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Single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally don't fit on any other kingdom. Sexual reproduction in which two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus. A type of nuclei found in Ciliates that contains multiple copies of DNA that direct the cell's metabolism and development. A type of nuclei that participates in the exchange of genetic material during conjugation in Ciliates. An organelle found in Ciliates that collects food from thye oral groove and opens into a gullet. Saclike organelles found in Ciliates that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell. Unicellular protists that are found in the phylum Bacillariophyta. They have cell walls consisting of two pieces that fit together like a lid and a box. When populations of Dinoflagellates explode, they turn the water brownish red. The water becomes filled with toxins that kill numerous fish. The toxins are dangerous to humans who eat the fish. Uncellular algae that are both plantlike and animal-like. Most are autotrophic, but lack a cell wall and are highly motile, like animals. Plasmodial Slime Mold Mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei that are not seperated by cell walls. As it creeps along the forest floow, it consumes decaying leaves and other debris via phagocytosis. Cellular Slime Mold Individual haploid cells that move about like amoebas. The individual cells come together and act as one unit when water or food becomes scarce. A process used by Dictyostelium cells that allows them to recognize AMP and crawl toward it. A commercially important polysaccharide that comes from alginic acid. It is used in cosmetics and various drugs and it is used as a stabilizer in ice cram and salad dressings. A sticky substance that lines the cell walls of certain species of red algae. It is a polysaccharide that is used to conrol the texture of many commercial and food products. A polysaccharide that comes from the cell walls of red algae. It is used in scientific research for culturing microbes like bacteria. It is also used in the food industry. A layer of diatom shells in large numbers at the bottom of lakes and oceans. This material is a component of many commercial products, such as detergents, paint removers, and toothpaste. A tropical disease caused by a protozoan and transmitted to humans by mosquito. Itis characterized by severe chills, headache, fever, and fatigue. Sexual forms of the malaria parasite. When a mosquito injests it, it forms gametes, which combine to form zygotes that develop into more sporozoites. This starts the lifecycyle of the parasite all over again. An illness caused by Giardia lamblia. It is characterized by diarrhea and intestinal cramps. It is transferred through the consumption of contaminated water. An iIlness casued by Cryptosporidium parvum. It is spread through contact with contaminated fecel matter.	<urn:uuid:499f26c7-a3c4-4586-bf53-cc7bbd60c862>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://quizlet.com/896491/ch-25-vocab-flash-cards/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00174-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922784	673	3.5625	4
Nevada has always been a state that marches to its own drummer, being the first state in the country to legalize gambling and the only state to have legalized prostitution. Now it can add to its roster of firsts that it is the first state to allow self-driving autonomous vehicles on its roadways. Self-driving cars use GPS, radar, lasers, cameras, as well as artificial intelligence to navigate--without the need of human intervention. In just over a year since announcing it had been running live tests of self-driving vehicles on California roads, lobbying efforts by Google to push the initiative have paid off, and Nevada has become the first state to approve a driver’s license to operate (or not operate) autonomous vehicles. Nevada was chosen by Google because of its terrain, as well as for being pro-business, with its tax and regulatory benefits. Nevada has some history with autonomous vehicles. Beginning in 2004, the DARPA Grand Challenge, a prize competition for driverless vehicles which attracted many top universities with robotics engineering programs, took place in parts of Nevada. In fact, Sebastian Thrun, Professor of Computer Science and director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford and the developer of the Google driverless vehicle that's been tested in California over the past year, was Team Leader of Stanford’s winning team in 2005 and took second place in the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007. Advocates for autonomous vehicles claim that computer controlled vehicles will save gas, time and lives, taking out of the equation the negative consequences of people falling asleep, drinking and driving, or simply not paying attention. However, many opponents see legal problems down the road. Who is liable if an unmanned autonomous vehicle crashes? What happens if a child unexpectedly runs into the path of an autonomous vehicle? Another real concern stems from the recent news of hackers taking down supposedly secure computer networks of major corporations. What mayhem could be caused by computer hackers of autonomous vehicles? Time will tell whether "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas." Visit RoboNexus.com to sign up for the upcoming free weekly e-Newsletter.	<urn:uuid:83b21a86-ec91-47e7-80d8-cee33e78d477>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.roboticstrends.com/design_development/article/self_driving_cars_legal_in_nevada	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835699.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00225-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964474	429	2.90625	3
Teacher Professional Development Discover how to integrate the 9/11 Memorial Museum’s collection and inquiry-based teaching strategies into your classroom by participating in one of our professional development opportunities. Workshops address the challenges of teaching difficult content and explore interdisciplinary connections to your curriculum and common core standards through Museum tours, hands-on activities, and group discussion. Workshops are designed for educators who teach students in grades 3 through 12 as well as administrators, librarians, and curriculum specialists. All workshops include free curricular materials. The 9/11 Memorial & Museum is an approved sponsor of CTLE. Foundational workshops examine the 9/11 attacks and offer strategies for incorporating artifacts, images, and primary sources into your classroom to teach this challenging content. Conference workshops include a keynote speaker and a wide variety of break-out sessions led by 9/11 Memorial Museum staff. Previous session offerings have included: - Repercussions of 9/11 - Media Literacy, Conspiracy Theories, and 9/11 - Bridging History and Memory - Inquiry and Artifacts - Understanding 9/11 for Young Learners To schedule a custom professional development workshop for your school or district, email firstname.lastname@example.org. January 27, 2020: 8:30 a.m.–3 p.m. Click here for more information.	<urn:uuid:745d6ca5-6ad0-4dbd-a95c-8c60ada70109>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.911memorial.org/learn/students-and-teachers/teacher-professional-development	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00553.warc.gz	en	0.917867	284	2.625	3
As India’s energy needs are rising fast, the increased use of renewables in 2030 could save the economy 12 times the installation costs, when reduced environmental and health damage are taken into account, shows International Renewable Energy Agency’s roadmap to 2030, ranking solar as the country’s second largest source of renewable energy. A smart-grid project combining PV generation and battery storage has been unveiled in Haiti. The project is the result of collaboration between the Biohaus Foundation and relief organization NPH Germany. The project will substantially reduce the nation’s reliance on diesel generators. A team of researchers at the University of Sheffield has developed a service to forecast energy generation levels from PV up to three days in advance, allowing grid operators to make decisions further in advance, lowering costs and increasing the efficiency of electricity systems. Researchers from Spain based organization nanoGUNE have developed a solar cell which, through the use of magnetic electrodes, is able to serve as its own inverter. Researchers at the Netherlands’ AMOLF Institute have developed a method for imprinting solar panels with silicon nanopatterns that scatter green light back towards the observer. After the 20 MW PV project planned in the Central region of Ghana was threatened with a 29% feed in tariff reduction, UK based solar developer PSECC Solar Farms turned to Natcore, with the aim of bringing in higher efficiency technology that would make the project financially viable. Zurich based startup Adaptricity, which grew out of leading university the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) is preparing to launch a software system which can simulate and analyze regional electrical grids, potentially a valuable tool for investors and grid operators. Polystyrene does not only bring down manufacturing costs of perovskite solar cells, but also improves their stability, researchers show. The new drone features standard solar cells, which are encapsulated in composite material without losing efficiency. Belgian research institute Imec has achieved a conversion efficiency of 23.9% on a perovskite/silicon tandem module measuring 4 square centimeters. This efficiency level, according to Imec, represents the first time such a stacked configuration has outperformed a standalone silicon solar cell.	<urn:uuid:32d88a0d-cca0-4372-8ff3-bc449f49171e>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://www.pv-magazine.com/category/technology/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112682.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822201124-20170822221124-00314.warc.gz	en	0.932971	450	2.734375	3
Although the term "hard-boiled" is more commonly known, "hard-cooked" is more accurate because the eggs should not be cooked at a boil. 1. Place 4 large eggs in a saucepan, and add enough water to cover them by 1 inch. Bring water to a simmer over high heat. Remove from heat, cover, and let stand 12 minutes. 2. Drain and rinse under cold running water. Unpeeled eggs can be kept in the refrigerator for up to 1 week. If you cut open an undercooked egg, the yolk will still be damp and will be a dark-gold color instead of pale yellow. The white of a hard-cooked egg should be tender, the yolk fluffy but firm. The white of an overcooked egg is rubbery; the yolk develops an unattractive (though harmless) greenish-gray coating.	<urn:uuid:12ed1bc4-0c5d-4c56-9507-d0c312fd59c0>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.marthastewart.com/print/271620	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345760007/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054920-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929324	183	2.640625	3
