic Sizes
Atomic size • Cations are always smaller than
atoms because the cations lose
a whole orbital when they form.
• atoms get
down a • Anions are bigger than the atoms
group they started as, because by
adding electrons into the outer
• atoms get orbital, they must stretch a bit
smaller larger to accommodate those
going across extra negative charges that push
a period against each other.
Cs +1 is larger than K+1
Br-1 is bigger than Cl
when going down a group
the ions get bigger
Cs+1 This is true for
cations & anions
GOING ACROSS A PERIOD
CATION S get smaller
ANIONS get smaller too.
TABLE S in your reference charts
has all the data about 1st ionization energy levels,
and about atomic sizes and about the last trend that
we’ll cover - electro-negativity.
If you forget the trend, pick a few atoms and
put the numbers onto your periodic table
and show yourself the trend.
Be sure to use a few though in case you pick a
quirky exception (like the Mg to Al bump
in 1st ionization energy.
DO NOT MEMORIZE, think.
Say it to yourself a few times in your head.
It’s a really cool word and you are going to know it real
soon too. Impress your friends with new sayings like:
“Your electro-negativity is really getting on my nerves.”
“My goodness! I can feel your electro-negativity all
the way over here!”
the measure of the attraction an
atom has to gain an electron
in a chemical reaction.
It’s measured on the
Linus Pauling electro-negativity scale.
Fluorine and E-N
• Fluorine tops out the
scale at 4.0
• Pauling set this standard,
because he could.
• It’s a totally arbitrary
scale, based upon
Fluorine and at 4.0 just
because. All other atoms
are compared to that
• All the other electro-
negativity values are
relative to Fluorine’s
Dr. Linus Pauling
That’s him at age 2.
Because of his dynamic personality and his many
accomplishments in widely diverse fields, it is hard to define
Linus Pauling adequately. A remarkable man who insistently
addressed certain crucial human problems while pursuing an
amazing array of scientific interests, Dr. Pauling was almost
as well known to the American public as he was to the
world's scientific community. He is the only person ever to
receive two unshared Nobel Prizes, one for
Chemistry (1954) and for Peace (1962).
the importance of
having a full and
To have met this man must have been
happy personal life. quite an honor, he would have made
a fine guest for dinner.
In addition to the general recognition as one of the two
greatest scientists of the 20th century, he was usually
acknowledged by his colleagues as the most influential
chemist since Lavoisier, the 18th-century founder of the
modern science of chemistry.
His introductory textbook General Chemistry, revised three
times since its first printing in 1947.
Electro-negativity is the amount of pull that
an atom has for another electron in a bonding
situation. Fluorine has the greatest desire of
all atoms for that electron gain. Fluorine is
given the rating of 4.0 on the E-N scale, the
highest Electronegativity of all elements.
Electro-negativity is on Table S. You don’t have to memorize
the trend, you can look it up anytime you want to.
• Going down • Going across a
a group the period the trend
trend is towards is towards higher
It is all about HOW CLOSE IS THE ATOM TO FLUORINE
which determines the relative electro-negativity.
Trends are just trends,
they do not ALWAYS hold true.
Use your Table S to determine trends,
do not guess or foolishly try to memorize
so much material when the answers
are right in your hand.
READ CHAPTER 14 ASAP
|
<urn:uuid:53819c74-cec2-4992-a259-b9f296e3cdaf>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/100639436/trendsppt
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011168572/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091928-00094-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.887148 | 2,451 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Taung Child's skull and brain not human-like in expansion
The Taung Child, South Africa's premier hominin discovered 90 years ago by Wits University Professor Raymond Dart, never ceases to transform and evolve the search for our collective origins.
By subjecting the skull of the first australopith discovered to the latest technologies in the Wits University Microfocus X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) facility, researchers are now casting doubt on theories that Australopithecus africanus shows the same cranial adaptations found in modern human infants and toddlers – in effect disproving current support for the idea that this early hominin shows infant brain development in the prefrontal region similar to that of modern humans.
The results have been published online in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on Monday, 25 August 2014.
The Taung Child has historical and scientific importance in the fossil record as the first and best example of early hominin brain evolution, and theories have been put forward that it exhibits key cranial adaptations found in modern human infants and toddlers.
To test the ancientness of this evolutionary adaptation, Dr Kristian J. Carlson, Senior Researcher from the Evolutionary Studies Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand, and colleagues, Professor Ralph L. Holloway from Columbia University and Douglas C. Broadfield from Florida Atlantic University, performed an in silico dissection of the Taung fossil using high-resolution computed tomography.
"A recent study has described the roughly 3 million-year-old fossil, thought to have belonged to a 3 to 4-year-old, as having a persistent metopic suture and open anterior fontanelle, two features that facilitate post-natal brain growth in human infants when their disappearance is delayed," said Carlson.
Comparisons with the existing hominin fossil record and chimpanzee variation do not support this evolutionary scenario.
Citing deficiencies in how the Taung fossil material has been recently assessed, the researchers suggest physical evidence does not incontrovertibly link features of the Taung skull, or its endocast, to early prefrontal lobe expansion, a brain region implicated in many human behaviors.
The authors also debate the previously offered theoretical basis for this adaptation in A. africanus. By refuting the presence of these features in the Taung Child, the researchers dispute whether these structures were selectively advantageous in hominin evolution, particularly in australopiths.
Thus, results of the new study show that there is still no evidence for this kind of skull adaptation that evolved before Homo, nor is there evidence for a link between such skull characteristics and the proposed accompanying early prefrontal lobe expansion, Carlson said.
|
<urn:uuid:4f71e15e-1293-49d0-8e07-413178bae05e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://phys.org/news/2014-08-taung-child-skull-brain-human-like.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00384.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923868 | 561 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The sacroiliac joint is formed at the borders of the sacrum and the hip (pelvic) bones – the iliac crests. This is a long vertical joint, about the length of the side of your hand. This joint is held together by multiple ligaments, with many nerve pain fibers contained in these ligaments. The sacrum is at the base of the spine and is subject to a great deal of stress. When the sacroiliac joint becomes inflamed a condition known as Sacroiliitis develops. Sacroiliitis can be caused by heavy lifting, straining your back or trauma, such as falling. The pain is quite unique but can mimic low back pain or sciatica. One has to be looking for Sacroiliitis as the incorrect diagnosis of sciatica can be made. Patients do not understand why they have leg pain and yet normal MRI lumbar spine scans and EMG studies. The pain is coming from inflammation of the pain structures within the joint itself.
Diagnosis is made by a careful history and complete neurological exam. Patients with Sacroiliitis can be diagnosed by having a normal neurological exam with an abnormal musculoskeletal exam. Palpation over the sacroiliac joint almost always reproduces the patient’s pain exactly. The neurological exam fails to show any evidence of nerve root compression, “pinched nerve.” The sacroiliac joint is frequently inflamed on both sides, perhaps fifty percent of the time.
Typical symptoms include pain and stiffness in the lower back, frequently worse on getting out of bed in the morning. Walking exacerbates the pain. The pain can radiate into the hip, lower back or down the back of the leg. A limping gait is not uncommon. With a normal neurological exam, diagnostic studies are frequently not needed.
Treatment consists of various ways of relieving inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents can be helpful in some cases. Physical therapy can help relieve the lower back and buttocks spasm that can be associated with Sacroiliitis. Many cases are severe enough to require and cortisone nerve block. In our practice, Sarasota Neurology, this nerve block is effective about 80% of the time. In patients who has persistent sacroiliitis pain, platelet rich plasma (PRP) is ideal therapy. PRP is injected directly into the sacroiliac joint. The graft adheres to the injured tissues inside the joint. The standard response of inflammation, proliferation and remodeling occur over a 6 week period, usually with excellent results and pain relief. Long lasting pain relief can be expected. This treatment is very safe with an extraordinarily low complication rate. Ask your doctor if you may be a candidate for PRP therapy.
|
<urn:uuid:922fae69-feb4-4eb3-91d1-72cf6794dd46>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://prpstopspain.com/sacroiliitis-a-common-cause-of-back-pain-a-sciatica/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320995.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627050500-20170627070500-00025.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923917 | 569 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Early in the 1985 comedy hit Back to the Future, Michael J. Fox’s character, Marty McFly, is dismayed to discover that his friend’s time travelling Delorean requires something more than regular unleaded gasoline to get around. Told that the time machine is actually powered by a nuclear reaction, Marty exclaims, “Doc, you don’t just walk into a store and buy plutonium!”
The rarity of plutonium is an essential plot point in the film. But it’s also a real-life problem plaguing the kind of guys likely to have most enjoyed the sci-fi flick: NASA engineers, who no doubt really would like to walk into a store and buy plutonium.
If they could do so, that would help address something that has reportedly become known around NASA simply as The Problem. The United States has nearly exhausted its reserve of Plutonum-238 (Pu-238), a radioactive isotope ideal for safely powering spacecraft. Pu-238 is not a good fuel for nuclear reactors, and is not used in the construction of atomic weapons (you want Pu-239 for that). But Pu-238 is really good at staying hot for a long, long time — decades. That heat, when absorbed, can generate electricity and keep spacecraft instruments warm.
This has given NASA the ability to send probes and robots deep into space, without the need to bring along gigantic batteries or solar panels (that may not work as far from the sun has some of these probes have travelled, anyway). Examples of Pu-238-powered spacecraft include both Voyager probes, one of which recently became the first man-made object to enter interstellar space, and the Curiosity rover that is currently puttering around Mars. Pu-238 is what made these probes possible.
The problem — or The Problem, if you prefer — is that Pu-238 is a convenient and useful byproduct of a different effort: the construction of nuclear weapons
But the United States only has 36 lbs of the stuff left. That isn’t a lot when you consider that the Curiosity rover needed 10 lbs all for itself. Russia, which has dramatically throttled back its space exploration efforts, agreed to sell the U.S. some of its stockpile of Pu-238 at $45,000 an ounce, but hasn’t delivered any in years (some U.S. officials suspect the Russians have simply run out but don’t want to admit it).
The problem — or The Problem, if you prefer — is that Pu-238 is a convenient and useful byproduct of a different effort: the construction of nuclear weapons. NASA has known that the supply of plutonium was rapidly dwindling for years, but since the U.S. hasn’t built a new nuclear weapon in decades, there hasn’t been any supply for Pu-238 for NASA to get its hands on. The facilities that make the stuff were idled at the end of the Cold War.
There is a workable solution. It’s possible to manufacture Pu-238 directly, instead of as a byproduct of the production of bomb-grade plutonium. Early this year, the U.S. Department of Energy did exactly that, on a very small scale, demonstrating the feasibility of the plan and, in so doing, making the first new plutonium in decades. This program, if expanded, could annually generate the four pounds of new plutonium needed to meet all of NASA’s needs for long-range exploration. And so, of course, the current problem is figuring out who is going to pay for it (NASA and the Department of Energy will likely split the bill).
The United States only has 36 lbs of the stuff left
It’s a quirky story, admittedly, but an interesting one. The Voyager probes and Curiosity are both big success stories for NASA, and both are in the news of late. The public generally supports space exploration, as long as it’s kept in plain view before them. The tens of millions of dollars needed to keep the lifeline of this vital fuel source intact, as well as funding the development of next-generation reactors, is a small price to pay to make the eventual long-range exploration of the solar system possible.
|
<urn:uuid:e6c56f44-5939-430b-aa7a-d9f3e6637291>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://nationalpost.com/opinion/matt-gurney-nasas-big-problem-not-enough-plutonium
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123142513-20171123162513-00534.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95608 | 872 | 3 | 3 |
Princess L is partway through unit 11 now. She enjoyed learning about the Native Americans, and about Benjamin Franklin. She enjoyed making a wampum belt out of colored rice.
The problem was that our glue just wasn’t strong enough to hold the rice in place in the page protector. She also got tired of trying to stay in the lines she had drawn.
The thing that I was most pleased with was her improvement on her vocabulary sheet. This was the first sheet that she completed 100% on her own. I was impressed that the sentence she wrote made sense and used the word correctly.
Her handwriting could be better and there are a few spelling errors, but I was so happy to see what she did on her own.
She has been enjoying learning cursive, so much so that she got quite a bit ahead of where she should be. So I decided to take a week off from cursive to do a bit of extra spelling practice. She is on lesson 15 in AAS Level Two. I’m hoping to get through level two by the end of January and attempt to finish level three by the end of the school year.
In math she is working on the all facts review for the level three math facts. She has been working with Math Rider as well on her addition facts. She is up to about 40% mastery. I think she actually is probably better than that, but it takes her a bit to find the correct numbers on the keyboard yet, and then type them in with two fingers.
She has been on a break from her vision therapy. We did a final analysis to see where she was at. It was evident that she is still struggling visually, but the consensus is that she lacks either the understanding of what she is being asked to do, or the verbal acuity to tell us exactly what it is she is seeing. So it was decided to take some time off and come back at the end of the school year. Dr. Dean will reassess her to see if he thinks she is ready to pick up where she still has some weaknesses. He gave her a pair of reading glasses, but I really don’t think that have made a difference at all. She still skips lines, tries to combine words, and re-reads the same lines over several times. So instead of adding in her own reading, I am having her read aloud part of our story time book every day. I read a portion, and then she reads a portion, and we trade off. We are almost done with Farmer Boy and will be starting Stuart Little soon. I promised her we’d rent the movie after we were done with the book.
Finally, we got in a field trip last week. Here’s the proof:
|
<urn:uuid:87884a9b-1eb6-4bed-bc0e-a2fc65efee69>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://larsonchsa.blogspot.com/2012/12/bigger-hearts-units-7-10.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00526.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.993454 | 567 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A normal embryo must have forty-six chromosomes in the correct combination to be viable. As a woman ages, the number of eggs remaining in her ovaries decrease and the ones that remain are more likely to give rise to embryos with abnormal chromosome counts (aneuploidy). Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a method used to screen embryos for aneuploidy. The biopsied cell then undergoes genetic or chromosomal analysis.
In this technique, a few cells are safely removed from the embryo when it is 5-6 days old (called a blastocyst). The biopsied cells then undergo chromosomal analysis. We use very accurate genetic methods to analyze the cells such as Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH). The gender of the embryo can also be determined at the same time.
PGD also makes it possible to select gender, a procedure we discuss in greater detail in the gender selection section of this website. For more information, please see gender selection.
|
<urn:uuid:32403e9b-1066-436b-9007-1c3f95ef128f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://www.santamonicafertility.hk/fertility-basics/ivf/explaining-pgd-preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148375.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229022458-20200229052458-00427.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894239 | 207 | 3.375 | 3 |
There are many ways to get your children involved in STEM-related activities this January.
January (various dates): Create digital art with Fresh Paint at the Microsoft Store in the Prudential Center, the Microsoft Store in the Burlington Mall and the Microsoft Store in the Natick Mall. Free. (Ages 8-12) and Ages 13+ at the Natick store.
January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31: Use your imagination to make your own creations with LEGOs, Lincoln Logs and more at the Goddard and Tatnuck branches of the Worcester Public Library.
January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31: Disassemble old computer towers, phones, remote controls, calculators, DVD players, and more and learn how things work by simply taking them apart and (maybe) putting them back together at the Worcester Public Library. (Ages 9+)
January 4, 11, 18, 25: Use your imagination to make your own creations with LEGOs, Lincoln Logs and more at the Roosevelt branch of the Worcester Public Library.
January 5, 12, 19: Use your imagination to make your own creations with LEGOs, Lincoln Logs and more at the Burncoat branch of the Worcester Public Library.
January 5, 12, 19, 26 : Take a “Learn To Code” workshop with CodeCampKidz hosted at the Microsoft Store in the Natick Mall. Free. (K-12)
January 5, 12, 19, 26: Play math and developmental games, solve logic puzzles, and explore geometry by building models at the Newton Free Library. (Ages 4-5)
January 6: Free admission to The Discovery Museums: Science in Acton. Come talk to real scientists and do the hands-on activities they have developed.
January 7: Join in STEAM activities: marshmallow engineering at the Grove Hall branch of the Boston Public Library. (Ages: under 6)
January 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, 22, 28, 29: Hands-on engineering and design at the MIT Museum in Cambridge. Free with Museum admission. (Ages 12+)
January 7, 14, 21, 28: Use the computer to design your own stories, create and share animations, and learn how technology is used in the film and media industry at the Fields Corner branch of the Boston Public Library. (Ages 9-13)
January 7: Come join the Robotics Club and work together with friends to build and programs robots that interact with models on the FIRST LEGO League table at Empow Studios in Lexington. Cost: $80/month. (Grades 2-8).
January 7: Develop literacy and critical thinking skills through books and hands-on activities with Legos and construction pieces during free play at the Worcester Public Library. (Ages 12+)
January 8, 22: Attend a Teen Coding Meetup. If you know the basics of coding and are now looking to extend your skill set, come meet like-minded teens in an informal environment at the Newton Free Library. (Grades 6-12)
January 9, 23, 30: Learn beginner science concepts with the help of books and fun activities at the Worcester Public Library. (Ages 3-5)
January 10, 17: Learn how to create and develop your own video game at the Boston Public Library. (Ages 13-18)
January 11, 25: Participate in inquiry based, hands on science experiments for young learners at the Faneuil branch of the Boston Public Library. (Ages 4-10)
January 12: Get messy and have fun making Oobleck (cornstarch and water mixture) and learn more about the behavior of liquids and solids, in particular viscosity. This workshop will be led by Science Club for Girls at the Newton Free Library. (Age: Kindergarten)
January 13: Watch a screening of Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were Rabbit and then hear a talk about stop motion animation by the creative director of the movie at the Regent Theatre in Arlington. This event is part of Belmont World Film’s Family Festival (runs Jan 13-16). Cost: $9/ticket
January 13, 20, 27: Make your own video game from start to finish! Join Becker College game designers Rejon and Rachel for this 6 week long workshop series as they help teens create a complete game from the ground up using Game Maker at the Worcester Public Library. (Ages 13-17)
January 14: Explore engineering by building and testing paper airplanes at the Thomas Crane Public Library in Quincy. (Ages 3-12)
January 14: Attend a mini-workshop presented by Moms as Mentors that features an enjoyable, hands-on STEM activity at the Newton Free Library. For girls (grades 3-5) and their moms.
January 16: Design, build, and code projects in video game design, robotics, animation, 3d modeling, and more at Empow Studios NanoCamp during MLK Jr. Day in Lexington. Cost: $95 (Grades 2-8)
January 18, 25: Work individually and as a class to write a few fun applications in Python, a popular programming language at the Newton Free Library. (Grades 7-12)
January 19: Explore Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, & Math with an activity to encourage your curiosity at the Cary Memorial Library in Lexington. (Grades 4-6)
January 19: Explore and work with Scratch to create games, animation and stories at the Newton Free Library. (Grades 3-4)
January 21: Intro to 3D Modeling workshop at the HATCH Makerspace in Watertown. (Ages 8-13)
January 21: Attend a casual, math-themed storytime at the Cary Memorial Library in Lexington. (Ages 3-5)
January 24: Explore Lego WeDo robotics at the Belmont Public Library. (Grades 2-4)
January 26: Explore math, science, and the arts with children’s books and related activities at the Newton Free Public Library. (Ages 3-5)
Girls Who Code Clubs
The Girls Who Code Clubs Program teaches computer science to 6th-12th grade girls. Girls who participate in the clubs will receive 40 hours of instruction from volunteer instructors in computer science including project based activities to reinforce concepts like conditionals, lists, and loops as well as skills like mobile app development.
Girls Who Code clubs are free and many are held at libraries and schools. With the growth of the clubs, I am now including a list of the clubs for Massachusetts and New Hampshire here. If you are interested in information, please contact the Club site directly.
- Acton Boxborough Regional High School: Acton, MA
- Bedford Free Public Library: 7 Mudge Way, Bedford, MA
- Bellesini Academy: 94 Bradford St., Lawrence, MA
- Belmont Public Library: 336 Concord Ave, Belmont, MA
- Boston Latin School: 78 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA
- Boston Public Library- Teen Central: 700 Boylston St., Boston, MA
- Boys and Girls Club of Greater Nashua: 1 Positive Place, Nashua, NH
- Brookview House: 2 Brookview St., Dorchester, MA
- Cambridge Public Library (2 sessions): 449 Broadway, Cambridge, MA
- Carlisle Public School: 83 School St., Carlisle, MA
- Cary Memorial Library: 1874 Massachusetts Ave, Lexington, MA
- Dover Public Library: 73 Locust St., Dover, NH
- Dudley Middle School: 70 Dudley-Oxford Road, Dudley, MA
- Endicott College: 376 Hale St., Beverly, MA
- Everett High School: 100 Elm St., Everett, MA
- Goodnow Library: 21 Concord Road, Sudbury, MA
- Holderness School: 33 Chapel Lane, Plymouth, NH
- LEAP for Education, Inc.: 209 Essex St., Salem, MA
- Lexington Christian Academy: 48 Bartlett Ave., Lexington, MA
- Mario Umana Academy: 312 Border St., East Boston, MA
- Match High School: 1001 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA
- Memorial Hall Library: 2 North Main St., Andover, MA
- McKay K-8 School: 122 Cottage St., Boston, MA
- M.G. Parker Memorial Library: 28 Arlington St., Dracut, MA
- Nathaniel Bowditch School (K-8): 79 Wilson St., Salem, MA
- Needham High School: 609 Webster St., Needham, MA
- Newton Free Library (2 sessions): 330 Homer St., Newton, MA
- Northeastern University: 440 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA
- Paul Pratt Memorial Library: 35 Ripley Road, Cohasset, MA
- Peabody Institute Library: 82 Main St., Peabody, MA
- Pembroke Public Library: 142 Center St., Pembroke, MA
- Penn Brook Elementary School: 68 Elm St., Georgetown, MA
- Public Library of Brookline (2 sessions): 361 Washington St., Brookline, MA
- Robert Frost Public Charter School: 1675 White Mountain Highway, North Conway, NH
- Rodgers Memorial Library: 194 Derry Road, Hudson, NH
- Robbins Library: 700 Massachusetts Ave., Arlington, MA
- The Founders Academy Public Charter School: 5 Perimeter Road, Manchester, NH
- The Rivers School: 333 Winter St., Weston, MA
- Waltham Public Library: 735 Main St., Waltham, MA
- Watertown Free Public Library: 123 Main St., Watertown, MA
- Wayland Free Public Library: 5 Concord Road, Wayland, MA
- Wellesley Free Library: 530 Washington St., Wellesley, MA
- Wiggin Memorial Library: 10 Bunker Hill Ave, Stratham, MA
Image Source: Chemistry Day by Aberdeen Proving Ground
|
<urn:uuid:cb70494a-4a74-4e78-ab3c-f3cfe5858dc4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.bostontechmom.com/stem-events-kids-boston-january-2017-roundup/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654871.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608103815-20230608133815-00097.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.88885 | 2,123 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Climate Crisis: A new decade for change
The signs of global warming are everywhere, and are more complex than just climbing temperatures.
Scientists agree that human activities have, and still are, driving a worldwide climate crisis. We all know that it's happening and we can't escape from the impact it's having on the planet. The media bombard us almost daily with horrific images and there are obvious signs all around us. Carbon pollution is warming the planet meaning that the world's natural systems are out of balance. Throw into the mix pollution and a rising global population and it's a recipe for disaster!
We don't have to look far to see the affects. Hotter temperatures, the horrific fires blazing across Australia, melting Arctic ice, stronger and more frequent storms, rising sea levels; all threatening our health and our existence into the future.
As we begin 2020 we can't help but notice in the media that it's individuals who are making a stand against climate change and not governments. Some leaders are pledging to be zero carbon by 2030 and 2050, but have you seen or heard of action and evidence to prove that positive changes are actually taking place by world leaders?
If governments continue to avoid actual action right now we're heading for a global temperature increase of 3C to 5C by 2100. (Source NOAA) If this actually happens what will the world be like to live in?
Let's take a trip into the future.
Buckle yourself into our Tesla Time machine, the battery's charged and ready to roll as we set the co-ordinates for 2050, and speed up to the crucial 88mph needed to be transported into the future...
"Good morning, it's Monday 20th January 2050 and you're listening to BBC Radio 2. Here is today's news and weather update;
Be prepared this week if you live in the coastal regions and towns of Cardiff, Newport, Bristol and Bath. Another super storm surge is forecast with waves reaching 100 of metres in height and meteorologists at the Met Office predict this next storm will possibly defeat Cardiff's new higher sea walls. Residents are advised to follow the normal protocol and head the nearest storm shelters as soon as possible.
Upon hearing the latest news MP's at the Welsh Assembly called an emergency meeting to discuss the relocation of the capital, Cardiff, to a higher, more northern location in Wales. They believe that the time has come to move out and move up for everyone's safety to ensure stability and longevity for the people of Wales.
- More weather news. Temperature highs this winter are predicted to hit the record books again this week around the globe with Los Angeles, Sydney, Madrid, Lisbon and now even Paris set to endure new highs in excess of 47C and London could reach 30C on New Years Day 2050. Scientists predict that temperatures this year could be the hottest temperatures in history.
There are reported sightings of more lethal algae blooms caused by the ongoing inbalance of the worlds ecosystem.– Drone footage has revealed toxic formations across the US and the Baltic.
- Today marks another catastrophic natural event for our environment. Scientists watched via webcam the last of the snow melting on the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Most of the snow capped mountains around the world have lost their snow in the last thirty years and mountain climbing dramatically reduced after fossil fuel air travel was banned in 2030. Scientists are keeping watch over the snow capped mountains located on the edge of the Indian and Eurasian continental plates for new signs of melting and potential flooding in the valleys below.
- Crops failed again in the Mediterranean countries throughout 2049 and starvation threatens the millions this new year. Experts estimated that between 50 and 700 million people could potentiality be driven from their homes in Italy, Spain, Southern France, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey and Cyprus. The situation is very bleak for these nations as people face the grim reality of being forced to fight for food they have or to flee to northern countries for safety and the possibly of aid.
- The Red Cross has prepared an online guide for residents in northern France, Germany, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe with advice on how to prepare in case of a famine attack from fleeing nationals.
- The UN is on standby alongside the armies to prevent chaos and violence. Coupled with the mass migration from southern climates as a result of the fires, floods and droughts many others are expected to migrate across borders mid Europe's borders to the UK and Scandinavia this year. A spokesperson from the UK Government has said that plans are in place to accommodate Southern Europe's immigrants in the newly built high rise eco-towers in the north of England and Scotland. UK residents needn't worry about the British crops and water supply, the matter is in hand.
- As we begin another new decade of disaster and turmoil, a question on the tip of most of our tongues is - Are Generation Greta being forgotten by the government?
Many middle aged people are living out their teenage fears of the complete extinction of the human race and the breakdown of civilisation. Everyone is affected by rising prices, conflict, stress and depression but this generation is seen to be feeling the pain the most. Perhaps we won’t see the extinction of our species this decade, but what we have been, and are seeing is societal collapse happening all around us. The floods, heatwaves, droughts and fires are increasingly catastrophic and happening almost monthly. Private healthcare systems are struggling to cope with the increasing demand and further insecurity and desperation is sweeping through the UK population. It is evident that the Government is struggling to cope. What could be done to ease the deepening crisis? Should the UK Government reinstate the NHS to save thousands more lives? Should more money be allocated to support the Police to pay for more officers to control the increasing number of riots? Or should more funds be directed towards social charities who help to counsel this generations anxieties? Contact us and share your thoughts...
- And now onto sport - As the final Olympics draw closer, we talk to the locals in hosting city of Toronto, Canada, about how the preparations are going to welcome the competitors to the final Olympic Games. This is the third Summer Olympics to be held during the winter months to avoid the furnace-like heat in many cities in Summer. The Olympic Council has made the decision to end this games this year in 2050 after years of protests and outrage from people around the world.
A spokesperson from the Olympic committee commented, "We feel that now is the right time to end the Olympics. We know that the world is no longer in the mood for games and it is impossible for us all to justify the emissions and the length of time it takes to travel by sea."
Retired Olympic diver, Tom, Daly, now 55, talked to us about this being a sad occasion mixed with celebration. He thinks that it's right decision for the planet and the people. He's proud to have taken part in so many Olympic Games over the last decades and to have witnessed so many amazing Olympians participating. He hopes to see the games return in his lifetime without impacting upon the planet. You can follow the full coverage of the final games live on the BBC.
- And finally, end to the news bulletin, School children in the UK take a virtual reality trip to 2020 to find out what life was like when the lush green rain forests of the Amazon, Congo and Papua New Guinea when they were once the living lungs of the earth, providing homes to peoples, animals and plants. Although some may see this... [silence]
The news bulletin on the radio ends and your Tesla comes to stop on the carless street in Buxton High up in the Peak District. The roads are empty except for a few electric cars, hundreds of people are out on foot or by bicycle and seem only be staying in the vicinity of the town for their needs. The number of people is overwhelming. It's evident that the world’s population has grown significantly by billions people since 2020!
Homelessness is rife on the streets of Buxton and another influx of people from southern Europe will only add the escalating problem for the town. It's clear to see that the ongoing cycle of severe weather conditions has lead to the catastrophic effects of food and water becoming scarcer. If forecast is accurate and the rains become heavier, even more people will continue to flood in from rural areas to Buxton, adding to the existing hardships faced by the City.
It's frightening to see Buxton suffer at the hands of this hellish man made climate. It was once a small rural town in the Peak District, but due to it's height above the rising sea levels, its been transformed into a mega city with high rise buildings as far as the eye can see. Each building has its own solar systems, “living” walls with plants and all the apartments seem to have balconies to grow a few vegetables.
Outside the Tesla it's roasting hot, with temperatures averaging around 25C, in January! The earth’s temperature has risen just as the scientists predicted and the planet is now inevitably heading for average 3C or 5C increase, possibly within the next 100 years.
Giant electronic advertising billboard signs flash up various adverts but the ones that catch your eye the most are those for food. It's not just because you skipped breakfast and your stomach is starting to to grumble. It's the cost of the food that grabs your attention; the prices are astronomical!! The inflated prices must be due to the increase in the number and the severity of floods and droughts affecting the world’s main food-growing areas. Hence the reason why people seem to be growing their own.
Although the city is densely developed and highly populated the air seems to be clean and it's strange how silent it is. There are very few vehicles on the street and the ones that are around are electric. Looking up the skies are empty and there are no aircraft flying overhead at all. Banning carbon fueled travel seems to have clean up the air in this city.
But people don't appear to need to travel much now. It's clear that the local authority has thrown money at protecting infrastructure, helping people adapt to the higher temperatures and ever more frequent storms. Surprisingly there are still some green spaces left and some man-made structures have also been created to mimic the trees that once stood shading the streets.
It's clear that the government has taken some national action against climate change, but it's obvious that not enough was done to change the impact in the global warming due to the environment surrounding you. Even without climbing the high rise buildings glimpses of the water can be seen between the urban sprawl of in the distance. As predicted the the continuing loss of ice at the poles and in the great mountain ranges has meant that sea levels have risen faster and higher that you believed would be possible possible 30 years ago.
This must be why people have sold up and moved to the higher land here in Buxton you think. You overhear an older couple chatting mid conversation close by saying, "Did you that she's been told that the underground water supplies to her block of apartments are beginning to be polluted with seawater and they might only last another 10 years. If that happens they've told her that her apartment block will be deemed unsafe to live in within 20 years because of flooding. But it’s far worse in our side of the city. What's it like over by you?"
As you walk along the street there is an apparent divide between rich and poor. You can see that the extremely poor don’t live in robust houses, and they don't have as high walls to defend themselves from the storms and floods. Without money it's not as easy to adapt compared those living a high rise lifestyle. But if they left, where would they go? Every year their homes decrease in value compared the high rise empires alongside. Being so close to the sea only the properties that are higher or with excellent defenses against the elements now attracts premium prices.
All around you is the catastrophic reality that everyone was being warned about in 2020 and the years proceeding. The predictions and scientific research is accurate. The science evidence was there for us all all to see now in 2020. We were facing an unprecedented global emergency and ad life or death situation of our own making.
Time to travel back and make a change...
Small individual changes that we all make, like walking instead of taking the car, turning heating down a degree and switching lights off when we leave the room don't really make much of a dent in the problem facing us. To truly make an impact action must be taken by world leaders to ensure that everyone around the globe, whether you're a business or an individual adapts sooner rather than later. The evidence is all around you. To start making a difference we need to be compelled to change otherwise things will continue on the same course, where a green business or lifestyle is a personal choice rather than an obligation.
What can we do?
We take the warnings regarding climate change very seriously at Croft Architecture and we endeavour to help our clients to create sustainable buildings that are low-energy or even energy-positive.
Building Regulations currently dictate the minimum requirement for the energy efficiency of a building under Part L, but the regulations alone are not enough to help reverse the effects of climate change.
At the outset of all projects we chat with our clients and discuss the advantages of an energy efficient build. It’s not just residential clients who can benefit. Schools, offices, health care facilities, hotels or even apartments can be ultra-low energy. The basics apply to all, lower running and maintenance costs, healthier and happier environments and in there better for the environment too.
All clients, whatever the project, can gain from a more sustainable design, or even an energy positive renovation or build. It’s our responsibility as architects to educate and advise clients that a sustainable build doesn’t just help the environment.
For example, a sustainable school will benefit from lower running costs, but it also provides an educational live example for the students, providing real life evidence of how we can all live, work and grow in a sustainable environment. Everyone’s a winner!
To find out more about creating low energy or zero carbon buildings you can read more in our short blogs here.
Energy efficient, sustainable and healthy homes.
Just because projects are energy-efficient, it does not mean that clients must compromise on their design aspirations or requirements. We’ve recently had the pleasure of working with a retired couple who wanted to future proof their home to improve accessibility and use renewable sources of energy to power their home. They aspired for their home to provide level easy access throughout and they wanted to ensure that their home stayed relatively maintenance free, cheap to run and healthy to live in too. Their design resulted in a highly energy efficient home. Read more about their project here…
The UK Government has already set a 2050 target - to reduce emissions by 80%. This was previously was agreed by MP's under the Climate Change Act in 2008, but it has since been amended to the new, much stricter, goal to become "net zero" on greenhouse gases by 2050.
We know it can be done, but it unfortunately it needs policy, regulation and incentives in order for it to become ingrained into all design and business practice for all.
If you’re interested to know what zero emissions in 2050 would mean for the UK have a quick read of 'The Guardian's' insight into life in 2050…
The Committee on Climate Change says cutting greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050 is necessary, affordable and desirable. Here are some of the actions needed to make that happen:
- Petrol and diesel cars banned from sale ideally by 2030 and 2035 at the latest.
- Quadrupling clean electricity production from wind, solar and perhaps nuclear, plus batteries to store it and connections to Europe to share the load.
- Connection of new homes to the gas grid ending in 2025, with boilers using clean hydrogen or replaced by electric powered heat pumps. Plus, all homes and appliances being highly efficient.
- Beef, lamb and dairy consumption falling by 20%, though this is far lower than other studies recommend and a bigger shift to plant-based diets would make meeting the zero target easier.
- A fifth of all farmland – 15% of the UK – being converted to tree planting and growing bio fuel crops and restoration of peat bogs. This is vital to take CO2 out of the air to balance unavoidable emissions from cattle and planes.
- 1.5bn new trees will be needed, meaning more than 150 football pitches a day of new forests from now to 2050.
- Flying would not be banned, but the number of flights will depend on how much airlines can cut emissions with electric planes or bio fuels.
The everyday choices that we make have an impact on the environment. As we know the earth only has limited amount of natural resources, from food and water, to fossil fuels. We all have a limited amount of time to reduce the emissions and pollution in order to reverse the effects on the planet and for us all to stay healthy.
Talk to us about how we can help you to make a sustainable change with your existing building or prospect project.
|
<urn:uuid:19696f2f-bc63-4973-847c-14a03efa7c02>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
http://blog.croftarchitecture.com/blog/the-climate-crisis-a-glimpse-into-the-future-if-individuals-act-but-governments-dont
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738380.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809013812-20200809043812-00342.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959719 | 3,530 | 2.890625 | 3 |
<< | Índex | >>
Blaverism in the 80s and 90s: Unió Valenciana and Vicente González Lizondo
Franco died in 1975, but democracy did not come immediately. There was a pre-constitutional period in which the public officials of the dictatorship were reluctant to leave power. Miguel Ramón Izquierdo, mayor of València; Ignacio Carrau, president of the Diputació and José María Fernández del Río, civil governor, saw in tricolor regionalism the only way to preserve their positions. They supported it in each one of its manifestations. Thus began the so-called "battle of València", one of the most violent and tense stages in modern Valencian history, as we have had the opportunity to analyze on this website (we especially recommend the Blaverist violence section).
The far-right had entered the game when it had just started. Unrest and street violence largely determined the negotiations that the Valencian political forces were maintaining to draft the Statute of Autonomy. The final version of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy in 1982 replaced the four-striped flag of the Crown of Aragon (official in the Valencian Country between 1978 and 1980, with the shield of the Council in the middle) by the flag of the city of Valencia (whose blue stripe, the highest sign of Blaverist identity, dates from the mid-19th century), made the denomination of "Valencian Community" instead of that of "Valencian Country" official, and gave Valencian the category of language. Apart from that, due to pressure from the UCD of Attard, Broseta and Abril Martorell, the Statute was approved by the slow and administrative way envisaged in article 143 of the Constitution, instead of by the fast and political route designed in article 151. The PSPV could have remained firm in its positions, since it was the most voted party in the Valencian Country in all the elections that were held during the Spanmish transition, but for the reasons that we analyze in the Blaverism and PSOE section, it yielded first and later did not do anything to combat the nascent Blaverism, thus taking a position that in its general lines continues today.
In any case, the tension and anti-Catalan agitation promoted by the extreme right and instrumentalized by the UCD prepared the birth of a regionalist and anti-Catalanist party, although the transition came to an end. This party was Unió Valenciana. Antonio Edison Valls, Vicente Ortí, Francisco Noguera and Vicente González Lizondo registered Unió Valenciana in the registry of the Ministry of the Interior on August 30, 1982. Miguel Ramon Izquierdo, the last Francoist mayor of València, also was one of the founders. They took advantage of the infrastructure of the Grup d'Acció Valencianista (GAV), in the social aspect, and of Alianza Popular (AP) in the political one. Two months later, aa a part of the "Coalición Popular" (Popular Coalition), UV obtained two deputies in the Spanish Parliament. The break with the old "Coalición Popular" was imminent, as UV leaders saw the possibility of obtaining positions and power quotas independently. The ideology of the party was very simple:
This party was reaching progressive quotas of power, due to crisis and internal confrontations in the Valencian right, on the one hand, and also due to a certain instigation of the PSOE, as we analyze in the section on Blaverism and the PSOE, which we refer to again.