Success in Society Playing Guitar Perhaps the basic reason that every child must have an education in music is that music is a part of the fabric of our society. The intrinsic value of music for each individual is widely recognized in the many cultures that make up American life. Every human culture uses music to carry forward its ideas and ideals. The importance of music to our economy is without doubt. And the value of music in shaping individual abilities and character are attested in a number of places. Secondary students who participated in band or orchestra reported the lowest lifetime and current use of all substances (alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs). Texas Commission on Drug and Alcohol Abuse Report. Reported in Houston Chronicle, January 1998. “Music is a magical gift we must nourish and cultivate in our children, especially now as scientific evidence proves that an education in the arts makes better math and science students, enhances spatial intelligence in newborns, and let’s not forget that the arts are a compelling solution to teen violence, certainly not the cause of it!” Michael Greene, Recording Academy President and CEO at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, February 2000. The U.S. Department of Education lists the arts as subjects that college-bound middle and junior high school students should take, stating “Many colleges view participation in the arts and music as a valuable experience that broadens students’ understanding and appreciation of the world around them. It is also well-known and widely recognized that the arts contribute significantly to children’s intellectual development.” In addition, one year of Visual and Performing Arts is recommended for college-bound high school students. Getting Ready for College Early: A Handbook for Parents of Students in the Middle and Junior High School Years, U.S. Department of Education, 1997 The College Board identifies the arts as one of the six basic academic subject areas students should study in order to succeed in college. Academic Preparation for College: What Students Need to Know and Be Able to Do, 1983 [still in use], The College Board, New York. The arts create jobs, increase the local tax base, boost tourism, spur growth in related businesses (hotels, restaurants, printing, etc.) and improve the overall quality of life for our cities and towns. On a national level, nonprofit arts institutions and organizations generate an estimated $37 billion in economic activity and return $3.4 billion in federal income taxes to the U.S. Treasury each year. American Arts Alliance Fact Sheet, October 1996. The very best engineers and technical designers in the Silicon Valley industry are, nearly without exception, practicing musicians. Grant Venerable, “The Paradox of the Silicon Savior,” as reported in “The Case for Sequential Music Education in the Core Curriculum of the Public Schools,” The Center for the Arts in the Basic Curriculum, New York, 1989. To read the complete article, click here.	<urn:uuid:7a9e2c1f-8037-44fd-a00d-33db40b748ca>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	https://lepeleyacademy.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/playing-guitar/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823462.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019194011-20171019214011-00506.warc.gz	en	0.937891	607	2.953125	3
The government of Ecuador recently implemented a programme to improve the living conditions of a disadvantaged community located in the slums of Guayaquil. The objective of the programme was to provide the community with better access to municipal basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity, and also improving the housing and infrastructure conditions through slum upgrading. Growing up in a disadvantaged community in Guayaquil, Ecuador The slum upgrading initiative implemented by the government was a good effort to reduce social inequalities and to promote social and economic development in this disadvantaged community. However, this programme didn’t address one of the main issues affecting the community i.e. crime and gang activity. The members of the community and specifically the children in the area are usually scared when walking by the streets and they don’t feel safe playing outside. In fact, a few weeks ago there was an unfortunate incident involving a child from this disadvantaged community and a gang member. The children was shot in his leg by a man involved in one of the gangs operating in the community. I am concerned about the lack of capacity of the local authorities to effectively reduce crime levels and properly address the security issues affecting the community. Specifically, I am worried about the safety and protection of vulnerable children growing up in dangerous and disadvantaged communities not only in Guayaquil, Ecuador but in other developing countries as well. The challenge is to provide children with a safe and nurturing community environment. I believe that this task is not only the responsibility of parents or local authorities but of community members as well, including all of us working for street-connected children. Our goal then should be to make our societies more resilient.	<urn:uuid:78d5396c-7d22-4e95-81d9-d0ad6a65de6a>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://buildingwithbamboo.org/2017/04/27/challenges-to-protect-children-in-a-disadvantaged-community/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920033426-20170920053426-00388.warc.gz	en	0.974754	337	2.578125	3
US veterans Ito Susumu and Erwin Blonder recall how Japanese-American soldiers rescued the 'Lost Battalion' of the Texas National Guardsman from behind German lines in the Vosges Mountains during World War II. MARCO WERMAN: The US military presence on Okinawa dates back to World War Two, so does our next story. It's about a battle that took place in October 1944. A US infantry battalion broke through German lines in northeastern France. The men, mostly members of the Texas National Guard found themselves surrounded by Nazi forces. They were dubbed the Lost Battalion. Many thought they were goners. A combat team of mainly Japanese-American soldiers was sent to rescue them. A fierce battle ensued, there were heavy casualties, but the Lost Battalion was indeed rescued. I spoke to two veterans of the battle. First Lieutenant Erwin Blonder, a member of the Lost Battalion. He told me how his unit ended up behind enemy lines. ERWIN BLONDER: We were lured by the Germans and trapped. They knew we were coming. We were about 280 men, and after the first day there, we were surrounded by the Germans. We had no way of getting out. One of the companies tried to leave the area, and they were captured by the Germans, and we never heard from them again, then leaving us about 220 men. We had no food, no water. We had a problem. We were told by the divisions to try to break out. We decided we wouldn't leave because we had wounded with us, and we didn't wanna leave them there. And we told the Americans that they would have to come and rescue us. But we were being attacked by the Germans. They would throw in artillery shells into our area every night, and during the day we'd get these tree bursts, which were horrible, but we were able to dig in deep enough in our foxholes to protect ourselves. It was cold, rainy, damp, it was a nightmare. MARCO WERMAN: Well let's turn to the rescue team. Lieutenant [SOUNDS LIKE] Ito Susumu, your combat team, the 442nd regiment was sent into rescue Lieutenant Blonder's regiment. You, like most others in your regiment, we should say, were serving your country despite the fact that your entire family was forced into an interment camp here in the United States, and that was the case for most of those in your combat team, right? ITO SUSUMU: Yes, it was for half of us. The other half came from Hawaii, and they were very young. Many of them were 18, 19 year olds. I was a [INDISCERNIBLE] sergeant, but that was very routine and boring. So when an opportunity came up to join the instrument section, which is involved in directing artillery fire, I volunteered for this. And casualties were enormous, but at the time, I thought, this is what war is like, and this is what I'd asked for. ERWIN BLONDER: All I remember is being cold, wet, dreary. I got trench foot when I was up there. I had to be carried off the battlefield ?cause we were not able to change our socks, or to change our clothing. It was just miserable. However, the morale was such that we decided we would never give. We wouldn't surrender, and we would, we would really probably fought to the last man if we had to. MARCO WERMAN: And Lieutenant Ito, I mean, we have to say that it is something of a miracle that you survived this. I mean, you were the one who went up on the front lines before everybody else, kind of marking positions and where the infantry from the 442nd behind you would fire. ITO SUSUMU: Yes, we could hear machine guns. I could hear Germans shouting at us when they pinned us down to surrender. ?Hands up. Hands up.? They would say. But you had no idea where they were. Even at this very moment when I think about it, when I see a dark forest, heavily wooded, and as dank and dark, even on a sunny day, I get goose bumps all over me. I don't recall like having goose bumps during the war, but I certainly get them now. MARCO WERMAN: Lieutenant Ito Susumu, you went in, you rescued Lieutenant Blonder's regiment. How did it end? What was kind of the finale of the battle? ITO SUSUMU: Well, it was fierce infantrymen. We had tanks, but they couldn't see their targets either. It was mostly the riflemen who went from tree to tree, and finally overran the last of the resistance. I saw many of the 36 divisions coming out of foxholes. Their foxholes were the deepest ones I've ever seen. But they would come out of these holes, blurry and wary looking. They seemed almost stunned to me. ERWIN BLONDER: The important thing about this whole operation was, they went through hell to get to us. They had to crawl in their hands and knees, crawl up this mountain. And when you realize what they went through, the prejudice, how they wanted to prove they were Americans, and to fight as Americans, they were the most decorated outfit they US army's ever had. I believe they had about 28 metal of honor winners, which really were not given to them until President Clinton did this in 1990. You know, the sad thing about this, this particular action got a lot of publicity in newspapers in the United States when it happened. Not one word was said that we were rescued by the 442nd Japanese American combat team. That's the kind of prejudice we had in those days. MARCO WERMAN: What did they say, the media just said [INDISCERNIBLE]. ERWIN BLONDER: [OVERLAPPING] They didn't mention anything. They mentioned, they just said we were rescued. They mentioned, never mentioned the 442nd, never mentioned they were rescued by the Japanese Americans. MARCO WERMAN: Lieutenant Ito, if I were Japanese American during World War Two, and I got called up for this, I think one of two things would've gone through my mind. I might have felt as though I had to prove I was a good American. Or, maybe I would've been angered that suddenly I got called up and they're gonna stick me on the frontline in this kind of sacrificial lamb move? Did either of those two things go through your head? ITO SUSUMU: No, I did not experience with any of my colleagues any reservation, resentment, or feelings of being discriminated against, although it probably were. But since we in the United States are a land of immigrants, except for the Native Americans, the barriers between groups are breaking down, so maybe next thousand or two thousand years, I see the future as an integration of the society with perhaps much, much less ethnicity groups. MARCO WERMAN: Well, a 1,000, 2,000 years is certainly a long time. Let's just talk about 65 years. I'm wondering if you see a parallel between Japanese Americans and Muslim Americans today. Japanese Americans in World War Two, and Muslim Americans today, and the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. ITO SUSUMU: Yes, definitely. I can see where the Muslim Americans now are discriminated against. Their position is quite parallel to the Japanese Americans in World War Two, but I feel confident that this will be overcome, and that we'll accept Muslims as equally good Americans. And this may take a few years, but I see that it's coming. I hope it's in my lifetime. [LAUGHS] MARCO WERMAN: I hope so too. ERWIN BLONDER: Boy. Susumu's story is a remarkable story. I admire him for what he's done, and I think everybody should admire all the Japanese Americans who really came back home and made a life for themselves, in spite of all the prejudice. They couldn't even go back to the West Coast and get back their homes after the war. It was just a shameful block in our history. MARCO WERMAN: And Susumu of course is the gentleman sitting with us here in the studio, in Boston. ERWIN BLONDER: [OVERLAPPING] Susumu's a man sitting with you. MARCO WERMAN: Yeah. ERWIN BLONDER: I'm six foot four, and Susumu's about what? Five foot four, Susumu. ITO SUSUMU: No, I've shrunk to about five feet two. ERWIN BLONDER: I've shrunk to five feet two. [LAUGHS] Anyhow, we're the long and the short of it. MARCO WERMAN: [LAUGHS] Alright. One way to put it. Lieutenant Ito Susumu, and Lieutenant Erwin Blonder, thank you very much for taking the time to tell us your stories today. ITO SUSUMU: Happy to be here. ERWIN BLONDER: Thank you. Thank you. Susumu good-bye. ITO SUSUMU: So long. ERWIN BLONDER: Okay.	<urn:uuid:06831472-5a9c-4bd7-9119-7d62495a8117>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.pri.org/node/10436/popout	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823634.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00421-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.990307	1,961	3.140625	3