In 1991, this party reached its electoral peak, with 7 councilors in the València City Council (90,000 votes) and seven autonomic deputies (208,000 votes. These deputies included the secessionist writer and former Valencian nationalist, Xavier Casp). Vicente González Lizondo was left on the verge of reaching the mayorship of València, and had no choice but to hand it over to Rita Barberà. Since then the Valencian right was structured around the PP. It is the political project that Manuel Broseta aimed to carry out before he was killed in 1992 and that his political successors continued: The Valencian right would be structured around a state party strongly linked to Madrid, and without any fickleness for localism (and not for the linguistic secessionism, all must be said). This was the case until 2015 and since 1995, when the PP arrived at the Generalitat Valenciana, in which despite maintaining a centralist position that was not favorable to Valencian power itself, it has recognized the unity of the Catalan language in the Valencian country, and made it official through the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Academy of Language, although there were eventual condescensions to the secessionists, motivated more by concrete political circumstances than by firm conviction.
From that moment on (the early 90s), Unió Valenciana was a party that bothered the Valencian right, and that only saved its existence thanks to the implicit support given to them by the PSOE, in order to divide the right and to weaken nationalism, as we analyze in the section on Blaverism and the PSOE. This way, the PP progressively absorbed UV, increasing votes and attracting regionalist leaders, in a process that lasted until 2014, approximately. So historic militants such as María Dolores García Broch, Francisco Martínez de León or Vicente Martínez Marco, were leaving the party. María Dolores García Broch even founded her own little party, "Renovación Valencianista", which obtained residual results and ended up disappearing. Later, in 1995, there was the "chicken pact" (decided in the office of the poultry businessman Federico Félix), in which the Valencian business community actually forced the two Valencian right-wing parties, the PP and UV, to agree to snatch the Generalitat Valenciana that the Socialists controlled. Unió Valenciana held the Ministry of Agriculture within the regional government and the Presidency of Les Corts (Valenmcian Parlament) (which corresponded to Vicente González Lizondo). The flight of votes towards the PP was already palpable back then, and thus, for example, in the city of València, a traditional Blaverist feud, Unió Valenciana fell in municipal representation in those elections by four councilors.
The internal confrontations within Unió Valenciana also continued to increase, motivated in many cases by the authoritarian and not very conciliatory character of Vicente González Lizondo. We can thus highlight the expulsion of the "Joventut Valencianista" youth, too nationalistic in his eyes, as we have said, whom he previously accused of "etarras" (supporters of ETA). Likewise, Vicente González Lizondo himself began to suffer from more and more frequent outbursts. Perhaps this derived from an unlimited exaggeration of his natural histrionism, of which we have spoken. What happenned is that this caused him to behave in bad taste and, ultimately, he himself made the party quite notorious. It should be remembered as well that one time when he had a confrontation with a driver (the type of confrontations that people usually have when driving), he chased that driver with his car for more than an hour trying to intimidate him. Or when he appeared at Expojove (a traditional Christmas fair for children) and forced the Valencian Mountaineering Federation to put a blue cloth on the four-striped shield (perfectly legal, no matter how much it bothered him) of this federation. His frequent Blaverist nonsensical events must also be pointed out. For instance when he declared on Catalunya Ràdio that he did not want to be spoken to in "Polish" (sic! Many anticatalanist Spaniards call the Catalans "Poles" in order to insult them).
At the end of 1995, due to his growing health problems, Vicente González Lizondo handed over the presidency of the party and the Corts (Valencian Parliament) to Héctor Villalba. What was supposed to be a peaceful transition ended up being a nightmare for him, because Héctor Villalba tried on one hand to impose a more nationalist and much less anti-Catalanist line than the official Blaverist line. On the other hand, he was not a person who gave in to the authoritarian and dictatorial plans of Vicente González Lizondo, with whom he had led the party from its beginning.
The death of Vicente González Lizondo from heart disease on December 26, 1996 made matters much worse for Unió Valenciana. Let's not forget that this party had an structure of full obedience to the leader, and many of its voters, over and above ideologies, voted for the person that was Vicente González Lizondo (apart from the fact that, as we have said, this man was well known in Valencian society, basically due to his connection to the world of Falles). The presidency of Héctor Villalba, as we have said, broke this full obedience on one hand. And on the other hand, the successive Blaverist leaders were much less known than Vicente González Lizondo.
On the other hand, the trickle of militants and charges towards the PP continued. So for instance, Maria-Àngels Ramon-Llin, the Blaverist Councilor for Agriculture, left the party to enter the PP, as did the Blaverist historical leader Fernando Giner (president of the Diputació de València for the PP until 2007, which, however, maintained a paranoid anti-Catalanism throughout his presidency, as we formerly analyzed in the corresponding section). The former leaders Vicent Ferrer and Alfons Novo, as well as the autonomic deputy Rafael Ferraro, founded another Blaverist party, the "Iniciativa de Progreso" (Progress Initiative), which also ended up in the PP.
This process culminated in 1999, when UV became an extra-parliamentary party in the Corts Valencianes. Faced with the poor results, and doing an exercise in honesty, President Héctor Villalba resigned, and José María Chiquillo took the leadership of the party. This man once again led the party towards the paranoid anti-Catalanism of its early days, but this made the party obtain its worst results in its entire history in the regional elections of 2003. In those elections (and the subsequent ones), the Valencian nationalists of the BNV for the first time outweighed UV. This was very important because it was the first time that Valencian nationalism had overcome Blaverism in an election, busting one of the great Blaverist myths (and that of Blaverist sympathizers), according to which the "Valencian people" were spontaneously Blaverist. After the electoral disaster, the ex-militant of the GAV José María Chiquillo agreed to the entry of his only provincial deputy, Valero Eustaquio, into the PP government of the Diputació presided by ex-Blaverist Fernando Giner. Chiquillo resigned to join the PP shortly afterwards and the mayor of Alcàsser (Horta Sud) Julio Chanzá assumed the presidency of the party. He did not lead too long as party president, being replaced by the party councilor in Paterna (Horta Nord) Ximo Ballester, who ended up resigning in April 2006, and José Manuel Miralles was elected as party president.
The party situation in the following years was more complicated than ever. Apart from the constant pressure of the PP, of which we have spoken, another Blaverist party emerged in the Valencian Country (to be exact, far-right and ultra-Blaverist): Coalició Valenciana. Without forgetting the irruption of another lifetime Blaverist, José María Chiquillo, with another party, dissolved shortly after its creation: Unión de Progreso de la Comunitat Valenciana (Progress Union of the Valencian Community). All these parties fought for a very limited political space, and were immersed in a power struggle that culminated in the electoral failure of CV in 2011 (UV lacked the resources to take part in the regional and municipal elections) and in the disappearance of both political parties.
Page last modified on May 07, 2023, at 04:58 PM
Edit - History - Print - Recent Changes - Search<
|
<urn:uuid:05f99f8f-b0e3-47e4-9c32-5b3272a91481>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.antiblavers.org/Main/ElsAnys80I90
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00240.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952921 | 2,711 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sustainable agriculture is the only possible answer to the growing population on earth and the climate changes we are witnessing. In this article, we will look together at what this term means and what are the ways and solutions available to us to ensure that we increasingly support the development of this type of agriculture.
Sustainable agriculture: what do we mean?
What are the aims of sustainable agriculture?
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and European objectives
Techniques and models of sustainable agriculture
New technologies as a driving force for change
By sustainable agriculture, we mean a type of agriculture that prioritises respect for natural resources alongside human and economic resources.
According to the definition of Agricultural Sustainability Institute, sustainable agriculture can ensure the well-being of the world’s population and its need for food and textiles without harming the future generations that will inherit the world we live in.
Sustainable agriculture is based on an ethical economic model that is binding on all stakeholders and whose principles are to
It was the FAO – Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations – that defined the 5 principles of sustainable agriculture that can help us understand the importance of this change within our society.
In 2018, a document was published titled TRANSFORMING FOOD AND AGRICULTURE TO ACHIEVE THE SDGs which sets out the 20 actions needed in the field of agriculture to achieve the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations. These actions concern the practice of recycling and reuse, increasing the resilience of people and ecosystems against extreme climate events, protecting biodiversity as well as safeguarding farmers from an integrated perspective.
Agriculture plays a key role in our society and economy.
Given the importance of supporting this sector, the European Union is working to introduce important changes and improvements to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
The new CAP that will come into force on 1 January 2023 will be aligned with the European Green Deal for ‘an inclusive, competitive and environmentally friendly future for Europe’
Many European funds in the agricultural sector have already been released for the transitional period of 2021 and 2022 and concern investments for projects related to
There are various agricultural models and techniques that can be applied in a sustainable way, but we must not fall into the trap of thinking that sustainable agriculture can be totally overlapped or identified with a specific model.
By sustainable agriculture we mean agriculture that is conservative and can make integrated use of the knowledge developed by each of these models.
1. Organic farming model
This is a production model that only allows the use of natural substances, avoiding over-exploitation of resources such as water, soil and air, in compliance with European Regulation EEC 2092/91.
Certified organic farms do not use synthetic chemicals (fertilisers, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides), but use natural fertilisers and more traditional techniques such as crop rotation.
2. Biodynamic farming model
It was created with the aim of enriching the environment and improving food quality by preserving plant biodiversity.
Biodynamics is based on respect for the earth’s ecosystem, taking into account the lunar phases and the activation of life in the soil. It does not use chemical fertilisers or pesticides, but instead uses homeopathic doses of natural preparations to promote soil fertility and plant growth.
3. Solidarity-based farming model
Solidarity-based agriculture is a type of agriculture that respects people and the environment and is based on direct relationships of trust, reducing the distance between consumer and producer.
The term refers not only to a set of agricultural practices oriented towards the natural maintenance of soil fertility, but also to a design system that intertwines issues from architecture, economics, ecology, anthropology and legal systems.
The aim is to optimally and ethically design and manage landscapes to meet people’s needs in harmony with natural systems.
These are communities whose ultimate goal is environmental sustainability and to achieve it they choose lifestyles that are different from those currently imposed by our socio-economic system.
Participation is voluntary and includes the design of housing units to minimise environmental impact, the use of renewable energy sources, food self-sufficiency based on permaculture or organic farming.
The digital technologies at our disposal are an indispensable factor on the road to a sustainable agricultural model. This is because today’s technological innovation is able to meet the need to collect and organise the data necessary to support analysis and decisions for the future of the sector.
Digitisation makes it possible to achieve maximum precision during processing with less waste and higher yields, through:
Producing more with fewer resources whilst maintaining superior quality standards: this is the ultimate goal of precision farming
This type of approach generates a two-fold advantage:
Our technologies can do a lot to help you optimise your work: discover all the solutions available for your business.
Find out why it is important to invest in precision farming by reading our dedicated article.
There are many incentives you can access, contact us for all further information.
|
<urn:uuid:45e34770-b8d5-4f96-83eb-34098e407deb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.mccormick.it/as/sustainable-agriculture-the-path-to-a-better-future/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948976.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329120545-20230329150545-00167.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925759 | 1,039 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 5
Tim Carr and Robert S. Sawin
The Hugoton field is the largest natural gas field in North America and the second largest in the world. The Hugoton is only one of many gas fields in southwest Kansas (fig. 1) that have been important to Kansas since their development in the 1930's. The major gas fields of this area--Hugoton, Panoma, Bradshaw, Greenwood, and Byerly--have produced almost 27 trillion cubic feet of gas (enough gas to supply every household in Kansas for 364 years, based on 1994 gas consumption rates). The Hugoton and associated gas fields are part of a large, bowl--shaped structure that underlies most of southwest Kansas. This region is referred to as the Hugoton natural gas area.
Figure 1--The Hugoton natural gas area in Kansas.
The Hugoton natural gas area provides gas and oil to Kansas and the nation, generating significant revenues and providing jobs and income in at least 13 counties in southwest Kansas. Economically, the Hugoton area is Kansas's most important natural resource. It will continue to be an important resource for Kansas in the future, but it must be understood, managed, and developed in a way that will maximize its benefit to Kansans. This circular explains the history and geology of the Hugoton gas area, its importance to the state, and how foresight and stewardship will affect its future.
Kansas Geological Survey, Public Outreach
1930 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047-3726
Phone: (785) 864-3965, Fax: (785) 864-5317
Web version Dec. 1996
|
<urn:uuid:6e7fa395-daf3-4ab1-87c7-f449302842ab>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/pic5/pic5_1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699798457/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102318-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890354 | 350 | 3.140625 | 3 |
NASA's Swift satellite was successfully launched Saturday from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. The satellite will pinpoint the location of distant yet fleeting explosions that appear to signal the births of black holes.
"It's a thrill that Swift is in orbit. We expect to detect and analyze more than 100 gamma-ray bursts a year. These are the most powerful explosions in the universe, and I can't wait to learn more about them," said Swift Principal Investigator Dr. Neil Gehrels, at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Each gamma-ray burst is a short-lived event, lasting only a few milliseconds to a few minutes, never to appear again. They occur several times daily somewhere in the universe, and Swift should detect several weekly.
Swift, a mission with international participation, was designed to solve the 35-year-old mystery of the origin of gamma-ray bursts. Scientists believe the bursts are related to the formation of black holes throughout the universe - the birth cries of black holes.
To track these mysterious bursts, Swift carries a suite of three main instruments. The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) instrument, built by Goddard, will detect and locate about two gamma-ray bursts weekly, relaying a rough position to the ground within 20 seconds. The satellite will swiftly re-point itself to bring the burst area into the narrower fields of view of the on-board X-ray Telescope (XRT) and the UltraViolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT). These telescopes study the afterglow of the burst produced by the cooling ashes that remain from the original explosion.
The XRT and UVOT instruments will determine a precise arc-second position of the burst and measure the spectrum of its afterglow from visible to X-ray wavelengths. For most of the bursts detected, Swift data, combined with complementary observations conducted with ground-based telescopes, will enable measurements of the distances to the burst sources.
The afterglow phenomenon can linger in X-ray light, optical light, and radio waves for hours to weeks, providing detailed information about the burst. Swift will check in on bursts regularly to study the fading afterglow, as will ground-based optical and radio telescopes. The crucial link is having a precise location to direct other telescopes. Swift will provide extremely precise positions for bursts in a matter of minutes.
Swift notifies the astronomical community via the Goddard-maintained Gamma-ray Burst Coordinates Network. The Swift Mission Operations Center, operated from Penn State's University Park, Pa., campus, controls the Swift observatory and provides continuous burst information.
"Swift can respond almost instantly to any astrophysical phenomenon, and I suspect that we're going to be making many discoveries which are currently unpredicted," said Swift Mission Director John Nousek, Penn State professor of astronomy and astrophysics.
Goddard manages Swift. Swift is a NASA mission with the participation of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council in the United Kingdom.
Swift was built through collaboration with national laboratories, universities and international partners, including General Dynamics, Gilbert, Arizona; Penn State University; Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico; Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, Calif.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory in Dorking, Surrey, England; the University of Leicester, England; ASI Malindi ground station in Africa; the ASI Science Data Center in Italy; and the Brera Observatory in Milan, Italy.
For more information about Swift on the Internet, visit:
Cite This Page:
|
<urn:uuid:9b1c83f3-fb95-48bf-ad6d-2130091e3bcd>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041123080918.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011338837/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092218-00038-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909075 | 741 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Chicago (IL) - A new series of four studies conducted by psychologists at the University at Buffalo and Miami University found that illusory relationships with television stars provide individuals, including those who suffer from low self esteem or rejection by family and friends, with a sense of belonging.
“The research provides evidence for the ’social surrogacy hypothesis’, which holds that humans can use technologies, like television, to provide the experience of belonging when no real belongingness has been experienced,” stated Shira Gabriel, a study co-author and assistant professor of Pyschology at the University of Buffalo. He continued, “We also argue that other commonplace technologies such as movies, music or interactive video games, as well as television, can fulfill this need.”
In the initial study, 701 undergraduate students used the Loneliness Activities Scale and the Likelihood of Feeling Lonely Scale, which determined that subjects reported to turning on and watching their favorite television programs when they were feeling alone and lacking company. The individuals claimed to feel less lonely when watching these programs.
The second study referred to essays to manipulate the belongingness needs of 102 undergraduate students experimentally. The study determined that individuals whose belongingness needs were aroused, tended to describe their favorite television shows in much more detail and depth than they did with television shows that were not among their favorites.
Study three observed 116 participants and concluded that thoughts of an individual’s favorite television program prevented self-esteem drops, increases in negative feelings and a bad mood, and reduced a sense of rejection that would commonly be felt when a close relationship was threatened.
The final study looked at 222 participants who were asked to write a ten minute essay about their favorite television program and then write about programs they watch when nothing else is on television, or about experiencing an academic achievement. They were then asked to describe verbally their essays in as much detail as possible. After writing about their favorite television program the participants expressed fewer feelings of loneliness and exclusion than when verbally describing the two controlled situations.
The researchers claim that there is evidence for “parasocial” or illusionary relationships with television characters or personalities that can make individuals feel less lonely, compensating for their need for interaction. It is still unclear whether social surrogacy suppresses belongingness needs or fulfills them, but the researchers acknowledged that the social surrogacy delivered by the TV shows can be a negative substitution for genuine human interaction.
"Turning one's back on family and friends for the solace of television may be maladaptive and leave a person with fewer resources over time," Jaye Derrick, of the University of Buffalo stated. "But for those who have difficulty experiencing social interaction because of physical or environmental constraints, technologically induced belongingness may offer comfort."
|
<urn:uuid:a06f43ac-23ac-4033-bbe8-15dc894c5543>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.tgdaily.com/general-sciences-features/42143-can-your-television-make-you-feel-less-lonely
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320570.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625184914-20170625204914-00289.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965666 | 563 | 2.875 | 3 |
Intelligent irrigation is developing. In the past few decades, the irrigation sector has been facing many challenges. Especially for farm workers who don't know when they can use the power supply to pump water. They even had to wait until the field irrigation was completed. This will definitely prevent them from engaging in other activities. Nowadays, standard irrigation systems are considered the "brain" of automated irrigation systems. With the help of IoT technology, an intelligent solution can now be used to assist farmers in managing irrigation systems. It not only improves water efficiency, but also saves time and reduces labor costs.
2.Scheme networking topology diagram and functional introduction
1. Perceptual layer
Greenhouse environmental monitoring:
Temperature and humidity collection terminal: used for monitoring temperature and humidity in the air of greenhouses.
Soil temperature and humidity collection terminal: used to monitor soil moisture and temperature.
Valve control terminal: used for linkage of sprinkler irrigation when soil moisture is insufficient.
Water tank level monitoring:
Liquid level collection terminal: used to monitor the water level of the water tank.
Pipeline water pressure monitoring:
Pressure collection terminal: used to monitor the pressure of the outlet pipeline.
Submersible pump control:
LoRa terminal: used for linkage water tank level monitoring, and automatically starts pumping when the water tank level is below the threshold value.
Booster pump control:
LoRa terminal: used for linkage pressure monitoring, automatically starting pressurization when the pipeline pressure is below the threshold value.
Valve control terminal: used for timed irrigation of farmland.
Flow monitoring: Used to monitor water flow after linkage valve control.
Wireless Internet of Things gateway: receives data from collectors for analysis and linkage. And transmit it to the backend system. Receive instructions from the system platform for node linkage control.
2. Transport layer
Collect and monitor hardware system parameters through LoRa wireless network, and remotely report data to the system platform through 4G network.
3. Application layer
Mainly an intelligent irrigation management platform that monitors the hardware system's collection parameters and real-time modification of system operating parameters, and records and analyzes system real-time data.
4. Terminal layer
It refers to smartphones, iPads, computers, PCs, etc. that can remotely access and modify real-time operating data of devices within the system, and timely view current and historical fault alarm information.
3、 Advantages of the plan
1. No wiring, low cost. Through LoRa wireless network, the entire wireless transmission from sensor acquisition end to server end can be achieved, saving various costs of wired solutions.
2. Save the investment of management personnel, and when there is abnormal alarm information, management personnel can immediately learn from the platform, greatly reducing related risk factors.
3. Through the collection of relevant data on the cloud platform, management personnel have timely learned about farmland and greenhouse information, made timely policy adjustments, and achieved refined management of farmland irrigation.
4. The entire system forms an overall closed-loop system from monitoring to linkage control, avoiding the problem of one-way monitoring without treatment measures.
5. Based on time division multiple access, code division multiple access, and frequency modulation technology, our independently developed LoRa wireless networking has stronger anti-interference ability and longer communication distance, improving frequency utilization. Effectively avoiding data collisions and increasing network capacity in LoRa networks.
Add: 1501-3, Building F03, Phase III, Software Park, Jimei District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
|
<urn:uuid:3ecfc2a5-8205-4fc0-8db6-d2ea0a71f0e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.zonewu.com/en/solutions/irrigate.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510300.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927135227-20230927165227-00898.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.857591 | 781 | 2.9375 | 3 |
History of the revolution in Texas, particularly of the war of 1835 & '36; together with the latest geographical, topographical, and statistical accounts of the country, from the most authentic sources. Also, an appendix. By the Rev. C. Newell. Page: 215 of 227
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
partment, who was then in this town, and equally anxious to preserve
the public tranquillity; and who, we are assured, is as much
opposed to military encroachments as any other man in the community.
It will also be remembered that the Ayuntamiento had
no means of acquiring information as to the true state of things in
the interior of this Republic, the only newspaper that was permitted
to reach here through the Post-Office Department was the Ministerial
"( Registro Official." Under these circumstances, this body
used every effort to preserve good order and keep the settlers from
participating in the present civil war; and it is probable that these
efforts would have been successful, had not events been precipitated
in the manner they have been by the tyrannical and illegal acts of
Col. Bradburn. But now, as public opinion has expressed itself
in the most decided and unequivocal manner, in favor of the plan
of Vera Cruz, the same reasons which prevented the Ayuntamiento
from taking an early lead in this question, have impelled that body
to unite with the people in adhering to said plan; which reasons
are, the preservation of harmony, and the advancement of the general
good, which can alone be effected by the most perfect union.
No. 3.--Extract from the Petition of the People of Texas to
the General Congress of the United Mexican States.
Our misfortunes pervade the whole territory-operate upon the
whole population; and are as diversified in character, as our public
interests and necessities are various. Texas, at large, feels and
deplores an utter destitution of the common benefits which have
usually accrued from the worst system of internal government,
that the patience of mankind ever tolerated. She is virtually
without a government-and if she is not precipitated into all the
unspeakable horrors of anarchy, it is only because there is a re.
deeming spirit among the people, which still infuses a moral energy
into the miserable fragments of authority that exist among
us. We are perfectly sensible that a large portion of our population,
usually denominated " the Colonists," and composed of An.
glo-Americans, have been greatly calumniated before the Mexican
Government. But could the honorable Congress scrutinize strict.
ly into our real condition; could they see and understand the
wretched confusion in all the elements of Government which we
daily feel and deplore; our ears would no longer be insulted, nor
our feelings mortified, by the artful fictions of hireling emissaries
from abroad, nor by the malignant aspersions of disappointed mili.
tary commandants at home.
Our grievances do not so much result from any positive misfea.
sance on the part of the present State Authorities, as from the total
Here’s what’s next.
This book can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Book.
Newell, Chester. History of the revolution in Texas, particularly of the war of 1835 & '36; together with the latest geographical, topographical, and statistical accounts of the country, from the most authentic sources. Also, an appendix. By the Rev. C. Newell., book, 1838; New York. (texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6109/m1/215/: accessed November 21, 2017), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, texashistory.unt.edu; .
|
<urn:uuid:1a66d973-d17e-4ccd-b72c-f1e00677c086>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth6109/m1/215/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806438.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121223707-20171122003707-00475.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931825 | 907 | 2.625 | 3 |
What are ten good examples of figurative language in Of Mice and Men, and how do each of them describe either a character or setting?
John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men
1 Answer | Add Yours
In Of Mice and Men, the great American writer, John Steinbeck, embellishes his narrative with figurative language:
- Visual (colors) and auditory imagery, along with personification, is used in the opening paragraph, a description of the Salinas area:
1-2...the Slina River drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green. The water is warm...it has slipped twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight...the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains [personification]...willows fresh and green...sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs...
- Animal imagery is employed in his description of Lennie Small, images that underscore the brute strength of the man and lower intelligence as Lennie is likened to a bear. He is portrayed as "dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws."
3. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely....Lennie dabled his big paw in the water and wiggled his fingers so the wter arose in little splashes...
- A metaphoric description of Slim, the mule-skinner is given in section 3:
4.George looked over at Slim and saw the calm, God-like eyes fastened on him.
As Slim looks at Candy's old dog, there is a metaphoric affinity to an animal:
5.He seemed to shake himself free for speech
- Another metaphor is found in the beginning of Section 3:
6. Slim reached up over the card table and turned on the tin-shaded electric light. Instantly the table was brillaint with light; and the cone of the shade threw its brightness straight downward...
- In Section 4, Crooks uses a simile when he taunts Lennie, \
7. They'll tie ya up with a collar, like a dog.
- In a description of Crooks, figurative language is used:
8.Crooks face lighted with pleasure in his torture.
- In Section 4, the description of Curley's wife a simile is used,
9.She breathed strongly, as though she had been running.
- As the men grow angry with her, she looks from face to face
10.and they were all closed against her [metaphor]
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
|
<urn:uuid:9f50bc30-249c-44a7-96a7-55bbb6f17724>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-ten-good-examples-kind-firurative-language-184693
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00007-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958076 | 565 | 3.21875 | 3 |
2019-2020 is the 28th year of the environmental lecture series at Ashland University!
The Environmental Lecture Series was established at Ashland University after the Environmental Science program was implemented in 1991-92. The lecture series was designed to support the Environmental Science program by allowing students, faculty and members of North Central Ohio communities to interact with leaders in environmental science and policy. Over the years, the lecture series has generated significant campus and community involvement and support. Recent lectures are archived for viewing on this webpage.
Current support for the lecture series is provided by a grant from the National Science Foundation, donations from individuals, and additional support from Ashland University. Past series have been supported by AU and grants from the Lubrizol Foundation, GTE Foundation, and the Fran and Warren Rupp Foundation.
All lectures will be at 7:30 p.m. They are held in the Ronk Lecture Hall of the Schar College of Education. They are free and open to the public.
Talks this year will focus on Liberty and Responsibility: Environmental laws and Ohio wildlife, natural resources, and quality of life. This year’s series is specifically intended to complement our College of Arts and Sciences’ biennial Symposium Against Indifference.
The goal of this year’s Environmental Lecture Series is to engage with this theme through Ohio examples of applying environmental laws and policies.
On January 1, 1970, President Nixon signed into law the National Environmental Policy Act. One of its stated goals was “to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man.” Later that year, Nixon ordered the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, with responsibility for maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws. Nixon signed other laws focused on environmental health, including the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the Endangered Species Act. This began a nearly six-decade period in which U.S. citizens were expected to take more responsibility for their actions in the natural environment, including wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. Over this same time period, some individuals and communities objected to new restrictions on liberty with respect to use of natural areas. This tension remains for many examples of both national laws and local policies (e.g. urban planning initiatives; environmental justice advocacy; state priorities, regulations, and incentives related to land-use and energy development).
Nov. 7 / Dr. Laura Johnson, Director, National Center for Water Quality Research, Heidelberg University, Tiffin, OH -- "The effects of phosphorus management in the Lake Erie watershed from 1969 to today"--VIDEO
- Historically, cultural eutrophication of Lake Erie was a major concern and through efforts by the United States and Canada starting with the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA), Lake Erie largely recovered by the mid-1990s. However, over the past decade Lake Erie has been experiencing a recurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the western basin and an increase in hypoxia in the central basin. The National Center for Water Quality Research at Heidelberg University has been monitoring major tributaries to Lake Erie for up to 45 years. In the agricultural watersheds (e.g., Maumee and Sandusky Rivers), long-term trends in loads and concentrations indicate that total phosphorus (TP), which consists of particulate and dissolved P, has decreased since the mid-1970s, whereas dissolved reactive P (DRP) has been increased drastically in the mid-1990s. Trends in the Cuyahoga River, which is dominated by point-source inputs of P, are quite different– TP and DRP decreased in the mid-1970s and have since remained consistently low. Thus, increased DRP and HABs appear to be associated with recent patterns in agriculture such as broadcasting surface fertilizers, build-up of P at the soil surface, unnecessary fertilizer application, increased soil compaction from large equipment, and increased tile drainage intensity. Encouraging best management practices (BMPs) on farmland focused on DRP loss, such as the 4Rs and nutrient management, rather than particulate P and erosion should help decrease the severity of HABs in the future.
Jan. 23/ Dr. Andrew May, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH -- "Using low-cost sensors to improve the spatial resolution of air quality measurements" (This talk is co-sponsored by the Ashland University College of Arts & Sciences.)--VIDEO
- Across the US, air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act are monitoring at fixed-location sites, and based on these measurements, the majority of the US does not experience air quality issues. However, these measurement sites may be sparsely distributed through space. Dr. May will discuss two of his projects that seeks to address this issue by providing data with improved spatial resolution in areas where people live, work, and play using low-cost sensors. These projects include deploying sensors on a transit bus to provide regular, repeated measurements in an urban environment and collaborating with high schools near Columbus, OH to establish a network of sensors throughout the local community. Improved spatial resolution can provide better estimates of localized air pollutant concentrations and better protect children, the elderly, and other groups who may be more sensitive to poor air quality.
Mar. 19/ Megan Seymour, Wildlife Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbus, OH -- "Wind Turbines Beneath Their Wings: The Toll of Green Energy on Wildlife” (THIS EVENT IS CANCELLED. WE WILL POST HERE IF WE ARE ABLE TO RESCHEDULE.)
- Megan Seymour is a Wildlife Biologist for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Columbus, Ohio Ecological Services Field Office, where she has worked for the past 20 years. Her primary duty is to implement various facets of the Endangered Species Act, including listing, consultation, recovery, habitat conservation planning, and delisting. Megan was the lead FWS biologist for the Buckeye Wind Habitat Conservation Plan, which resulted in the first incidental take permit for Indiana bats and wind power in the nation. She is currently leading the development of the Blue Creek Wind Farm HCP, and contributes to many other wind power and bat initiatives. Megan has served on the USFWS’s Indiana bat and wind working group and on the Northern long-eared bat listing team. Megan was a founding member of the Ohio Wind Working Group in the early 2000’s, and led the Wildlife Action Team. Megan received her Bachelor of Science degree, cum laude, in Wildlife Management from The Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources, in 2000.
The overall goal of the series is to explore citizen science projects that are active in Ohio. Why are volunteers needed and what can we learn from these large-scale projects? How does information about the distributions of species distributions, for example, help us learn more about local and regional environmental issues?
Talks this year will focus on Bees, Butterflies, and Dragons!
- Dr. Goodell will discuss the use of citizen scientist data for two projects aimed at assessing natural habitats for bees. The Ohio Bumble Bee Survey aims to map the distribution of bumble bee species in Ohio and determine critical habitat for rare and endangered species. Trained citizen scientists have identified survey locations throughout the state and have collected data on queen bumble bee nesting habitat. A second study focused on the development of the pollinator community on a newly planted prairie patch on a reclaimed mine. Finally, she will evaluate some of the successes and challenges of the first two years of the Ohio Bee Atlas project administered through the iNaturalist database. She will offer her insights on how to improve citizen engagement in bee conservation research.
Jan. 24/ Dr. Sarah Diamond, George B. Mayer Chair in Urban and Environmental Studies & Assistant Professor of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH -- "How humans redistribute butterflies in space and time: surprises and novel insights from long-term citizen science monitoring"--VIDEO
- Dr. Diamond will explore the findings from long-term citizen science monitoring of butterflies by the Ohio Lepidopterists’ to understand how climate warming alters seasonal activity and geographic range and distribution of butterflies across the state of Ohio.
Mar. 21/ MaLisa Spring, State Coordinator for the Ohio Dragonfly Survey, Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH -- "Ohio Citizens and Dragons: Documenting threatened species with iNaturalist "--VIDEO
- Join MaLisa Spring, State Coordinator of the Ohio Dragonfly Survey, to learn more about dragonflies and damselflies in Ohio. Ohio is home to some 170 species of dragonflies and damselflies, with 23 listed as state threatened or endangered. These ferocious aerial acrobats are important for managing insect populations and can serve as indicator species. Learn how you can help these winged predators by documenting them in your own backyard and land management strategies to support your own dragons!
The goal of the series is to explore what we are learning about the ecosystems along Lake Erie’s coast and how they interact with the Great Lake. Historically, there was a rich complex of rivers and wetland habitats. In recent years, new projects in several regions have re-established connections between a variety of wetlands and the lake. Rivers have always connected land-use to the coast and the lake. Recent projects emphasize the high value of coastal wetlands that have endured over the decades and counteract some of the consequences of on-going urban, suburban, and rural development (pollution mitigation and rehabilitation of wildlife habitat). This lecture series will highlight a few of the existing systems and new projects that help Lake Erie, its coastal wetlands, and the wildlife and people that depend on these complex ecosystems.
Nov 15 (Wednesday)/ Mr. Chris May, Director of Restoration, The Nature Conservancy, Michigan -- "Landscape Restoration and Conservation of Coastal Wetlands in Western Lake Erie"--VIDEO
- Erie Marsh Preserve on Lake Erie contains some of the last remaining coastal wetlands in southeast Michigan and provides critical habitat for migratory birds and fish. The Nature Conservancy is restoring native ecosystems and natural processes on 950 acres of the preserve. Work at Erie Marsh provides an example of site-scale restoration guided by landscape-scale conservation planning that will benefit native plants and animals, while also providing ecosystem services and recreation opportunities for people across western Lake Erie.
Feb.22 / Dr. Tom Bridgeman, Associate Professor, Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo--"The Great Green Goo of Lake Erie: What you need to know about harmful algal blooms and your drinking water"--VIDEO
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) composed of toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp.) have been increasing in Lake Erie over the past 20 years, leading to the Toledo Water Crisis of 2014 and an eye-catching bloom on the Maumee River in 2017. Studies show a close link between the severity of each summer’s Lake Erie HAB and the amount of plant nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) that enter the lake via tributaries during late spring and early summer. Therefore, implementing practices that reduce agricultural inputs is a top priority. Reducing the flow of nutrients into the lake and reducing HABs is likely to take many years. Recognition that HABs need to be reduced in the lake and public health must be protected from algal toxins has resulted in a comprehensive ‘Field to Faucet’ approach. This aims to prevent HABs through wise land use practices while also increasing the margin of safety for public water supplies via lake monitoring programs and by upgrading water treatment capabilities.
- The presentation will focus on the history of coastal wetlands in Ohio and the history of the Winous Point Marsh Conservancy. Simpson will also focus on the current state of these wetlands and what we are currently doing to conserve and manage coastal wetlands within the state.
Last year's theme was popular with students and community members. There seemed so much more still to do. Therefore, this year's series is continuing the "In Our Own Backyard" theme. The goal of the series will continue to be exploration of examples of local natural history and ecology and making connections to issues, questions, and plans for the future. This year, there will be more emphasis on specialized habitats and (perhaps) less familiar species groups. We again define "local” as Ashland and Richland Counties in particular, and north-central Ohio in general. The series will include aquatic and terrestrial examples that offer different perspectives on what makes our own backyard so special.
Oct 27 / Dr. Lisa Rainsong, Professor, Cleveland Institute of Music--"Crickets and katydids: research by ear" -- VIDEO [note: recorded speaker volume is low versus insect songs]
- "If you have listened to the sounds of a field, marsh, or woodland on late summer evening or a goldenrod-filled meadow in early fall, you’ve probably noticed that a chorus of insect song is in progress..."
- Dr. Rainsong's blog is titled Listening in Nature: Music of the natural world in NE Ohio throughout the year.
Nov 17 / Dr. Dave FitzSimmons, Fitzsimmons Photography-- "If You Build It, They Will Come: Vernal Pools, Fauna, and a Whole Lot of Fun!" --VIDEO
- Dr. FitzSimmons will share his "experiences of studying, photographing, and writing about vernal pools."
March 2 / Mr. David Apsley, Natural Resources Specialist, The Ohio State University Extension, Jackson, OH--" Ohio’s Eastern Hemlock Forests and the Threat of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid"--VIDEO
- This presentation will provide an overview of the ecological and economic importance of Ohio’s Hemlock forest. It will also provide updates on the current status of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA), an invasive pest that threatens the existence of hemlock in Ohio and the eastern United States, and the collaborative efforts being employed to manage its impact.
March 23 / Dr. Laura Kearns, Wildlife Biologist, Ohio Division of Wildlife, Olentangy Research Station, Delaware, OH-- "Sandhill Cranes of the Black Fork and Beyond: Recent Research Findings" -- VIDEO
- The population of breeding sandhill cranes has been growing throughout the state of Ohio and the region. The ODNR – Division of Wildlife has been involved with research recently to help understand the biology of our local cranes. This presentation will provide an overview of project findings including habitat use and movement ecology.
The goal of the series this year will be to explore examples of local natural history and ecology and make connections to issues, questions, and plans for the future. There might be a message about land-use priorities for sustaining what we have, insights about special habitats, or highlights about the less common species that do well in our part of Ohio. Here, we define "local” as Ashland and Richland Counties in particular, and north-central Ohio in general. This part of Ohio represents a unique intersection of geological and biological histories, so our landscape and the wildlife that live here are quite rich. This year's environmental lecture series includes aquatic and terrestrial examples that offer different perspectives on what makes our own backyard so special.
Sept 16 / Steve McKee, (retired) Director of Richland County Park District--"A natural history of our own backyard"--VIDEO
"Perhaps the best place to develop an understanding and love for the natural world is not some distant national park, but in your backyard and other nearby “backyard habitats”. What are the rock layers beneath our feet, the trees near our home, and the animals that thrive near us? How did they get here and how are they all connected? How is north-central Ohio just as fascinating as more exotic locations?" --Steve McKee on becoming a backyard naturalist
Steve McKee served as director of the Gorman Nature Center and the Richland County Park District for 35 years, and is now semi-retired. He grew up in Mansfield, graduated from Miami University with a master's degree in botany, ran an environmental education school in the mountains of Kentucky, is married and has two sons. He is enthusiastic about the natural history of north-central Ohio (especially Mohican), and is constantly working on surveys of local wild plants and birds.
>> A bonus event this year! On Monday, Sept. 28 , the Environmental Science Program is co-sponsoring the inaugural event of the 2015-2016 Symposium Against Indifference: Environmental Sustainability. Jenita McGowan, Chief of Sustainability for the City of Cleveland, will be presenting a talk titled "Building a Green City on a Blue Lake." This event will be starting at 7:30 pm in the Trustree's Room, Myers Convocation Center. For more on this and other events in this year's symposium, see also the symposium blog.
Feb 11 / Greg Lipps, LLC, Herpetological and GIS Consultant & Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Coordinator, Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University--"Partnering to Protect Ohio's Giant Salamander, the Eastern Hellbender"
March 17 / Rick Gardner, Chief Botanist, Division of Natural Areas and Preserves, Ohio Department of Natural Resources--"Ohio's natural heritage, with a focus on Ashland and Richland Counties"
The goal of the series this year will be to explore different examples of projects that are working to restore or rehabilitate the natural functions of habitats that have been heavily affected by development projects in and around Ohio. The series includes case studies that represent urban and rural, aquatic and terrestrial projects. The variety of projects will provide some depth and breadth to our understanding of environmental history, the benefits of natural systems, including the “services” provided by rehabilitated habitats in highly impacted regions, and the challenges and limitations of renovating impaired ecosystems.
Jan 22/ Bill Zawiski, Environmental Scientist, Division of Surface Water, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency--"Dam Removal in Ohio: Á fish is swimming upstream and hits its head and what does it say...?"
Apr 9/ Dr. Mary Gardiner, Associate Professor and Director of Urban Landscape Ecology Program, The Ohio State University--"Rehabilitation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in urban vacant lots"
Circa 589 million people live in the region we identify as Latin America, including South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Most populations are concentrated in coastal regions, while the interiors of South America and northern Mexico are much more sparsely populated. Famously diverse habitats and climates, valued natural resources, history and culture affect the way people live and make a living. How do human communities and environment interact in Latin America? How can international policies on natural resources affect life in the region and back in the U.S.? Can changing land management practices help wild nature and human communities? This year’s series will include real examples that provide some depth and breadth to our understanding of environmental issues in Latin America and, quite possibly, in our own backyard.
Our choice of topics this year is intended to complement the biennial symposium organized by our College of Arts and Sciences, that this year is titled “Against Indifference: Engaging Latin America and the Caribbean.” Together, these two series encourage immersion in this regional focus, with the Environmental Lecture Series offering perspectives from experts in human ecology, foreign policy, and scientific study related to specific environmental issues.
Oct 3 / Dr. Kendra McSweeney, Associate Professor of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH--"Drug-Trafficking and Deforestation in Central America" [BBC News, Jan. 30, 2014; Science, vol.343, Jan. 31, 2014--summary of research report]
Nov 7/ Dr. Geoffrey Dabelko, Professor and Director, Ohio University Voinovich School Environmental Studies program--"Environment, Peace, and Security: Lessons from Latin America" ~co-hosted by Ashland Center for Nonviolence~ [VIDEO}
Feb 20/ Dr. Matt Venesky, Visiting Assistant Professor of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA-- “Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife and their conservation challenges in the Neotropics” [VIDEO] --> if video does not play properly, see this notice re Firefox security settings or try googling mixed content blocker info
Apr 3 / Dr. Amanda Rodewald, Director of Conservation Science, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, and Associate Professor, Dept. of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-- "The intersection of coffee, communities, and conservation in Latin America" [VIDEO]
Seventy-nine percent of the U.S. population and 51% of the world’s population now live in urban areas. The realities of city living include high-density development, the importation of resources, export of wastes, and demand for the infrastructure needed to support quality of life. Cities boast both environmental positives and negatives, but above all, cities may seem quite apart from the natural world. Is this really the case? Can nature thrive in the city? Can cities be sustainable systems? This series will include speakers who are urban ecology experts. Planned topics include urban agriculture, wildlife, water resources management, and how urban planning helps or harms beneficial natural functions.
Date / Description
20 Sept / Dr. Anne Jefferson, Assistant Professor of Geology, Kent State University, OH--"The Science of Streams in the City" --[HCSC Auditorium]
11 Oct / Dr. Prawinder Grewal, Professor of Entomology, The Ohio State University--Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center--"Urban Agriculture, Food Security, and Ecological Footprint of Cities" --[HCSC Auditorium]
31 Jan / Terry Schwarz, Director, Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, College of Archictecture and Environmental Design, Kent State University, Cleveland, OH--"Urban Obsolescence and the Adaptive Values of Cities"--[HCSC Auditorium]
21 Mar / Dr. Stanley Gehrt, Associate Professor of Environmental and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-- "Ghost dogs: Urban ecology of coyotes"--[Ronk Lecture Hall, Schar College of Eduction]
Our speakers this year will focus on different classes of chemical pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and other personal care products, pesticides, e-wastes and other complex technology wastes. These are transported by air (as for combustion wastes), by water, and by human commerce. Released into the environment, there are many routes back to humans, and a number of contaminants have demonstrated the potential for harm “downstream.” Current and potential problems with specific chemicals are complicated by the growth of human populations world-wide. The impacts of these chemicals on organisms vary considerably, providing scientists and consumers with a lot of questions to work on.
Dr. Melissa M. Schultz, Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, OH—“Clean and Happy Fish (And the Other Effects of Consumer Products on Non-Target Organisms)”
Dr. Jonathan D. Maul, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX—“Contaminants in aquatic ecosystems: Current issues across broad spatial scales"
Dr. David Walters, Ecologist, Aquatic Systems Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO—"The Ghost of Economics Past: Legacy contamination and restoration at Great Lakes Areas of Concern" [Ronk Lecture Hall, Schar College of Education]
Invasive species are introduced to a region, on purpose or by accident. In order to be "invasive," a new species must be disruptive to the growth of native species and the function of native ecosystems. This can happen if a non-native species can reproduce very quickly and if native predators and diseases are not effective at limiting population growth. It also turns out that invasive plants engage in "chemical warfare" and sometimes facilitate the invasions of non-native animal pests. Familiar examples of invasive species are zebra mussels and garlic mustard, but there are many more.
Who cares? Invasive species cost billions of dollars as they impact the productivity of fisheries, agriculture, and timber businesses. The diversity and function of natural ecosystems is also compromised, sometimes to the point of extinction or near-extinction of formerly dominant species. Both terrestrial and aquatic invasive species continue to create new and expensive problems for the economy, including national and international commerce.
|30 September||Dr. Don Cipollini, Professor of Biology, Director of Environmental Sciences Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH-- “Garlic mustard: Impacts, mechanisms of invasion, and hope for control”|
|18 November||Dr. Mary Gardiner, Assistant Professor of Entomology, OSU-Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH-- “Invasive plants, aphids, and lady beetles: an exotic food web impacting Ohio’s agricultural landscapes”|
|24 March||Dr. Theresa Culley, Associate Professor of Biology,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH-- "How plants behave badly: the ecology of invasive pears, buckthorn, and grasses”|
|14 April||Dr. John Chick, Field Station Director, National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, Illinois Natural History Survey, Brighton, IL-- “Planktonic food webs and Asian carp in great rivers and potential consequences of an invasion of the Great Lakes”
Dr. Deborah H. Stinner, Dept. of Entomology and Admin. Coordinator, Organic Food and Farming Education and Research Program, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University'Organic Farming'
Dr. Casey Hoy, Professor and Kellogg Endowed Chair in Agricultural Ecosystems Management, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University 'Local food systems, local economies, and healthy agroecosystems '
Dr. David Fitzsimmons, Assistant Professor of English, Ashland University, and freelance photographer and writer; and featuring the live music of Bell Acoustic'350: Images of Fragile Earth'
Dick Mosley, Retired Director, Natural Areas and Preserves, Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Preserving Ohio's Natural Heritage"'
|View 2008-09 Lecture Series Information (*PDF)|
|Guest speakers: Chris Korleski, Dr. Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Dr. Brent Sohngen and Dr. Louis Iverson|
Chris Korleski, Director, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency 'Global warming: science or religion?'
We apologize that the volume for this video is very low. Please adjust your system's volume appropriately
|Please note that the theme of this year's environmental science lecture series is shared with that of the 'Against Indifference' Symposium sponsored by the AU College of Arts and Sciences. It is our hope that these two series will complement and enrich one another.|
|Guest speakers: Dr. Floyd Schanbacher, Bill Spratley, Dr. Jeff Weidenhamer and Dr. Allison Snow|
Dr. Schanbacher is involved with research at OARDC that uses bacteria to convert agricultural waste to a renewable energy supply and a clean fuel source for fuel cell technology.
Bill Spratley will discuss energy initiatives in Ohio for wind and solar energy, including many examples of how they have been applied in Ohio . Ohio is a leading manufacturer of solar cells, and sustainable energy development offers many potential benefits to Ohio 's economy.
Dr. Weidenhamer has published three recent papers on lead contamination of imported, inexpensive jewelry in the US. His work has resulted in four product recalls for lead contamination.
Dr. Allison Snow, Professor of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University 'An Ecologist's View of Genetically Modified Crops'
Dr. Snow studies the ecological impacts of genetically engineered crops on natural and agricultural systems. Dr. Snow's current research combines molecular and ecological approaches to understand how quickly crop genes move into wild populations, and the extent to which novel transgenic traits could benefit weedy and semi-weedy plants. Dr. Snow is the lead author of a 2005 position paper by the Ecological Society of America on environmental effects of genetically engineered organisms.
|View 2006-07 Brochure (*PDF)|
|Guest speakers: Dr. Rex Lowe, Dr. Daniel Fagre, Dr. Lisa Petit and Dr. Erica Smithwick|
'Using Our National Parks to Assess Biodiversity: Case Study, the All Taxa Biodiversity Survey of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park' Dr. Rex Lowe, Professor of Biology, Bowling Green State University
How Glacier National Park Responds to Climate Change: Cascading ecological effects reflect rising temperatures" Dr. Daniel Fagre, Ecologist and Global Change Coordinator, U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
Preserving Nature in Urban Parks: Does the Path to Yellowstone Begin in the Cuyahoga Valley?" Dr. Lisa Petit, Chief of Science and Resource Management,Cuyahoga Valley National Park
Seeing Through the Smoke: Understanding Fire in Yellowstone National Park" Dr. Erica Smithwick, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
|View 2005-06 Brochure (*PDF)|
|Guest speakers: Jim Bissell, Dr. Bill Mitsch, Dr. Dave Baker and Dr. Dan Childers|
'The Botanical Richness of Ohio's Glacial Lakes' - Jim Bissell, Curator of Botany and Director of Natural Areas, Cleveland Museum of Natural History
'Using Science to Conserve and Restore the World's Wetlands' - Dr. Bill Mitsch, Professor of Natural Resources and Environmental Science & Director, Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, The Ohio State University
'Conservation and restoration of the Sandusky River Watershed' - Dr. Dave Baker, Director of the Water Quality Laboratory, Heidelberg College
'Restoration of the Florida Everglades' - Dr. Dan Childers, Professor of Biology, Florida International University
|Guest speakers: Megan Seymour, Dr. G. Thomas Watters, Jim McCormac and Jennifer Windus|
'Endangered Means There's Still Time: Applying the Endangered Species Act in Ohio' - Megan Seymour, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Reynoldsburg, OH
'Freshwater Mussels: From Living Rocks to Mean Mothers' - Dr. G. Thomas Watters, Curator of Mollusks, The Ohio State University Museum of Biological Diversity
'Neotropical Birds: Ohio's Role in Their Conservation' - Jim McCormac, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources
'The Impacts of Invasive Species on Ohio's Rare Flora and Fauna' - Jennifer Windus, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources
|View 2003-04 Brochure (*PDF)|
|Guest speakers: Dr. Joe Keiper, Guy Denny, Mitch Farley, Terry Van Offeren and Dr. Jodi Shann|
"Recipe for Establishing a Prairie Garden" - Guy Denny
"Ohio's Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Program" - Mitch Farley, Terry Van Offeren
"Ecological Restoration of Contaminated Sites" - Dr. Jodi Shann
Environmental Lecture Series Archives
- 2002-2003 Energy: Problems and Prospects View 2002-03 Brochure (*PDF)
- 2001-2002 Extinction: Past, Present and Future View 2001-02 Brochure (*PDF)
- 2000-2001 The Ecology of Changing Environments View 2000-2001 Brochure (*PDF)
- 1999-2000 Global Resources View 1999-2000 Brochure (*PDF)
- 1998-1999 Environmental Issues and Ohio's Future
- 1997-1998 Sustainable Agriculture View 1997-1998 Brochure (*PDF)
- 1996-1997 Biodiversity
- 1995-1996 Risk and Regulation
- 1994-1995 The Science and Politics of Global Warming (spring) Christian Perspectives on Environmental Stewardship (fall)
- 1993-1994 Environmental Concerns in Everyday Life
- 1992-1993 Business and the Environment
|
<urn:uuid:a468b612-9811-466a-bf0f-a1db7c0e27df>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.ashland.edu/cas/environmental-science-program/lecture-series
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506121.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401192839-20200401222839-00272.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900048 | 6,751 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Childhood obesity, which is caused primarily by an imbalance between energy intake (diet) and energy output (exercise), is a problem that’s growing at an alarming rate.
Here are a few troubling statistics to illustrate the point:
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
- In 2013 around the world, some 42 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese, an increase of more than 30% since 1990.
- If nothing changes, there will be 70 million overweight infants and young children by 2025.
- In Canada, the rate of childhood obesity has nearly tripled in the last 30 years.
- Obese adolescents have a high chance of being obese as adults.
More than just a temporary social trend, childhood obesity has a direct impact on the health and lifespan of children. What are the risks associated with obesity? How can you tell the difference between normal “baby fat” and a child with a weight problem? What are the solutions? Here are some of the answers to these questions.
As is the case for adults, excess fat accumulation in children and youth increases their risk of developing many long- and short-term health problems, such as:
- Heart disease
- Insulin resistance, often an early sign of type 2 diabetes
- Sleep apnea and other respiratory problems (e.g. asthma)
- Bone and joint problems (e.g. arthritis)
- Certain forms of cancer (colon, breast and endometrial)
- Reduced life expectancy
This is in addition to the impact of obesity on emotional well-being (low self-esteem, depression) and social health (bullying, teasing, rejection).
Calculating and interpreting the body mass index (BMI) of children
The BMI of children and youth is calculated in the same manner as it is for adults. You can obtain it easily with the BMI calculator available on our Website or simply by using the following formula:
BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2
BMI = (weight [lbs]/height [inches]2) x 703
However, all BMI results for children must also be interpreted based on where they are on their growth charts (special charts used to monitor the development of children, teen boys and teen girls over time). Children’s BMI values are plotted on the charts according to their gender and age to determine if they have a health or weight problem.
Solutions to consider
Restrictive dieting is not the recommended course of action to help children achieve a healthy weight. You should start by consulting a health professional to get an accurate assessment of your child’s situation and obtain professional advice.
You also want to address the issue as a family (not just with the child who has the weight problem) by making lifestyle changes, such as adding exercise to your family routine and encouraging everyone to adopt healthy eating habits.
If you have questions about your child’s health, talk to your family pharmacists. They’ll be more than happy to help.
|
<urn:uuid:3c3830eb-51ce-46f9-9acc-4071e6a1d86a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.uniprix.com/en/tips/1/health/where-stand-with-childhood-obesity
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655937797.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711192914-20200711222914-00480.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953182 | 632 | 3.671875 | 4 |
LOGISTICSDefined Planning implementing and controlling the physical flow of material andfinished goods from point of origin to point of use to meet customer`s need at aprofit.It is essentially a planning process and an information activity.So A integrative process that optimizes the flow of material and supplies throughthe organization and its operations to the customer.
The word logistic has originated from Greek word ‘Logistikos’ and the Latin word‘Logisticus’ which means science of computing & calculatingIn ancient times it was used more in connection with moving armies, the suppliesof food & armaments to the war front.During World War II logistics gained importance in army operations covering themovement of supplies , men & equipment across the border.Today.It has acquired the wider meaning and is used in the business for the movementof material from suppliers to the manufacturer and finally the finished goods tothe consumers.
Scope of LogisticIt s of critical importance to the organization how it delivers products & servicesto the customer , whether the product is tangible or intangible.Effective & efficient Physical movement of the tangible product will speak ofintangible services associated with the product and the organization which isdelivering it.In Case of intangible product , the delivery of tangibles at the right place & righttime will speak about its quality.On the macro level infrastructure such as Various modes of transport ,transportation equip., storage facilities, connectivity & information processingare contributing to a larg3e extent in the physical movement of goods produced in manufacturing , mining & agriculture Sectors.
Logistic –A system approachLogistic recognizes that all the activities of material movement across thebusiness process are interdependent and needs close coordination and theseare to be maintained as a system and not the functional Silos.System is shown as logistic Mix including following functional AreasOrder ProcessingInformation FlowWarehousingInventory controlPackagingTransportation
Information FlowIt is basically information based activity of inventory movementacross the supply chain. Hence role of information system plays a vital role indelivering superior customer service.This function is required to facilitate the following information needs.Order Registration .Order checking & editing.Order processing.Coordination means to integrate the total supply chain of the company withinformational needs as to time ,quantity, value, Lead time, rate of consumption,delivery schedule & price of the material, Transportation time & cost etc.
WarehousingA storage place wherein finished goods are stored till they are sold. Effectivenessof an organization`s marketing strategy depends on making the right decisionregarding warehouse.Nowadays .Warehouse are treated as switching facilities rather than storage place.It is a major cost center, many customer problem are the direct result of improperwarehousing management.Major decision of ware house are as follows:-Location ,Size & Number of warehousing facilities.-Warehouse layout.-Design of building-Ownership of the warehouse
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICSWithout well developed transportation systems, logistics could not bring itsadvantages into full play. Besides, a good transport system in logistics activitiescould provide better logistics efficiency, reduce operation cost, and promoteservice quality.The improvement of transportation systems needs the effort from both public andprivate sectors.A well-operated logistics system could increase both the competitiveness of thegovernment and enterprises.
The Effects of Transportation on Logistics Activities Transportation plays a connective roleamong the several steps that result in the conversion of resources into useful goods in thename of the ultimate consumer.It is the planning of all these functions and sub-functions into a system of goods movementin order to minimize cost maximize service to the customers that constitutes the concept ofbusiness logistics.The system, once put in place, must be effectively managed.Traditionally these steps involved separate companies for production, storage,transportation, wholesaling, and retail sale, however basically, production/manufacturingplants, warehousing services, merchandising establishments are all about doingtransportation.
Production or manufacturing plants required the assembly of materials, components, andsupplies, with or without storage, processing and material handling within the plant andplant inventory.Warehousing services between plants and marketing outlets involved separate transport.Merchandising establishments completed the chain with delivery to the consumers.The manufacturers limited themselves to the production of goods, leaving marketing anddistribution to other firms. Warehousing and storage can be considered in terms of servicesfor the production process and for product distribution.There have been major changes in the number and location of facilities with the closure ofmany single-user warehouses and an expansion of consolidation facilities and distributioncentres.These developments reflect factors such as better transport services and pressures toimprove logistics performance.
TRANSPORT is responsible for the physical movement of materials betweenpoints in the supply chainAt the heart of logistics are transport vehicles moving goods between suppliers andcustomers
|
<urn:uuid:b3c8cf3d-9180-407e-9196-37f6c8609355>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.slideshare.net/rdfl73/logistics-14625640
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00067-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918105 | 999 | 2.875 | 3 |
June 24, 2011
SHSU Media Contact: Jennifer Gauntt
A recent study from an SHSU researcher found that checking your child’s vision beyond the school vision screening is necessary.
“Typical public school visual screenings test only a few of the necessary learning related visual skills,” said Maria Cristina Cruz-Wiley, a researcher at Sam Houston State University’s Center for Research in Educational Leadership.
Cruz-Wiley, a former optometrist in Colombia, conducted an investigation on the relationship among vision screening assessments and elementary students’ reading test scores, finding that the standard "School Vision Screening," the eye and vision exam conducted in every school yearly, only examines the quality of the child’s distance vision.
Consequently, many schools fail to identify far-sighted students, and their academic performance suffers, she said.
“Using the 'School Vision Screening' alone is problematic because the procedures for this standard screening vary from school to school in regards to personnel conducting the screening, lighting, distance from the Snellen chart,” Cruz-Wiley said. “Because these vision screeners are volunteers from the school, not trained ophthalmological professionals, they do not always comply with standards established by eye-care professionals, such as requiring students to read the chart at a distance of 20 feet, and at eye level.”
Cruz-Wiley also observes that how well children see at 20 feet has little to do with how well their vision functions at the reading distance level, which is 11 to 16 inches from the face. Currently, no exam is conducted regularly in Texas to determine how well children can see print or pictures at close distances.
“A solution for these problems would be for schools to administer other vision screenings in order to know how well students see at reading distance,” Cruz-Wiley said.
Instead, Cruz-Wiley advocates the regular use of the "Adaptive Vision Screening" and her "Teacher Observation Checklist for Vision Screening."
The "Adaptive Vision Screening" allows the evaluation of a wider range of functional vision problems that may be related to reading difficulties.
“For example, the children are observed in situations dependent upon the use of the eyes, they are made to perform paper and pencil tests where they are made to recognize visual forms, the degree of coordination between the two eyes is measures, as well as the postural position of the eyes, as well as a myriad of other tests which can determine visual acuity both near and far,” she said.
The "Teacher Observation Checklist for Vision Screening" indicates need for further evaluation of referral for professional care. Teachers are given a one-hour training session related to signs, symptoms and behaviors that could be observed in students who might display reading difficulties associated with vision problems, as well as a checklist to which they can refer.
“The checklist reminds teachers to notice if their students’ eyes appear to be abnormal, such as if they are frequently red or watery,” Cruz-Wiley said. “It also trains teachers to notice abnormalities in behavior, such as excessive blinking, tendency to rub eyes, and losing place while reading. Symptoms such as frequent headaches are also noted.”
Cruz-Wiley’s study included 152 students enrolled in third through fifth grades from elementary schools in Texas.
Her findings indicated that using the "Adaptive Vision Screening" and the "Teacher Observation Checklist" identified 14 percent more students in those grades who did not meet the state assessment reading standard as having vision problems than what the "School Vision Screening" alone had indicated.
“That is a significant number in terms of identifying vision difficulties related to reading, and furthermore, through the identification of [students’] vision needs, early intervention strategies can be designed for struggling students who are not achieving expected standards,” she said.
Cruz-Wiley identified the call for these two additional vision screenings to take place annually in schools, as they potentially will identify more students with vision problems, thereby “reducing some of the barriers and frustrations students (and teachers) may experience in school and could also raise awareness of educators, parents, and school nurses regarding the need for more comprehensive eye exams, treatments, and/or therapy.”
“It is now time prior to school starting again in August for parents to advocate for such screening in their children’s schools, or to have their children assessed outside of school by an eye-care professional,” she said.
Additional individuals assisting with the research were SHSU College of Education faculty members Barbara Polnick, Diane Reed, Rebecca Robles-Piña, Ruth Manny, Deborah Price, and Mack Hines.
- END -
This page maintained by SHSU's Communications Office
Assistant Director: Julia May
Writer: Jennifer Gauntt
Located in the 115 Administration Building
Telephone: 936.294.1836; Fax: 936.294.1834
Please send comments, corrections, news tips to Today@Sam.edu.
|
<urn:uuid:0dfbe8f9-fd35-46fd-a83b-1e26f5e0505d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.shsu.edu/~pin_www/T%40S/2011/eyetests.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00350-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956768 | 1,064 | 3.125 | 3 |
The challenging thing about an unconscious bias is, well, it’s unconscious. Fortunately, though, the conscious mind is not the only tool at our disposal for spotting bias. Another is to keep an eye on the actions and decisions that these inflexible beliefs about categories of people can spawn. This is where “Bias-Spotter Partnerships” come in.
A Partnership of Accountability
A Bias-Spotter Partnership is the pairing of team members for purposes of observing each other’s actions and, ultimately, identifying the biases that might lie behind them.
Not only do the observations of the partner serve to identify manifestations of bias, but the very fact that another person is “on duty” motivates each partner to watch carefully for their own bias-based behaviors. Research, in fact, shows that even just being accountable to another person is a key component of bias awareness and reduction.
A Partnership of Mutual Support and Trust (No “Gotcha!” Allowed)
The Bias-Spotter Partnership strategy is not about setting up a mini–police state. To the contrary, it is rooted in trust and friendship. In this spirit, these guidelines should be kept in mind.
1. As in any good partnership, both parties must commit to the betterment of the team.
2. Both partners must be willing and able to make all observations in the spirit of mutual support; this is not a “Gotcha!” strategy.
3. Bias Spotter partners need to be extra vigilant when the partner is functioning in a new environment, when they are rushed, or when they are under an unusual amount of stress. It is then that biases are most apt to influence our thinking and our actions.
4. Both team members, too, must commit to seriously considering the accuracy of any observations made by their partner. In order to do this, it is helpful to sit with the feedback for a few days before responding. That break gives our natural defensiveness time to settle down and allows for a clearer perspective and more productive response.
A Partnership That Benefits Us All
Isn’t it lucky that even the most unconscious biases aren’t very good at staying hidden? All biases eventually reveal clues to their existence in the form of our words, decisions, or actions. We may only be favored with a fleeting glimpse out of the corner of our – or our partner’s – eye, but, if we and our partner are vigilant, that glimpse just might be enough to get the healing process started.
Sondra Thiederman can be contacted for in-person presentations, webinar facilitation, and panel participation by clicking here or calling 619-583-4478. For additional information, go to www.thiederman.com.
© copyright 2017 Sondra Thiederman, Ph.D.
Feel free to reprint or re-post this article as long as copyright and website information (www.thiederman.com) are attached.
|
<urn:uuid:2d180826-0d03-4f60-82da-699d9b867cdf>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://thiederman.com/bias-spotter-partnerships-calling-your-team-to-action/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00453.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926654 | 624 | 2.984375 | 3 |
It is reported that F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway once engaged in the following interchange:
Fitzgerald: “You know, Ernest, the rich are different from us.”
Hemingway: “Yes, I know. They have more money than we do.”
It is debatable that this conversation actually occurred, but the humour based on the obvious fact brings a smile to our lips. The more notable significance in the interchange is the part that is left unanswered, namely, how are the rich different—or are they? Secrecy shrouds the inner life of the wealthy. Gossip, legend, and imagination surround the subject, so it's next to impossible to uncover the truth. The rich are notoriously private people.
In this message, we shall hear what God says about and to a certain percentage of the wealthy—at least, the wealthy of the first century. Then we'll consider how it relates to the wealthy of today. The basis of our thoughts are James 5:1-6.
|
<urn:uuid:dad5b8d9-eb42-4648-9a1e-90b5c448c188>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://insightforliving.ca/broadcast/james/JMSD12
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00595.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964382 | 213 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Work of Women in Ireland’s Textile Industry
From the ‘Houses of Industry’ after 1752 to the Irish design workshops of the twentieth century, the Irish Archives Resource presents a wide variety of collections relating to 250 years of the textile industry. This blogpost focuses on the shirt factories founded in the city of Derry from the 1850s. The growth of the shirt-making industry in Derry first began with domestic production during the previous century.
In the late nineteenth century, landmark buildings appeared on the city’s horizon. Two of the most prominent are at the heart of the Textiles Collection at Derry City & Strabane District Council, Archive Service. These were the City Factory founded by Marsh and Hogg on Queen Street, and Tillie & Henderson on Foyle Road. Marsh and Hogg later became McIntyre, Hogg, Marsh. The Derry Textiles Collection also refers to factories and warehouses owned and managed by Welch Margetson; Bryce and Weston; Young and Rochester, among others.
Before the end of the 1850s, both the City Factory and Tillie & Henderson introduced the newly-invented sewing machine. Many skilled jobs for women developed directly from the sewing machine with dozens of specialities. This was one of many forms of new technology that women in the factories worked with at the time, from embroiderers and seamstresses, to pyjama machining and button-hole cutting. In addition, according to the Derry Textiles Collection, Londonderry became ‘the home of the shirt collar industry’.
Although concentrated in the city, the industry also employed women working from home in counties Donegal and Tyrone. The records of John McLaughlin and Co Ltd-Buncrana Shirt Factory, from c1880-1990, are among the privately-acquired archives of Donegal County Council.
Bridget Desmond (1862-1911)
Bridget Desmond was a mother of 13 originally from Killygordon, Co. Donegal. She started out as an agent for Tillie & Henderson. Driving a pony and trap, Bridget Desmond collected pre-cut shirts on a weekly basis and distributed them to local women who finished them. In 1885, Bridget Desmond established the Desmond and Sons business in Claudy, Co. Derry, that became the largest privately-owned enterprise in Northern Ireland.
Tillie & Henderson
By 1890, Tillie & Henderson employed 4,500 workers, almost all of whom were women. It became the largest such factory in the world. The factory system in Derry was combined with domestic production in the surrounding countryside.
In many countries, the increasing presence of women in factories led to the division of labour and the reorganisation of the workplace with the allocation of separate facilities. In 1902, new employees in Derry’s shirt factories received about four shillings a week and were placed under the supervision of a trained worker whilst learning their trade. Girls left school in their early teens to work 12 hour days on low wages but were aware that such work offered the prospect of a good job. Meanwhile, the Catholic population of Derry continued to grow. By 1914, the shirt, collar and cuff manufacturers of Derry dominated the industry with worldwide connections.
Golden Age followed by steady decline
Local historian Ciaran Roddy states that the industry was in its golden age in the 1920s when forty-four factories employed almost 20% of Derry’s population. 90% were women.
During the Second World War, the factories were booming again as they produced many shirts for the forces. In the late twentieth century, shirt manufacturing in Derry experienced severe recession and went into steady decline in the city.
On 16 November 1968, thousands of women from the shirt factories peacefully marched for civil rights in Derry. Women were the main breadwinners in a city known for the struggle for housing and high unemployment among men.
Colhoun, Mabel, The Shirt Industry of the North-West of Ireland, North West Archaeological and Historical Society (1st ed. Derry 1977)
Durnin, Patrick, Tillies: Tillie and Henderson Shirt Factory (Derry: Guildhall Press, 2005)
Durnin, Patrick (with contributions by Willie Deery), From Factory Floor to Dance Floor (Derry: Guildhall Press, 2016)
McLaughlin, Eithne, ‘Women and work in Derry City: a survey’, in Saothar, 14 (1989), pp. 35-45
Special RADIAC Supplement to The Outfitter (14 October 1951).
Bernadette Walsh, Archivist, Derry City & Strabane District Council, Archive Service
Niamh Brennan, Donegal County Archivist, Archives Service, Donegal County Council
Una Mathewson, Local Studies Librarian, Donegal Central Library, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal
|
<urn:uuid:82ec1bc4-8efa-4ddf-8fc8-d2ecdbc97cd7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://iar.ie/archive-categories/women-shirt-industry/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00866.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953378 | 1,049 | 3.125 | 3 |
The ten largest food and beverage companies, if combined, would be the 25th most polluting country in the world, according to a report by Oxfam.
The so-called “Big 10”, which include Associated British Foods, Coca-Cola, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg, Mars, Mondelez International, Nestlé, PepsiCo and Unilever, emit 263.7 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.
This is more than Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway combined, according to the Oxfam report, ‘Standing on the Sidelines’, published today (20 May).
These ten companies could be doing a lot more to improve their environmental footprint but some have made notable advances, Oxfam says.
Unilever, Coca-Cola and Nestlé were the three most assertive in their policies to tackle climate change. Kellogg and General Mills were the two worst performers.
“The Big 10 companies generate over $1 billion a day but are failing to use their power responsibly and we will all suffer the consequences. Kellogg and General Mills in particular are not doing their part. These companies should be leading the fight to help stop climate change from making people hungry,” said Natalia Olonso, the head of Oxfam’s EU office.
Storms, floods, drought and changing weather patterns caused by climate change have put pressure on food prices, by devastating crop yields, for example. Much climate change has been attributed to man-made causes, such as industrial and agricultural activities and transport.
The report shows that climate change has also affected the revenues of the companies themselves, with Unilever saying that it loses $415 million (€303 million) a year and General Mills reporting the loss of 62 days of production in the first fiscal quarter of 2014 due to extreme weather conditions.
The Oxfam report also shows that about half of the food companies’ total emissions come from the supply chains involved in the production of agricultural materials, which are not included in the reduction targets some of the companies have set.
“The Big 10 food and beverage companies should step off the sidelines and stand up to dirty energy companies holding back climate ambition,” Alonso said in a statement.
A spokesperson for the European Commission declined to comment on the measures it was taking to ensure the reliability of companies' reporting obligations for greenhouse gas emissions.
Oxfam says that the ten largest food and drink companies should be able to reduce their emissions by some 80 million tonnes by 2020, the equivalent to taking all the cars in Los Angeles, Beijing, London and New York off the road.
The report is part of the international charity’s “Behind the Brands” campaign, which looks at the social and environmental polices of the Big 10.
In April, a number of Europe’s largest food and drink organisations, including Unilever and Nestlé, signed a declaration on making the EU’s food system more sustainable.
- June 2014: European Commission expected to release measures addressing food wastage and resource efficiency
|
<urn:uuid:d10eeb7f-58bb-4ad6-9951-92fe68cc7cc0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.euractiv.com/sections/agriculture-food/big-10-food-companies-emit-much-25th-most-polluting-country-302231
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00348-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956873 | 632 | 2.859375 | 3 |
EIS Measurement of a Very Low Impedance Lithium Ion Battery
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS, is a very powerful way to gain information about electrochemical systems. It is often applied to new electrochemical devices used for energy conversion and storage (ECS), including batteries, fuel cells, and super-capacitors. EIS can be useful in all stages of the development of new devices, from initial evaluation of half-cell reaction mechanisms and kinetics, to quality control of packaged batteries.
Increased use of ECS devices in higher power applications (such as electric vehicles) has led to development of devices having very low impedance. Unfortunately for practitioners of EIS, impedance of modern ECS devices is often so low that it cannot be easily or accurately measured using laboratory EIS systems. Most commercial EIS system do not work well when impedance is below 0.1 Ω.
This Application Note describes a series of EIS measurements made on a Li ion secondary battery rated to have impedance below 500 µΩ at 1 kHz. Special techniques are used to improve the accuracy and frequency range of this difficult measurement.
If you're new to EIS, you might want to read Gamry Instruments' Basics of EIS before reading the rest of this Application Note. Information found in this introduction to EIS will not be repeated here.
The cell cable and placement of the leads connecting to the cell can have a major effect on EIS system performance. A phenomenon known as mutual inductance can limit the ability of an EIS system to make accurate measurements at low impedances and high frequencies.
This section describes mutual inductance and its effect on EIS measurements and offers practical suggestions for its minimization.
All high-performance EIS systems use a four-terminal connection scheme. The four leads that connect to the cell under test are grouped into two pairs.
One pair of leads conducts the current between the cell and the system potentiostat. These leads will be called the "current-carrying" leads.
A second pair of leads measures the voltage across two points in the cell. These leads will be called the "sense leads".
The term mutual inductance describes the influence of the magnetic field generated by the current carrying leads on the sense leads. In essence, the current carrying leads are the primary of a transformer and the sense leads are the secondary. The AC current in the primary creates a magnetic field that then couples to the secondary, where it creates an unwanted AC voltage.
This effect can be minimized in a number of ways:
Avoid higher frequencies.
Minimize the net magnetic field generated by the current-carrying leads.
Separate the current-carrying pair from the sense pair.
Minimize pick up of the magnetic field in the sense leads.
Avoid High Frequency
Mutual inductance creates a voltage error given by:
Vs = M di/dt
Vs is the induced voltage on the sense leads, M is the coupling constant (with units of Henries), and di/dt is the rate of change in the cell current.
M depends on the degree of coupling and can range from zero up to the value of the inductance in the current carrying leads. Assuming a constant amplitude waveform in the primary, di/dt is proportional to frequency.
The importance of the error voltage depends on its size relative to the true voltage being measured, which in turn is proportional to the cell impedance.
Mutual inductance errors appear in the measured EIS spectrum as an inductor of value M in series with the cell's impedance.
Minimize the Net Magnetic Field
A current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field with the field strength proportional to the current. Fortunately, passing the same current in opposite directions through adjacent wires tends to cancel the external field.
Two different wire arrangements are commonly used to minimize inductance and magnetic fields. The first is a coaxial cable; a central conductor is used to carry the current in one direction and a second conductor surrounding the first carries the current in the opposite direction. The second common arrangement is the twisted-pair; two insulated wires carrying current in opposite directions are twisted together. .
Separate the pairs
The magnetic field produced by a wire loses intensity as the inverse square of the distance away from the wire. Separating the sense wires from the current carrying wires can dramatically reduce the magnetic coupling.
Twist the Sense Wires
The concept of a magnetic loop probe is useful in understanding why a twisted sense pair minimizes magnetic pickup. A loop of wire in a changing magnetic field will see a loop voltage proportional to the area of the loop.
Twisting the sense wires helps in two ways. First, the twisted wires are forced to lie close to each other, minimizing the loop areas. Secondly, adjacent loops pick up opposite polarity voltages, which results in cancellation.
Use coaxial cable or twisted pair for each pair of leads. The distance between the pairs should be maximized. Arrange each pair so that they approach the cell from opposite directions as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Recommended Cell Connections
Mutual inductance errors are more significant with lower cell impedances and higher frequencies.
For example, on a system with 1 mΩ of resistance and 1 nH of mutual inductance, EIS phase shift will be 0.4° at 1 kHz and 3.6° at 10 kHz. If the resistance is lowered to 200 µΩ without changing the inductance, the phase shifts are 1.8° at 1 kHz and 17° at 10 kHz.
To minimize mutual inductance errors, Gamry Instruments has developed special twisted-pair cables for our EIS systems. The results below show how one of these cables improves the measured EIS spectrum of a battery.
These guidelines can greatly improve the accuracy of EIS measurements on low impedance cells:
Use galvanostatic mode EIS.
Use a large excitation current.
Use twisted-pair or coax wiring.
Use a connection fixture.
Use a low impedance cell surrogate to measure residual cable errors.
Subtract the surrogate's spectrum from the cell's spectrum to correct for cable errors.
Each of these will be discussed below. Experimental data will be used to illustrate the importance of these guidelines.
Lithium Technology Corporation donated the Li ion battery used in these tests. Its data sheet refers to it as GAIA 45 Ah HP-602050. It is a large cylinder — about 60 mm in diameter and 230 mm long — with a threaded terminal at either end.
This battery was designed for use in high rate applications including electric automobiles. Its "AC impedance" is specified as less than 500 µΩ at 1 kHz. The open circuit potential of the battery was measured before each test. The reading was always 3.716 volts. This voltage indicates an intermediate state of charge.