Major Religions & Spiritual Beliefs Wicca Rites of Passage WICCA RITES OF PASSAGE Initiation: When a person joins a coven and begins to study the craft, they go through an initiation ritual. In this way, all British Traditional Wiccans can trace their initiatory lineage back to Gerald Gardner, and from him to the New Forest coven. Gardner himself claimed that there was a traditional length of "a year and a day" between when a person began studying the craft and when they were initiated, although he frequently broke this rule with initiates. Rights of Passage In British Traditional Wicca, initiation only accepts someone into the first degree. To proceed to the second degree, an initiate has to go through another ceremony, in which they name and describe the uses of the ritual tools and implements. It is also at this ceremony that they are given their craft name. By holding the rank of second degree, a BTW is therefore capable of initiating others into the craft, or founding their own semi-autonomous covens. The third degree is the highest in BTW, and it involves the participation of the Great Rite, either actual or symbolically, as well as ritual flagellation. By holding this rank, an initiate is capable of forming covens that are entirely autonomous of their parent coven. The Cochranian tradition, based upon the teachings of Robert Cochrane, does not have the three degrees of initiation, merely having the stages of novice and initiate. Some solitary Wiccans also perform self-initiation rituals, to dedicate themselves to becoming a Wiccan. Several self-initiation rituals have been published, in books designed for solitary Wiccans such as in Scott Cunningham's book Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner. Handfasting is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. Some Wiccans observe the practice of a trial marriage for a year and a day, which some traditions hold should be contracted on Lammas (Lughnasadh), as this was the traditional time for trial, "Telltown marriages" among the Irish. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part". The first ever known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the Bricket Wood coven, between Frederic Lamond and his first wife, Gillian. Infants in Wiccan families may be involved in a ritual called a Wiccaning, which is analogous to a Christening. The purpose of this is to present the infant to the God and Goddess for protection. Despite this, in accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not necessarily expected or required to follow a Pagan path should they not wish to do so when they get older. The Great Rite In Wicca, the Great Rite is either ritual sexual intercourse, or else a ritual symbolic representation of sexual intercourse. In the symbolic version the High Priest plunges the athame, or ritual knife, (the male symbol) into a cup or chalice (the female symbol) which is filled with wine and is held by the High Priestess. The Great Rite symbolizes creation in the union of the Maiden Goddess with the Lover God, and thus is also known as a fertility rite. A variety of ritual occasions call for the Great Rite to be performed, such as during the festival of Beltane on or about May 1 in the northern hemisphere and November 1 in the southern hemisphere. Most often, it is performed by the High Priest and High Priestess, but other members can be elected to perform the Rite. Click here for the full information section on some the major world religions including: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Shamanism, Rastafari, Wicca. Copyright Important.ca © All rights reserved. Sections of this article are licensed under the GNU Documentation License. World Religion.	<urn:uuid:2fe5dc89-cdd1-459a-af21-6e2f22d9ca78>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.important.ca/wicca_religion_rites_of_passage.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164039245/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133359-00038-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955264	852	2.65625	3
When is the last time you used the REPT function in Excel? REPT is one of excel’s little-known, overlooked, and underutilized function, yet very useful. Generally, REPT returns a specific text string a specified number of times. =REPT(“Text”, Number of times) Here are 7 ways you can start using REPT function. - ADD LEADING ZEROS - CREATE INLINE CHARTS - REPLACE NESTED IF - CREATE A MIRROR GRAPH - CREATE-STEM AND LEAF PLOTS - EXTRACT N WORDS FROM A TEXT STRING - CREATE A STAR RATING SYSTEM ADD LEADING ZEROS By default, Excel removes any leading zero in a number yet there are instances where these are required. For example, suppose you want to convert numbers to cost codes? or store phone numbers? Note, the cost codes should start with a zero and must have 10 characters How it works: ►10-LEN(A2)–Calculates the number of times to repeat Zero. Since we need 10 characters in the cell, then the number of times the leading zeros are repeated should be 10 minus the length of the number. CONCATENATE function just joins the repeated zeros with the number. You can also use an ampersand to join the two CREATE INLINE CHARTS Inline charts are very important in creating dashboards. With simple REPT function, you can build a dynamic inline chart as shown below How it works ► After inserting the formula on row 3, change the font to Playbill, make it bold with size 28 ►Realign the contents in row 3 to 90°. Go to cell format, alignment, set to 90 degrees ►Apply conditional formatting to the charts based on the costing percentages. Go to conditional formatting, manage rules then new rule, then set your rules. REPLACE NESTED IF As shown in this article, 7 alternatives to Nested IF, you can speed your spreadsheet calculations by replacing nested IF functions with REPT For example, suppose you have below production figures and you want to return it the status =REPT($G$3,B3<=$F$3)& REPT($G$4, (B3>=$E$4)(B3<=$F$4))& REPT($G$5,B3>=$E$5) How it works Internally, Excel recognizes the value of TRUE as 1 and the value of FALSE as 0. Also, REPT functions return an empty string if the number to return is zero. These are the fact that REPT utilizes in the above function. Firstly, REPT function evaluates every condition and returns a TRUE or FALSE. Since ONLY 1 condition will evaluate TRUE, REPT function returns a string of empty strings and one status value. CREATE A MIRROR GRAPH Mirror graphs are among the hardest to create in my opinion yet among the best in comparing 2 sets of data. I had been struggling to find an easy and flexible way until I found REPT function. For example, how do you transform above data to below mirror chart? ► Insert REPT function in Column F. On the text to repeat type “Alt+220” this will repeat this character ▄ ►On the numbers to repeat, reference the units per category and join them with “,000” text string. ► For the data in column F, ensure you align your content to the right. ►Change the text font appropriately. CREATE STEM & LEAF PLOTS A Stem and Leaf Plot is a special table where each data value is split into a “stem” (the first digit or digits) and a “leaf” (usually the last digit). More like a frequency distribution table. For example, how do you create a stem & leaf plot for below quantity data? =REPT("0 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310))& REPT("1 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+1))& REPT("2 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+2))& REPT("3 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+3))& REPT("4 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+4))& REPT("5 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+5))& REPT("6 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+6))& REPT("7 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+7))& REPT("8 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+8))& REPT("9 ",COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+9)) How it works: The formula is scary big but fairly easy to understand once you break it down: ►COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310)–counts how many tens, the twenties, thirties e.t.c occur in the range. ►REPT(“0 “,COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310))–returns Zero the number of times these tens, twenties e.t.c occur ►COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+1)–to cater for the occurrences of ones of these tens, the twenties e.t.c, we add either 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 9 in our COUNTIF function ►REPT(“1 “,COUNTIF($A$2:$A$17,C310+1))–for example, this part of the formula returns 1 the number of times 11 occurs NB: If you need more explanation Watch this Video EXTRACT n WORDS FROM A TEXT STRING It is easy to extract characters from a string if you know the numbers of characters to extract. MID, RIGHT, and LEFT functions are mostly used in these string manipulation. MID, RIGHT, and LEFT functions are mostly used in these string manipulation. But, how do you extract the last 3 words from the below sentences? how do you find the 3rd single space, from the right, and extract all words after it? =TRIM(RIGHT(SUBSTITUTE(A2," ",REPT(" ",LEN(A2))),3LEN(A2))) How it Works Since the last 3 words are of different lengths from sentence to sentence, we need to find a way to use the 3rd last single space as our criteria to extract them. REPT(” “, LEN(A2))–takes all single spaces in the sentence repeats them a number of times equal to the length of the sentence. SUBSTITUTE(A2,” “, REPT(” “, LEN(A2)))–finds the single spaces and replaces them with the repeated spaces from REPT function. Since you now know the relative position of the spaces, you can use RIGHT function and the LEN function to find the last 3 words RIGHT(SUBSTITUTE(A2,” “,REPT(” “,LEN(A2))),3*LEN(A2)) Since the words extracted by RIGHT function still has the repeated spaces, use the TRIM function to cut all extra spaces except single spaces between words. NB: For more explanations, WATCH THIS VIDEO CREATE A STAR RATING TEMPLATE How it works: Go to Insert ►Symbols ► Select Wingdings under font ►Insert two starts (☆★) on separate cells IF(B3=””,REPT($E$2,5)–in case the ratings are blank,repeats the blank star 5 times REPT($D$2, B3)&REPT($E$2,5-B3)–in the case of a rating, repeat the full star the number of rating score and the blank star 5 minus the rating score. Edit: 2nd July: Instead of inserting the symbols first, referencing them and repeating them, you can just hard-code them in the function. Ensure you change the font in column C to Wingdings. NB: Check out an alternative of creating these star rating DOWNLOAD REPT function WORKSHEET Inspiration Sites for the Article: Read more on Stem & Leaf Plots Read more on Inner charts Read more on uses of REPT Functions	<urn:uuid:a636dc25-76e5-4944-9223-073b6d0ad022>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://crispexcel.com/7-ways-to-use-excel-rept-function/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00104.warc.gz	en	0.793589	1,954	3.328125	3
There is a growing cohort of younger adults who are being diagnosed with lung cancer under 40 years of age. Alarmingly, the research points to an increase not only in diagnosis at a young age—but particularly in women. Although the average age for a lung cancer diagnosis is 70, recent research into the under 40 group has shown that many more of these cases are likely to harbor targetable mutations (84%) which is much higher than historical expectations for the general population. More research is needed to identify causes. As a follow-on to the Genomics of Young Lung Study – A new study, Epidemiology of Young Lung Cancer (EoYLC), seeks to pinpoint risk factors that may lead to a lung cancer diagnosis in young people. The survey looks at environmental and childhood exposures, and other potential risk factors that researchers hope will crack the code on lung cancer in those diagnosed under age 40. “The importance of this study is the ‘why,’” says Stephen Huff, a Stage IV lung cancer survivor who was diagnosed at age 28. “We need to find out why we are getting lung cancer at such a young age.” “We’re in a race to figure out this disease so that the next generation doesn’t get it,” says Emily Bennett Taylor, a Stage IV lung cancer survivor who, like Huff, was diagnosed at age 28. Here’s how you can help. The study is open to adults who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer before age 40 and have completed comprehensive biomarker testing. The research itself has two components: • A confidential online survey • A small blood sample The survey includes approximately 200 questions about patient demographics, medical history, active and passive smoking history, early life exposures, and more. As a convenience, participants can choose to have the blood sample collected at their home or select their own provider. These samples will be utilized for later correlative studies. EoYLC hotline: 888-44EoYLC (888-443-6952) Study Webpage: https://alcmi.net/research/eoylc/	<urn:uuid:3a0727fc-4533-4527-ae0b-def6f63f392f>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://egfrcancer.org/2021/12/07/what-can-you-expect-from-a-lung-cancer-clinical-trial-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00494.warc.gz	en	0.947954	452	3.15625	3
Dr. Natasha Cabrera, College of Education Approximately 2.8 million or twenty per cent of children in the United States (U.S.) are poor; that is, they live with one or both parents who are poor. The U.S. has the second highest rate of child poverty among developed countries (Mexico has the highest). While there is tremendous variation, overall, children growing up in poverty are more likely to live in communities characterized by high levels of unemployment and crime, single-parent households, poor housing quality, schooling, and health care than are non-poor children. These circumstances of poverty place children at risk for a host of negative developmental outcomes. This course will begin with a discussion of what it means to be poor in the U. S. in order to consider the various ways that poverty has been defined. The course will take a multidisciplinary perspective–sociological, developmental, psychological, demographical, and anthropological–to examine the empirical literature on the effects of poverty on children’s development. Students will learn about the following topics: What is poverty? Who is poor? How do poverty conditions shape the environments (home, school, community) in which children grow up? What are the effects of poverty on parenting? What are the effects of poverty and parenting on children’s development? Are there better times to be poor during the life course? What is the role of public policy and social programs in reducing rates of child poverty? In addition, students will also learn about basic concepts in psychological, developmental research methodology, measurement and design, and issues related to connecting research to policy and interventions. These topics will help students think critically about the complex nature of poverty, its consequences, and long-term effects for children, families, and society at large. Assignments include five quizzes (15%), two short writing assignments (40%), short oral presentation on topic selected by student (10%), participation in and contribution to group discussions (15%), and a final research project (20%). One of the short assignments will be a critique of a journal article on a topic chosen by the student; this assignment is designed to promote the student’s ability to critically examine research findings. The second writing assignment will be a reaction paper; for the purpose of supporting the student’s ability to integrate and summarize central issues in assigned readings. The final research paper will be on a topic selected by the student (can build on earlier writing assignments). The main goal of this research paper is to determine what is currently addressed in the extant literature about a topic of interest, as well as what important aspects of the topic are currently under-explored? Readings include: Empirical articles such as D. M. Betson & R. T. Michael (1997). Why so Many Children are Poor; Selections from books such as G.J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn, (Eds.) Consequences of Growing Up Poor and S. Danzinger & J. Waldfogel (Eds). Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College; Policy reports such as The Effects of Welfare Reform Policies on Children; and, magazine articles such as “The War Over Poverty,” The Economist.	<urn:uuid:7271c159-5c7b-48f6-b5f9-61049ad54e89>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://162.144.93.146/~univetx6/?page_id=1466	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00149.warc.gz	en	0.947988	669	3.421875	3
The sea wind pushes the waves, and the gravity of the sea tries to restore the sea to a calm state, so the water particles begin to squeeze each other, generating pressure inside the sea. The water and waves move synchronously, transferring energy. When the waves gradually approach the surfboard, turn the surfboard in the same direction as the waves, try to slide to catch up with the speed of the waves. The surfboard forms an angle with the water, and the pressure generated at the bottom can make the surfboard move quickly on the surface. Surfboards are sports equipment that people use for surfing. The surfboard originally used was about 5 meters long and weighed 50-60 kilograms. After the Second World War, foamed plastic boards appeared, and their shapes were also improved. Surfing is a water sport in which athletes stand on surfboards, or use webs, kneeling boards, inflatable rubber mats, rowboats, kayaks, etc. to control the waves. No matter what equipment is used, athletes should have high skills and balance ability, and be good at long-distance swimming in wind and waves. Surfing is a sport in which an athlete lies down or kneels on a surfboard and paddles to a place where the waves are suitable as a starting point. When the waves push the surfboard to slide, the athlete keeps the surfboard standing up in front of the wave crest, with the legs naturally open forward and backward (usually the balance leg is in front and the control leg is behind), the knees slightly bent, and the surfboard moves with the waves and glides quickly.	<urn:uuid:d47d9609-8404-466b-8c88-a35b0724604b>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.yoursjoys.com/es/blogs/news/what-is-the-principle-of-surfboard	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00430.warc.gz	en	0.948205	330	3.40625	3
And why is it such a problem? What can be done to stop workplace bullying? According to the Workplace Bullying Institute: “Workplace Bullying is repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more persons (the targets) by one or more perpetrators that takes one or more of the following forms: - Verbal abuse. - Offensive conduct/behaviors (including nonverbal) which are threatening, humiliating or intimidating - Work interference – sabotage – which prevents work from getting done.” (See link: http://www.healthyworkplacebill.org/problem.php) According to research, 35% of workers are victims of workplace bullying with about 10 to 15% experiencing chronic bullying. These numbers are very similar to school bullying. One of the costs associated with allowing school bullying to continue is that bullies don’t grow up and stop bullying. Bullying is a learned behavior strategy that works for the bully and they take this skill into the workplace with them. How to Stop Workplace Bullying Stopping workplace bullying is difficult. Victims must be supported. Employers must take the threat of bullying seriously and understand how it is negatively effecting their business so that they care enough to do the work to make it stop. And staff and management need to be involved to effect solutions. (If you are an HR professional – consider taking my Workplace Bullying for HR Professionals course – https://humanistlearning.com/workplacebullying1/ to learn more about how you can help stop bullying in your workplace. This course has been approved by the HRCI for continuing education credits. What does this look like in real life? Ideally, a company will have in place an anti-bullying policy that clearly defines what bullying is, and policies for reporting and investigating allegations of bullying. A good policy will also outline consequences to employees who are found to be guilty of bullying. The sad truth is that it doesn’t matter how sincere a company is, if the employees don’t trust that anything will come of it, they won’t report bullying for fear of reprisal (which is a very legitimate concern). If they don’t report it, management can’t do anything about it. Which is why it is important to make sure that witnesses of bullying are encouraged to speak up and speak out on behalf of their co-workers who are being victimized. This Takes Time Getting a bully to stop takes time. Victims must be willing to report consistently. This will cause the bullies to cycle through what is known as an extinction burst (see The Bully Vaccine for more information). This extinction burst will help management determine that this isn’t just a conflict between two people, it’s actual bullying. This doesn’t take long, but it is really hard on the victim so it is critical that they know they are being supported through this process, otherwise they will give up and quit and you will be left with the toxic individual harming your company while your good employees jump ship to get away from the trauma that is being inflicted upon them. In short, bullying is everywhere. There are bullies in just about every company and they are harming your brand. They are usually not your best employees and they drive your best employees away. Stop allowing them to run the show. Get serious and learn what you need to do to get them to stop. And again, if you are an HR professional reading this – take my course – Workplace Buyllying for HR Professionals You will be glad you did. Please share with others.	<urn:uuid:afbe2bcd-bf49-484f-bbb2-091a8c705c6b>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://bullyvaccineproject.com/what-is-workplace-bullying/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943704.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321162614-20230321192614-00448.warc.gz	en	0.963705	751	2.609375	3
What The Heck Is Dielectric Grease? And is it necessary? We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more › The Drive and its partners may earn a commission if you purchase a product through one of our links. Read more. Dielectric grease is not an automotive necessity like oil or coolant, but it’s a popular product used in garages across the country. Most commonly applied on spark plug boots, lightbulbs, and battery terminals, dielectric grease is, in theory, a protectant like car wax. It’s not required, but it could help extend and maintain the life and quality of your vehicle and its parts. Dielectric grease is just one of the numerous types of lubricants found in and around your automobile, and each one has a specific purpose. If you choose to pick up some dielectric grease, you can’t use it interchangeably with wheel bearing grease, or vice versa. The Drive’s greasy editors are here to explain what dielectric grease is, isn’t, and how it’s supposed to work. Let’s start with the basics. What Is Dielectric Grease? Dielectric, sometimes referred to as tune-up grease, is a viscous non-conductive waterproof substance used to protect electrical connections from corrosion and dirt. What Is Dielectric Grease Made of? Dielectric grease is most commonly made of a silicone base and a thickener. It typically has a slightly translucent grayish or milky clear color. Permatex dielectric grease lists polydimethylsiloxane and silicone dioxide. What’s the Difference Between Dielectric Grease and Lubricating Grease? Dielectric grease and lubricating grease are designed for different purposes, and as such, they are made differently. While dielectric grease is typically made of silicone and a thickener, the lubricating grease is made of a lubricating oil, a thickener, and other additives. Lubricating grease is a specific type of product designed for the lubrication of industrial, automotive, and other mechanisms. It is formulated from lubricating oil (petroleum, vegetable, or synthetic), performance additives, and a thickener. Application of lubricating grease often involves Zerk fittings, which are small metal male adapters used to funnel grease to a car or machine’s parts. Will Dielectric Grease Worsen a Connection? There is a myth floating around that putting dielectric grease into electrical connections can cause them to fail because the grease gets between the metal. That’s not true. Although the dielectric grease does insulate the metal and wiring from external invaders, the contacts are tight enough to still maintain a connection, the grease is just displaced. That said, you do not need to squirt huge globs of dielectric grease into your connectors as you see in some videos out there. When To Use Dielectric Grease Dielectric grease acts as a lubricant, a sealant, an insulator, and a protectant when lightly used on these applications. - Battery terminals - Spark plug boots - Bulb sockets - Trailer connectors - General electrical connections - General plastic or rubber lubrication Pros of Dielectric Grease - Helps prevent voltage leakage - Helps insulate the electrical connection in frigid conditions - Protects