Electronics and Software
Experimental data were collected using a Gamry Instruments EIS300 EIS System built around a Reference 600 Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA. In most of the tests, a Gamry Instruments Reference 600 Low Impedance Cell Cable, Gamry Part Number 985-81, was used in place of the standard cell cable supplied with the Reference 600.
All tests were run using the Galvanostatic EIS script with zero DC current and 350 mA of excitation current. The peak-to-peak current is approximately 1 Ampere. Unless otherwise noted, the EIS frequency sweep began at 0.1 Hz and ended at 1 MHz.
The battery's connections to the EIS system are described in a later section of this note.
A battery surrogate was built to have the same geometry and to connect to the EIS system in the same way as the battery.
A 204 mm long cylinder was cut from a 64.5 mm diameter round aluminum (alloy 2011) bar. A 15 mm deep, 10.2 mm diameter hole was drilled into each end of this aluminum cylinder. These holes were hand tapped to accept a metric 12mm x 1.75 thread.
Two 25 mm long pieces of brass-threaded rod were screwed into the threaded holes to mimic the battery terminals. A 24 mm OD, 2.5 mm thick copper washer was added to each terminal. It spaced the contact above the Al cylinder. With these washers in place the battery surrogate had a connection-to-connection length roughly the same as that of the battery.
An overall covering of 63-micron mylar packing tape was used to insulate the aluminum body of the surrogate. This covering prevents unwanted connections between the fixture and the battery surrogate. The only contact should be at the terminals.
The Connection Fixture
The connection fixture was built from 1.6 mm thick copper sheet. Two strips, 25 mm wide and 250 mm long were cut from the sheet.
A 12.7 mm diameter round hole was drilled in the center of each strip. The area around the hole was smoothed using a file followed by 150-grit sandpaper. Four stainless steel captive nuts were pressed into the end of the strips. A brass screw in each nut formed a contact point. The bare wires in Gamry's Low Impedance Cell cable were compressed in each contact point.
The strips were bent at right angles to fit over the Lithium Technology battery. Brass nuts were used to firmly connect the fixture to the battery.
CAUTION: If the two strips in the battery connection fixture ever come into electrical contact while the battery is connected, a current of thousands of amperes will flow. This may harm the battery, the fixture, or even the experimenter.Be very careful to avoid this situation.
Figure 2 is a photograph of the battery in the fixture and the battery surrogate. The current carrying wires are on one side of the battery and the sense wires are on the other. The wires in the Low Impedance Cell cable are kept twisted as long as possible before they split to connect to the fixture.
Figure 2: Battery in Fixture and Surrogate
Why Galvanostatic Mode?
Current, voltage, and impedance are related through Ohm's Law. A voltage of 1 mV across 100 µΩ of impedance corresponds to 10 A.
No commercial potentiostat is specified to control a typical battery potential ( >1.2 volts) with < 1 mV of error. When a potential with a > 1 mV error is applied to a low impedance battery a very large DC current will flow.
Conversely, a galvanostat can easily control ampere currents to an accuracy of a few milliamps. The voltage on the cell is unaffected when the galvanostat is connected. A modern EIS system with AC coupling or offset and gain in the voltage measurement can measure of microvolts of AC voltage superimposed on the DC battery voltage, which is typically very stable.
Why use Large Excitation Currents?
The voltage signal in a galvanostatic EIS experiment is proportional to the applied current. Measurement of voltages <10 µV is difficult since most measurement systems have a few µV of noise.
It is best if the AC excitation current is kept large enough that the AC voltage is at least 10 µV. For a 100 μΩ cell, this means the current must be >100 mA.
Why Use Twisted Pair Wiring and a Connection Fixture?
Figure 3 shows the importance of wiring in EIS measurement of a low impedance battery. There are 3 Bode plots overlaid in this graph. In all the plots, the dark colors are magnitude and the corresponding light colors are phase. All curves were recorded on the Lithium Technology battery described above.
The black and grey data were recorded using the Reference 600's standard cell cable with alligator clips. 18 AWG tinned copper wire squeezed between washers on the battery terminals was used as an attachment point for the alligator clips.
The red and pink data were recorded with Gamry's Low Impedance cable for the Reference 600. The tinned copper wires on this cable were squeezed between copper washers on the battery terminals.
The dark and light blue data were recorded using the battery held in the battery fixture. The wires on the Low Impedance cable were only untwisted for about 2 cm before they were connected to the fixture. See Figure 2.
Figure 3: Battery Spectra with Various Connection Schemes
All the curves have the same basic shape, but the impedance becomes lower as the connections are improved. Notice the difference between the red and blue curves at frequencies between 1 kHz and 3 kHz. The impedance with the fixture is about 20% lower than the impedance with the cable alone.
If the high frequency data is fit to an inductor model, the calculated inductance is 38 nH with the standard cable and 11 nH with the Low Impedance Cable.
A detailed discussion of the shape of the battery's spectrum will be deferred to the end of this document.
How is the Battery Surrogate Used?
The previous graph and discussion showed the importance of cabling on the measurement. But, even for the best curve, one doesn't know how much of the measured impedance is the true battery impedance and how much to attribute to residual cabling effects.
A battery surrogate allows you to measure the cabling effects. The surrogate is a metal object with the same geometry and connection scheme as the battery. It should be built to have as little resistance and inductance as possible.
The resistance of the aluminum and brass surrogate described can be estimated from the bulk resistivity of the materials used in its construction. The estimated resistance is less than 10 µÎ©. The measured resistance was higher because the machining on the aluminum rod was done by hand and thus imperfect -- the washers used to make contact to the connection fixture had small gaps between them.
The spectrum of the surrogate was recorded using the same wiring and experimental conditions as the battery test. Figure 4 shows Bode plots of the surrogate (red points) and battery spectra (blue points) recorded using the connection fixture.
Figure 4: Battery and Surrogate Spectra
The surrogate spectrum is resistive at low frequencies and becomes inductive at higher frequencies. A series RL model fits well to this spectrum, yielding an R value of 34 µΩ and an L value 1.3 nH.
Is Spectrum Subtraction Useful?
Resistive and inductive errors caused by imperfect cabling and connections both result in impedance in series with the cell's true impedance. A series subtraction of the surrogate's spectrum from the battery's spectrum can remove these effects.
Figure 4 showed that the impedance of the surrogate is at least one decade smaller than that of the battery at all frequencies.
A Bode plot of the battery's spectrum before (red points) and after subtraction of the surrogate's spectrum (blue points) is shown in Figure 5.
As expected, the subtraction had little effect. Cabling common to both battery and surrogate does not cause the inductance above 1 kHz, so subtraction of the surrogate's spectrum does not change the curve in this region. The decrease in impedance near 1 kHz may not be desired âÄì it may be the result of the non-ideal, non-zero resistance of the surrogate.
Figure 5: Corrected and Uncorrected Battery Spectra
Correction by spectrum subtraction is not warranted in this system. It has proven useful in other systems where cabling creates more significant errors.
What Does the Spectrum Tell Us?
Look back at the uncorrected spectrum in Figure 5. A Kramers-Kronig (K-K) fit of the spectrum (not shown on this plot) shows no signs of measurement non-linearity.
The battery's impedance at 1 kHz (280 µΩ) is well below the battery's 500 µΩ specification. This test, at room temperature and one battery potential, does not guarantee low impedance at other states of charge or temperatures.
Above 1 kHz, the impedance of the battery increases by a decade for every decade in frequency and the phase shift approaches 90°. This behavior is typical of an inductor. Correction of the battery's spectrum by subtraction of the surrogate's spectrum did not alter this behavior, leading to the conclusion that the battery itself is inductive. A fit of the uncorrected impedance between 5 kHz and 500 kHz to an inductor model gives an L value of 11 nH.
At lower frequencies, between 0.1 Hz to 1 kHz, the battery's impedance falls as frequency increases while the phase stays between -5° and -25°. This behavior seems unusual, at least in terms of the standard electrical elements used to model impedance. The most probably explanation for this unusual behavior is a distribution of parameters in a multitude of more traditional equivalent circuit elements. The distribution may be over a range of particle sizes, pore sizes, distances, or even reaction rate constants.
Tests at Low Frequencies
Figure 6 shows the Bode plot of the battery's spectrum extended to 600 µHz. These data were measured more than a year later than the data above.
Figure 6: Extending the Spectrum to Lower Frequencies
An equivalent circuit model for the EIS behavior of a battery generally includes a double layer capacitance element and a polarization resistance element.
At frequencies below 10 mHz, the measured impedance rises as the frequency gets smaller and the phase heads toward 90°. This behavior is indicative of a capacitor in parallel with the other cell impedances. This capacitor will probably model as the double layer capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Again, we suspect that the capacitor will not be ideal, but instead show a distribution of elements.
Even at the lowest measured frequency of 600 µHz, there is no evidence pointing to the need for a polarization resistance element in the EIS model. At lower frequencies, its effects may appear in the spectrum, but the measurement time becomes a problem at these low frequencies.
In this Applications Note, Gamry Instruments presents a number of guidelines for accurate EIS measurements on low impedance cells. Galvanostatic cell control, a large AC current, and reproducible twisted-pair cell wiring are all important.
Impedance measured on the battery is always significantly higher than the impedance of a low resistance metal battery surrogate connected in the same manner as the battery. This implies that the battery spectrum is free from experimental error due to resistance or inductance.
Want a PDF version of this application note?
Please complete the following form and we'll mail a link to your inbox!
|
<urn:uuid:ae007088-ad87-4363-a96b-78b8d1c952ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/EIS/eis-measurement-of-a-very-low-impedance-lithium-ion-battery/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688926.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922074554-20170922094554-00216.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932944 | 3,855 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The rolling screen is used for sieving of granular material. The simulation was evaluating not mass rates and PSD for each individual section of the screen. Improvements of the screen design were validated using batch of simulations with several varying parameters.
This is a plot of PSDs in 3 different parts of the screen for batch with varying feed flow rates:
This was an experimental small-size screen with vibrating cylinders:
This screen had several decks and complex transitions:
Rendering using exporter to the POVRay raytracer:
This transfer point was having issues with jamming and abrasion; the simulation was able to suggest improvements in the geometry design:
This was a bin designed for partial segregation. Simulations were run to assess its efficiency and suggest improvements in the construction; this image shows layering evolution:
Here, velocity vectors are shown so that active regions are visible:
This simulation was analyzing abrasion of the plate when directing the flow from the conveyor. Changing the shape of the plate (by running batch of parametric simulations) helped reducing abrasion effects:
The chute on the image was exhibiting segregation of fractions, desipte them being well mixed on inlet conveyor; the simulation used the chute imported from STL and using a custom-developed flow analysis tool, we determined the places where the segregation was taking place, thus giving directions for improved chute design not exhibiting segregation.
|
<urn:uuid:34599c1e-9c63-4646-8e63-6745ee18a878>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://woodem.eu/tools/dem/granular/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145774.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223123852-20200223153852-00082.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956487 | 292 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We encounter plastic, in some form or another, at least one hundred times a day. It’s in our clothes, our appliances, our cosmetics, our hair products and even our food. Only last month, a campaign against using plastic in tea bags was launched—an issue most of us didn’t even realise. One of the most successful campaigns, that has been running for several years, is that of the 5p carrier bag charge. After being introduced in England in 2015, their usage has been reduced by 90%. It’s been incredibly successful and it’s now common knowledge to take a bag for life or another reusable bag when going shopping.
However, this is just the start of the war against plastic and today I’m focussing on one of my own personal issues, plastic sandwich bags.
What are plastic sandwich bags made from?
Most plastic sandwich bags, zip seal and Ziploc bags are made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE). While LDPE can be recycled, lots of people don’t realise they can be and to make things worse, many of these sandwich bags have ‘a cannot be recycled’ sign on the packaging—for reasons I’m looking into.
As such, most get thrown into the landfill. Last year a study, conducted in the US, revealed that in 2017, 11.91 million Americans used 21 or more sandwich bags every week. That’s over 250 million bags used in the US alone.
These bags take 1000 years to fully degrade and many find their way into the environment and ocean—harming thousands of species of wildlife and ocean wildlife every year. According to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, up to 1 million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals and sea turtles die each year from eating plastic.
As a child and teenager, we used plastic sandwich bags and Ziploc bags almost every day to pack our lunches and snacks. While we washed them out and reused them many times, we did eventually have to throw them out. Today, while I use them less they have become a staple storage solution for all of my backpacking snacks, trail mixes and dried fruit whenever I go hiking and I know many other hikers who also use them because they are lightweight and easy to fold. But after realising the extent of the damage these bags are causing, I’m pledging to cut these bags out and urge you to do the same.
Finding an eco-friendly and reusable alternative to these bags is incredibly easy. I’ve listed some of the best options below:
Best alternative to plastic bags
- Material lunch wraps – These reusable lunch wraps are made of cotton and polyester and are BPA free. They are machine washable, easy to fold and lightweight.
- Zippered lunch bags – Said to reduce 500 plastic bags in their lifetime, these zippered bags are food-safe and dishwasher safe.
- Konserve food wraps – Made from recycled PE plastic, these lightweight wraps open out flat to double as an on-the-go placemat.
- Stainless steel lunch box – Plastic-free and incredibly versatile. These lightweight lunch boxes contain dividers to separate out your foods.
- Reusable silicone bags – These silicone bags are made of food-grade silicone— no BPA, BPS, BPF, PVC, phthalates, or any other poisonous chemical. They are much more durable than standard plastic sandwich bags and are leak proof! Great for making overnight oats on the trail.
- Stainless steel snack boxes – Lightweight and easy to fit into your rucksack. These snack boxes are durable and will last for years.
- Resealable snack bags – These snack bags are much more durable than your standard plastic sandwich bag. They are dishwasher safe and are free from BPA, PVC, latex, and phthalates.
- Adjustable jute bags – These bags are completely plastic-free. No velcro, no nylon lining, just juco fabric (75% jute and 25% cotton), a cotton string loop and two wooden buttons to adjust the size of the bag. Great for non-spill foods.
For freezing food:
- Reusable silicone bags – These silicone bags are made of food-grade silicone— no BPA, BPS, BPF, PVC or phthalates. They are heat and cold resistant, meaning they are great for freezing food.
- D2W freezer bags – As well as reusable and recyclable, once they have reached the end of their lifespan, these freezer bags degrade into harmless compounds—water, carbon dioxide and biomass.
Are there biodegradable plastic bags?
While not reusable, you can also get biodegradable plastic bags. It’s a good idea to carry some of these when backpacking, as you can use them as rubbish bags and food waste bags and dispose of them at the next campsite.
Have you found any other alternatives to plastic bags that you use? Share below!
For more plastic-free inspiration, see these 10 easy ways to cut your plastic usage and save money.
Featured image: Melissa/Flickr
|
<urn:uuid:5baead15-8f7b-43a7-9286-73b9b8840086>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.adaptnetwork.com/veganadventurist/alternatives-to-plastic-bags/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146414.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226150200-20200226180200-00166.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947561 | 1,075 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Tracking the Causes of Kneecap PainPatellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is basically pain in front of or behind the kneecap (the patella) that doesn't always have a clear cause. PFPS is a common knee condition, especially among athletes. The pain is often felt after sitting for a long time, going up and down stairs, and when squatting or kneeling. There are many causes of PFPS. Knowing these causes could help health care providers choose the best treatments.
Medical researchers have long believed that abnormal tracking of the patella may contribute to problems of PFPS. The patella normally runs (tracks) in a groove on the front of the thigh bone (the femur). Two muscles of the thigh--the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and the vastus lateralis (VL)--attach to the patella and help control its position in the groove as the leg straightens. The VMO runs along the inside of the thigh, and the VL lies along the outside of the thigh. If the timing between these two muscles is off, the patella may be pulled off track.
The theory sounds nice, but does it really happen that way? These researchers tested how the VMO and VL work during stair climbing in 33 people with PFPS and 33 people with no knee pain (the control group). Electrodes were placed over the two muscles to get an electromyograph (EMG) reading of the activity in the muscles. The subjects then went up and down two stairs at a normal pace. As expected, the group with PFPS felt pain during the test, and the control group felt no pain.
Researchers found a significant difference between the way the muscles worked in the two groups. The EMG signals happened at the same time in most of the control group. In the group with PFPS, the VL muscle kicked in well before the VMO muscle, both going up and going down the stairs.
This research supports the theory that patellar tracking is partly to blame for PFPS. However, the results also raise many questions. There was a wide variation in onset of EMG signals within both groups of subjects. So how much difference in timing is too much? Not everyone with PFPS has problems in the timing between the two thigh muscles. Why not? Does their PFPS have a different cause? Also, it is impossible to tell from this study whether the differences in muscle timing happened before problems with PFPS developed, or if the differences were actually the result of a painful knee from PFPS. More research is needed, but the current trends in rehabilitating PFPS are on track with the findings of this study.
Sallie M. Cowan et al. Delayed Onset of Electromyographic Activity of Vastus Medialis Obliquus Relative to Vastus Lateralis in Subjects With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. In Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. February 2001. Vol. 82. No. 2. Pp. 183-189.
|*Disclaimer:* The information contained herein is compiled from a variety of sources. It may not be complete or timely. It does not cover all diseases, physical conditions, ailments or treatments. The information should NOT be used in place of visit with your healthcare provider, nor should you disregard the advice of your health care provider because of any information you read in this topic.|
|All content provided by eORTHOPOD® is a registered trademark of Medical Multimedia Group, L.L.C.. Content is the sole property of Medical Multimedia Group, LLC and used herein by permission.|
|
<urn:uuid:61ba81dd-cc9d-4cea-bf21-d1c6dd6d58e8>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.methodistorthopedics.com/bodyortho.cfm?xyzpdqabc=0&id=41968&action=newsdetail&newsID=d78c5980d68b6576f7ae7ec79357042a
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164050279/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133410-00073-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951273 | 761 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dinapama Manufacturing and Supplies is also a manufacturer of winter coats. Because of global warming they are uncertain if they should continue with the manufacturing of their normal range of heavy winter coats or if they should switch to a lighter type of jacket. The following probabilities were given to them by researchers in weather patterns for this coming winter:
|Type of winter||Probability|
They have estimated that if it is a mild winter their expected return on their normal coats will be 5%; if it is a normal winter 20% and if it is a cold winter 35%. Their expected return, if they were to decide to manufacture the lighter type of jacket is 40% in a mild winter, 15% and in a cold winter and -5% in an extra cold winter. Required:
- Calculate the variance for the normal coats as well as the lighter jackets. (8)
- Calculate the standard deviation for normal coats and the lighter jackets. (4)
- Comment on the risk of the two options and recommend an option if the company is risk averse.
|
<urn:uuid:296eafcd-3fa9-4738-98dc-e0972e55f54f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://linuqa.com/question/dinapama-manufacturing-and-supplies-is-a-100-namibian-garment-manufacturer-they-are-masters-of-custom-designed-clothing-and-bag-manufacturing-of-all-shapes-and-sizes-they-were-officially-registered/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945811 | 239 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This may or may not be a problem you knew you had, but your inkjet printer’s nozzle occasionally clogs. Our technological age won’t stand for that, so researchers at Missouri University have designed a new sort of nozzle that won’t clog. The interesting bit? It’s modeled after the human eye.
“The nozzle cover we invented was inspired by the human eye,” said Jae Wan Kwon, associate professor in the College of Engineering at MU, in a release, who developed the mechanism with grad student Riberet Almieda. “The eye and an ink jet nozzle have a common problem: they must not be allowed to dry while, simultaneously, they must open.
How does the eye prevent its own “clogging”? How does it keep itself from dying out? Simply enough: eyelids spread a thin film of oil atop the thin layer of tears on the eye’s surface. (Strange to think of them as “tears” before they pour down your cheeks, but I suppose they’re tears in the same sense that the water stored in clouds is rain.)
Kwon couldn’t replicate this model exactly–you can’t have mechanical “eyelids” (in practice, shutters) on the tiny scale of an inkjet nozzle. Surface tension would prevent them from opening and closing properly. But Kwon had the insight that you could use an electric field to move a droplet of oil in and out of position.
Though a little difficult to visually parse, MU says that this video gives a microscopic view of the nozzle in action.
Why do we care if our inkjet nozzles clog? The problem of a clogged nozzle might appear pretty minor. Rarely does it cease the printer from functioning altogether; rather, it simply necessitates an extra burst of ink to push through the dried bit. But consider the cost of ink, and then multiply that wasted burst across all the inkjet printers in the world–and suddenly you realize that massive amounts of ink, and money, can be saved in the aggregate.
Also, Kwon’s invention can be used in devices similar to inkjets–devices that may use an even more precious kind of “ink.” Kwon explains: “Other printing devices use similar mechanisms to ink jet printers. Adapting the clog-free nozzle to these machines could save businesses and researchers thousands of dollars in wasted materials. For example, biological tissue printers, which may someday be capable of fabricating replacement organs, squirt out living cells to form biological structures. Those cells are so expensive that researchers often find it cheaper to replace the nozzles rather than waste the cells. Clog-free nozzles would eliminate the costly replacements.”
All of this evokes an odd vision, then: One day, perhaps Kwon’s invention, inspired by the human eye, might be a crucial component in the printing of a replacement eye.
|
<urn:uuid:d3a716f8-415a-4054-8cc6-8a07539623bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/428568/an-inkjet-nozzle-inspired-by-the-human-eye/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219122958-20200219152958-00545.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932359 | 627 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The first of its kind, Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health follows participants over time to understand the factors that have an impact upon the health and wellbeing of Australian males at different stages of life.
Why are Australian males more likely than females to experience health problems such as skin and lung cancer, heart, liver and respiratory disease, or stroke? Why are they less likely to visit a health professional? Why do men have shorter life expectancies than females? And why are these gaps even greater in rural and remote communities, particularly in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities?
The Ten to Men study, the first longitudinal study into male health and wellbeing in Australia, was commissioned by the Australian Department of Heath to address these questions. The study was informed by the first National Male Health Policy and designed to understand the key social, economic, environmental and behavioural determinants that affect the health and longevity of Australian males. The name Ten to Men refers to the age range of boys and men in the study – from ten years old to adult men. The study aims to follow the same participants over time, as they transition through the different stages of life, to understand how changing life stages and circumstances affect the health and wellbeing of Australian men and boys, namely:
- physical and emotional health (such as major health conditions, symptoms, positive mental health and depression);
- health service use (covering GP and specialist visits, and service access issues and satisfaction);
- health behaviours, risks and protective factors (such as exercise, diet, sleep, smoking, alcohol and other drugs);
- personal and family situation (such as family composition, relationships and living arrangements); and
- social and environmental factors (including work life, education, social support and neighbourhood characteristics.
Ten to Men was designed by health, research and policy experts from leading research organisations in collaboration with the Department of Health. The first phase was carried out between 2013 and 2014 and gathered health and lifestyle information from almost 16,000 randomly selected males aged between ten and 55 years. Participants included those living in metropolitan, rural and regional Australia. In 2016 and 2017, more than 12,000 boys and males participated in the second phase of Ten to Men. The third stage of the study is currently underway with the main data collection to take place between May and December 2020.
Some insights from the Ten to Men study so far include:
- Men who become fathers for the first time lower their risks of depression and drinking to excess, and, for ex-smokers, a higher likelihood of staying off cigarettes;
- Men living in towns or regional centres are more likely to develop a physical health condition or anxiety compared to their city counterparts; and
- Men who live in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas have an increased risk of developing depression and anxiety.
As the data from the Ten to Men study is being collected to improve male health, and make the health system more responsive to the health needs of men, this information is accessible to eligible individuals working in relevant research, policy and program development areas. This includes recognised research institutions and organisations, government departments and postgraduate students. Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health is committed to working with researchers and the community for better health and well-being outcomes for all Australian males.
The study is managed by the Australian Institute of Family Studies and funded by the Department of Health. More information on the Ten to Men study can be found at tentomen.org.au.
|
<urn:uuid:062cd463-1bb3-4755-a4bc-e93f6cda74c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://ruralhealth.org.au/partyline/article/ten-men-australias-first-longitudinal-study-mens-health
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390755.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526081547-20200526111547-00290.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957895 | 707 | 3 | 3 |
What is an American? This is what U.S. History Theme #1 asks and is the question that I will strive to answer throughout this essay, relating to the event of the 1920s immigration checkion laws. Ever since the coupled States was founded, immigrants have been arriving on its soil. The first contract together inhabitants of the U.S. were immigrants from Europe. As the country grew and became more prosperous, it became more enticing to foreigners looking at for opportunity. This continued into the twentieth century and finally during the 1920s, the get together States began to restrict in-migration into its borders. (Immigration Restrictions in the 1920s) At the turn of the 20th century, unprecedented levels of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States aroused creation suppport for restrictive immigration laws. (Lehtinen, Vilja, America Would mislay Its Soul). During recountingional count over the 1924 Act, Senator Ellison DuRant Smith of South Carolina drew on the anti-Semite(a) theories of Madison Grant to argue that immigration restriction was the precisely way to preserve existing American resources.
Smith argued, We need men not like dumb driven oxen from those nations where the progressive thought of the times has scarcely made a beginning and where they see men as mere machines; we lease men who have an appreciation of the resposibility brought about by the readying of that individual. We have not that in this country to-day...Without offense, but with attend to the salvation of our own, let us shut the door and put one over what we have, and let us breed pure American citizens and bring forth our own Amer ican resources. (A Senator Speaks for Immigr! ation Restriction) Smith was making known congress of his belief that America was being ruined by immigration and that immigration should be restricted if not stop completely. To tone down the rapid... If you want to get a spacious essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net
If you want to get a full information about our service, visit our page: write my essay
|
<urn:uuid:78d86596-b987-488e-a0b7-91474bc610e6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://essay-for-college-application.blogspot.com/2013/11/american-immigration-restriction-laws.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126017.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824004740-20170824024740-00598.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971487 | 427 | 2.953125 | 3 |
codeine(redirected from Codine)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
Related to Codine: Codeine phosphate
codeine(kō`dēn), alkaloid found in opiumopium,
substance derived by collecting and drying the milky juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium varies in color from yellow to dark brown and has a characteristic odor and a bitter taste.
..... Click the link for more information. . It is a narcoticnarcotic,
any of a number of substances that have a depressant effect on the nervous system. The chief narcotic drugs are opium, its constituents morphine and codeine, and the morphine derivative heroin.
See also drug addiction and drug abuse.
..... Click the link for more information. whose effects, though less potent, resemble those of morphinemorphine,
principal derivative of opium, which is the juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It was first isolated from opium in 1803 by the German pharmacist F. W. A. Sertürner, who named it after Morpheus, the god of dreams.
..... Click the link for more information. . An effective cough suppressant, it is mainly used in cough medicines. Like other narcotics, codeine is addictive. See drug addiction and drug abusedrug addiction and drug abuse,
chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Traditional definitions of addiction, with their criteria of physical dependence and withdrawal (and often an underlying
..... Click the link for more information. .
an alkaloid contained in opium. Codeine is similar to morphine in chemical structure; however, its analgesic effect is less powerful. It relieves irritability of the coughing center. Codeine or codeine phosphate is prescribed for coughs. It is administered in the form of tablets or powders, mixed with sugar, sodium hydrocarbonate, terpin hydrate, thermopsis, and licorice powder. Codeine, in combination with soporifics and bromide preparations, is used as a sedative. Codeine is not prescribed for children. Prolonged use of codeine may cause addiction.
|
<urn:uuid:32534a34-8e9e-427c-98f9-e567d6de4015>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Codine
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321536.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627185115-20170627205115-00046.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891327 | 489 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Dog allergies can be quite a handful. Some dogs can be sensitive to certain foods. This means that their digestive system won’t be able to tolerate them when he ingests it. While this ailment is very common in dogs, it can be very hard to recognize. Your dog could have allergies for years without you knowing it. The truth is that there aren’t really any tests to know if a dog has allergies. Usually, trial and error is used to pinpoint which foods the dog is allergic to.
There is a difference between simple food intolerance and a food allergy. For dogs who have food intolerance, they do not necessarily have an allergic reaction to food. It usually only causes the dog to vomit. Diarrhea is also a symptom of food intolerance. Some dogs experience dryness of the skin, often leading to hair fall. Dietary deficiencies cause these reactions. When the food does not agree with your dog’s stomach, his body reacts by trying to expel whatever is ingested. This can damage the coating inside of the stomach. It can also cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance if the problem is severe.
Itching is a symptom of both food intolerance and allergies in dogs. Dandruff and hair loss are telltale signs of this. Furthermore, your dog may experience skin rashes or hives during an allergy attack. Look out if your dog has been chewing and biting at his paws, as he may be trying to alleviate some of the uncomfortable symptoms. Hot spots and infections both in the ear and skin are also common. When vomiting and frequent diarrhea kick in, it may be time to take him to a vet. It can be hard for pet-owners to recognize the symptoms, because they come and go. Symptoms don’t last long, but this doesn’t mean that the dog is improving. Other symptoms will replace old ones. Remember that allergic reactions don’t just happen when your dog has eaten something new. In fact, even food that he has been eating for a long time could cause the reaction.
Steroids and anti-histamine will not help dogs with allergies. The regular treatment is called an exclusion diet, which eliminates different food groups in the dog’s regular diet. This can be very painstaking and time consuming, as there could be a variety of different ingredients in a single dish. This makes it harder to pinpoint the actual trigger. However, some foods do trigger allergies more than others. These are: chicken, beef, dairy, corn, chicken, wheat and soy.
It is highly recommended that owners serve those with dog food allergies with special dog food. Regular dog foods often contain problematic ingredients such as wheat, corn, chicken and beef. If your dog is intolerant to these foods, it is important that you feed your dog special dog food so that the allergic reaction is not triggered. This is the best solution if you want to completely stop the allergic reaction instantaneously. It should then be followed by the exclusion diet so that you can start feeding your dog regular food again.
|
<urn:uuid:33d3a946-8bb9-4db4-9da1-e6d891c8d987>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://djbengineering.com/how-to-know-if-your-dog-have-allergies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347410352.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530200643-20200530230643-00106.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96855 | 620 | 2.734375 | 3 |
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: St Mary's church dates to the 12th century
At the time of the Domesday Book, the manor was held by a Saxon woman named Ulvera, but William the Conqueror promptly granted it to the Canon of St Mary at Rouen. Henry III transferred the manor to William de Chayney in exchange for £100 to the abbey at Rouen and an annual rent of one pound of wax to the church at Ottery St Mary.
Henry Addington, Prime Minister from 1801-4, lived in Uppottery. Addington was later named Viscount Sidmouth. The local water fountain was given in honour of the 4th Viscount in 1915. The local pub is called the Sidmouth Arms.
The manor house is long gone, and in its place is a farm known as Manor Farm. The old manor had the right to issue its own banknotes. Today the village hall is called the Manor Room. It was built around 1880 as a gift to the village from Lord Sidmouth.
St Mary's Church
The parish church of St Mary was built in the 12th century, and largely rebuilt in the 15th century. It is made of local stone with Beerstone detailing, and warm-toned Hamstone on the upper stages of the tower. The nave arcade and the tower arch are 15th-century work, with the column capitals decorated with foliage and angels bearing shields.
A large number of 17th-19th century grave slabs are set into the floor. The octagonal font is late 15th century. The only memorial of note is to John Hutchins (d. 1709) and his wife Katherine (d. 1707). There are also a pair of funeral hatchments to the Sidmouth family in the nave.
Outside the village is RAF Upottery, a disused airfield. The base opened in 1944 and was used by the RAF, US Army Air Force, and US Navy during World War Two. The US 101 Airborne Division flew from Upottery on their first parachute combat jump into Normandy on D-Day. The base closed in 1948 and the site is now part of a local farm.
Address: Upottery, Devon, England
Attraction Type: Village
OS: ST 2034 0807
Photo Credit: Martin Bodman, licensed for reuse under the Creative Commons Licence
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Find other attractions tagged with:
15th century (Time Period) - Domesday Book (Historical Reference) - Restoration (Historical Reference) -
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Wolford Chapel - 4.5 miles (Historic Church)
Honiton, St Paul's Church - 5.2 miles (Historic Church)
Allhallows Museum of Lace and Local Antiquities - 5.2 miles (Museum)
Offwell, St Mary's Church - 5.3 miles (Historic Church)
Loughwood Meeting House - 6.4 miles (Historic Building)
Broadhembury, St Andrew's Church - 6.6 miles (Historic Church)
Wellington Monument - 7 miles (Historic Building)
Shute Barton - 7.3 miles (Historic Building)
Nearest Holiday Cottages to Upottery:
Stay from: £876.00 - 4786.00
Stay from: £453.00 - 2636.00
Stay from: £397.00 - 2603.00
|
<urn:uuid:bc023d42-7ef6-42b8-a82d-bd8d4b6d3a47>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=2843
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649986.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604125132-20230604155132-00651.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944945 | 843 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Organic gardening is much the same as any other form except it's done without the use of dangerous chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides, herbicides and chemical fertilisers.
Improving the Soil
There is still soil to be dug and turned, fed and enriched, worked and improved. It all has to be done naturally, which is common sense really. Your soil is the medium that will house and nurture your plants, food crops, trees, herbs and shrubs.
The common sense part of organic gardening (and farming, for that matter) is ensuring that your soil is as healthy as it can be.
Healthy soil has a good crumb structure, the right balance of acid and alkalai, plenty of natural organic material distributed within it, a healthy supply of good soil-loving bacteria, worms to aerate it and enough grit for drainage.
Piling it Up
Every year, the addition of manure, or better, well rotted compost dug into the soil will work wonders in preserving the soil's balance, adding natural, beneficial nutrients at the same time.
Plants or crops grown on organic soil are healthier and more disease resistant than those grown on artificially fertilised and chemically treated soil. Crops grown on healthy, organic soil contain higher levels of nutrients, vitamins and minerals than their intensively farmed counterparts.
But most importantly, food crops grown in organic soil are free of harmful chemicals.
Don't you owe it to your children to give them a healthy start in life and feed them only on organically grown food?
Back to Top
|
<urn:uuid:c0892dc3-269b-4795-8f70-b3b41730e5e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://organicsanity.com/organic-gardening/organic-soil.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00370.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951804 | 322 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Written by Rina Wolok
|Tuesday, 22 July 2008|
How to Build a Cob Oven
Imagine moving your baking projects outdoors. Imagine constructing your own oven out of natural materials in the same way people have for centuries. Imagine increasing your level of self-sufficiency by decreasing your use of fossil fuels in baking. Best of all, imagine a project that your whole family, group of friends, or neighborhood can enjoy, a project that is productive, fun, messy and earthy in ways that adults and kids alike will appreciate. Outdoor cob ovens can be used for any baking project that would normally be confined to your gas or electric oven indoors, so why not use your extra yard space to start your own outdoor kitchen?
BENEFITS for the environment
Clay, subsoil, sand and straw can be found in virtually all climates, so, no matter where you live, you can find your building materials locally. This will eliminate any fossil fuels that might have been used in transporting materials long distances. The materials you will be using are not commonly used in building in the modern day, so you will not be drawing upon natural resources that are already heavily taxed by other people. Straw can be grown in an environmentally friendly way with little or no use of pesticides and fertilizers that pollute the environment. Once your beautiful oven has been constructed and used for years, you can take it apart and reuse the materials for your next cob building project, or simply dispose of the materials in your local area without worrying about these natural materials having any ill effects on the ecosystem.
In using your oven, it is important to make sure that the wood you use was harvested in a sustainable manner. You can check if the particular forest manager from whom you purchase your wood is certified by the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) , or some other independent certifier. If you are harvesting your own wood, it is important to be familiar with sustainable forest management practices for your area. Practices may include only harvesting a few trees at a time from each part of your land, planting new trees to replace the ones you harvest, and leaving a permanently untouched strip of forest by water sources to protect against sediment runoff.
Burning wood will contribute some amount of carbon to the atmosphere, but think also of all the carbon you save by using a local source of fuel that does not need to be transported far to reach you. There are also ways to make sure that you get the maximum amount of energy from each pound of wood you burn. One of the most helpful tips is to let your wood dry before burning it! Burning dry wood can be more than twice as efficient as burning freshly harvested wood, which has a much higher water content than dry wood. Depending on what type of indoor oven you normally use and how dry the wood for your outdoor oven is, an outdoor oven can prove to be more efficient than your typical indoor alternative. Your outdoor oven byproducts will be similar to the byproducts of a fireplace (coals, ashes and smoke), but will come in much smaller quantities, because space heating requires a significantly larger amount of energy than does heating your outdoor oven to baking temperatures.
BENEFITS for the neighborhood
Building a cob oven is usually a group project and has the potential to bring a community together in a positive, productive and fun way. While I was helping to mix cob at a co-op in Boston a week or so ago, several curious neighbors stopped in to help. You can bring music outside as you work, giving you a beat to dance to in the cob “mixing bowl.” The experience of making a cob oven is one you will never forget.
You may actually be able to get all of the materials for your cob oven for free, depending on where you live and what kind of land is accessible to you. You may be able to dig up clay by a riverside, dig up subsoil almost anywhere, and find sand on a beach or at a construction site. You could also potentially grow your own straw. Even if you are not able to get all of these materials for free, all of them will be cheap and probably come in bulk.
TIME AND EFFORT: High
It will take you a fair amount of time and effort to piece together this project, but every moment will be worth it when you bite into that first slice of homemade, outdoor bread. It is good to save this project for a time when you can see it through from start to finish. The tasks involved in outdoor oven making include: finding, buying or growing the materials, transporting the materials, mixing the materials, constructing the oven itself (leaving time for drying in between layers), constructing the door, and firing it up for your first baking adventure. You may also wish to build a wooden, metal or plastic roof over the oven, or at least put up a tarp, in order to help the oven last through years of rain and snow. Building a cob oven might seem like a daunting task at first, but keep in mind that many hands make light work, and working with a group of people can also make the project so much fun that time will fly by and you won't want it to be over!
What is this “cob” stuff you speak of?
Ever heard of adobe? Adobe is a more widely known material from which bricks are made, and cob is a lesser known, but just as wonderfully sustainable material. If the word “adobe” calls to mind bricklayers in North Africa, the Americas and the Middle East, “cob,” although it originated in North Africa, most commonly evokes images of old buildings in Cornwall, Devon, and other parts of the UK, where both the buildings and the cobbing technique survive to this day. Cob can be used to construct property walls, houses and outdoor ovens. Here we will focus on the project that will likely be most feasible for aspiring builders, both urban and rural, around the world: ovens.
Cob has four main components: clay, subsoil, sand, and straw. All of these materials can be found or grown in most climates. Of the three soil components used to make cob, clay is the most weathered material, subsoil is partially weathered and is found just below the topsoil, and sand is the least weathered and most coarse. Straw is used as the fibrous, binding material that keeps the rest of the cob together.
How can I make cob?
NOTE: Amounts of ingredients needed are rough estimates and will depend on how dry or wet the environment is. For your convenience, these estimates are expected to err on the side of having too much rather than not enough.
• Clay (about 8-12 gallons) – to make cob and slip - Clay can be found underground by the side of a body of water. Clay particles are very fine, and clay found underground should feel almost the consistency of potter's clay to the touch.
• Subsoil (about 20-30 gallons) – to make cob - Subsoil can be found under topsoil. Topsoil contains living organisms, so it is important to eliminate all topsoil from your subsoil collection, since living organism will die, decompose, and cause your cob oven to rot. Subsoil can also often be found in large piles at construction sites, and construction workers are usually happy to share this “treasure” with you.
• Sand (about 30-40 gallons) – to fill oven's base and to put in cob as needed - Sand can often be found by bodies of water, or collected from construction sites like subsoil.
• Straw (one bale) – to make cob - Make sure you do not confuse straw with hay. Hay can still be partially green and has grain on it, while straw is dry, yellow, and does not have any of the grain on it. If you put hay into the cob walls of your oven, you will risk having your oven rot! - Grow your own or buy it from a local farmer to have the lowest possible impact on the environment.
• Stones and/or bricks (enough to construct the base) – to provide a supportive and insulating base - You may be able to find stones on your property or at a nearby park. If you live in a rural area, any farmer will likely be thrilled to get rid of some stones and give them to you. Bricks can be bought at a hardware store or from a hardware website. Try local options first!
• Tarps – one for cob-mixing, and another for clay-water mixing if you don't have a large tub. Another to shelter the oven if you don't want to build a protective roof over it - Hardware stores are a good option.
• Large tub or pit – for clay-water mixing - Check out the hardware store or Agway, or simply dig a hole in the ground.
• Two gallon bucket (at least one) – for transporting ingredients - A hardware or gardening store should have exactly what you need.
Imagine your different types of soil as the wet and dry ingredients for cookie dough, your straw as the shredded coconut (yum yum), and your feet as the stirring spoons. Your first task in making cob is to mix the clay with water, ending up with a substance called slip. (Please note: Before making slip, set aside at least two buckets of your clay to use later on in your building process.) One of the best and most fun ways to mix the clay and water is with your feet, so you can either mix them in a large tub, or you can place a tarp inside of a pit in the ground and do your mixing there. Once the slip is the right consistency, place a bucket of it on another tarp, and pour on two to three buckets of subsoil. Proceed to mix the slip and subsoil with your feet by jumping, dancing, and generally boogieing, until you have a uniform material. Or, if you feel like being traditional about it, get a pair of oxen to do the trampling for you.
Take a handful of the mixture, mold it into a ball, and drop it onto a corner of the tarp. If the ball splats open and looks liquidy, go ahead and add sand, gradually mixing in more and more until a handful of the material neither splats nor cracks like dry earth when it is dropped. When you've got this ideal consistency, you are ready to add the straw. Straw is the part of the cob that holds the whole thing together, so apply straw liberally, although gradually, as you continue to mix. Once you've mixed in the straw, there you will have it: your cob!
OK, so now I have the cob. How do I make the actual oven?
In order to make your oven, first you will need a sturdy base that can hold heat. Begin by finding some large stones and making them into a ring on the ground, about four feet in diameter. Then pile on more stones, until your ring of stones has grown into a cylindrical wall. Fill the inside of cylinder with sand, packing it in tightly and smoothing it out at the top. Here is a picture of how the oven's base should look:
The next step is to lay bricks or smooth stones over the entire base. This layer will form the floor of the oven.
Now it's time to build a sandcastle! You probably haven't made one of those in a while, and so far from the beach as well. Just pile sand on top of the layer of brick/stone, leaving about a foot of the base still exposed all around your sand castle. Form a sand dome, the size that you want the inside of your oven to be. On a base that is four feet in diameter, a sandcastle two feet in diameter and eighteen inches in height should serve you well. Then cover the sand dome with newspaper strips or plastic, and coat that newspaper or plastic with some of your remaining clay:
Then proceed to cover the clay with cob. Keep your hands wet with clay as you work (you can mix your remaining clay with more water at this point), gradually thickening your first layer of cob to about three to four inches. After you've added this first layer, poke holes all over the dome, with each hole being about an inch in depth. These small holes will help the next layer of cob to adhere to the layer below it. Let the first layer of cob dry for several days, and then carve out the doorway of your oven. A doorway that is about 11 inches in height and 8-12 inches in width should give you ample room to put things in and take things out, while still maintaining the structural integrity of the oven. The oven doorway should start at the base of the oven and should extend up in a half-circle shape, like the entrance to an igloo. Before applying the second layer of cob, add a thin layer of slip (clay and water) all over the first layer to help the second layer of cob stick to the first. Your second layer of cob is an important insulating layer, so add more straw to this layer than you did to your first. Again, poke finger holes and let the second layer dry for a few days before adding the third layer (which does not need as much straw as did the second). Then let the whole thing dry for another few days, and, in the meantime, build a door out of metal or wood that will fit the doorway you have carved. The door can actually be a little smaller than the doorway itself, but it should fit snuggly enough to prevent it from falling into the oven. While you bake, you can hang a wet cloth over the door to help keep it in place and to help keep your baked goods moist. Don't forget to include a handle on the door! Once the oven is dry, dig the sand out from inside the dome, and get ready to light your first fire!
Build a fire inside the oven with sticks and logs, but none too thick. Big logs are not necessary. Once the fire has been burning for a few hours and has died down somewhat, remove the coals and ashes, put in the food you wish to bake (bread, pizza, calzones, you name it), and put on the oven door. Check periodically to determine when your food is done, and then eat and enjoy!
1. Images of building a cob oven http://balinsky.com/gallery/coboven
2. City Farmer's Cob Oven (another guide w/pics) http://homepage.mac.com/cityfarmer/PhotoAlbum7.html
3. Build Your Own Wood-Fired Earth Oven http://www.motherearthnews.com/Real-Food/2002-10-01/Build-Your-Own-Wood-Fired-Earth-Oven.aspx
4. How-to picture guide for a cob solar oven http://solarcooking.org/plans/Presentacio-forn-solar-cob-en.pdf
5 . “Cob in Madison, Wisconsin” http://www.deatech.com/pipermail/coblist/2006/010007.html
6. The D Acres Cob Oven Project!!!! http://www.dacres.org/
7. Picture of bread http://www.oburkedi.com/im/2006/0116-kepekli-ekmek-1.jpg
8. Wikipedia article on cob http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cob_(building)
9. Sustainable Forestry Initiative http://www.sfiprogram.org/
10. Do you believe that humans can harvest forest resources in an environmentally friendly way? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080613161916AA1Kr6M
11. Amount of Energy in Wood Fuel http://mb-soft.com/juca/print/311.html
Only registered users can write comments.
|Last Updated ( Tuesday, 09 August 2011 )|
|
<urn:uuid:8f9508b8-3ec3-4180-9d5c-206f40d44cab>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.greeniacs.com/GreeniacsGuides/Food-and-Beverage/How-to-Build-a-Cob-Oven.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011138462/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091858-00027-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946817 | 3,356 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Forest Service’s Institute of Forest Genetics, in Placerville, California, has announced an important development to provide future nest trees, for imperiled birds on the Endangered Species List. Dr. Marie Shelley says that a twelve year effort has produced sapling trees, which exhibit the branching characteristics needed by birds, for nest trees which protect their young from predators like the Great Grey Owl. After eight years of finding seed trees, and cone collecting, the Forest Service’s Placerville Nursery is now producing saplings that will grow into the limby, short trees that nesting birds prefer. The efforts have been met with opposition from anti-GMO groups, claiming that such “experiments” could lead to “Frankenstein Forests”, breeding with the native species and putting forests at unacceptable risk. Dr. Shelley says that those genetics already naturally exist, and there is simply no danger to current gene pools.
The Forest Service has provided this picture of their first “Mother Tree”, found on the Black Hills National Forest, showing the increased branch growth that foresters have always called “Wolfy Trees”. Often, in the past, these trees were cut down and left in the forests, without any commercial value. The revolution in forest science during the 90′s has led to using such trees as “Wildlife Trees”, considered a much better use of these kinds of trees. Researchers say that these “Wolfy Trees” have accelerated growth rates, if they have open sun. The Black Hills National Forest has implemented the pilot program and is now interplanting their site-specific special trees in areas impacted by bark beetles and wildfires.
We’ve certainly discussed and debated the proposed Rocky Mountain Front Heritage Act from Montana’s Senator Max Baucus on this site before. However, a new article in today’s Great Falls Tribune covers one aspect of this issue that we definitely haven’t discussed before.
You’ll have to read the entire article to more fully understand the issue, but the general gist is that in Teton County, Montana – which includes much of the Rocky Mountain Front landscape – old public County Road No. 380 was unilaterally declared private in 1988, which closed off public access to not only state lands, but also portions of the Lewis and Clark National Forest in the Deep Creek area. Today, old County Road No. 380 terminates near a large horse barn on land owned by Late Show host David Letterman. As the Great Falls Tribune reports:
What makes the fight over old County Road No. 380 unique is that it accesses public land that abuts the proposed 17,000-acre “Deep Creek Addition” to the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex contained in Sen. Max Baucus’ “Rocky Mountain Front Heritage Act.” If Baucus’ bill passes and becomes law, the new federally designated wilderness area would be inaccessible from the east.
Anderson pointed out that the Heritage Act’s supporters have promoted the measure with assurances that it would maintain access for hunters and recreationists. Anderson said if old County Road No. 380 isn’t reopened to the public, only one landowner will have access to that new wilderness — Late Night talk show host David Letterman — who owns the only piece of private land adjacent to wilderness proposed by the Heritage Act.
From Dick Boyd:
What is the understanding of forest managers regarding relicensing of hydroelectric generators?
My observation is that the geographic area of the project does not extend far enough from the water to establish responsibility.
There is a need for fuels management, including reduction, to prevent the type fire that results in siltation of the reservoir. Most licenses seem to be predicated on tens of feet of elevation or tens of yards from the high water mark.
Seldom is the hydroplant tasked to pay for services rendered in fuels management.
This question was prompted by my observation at a public meeting that the map suggested the licensing would address the entire geographic area of the watershed. Someone else asked a question about the map. The response was that the project geographic area was limited to a small perimeter around the reservoir. Then the discusion went on about boat ramps and recreation. Neither fire fighting or fuels reduction was mentioned.
Dick, my only involvement in this topic was whether the FS should do separate NEPA on its terms and conditions, or their should be one NEPA document associated with the decision and terms and conditions.
Also in the case of non-FERC dams in Colorado, the water provider pays for part of fuels treatment to protect from sedimentation voluntarily.
Do others know more about this?
Pages on this blog are on tabs above on top. I’ve started a new one called “New Topics or Questions from Readers” for ideas that we can post about. A couple of these had turned up in the comments policy section, so this fits better and hopefully encourages more people to submit ideas for posts or questions.
|
<urn:uuid:816b2415-6260-4f2d-aede-6e0ae012042c>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://ncfp.wordpress.com/2012/04/01/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953775 | 1,030 | 3.09375 | 3 |
After continuous efforts, scientists have figured out a new method for improving the efficiency of double-sided solar panels aiming to make them a viable long-term renewable energy source. As the name suggests, bifacial solar panels absorb sunlight from both sides of the panels and thus can efficiently generate up to 35% more electricity in comparison to one-sided solar panels. And thus, bifacial photovoltaic systems are slated to boost production in the near future by a big margin.
To accurately measure the energy generated by double-sided solar panels, researchers from the University of Ottawa came up with a new method by taking the external effects of the ground cover into account. This will allow for enhancing performance by design optimization and further increasing solar panel deployment to non-traditional markets.
Professor Karin Hinzer, founder of SUNLAB said, “it is a particularly important method as renewable energy penetration increases towards a net-zero world with bifacial photovoltaic cells projected to contribute over 16% of the global energy supply by 2050 or around 30,000 TWH annually”. It is rumored to enable accurate comparison of application-specific optimization, standardization of bifacial panel power ratings, and different bifacial panel technologies. Similar studies have been published in a research paper titled “A general illumination method to predict bifacial photovoltaic system performance” in the reputed scientific journal Joule in January 2023.
For those, who still can’t believe that bifacial photovoltaic systems will boost production in the near future, here are a few notable advantages to rest your disbelief:
- They are more durable as both sides are UV resistant.
- With frameless modules, potential induced degradation (PID) is also reduced along with the Balance of Systems (BOS).
- They offer a minimum lifespan of 30 years whereas traditional panels last for a maximum of 20 years.
- Plus these panels can significantly reduce the cost of electricity.
|
<urn:uuid:78e8d47c-de60-45c4-9201-41b9dd278c2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://energytheory.com/bifacial-photovoltaic-systems-to-boost-production-in-the-near-future/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00380.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943413 | 406 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Description - William Harvey's Natural Philosophy by Roger French
William Harvey (1578-1657) was one of the greatest figures in the history of medicine. His major contribution to the medical sciences was his discovery of the circulation of blood. He was also the personal physician to both James I and Charles I. William Harvey's natural philosophy was a view of the world that he developed during his education in Cambridge and Padua. It contained ways of structuring knowledge, formulating questions, and arriving at answers that directed the program of work in which he discovered the circulation of the blood. This book, the most extensive discussion of Harvey to be published in over 25 years, reports extensively on the views of those who argued for and against him. Professor French studies the major changes in natural philosophy in a period considered central to the history of science, and argues that natural philosophy, and particularly Harvey's specialty within it--anatomy--were theocentric. This work, which makes extensive use of primary (Latin) sources and is illustrated throughout with seventeenth-century illustrations, should be of value to historians of medicine and physicians interested in the history of their field.
Buy William Harvey's Natural Philosophy by Roger French from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(228mm x 152mm x 24mm)
Cambridge University Press
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication:
Other Editions - William Harvey's Natural Philosophy by Roger French
Book Reviews - William Harvey's Natural Philosophy by Roger French
|
<urn:uuid:a6586537-35ec-4bc6-9d23-f88f86fa6f1b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.boomerangbooks.com.au/book.cfm?isbn=9780521455350
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425117.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725082441-20170725102441-00572.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940343 | 308 | 2.75 | 3 |
A flexible, effective literacy solution for your school
Are your students responding to intervention? Learning to read and write is not easy for many students, so why teach it backward? If you’re not seeing the response you need to see with core instruction and tiered interventions, it’s time for change. We’re here to help.
Why Schools Need SPELL-Links
Your staff and students need a flexible, effective literacy solution that gets results everyone feels good about. Unfortunately, most traditional reading and writing programs leave potential on the table by failing to leverage the brain’s innate wiring and abilities.
Our brains are biologically wired for oral language, but traditional programs begin with the written letter and teach students to map letters’ sounds (an approach called “print to speech”). This unnatural approach makes learning to read and write more difficult than it needs to be.
Symptoms of a broken literacy solution:
We help you overcome these challenges to get the literacy results you want and your students deserve. SPELL-Links puts spoken language first,utilizing a speech-to-print approach based on neurobiological brain research. Our methodology and materials focus on developing, connecting, and integrating the different processes and regions of the brain involved in effective reading and writing. Students first learn how to attend to the sound structure of spoken English words and then learn how to connect sounds, letter patterns, and meanings to develop the reading and writing neural circuits required to read and spell. Strong gains in reading, writing, and spelling using this approach have been well documented in 20 years of clinical and neuroimaging research.
Switching to a new literacy solution can seem intimidating. We work alongside school administrators to make the process simple and enjoyable, from concept to rollout and beyond.
3. Roll out & See Results
Thoughtfully roll out SPELL-Links products and professional development programming to empower and engage all team members.
4. Achieve Long-term Success
Get the most from your investment in literacy by leveraging our experts, resources, and partnerships to establish and support organizational practices and processes.
We offer support for every step toward literacy success.
We understand how difficult it is to introduce something new while keeping a positive school climate and honoring the work your team has done in the past. There’s a lot of pressure to make the right decisions and ensure teachers and students are performing at their best.
That’s why we partner with you and offer ongoing support and professional development opportunities throughout the process of change.
|
<urn:uuid:6e3bf210-4dd9-4f83-9a9a-209bcf1f8c61>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://learningbydesign.com/school-administrators/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657155816.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715035109-20200715065109-00129.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93165 | 518 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Language: English
- 434 Pages
- Published: August 2013
- Region: Global
Thin Film Growth. Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
- Published: July 2011
- 432 Pages
- Elsevier Science and Technology
Thin film technology is used in many applications such as microelectronics, optics, hard and corrosion resistant coatings and micromechanics, and thin films form a uniquely versatile material base for the development of novel technologies within these industries. Thin film growth provides an important and up-to-date review of the theory and deposition techniques used in the formation of thin films.
Part one focuses on the theory of thin film growth, with chapters covering nucleation and growth processes in thin films, phase-field modelling of thin film growth and surface roughness evolution. Part two covers some of the techniques used for thin film growth, including oblique angle deposition, reactive magnetron sputtering and epitaxial growth of graphene films on single crystal metal surfaces. This section also includes chapters on the properties of thin films, covering topics such as substrate plasticity and buckling of thin films, polarity control, nanostructure growth dynamics and network behaviour in thin films.
With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Thin film growth is an essential reference for engineers in electronics, energy materials and mechanical engineering, as well as those with an academic research interest in the topic.
- Provides an important and up-to-date review of the theory and deposition techniques used in the formation of thin films
- Focusses on the theory and modelling of thin film growth, techniques and mechanisms used for thin film growth and properties of thin films
- An essential reference for engineers in electronics, energy materials and mechanical engineering SHOW LESS READ MORE >
Part 1 Theory of thin film growth: Measuring nucleation and growth processes in thin films
Quantum electronic stability of atomically uniform films
Phase-field modelling of thin film growth
Analysing surface roughness evolution in thin films
Modelling thin film deposition processes based on real-time observation. Part 2 Techniques of thin film growth: Silicon nanostructured films grown on templated surfaces by the oblique angle deposition technique
Phase transitions in colloidal crystal thin films
Thin film growth for thermally unstable noble-metal nitrides by reactive magnetron sputtering
Growth of graphene layers for thin films
Epitaxial growth of graphene thin films on single crystal metal surfaces
Electronic properties and adsorption behaviour of thin films with polar character
Polarity controlled epitaxy of III-nitrides and ZnO by molecular beam epitaxy
Understanding substrate plasticity and buckling of thin films
Controlled buckling of thin films on compliant substrates for stretchable electronics
The electrocaloric effect (ECE) in ferroelectric polymer films
Network behavior in thin films and nanostructure growth dynamics.
Zexian Cao is a Professor at the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China.
|
<urn:uuid:470bfdad-ada3-48cb-b0bb-f67095df4e6d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2720073/thin_film_growth_woodhead_publishing_series_in
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270313.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00305-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.86463 | 625 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Small differences in the type of cells used for transplantation therapies can have a big impact on outcome. In experiments published in the current edition of the Journal of Biology, scientists from the University of Rochester and the University of Colorado found that transplanting a certain type of cell improved motor function in rats whose spinal cords had been severed. However, transplantation of a closely related cell type had little benefit and actually made the animals more sensitive to pain.
The findings illustrate the importance of differentiating stem cells before transplanting them into injured tissue, an issue that has been under great debate as stem cell-based therapies approach human testing. “This study demonstrates for the first time the dynamics of developmentally different populations of [cells], which we need to take into account,” says Martin Marsala, a professor of anesthesiology who teaches at the University of San Diego and was not involved in the study.
Stem cells have the potential to grow into new neurons and other cell types, a property scientists aim to exploit to treat spinal cord injury. Transplanted cells might bridge severed nerves in the spinal cord or encourage recovery of existing cells. However, scientists working toward this goal have run into two main problems: stem cells transplanted into the spinal cord have a hard time forming lasting neurons, and these same cells tend to induce nerve-related pain.
One problem is that transplanting undifferentiated, or “naïve,” stem cells into injured tissue cells tends to cause the formation of scar tissue, instead of regenerating healthy neurons, says Stephen Davies, associate professor of neurosurgery at the University of Colorado. “It might be that scars form to protect an injury site from infection, so the injured tissue goes into lockdown mode and will recruit whatever precursor cells are present to form scars,” he says. The alternative is to differentiate cells into specific cell types before transplanting them.
Davies and his associates at the University of Rochester found that the right kind of cells for repairing spinal cord injuries may be a subtype of support cells found throughout the central nervous system, called astrocytes. These star-shaped cells have various forms and functions, but are largely involved in providing nutrients to the brain and repairing injury.
To test their healing potential, Davies’ team grew two different kinds of astrocytes from the same line of embryonic stem cells by exposing them to different cocktails of signaling molecules–molecules that stimulate stem cells to grow into specific cells. One sample yielded astrocytes that were flat and broad, called GDAbmp. The other produced more elongated astrocytes, called GDAcntf.
The researchers then surgically severed rats’ spinal cords at the base of the neck–a common location of spinal injury in humans–and injected the animals with naïve stem cells, stem cell-derived GDAbmp, and stem cell-derived GDAcntf.
Every three days after surgery, the researchers tested the rats’ ability to walk across a horizontal ladder. They found that the rats that received GDAbmp injections quickly recovered motor skills and were able to walk across the ladder as well as they could before the surgery. By contrast, the rats injected with GDAcntf or with naïve stem cells showed no statistically significant recovery, similar to rats that received no injection at all.
Images of each injury site after cell injections showed that GDAbmp astrocytes promoted the regeneration of severed nerve fibers across spinal cord injuries while the GDAcntf and naïve stem cells did not.
In addition, Davies’ colleague and wife Jeannette Davies discovered that rats with injected GDAcntf astrocytes were much more sensitive to pain than rats with GDAbmp astrocytes. Furthermore, in histological samples, the team found that rats with GDAcntf exhibited sprouting of nerve fibers associated with neuropathic pain, whereas rats with GDAbmp did not show such sprouting.
“So far, these [GDAbmp astrocytes] are the gold standard astrocytes that have been discovered,” says Davies. “Not only do they not promote neuropathic pain, but they have robust regeneration of neurons, and [they lead to] locomotor recovery in two to three weeks.”
Davies says manipulating stem cells before transplanting them into injured sites may have beneficial effects not just for repairing spinal cords, but also for treating injuries in other parts of the body. For now, he and his team are exploring methods to make GDAbmp for humans, either from embryonic stem cells or from adult stem cells, with a view toward transplanting these cells into humans in clinical trials in the next two or three years.
DeepMind’s cofounder: Generative AI is just a phase. What’s next is interactive AI.
“This is a profound moment in the history of technology,” says Mustafa Suleyman.
What to know about this autumn’s covid vaccines
New variants will pose a challenge, but early signs suggest the shots will still boost antibody responses.
Human-plus-AI solutions mitigate security threats
With the right human oversight, emerging technologies like artificial intelligence can help keep business and customer data secure
Next slide, please: A brief history of the corporate presentation
From million-dollar slide shows to Steve Jobs’s introduction of the iPhone, a bit of show business never hurt plain old business.
Get the latest updates from
MIT Technology Review
Discover special offers, top stories, upcoming events, and more.
|
<urn:uuid:10e75033-ff73-4b6a-8b00-00dd2f684c0f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/09/24/126780/cell-type-counts-in-spinal-therapy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00737.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950416 | 1,162 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Montana--[Flathead County]; Polson (Mont.); Flathead Indian Reservation (Mont.); American bison farming; Michel Pablo
Michel Pablo looks over some of his bison, which were rounded up, sold, and shipped to the Canadian government between 1907 and 1912. Pablo and Charles Allard purchased ten bison. By 1907, the herd numbered over 700. Allard died in 1896 and the animals were divided among Allard's heirs and Pablo. With homesteading slated to begin in 1910, Pablo tried to sell his herd to the U.S. government, but Uncle Sam wasn't interested. When initial roundup attempts resulted in disappointing numbers, Pablo turned the roundup strategy over to Charles Allard, Jr.
North Lake County Public Library, Polson, Montana
Scanned on an Epson Perfection V500 PHOTO scanner at 400 dpi, 24-bit color
These images are intended for scholarly/educational purposes, private research, and study. Use of these materials is governed by the fair use clause of the 1976 Copyright Act. Written permission may be required for use and/or reproduction from the copyright owner. Please also see the Montana Memory Project's Copyright Statement and Conditions of Use at: http://cdm15018.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm4/about.php
|
<urn:uuid:77053786-869c-411a-9933-ec5c31611c6a>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://cdm15018.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16013coll17/id/101
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164018116/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133338-00024-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89392 | 273 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Guest article by Lee Park and Rachael Baihn with natural solutions recommended by Exterior Designs, Inc.
Insects in your New Orleans home and yard can drive you buggy. A well-designed landscape includes flowers, plants, and shrubbery that can keep common pests away. Some insects in New Orleans are vital to the ecological balance. But the city has its share of mosquitoes, cockroaches, katydids, stinging caterpillars, crickets, and many others. Blame the heat, humidity, and proximity to Lake Pontchartrain for attracting insects.
Bug Biology 101
Most insects have a keen sense of smell — but they don’t detect scents and odors like humans do. Many insects “smell” by using their antennae or other organs. It gives them the ability to sniff out food, potential mates, and to avoid predators.
Bugs also produce odors that help them communicate with each other. Many plants are able to release pheromones that control an insect’s actions. A bug’s sense organs — usually the antennae — collect chemical signals through the mouth, genitalia, or pores.
Nature’s Pest Repellent
Gnats, flies, ants, and mosquitoes don’t care much for the scents emitted by certain plants. Disturbing odors in the foliage’s essential oils drive the little buggers away. Fragrant herbs, for example, have tiny globes of oils that can become released in high temperatures. The summertime heat and humidity in New Orleans produce fragrances that are pleasant to people but uncomfortable for insects.
Bug Repelling Plants
Perhaps the most unwelcome visitors to your New Orleans home and yard are the dreaded cockroaches, and you can hardly avoid them. Certain types of ornamental flowers and plants deter roaches and other insects.
Basil repel mosquitoes and flies. Grow basil directly in the garden or containers. Lavender has a sweet smell that people enjoy, but it deters flies, moths, mosquitoes, and fleas. Lemongrass contains citronella, a natural mosquito repellent. Lemon thyme also deters mosquitoes — this hardy herb grows well in shallow soil. Other herbs that repel bugs are chives, fennel, dill, oregano, rosemary, sage, and parsley.
Mint has a sweet-smelling fragrance that bugs mosquitoes. Mint plants spread almost to the point of invasiveness, so it’s best to plant it in containers.
Chrysanthemums, marigolds, nasturtiums, petunias, and geraniums are excellent bug-repelling flowers. Flowering plants such as periwinkle, black-eyed Susan, wisteria, and jasmine are among many others that keep the bugs at bay.
With the ability to trap and eat insects, carnivorous plants lure bugs into their foliage by offering color, fragrance, and nectar. The insect is drawn into the plant, slips downward, and falls into a pool of moisture. The plant’s downward-facing cilia prevent the insects from climbing out. Carnivorous plants eat wasps, flies, ants, beetles, slugs, and snails. Venus flytrap and pitcher plants also enjoy an insect feast.
Vegetative Plant Repellents
Chrysanthemums, artemisias, spearmint, and tansy are famous for keeping ants away. Tobacco chases away flea beetles and worms. With their pungent smell, radishes repel cucumber beetles and cabbage maggots. Eucalyptus deters cabbage loopers and aphids. Clover and garlic will keep away crickets and some of the other insects you don’t want in your yard.
The Good Ones
Not every insect is a destructive pest. Spiders, lacewings, and some kinds of beetles eat other bugs. Parasitic insects lay eggs that push competing bugs to settle elsewhere. Pollinating plants need honeybees, butterflies, moths, and native bees to develop fruit. Birds eat mosquitoes and other insects. Bats chew on gnats, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, centipedes, ants, flies, and many other bugs for their midnight feast.
No matter what you do, your New Orleans landscape will attract insects. But adding nature’s own pest-repelling greenery will help keep it all manageable.
Lee Park is a botanist who researches eco-friendly pest control. While he enjoys studying the effects of bugs in his gardens, he wastes no time getting rid of rodents, which cause the most damage.
|
<urn:uuid:16034bdb-42cd-4dde-8975-ceb58233c2f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://exteriordesignsbev.com/outdoor-living/plants-that-drive-away-pests/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923376 | 992 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hydatids - you, too, can be affected
Hydatid disease (also known as hydatidosis or echinococcosis) is caused by a tapeworm which infects dogs, dingoes and foxes. At its intermediate stage, it forms cysts in the internal organs, especially livers and lungs, of a number of animals, including humans. In humans, the disease is so serious that it requires surgery for treatment. Hydatid disease also causes losses in livestock with the downgrading of edible meat by-products because of the presence of the hydatid cysts.
This Primefact discusses:
- the hydatid tapeworm;
- hydatid eggs in the life cycle;
- the hydatid cyst;
- animals affected by hydatids in Australia;
- hydatid life cycles in Australia - how the infection spreads;
- hydatid strains;
- eradication programs.
|Hydatids - you, too, can be affected (Full version)
|
<urn:uuid:4cacf8c5-6016-4a41-9547-02d9182d02ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/sheep/health/hydatids
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054353/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00076-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903119 | 216 | 3.234375 | 3 |
"Don't hold your breath." "It left me breathless." "He waited with bated
breath." Do these comments sound familiar? Actually, do they feel
familiar? Do you find that you hold your breath when concentrating?
Breath-holding is such a universal habit that we have everyday statements
in which we refer to this widespread habit. Yet, we have no common
statement in which we say, "And I began breathing again". Balance out
breath-holding and relax when you AIR OUT YOUR VOCABULARY.
How to Air Out Your Vocabulary:
When we hold our breath, we unknowingly tense our shoulders and tighten
our chests, which can lead to a habit of breathing rapidly and shallowly.
Train yourself to observe your breathing. Do you:
- Hold your breath when mousing, cutting & pasting, or waiting for the
computer to respond?
- Feel sometimes a sense of anxiety and an inability to breathe?
- Breathe generally shallowly, rapidly and in your upper chest?
- Expand your chest and raise your shoulders when you take a deep breath?
If you have one of the above breathing patterns:
- Ask yourself what statement you would use to describe your breathing
pattern, such as, I gasped in awe, It took away my breath, etc.
- Then, create a statement that describes how you want to resume your
breathing, such as, "My breathing is quie," "I breathe effortlessly,"
"Breathing is calm and regular," etc.
Throughout the day, check your breathing, gently exhale longer and return
to a rhythmic pattern of breathing. When retiring at night remind
yourself to exhale slowly as you drift into the peaceful heaviness of deep
Copyright 2003 Erik Peper, Ph.D. and Katherine Hughes Gibney
Permission to copy and distribute Healthy Computing Email Tips for
personal use is granted. Distribution or copying of Healthy Computing
Email Tips for commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written
consent of the copyright holders
|
<urn:uuid:9a0bd222-e604-4e8f-acb3-20034753d4a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.healthy.net/scr/column.aspx?ColumnId=38&Id=809
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00137-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924368 | 429 | 3 | 3 |
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2023 Aug 25;39(8):3125-3142. doi: 10.13345/j.cjb.220738.
C1 gases including CO, CO2 and CH4, are mainly derived from terrestrial biological activities, industrial waste gas and gasification syngas. Particularly, CO2 and CH4 are two of the most important greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Bioconversion of C1 gases is not only a promising solution to addressing the problem of waste gases emission, but also a novel route to produce fuels or chemicals. In the past few years, C1-gas-utilizing microorganisms have drawn much attention and a variety of gene-editing technologies have been applied to improve their product yields or to expand product portfolios. This article reviewed the biological characteristics, aerobic or anaerobic metabolic pathways as well as the metabolic products of methanotrophs, autotrophic acetogens, and carboxydotrophic bacteria. In addition, gene-editing technologies (e.g. gene interruption technology using homologous recombination, group Ⅱ intron ClosTron technology, CRISPR/Cas gene editing and phage recombinase-mediated efficient integration of large DNA fragments) and their application in these C1-gas-utilizing microorganisms were also summarized.
|
<urn:uuid:bc8fa8b9-f0a5-4093-9de4-dc5ffa086433>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://hoahoc.info/bioconversion-of-c1-gases-and-genetic-engineering-modification-of-gas-utilizing-microorganisms.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00670.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905441 | 287 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Coal has been a major driver of industrial and economic progress worldwide since its major role fuelling the industrial revolution. This fundamental and versatile material still plays a vital role in the world economy today. Canada’s 10 billion tonnes of coal reserves represent more energy than all of our oil, natural gas and oil sands combined. As described in Canada’s Clean Coal Technology Roadmap, clean coal technologies are an integral part of coal’s continued production and use in Canada.
About half of Canada’s coal production is exported, but Canada’s steel industry and electrical power generators are major users of metallurgical and thermal coal respectively. Alberta produces coal for both metallurgical applications and as a thermal fuel. Alberta is a significant user of thermal coal for electrical power generation, and coal-fired generation represents a major portion of global electrical supply. Canada derives approximately 20% of its electricity from coal. Over 40% of worldwide electrical generation is fuelled by coal, and with prevalent use in emerging economies, this number is expected to increase.
The production of coal involves either surface or underground mining. The consumption of coal generates particulate matter, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, heavy-metal release [mercury] and CO2. Clean coal technologies look at the reduction of these by-products in a variety of methods. As coal-fired electrical generation represents a ‘large stationary emitter’ of CO2, there is an integration of this theme with the Carbon Storage research of the Centre.
The World Coal Institute provides a tremendous resource of further material.
Research under the clean coal theme focuses on: coal cleaning and upgrading of both thermal and coking coals, multi pollutant control strategies, clean coal technologies to capture CO2 and CH4 in order to reduce GHG and other emissions, value added products, and underground coal gasification. By design, research activities in the coal upgrading and clean coal technologies elements of this theme are strongly linked with the mineral processing theme. Some key technologies under this theme are; fine coal cleaning to produce ultra-clean coal, coal-water slurry, novel sorbent and underground coal gasification for reducing emissions other than GHG emissions, oxy-firing and gasification for carbon capture. Efficient use of this resource with minimal environmental impact is imperative if coal is to remain a prime energy source and become a key petrochemical source. The research initiatives in C5MPT are aligned with the technology gaps identified in the Clean Coal Technology Roadmap of Canada.
The major outcomes from this theme will be:
- Application of advanced characterization techniques to assess and upgrade Alberta coals for emerging utilization and capture technologies, particularly for gasification;
- Development of new sorbents for mercury and multi-pollutant capture;
- Optimal strategies and systems for coal upgrading and feed preparation for emerging clean coal technologies;
- Synergy in co-gasification of coal, pet-coke and biomass;
- Commercializable technologies for value added products from coal and ash products;
- Strategies for coal blending for coke making.
|
<urn:uuid:e69d6052-444d-441c-b075-e00880639572>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://c5mpt.ualberta.ca/en/Research/CleanCoal.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820556.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017013608-20171017033608-00053.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91237 | 632 | 3.5 | 4 |
A new study released by The Economist Intelligence Unit ran three econometric scenarios to 2030 on five countries — the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan—and developing Asia as a whole. In ‘Risks and rewards: Scenarios around the economic impact of machine learning’, commissioned by Google, two scenarios assumed greater human productivity through upskilling and greater investment in technology and access to open source data, while the third assumed insufficient policy support for structural changes in the economy.
The results showed that, although the fears of those pessimistic about the impact of machine learning, and artificial intelligence in general, may be overblown, the optimists’ claims are not entirely supported, either. The other area of the study, a look at the impact of machine learning on four industries, reaches a similar conclusion.
For firms both developing machine learning and those using it, the reports finds that communication between themselves, and with the public and policymakers, needs to improve. This includes doing better to manage expectations around the impact of machine learning, acknowledging the potential risks as well as the rewards, improving trust and transparency, and educating the public so that knowledge gaps are not filled with misinformation and distortion.
Read the report (PDF).
|
<urn:uuid:3bf76eac-fabd-459b-a243-a8c9e0170b06>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://continuitycentral.com/index.php/news/erm-news/2657-future-risks-associated-with-machine-learning-explored-in-new-report
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510085.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925183615-20230925213615-00697.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93693 | 251 | 2.6875 | 3 |
As promised, this edition of our series on the emoji conlang 🖼🗣 (aka Pictalk), is going to be focused primarily on building our vocabulary. You saw last time the ways we can combine symbols to create new words, but we’re first going to look at roots, individual symbols that can be used as words in their own right.
As of the recently-released Version 12 of the Unicode standard, we have a total of 3,019 emoji at our disposal. That sounds like a lot, for sure, but…it’s not that simple, at least as far as our script is concerned. Gender and skin tone modifiers don’t come into play for us, because their meanings aren’t exactly lexical. (Okay, gender is linguistic, but I’ve decided that it plays no role in 🖼🗣 grammar.) Take those out, take out the various “family” permutations, and do some shuffling, and my best calculation is a total of 1,581.
That’s still a large number, but we’re using quite a lot of them, such as ◻ or ➡, as grammatical particles, suffixes, or other “content-less” morphemes. Also, we’ve got plenty of duplicates, and some, such as the annoying “cat face” emoji, that we just don’t use. What’s left comes out to 1,200 or so symbols, plenty for a vast and diverse vocabulary even before you start compounding.
We can divide the roots into a number of categories. We’ll look at each of those groups in turn, because they tend to show some similarities. While I won’t describe every emoji in much detail, I hope this overview, along with the examples I give, suffice until I can create a real list.
Most of the faces (the emoticons, as we old-timers call them) stand for the emotion or state they express:
- 😄 – happy
- 😕 – confused
- 😠 – angry
- 😫 – tired
- 😷 – sick
Not all are like this, though. The “basic” face 😀 instead translates as the noun face itself. 😆, 🙃, and 😤 represent verbs laugh, invert, and defeat, respectively. But symbols like these are the exception, and the class-changing suffixes we saw last time work to convert them into something more like their fellows.
Unicode is for lovers, apparently, because there’s an awful lot of different hearts. But we’ve got other emotions, too. And most of the hearts turn out to be just color variations; in 🖼🗣, colored version of emoji always represent those colors.