against water damage - Protects against corrosion - Protects against dirt and grime - Protects against heat damage - Protects against material bonding - Protects against electrical overheating How To Apply Dielectric Grease To a Spark Plug Boot If you choose to use dielectric grease (Ed. note, I don’t), you don’t need a lot to achieve its purpose. - With the car in park and cooled down, pop the hood. - Remove a spark plug boot. - Clean the spark plug and the plug boot. - Squirt the dielectric grease onto a piece of cardboard. - Use a cotton swab to apply a small amount of dielectric grease around the inner wall of the spark plug boot. - Put the plug boot back in place, and you’re good to go. Sometimes You Need a Certified Mechanic As much as The Drive loves to put the "you" in do-it-yourself, we know that not everyone has the proper tools, a safe workspace, the spare time, or the confidence to tackle major automotive repairs. Sometimes, you just need quality repair work performed by professionals you can trust like our partners, the certified mechanics at Goodyear Tire & Service. FAQs About Dielectric Grease You’ve got questions, The Drive has answers! Q: So Does Dielectric Grease Improve a Connection? A: No, dielectric grease is not conductive, so it does not improve connectivity. It helps maintain a good connection, though. Q: Yeah, But Is Vaseline a Dielectric Grease? A: Dielectric grease is different from Vaseline, as it uses a silicone base while Vaseline is petroleum jelly, which is made of waxes and minerals. Don’t use Vaseline in your car. Q: Then Is Dielectric Grease Necessary? A: No, dielectric grease is not needed for any connections to work. Q: Can Dielectric Grease Cause a Short? A: No, it cannot. If anything, it will help prevent shorts. Q: How Can You Remove Dielectric Grease? A: CRC suggests using “petroleum distillates and chlorinated solvents.” Let’s Talk, Comment Below To Talk With The Drive’s Editors! We’re here to be expert guides in everything How-To related. Use us, compliment us, yell at us. Comment below and let’s talk! You can also shout at us on Twitter or Instagram, here are our profiles. Jonathon Klein: Twitter (@jonathon.klein), Instagram (@jonathon_klein) Chris Teague: Twitter (@TeagueDrives), Instagram (@TeagueDrives) Got a question? Got a pro tip? Send us a note: firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:8159bb7a-ee29-4e88-ae50-cdbe7b40f454>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.thedrive.com/maintenance-repair/39173/dielectric-grease	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00496.warc.gz	en	0.886782	1,367	2.671875	3
Master's Thesis, 2009, 98 Pages List of tables List of figures Definition of terms CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Research Questions 1.5 Research Hypotheses 1.6 Significance of the Study 1.7 Limitations of the Study 1.8 Scope of the Study 1.9 Theoretical Framework CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 Public Perception about Affirmative Action 2.3 Contribution of Affirmative action to Women Career Development 2.4.1 Recruitment policies and procedures 2.4.2 Affirmative action policies and procedures 2.5 The relationship between affirmative action and organization performance 2.6 Critical reviews about affirmative action CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.2 Research Design 3.3 Research Area 3.4 Target population 3.5 Sampling Design and Procedures 3.6 Data collection 3.6.2 Interview Schedule 3.6.3 Validity of Research Instruments 3.6.4 Reliability of Research Instruments 3.6.5 Administration of Research Instruments 3.7 Data Analysis 3.8 Ethical Considerations CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4.2 Background information of the respondents 4.2.1 Gender of the respondents 4.2.2 Age of the respondents 4.2.3 Academic qualifications of the respondents 4.2.4 The current organization and occupation of the respondents 4.3 Perception held about affirmative action 4.3.1 Rating of the Kenyan government’s effort to eliminate gender discrimination 4.3.2 Affirmative action to put right long history of gender discrimination 4.3.3 Affirmative action promotes diversity 4.3.4 Affirmative action policy hampers productivity 4.3.5 Affirmative action policy fosters corruption in recruitment 4.3.6 Affirmative action incites women to aggressively look for job opportunities 4.3.7 Affirmative action as a program of gender preferences 4.3.8 Affirmative action leads to reverse discrimination 4.4 Contribution of affirmative action to women career development 4.4.1 Women still lag behind their male counterparts in career development 4.4.2 Many women do not advance beyond the entry-level 4.4.3 Significant barriers are still faced by career women during recruitment 4.4.4 Affirmative action as a solution to women career development 4.5 Incorporation of affirmative action by organizations in recruitment of women 4.5.1 Advertisement and sex of the applicant 4.5.2 Rating recruitment policies 4.5.3 High scores in school does not determine performance 4.5.4 Recruitment by performance 4.6 Relationship between affirmative action and organization performance 4.6.1 Affirmative action weakens the spirit of individual 4.6.2 Is performance a function of gender? 4.6.3 Affirmative action promotes inefficiency in organization 4.7 Testing of the hypotheses CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.2 A Summary of findings 5.2.1 Personal details of respondents 5.2.2 Perception held about affirmative action 5.2.3 Contribution of affirmative action on women career development 5.2.4 Incorporation of affirmative action policies on recruitment of women 5.2.5 Relationship between affirmative action and organization performance 5.5 Suggestion for further studies APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE APPEDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE I affectionately dedicate this work to my mother, Margaret Wambui Ndung’u, who believes in me, I pledge my very best effort as her loving daughter. I also dedicate it to my grandmother Tabitha Wangare Ndung’u for her unending prayers and love. I wish to communicate my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. John Boit and Mr. John Magero, for not only reading and offering very perceptive comments but also for their great endurance with me. I highly value their insights and guidance over this work and the encouragement they gave me even when the going got tough. I hereby want to express my appreciation to the late Dean, School of Human Resource Development, Dr. Lutta Mukhebi, for her commitment to the development and well being of the school, May the Lord rest her soul in eternal peace. I register my gratitude with the Head of Department, Dr. Kwonyike, and all the lecturers and secretaries for their good guidance and friendliness. My thanks go to my loving mom, Margaret Wambui, my aunt, Rahab Muringi, and my two sisters, Jane Wangeshi and Ann Nyaguthii, who are so proud of my academic progress and have supported me financially. My approval goes to S.I. Nganga for his encouragement and support during this time of research. I also want to appreciate all my classmates whose presence in my life made the course easier. I highly appreciate the co-operation and support of the eight organizations within Eldoret Municipality that I studied namely; Ken-Knit, Moi Girls Secondary School, Rift Valley Bottlers, District Commissioner’s Office, Eldoret Municipal Council, Alphax College, Family Finance Bank and Kerio Valley Development Authority. Affirmative action is a practice that redresses discrimination in society and is therefore meant to promote equal opportunities between men and women. The purpose of this study was to examine the public perception of affirmative action on women recruitment and career development in organizations within Eldoret municipality. The study objectives were to establish: the public perceptions about affirmative action, the contribution of affirmative action on women career development, the extent to which affirmative action has been incorporated in recruitment of women and the relationship between affirmative action and organization performance. The study was guided by Rawls theory of Justice (1971) which states that all social primary goods - liberty and opportunity, income, jobs and wealth, and the bases of self-respect be distributed equally and there should be no differences and/or discrimination except those that can be justified on grounds of competence. The research employed an Expost Facto Survey research design, which was deemed appropriate because it handles situations or events that have already occurred, examines variables with the same characteristics and does not manipulate the variables. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting the organizations for study. The respondents were picked using simple random sampling. Eight organizations were selected. A sample size of 255 respondents was selected but 210 questionnaires were returned and 8 interviews done. Questionnaires and interviews were used in data collection. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively facilitated by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Data was presented in frequency tables, graphs and pie charts. An inferential statistic technique, the chi-square test and Mann Whitney U-test were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The hypotheses that an affirmative action policy does not affect significantly recruitment policies in organization and affirmative action does not enhance women career development were tested. The results from the study indicate that there is perverse inequality in employment since men are more represented than women in almost all employment categories. Affirmative action is perceived as the most ambitious attempt to put right the long history of gender discrimination. It was noted that women tend to lag behind their male counterparts in career development. The respondents proposed recruitment by performance. Affirmative action was indicated as one of the solutions to women career development. Among the recommendations given were, women need to put more emphasis on career development, recruitment should be based on actual work performance and not on merit alone and finally, government should provide more educative programs about affirmative action to ensure the policy is well understood by the public. The study is significant to employees, employers, the government and the public at large. Table 3.1 Sample Size of the study Table 4.1: Gender of the respondent Table 4.2: Rating Government's effort to eliminate gender discrimination Table 4.3: Ambitious attempts to put right long history of gender discrimination Table 4.4: Ranking affirmative action with gender Table 4.5: Test Statistics (a) Table 4.6: Affirmative action promotes diversity Table 4.7: Ranking affirmative action hinder productivity and gender Table 4.8: Test Statistics (a) Table 4.9: Affirmative action policy fosters corruption in recruitment Table 4.10: Affirmative action incites women Table 4.11: Affirmative action as a program of gender preference Table 4.12: Affirmative action leads to reverse discrimination Table 4.13: Women still lag behind Table 4.14: Ranking if women still lag behind their male counterpart Table 4.15: Test Statistics (a) Table 4.16: Women don’t advance beyond entry level Table 4.17: Barriers still faced by career women during recruitment Table 4.18: Affirmative action is the solution to women career development Table 4.19: Ranking gender and affirmative action is the solution Table 4.20: Test Statistics (a) Table 4.21: Advertisement and sex of the applicant Table 4.22: Rating recruitment policies Table 4.23: Ranking gender and how they rate recruitment policy Table 4.24: Test statistics (a) Table 4.25: High scores in school do not determine performance Table 4.26: Recruit by performance Table 4.27: Affirmative action weakens the spirit of individual Table 4.28: Gender and performance Table 4.29: Affirmative action promotes inefficiency in organization Table 4.30:Gender with affirmative action promote inefficiency in organization Table 4.31: Test statistics (a) Table 4.32: High scores in school do not determine performance Table 4.33: Test statistics Table 4.34: Affirmative action is the solution to women career development Table 4.35: Test statistics Fig 4.1: Age of the respondents Fig 4.2: Academic qualification of the respondents Fig 4.3: Hampers productivity The following terms were used in this study as operationally defined below: Affirmative action -a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment of women Career - profession/occupation, which one trains for and