The rest tend to be either adjectives describing the emotion or verbs that define an action, although some get more idiosyncratic meanings instead:
- 💋 – to kiss
- 💌 – romance
- 💖 – emotional
- ❣ – to compliment
- 💨 – fast
- 💤 – sleep (note that this is a noun first)
The standard includes a few others in the “emotion” section, namely speech bubbles. These are important as communication words in our script:
- 💬 – to say
- 👁️🗨 – the 1st-person pronoun “I” (where needed)
- 🗨 – to reply
- 🗯 – to shout
- 💭 – to think
Mostly, body part emoji stand for the that part of the body, or else the sense it provides:
- 🧠 – intelligence
- 👂 – ear
- 🦴 – bone (this is new, so not all fonts support it)
- 👁 – eye
- 👀 – to see
- 👄 – mouth
The various finger-pointing symbols, by contrast, have meanings less often associated with symbolism:
- 👋 – hello
- 🖐 – fingers
- 🎌 – to hope
- 👉 – to be
- 👈 – a marker for relative clauses (which we’ll see in a future post)
- 👆 – that
- 👇 – this
- 👍 – good
- 👎 – bad
- 🙏 – to pray
- 🤲 – the 1st-person pronoun “we”
And I think you can guess what 🖕 means.
As stated above, 🖼🗣 doesn’t bother with the gender or skin tone modifiers of Unicode. Instead, people are just…people. With very few exceptions, the “person” emoji stand for the specific person represented:
- 👨 – man
- 👩 – woman
- 👶 – baby
- 🧒 – child
- 👨🎓 or 👩🎓 – student
- 👨🎤 or 👩🎤 – singer
Some of the exceptions include 🙍, for the verb frown, and 🙅, to indicate prohibition (“may not”, in English).
Also, any of the numerous family permutations is allowed as a substitute for 👪 family. The generic is considered the default, but more specific variants can show a degree of politeness or respect.
Technically, Unicode classes these as a subset of the “person” group, but they’re very different in our script. For most of these, the meaning is verbal, rather than nominal. Again, gender doesn’t matter, although it can be considered polite to use it where it matters. (Where available, the generic “person” forms are to be preferred as default.)
- 🚶 – to walk
- 🏌 – to play golf
- 🏊 – to swim
- 🛀 – to wash/bathe
- 🛌 – to rest
Unicode has a bunch of animal emoji symbols, and we use almost all of them to represent those animals by themselves. Reduplicated forms (doubling the symbol) form a “pack”, “flock”, or any other collective noun, while the adjective and verb class-changing suffixes form words concerning the nature and actions of each individual animal.
- 🐕 – dog
- 🐈 – cat
- 🐴 – horse
- 🐁 – mouse
- 🐔 – chicken
- 🐳 – whale
- 🐜 – ant
One of the few exceptions in this class is 🐽, which instead stands for the verb smell.
Plants aren’t as numerous as animals in the Unicode emoji set, and 🖼🗣 tends to use many of them for more abstract meanings. Still, the specific types of plant, such as 🌷 and 🌵, stand for their individual kinds.
Examples of the abstract set include:
- 🌱 – plant
- 🍀 – luck
- 🍂 – autumn
Food and drink
People love to eat, and Unicode definitely has them covered there. As with plants and animals, most of these are specific foods or beverages, so their basic meanings encode those:
- 🍔 – hamburger
- 🍕 – pizza
- 🍓 – strawberry
- 🍪 – cookie
- 🍺 – beer
A couple of abstract symbols include:
- 🍳 – to cook (specifically fry, but any kind of cooking is a valid translation)
- 🥘 – food
Also, the 🍴 and 🍽 symbols translate as eat and meal, respectively.
Once more, we have a large set of emoji symbols whose meanings are fairly transparent. The numerous places, whether geographic or constructed, tend to represent in language what they look like:
- ⛰ – mountain
- 🏠 – house
- 🏥 – hospital
- 🏫 – school
Unicode gives us a lot of vehicles, and we use them about how you’d expect. I know this is sounding like a tired refrain by now, but it’s just how it is.
- 🚕 – taxi
- 🚓 – police
- 🚃 – train
A little wrinkle here is that 🛣 is the abstract road rather than something more specific; if you want something more concrete (sorry about the pun), you can use compounding.
Clocks representing half-hour intervals should be self-explanatory. The ⌛ emoji represents time in the abstract, while the verb measure (specifically for time) can be translated as ⏱.
Sky and weather
Most of these are fairly obvious. Cloudy and sunny skies represent just that. The various kinds of weather emoji mostly encode that sort of state. 💧 is abstract water, however, and 🌊 is ocean rather than something specifically to do with waves.
Games, sports, and activities mostly function the same as any other “this is what it looks like” emoji:
- ⚾ – baseball
- ⛷ – to ski
Some are different, though: 🕹 is control, 🃏 simply joke.
Once more, it’s the same general idea: 👕 is shirt, etc. Some of the oddities here include:
- 🎓 – to graduate
- 🛍 – to shop
- 🎒 – student
Many of the technology-oriented emoji are used for grammatical purposes. Most of the rest tend to be of the “object” sort we’ve seen so many times already:
- 💿 – CD
- 🎥 – film
- 📸 – to take a picture
Most of the tools are of the “object” sort, representing the objects they appear to be. An important exception is 🔫, which always translates as a real gun, not a toy, when used alone. (Unicode quite clearly defines the symbol as “pistol”, but PC-crazed tech companies try to pass it off as a harmless water gun instead.)
A few other interesting symbols in this group include:
- ⚖ – law
- ⚙ – machine
- 🗜 – to compress
- ⛓ – to hold back
These are more “object” type emoji, and they tend to fall under the same rules as above.
I’m skipping most of the symbols in this post for a very good reason: they’re symbolic. They don’t have well-defined meanings to begin with, so I felt no shame in recycling them for grammatical use. That includes things like audio controls, punctuation, and the multitude of arrows.
But one set of exceptions should be pointed out here, I think. The Unicode standard has a kind of generic method of constructing keycaps (boxed numerals that look like they’re on buttons), and it defines about a dozen of them. The numerical ones, such as 1, are ordinals: first, second, etc. The others are:
- #️⃣ – number
- *️⃣ – any
Lastly, about 300 of the available emoji are national or regional flags. These are a little special in 🖼🗣, for they can function as both nouns and adjectives without needing class-changing suffixes. The role they fill is implied based on position, defaulting to nominal:
- 🇺🇸 – USA, American
- 🇪🇺 – Europe, European
- 🏴 – England, English (note: not the same as 🇬🇧)
Whew. That’s a lot to take in, and I didn’t even cover everything. Fortunately, it’s a lot smoother sailing from here on out. I’ll illustrate new words when they come up, and I’ll point out non-obvious compounds or derivations. Other than that, the next post will get back to grammar. Fun, isn’t it?
|
<urn:uuid:615a118e-575e-48db-97e0-ef67549b4469>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://prosepoetrycode.potterpcs.net/2019/03/%F0%9F%96%BC%F0%9F%97%A3-the-emoji-conlang-part-5/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926743 | 2,616 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Furthermore, a similar response was observed, in which the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, was significantly lower in the fecal samples of the XOS group than in those of the control group. Various other minor dietary constituents, including polyphenols, catechins, lignin, tannins and micronutrients also nourish colonic microbes.
Are the plans to add or drop enrollment centers, as needed, appropriate. For trials focusing on clinical or public health endpoints, is this clinical trial necessary for testing the safety, efficacy or effectiveness of an intervention that could lead to a change in clinical practice, community behaviors or health care policy.
Putrefactive fermentation has been implicated in the development and progression of many common bowel diseases given their greater prevalence in the distal colon [ The SCFA also have roles beyond the gut and may improve risk of metabolic and immune system diseases and disorders, such as osteoarthritis, obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease [ 1376 ].
A wide diversity of microorganisms is needed to utilize the many fibers and other nutrients present in adult diets [ 1933 ].
The diets of children being weaned may have particular influence on microbial diversity in later life. Alternatively, the presence of immune-potentiating microbes or their byproducts can ultimately condition tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells.
The latter also have a reduced microbial diversity compared to the elderly living in the community and this is related to increased frailty and changes in nutrition [ 36 ].
Gajewski has ownership interest including patents in Evelo. Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense. Unireso tickets and day passes must be purchased before boarding the vehicle from one of the automatic vending machines located at the stops.
The potentially harmful role of the microbiota after antibiotics treatment left or the beneficial contribution of commensal bacteria right are indicated. Not all epidemiological studies show such an association and the inconsistent findings may relate to the many factors which may contribute to CRC [ 8384 ].
Initially, epidemiological population studies suggested certain microbes played a role in cancer. Gut microbes produce a large number of bioactive compounds that can influence health; some like vitamins are beneficial, but some products are toxic.
Is there any evidence that this therapy has influenced response to treatment. XOS has been found to be predominantly utilized by members of the Bifidobacterium genus [ 12 ]. However, some protein fermentation products such as ammonia, phenols and hydrogen sulphide can also be toxic.
Stress may contribute to IBS, one of the most common functional bowel disorders, and the associated changes in microbial populations via the central nervous system CNS.
In addition to their intended role impeding pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics can also deplete native microflora, which is a key regulator of antitumor immunity. The official language in the western part of Switzerland and therefore also in Geneva is French.
Mucosal barrier injury from cytotoxic chemotherapy in conjunction with antibiotic treatment can lead to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that can translocate across the compromised epithelium and lead to infection 9.
A fundamental one is whether the prophylactic antibiotic treatment that patients with cancer undertake before receiving chemotherapy interferes with the efficacy of the chemotherapeutics.
About Geneva Geneva is a truly international city and its great history and development blends the advantages of a small city with the services and possibilities of a large metropolitan area.
I also found out that when I was shifting my diet I had to detox as well, I felt pretty miserable during that time and alot of anger came up. By the date listed in Part 1. Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced.
Study Timeline Specific to applications involving clinical trials Is the study timeline described in detail, taking into account start-up activities, the anticipated rate of enrollment, and planned follow-up assessment.
The renewal process may require as much time as the initial registration.
The products consumed in both the XOS and the placebo groups were identical in appearance, taste, and color. It is reliable and used by the majority of the population. The consequences and reason for this change are not yet clear.
Population City and Canton: I have tried…and obviously before the meds. This includes humanized microbiota and cancer models and incorporating autochthonous models to more closely mirror disease progression.
If you are looking for products to help you. Obesity is associated with excess energy intakes and sedentary lifestyles. Humans are unable to synthesize numerous amino acids and must obtain them from proteins in food to maintain health.
Other animals eat dung. Improved culture methods will be necessary to carefully study isolates and assign functional importance. They are nondigestible food ingredients, typically oligosaccharides that serve as the fuel for probiotics, allowing these beneficial microorganisms to thrive by going through the fermentation process [ 3 ].
Footnotes Competing Financial Interests:. The Microbiome and Cancer Treatment The Microbiome and Cancer. Bérard M, Ecobichon C, Clermont D, Bizet C, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Cerf-Bensussan N, et al.
The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science. Nov 22;() Research now suggests that the microbiota — commensal microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit an organism — plays an important role in carcinogenesis, cancer.
Microbes Meet Cancer. as well as responses to cancer treatment. Although the details of this microbe-cancer link remain unclear, investigators suspect that the microbiome’s ability to modulate inflammation and train immune cells to react to tumors is to blame.
Whether changes in the microbiota in colon cancer patients are harbingers. Gut Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Cancer. Unpacking this systemic breakdown in further detail, a study published earlier this year in the journal Science Translational Medicine fleshes out how dysbiosis, or the failure of the microbiome to sync up with the rest of the immune system, can lead to cancer formation, or carcinogenesis.
The paper explains how epidemiological studies have pinned. Infection is one of the most common diseases caused by dysbiosis of the microbiota. Importantly, infectious disease and its treatment have a profound impact on the human microbiota, which in turn determines the outcome of the infectious disease in the human host ().Offending pathogens colonize the intestinal mucosa, thus resulting in the induction of a strong inflammatory response, followed by.
Summary of Meeting: The main objective of this Keystone Symposia conference is to evaluate the contribution of the gut microbiota to diseases characterized by alterations of host energy metabolism, and to highlight development of new therapeutic and nutritional approaches.Microbiota and cancer treatment
|
<urn:uuid:c7467e0e-7f00-4ae9-beef-656741034843>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://hapuhibybon.thesanfranista.com/microbiota-and-cancer-treatment-47007lt.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735882.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804191142-20200804221142-00183.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935589 | 1,429 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Descubriendo Texas: Exploración en nuevas tierras (Social Studies: Informational Text) (Paperback)
In the 1500s, European explorers arrived in Texas in search of gold and glory. The Spanish were the first Europeans to arrive. Readers get to discover early Texas history in this fascinating nonfiction book that uses colorful images, intriguing facts, supportive text, and an accommodating glossary, index, and table of contents to introduce readers to various explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Cabeza de Vaca, Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, and La Salle. Children will be excited and engaged as they read through to also learn about the many American Indian tribes of the past, including the Caddo, Apache, Comanche, and Karankawa. This title will captivate readers from beginning to end! This book has been translated into Spanish.
Harriet Isecke, MA and M. Ed., has served for over 35 years as a teacher, literacy coach, and district administrator and is the recipient of several local and state education awards. Her published works include numerous children's picture books, reader's theater plays, primary source guides for students, and differentiated instructional materials for teachers. Harriet speaks at state, national, and international conferences and provides workshops for K-12 educators. Stephanie Herweck Paris has been in education for over 15 years. She has indulged her passion for education by spending time as an elementary classroom teacher, an elementary school computer and technology specialist, an educational activist, and an author of numerous resources for Shell Education and Teacher Created Materials.
|
<urn:uuid:1ed892af-a35c-425b-b9ab-ab71aada17f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://thebookshop.ubookstore.com/book/9781433372094
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944111 | 327 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Inter-School Collaboration for Conservation Quantification
The Leo Baeck Day School
Robbins Hebrew Academy
The purpose of the Inter-School Conservation Quantification Collaboration effort is to empower Grade 8 students and teachers to understand the direct impact that their actions to reduce energy consumption will have. This would inspire further exploration in high school and post-secondary school.
Unlike the current Toronto and Ontario Eco-Schools program, (http://www.ontarioecoschools.org) which groups schools using qualified measurements into bronze, silver, gold and platinum rankings, we plan to establish quantitative measurements and ways to properly normalize them, so we can compare schools and see the quantitative impacts that various energy conservation efforts have.
We want those measurable energy consumption reduction actions to be developed by the Grade 8 students themselves once they understand the overall reality of climate change, what the causes are, and have an understanding of the baseline consumption measurements of their own school, in the context of the community they live in.
Efforts to develop quantitative measurements will be done on a collaborative between participating schools in the 416. Instead of travelling between schools, we would use current social media and web technology to enable collaboration within a school and between schools and between experts both local and remote. We will then expand the collaborative effort to include schools in the 905 region. From there, we would take the effort international and partner with schools outside Canada.
We would also like to work with existing groups such as the Learning for a Sustainable Future and the Kortright Centre of the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority to identify best practices to establish energy consumption baselines and energy consumption reduction exercises which can quantified, and used between schools in the 416, 416 & 905 and 416 & schools in other countries.
How it will help Toronto
Success will help the current eco-schools effort evolve, and establish a collaborative approach to identifying measurable solutions for energy consumption reduction. This effort would have local, national and international implications as we bring the experience of crowdsourcing solutions to energy consumption reduction to a younger demographic
Steps to be taken
Understanding the Current Problem
We will leverage volunteers from the Climate Reality Project to help establish the overall context of what is driving the need to reduce energy consumption.
Establishing the External Baseline
Country --> Province --> City --> School
The external base line is the measurement of actual consumption of energy resources, electricity, natural gas and water. This will be done for each participating school.
We will be able to show the students the starting point at various levels, using CO2 equivalent emission numbers.
At the national and provincial level, we will use the national and provincial inventory numbers documented by Environment Canada in May 2011.
At the GTA Level we will use The Living City Report Card 2011 – An assessment of the environmental health of the Greater Toronto Area, published in March 2011 by Greening Greater Toronto, an initiative of CivicAction.
Quantifiable Consumption Reduction Exercises
We will look at the current thoughts of the Inconvenient Youth to identify potential projects which would resonate with Grade 8 level students
We intend to work with the Learning for a Sustainable Future team to leverage quantifiable energy consumption reduction exercises which they have already documented from around the world. We hope to establish a set of actions which can be done within schools, between schools in the same city / region, and between schools in different countries (Pams of LSF has indicated a willingness to connect to this effort - October 3 comment)
We intend to work with the Kortright Center of the Toronto Regional Conservation Authority, to identify specific experiences they have in quantifying energy consumption reduction exercises, and to leverage other experiences from other resources in their international network (Darryl Gray of Kortright has indicated a willingness to connect to this effort - October 4 comment)
The emission reduction potential will be dependent on the exercises we choose to use and measured against the baseline we establish
Impact to be measured against current baseline consumption (Initial set of ideas)
- Lighting within the school
- Reduction of controllable plugloads
- Setback levels for heating and cooling (occupied vs unoccupied)
- Energy generation
Impact to be measured once external baseline established (Initial set of ideas)
- Creative approaches to carpooling (Reducing distance, number of cars, public transit etc)
- Community Sustainable Agriculture (For consumption in school or for foodbanks)
We are looking to the ClimateSpark SVC community to identify additional energy conservation exercises whose impact can be quantified, to add to the list above.
The Leo Baeck Day School / Robbins Hebrew Academy – providing access to Grade 8 students and Staff, as well as committed parents and alumni
Zerofootprint – providing access to visualization software which will allow normalized comparisons of energy consumption data
Climate Reality Project - Canada – Canadian volunteers, some in the GTA, ready to present in person and through video, the basics of climate change at a Grade 8 level
Learning for a Sustainable Future (added October 3) – providing access to a consolidated set of exercises and workshops which can be used to prioritize and select Grade 8 appropriate exercises.
Kortright Centre (added October 4) – providing access to hands on experiences of solutions they have already deployed in Vaughan Ontario, as well as experiences they have documented for other Conservation Centers around the world
The use of volunteers within the schools and the quantified energy consumption reduction costs will make the deployment self sufficient, once the start-up costs of the project have been paid for.
|
<urn:uuid:8a58a84b-33ab-460e-8745-56a5b9b90e52>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.climatespark.ca/comment/435
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410665301782.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914032821-00108-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935751 | 1,131 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Describe the structure of biologically-important molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water) and how their structure leads to their function.
Food provides an organism with nutrients—the matter it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients come in the form of biological macromolecules, or large molecules necessary for life. These macromolecules are built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules. What specific types of biological macromolecules do living things require? How are these molecules formed? What functions do they serve? In this chapter, we will explore these questions.
There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon atoms. In addition, they may contain atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
These molecules are made up of subunits called monomers. Each type of biological molecule is made up of different monomers. The monomers are connected together into a chain by strong covalent bonds. It is important that covalent bonds connect the monomers. If they were connected by hydrogen bonds the monomers would easily separate from each other and the biological molecule would come apart. If ionic bonds connected the monomers, the biological molecule would be likely to fall apart if it came into contact with water.
Unless otherwise noted, images on this page are licensed under CC-BY 4.0 by OpenStax.
OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 27, 2016 http://firstname.lastname@example.org:QhGQhr4x@6/Biological-Molecules
|
<urn:uuid:9e1f05e5-a90f-4d09-b52f-caed16960002>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/part/biological-molecules-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00259.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912943 | 417 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Even if teens act as if they don’t need their parents’ help, research proves that they do.
Teenagers usually think of their friendships as their most important relationships; but new research shows that support from mom and dad, not friends, helps prevent suicidal behavior in teens that experienced depression or attempted suicide in the past.
Depression during high school and a previous suicide attempt were significant predictors of suicidal thought one or two years later, according to a study led by James Mazza, a University of Washington professor of educational psychology.
Young people who were depressed or had attempted suicide in high school were less likely to have suicidal thoughts if they had strong family support and more open communication. Having a girlfriend or boyfriend also helped.
“Our findings suggest that the protective quality of family support and bonding, or having an intimate partner, are not replaced by peer support and bonding in emerging adulthood,” said Mazza.
Bonding refers to a young adult’s closeness with family or a romantic partner and the ability to talk with them about important issues.
“ Peers don’t provide the same type of safety net that comes from a family or by having an intimate partner,” Mazza said. “When it comes to suicidal behavior, young adults may feel that their family or partner may be more accepting and less judgmental than perhaps some of their peer s.”
Data came from a larger National Institute of Drug Abuse 15-year study of youth in a Seattle-area school district that looked at risk factors for marijuana and cigarette use, binge drinking, depression and past suicidal behavior.
“ Parents shouldn’t give up on their adolescents, because our work indicates they still rely on them in this kind of situation,” Mazza said.
Speaking from both personal experience and through my work’s observation, I couldn’t agree more with Mazza.
|
<urn:uuid:1a200a1d-5a93-4c39-b104-92f2145ec0f6>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/family-closeness-saves-lives/660075
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00117-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976092 | 395 | 3.28125 | 3 |
In the 7th century, from 601 to 700, the position of the Papacy was strengthened in Rome. Emperor Phocas declared the Pope as head of all churches, and gave Santa Maria ad MartyresPantheon to the Church.
During this century, there was a considerable immigration of Eastern clerics; so many that Greek became the dominant language in the Church. This did not improve the relationship between local authorities and Constantinople. Several conflicts arose between East and West, and in 653 Pope Martin I was deported to Crimea, where he died. In 663 Emperor Constans II visited Rome, where he stripped the city of metals.
|
<urn:uuid:ef2fd8da-9fbf-4751-8d5e-d36ee63933c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://romanchurches.wikia.com/wiki/7th_century
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705097259/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115137-00081-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979398 | 129 | 3.625 | 4 |
New legislation in the U.S. Congress would prohibit U.S. companies from exporting hazardous electronic waste to developing nations where some computers, monitors and electronic devices are recycled in primitive conditions.
The Responsible Electronic Recycling Act, introduced in the House of Representatives Wednesday, would create a new category of restricted electronic waste that cannot be exported to India, China, Nigeria and other nations. The bill aims to stop U.S. companies from dumping dangerous old electronics on countries where they are broken apart or burned by workers using few safety precautions, said Representative Gene Green, a Texas Democrat and cosponsor of the bill.
In some countries, workers burn electronics in open pits as a way to separate materials, said Representative Mike Thompson, a California Democrat and cosponsor of the bill. In some places, children tear apart e-waste from the U.S., he said.
Children are "picking through this stuff and exposing themselves to dangerous chemicals," Thompson said during a press conference. "It's just an absolute mess."
The bill will create "green" jobs in the U.S. by keeping e-waste recycling processes in the country, Green said. "There's a value in used electronic equipment, and currently, there are small, domestic recyclers that process this equipment safely," he said. "But they have a hard time competing with facilities overseas that have few, if any, environmental and safety standards."
Many U.S. e-waste recyclers take the valuable parts from discarded electronic devices then ship the rest overseas, said Dewayne Burns, CEO of eSCO Processing and Recycling in Arkansas. Loopholes in e-waste export laws discourage more responsible recyclers from getting into e-waste services, he said.
"The lack of boundaries in our industry is what allows our waste to end in undeveloped countries," he said. "Without structure, this business cannot have the positive impact that it could or should in the U.S. today."
The bill will allow the U.S. e-waste industry to grow, he added. "This bill is the right thing for the environment, and it puts America back to work," he said.
The U.S. Governmental Accountability Office, in a September 2008 report, said harmful e-waste shipments from the U.S. are "virtually unrestricted" because of minimal enforcement and narrow regulations.
Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Apple and Best Buy were among the companies voicing support for the bill. The new export rules are "the right thing to do," said Ashley Watson, HP's chief ethics and compliance officer. HP does not have concerns that the legislation would increase the cost of e-waste recycling, she said.
Some environmental groups, including the Electronics TakeBack Coalition and the Natural Resources Defense Council, also support the bill.
A similar bill was scheduled to be introduced in the Senate this week.
The House bill would allow the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to set limits for small amounts of hazardous materials to be included in e-waste exports. Exempted from the export ban would be products being returned under warranty for repair and products being recalled.
The new e-waste bill is similar to legislation that Thompson and Green introduced in September 2010. That bill failed to pass before Congress adjourned.
Some e-waste recyclers in the U.S. will likely oppose the bill, Green said. But the legislation will have bipartisan support in both the House and the Senate, and should have a good chance of passing, he said.
Grant Gross covers technology and telecom policy in the U.S. government for The IDG News Service. Follow Grant on Twitter at GrantGross. Grant's e-mail address is email@example.com.
|
<urn:uuid:f5a4582c-867a-467c-aabf-f876acc147d8>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.pcworld.com/article/230998/article.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00364.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956153 | 794 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In her post-election tell-all "What Happened," Hillary Rodham Clinton shares an anecdote about writing to NASA as a uniquely determined young teenager.
But the story doesn't go as you might expect. Unlike today's inspiring tales of kids writing to NASA and receiving encouragement, the future Secretary of State's experience was far more grim.
"I don't know what it's like for other women, but growing up, I didn't think that much about my gender except when it was front and center," she writes.
"Like in 8th grade, when I wrote to NASA to say that I dreamt of becoming an astronaut," she continues, "and someone there wrote back: Sorry, little girl, we don't accept women into the space program."
Clinton wrote the letter sometime around 1960. It wasn't until 1978 that the first female astronaut candidates were admitted into the program.
A NASA representative told CNBC Make It that the letter was "a reflection of the early 1960's culture when astronauts were required to be military test pilots. We believe NASA today embraces the race and gender diversity that reflects America and its values."
|
<urn:uuid:4e896e2b-7a79-414e-a028-794e6a49fbf1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/13/nasa-to-hillary-clinton-sorry-little-girl-we-dont-accept-women.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824537.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021005202-20171021025202-00192.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983114 | 229 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Home /
- Announcements /
How to Seed a Pomegranate
Pomegranate seeds are so tiny, yet so packed with sweet tart flavor — and health benefits.* They have more antioxidants than red wine or green tea, and they can help prevent or treat inflammation, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
Yet many of us stroll right past the pomegranates in the fruit aisle because getting those ruby seeds out of their leathery husk is an explosively messy affair. But with help from us here at Gelson's Market, it's simple!
Not any more! Here’s a fool-proof method for getting all the seeds out of the husk with very little time and effort, no wasted seeds, and no red splatter.
What You Will Need
Directions for How to Seed a Pomegranate
- Roll the pomegranate lightly to loosen its seeds.
- With a paring knife, make a very shallow score line around the perimeter of the husk. TIP: Don’t cut into the fruit inside.
- Carefully, turn the two halves of the pomegranate with your hands, and split it in half.
- Hold the fruit over a large bowl, with the seeds down, and tap it with the back of a spoon to release the seeds. Giving it a gentle squeeze every once and a while will help free the seeds.
*Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine.
|
<urn:uuid:c870927b-44f9-463b-955a-faf4123d42bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.gelsons.com/announcements/view/how-to-seed-a-pomegranate
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00797.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899829 | 334 | 2.625 | 3 |
For instance, you can do an experiment testing the blind spot. Since hair is composed of protein, a topical application of protein could strengthen hair. Blind people have been known to develop echolocation, or the ability to hear subtle changes in sound bouncing back from otherwise unseen objects. These are just some of the popular topics in anatomy and physiology research paper writing. Child psychology is a subset of development psychology, which focuses on the psychological development of individuals throughout their lifetimes.
You can also test how afterimaging works in the eye. Although, on the one side, writing papers on anatomy and physiology is extremely gripping and exciting, it is extremely time-consuming and daunting too. Human Anatomy Paper Masters shows you how to write a research paper on the subject of human anatomy by using the topics you see on this web site. How would that help the environment? The examiner is looking on how well you can be able to pick a research topic in anatomy and physiology and be able to carry out a research effectively. This could encourage class attendance as well. There are a variety of ways to test afterimaging.
That is not what matters in academic writing unless the professor has specified so. Are they doing their job? This would be particularly helpful for an instructor looking for a way to include current topics in class. Best of luck with your paper. I would like to incorporate nursing into this paper in some way. You can also get more specific, such as testing the differences in heart rate among athletes and non-athletes, or testing the effects of caffeine on heart rate and blood pressure. For students without much knowledge in this area, cognitive psychology may seem like a dry and boring topic to study.
Modern medicine appears to have met the challenge of these implications with regard to developing treatments that will cure most diseases. The resource includes: -General instructions for students regarding the setup of the class discussions -Helpful hints for instructors to facilitate the discussions -15 current, controversial topics with talking points -A rubric that can be used to grade student performance on the discussions The goal of these activities is to encourage students to exchange ideas, consider the viewpoints of their classmates, contemplate important ethical and societal dilemmas, and apply physiological concepts to current events. Like many other students of different faculties, students of medicine and psychology often complain about the complexity of picking an interesting topic for their anatomy and physiology papers. What could save this species from extinction? And some of it contributes to the 17 ounces per day of flatulence that the average healthy human releases. When researching disease for a research paper, choose one of the topics below or have Paper Masters custom write you a unique project. A List of 15 Interesting Anatomy and Physiology Research Paper Topics: We have tried to put together some of the easiest and interesting anatomy and physiology paper topics for you.
Another is that equally sophisticated or technologically advanced tools must be created or developed to ascertain the precise disease in order to prescribe the precise treatment that is necessary to affect a cure. Some of it comes up in the form of a belch. As an interdisciplinary field, it incorporates elements from anthropology, anatomy and archaeology. Best of luck on your paper. What could make it go extinct? End your research paper worries in less than 5 Minutes! Hair can be experimented on to test strength and composition.
To save the resource to a folder, please log in or register. Below is a list of some of the most common diseases known today. Hair dye tests can show how hair stands up to certain chemicals. A popular experimental subject is the cardiovascular system. Testing differences in heart rate and blood pressure across gender, age, and height are easy enough to do. Many of the topics seem useful and it could be expanded to include many more topics of interest to specific instructors or students.
Other projects may be available. Here are some of the many paper topics in this area:. How could this be reduced? This topic piques the interests of many psychology students, and is one of the most popular undergraduate psychology classes at many colleges and universities. Interestingly, the diseases that continue to plague modern medicine are diseases that did not exist in the pre-European world of Native Americans. I just want to do well, and be creative! Beards are the fastest-growing hairs on the human body; if an average man never shaved or trimmed the growth, he would die with nearly 30 feet of beard hanging off his chin. I just started Physiology this week and we need to submit our topics for a 10 page research paper by next week.
In fact, instead of choosing a topic a student is really keen on, he or she usually tries to look for something extremely captivating, something that would impress their examiner. The average human scalp has 100,000 hairs — blondes have more hair, on average, than dark-haired people do — and you lose between 40 and 100 strands of hair each day. You must choose a topic that is fun working on or seeking help in. Our human anatomy topic suggestions can be used to create unique ideas for your own research papers. Where has this happened in the United States? This would of course work well if the class is small enough to keep track of participants. How could we use paper that is thrown away? Let Our Team You Help With Custom Anatomy Research Paper Topics: We understand that writing lengthy papers that requires deep level research is not joke.
|
<urn:uuid:b30e0c23-549d-479c-8979-575120a59660>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://covedisa.com.ar/cool-physiology-topics.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145774.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223123852-20200223153852-00039.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953399 | 1,094 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Dermatology & Allergy Services, Walpole, MA, USA; Bizvet, Inc., Westborough, MA, USA
© 2005 Lowell Ackerman [No part of this material may be reproduced or distributed without express written consent of author].
Today, as at no time in the past, we can often determine the genotype (the genetic makeup for the trait) for specific diseases in pets, even though the phenotype (what we can see) for the trait may be "normal". Until now, we had to wait for an affected animal to be born to determine if the parents were carriers of the trait. Not any more! For a condition such as progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in Irish setters, we now have a test that will determine genotype (the genetic makeup for the trait), even though the phenotype (what we can see) is normal for the trait (i.e., they don't have evidence of clinical PRA). So, even though we can see the phenotype for traits (hemophilia, PRA, hip dysplasia, and so forth), in most cases we have to infer the genotype from observing how traits seem to run in families. Only in the past several years has it become possible to determine the actual genotype for several different conditions.
As our knowledge of genetics expands, judging genotype becomes less of a guessing game and more of a science. A new DNA test has allowed that to happen for progressive retinal atrophy in the Irish setter and for several other diseases as well. In addition, genetic information can be used for nonmedical advances. For example, we can remove all the guesswork from predicting coat color genetics in several breeds, including the Labrador retriever, Doberman pinscher, American Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, and Scottish terrier.
To explain what we see (the phenotype), we often make up rules to help us infer which actual genes are involved (the genotype). This works fairly well for some problems (such as hemophilia) and not so well for others (hip dysplasia, for example).
With new methods of identifying genetic diseases, veterinarians may think they will have an easy time advising breeders. With the new technologies, though, come new responsibilities. This is especially true when a trait is highly entrenched in a breed. For example, approximately 75% of Bedlington terriers either are affected with copper toxicosis or are carriers of the trait. Because a DNA linkage test is now available for copper toxicosis, should we advise breeders to breed only animals that are "clear" for the trait? Unfortunately, things aren't that simple.
Even under perfect circumstances, the linkage-based test for copper toxicosis could be wrong 1% to 5% of the time. Still, it is a handy tool until a direct DNA test is developed. A dog that tests as marker type 1/1 is 90% likely to be completely clear of the trait. About 95% of dogs that are 1/2 are carriers of the trait. Those that are 2/2 are mostly affected (about 72%), but some are carriers (about 24%). The results of the test can be formally registered with the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals.
Even with direct DNA tests that detect animals that are clear, affected, or carriers with almost absolute certainty, enforcing a "clear only" policy of breeding may not be possible. It may not even be desirable. In so doing, we may select a very small number of animals to become the foundation for a new breed line. Although this is laudable, this narrow gene base conceivably could concentrate other deleterious genes instead. Accordingly, if mating only clear-to-clear animals is not possible, breeding clear to carrier may be necessary until a large enough population of clear animals is created so the gene pool isn't quite so shallow and will preserve some genetic diversity.
Selection of Breeding Animals
There are many ways to select animals for breeding purposes. Some breeders select animals based on their conformation, their appearance. Perhaps they feel the individual has an exceptional topline, or head shape. However, this does not take into consideration genetic health, so this method is not the best to recommend during genetic counseling. Another method is to set "culling levels" for traits. For example, the breeder may eliminate all dogs that have less than perfect hip conformation, or that test "positive" for carrier status of von Willebrand disease, etc. Although this allows for many characters to be considered, it has the tendency to be too rigid for a flexible breeding program. Perhaps the best option for the conscientious breeder and accommodating veterinarian is a selection index scheme.
The selection index is a numerical score assigned to an animal that provides a relatively objective measure of overall suitability for breeding. The index can be customized for each situation, but to be fair, should be consistent among all dogs evaluated. In my own selection index for show breeders, I generally assign 50 points for health concerns, 30 points for conformation, and 20 points for behavior. For performance dogs, I might assign 50 points for health concerns, 30 points for performance factors, and 20 points for behavior. For pet owners not interested in show or performance, more weight can be given to health and behavioral concerns.
In creating a selection index, it is also possible to attribute more significance to certain traits and less to others, while still remaining constant within groups. For example, with a particular collie breeder who is trying to eliminate collie eye anomaly from her lines, but has a negligible incidence of hip dysplasia, more of the health points may be assigned to CEA evaluation. It is also important to be aware of the heritability of individual traits when assigning significance. The lower the heritability, the more generations will be required before improvement will be seen. Here is an example of a possible selection index for our fictional collie breeder.
Sometimes the magnitude of the problem is not immediately obvious. We can bring it more sharply into focus with something called the Hardy-Weinberg law. The Hardy-Weinberg law applies as long as there is no mutation (allelic changes), migration ("new blood"), or active selection for a trait. While the Hardy-Weinberg law is very useful in canine genetics, it must be remembered that dog breeding invalidates some of the basic tenets of the law, since matings don't occur randomly or without selection, the way they might in nature. Also, the population is rarely in equilibrium since breeders often bring in breeding animals from outside the local population. As such, gene frequencies predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg law may not be completely accurate. Still, much useful information is provided.
To establish a foundation stud to rid a line of a recessive disorder such as von Willebrand disease, it is helpful to confirm that the animal is not a normal-appearing carrier of the trait. This can be done with a test mating. The number of offspring needed for evaluation is simply a function of how sure we want to be. In a litter of n normal pups, the chance of a carrier remaining undetected is 0.5n and the chance that the animal is a non-carrier is 100-0.5n% Accordingly, there is less than a 1% chance that the stud is a carrier if there are seven pups, all normal. If any affected pups are produced, the dog must be a carrier, heterozygous for the von Willebrand disease trait.
For some recessive genetic conditions, breeding affected individuals in a test mating is not possible. For example, in some of the lysosomal storage diseases, affected animals may not survive until maturity. In these cases, a test mating can be done with our prospective stud and a known carrier, such as a dam that previously has produced an affected individual. In this case, in a litter on n normal pups, the chance of the prospective stud being a carrier and remaining undetected is 0.75n. In this situation, 11 pups, all normal, would be required to be 95% sure, and 16 pups to be at least 99% sure, that the prospective stud was not a carrier. If any affected pups are produced, the prospect must be a carrier, heterozygous for the von Willebrand disease trait.
Although establishing harsh criteria to rid breeds of genetic disorders by completely eliminating affected animals and carriers may seem reasonable, this is neither practical nor realistic. Because each animal carries about 30,000 different genes, ridding lines of all deleterious alleles is not possible. If carriers can be determined, however, breeding phenotypically normal dogs is a real possibility by never breeding two carriers together. If we are aware of heterozygotes, we can safely breed carriers with known normal individuals and we will never see cases of the disorders we are trying to avoid. Isn't that what genetic counseling is all about?
Trying to overcome polygenic traits takes longer and is more troublesome. Obviously, the higher the heritability of a trait, and the more ruthless we are at selecting superior individuals for breeding, the more successful our selection pressure will be. This response to selection (R) also can also be described as an algebraic function, R=h2S, where R is the response to our breeding strategy, h2 is the heritability of the condition, and S is the selection differential, the phenotypic superiority of the parents we selected versus the general population from which they came. The result is that the mean improves; it doesn't mean that the pups will be superior to their parents.
Regardless of the mode of inheritance of a trait, genetic counseling is always more effective when veterinarians and breeders work as a team. This includes keeping records of affected animals, as well as those that are clear for a disorder. Registries are wonderful tools for genetic selection, if they are nonjudgmental so as to encourage free exchange of information. Closed registries release only information of animals certified as having desirable phenotype. Open registries provide information on specific animals and those to which they are related, including both desirable and undesirable phenotypes.
APPLICATION FOR VETERINARIANS
Why do veterinary practitioners need knowledge of genetic diseases and selection pressures? Despite the fact that genetics is a critical component of veterinary medicine in general, the discipline holds very real implications for effective medical practice. Issues of legal liability and medical competence also have to be addressed.
Although some veterinarians believe that breeders represent too small a segment of their practice to warrant gaining proficiency in genetics and genetic counseling, this is a poorly conceived argument. In most circumstances, when someone purchases a dog, whether from a pet store or a breeder, the dog must be evaluated by a veterinarian within a fixed time period (usually 2-5 business days) and found to be fit. During that visit, most astute practitioners will discern the most common anomalies, such as luxating patellas, umbilical hernias, congenital cataracts, heart murmurs, and the like. If the veterinarian finds the animal to be unfit, the purchaser often has the option of returning the animal, either for a refund or an exchange, depending on the seller's policies.
Let's investigate what happens when a veterinarian determines the pup to be fit. The purchaser, now the owner of the dog, starts to notice strange behavior in the dog at 4 months of age. The dog is an English springer spaniel, and, unsure of the diagnosis, you refer it to a neurologist. The final diagnosis is fucosidosis, with a grave prognosis. The dog will be dead before a year of age, but not before getting progressively more impaired than it is now. The owner asks the specialist how this could have been avoided and is informed of a simple blood test that should have been performed on the parents of the affected dog, which would have identified them as carriers.
The owner now has a dog that was accepted as a family member that will die shortly, will incur a huge veterinary bill, and has little hope for satisfactorily resolving the problem. Should the owner have expected more from the veterinarian selected to do the post-purchase examination? Should the veterinarian have informed the owner that he or she was examining the animal only for obvious problems the dog had at that point in time, and not for problems that may be prevalent in the breed but not yet evident?
The problem was driven home to the American public in an exposé that appeared in Time magazine on December 12, 1994. The correspondent concluded that up to 25% of the 20 million purebred dogs in the U.S.--1 in 4--were afflicted with a serious genetic problem, with costs of about $1 billion annually in veterinary bills and lost revenues from stillborn pups that couldn't be sold.
At least 13 states now have pet lemon laws that give purchasers of dogs (or cats) some recourse against people who sell dogs (or cats) that develop genetic problems of which the purchasers were not advised. Typically, the liability is limited to the cost of the animal. Once veterinarians become involved, however, the total costs of diagnosis and treatment are often many times the cost of the animal itself. Whether veterinarians share any culpability when they perform post-purchase examinations without advising owners of breed-related problems is something that should be discussed and settled within the profession, and hopefully not in the courts.
Currently, most veterinarians are not involved in the pet selection process until after the fact. This puts them and their clients at a distinct disadvantage. If a client asks, "Where can I get a good cocker spaniel?" few veterinarians take this opportunity to offer preemptive genetic counseling. On their own, few prospective dog owners know where to look for a dog or what questions to ask. All too often, they purchase a dog with "papers," mistakenly believing that this is some certificate of genetic superiority, a "Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval." Most people would be genuinely surprised to learn that this dog could be blind, have epilepsy, be dying of a lysosomal storage disease, and bear little resemblance to the breed it is supposed to represent, and would still qualify to get "papers." They are expecting assurances from "papers" while the registries are only doing what they are mandated to do--to register purebred dogs produced as offspring of registered purebred dogs.
Veterinarians are often at a loss when clients inquire as to where they might buy a problem-free purebred dog. While the standard answer is often "a good breeder," it is important to appreciate that it is almost impossible for prospective dog owners to differentiate a good breeder from a bad one. Since the goal is to match owners with healthy and well-adjusted dogs, veterinarians should probably spend more time on objective criteria by which clients can select dogs, rather than the source of dogs selected by owners. If clients are educated to only buy dogs from sources that focus strongly on health and behavioral issues, these same clients become better and more informed consumers, regardless of where they shop.
During the course of genetic counseling, veterinarians are often asked to comment on the "risks" of certain matings. For example, a breeder may be very interested to know the risk of progressive retinal atrophy in her pups from the mating of a specific stud and bitch. If the mode of inheritance is known for the breed, and family history or diagnostic testing can determine carrier status, the assessment is simple. If the condition is inherited as a autosomal recessive trait in the breed and it is known that both potential parents are carriers, it is simple to advise that each pup has a 25% chance of being affected.
If we don't know the carrier status of each potential parent, we can often use statistics to give an approximation of the risk. For example, with an autosomal recessive trait, when an affected animal results, both parents must be obligate carriers of the trait. If a full sibling is affected, but our animal of interest is not, there is a 2/3chance that it is a carrier and a 1/3 chance that it is not. A table can be used to determine carrier risk depending on the relationship to known affected dogs.
The probability of producing a homozygous recessive (affected) puppy can also be calculated from looking at known carriers and affected animals in the pedigree. Depending on how far back in the pedigree you need to look to find affected and/or carrier animals, a rough measure of the likelihood of producing an affected pup can be accomplished. One factor is assigned if an individual of the pedigree is affected, depending of generation, and half that amount is assigned if the individual on the pedigree is a carrier.
Sometimes, the situation is more complicated and simple statistics cannot be used to accurately predict risk. In these cases, risk can still be approximated using Bayesian risk calculations.
1. Ackerman, L: The Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs. AAHA Press, 2000.
|
<urn:uuid:c4324598-5507-412c-89ec-8b687aeccea5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.vin.com/apputil/project/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11196&meta=Generic&catId=30752&id=3854271&ind=255&objTypeID=17
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00765.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949754 | 3,554 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Lotteries are a popular way to give back and raise money for charity. All states donate a portion of the revenue from the sale of lottery tickets. The money raised is often used to improve the public sector. Lotteries have been around for centuries. In the Old Testament, Moses used a lottery to divide land among the Israelites. Lotteries were also used by Roman emperors to distribute slaves and property. Lotteries were introduced to the United States by British colonists, but they were banned between 1844 and 1859 in ten states.
Lotteries are a form of gambling
Lotteries are an extremely popular form of gambling. People buy lottery tickets to satisfy their urge to gamble, and some of them even become addicted. The draw is random and the prize amounts are often substantial. Historically, lotteries were created as a way to attract people to fairs and sports events. Today, lotteries are often used to fund good causes.
They collect money
Lotteries are a popular form of entertainment that collect money for various causes. The proceeds of ticket sales are used to help good causes, such as education. Each state donates a percentage of the revenues, and the money is often spent on programs aimed at improving the public good. Lotteries date back to the Old Testament, when Moses used lotteries to divide the land among the Israelites. The ancient Romans also used lotteries to distribute slaves and property. Lotteries were introduced to the United States by British colonists, but they were banned in ten states between 1844 and 1859.
They pay out winnings in a lump sum
If you’ve won a large lottery prize, you may be wondering how you’ll handle the cash. There are a couple of options available to you. First, you can opt to receive your winnings in a lump sum, which is a great way to start your new life. You can also choose an annuity, which is a regular stream of money you can count on for a certain period of time. This is particularly useful if you’re facing financial hardship.
They are popular when the jackpot is unusually large
People buy a lot of lottery tickets when the jackpot is large. In fact, about 30% of all jackpots in California are won by multiple winners on one ticket. These group wins are beneficial to lotteries in a number of ways. They generate more publicity than solo jackpot winners and expose a broader group of people to lottery games.
They were used to give away property and slaves
Lotteries were used to give away property, slaves, and other valuable possessions as early as the ancient world. The Old Testament references Moses’ practice of dividing land by lot. Lotteries were also a popular form of entertainment and government funding during the Roman Empire.
They are tax-free
In the United Kingdom, you can claim a tax-free lotto prize. While you will pay a 24 percent federal withholding tax, the state of your residence will not tax the prize, and you can claim it tax-free. Australian lotteries are also tax-free, and winning the lottery there may result in a partial tax refund, if you file your taxes correctly. In addition, many Australian lotteries offer instant scratch-it lottery games.
|
<urn:uuid:d8b3ff42-6cd4-4406-8e9f-a454ca20222b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://dalesunaplauso.com/index.php/2022/09/12/lottery-winners-and-charities/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00193.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976837 | 683 | 2.90625 | 3 |
We all move when we sleep. Some people move more than others.
It is not unusual for a person to have one or two jerking
movements of the legs, arms, or whole body when just falling
asleep. These are normal events and may happen every night
or not at all. We call these jerking movements “sleep
starts” or “hypnic jerks”.
Most people change position during sleep, changing from
back to side, side to side, onto the stomach, etc. People
sometimes awaken or can be totally unaware of these movements.
Pain from any source can devastate sleep. Back, knees and
shoulders lead the list, but pain in any part of the body
can disrupt sleep and lead to movement. A normal change
in sleep position can trigger pain and disrupt sleep, causing
moving during sleep is normal, some movements are not normal
and some normal movements can occur excessively. These abnormal
movements and excessive normal movements are sleep disorders.
As a result of these disorders a person may experience poor
quality sleep, discomfort, injuries and daytime symptoms.
When it is suspected that a person is experiencing a sleep
movement disorder, a polysomnogram is often required to
identify the type of abnormality and its severity. Some
of the common sleep movement disorders seen during a polysomnogram
are described below.
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless Legs Syndrome is a condition that causes uncomfortable
sensations in the muscles, primarily in the legs, and is
relieved by moving. Symptoms typically begin late in the
day gradually becoming more intense throughout the night
and resolve after a night of sleep. This condition makes
sleep onset difficult and can be a cause of significant
Periodic Limb Movements
Periodic limb movements (PLMs) are recorded in about half
of the sleep tests performed at The Sleep Center. PLMs are
rhythmical contractions of muscles in the extremities, primarily
the legs. In order to be categorized as PLMs, the movements
must meet standards of type of contraction, electrical strength,
frequency and duration.
PLMs vary from rare and weak to frequent and strong. They
may result in disruption of sleep. The disruption can be
severe and result in many symptoms such as frequent nighttime
awakenings and daytime sleepiness. When a person experiences
symptoms with documented PLMs, the condition is called Periodic
Limb Movement Disorder.
Sleep Walking and Talking
Walking and/or talking during sleep are not uncommon occurrences
during childhood. These occurrences become less frequent
with maturity and usually disappear. There are times when
there are reasons to be concerned about these activities
during childhood and certainly if they persist into adulthood.
REM Behavior Disorder
REM Behavior Disorder can be described as a person physically
acting out their dreams while asleep. It occurs during the
portion of sleep that we associate with dreaming, Rapid
Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A person with this problem will
often injure themselves or their bed partner by punching
and kicking. Nighttime awakenings and daytime sleepiness
are symptoms associated with this disorder.
Seizures can occur during sleep and sometimes only occur
during sleep. Seizures result in movement. Depending on
the portion of the brain affected by the seizure, the movements
may appear normal, resemble movements seen with other sleep
disorders, appear to be typical seizure movements, or are
strange and unique movements.
|
<urn:uuid:044501ab-e003-4cd6-9c2b-2b9b060587a9>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.thesleepcenteraz.com/movement.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835822.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00090-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931238 | 733 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Shepherd with the herd
Medium: oil on canvas
Location: Musee d'Orsay, Paris, France
Dimensions: 81 x 101
The scene - a girl with a dog guarding a flock of sheep - is enveloped by supernatural light. Millet liked to work with light to convey mood and atmosphere, and here the light symbolically protects the girl and her flock. The composition is horizontal with a pronounced vertical element and great depth. Unlike other realists, Millet focused on the life of the peasants and depicted it very vividly and plastically.
Millet painted picture Shepherd with the herd in 1863. Prevailing color of this fine art print is green and its shape is landscape. Original size is 81 x 101. This art piece is located in Musee d'Orsay, Paris, France. This image is printed on demand - you can choose material, size and finishing.Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875).
At the outset of his career, he refused the stereotyped concept of painting and became a free portrait painter. He influenced Impressionists
through his selection of topics: he painted simple people, poor farmers and the humility of hardworking people.
He loved the countryside where he lived, devoted a lot of energy for rural people. Millet’s paintings are characterized by an interesting, gold and melancholy light that gives his landscapes a religious character. The Angelus
- church bells in the distance strike as two people say a prayer of thanks for the harvest (ironically, the Louvre auctioned this painting for an astronomical sum). Gleaners
. The monumentality of characters achieved through simplification of the environment (which was later used by Seurat
) is clamped from above by the horizon. The image probably expresses the oppression of peasants (especially women without voting rights) after 1848.
|
<urn:uuid:a2025e31-0494-4f00-9f1b-a239a65bbfd0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://slavneobrazy.cz/millet-j-f-shepherd-with-the-herd-ido-1888
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00333.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953389 | 388 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Government House, Darwin
Government House was the first ‘grand’ public building constructed in Darwin after white settlement in 1869 and is symbolic of the NT’s constitutional development.
Originally known as ‘the Residency’, the House’s drawing room was constructed from 1870 and is the oldest surviving continuously occupied built structural element in the NT. It demonstrates construction techniques adapted to the Darwin environment. The scale and design reinforce the importance of the office of Government Resident or Administrator.
The 1879 J.G. Knight and G.R. McMinn stone building, incorporating the circa 1938 verandah, represents the varied architectural influences that have characterized the NT from its inception.
The Government House verandah served as the earliest ‘court room’ in Darwin. The building has associations with many significant events (e.g. cyclones, the ‘Darwin Rebellion’, World War II, the Petrov Affair, constitutional milestones, etc.) in the history of the NT. It has close associations with many individuals who have made notable contributions to NT history and with dignitaries whose visits to the House were historic.
The Government House garden, including such structural features as driveways and remnants of pathways, contains evidence of past patterns of landscape development in the Darwin environment, including lack of reticulation.
Caters for people with sufficient mobility to climb a few steps but who would benefit from fixtures to aid balance. (This includes people using walking frames and mobility aids) Caters for people who are deaf or have hearing loss.
|
<urn:uuid:eace4c5a-cc16-49b2-bc9b-ba67a142c271>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://northernterritory.com/cn/zh/darwin-and-surrounds/see-and-do/government-house-darwin
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00103.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955898 | 331 | 3.4375 | 3 |
How to Manage Pests
Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets
Only a few of the very large number of wasp species in California live a social life. These species are referred to as social wasps. Some social wasps are predators for most or all of the year and provide a great benefit by killing large numbers of plant-feeding insects and nuisance flies; others are exclusively scavengers. Wasps become a problem only when they threaten to sting humans. In California, yellowjackets are the primary pests among the social wasps.
IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE
In Western states there are two distinct types of social wasps—yellowjackets and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by far the most troublesome group, especially ground- and cavity-nesting ones such as the western yellowjacket, which tend to defend their nests vigorously when disturbed. Defensive behavior increases as the season progresses and colony populations become larger while food becomes scarcer. In fall, foraging yellowjackets are primarily scavengers, and they start to show up at picnics and barbecues, around garbage cans, at dishes of dog or cat food placed outside, and where ripe or overripe fruit are accessible. At certain times and places, the number of scavenger wasps can be quite large.
Paper wasps are much less defensive and rarely sting humans. They tend to shy away from human activity except when their nests are located near doors, windows, or other high-traffic areas.
Typically, previously mated, overwintering yellowjacket and paper wasp queens begin their nests in spring when the weather becomes warm. The queen emerges in late winter to early spring to feed and start a new nest. From spring to midsummer, nests are in the growth phase, and larvae require large amounts of protein. Workers forage mainly for protein at this time—usually other insects—and for some sugars. By late summer, however, the colonies grow more slowly or cease growth and require large amounts of sugar to maintain the queen and workers; foraging wasps are particularly interested in sweet things at this time. Normally, yellowjacket and paper wasp colonies live only one season. In very mild winters or in coastal California south of San Francisco, however, some yellowjacket colonies survive for several years and become quite large.
The term “yellowjacket” refers to a number of different species of wasps in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula (family Vespidae). Included in this group of ground-nesting species are the western yellowjacket, V. pensylvanica, which is the most commonly encountered species and issometimes called the “meat bee,” and seven other species of Vespula. V. vulgaris is common in rotted tree stumps at higher elevations, and V. germanica, the German yellowjacket, is becoming more common in many urban areas of California, where it frequently nests in houses.
These wasps tend to be medium sized and black with jagged bands of bright yellow—or white in the case of the aerial-nesting D. (formerly known as V.) maculata—on the abdomen and have a very short, narrow “waist,” the area where the thorax attaches to the abdomen.
Yellowjackets commonly build nests in rodent burrows, but they sometimes select other protected cavities, such as voids in walls and ceilings of houses, as nesting sites. Colonies, which are begun each spring by a single reproductive female, can reach populations of between 1,500 and 15,000 individuals, depending on the species.
The wasps build a nest of paper made from fibers scraped from wood mixed with saliva. It is built as multiple tiers of vertical cells, similar to nests of paper wasps, but enclosed by a paper envelope around the outside that usually contains a single entrance hole. If the rodent hole isn’t spacious enough, yellowjackets will increase the size by moistening the soil and digging. Similar behavior inside a house sometimes leads to a wet patch that develops into a hole in a wall or ceiling.
Immature yellowjackets are white grublike larvae that become white pupae. The pupae develop adult coloring just before they emerge as adult wasps. Immatures normally aren’t seen unless the nest is torn open or a sudden loss of adult caretakers leads to an exodus of starving larvae.
Aerial-nesting yellowjackets, D. arenaria and D. maculata, build paper nests that they attach to the eaves of a building or that hang from the limb of a tree. The entrance normally is a hole at the bottom of the nest. These aerial nesters don’t become scavengers at the end of the season, but they are extremely defensive when their nests are disturbed. Defending D. arenaria sometimes bite and sting simultaneously. Wasp stingers have no barbs and can be used repeatedly, especially when the wasp gets inside clothing. As with any stinging incident, it is best to leave the area of the nest site as quickly as possible if wasps start stinging.
Paper wasps such as Polistes fuscatus aurifer, P. apachus, and P. dominula are 1-inch-long slender wasps with long legs and a distinct slender waist. Background colors vary, but most Western species tend to be golden brown or darker with large patches of yellow or red.
Preferring to live in or near orchards or vineyards, they hang their paper nests in protected areas, such as under eaves, in attics, or under tree branches or vines. Each nest hangs like an open umbrella from a pedicel (stalk) and has open cells that can be seen from beneath the nest. Sometimes white, legless, grublike larvae can be seen from below. Paper wasp nests rarely exceed the size of an outstretched hand, and populations vary between 15 to 200 individuals. Most species are relatively unaggressive, but they can be a problem when they nest over doorways or in other areas of human activity such as fruit trees.
Mud daubers are black and yellow thread-waisted solitary wasps that build a hard mud nest, usually on ceilings and walls, attended by a single female wasp. They belong to the family Sphecidae and aren’t social wasps but might be confused with them. They don’t defend their nests and rarely sting. During winter, you can safely remove the nests without spraying.
INJURY OR DAMAGE
Concern about yellowjackets is based on their persistent, pugnacious behavior around food sources and their aggressive defense of their colony. Usually stinging behavior is encountered at nesting sites, but sometimes scavenging yellowjackets will sting if someone tries to swat them away from a potential food source. When scavenging at picnics or other outdoor meals, wasps will crawl into soda cans and can sting your lips or the inside of your mouth or throat.
Reactions to wasp stings vary from only short-term, intense sensations to substantial swelling and tenderness, some itching, or life-threatening allergic responses. These reactions are discussed in detail in Pest Notes: Bee and Wasp Stings. Of specific concern is a condition that results from multiple-sting encounters, sometimes unfamiliar to attending health professionals, that is induced by the volume of foreign protein injected and the tissue damage caused by destructive enzymes in wasp venom. Red blood cells and other tissues in the body become damaged, and tissue debris and other breakdown products are carried to the kidneys, to be eliminated from the body. Too much debris and waste products can cause blockages in the kidneys, resulting in renal insufficiency or renal failure. Patients in this condition require medical intervention, which can include dialysis.
Most social wasps provide an extremely beneficial service by eliminating large numbers of other pest insects through predation and should be protected and encouraged to nest in areas of little human or animal activity. Although many animals prey on social wasps—including birds, reptiles, amphibians, skunks, bears, raccoons, spiders, praying mantids, and bald-faced hornets—none provides satisfactory biological control in home situations.
The best way to prevent unpleasant encounters with social wasps is to avoid them. If you know where they are, try not to go near their nesting places. Wasps can become very defensive when their nest is disturbed. Be on the lookout for nests when outdoors. Wasps that are flying directly in and out of a single location are probably flying to and from their nest.
Usually, scavenging wasps won’t become a problem if there is no food around to attract them. When nuisance wasps are present outdoors, keep foods including pet food and drinks covered or inside the house, and keep garbage in tightly sealed garbage cans. Once wasps discover food, they will continue to hunt around that location long after the source has been removed.
If wasp nests must be eliminated, it is easiest and safest to call for professional help. In some areas of California, personnel from a local mosquito and vector control district may be available to remove nests. To determine if this service is available in your area, call the Mosquito & Vector Control Association of California at (916) 440-0826. If a rapid solution to a severe yellowjacket problem is essential, seek the assistance of a professional pest control operator or consider installing bait stations.
Trapping is one method that can be employed to try to reduce yellowjacket problems. Trapping isn’t suggested for other social wasp species.
The easiest to use are lure traps, which are available for purchase at many retail stores that sell pest control supplies. Lure traps can help reduce the number of localized foraging workers, but they don’t eliminate large populations. Lure traps contain a chemical that attracts yellowjackets into the traps, but the common lure in traps, heptyl butyrate, attracts primarily the western yellowjacket and not other species. Meat such as chicken can be added as an attractant and is believed to improve catches of the German yellowjacket and V. vulgaris. Replace meat frequently, because yellowjackets aren’t attracted to rotting meat. Also, periodically check the trap to remove trapped yellowjackets and make sure workers are still attracted to the trap. Lures need to be replaced periodically; follow trap directions regarding replacement.
To reduce the number of yellowjackets foraging in specific areas such as patios, picnic tables, concession stands, and Dumpsters, place lure traps with hepytl butyrate around the periphery. In large areas such as parks, place traps about 200 feet from the area to be protected and about every 150 feet along the circumference. In backyards, place them along the edge of the property line as far away from the patio or other protected area as possible. To intercept foraging yellowjackets, it is important to place the traps between the area to be protected and the native landscapes serving as nesting sites. Typically yellowjackets will forage about 1/4 mile.
Water traps generally are homemade and consist of a 5-gallon bucket, string, and protein bait such as turkey, ham, fish, or liver. Fill the bucket with soapy water, and suspend the protein bait 1 to 2 inches above the water. A wide mesh screen over the bucket will help prevent other animals from reaching and consuming the bait. After the yellowjacket removes the protein, the yellowjacket flies down and becomes trapped in the water and drowns. Like the lure trap, these traps also work best as queen traps in late winter to early spring. In summer and fall they might assist in reducing localized foraging workers but usually not to acceptable levels. Place water traps away from patio or picnic areas, so wasps aren’t attracted to your food as well.
In the past, poison bait products were available to reduce yellowjacket populations later in the season when their prey is no longer available and some species turn to scavenging. However, reliable products were taken off the market in the early 2000s. Esfenvalerate products that recently became available haven’t been shown to be effective in research trials.
Discouraging or Eliminating Nests
Early in the season, simply knocking down newly started paper wasp nests will cause the founding female to go elsewhere to start again or to join a neighboring nest as a worker. As there is little activity around newly started wasp nests, they are very difficult to find. Wasps are more likely to be noticed after nests and populations grow. Nest removal for controlling subterranean or cavity-dwelling yellowjackets isn’t practical, because the nests are underground or otherwise inaccessible.
Aerosol formulations of insecticides labeled for use on wasp and hornet nests can be effective against yellowjackets and paper wasps, but the products must be used with extreme caution. Wasps will attack if they sense a poison being applied to their nests, and even the freeze-type products aren’t guaranteed to stop all wasps that come flying out. It is prudent to wear protective clothing that covers the entire body, including a veil over your face and gloves. In addition, you need to wear protective eyewear and other clothing to protect yourself from pesticide hazards.
Wasps are most likely to be in the nest at night, but even after dark and using formulations that shoot an insecticide stream up to 20 feet, stinging incidents are likely. Underground nests can be quite a distance from the visible entrance, and the spray might not get back far enough to hit the wasps. Partially intoxicated, agitated wasps are likely to be encountered at some distance from the nest entrance, even the day after an insecticidal treatment. Hiring a pest control professional will reduce risks to you and your family; in some areas of California, this service might be available through your local mosquito and vector control district.
Akre, R. D., A. Green, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981. The Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 552.
Ebeling, W. 1975. Urban Entomology. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res.
Mussen, E. C. Sept. 2011. Pest Notes: Bee and Wasp Stings. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7449.
Pest Notes: Yellow and other social wasps
Author: E. C. Mussen, Entomology, UC Davis; and M. K. Rust, Entomology, UC Davis.
Produced by UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
Produced by University of California Statewide IPM Program
PDF: To display a PDF document, you may need to use a PDF reader.
|
<urn:uuid:7411ce78-f78e-4648-9b77-a3372d749335>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7450.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345758566/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054918-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947974 | 3,124 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Industry 5.0 is aimed at bringing further efficiency in manufacturing process by involving AI and Automation. By all means, Industry 5.0 will bring together robots and human workers. Therefore, the robots will actually support human workers instead of eliminating them. In fact, Intelligent Automation in Industry 5.0 will lead to higher efficiency and production.
It is important to realize that the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 aims for the cyber physical systems (CPS) where robots carry out manufacturing processes in more efficient manner as compared to their human counterparts. As a result, the need of human worker declines. In contrast, Industry 5.0 brings back human works to the factory.
Elements of Industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 creates a smart manufacturing system that also leads to research and development. The following key elements are essential for Industry 5.0
- Digitally connected subsystems are required to connect the entire supply chain and various manufacturing processes.
- The network of Sensors and Smart Devices perform the collection of Big Data faster so that efficient analysis and customization becomes possible.
- Data Analysis and Visualization is also a part of Industry 5.0 since it helps in determining the exact needs of the customers. Furthermore, visualization helps in determining the future needs of the customers and helps the managers in formulating policies.
- In fact, Robots are an integral part of Industry 5.0 since they collaboratively work with human workers rather than as competitors.
- Machine Learning and AI is a most important component of the Industry 5.0 since it enables creating the self-learning robots. Basically, a self-learning robot is a companion of the human worker and therefore also called the cobot. While the human worker performs a task, the cobot watches it and learns the task. Equipped with a camera and running the AI and machine learning algorithms, the cobot learns the task and helps in the process.
- Virtual and Augmented Reality enables virtual training in a factory environment and therefore helps in creating a skilled workforce.
- Additive Manufacturing like 3D, 4D, and 5D Printing enables sustainable manufacturing solutions and helps in producing the customized products.
Features of Industry 5.0
- Automation in all manufacturing processes with the use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and Machine Learning.
- Improved efficiency and productivity will less wastage of resources.
- Personalization of products to meet the customers’ needs.
- Another key point about Industry 5.0 is the involvement of highly capable self-learning robots in the manufacturing process.
Industry 5.0 works towards creating more jobs rather than taking them away. This article on Intelligent Automation in Industry 5.0 discusses some important aspects of Industry 5.0 and the role of AI and automation in the manufacturing process. Further, the components and features of Industry 5.0 are also discussed. Also, there are certain challenges for Industry 5.0 which this article highlights.
Even though Industry 5.0 is a promising strategy, still there are certain challenges to overcome. Firstly, there is a skill gap among the current factory workers. Secondly, the workforce may find it difficult to adapt to the new technology. Finally, the ethical behavior of self-learning robots must be taken into consideration.
|
<urn:uuid:8674e903-0a6e-4046-9eef-275f3c986457>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://princites.com/intelligent-automation-in-industry-5-0/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00711.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928217 | 675 | 2.96875 | 3 |
India is in the midst of a massive transformation. Its GDP has increased six-fold in less than 20 years, and more than 90 percent of its population now has access to electricity, up from 55 percent in 2001. But much of this growth has been focused on the country’s urban centers, while many of India’s rural communities have been left behind.
In his film, “Village in the Sky” — the third-place winner of the Yale Environment 360 Video Contest — filmmaker Ramesh Holbole focuses on a small village in the drought-stricken region of Maan in Maharashtra’s Satara district. The community, Aagaswadi, is running out of water, leaving crops to wither and livestock to die. A wind farm built on village land sends the electricity it produces elsewhere and provides just a handful of jobs. Only a few dozen residents remain in Aagaswadi, most of them elderly. The town’s young people and families have mostly fled to cities, including nearby Mumbai and Pune.
Holbole’s camera captures the bleak, dusty reality of life in Aagaswadi and the frustration of the hard-pressed villagers as the drought worsens. “Our situation has always been this desperate, and this time we’ve barely had water to even drink,” says one villager, Bhimrao. “Every year it is the same – no crops, no water, no livestock.”
About the Filmmaker: Ramesh Holbole is a filmmaker based in Pune, India. His short film, “Village in the Sky,” has been screened and honored at several festivals in the United States and Europe. He is currently studying at the Film & Television Institute of India.
About the Contest: The Yale Environment 360 Video Contest honors the year’s best environmental films, with the aim of recognizing work that has not previously been widely seen. Entries for 2019 were received from six continents, with a prize of $2,000 going to the first-place winner.
|
<urn:uuid:56d71b13-35c2-4e68-a1c1-d16301bb78ed>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://e360.yale.edu/features/in-drought-prone-india-a-hard-pressed-village-struggles-to-survive
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738727.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811025355-20200811055355-00510.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97097 | 436 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Exercise: A drug-free approach to lowering high blood pressure
Having high blood pressure and not getting enough exercise are closely related. Discover how small changes in your daily routine can make a big difference.By Mayo Clinic Staff
Your risk of high blood pressure (hypertension) increases with age, but getting some exercise can make a big difference. And if your blood pressure is already high, exercise can help you control it. Don't think you've got to run a marathon or join a gym. Instead, start slow and work more physical activity into your daily routine.
How exercise can lower your blood pressure
How are high blood pressure and exercise connected? Regular physical activity makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. If your heart can work less to pump, the force on your arteries decreases, lowering your blood pressure.
Becoming more active can lower your systolic blood pressure — the top number in a blood pressure reading — by an average of 4 to 9 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). That's as good as some blood pressure medications. For some people, getting some exercise is enough to reduce the need for blood pressure medication.
If your blood pressure is at a desirable level — less than 120/80 mm Hg — exercise can help prevent it from rising as you age. Regular exercise also helps you maintain a healthy weight — another important way to control blood pressure.
But to keep your blood pressure low, you need to keep exercising on a regular basis. It takes about one to three months for regular exercise to have an impact on your blood pressure. The benefits last only as long as you continue to exercise.
How much exercise do you need?
Aerobic activity can be an effective way to control high blood pressure. But flexibility and strengthening exercises such as lifting weights are also important parts of an overall fitness plan. You don't need to spend hours in the gym every day to benefit from aerobic activity. Simply adding moderate physical activities to your daily routine will help.
Any physical activity that increases your heart and breathing rates is considered aerobic activity, including:
- Household chores, such as mowing the lawn, raking leaves, gardening or scrubbing the floor
- Active sports, such as basketball or tennis
- Climbing stairs
The Department of Health and Human Services recommends getting at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous activity. Aim for at least 30 minutes of aerobic activity most days of the week.
If you can't set aside that much time at once, remember that shorter bursts of activity count, too. You can break up your workout into three 10-minute sessions of aerobic exercise and get the same benefit as one 30-minute session.
Also, if you sit for several hours a day, try to reduce the amount of time you spend sitting. Research has found that too much sedentary time can contribute to many health conditions. Aim for five to 10 minutes of low-intensity physical activity — such as getting up to get a drink of water or going on a short walk — each hour. Consider setting a reminder in your email calendar or on your smartphone.
Weight training and high blood pressure
Weight training can cause a temporary increase in blood pressure during exercise. This increase can be dramatic, depending on how much weight you lift.
But weightlifting can also have long-term benefits to blood pressure that outweigh the risk of a temporary spike for most people. And it can improve other aspects of cardiovascular health that can help to reduce overall cardiovascular risk. The Department of Health and Human Services recommends incorporating strength training exercises of all the major muscle groups into a fitness routine at least two times a week.
If you have high blood pressure and you'd like to include weight training in your fitness program, remember:
- Learn and use proper form. Using proper form and technique when weight training reduces the risk of injury.
- Don't hold your breath. Holding your breath during exertion can cause dangerous spikes in blood pressure. Instead, breathe easily and continuously during each exercise.
- Lift lighter weights more times. Heavier weights require more strain, which can cause a greater increase in blood pressure. You can challenge your muscles with lighter weights by increasing the number of repetitions you do.
- Listen to your body. Stop your activity right away if you become severely out of breath or dizzy, or if you experience chest pain or pressure.
If you have high blood pressure, get your doctor's OK before adding weight training exercises to your fitness routine.
When you need your doctor's OK
Sometimes it's best to check with your doctor before you jump into an exercise program, especially if:
- You're a man older than age 45 or a woman older than age 55.
- You smoke or quit smoking in the past six months.
- You're overweight or obese.
- You have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease or lung disease.
- You have high cholesterol or high blood pressure.
- You've had a heart attack.
- You have a family history of heart-related problems before age 55 in men and age 65 in women.
- You feel pain or discomfort in your chest, jaw, neck or arms during activity.
- You become dizzy with exertion.
- You're unsure if you're in good health or you haven't been exercising regularly.
If you take any medication regularly, ask your doctor if exercising will make it work differently or change its side effects — or if your medication will affect the way your body reacts to exercise.
Keep it safe
To reduce the risk of injury while exercising, start slowly. Remember to warm up before you exercise and cool down afterward. Build up the intensity of your workouts gradually.
Stop exercising and seek immediate medical care if you experience any warning signs during exercise, including:
- Chest, neck, jaw or arm pain or tightness
- Dizziness or faintness
- Severe shortness of breath
- An irregular heartbeat
Monitor your progress
The only way to detect high blood pressure is to keep track of your blood pressure readings. Have your blood pressure checked at each doctor's visit, or use a home blood pressure monitor.
If you already have high blood pressure, home monitoring can let you know if your fitness routine is helping to lower your blood pressure, and may make it so you don't need to visit your doctor to have your blood pressure checked as often. Home blood pressure monitoring isn't a substitute for visits to your doctor, and home blood pressure monitors may have some limitations.
If you decide to monitor your blood pressure at home, you'll get the most accurate readings if you check your blood pressure before you exercise.
Jan. 09, 2019
See more In-depth
- AskMayoExpert. Hypertension care process model, incorporate lifestyle modifications. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2014.
- Physical activity and blood pressure. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Physical-Activity-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301882_Article.jsp. Accessed July 27, 2015.
- Eckel RH, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014;63:2960.
- Brook RD, et al. Beyond medications and diet: Alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2013;61:1360.
- Kaplan NM. Exercise in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed July 21, 2015.
- Pescatello LS, et al., eds. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
- Durstine JL, et al. Hypertension. In: ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics; 2009.
- 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.health.gov/PAGUIDELINES/guidelines/default.aspx. Accessed July 21, 2015.
- Bushman B. Promoting exercise as medicine for prediabetes and prehypertension. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2014;13:233.
- Pal S, et al. Potential benefits of exercise on blood pressure and vascular function. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2013;7:494.
- Kokkinos P. Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise, and blood pressure. Hypertension. 2014;64:1160.
- Sheps SG. 5 Steps to Controlling High Blood Pressure. 2nd ed. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Clinic; 2015.
- Home blood pressure monitoring. American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/SymptomsDiagnosisMonitoringofHighBloodPressure/Home-Blood-Pressure-Monitoring_UCM_301874_Article.jsp. Accessed July 28, 2015.
- Sheps SG (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 3, 2015.
- Laskowski ER (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 3, 2015.
- Ibanez J, et al. Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in serum adiponectin levels. Obesity. 2010;18:535.
- Marzolini S, et al. Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training alone in individuals with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2012;19:81.
|
<urn:uuid:fab52f29-b6c5-4c7a-8435-1131d558ca1a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045206
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496669.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330054217-20200330084217-00290.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903242 | 2,110 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Aptis Speaking Part Two preparation tips
Summary: Classroom practice and self-study preparation for the second section of the Aptis speaking test
What candidates have to do in Aptis Speaking Part Two
In this part of the test, candidates are shown a picture and are firstly asked to describe it. They are then asked both an easy question and a more challenging question about the same subject as the picture, for example a personal experience question and then an opinion question. For example, the Aptis handbook speaking part two questions are “Tell me about a time you…” and then “Do you think people should…?” about the same topic as the photo. Note that only the first task is directly about describing what can be seen in the photo, with the two questions being about personal experiences of that thing, opinions on that thing, etc.
Each answer will be recorded for exactly 45 seconds, so candidates should start speaking as quickly as possible after the stopwatch starts and go right up to or beyond the time limit. This task is used to tell between candidates who are Pre-Intermediate, candidates who are Intermediate, and candidates who are Upper Intermediate and above. This task should therefore be a priority for candidates who are from high Elementary to high Intermediate level. Candidates who are higher level than that can still benefit from some practice so that they make sure they show their real level and don’t lose their confidence before more challenging stages to come. Lower level candidates will mainly be judged on how well they do in Aptis Speaking Part One, but still have to do this part and can gain from some practice as long as it is done the right way.
The first task in Aptis Speaking Part Two is always simply to describe what you can see in the photo. Assuming that all photos will show at least one person, Present Continuous will be necessary to say that “She is sitting at a desk”, “She is smiling”, “She is wearing a shirt”, etc. Objects can be described with “I/ We can see…” and “There is/ are…”. Candidates can also include positions in space like “in front of her” and “on the desk”, and positions in the photo like “in the background”, “in the top right corner” and “in the bottom half of the photo”. Longer sentences can also be made with adjectives like “small” or “tiny” and maybe adverbs like “quite”, “not very” and “absolutely”. The next step is then probably to guess/ speculate, with phrases like “looks”, “looks like”, “seems (to)”, “must be”, “almost certainly” “probably”, “may/ might (well)”, “maybe/ perhaps”, “could (possibly)” plus other vague language like “some kind of…” Vague language can also be used to talk around unknown vocabulary with phrases like “I’m not sure how to say the word in English, but there is some kind of object that is similar to…”
Useful language for answering the other two questions includes:
- “I tend to find that…”
- “In my opinion,…”
- “I’ve never thought about this before, but…”
- “I really think that…”
Candidates are unlikely to want to or even be able to refer back to the photo when they answer the second and third question, but in some situations phrases like “Unlike the situation shown in the photo,…” and “I don’t think this kind of place…” could be natural.