pursues in his/her lifetime Career woman - a woman who follows a professional or business career Career development- is progressing on a profession of your choice Discrimination - is being segregated or excluded from employment / promotion Gender equality- being given equal or same chances between male and female Gender empowerment- female being empowered in the same way as men in decision making, employment and so on Glass ceilings- barrier being placed to certain groups in this case women so that they are unable to climb up the career ladder Recruitment - to hire or to employ Prejudice- intolerance or injustice done to a certain person Philosophy- way of life of a person or persons Adverse-impact- unpleasant effect that goes deeper than necessary This chapter gives background information to the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions, hypotheses, significance of the study, the limitation of the study, scope of the study and the theoretical framework. In its tumultuous 48-year history, affirmative action has been both praised and pilloried as an answer to gender inequality (Brunner, 2007). The term “affirmative action” was first introduced by President Kennedy in 1961 as a method of redressing discrimination that had persisted in spite of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. According to Brunner (2007), it was developed and enforced for the first time by President Johnson. Johnson asserted:- "We seek … not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result." President’s Kennedy Executive Order 10925 was introduced in March 6, 1961. The terms of this epic order led to the creation of the Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity with the view to ensuring that hiring and employment practices were free of bias (Sithole, Dastoor and Ippolito, 2006). This served as the impetus for the Civil Rights Act (July 2, 1964) signed by President Lyndon Johnson that prohibited all kinds of discrimination based on gender, race, color, religion, or national origin in the USA (Sithole et al, 2006). On September 24, 1965 affirmative action was enforced for the first time by Executive Order 11246 (Hutchings et al, 1995). This Executive Order required contractors doing business with the federal government to take additional obligations to determine the underutilization in their workplace and to develop a plan to remedy it, thus marking the beginning of “affirmative action.” Hutchings et al, (1995) said that since then, employers are obliged to make a good faith effort in targeting underrepresented groups in their outreach, as well as ensuring that job selection criteria do not have an “adverse impact” on underrepresented group. Affirmative action takes this one-step further by requiring certain organizations to actively promote equal employment opportunity and eliminate discrimination (Hutching et al, 1995). An excerpt from the Executive Order 11246 follows (Part II, Subpart B, Sec. 202(1)): The contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Such action shall include, but not be limited to the following: employment, upgrading, demotion, or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertising; layoff or termination; rates of pay or other forms of compensation; and selection for training, including apprenticeship. In Africa for instance, affirmative action is actively practiced by many countries. In South Africa, affirmative action started with the oppression of blacks by the whites and the blacks came up with a way to reverse that discrimination (Drogin, 1995). Drogin (1995) reported that in 1991 a South African survey revealed that there were only 30 black engineers vs. 17,840 white engineers, 31 black pharmacists compared with 2,021 whites. In 1994 only 60 blacks were chartered accountants and there were fewer than 20 black architects. The blacks held only 3% of managerial positions in a country where blacks represented more than 80% of the population! The South African Government was not satisfied with these measures and added the Job Reservation Act of 1994. This law restricted the number of jobs that Blacks, Asians and Coloreds could be occupied in. The Blacks, Asians and Coloreds could not serve with whites in their professional capacity; they could only serve as unskilled or semi-skilled workers. One could not rise beyond junior management positions. This glass ceiling also affected females of all races as well (Drogin, 1995). Due to this, the South African government embraced affirmative action as the pragmatic policy to redress imbalances of the past (Drogin, 1995). An examination of the South African government’s plan clearly reveals their concerns for all the citizens of the country. The concerns include: elimination of unfair discrimination and implementing affirmative action measures to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups, to ensure their equitable representation in all occupational categories and levels in the workforce (Sithole et al, 2006). South Africa has effectively transformed the employment policies of the country through the vehicle of affirmative action (Sithole, 2006). In Kenya, President Hon. Mwai Kibaki declared that 30% of all job vacancies be reserved for women (GoK, 2007). Also an affirmative action campaign to compel the government of Kenya to implement Affirmative Action before the 2007 General Elections was launched in Nairobi (Manyala, 2007). Women representatives from the civil society and women leaders including women political aspirants from across Kenya set out on a mission to collect one million signatures to be used to petition the government to implement the Affirmative Action Bill prior to the 2007 General Elections (Manyala, 2007). Over the last decade, campaign and calls for gender equality have been at the forefront in the political, social and economic arena (Fiss, 1995). In recent years, for instance, affirmative action has been debated more intensely than at any other time in its 35 years history. Most people who advance this theory in favor of gender equality argue that women are not given equal chances to compete with men. Discrimination against women in employment does not always occur because there is prejudice against them, but sometimes because their employment may create more problems and greater expenses for the employer. For instance, the obligation to grant maternity leaves, need for organizations organizing additional welfare facilities and introduction of protective laws such as a ban on night work are considerations which may induce an employer to engage male instead of female labour in organizations. This has therefore led to many organizations being required to embrace affirmative action so as to employ women despite all odds. Based on the Preparatory Phase for 1999 Population and Housing Census, Kenya has more women than men i.e. 14,481,018 female and 14,205,589 male. This is a difference of 275,429 (GoK, 2004) and as such women ought to get the lion’s share of the job opportunities available. But on looking at the reality on the ground, women are still fewer in job opportunities. Affirmative action has been advanced to remedy this insignificant population of women in job openings in order to bring a just society. However, affirmative action is not seen to play the obvious role in recruitment. Men are still the majority in employment. The gap is still there and therefore motivates this study to establish if the inequality that exists in employment is logical and justified and to what extent affirmative action is a panacea to this inequality. i. Main Objective The main objective of this study was to examine the perception of Affirmative Action on women recruitment and career development. ii. Specific Objectives The study sought to achieve the following specific objectives to:- i. examine the public perception of affirmative action ii. assess the contribution of affirmative action to women career development iii. establish the extent to which affirmative action policies have been incorporated by organizations in recruitment of women iv. determine the relationship between affirmative action and organization performance The study was guided by the following questions:- 4 i. What is the public perception of affirmative action? ii. What is the contribution of affirmative action to women career development? iii. To what extent are affirmative action policies incorporated by organizations in recruitment of women? iv. What is the relationship between affirmative action and organization performance? The following hypotheses were tested:- H01 Affirmative action policies do not influence significantly recruitment policies in organizations H02 Affirmative action does not enhance women career development The study is beneficial to CEO’s, NGO’s, planners, Human Resource Managers, employees, employers, government and public at large in that it sought to establish the public perception of affirmative action on women recruitment and career development. The study has given the importance of affirmative action policy that puts into consideration gender criteria. The study has also identified the gap that exists in employment, reasons as to why the inequality exists and given possible solution(s) towards this, that recruit by performance. The study is beneficial because it has established the fears held about affirmative action. It is from the study too that the differences and similarities between affirmative action policies and recruitment policies are established. The study has indicated how the two policies can be combined in recruitment to help reduce the mono-representation at the work-place. The study on the perception of affirmative action on women recruitment and career development endeavored to examine the general public perception of affirmative action and to what extent affirmative action is a panacea to women unemployment. The study’s limitation was that it examined employed women only and since many women are still at home, the study did not reach them to discover why they are not in paid employment, though the reasons given by working women about the challenges faced by them during recruitment was taken to represent all the women. It was so challenging for the researcher during data collection because the questionnaires were not returned back as they were distributed. The post-election skirmishes, for instance, were the major cause for this and this affected research a great deal and delayed in data analysis. This study was concerned with the perception of affirmative action on women recruitment and career development. The study was conducted in organizations within Eldoret municipality, Uasin Gishu district, from October 2007 to February 2008 using an expost facto survey research design. The study targeted all the organizations within Eldoret Municipality. A sample size of 255 employees was selected in 8 organizations namely: Ken-Knit, Rift Valley Bottlers Limited, Moi Girls High School, Alphax College, District Commissioners (DC) offices, Eldoret Municipal Council, Kerio Valley Development Authority (KVDA) and Family Finance Bank. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. The study was guided by Rawls theory of justice (1971) which states that all social primary goods, liberty and opportunity, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect should be distributed equally (Rawls, 1971). The basic point throughout the theory is that, everyone deserves to be treated equally and be offered the same opportunities. But, that is not what it is. It is not what everyone does. Rawls discussed the theory of justice in two models: purity of the heart and the veil of ignorance. Rawls's model of “purity of heart” has two parts. First is the description of people in the hypothetical situation of choosing principles for living together. They are imagined as rational, self-interested individuals who aim to do as well for themselves as they can. They are roughly equal in capacity (no one can easily dominate all the others) and they have needs that can be met more effectively by cooperation than by non-cooperation. The second part of Rawls' model is: the Veil of Ignorance. Rawls, apart from recognizing that persons act on self-interest, also thinks that persons can be rational about their self- interest. This means that a person has a plan to get what s/he wants out of life. That persons know what they need to make their plan work and that persons mostly stick to their plan throughout their lives even if they are never completely successful. Rawls figures that people would simply design a society, which would help them with their own personal plan and care not about everybody else (Rawls, 1971). According to Rawls, this cannot result in a just society. Rawls' theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice, which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be to everyone's advantage and open to all (Nussbaum, 2000). The two basic principles of justice states that: each person should get an equal guarantee to as many different liberties and as much of those liberties as can be guaranteed to everyone else at the same time. Principle two states that, inequalities in society are okay only if they are arranged so that the inequalities actually help out the least fortunate persons in society. The inequalities are connected to positions or offices or jobs in society that everyone has an equal opportunity to attain. However, Rawls is not talking about complete liberty to do, to have or to keep absolutely anything. The inequalities Rawls is talking about are: i) Inequalities in the distribution of income, jobs and wealth ii) Inequalities set up by institutions that use differences in authority and responsibility or chains of command. Suppose all the political doctrines teach, as some do today, that men and women are fully equal as citizens (Piccard, 2004) then that means, according to Rawls theory, all people must be treated equally not only in such matters as voting and political participation, but must also be treated equally in distributing all primary goods and secondary goods. But that still does not mean that men and women are equal in some ultimate metaphysical sense, though each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. Rawls believes that political actors in a liberal society should not directly contradict the views of religions that posit inequalities between men and women. For instance, it was suggested that a Supreme Court of Justice, in an opinion on sex discrimination, should say only that all people are equal as citizens and not that men and women are equal by nature. In other words, there should be no differences except those that can be justified on grounds of efficiency (Piccard, 2004). This theory is therefore applicable to this study in that it advances that all people are equal as citizens and not that men and women are equal by nature. There should be no differences in recruitment except those that can be justified on grounds of competence. This theory advances that inequalities in society are acceptable only if they are arranged so that they actually help out the least fortunate persons in society. Affirmative action is a practice that redresses inequality in society and is therefore meant to promote justice. The study looked at the perception of affirmative action women recruitment and career development. This chapter explores on the literature related to the study. The chapter discusses the general public’s perception of affirmative action, the contribution of affirmative action on women career development, incorporation of affirmative action policies in recruitment of women and the relationship between affirmative action and organization performance. The literature was gathered from textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, theses and the Internet. Born of the Civil Rights Movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special considerations in employment, education and making decisions (Froomkin, 1998). Many supporters of affirmative action see it as a milestone, many opponents see it as a millstone, and many others regard it as both or neither- as a necessary, but imperfect, remedy for an intractable social disease (Plous, 2003). The term affirmative action refers to policies that take race, gender, or ethnicity into account in an attempt to promote equal opportunity (http://www.cre.gov.uk). The focus of such policies range from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative action is two-fold: to maximize diversity in all levels of society, along with its presumed benefits, and to redress perceived disadvantages due to overt, institutional, or involuntary discrimination. Seltzer and Thompson (1985) noted significant differences in attitudes on affirmative action held by women, Blacks and Whites. The attitudes of high income Blacks differs from those of less-advantaged Blacks. White women are more supportive of affirmative action programs than White males. Well-educated Whites hold more liberal views on affirmative action than less-educated Whites. In a paper on affirmative action presented at the United Nations conference in 1969, Greenberg, (1994) notes that Malaysia, India, Israel, and the United States had affirmative action complying with the definition; Nigeria and Peru had arrangements that did not comply with the definition but were similar in purpose; Yugoslavia had affirmative action within regional minority areas while Sudan and West Germany had no affirmative action. Geust (2004) argues that South Africa has the world’s most extreme affirmative action program. Geust (2004) further argues that affirmative action ends up helping well-off blacks. That policy hampers productivity and fosters corruption and affirmative action ends up hurting everyone even the purported beneficiaries. Scott and Scott (1998) presented their empirical findings that include the following: that affirmative action programs for minorities are under fire in the US but they are embraced in South Africa (Scott and Scott, 1998). According to Froomkin (1998), affirmative action is the World's most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. Nevertheless, these days it seems to incite rather than ease the nation's internal divisions (Froomkin, 1998). Affirmative action has been under sustained assault (Sturm and Guiner, 2003). In courts, legislatures, the media and opponents have condemned it as an unprincipled program of racial and gender preferences that threaten fundamental values of fairness, equality, and democratic opportunity (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). Such preferences, they say, are extraordinary departures from prevailing meritocracy modes of recruitment, which they present as both fair and functional. They are fair because they treat all candidates as equals and they are functional because they are well suited to picking the best candidates. This challenge to affirmative action has been met with concerted response (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). Landsberg (1995) argues that the history of affirmative action and its efforts to correct the effects of past discrimination promote diversity and endeavor to overcome the two-class society characterized by gender and racial division. Landsberg (1995) added that the perception of affirmative action might lead to the assumption that affirmative action appointees are hired for reasons other than legitimate qualifications for the job. Although anecdotes can be traded, there is little evidence to suggest that there is any truth in the perception that affirmative action recipients are less qualified than their colleagues (Pratkanis and Turner, 1995). Panafrican (2000) notes that there is nothing discriminatory about an orderly transition towards the demographic representation of employees in the workplace, provided that the beneficiaries of affirmative actions have the necessary knowledge and skills. Affirmative action should not create room for quotas, which would mean the promotion of ill-equipped candidates (Landsberg, 1995). Carloff (2002) argues that affirmative action simply places unqualified and incompetent members into jobs in society and seats in universities - not because they are smart, not because they are qualified, not because they are an exemplary product of education, but entirely because of their gender! Sher (1983) says that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who are chosen because of the social group to which they belong rather than their qualifications. It is said that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of all those who belong to groups it is intended to help. This makes the affirmative action counterproductive. Does affirmative action simply change who is discriminated against and makes it legal for the new discriminators? McElroy (2003) advanced this notion that affirmative action is discriminating in order to obtain equal treatment. This seems to violate common sense. Pinkston (1984) commented that President Ronald Reagan’s stance on affirmative action encouraged opposition and decreased the protections of law available to the people discriminated against. McElroy (2003) indicated that people that are involved and the damage affirmative action have in our society surfaces many doubts. To Garry (2006) affirmative action has undesirable side-effects apart from failing to achieve its goals. It hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. Further Delgado (1996) said that affirmative action that aims at removing discrimination is counterproductive. This is because it requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate in order to work and because it promotes prejudice by increasing resentment of those who are the beneficiaries of affirmative action from those who have been adversely affected by the policy. According to Fiss (1996), a doubt is created in the minds of some women who obtain the prized positions, including the prizewinners themselves, as to whether they would be where they are without preference. For rejected men applicants, there is the frustration of desire, of not being able to obtain specific job. In addition, these applicants suffer a hurt that women know all too well-the hurt that comes from being judged disfavourably on a criterion unrelated to individual merit and over which they have no control (Fiss, 1996). Sturm and Guiner (2001) argue that affirmative action is still needed to rectify continued exclusion and marginalization. In addition, Sturm and Guiner marshal considerable evidence showing that conventional standards of selection exclude women and people of colour, and that people who were excluded in the past do not yet operate on a level playing field. However, this response has largely been reactive (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). Proponents typically treat affirmative action as a crucial but peripheral supplement to an essentially sound framework of selection for jobs and schools. Drogin (1995) hails affirmative action as a panacea to redress the imbalances of the past whereas McElroy (2003) perceives it as reverse discrimination. The South African government boldly declares in the Employment Equity Act, 55 of 1998 that:- It is not unfair discrimination to promote affirmative action consistent with the Act or to prefer or, exclude any person on the basis of inherent job requirement (Drogin, 1995) Furthermore Delgado (1996) argues, since all men have equal rights, no man's rights should be sacrificed to compensate for another man's rights being taken away. Such people often claim that the groups that are most negatively impacted by affirmative action are women who are discriminated against within society. This disproportionate effect is perverse and counter-productive considering that the intent of affirmative action is to eliminate discrimination (Delgado, 1996). According to Delgado this can result in a loss for a nation not working at its full capacity and can also result in undesired effects previously felt by those who were discriminated against. For example, one may be very qualified for a certain job, but may be turned down in favor of a woman who is less qualified but is targeted for affirmative action. If occurring on a grand scale, the country will lose speed in its advances. Each of those individuals turned down will be depressed. Their being turned down might dampen the spirits of others. In a nutshell affirmative action has its strengths and weakness. Its weakest point is the recruitment of unqualified female employees which is said to lead to reverse discrimination but at the other hand affirmative action is said to be an effort meant to correct the effects of past discrimination and promote diversity. Sandra (2002) states that women have been demanding equal treatment at work since the 1960s. But four decades later, the playing field is still far from being level. According to a recent study by Catalyst, the New York City-based nonprofit research group that focuses on women's issues, the study found out that when it comes to attitudes toward work and salary, Generation X women are not much different from their Baby Boomer predecessors. According to the American Bureau of Labor Statistics, women today earn 76 cents for every $1 earned by a man. Beginning in December 2005, an affirmative action for Women Promotion Team is