Self-study preparation for Aptis speaking part two
The best preparation is clearly lots of Aptis speaking part two practice, first on the official Aptis pages and then through other websites. Candidates should always attempt to describe the photos the first time with no help, as in the real Aptis test. After that, however, they should use a dictionary, a list of useful phrases (for Aptis, for describing photos more generally, related to the topic of the photo, etc) and/ or model answers to help them improve on their answer. They are then ready to try the same task again.
After that, it should be easy enough to find other suitable photos to describe through Google search, with perhaps the only difficulty being what to choose. One possibility is to search photos of your own town, area, workplace, school, job, company, etc, as this should also produce useful language to describe your own life in Aptis Speaking Part One (as well as in real-life small talk). The same two things can be achieved by the candidates describing their own real photos, from memory or imagination if they don’t have the pictures in front of them. However, these things will be easier than real Aptis tasks and won’t bring up necessary language like “could be” and “looks like”, so candidates should mostly use totally unfamiliar and even random photos. In order to make two extra questions possible, the topics you search for should be things that most people have experienced and have opinions on. That still leaves a huge number of possibilities, such as:
- festivals and celebrations
- formal clothing
- using technology
To then answer the two questions, candidates should then make up a personal and then opinion question on the same topic, and then time themselves as they answer them. These are available in the official and other practice tests, and then candidates can use the same question starters to make up questions on other topics.
Classroom preparation for Aptis speaking part two tips
As suggested for self-study practice above, it can be useful personalisation and a good link to Aptis Speaking Part One to start with students describing photos related to their own kind of job, their own hobbies, etc. The teacher can search for suitable pictures for their students if they found out their jobs, hometowns etc when preparing Aptis speaking part one, for example photos related to their company if they all work for the same place.
Other fun tasks include one student describing a photo from their memory or imagination, and then the next student trying to repeat what they just heard.
You can also do the similar activity of a picture dictation, where one student explains and the other draws what is being explained. This provides intensive communicative practice of “in the top left corner”, “next to”, etc, but is probably too time consuming, too different from the real task and too unlike real-life communication to be worth doing unless students are really focused on this.
Another similar super-intensive task, but involving both students speaking, is them explaining similar photos without showing them to each other until they find all the similarities and/ or differences.
Simpler but more effective activities include students listening to their partner describe an exam-style photo for 45 seconds and then trying to add as much extra info/ language as they can that wasn’t in their partner’s presentation. They can then compete to make as many different personal experience and opinion questions on the same topic for each other as they can.
To make them monitor their own and their partner’s speaking more carefully, you can also play Aptis Speaking Part Two Meeting Criteria game. For the photos part, give each student just one photo to speak about. After they speak for exactly 45 seconds, their partner decides how many criteria they met from a list like:
- started straightaway
- described the person
- described the background/ setting
- guessed/ speculated
- didn’t repeat/ used a wide range of different language
- spoke right up to or past the time limit
They then get that many photos to be able to choose from in the next round, e.g. three photos if they did half of the things above.
Something similar can also be done with the questions, with students being given one question stem like “Do you agree that…?” and getting more question stems for the next round depending on what criteria they meet, such as “gave a clearly strong or clearly weak opinion” and “gave a reason for your opinion”.
Enjoyed this article?
Please help us spread the word:
|
<urn:uuid:9c0e6da5-859e-4e82-a044-95633a2817dd>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.usingenglish.com/articles/aptis-speaking-part-two-preparation-tips.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222085018-20200222115018-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961228 | 1,801 | 2.625 | 3 |
What happens when Cinderella wears shoes she's made from recycled materials to the ball? Tap into students' sense of humor with five lively plays that take the plots, characters, and settings of traditional fairy tales and turn them on their heads! Includes character parts written at a variety of reading levels, book links, and writing activities that help students build on traditional fairy tale structures and write in different genres.
This enhanced eBook gives you the freedom to copy and paste the content of each page into the format that fits your needs. You can post lessons on your class website, make student copies, and more.
|
<urn:uuid:f99c55c8-7b54-48ee-88f8-ea356114486c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Cinderella-Outgrows-the-Glass-Slipper-and-Other-Zany-Fractured-Fairy-Tale-Plays-Enhanced-eBook-892916
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423629.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721002112-20170721022112-00686.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946091 | 120 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Definition of Diarrhea
Diarrhea: A common condition that involves unusually frequent and liquid bowel movements. The opposite of constipation. There are many infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Persistent diarrhea is both uncomfortable and dangerous to the health because it can indicate an underlying infection and may mean that the body is not able to absorb some nutrients due to a problem in the bowels. Treatment includes drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and taking over-the-counter remedies. People with diarrhea that persists for more than a couple days, particularly small children or elderly people, should seek medical attention.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
Search Medical Dictionary
Digestive Disorders Resources
- Could Your Symptoms Be Lactose Intolerance?
- How to Save Money on Health Care
- Heartburn & Indigestion: Expert Answers
- Symptoms of a Severe Allergic Reaction
- Breast Cancer Treatment Options
- Is Your Body Ready for Pregnancy?
|
<urn:uuid:1a97d8cd-5061-412f-9410-dbce308939b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2985
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256737.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00468-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.871195 | 216 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Nationally, almost 9 out of 10 wildfires are caused by humans. These preventable wildfires threaten lives, property and our precious natural resources. Whether you’re a first-time visitor or a public land pro, you play a valuable role in preventing wildfires and protecting our natural resources.
1. Check weather and drought conditions.
Pay close attention to weather and drought conditions, which can affect the flammability of vegetation.
Avoid any activities that involve fire or sparks when it’s hot, dry and windy. If the conditions aren’t right, choose non-flammable options. Remember, conditions and local restrictions should guide your decision for any fire-related activity such as building a campfire, operating equipment, off-roading on dry grass, or burning debris.
2. Build your campfire in an open location and far from flammables.
Many people love to go camping and enjoy the warmth and light from a campfire, but your campfire can cause wildfires if you do not build and extinguish it properly.
To build a safe campfire,make sure you
- Select a flat, open location away from flammable materials such as logs, brush or decaying leaves and needles.
- Scrape away grass, leaves and needles down to the mineral soil.
- Cut wood in short lengths, pile it within the cleared area and then light the fire.
- Stay with your fire.
- Extinguish it completely before leaving.
3. Douse your campfire until it’s cold.
- Douse the fire with at least one bucket of water.
- Stir it.
- Add another bucket of water.
- Stir it again.
Your campfire should be cold to the touch before you leave.
4. Keep vehicles off dry grass.
If you are off-roading, remember that your exhaust can reach temperatures of 1,000+ degrees! So, avoid driving or parking over dry grass.
5. Regularly maintain your equipment and vehicle.
Vehicles and equipment can shoot sparks from their exhaust, particularly vehicles that haven’t received regular maintenance.
Whether it’s a car, truck, or OHV (off-highway vehicle), make sure your vehicle is current on all mechanical checkups and suited for off-road adventures.
6. Practice vehicle safety.
Carry a shovel, bucket and a fire extinguisher in your vehicle to put out fires. Off-highway vehicles must have a spark arrester. You should also carry a bucket, but you could also use a helmet or anything else to carry water.
7. Check your tires, bearings and axles on your trailer.
If you’re towing a trailer, please remember to do a maintenance check to ensure the tires are not worn, the bearings and axles are greased, and safety chains are properly in place and not dragging on the ground.
8. Keep sparks away from dry vegetation.
Make sure you never operate equipment that produces sparks near dry vegetation. Always clear the area around your workspace. This area should be even larger if it is windy and dry.
Create clearings where all flammables have been removed. The width or radius of the clearing will vary with the conditions from 10 to 25 feet.
9. Check conditions and regulations before you use fireworks or consider safe alternatives.
Check your local federal, state and city regulations before using fireworks. States, counties and cities may have different laws and regulations, so a little bit of research could save you the cost of an improper fireworks use penalty, or worse – the cost of fighting a wildfire.
Consider safe alternatives, such as glow sticks or silly string.
10. Cautiously burn debris and never when it’s windy or restricted.
Sometimes, people burn trash, leaves, agricultural waste, or other materials.
If you plan to burn debris on your private property, make sure you have water nearby (such as a garden hose) and never burn anything if it’s windy.
Once your burn is completed, be sure to “mop up” the ashes with water and stirring.
Wildfires often start from“holdover”debris piles that were not extinguished, days or even weeks after they were burned. There may be burning restrictions in your area, so contact your local fire authority for more information and debris burning tips.
|
<urn:uuid:bbcb5f95-f194-4f58-85e1-79ed555aa356>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://shirtwaves.com/blogs/news/10-tips-to-prevent-wildfires
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510528.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929190403-20230929220403-00569.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908786 | 917 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Benedicto Kagimu Kiwanuka is remembered as the first prime minister of Uganda, a leader of the Democratic Party, and one of the persons that led the country in the transition between colonial rule and independence.
He is also known as one of many Ugandans who suffered the brunt of a dictatorship; a victim of Uganda’s political upheavals in the 70’s joining a list of other countless Ugandans whose lives remain unaccounted for up to date.
Manuscripts and writings from both local and international authors recount that Ben Kiwanuka –a prominent citizen at a position of the Chief justice was arrested on 24th September 1972, dragged from his chambers at the High Court in Kampala, and whisked away in broad daylight by state agents never to be seen again.
A memorial lecture graced by prominent Ugandans has been organized twice this and last year in September, in memory of Ben Kagimu Mugumba Kiwanuka the man whose legacy cuts across the legal fraternity and the political arena in Uganda.
47 years after Ben Kiwanuka’s death, Lumumba Hussein Amin, son of Uganda’s former leader is coming out to challenge this piece of history.
In his articles published on a personal blog site ugandansatheart.blogspot.com, Lumumba contends that contrary to what history says, Ben Kiwanuka’s demise was a result of political grudges that existed at the time, and enemies driven by hunger for power might have possibly eliminated him at the earliest opportunity.
Lumumba says, at the time of his abduction Ben Kiwanuka had been appointed to a senior position of a country’s Chief Justice by Idi Amin, and his disappearance also happened a few weeks after he had been designated by President Amin as the person who would be the next president of Uganda.
At that time, Lumumba says back-stage discussions were in high gear for the military to return the country to civilian rule as had been promised by Idi Amin after the 1971 military take-over. He says what was being awaited was a formal announcement and therefore, there could be no reason for Idi Amin to harbor ill intentions against Ben Kiwanuka.
Suffice to note he says is that Ben Kiwanuka was among 51 political prisoners that Idi Amin had freed from political detention by the Milton Obote government which had deposed at the time of his demise.
He says the political prisoners freed by Amin after the 1971 takeover became legitimate targets for anti-Amin elements that were operating within and outside Uganda.
Lumumba asserts that several of these freed political prisoners started disappearing mysteriously immediately after the 1972 invasion by Obote’s forces and sympathizers who had lost power together with their leader sent into exile.
He says seeing Ben Kiwanuka their political rival since the September 1961 stint at Chief Ministry position in the pre-independence government of Uganda, rise to high positions in Amin’s government, is something Obote and his sympathizers could not stomach.
He says in 1972 these political grudges were known to all Ugandans, and one man who wished death to everyone in Amin’s government was Apollo Militon Obote the leader Amin had deposed from power a few months ago.
Lumumba’s assertions fairly coincide with a period when Amin’s government repulsed an invasion from Tanzania by Ugandans on September 17th, 1972. He says the invaders had a list of prominent officials in Amin’s government, and several Ugandan elites that were supporting Idi Amin as legitimate targets for assassination.
Besides Ben Kiwanuka’s death, Lumumba also lashes out at Conrad Nkutu for tarnishing Idi Amin as a murderer in the case of Shaban Nkuttu’s death (Conrad’s father). He says it is his father who offered Shaban Nkutu a job in government, but his health failed due to untold torture he suffered in dungeons under Obote’s dictatorship.
He said he is amazed to see Mzee Nkutu’s own son whose father willingly asked to be discharged from hospital where he was receiving specialized treatment on Amin’s orders, turn around to claim his father was murdered by Amin just to get favors from the NRM government. He says Shaban Nkutu died peacefully at his home in Jinja surrounded by his family.
He also notes that weeks before Ben Kiwanuka’s disappearance, Obote’s rebels had started abducting prominent Ugandans in Amin’s government which prompted his father to allocate security guards to Shaban Nkutu and other prominent Ugandans. Some of these guards testify to this.
Regarding Archibishop Janan Luwum’s death, Lumuba Amin has no kind words for the late archbishop who he says stood for treachery and for using the “innocent church” to reinstate Obote with whom he shared ethnicity into power. He accuses Janan Luwum of using premises of the Anglican Church to hide truckloads of weapons belonging to Obote.
He further criticizes the Luwum Day which is commemorated every year in Uganda on 16th February as a ceremony for political cronies associated to Uganda People’s Congress (UPC) the party that Milton Obote led until his death in 2005.
He says contrary to written and spoken narratives about Archbishop Luwum’s death, the archbishop died at the hands of Sergeant Moses Okello who claimed that Janan Luwum attempted to strangle him and flee as he was being driven together with the co-accused back to his church residence after a public meeting where incriminating evidence of weapons had been put on display to all foreign ambassadors at Nile Hotel complex on the afternoon of 16th February 1977.
In our next series, we bring you the actors in the failed 1972 Invasion from Tanzania, and an exclusive interview with Henry Kyemba a person who closely served under both Milton Obote and Idi Amin in 60’s and 70’s.
|
<urn:uuid:5608287b-314b-49ca-8596-83266e00f4c8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://sabasabaupdates.com/2019/09/25/my-father-did-not-kill-ben-kiwanuka-idi-amins-son-out-to-rewrite-history/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00316.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.981435 | 1,286 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Texas, USA, is currently hit by winter storms. Extremely cold weather not only causes suffering to the local people, but also poses a fatal threat to local marine life.
According to a U.S. media report on the 18th local time, thousands of turtles living on the southern coast of Texas have been frozen and incapacitated due to their inability to bear the cold. At present, local rescue organizations are trying to rescue the sea turtles washed to the beach.
On the beach of South Padre Island near the southern coast of Texas, a large number of turtles were washed up to the shore due to the sudden drop in sea temperature, which caused more than 4,700 turtles to freeze and lose consciousness.
Regarding this phenomenon, Wendy Knight, executive director of the Turtle Research and Conservation Center, said that turtles are cold-blooded animals and will have hypothermia after encountering extremely cold seawater, which leads to fainting or inability to move.
Usually every winter, 100 to 500 “frozen” turtles washed ashore on the beaches of southern Texas, but so many as this year are rare.
At present, volunteers from local rescue organizations are working hard to rescue the sea turtles and temporarily foster them in a nearby conference center, hoping that the marine creatures can recover their temperature and wake up as soon as possible.
Every once in a while, volunteers will bring turtles salvaged by the sea to the convention center, which has so far fostered more than 3,500 turtles, said Ed Caum, executive director of the South Padre Island Convention and Tourism Bureau.
Hopefully, the indoor temperature can help these turtles adjust their temperature and wake up as soon as possible. Coom also said that some of the turtles were severely frostbitten and that the situation is not optimistic at present.
Regarding when the turtles can be returned to the sea, Coom said that everything needs to wait until the temperature rises before planning.
At present, the temperature in the area is only 4 degrees Celsius, and it is expected that the temperature will rise above 15 degrees Celsius after the 20th. Perhaps that is the time to send them home.
|
<urn:uuid:4ef78b0b-4d10-4295-95e5-8427c1d1c1f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://ycnews.com/unable-to-stand-the-cold-wave-4700-turtles-in-texas-usa-were-frozen-stiff/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00563.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962631 | 439 | 3 | 3 |
Christ's Faithful People
296 - 304 AD
The next pope was to see the end of the long period of peace and the start of a most violent persecution, the persecution of Diocletian.
St. Marcellinus was a Roman, the son of Projectus. When he first became pope, Diocletian was already on the throne, but he had not yet drawn the sword against the Christians. Indeed, at first under the influence of his wife, Prisca, and his daughter, Valeria, the despot left the Christians fairly free. The peace, however, had caused Christianity to grow and grow. This provoked a fierce reaction among the pagans, and they had a leader in no less a dignitary than the Caesar Galerius.
According to Lactantius, the historian of the persecution, Diocletian was first angered by the Christians when the augurs or soothsayers told him that they could not prophesy because Christians made the sign of the cross. The Emperor promptly ordered all Christians to apostatize or get out of the army. This was in 302. The next year at a conference in Nicomedia, Galerius urged the Emperor to extend himself against the Christians. Diocletian asked the opinion of the oracle of Apollo at Miletus. Naturally, the oracle saw eye to eye with Galerius. But Diocletian started easily. At first he ordered the confiscation of Church property and the destruction of Christian books. When a rash Christian actually tore down the imperial edict right under the imperial nose at Nicomedia and two very convenient fires broke out in the imperial palace, Diocletian, enraged, took off the gloves. It was apostatize or die, and soon blood was streaming.
The persecution hit Rome with disastrous results for the historians. The papal archives were seized and destroyed. The famous Cemetery of Calixtus was saved by the Christians, who blocked up the entrance.
Pope St. Marcellinus was accused by Donatist heretics of having handed over the sacred books. Some went so far as to accuse him of having sacrificed to idols. The Liber Pontificalis repeats this but adds that St. Marcellinus repented and died a martyr. Actually it is not certain either that St. Marcellinus weakened or that he was a martyr. St. Augustine denies openly that the Pope had weakened, and there is no conclusive evidence of his having been killed.
At any rate, St. Marcellinus did die a confessor of Christ in 304. According to the Liber Pontificalis, after his head was cut off, his body, along with those of other martyrs, was left lying on the street for twenty- six days to terrify the Christians. Then a priest buried the Pope in the Cemetery of Priscilla. His feast is kept on April 26.
|
<urn:uuid:63fa8989-3c07-45cd-b44d-5ce7898038a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.cfpeople.org/books/pope/POPEp29.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00218-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977917 | 597 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "(Unit5-6) 扬中市长旺中心小学 林玲 Guessing game What holiday is it ? It's in April or May. People usually eat chocolate eggs. Have a try( 试一试，自编节日谜语 ) It's in\on."— Presentation transcript:
Sunday Monday Tuesday on Wednesday Thursday Sunday Saturday Talk about the pictures in pairs. Pay attention: last …
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Sunday Saturday Try to remember what all the students did in 10 seconds. （ 10 秒钟内记住图中人物做的事情。）
Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu.Fri. Sat. Jim went to the park with Mike. David collected eggs on a farm. Ben had dinner with his uncle. Su Hai played the violin. Mike visited the zoo. Su Yang watched TV at home. Wang Bing went to the supermarket.
collected eggs on Sunday. David wentto the park on Monday. Jim Ben dinner with his uncle on Tuesday. On Wednesday, Su Hai the violin. Mike the zoo on Thursday. On Sunday, Su Yang TV. Wang Bing to the supermarket on Saturday. had played visited watched went Give a title to this passage. （阅读短文，给该短文加标题。）
know more Learning tips ： 3. 全班交流信息。 1. 自读小短文，在有关节日的重 要信息下画线。 2. 四人一组，交流所划信息。 Thanksgiving Lantern Festival Fool’s Day Double Ninth Festival
Thanksgiving Day in America is on the fourth Thursday in November. On that day, Americans give thanks to others. Thanksgiving Day is usually a family day. Families and friends get together for dinner. Before dinner, people say thanks to God for giving lots of food.Then they eat turkey, corn and pumpkin pies. After dinner,people all sit around and talk, play games, or watch the football games..
The Lantern Festival is in February. It is also called “Yuan Xiao Festival” in China. On that day, all families get together and eat yuan xiao. Yuan xiao has another name:tang yuan. It is sweet and delicious. At Lantern Festival, Children will play with lanterns. It is fun. People usually have a lot of dances, such as a dragon lantern dance, a lion dance and a yang-ge dance.They are really interesting. So Yuan Xiao Festival is popular in China.
Fool’s Day is on the first of April. It is a day to play jokes on others. People love this holiday very much. Because they can play some jokes on the others and have fun. In France, people usually draw a picture of fish on the paper, then put it on their friends' backs to fool them. In England, people play jokes only in the morning. In America, people play small jokes on their friends.
Double Ninth Festival is on the ninth day of September, and it is called "Chong Yang Festival". On the Double Ninth Festival, people usually get together. people usually climb mountains and eat double- ninth cakes. The Double Ninth Festival is also the "Old Men Festival". Old people are especially meant to improve their health by taking part in the activities on the day of the festival.
Spring Festival Spring Festival is in January or Frebruary. People usually eat dumplings.It's delicious. We visit relatives and friends every year. We have a big dinner together. We are always happy. Designer:Miss Lin
Homework 2. Make Christmas cards for your parents or your friends. 3. Surf the Internet and find out some information about the other holidays. 1.Tell your friends ahout the new holidays.
|
<urn:uuid:c36bd2ac-7ec2-45d5-b17e-fbf769658807>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3445676/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320582.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625203122-20170625223122-00325.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952263 | 898 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Faktabladet är i dagsläget enbart tillgängligt på engelska.
B100 is a diesel fuel consisting of 100% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). It is a nontoxic, biodegradable fuel that can be produced from a wide array of vegetable oils and fats. The choice of feedstock has impacts on the fuel quality. Since B100 is used as a pure fuel, it replaces use of fossil diesel with a more sustainable option. In Sweden, FAME – including B100 – is the second largest renewable fuel on the market. All B100 on the Swedish market is based on rapeseed methyl ester (RME) to apply with climate related requirements.
Primary area of use
B100 is used as fuel in diesel engine vehicles in the transportation sector. Vehicles that run on B100 must be approved for this by the vehicle manufacturer to ensure compatibility of materials and engine settings. Today, several trucks, buses and light transportation vehicles have been approved for this service. In Sweden, the market for B100 has grown rapidly during the last years, but it is still a quite unknown fuel in the rest of Europe. The European standard for biodiesel, EN 14 214, contains a climate table, regulating the fuels’ cold properties. Different grades are therefore sold depending on the climate zone of the distribution area. In Sweden, most grades allow operation down to -20°C.
B100 is a nontoxic fuel that is biodegradable if spilled into nature. However, the biodegradable properties have a negative impact on the storage time. B100 should therefore be consumed within six months from the production date to avoid problems with oxidation and polymerization that could plug engine filters.
B100 is a liquid fuel and has similar properties to fossil diesel, except that it is nonflammable. This results in fewer demands on the distribution system. Today, the distribution of B100 is primarily limited to direct deliveries to large customers with private filling stations. The number of public filling stations that add pumps for B100 fuel is however continuously increasing.
Feedstock and production
As pure FAME, B100 can be produced from a wide array of oils and fats. Due to the Nordic climate, rapeseed oil is used in Sweden. The balance between mono and polyunsaturated fats affects the fuel properties. Generally, unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points. In turn, a larger share of polyunsaturated fatty acids increases the oxidation tendency and hence shortens the storage time of the fuel. Therefore, climate zone and required filterability, etc., need to be considered when the feedstock or mix of feedstocks is chosen.
B100 is produced through transesterification of fatty acids and methanol. Oil and fat consist of triglycerides that are separated to form FAME and glycerin in a transesterification process by replacing the glycerol-backbone in the triglyceride with an alcohol, typically methanol, under the action of a catalyst (i.e. sodium hydroxide). The triglycerides and methanol then form straightchain methyl esters, which are separated and purified in several steps to meet the fuel specification. The methanol used in the production is typically of fossil origin, but it can also be produced from renewable raw materials. Glycerol is a byproduct from the biodiesel process, and depending on its purity, it is sold into different market segments.
The transesterification reaction for producing B100 (FAME/Biodiesel) from a vegetable oil.
Current production and use as fuel
The consumed FAME in Sweden during 2015 was 425 000 m³, which represented 31% of the liquid renewable fuels on the market (HVO, FAME and bioethanol). Out of this, 247 000 m³ was sold as low blends and 178 000 m³ was sold as B100. To fulfil the demand of the Swedish market, about 70% of the FAME was imported, mainly from Europe.
In Sweden there are two main production sites; Perstorp in Stenungsund, producing roughly 150 000 m³ RME per year and Ecobränsle in Karlshamn with a production capacity of almost 40 000 m³ RME per year. There are also many small Swedish production sites, for example Tolefors Gård in Östergötland, which produces roughly 400 m³ RME per year from used cooking oil.
Unclear political steering systems, land usage discussions and removal of tax incentives in Sweden have raised many concerns for the FAME industry the past years. Nonetheless, the global development of biodiesel continues, and new production plants are being built. Despite the uncertain political situation in EU, several European countries want to increase biodiesel use even more and in August 2015 a new European Standard, EN 16709, was approved, allowing B20 and B30 blends in fossil diesel (14-20% v/v or 24-30% v/v FAME in diesel fuel) for designated vehicles. However, this is not applicable in Sweden today; as the Swedish law for transportation fuels (Drivmedelslag 2011:319) does not allow marketing of diesel fuels containing more than 7% v/v of FAME.
Ladda ned faktabladB100 (Biodiesel)
Chemical formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOCH3 (General formula of methyl esters)
Molecular mass RME: 296g/mol (Oleic acid C18:1)
Density at 15°C 1,013 bar: 860-900 kg/m³
Heating value: RME: 38 MJ/kg
Cetane number: > 51
|
<urn:uuid:0717d35e-504f-4dfd-acc9-74dc4c9a9619>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://f3centre.se/sv/faktablad/b100-biodiesel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878639.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702080623-20200702110623-00025.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921027 | 1,199 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Blind catsmay soon be able to see thanks to a microchip implanted in the retina. The microchip relays electrical pulses which gives the cat some sort of ability to receive light and use it to maneuver in its environment.
Because the cat is a lot like the human eye in design and shape, the technology may someday be used for humans. I just knew someday we would watch Jordi LaForge on Star Trek: The Next Generation and think his vision visor, a product of many centuries of technology, would look dated. (For those not in the know, Jordi’s character was blind and a visor, sending electrical impulses to the brain, enabled him to see.)
|
<urn:uuid:76525487-cf29-40b6-acac-afc9df59eb74>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://blog.mysanantonio.com/animals/2007/01/microchips-give-blind-cats-vision/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00046-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957268 | 141 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Development of a Farm Demonstration Network in California
In partnership with USDA NRCS, UCCE, Napa County and Sonoma County RCDs, and agricultural industry associations, MCRCD is taking a leadership role in helping to establish the development of a vineyard farm demonstration network in the north coast region.
Conservation agriculture and system-based crop management has been gaining traction across the nation. The land management paradigm is shifting towards:
⦁ Managing our lands as a whole system, away from managing of parts, without regard for the other parts;
⦁ Growing recognition of the governing role soil life has on soil function, performance, and sustainability;
⦁ System-based soil health management systems show more promise than current, conventional management systems for maintaining and improving production, while reducing or eliminating many common resource concerns including soil erosion, nutrient and pesticide pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil degradation associated with the loss of soil organic carbon to the atmosphere.
WHAT IS A FARM DEMONSTRATION NETWORK?
A Farmer-based demonstration network is the central organizing point for the creation, testing, demonstration, and advocacy for conservation agriculture and soil health management systems.
WHAT WILL IT DO?
First and foremost, this farmer-based network would establish its’ goals and objectives based on the needs and challenges unique to California and our local cropping systems. Potential outcomes include the creation of central rallying points and forums for farmers interested in voluntary, farmer-to-farmer-based hands-on learning, local field trials, evaluation, exchange and demonstration of conservation agriculture and soil health management systems.
Specifically, the network could expect to carry out over the next two years these types of activities:
⦁ Identify and promote cropping systems that achieve the dual goals of resource-improving and economically viable conservation agriculture systems in the region;
⦁ Engage farmer-based organizations and conservation agencies in conducting farmer-to-farmer based exchange through workshops, demonstrations, and learning laboratories;
⦁ Guide agencies, educational institutions, and partnering organizations in the creation, testing and on-farm evaluation of conservation agriculture management systems that work locally;
⦁ Provide guidance and advocacy for the increased adoption of conservation agriculture management systems.
|
<urn:uuid:87279e7a-8dd7-4c72-9545-ac9cac86d74f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://mcrcd.org/project/nrcs-soil-health-initiative-north-coast-hub
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106358.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820073631-20170820093631-00334.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91927 | 463 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The honeydew comes from the sap of plants just like nectar, but while this is secreted through an active process, the honeydew is produced after the intervention of parasitic insects that suck the sap of plants. The plants involved in the production of honeydew, in our geographical areas are mainly conifers (fir, spruce, pine, larch), but also deciduous trees (oak, beech, poplar) and nectar trees (linden, willow, maple, chestnut, black locust, fruit trees). Even some herbaceous cultivated and wild plants can house in honeydew-producing insects (medical herb, sunflower).
The insects that allow the honeydew production are many and mostly belonging to the groups: psyllids, scale insects, aphids and leafhoppers. The production of honeydew, for quantity and emission times, is susceptible of variations even more nectar and is not constant from one year to another.
|
<urn:uuid:2c13842a-55c7-4f45-9e43-d0b52ce9da72>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://www.aziendaagricolafarsetti.it/en/page/5/Forest-Honeydew
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00213.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933149 | 204 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Laughing kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae), famous for their distinctive cackling call, are native to eastern Australia, but have since been introduced into the south-west of the country, as well as Tasmania, and parts of New Zealand’s North Island.
According to the well-known kids’ nursery rhyme, kookaburras can be found sitting in gum trees, a common name for eucalyptus, but is this an accurate description of their preferred habitat?
Read on if you’re interested in finding out more about the nesting habits of laughing kookaburras and how they raise their young.
Kookaburras are cavity nesters and seek suitable hollows in which to lay their eggs. They appear unfazed by living in close proximity to humans, and their choice of nest sites reflects this, with backyard trees an increasingly popular site for nesting pairs to set up home.
Kookaburras are a species of kingfisher birds that are not known for their skills in constructing elaborate nests. Many kingfishers will simply dig out a basic burrow in a riverbank or cliffside and move in, without adding any finishing touches. Kookaburras are no exception.
Naturally occurring cavities in trees are used, without any additional lining or preparation. A termite’s mound in a tree may be burrowed into and upcycled into the perfectly shaped and positioned nest without too many modifications.
Laughing Kookaburra inside the nesting cavity
Kookaburras are cavity nesters, and will often make use of a natural hollow in a tree trunk, or will burrow into a termite’s nest that has been formed on the trunk or branches of a tree.
Their constructions are not particularly sophisticated or elaborate; where natural hollows are used, little extra preparation is needed to make them fit for habitation.
Cavities, whether located inside trees, dug into banks, or excavated into termites’ nests, feature a sizeable opening to allow adult birds to enter and exit comfortably.
Kookaburra with nest built in a Termites nest
The internal chamber of kookaburra’s nest hollow needs to offer a vast space in which to raise what quickly grow to become reasonably large chicks, and is usually between 20 and 150 cm (8 to 60 in) wide and 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in) high. The opening to the nest cavity usually measures between 12 and 15 cm (5 to 6 in) across, but can be anything from 8 to 40 cm (3 to 16 in) wide.
A kookaburra pair begins preparing their nest site in late August, ahead of the first clutch of eggs being laid any time from September onwards. Usually by November, or occasionally later into December, the latest-born young will have fledged.
Kookaburra spreading its wings outside of the nest
Incubation of a kookaburra’s eggs takes on average between 24 and 26 days. Nesting begins shortly before the first eggs are laid. Fledglings are ready to leave the nest after 32 to 40 days, but extended family groups remain together long after the young can independently feed themselves.
Frequently, kookaburras will take advantage of a naturally occurring hollow in a tree trunk. Little effort is made to prepare or line the nest cavity before eggs are laid.
On other occasions, male and female kookaburras will work together to excavate a burrow-like cavity in a nest built by termites in the branches of a tree, or dig out a hole in a bank or cliff.
Termite mounds on the side of trees are the perfect size to offer almost ready-made nesting solutions for kookaburras, as they can be adapted for habitation with only minor modifications needed.
Kookaburra checking out a potential nesting cavity in a tree hollow
Young kookaburras are ready to fledge between 32 and 40 days after hatching. Family units remain closely bonded, occupying the same territory, and with younger unpaired birds assisting with nesting duties, including taking turns to incubate eggs and bringing food for hungry hatchlings.
Juvenile kookaburras continue to be fed by parents and ‘helper’ birds for a further 6 to 10 weeks.
It’s most common for a pair of kookaburras to raise a single brood in a breeding season, although it is not unheard of for a second, subsequent brood to be raised successfully. If one clutch fails, then another brood will often be attempted.
The average number of eggs per clutch is 2 or 3, but up to 5 may be laid. In clutches with more than two eggs, the first birds to hatch may gang up on the youngest, weakest hatchling and harass it with pecking and jostling until it dies, or prevent it from feeding so it starves to death.
Kookaburra chick (right) begging for food
It is claimed that kookaburras show a high level of fidelity to nest sites they have previously successfully raised young in. Evidence shows nests are reused year after year, sometimes for five or more years in a row. In one documented case, a nest cavity was used on and off over the course of 60 years.
As they are non-migratory birds, kookaburras remain in their territories all year round, and live in close social groups.
Family members continue to play a role in raising young, and if a pair of kookaburras has found a spot that has proved to be suitable for a past brood, then it’s likely that they will continue to make use of the same site in future seasons.
A pair of Laughing Kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae) making their nest in a termite mound
Kookaburra eggs are white and rounded, measuring around 36 by 45 mm (1.4 by 1.8 in).
Eggs are usually laid between September and December, and one clutch in a season is the norm, although a second clutch may also successfully be raised.
Pair of Kookaburras perched on a tree branch together
If they sense any form of threat or disturbance, kookaburras are likely to abandon their nests or young. If you have a nest box in your yard that is being used by kookaburras, resist the temptation to look inside, as the interference may cause the adults to abandon any young they may be raising inside.
Threats to kookaburra nests include other bird species, tree-climbing snakes, and goannas.
Backyards are popular choices for nesting kookaburras to set up home. They seek spots with plenty of tree cover for natural shelter, access to fresh water, and plenty of potential perching sites, such as branches and high fences. Planting native shrubbery will attract lizards and insects commonly eaten by kookaburras.
Purpose-built nest boxes with wide openings may be used by kookaburras, and according to research, around 9 percent of recorded kookaburra nests were built in artificial boxes.
Around 60 percent of kookaburra nests are constructed in hollows in living eucalyptus trees, with. Cavities in other tree species account for a further 8 percent of kookaburra nests, while dead trees and tree stumps were used as the nest site for another 7 percent of breeding kookaburras.
An adult kookaburra perches on the edge of a tree hollow preparing to feed his chicks, Victoria, Australia
Kookaburras are tree-dwelling birds, and seek cavity nests in the trunks or rotten branches of a tree. Nest site height varies significantly, with the lowest nests built around 20 cm (7.9 in) off the ground, while the highest examples can reach up to 60 m (197 ft). Occasionally they will also make use of the nest construction built by arboreal termites, found attached to branches or trunk of a tree.
Interestingly, although male and female kookaburra pairs share incubating duties, they also frequently rely on the presence of a ‘helper’ bird – often a younger bird from the family group that has not yet mated – to take on a significant role in keeping eggs warm and gathering food for the young once they have hatched.
Overnight brooding is undertaken by the female, but the male and other family members take turns during the day to help out.
Kookaburras are highly social birds and live, forage, and raise young in communal family groups. Nighttime roosting is also a communal activity, with birds gathering together as night falls to head to a roosting spot in the high branches of a tree where they spend around 12 hours huddled together to conserve body heat. Once they have identified a safe overnight roosting spot, they tend to habitually return to it, night after night.
Brighten up your inbox with our exclusive newsletter, enjoyed by thousands of people from around the world.
© 2023 - Birdfact. All rights reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission.
|
<urn:uuid:4780aa41-5aa2-4524-8750-c9d2afda5b64>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://birdfact.com/articles/kookaburra-nesting
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00245.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953269 | 1,991 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- A compound gas; supports all life on the earth.
- Sometimes called the “Atmosphere” or envelope of the earth.
- May be pure or impure, but can be controlled.
- The most important of the elements.
We cannot see the air, but we can feel it when it moves against the body; then we say that there is a breeze or a draught or a wind. We breathe the air in and out, and though there is nothing to be seen, we know that it exists. If we try to stop the breath for a little, we are soon left in no doubt as to the need for air. The air is a mixture of gases, and the most important one is oxygen. This gas is the giver of life and energy, tonic and stimulating. Pure oxygen would be too powerful and would drive us on too fast. So the gas nitrogen prevents this, and “puts on the brake” to prevent us living too rapidly. When a person is very tired or is suffering from shock after an injury or an operation, a little extra oxygen may be given to restore the flagging energy. Without air one cannot live. Experiments have shown this. All animal and vegetable life is nourished by the air.
As one rises above the surface of the earth, the air becomes thinner and lighter. The breath becomes rapid and there is a sense of discomfort, and the lungs struggle to get the oxygen that the body requires. Climbers in the mountains of the Himalayas, or flying man rising to great altitudes must carry extra oxygen in cylinders, or have “pressurized” compartments in their planes. At a greater height, the air practically disappears, and we talk of “space,” and say that interespellar space, the vast area between the stars, is filled by the ether. We can see the moon and the stars through powerful telescopes, and men are planning to go there, but we do not know whether they have an atmosphere or air that would support human life.
The air on a hilltop or by the sea is pure and bracing. There are no germs of disease in the air over the sea. The air of a city street contains countless impurities. There is extra carbonic acid gas or carbon dioxide, breathed out from the lungs of men and animals. There is carbon monoxide from the engines of motor cars and from domestic fires, a very dangerous gas unless in very small quantities. Then there is every kind of emanation from decaying matter, for the air gives its hospitality to every kind of gas given off in that way.
Our life is regulated by the air. If there were no air, or a lighter or heavier form of air, there might be a different kind of life. Today Russia and U.S.A. are engaged in a race to be the first to reach the moon and they have succeeded a lot in that. Our knowledge derived from the study of astronomers is trying to ascertain whether there is a form of air around the moon that will support human life. The human race is increasing in numbers so rapidly that overcrowded nations are wondering whether the moon or any suitable planet, might have living conditions that would make suitable colony to drain off some of their superfluous populations. The first consideration will be, “Is their air to breathe?” And if the answer to that is in the negative, man’s bold effort to penetrate into other worlds is foredoomed to fail.
|
<urn:uuid:9caf4b0d-d334-4cee-ab7b-4619c398e6cc>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.thecollegestudy.net/2016/05/short-paragraph-on-the-air-591-words.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00203.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956824 | 724 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.