organized at each site in Japan. To date, a total of 23 teams have developed a wide variety of activities, including holding study sessions on affirmative action. This is seen as a way to create a workplace where each employee can manifest diverse abilities, regardless of gender. It is also said to create a workplace where each employee can demonstrate his or her diverse abilities, regardless of whether they are men or women. The career development patterns of women are varied and have traditionally been influenced by the demands of the family. However, there is a trend toward more consistent and long-term participation by women in the labor force. Several writers have developed schemes to describe women's career patterns. Harmon (1967) suggests five patterns: no work experience, work only until marriage and/or birth of children, combine work with marriage and/or children, re-enter the labor force when children are older and remain single and pursue career. Key career decisions that influence women include whether to have a career, which occupational field to enter, and when to work (Miller, 1986). Variables that help predict men's career decisions (interests, aptitudes, and career maturity) are less useful for predicting women's career decisions. One factor is occupational stereotyping or normative views of whether occupations are appropriate for men or women. The tendency for women's career decisions to be influenced by others is another factor. Barnett (1971) found three groups of women: the internalizers who set their own career goals, the identifiers who set goals based on the influence of significant others and the compliers who had no career goals and selected options at the last minute. Miller (1984) cites a study finding that 87 percent of the women surveyed derived a sense of personal accomplishment from work, and 58 percent indicated that they prefer work outside the home to homemaking. Other research suggests that most women will be employed outside the home at some time in their adult lives and that work will have great importance in their lives (Miller, 1984). But according to Ifill (2007), despite the introduction of affirmative action policies in recruitment, higher levels of formal education and longer time spent in organizational settings, women still lag behind their male counterparts in career development, as they don’t advance beyond entry-level positions. Ifill (2007) added that significant barriers are still faced by career women in the workplace. The recruitment and selection decision is of prime importance as the vehicle for obtaining the best possible person for a job who will, when aggregated, contribute significantly towards the Company's effectiveness (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). The importance of having efficient and effective procedures for recruitment and selection can hardly be exaggerated (Cole, 1997). If organizations are able to find and employ staffs who consistently fulfill their roles and are capable of taking on an increased responsibility, they are immeasurably better placed to deal with the opportunities and threats arising from their operating environment than competitors who are always struggling to build and maintain their workforce (Cole, 1997). It is becoming increasingly important, as the Company evolves and changes, that new recruits show a willingness to learn, adaptability and ability to work as part of a team. The recruitment and selection procedure should help managers to ensure that these criteria are addressed (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). A more interactive process of recruitment also provides an ongoing opportunity to assess and monitor organizational performance and to perceive and react to the changing character and needs of clients and employees (Arenson, 1996). It also provides information learned through the process of selection to the rest of the organization. In the process of redefining the standards for recruitment, the organization also redefines how those already in the institution should function (Arenson, 1996). Recruitment operates at the boundaries of the organization (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). It exposes decision-makers to the environment they operate in, provides access to information about the world in which the organization operates, and forces choices about its relationship with that environment (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). The process of defining the standards for positions also reflects and describes the organization's priorities and direction. Emphasizing one set of skills over another in the recruitment process communicates to employees how the organization defines good work. Murrell and Jones (1996) said the Company Recruitment and Selection Policy should: be fair and consistent, be non- discriminatory on the grounds of sex, race, age, religion or disability and conforms to statutory regulations and agreed best practice. It should also ensure the job description and person specification are up-to-date and people get employed by merit and qualification. It should collate an information package appropriate for the post. This package should include: job description and if appropriate, the person specification, information on the department, information on the company and terms and conditions of employment (Murrel and Jones, 1996). Recruitment and selection policy is there to ensure that the council selects the most suitable persons for the job on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities and that no employee/job applicant is unfairly treated. The first step in planning for the recruitment of employees into the organization is to establish adequate policies and procedures (Cole, 1997). A recruitment policy represents the organization’s code of conduct in this area of activity (Cole, 1997). Typical policy statement should: advertise all vacancies internally first before doing external advertisement, reply to every job applicant with minimum delay, aim to inform potential recruits in good faith about the basic details and job conditions of every job advertised, aim to process all applications with efficiency and courtesy, seek candidates on the basis of their qualification for the vacancy concerned and aim to ensure that every person invited for the interview will be given a fair and thorough hearing. A company should not discriminate unfairly against potential applicants on the grounds of sex, race, age, religion or physical disabilities, discriminate unfairly against applicants with a criminal record and knowingly make any false or exaggerated claims in its recruitment literature or job advertisement. Personal specifications are also considered in recruitment (Cole, 1997). Below are seven Point Plans devised by Professor Alec Rodger of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology in the 1950s. They have proved to be the most popular model for personnel specification in United Kingdom (Cole, 1997):- i. Physical make-up - what is required in terms of health, strength, energy and personal appearance. ii. Attainment - what education, training and experience is required iii. General intelligence - what does the job require in terms of thinking and mental effort iv. Interest - what personal interests could be relevant to the performance of the job v. Disposition - what kind of personality are we looking for vi. Circumstances - are there any special circumstances that the job requires of the candidates. Hutchings, Martinez, Stein, and Tashiro (1995), argue that contrary to recruitment policies and procedures equal opportunity can actively be promoted and discrimination eliminated through affirmative action employment policies by: i. Developing and following an affirmative action plan that identifies underrepresented groups, and defining a plan to remedy the underutilization. ii. Provide a good faith effort in publicizing open positions to broaden the pool of qualified candidates to include underrepresented groups. iii. Establish fair selection criteria for positions and provide similar interview experiences for each interviewee. According to Sturm and Guiner (2001) fairness assumes and requires treating everyone in the same way. That is, allowing everyone to enter the competition for a position, and evaluating each person's results in the same way. If everyone takes the same test, and every applicant's test is evaluated in the same manner, then the assessment is fair. So, is affirmative action is unfair because it takes race and gender into account, and thus evaluates some test results differently (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). Affirmative action terms of performance are different from what is included in the recruitment polices. Sturm and Guiner (2001) argue that we need to situate the conversation about gender, and affirmative action in a wider account of democratic opportunity by refocusing attention from the contested periphery of the system of selection to its settled core. Sturm and Guiner (2001) further claim that the present system measures merit through scores on paper-and-pencil tests and so this measure is fundamentally unfair. In the employment setting, it restricts access based on inadequate predictors of job performance (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). The standard approach proceeds as if selection were a fine-tuned matching process that measures the capacity to perform according to some predetermined criteria of performance. This assumes that the capacity to perform functional merit exists in people apart from their opportunity to work on the job. It further assumes that institutions know in advance what they are looking for, and that these functions will remain constant across a wide range of work sites and over time. But neither candidates nor positions remain fixed. Often people who have been given an opportunity to do a job perform well because they learn the job by doing it (Sturm and Guiner, 2001). Sturm and Guiner, (2001) indicated that merit is functional: a person merits a job if he or she has, to an especially high degree, the qualities needed to perform well in that job. Many critics of affirmative action equate merit, functionally understood, with a numerical ranking on standard paper-and-pencil tests. Those with higher scores are presumed to be most qualified, and therefore most deserving. Fairness, like merit, is a concept with varying definitions (Sturm and Guiner 2001). But Gardner (1993) said paper-and-pencil tests do not measure or predict an individual's capacity for creativity and collaboration. Assessment through opportunity to perform often works better than testing for performance. Various studies have shown that experts often fail on Formal measures of their calculating or reasoning capacities but can be shown to exhibit precisely those same skills in the course of their ordinary work (Gardner, 1993). Gardner, (1993) indicated that, integrating recruitment and performance has the potential to improve institutions' capacity to select productive workers, pursue innovative performance, and recruit employees who can adapt quickly to the demands of a changing economic environment. The conventional top-down approach short-circuits the capacity of selection to serve as a mechanism for feedback about an institution's performance and its need to adapt to changing conditions (Gardner, 1993). It also keeps institutions from developing more responsive, integrated, and dynamically efficient selection processes. Gardner (1993) further added that instead of relying on standardized tests, the system of performance-based selection would focus decision-makers' attention on creating suitable scenarios for making informed judgments about performance. This would improve the capacity of institutions to find people who are creative, adaptive, reliable, and committed, rather than just good test- takers (Gardner, 1993). In some instances, these structured opportunities could directly contribute to the productivity of the organization. To Pratkanis and Turner (1995) affirmative action can be viewed as one of the most effective ways to address the long-standing problems of gender in many countries, thus serving as a vehicle for reaching the goal of equality. The following findings by Murrell and Jones (1996) serve as evidence of the perceived success of affirmative action: i. Affirmative action policies have resulted in increased representation of women and minorities across all levels of employment in many countries including Kenya and within organizations that were once exclusively male. ii. Affirmative action has led to higher employment participation rates, increased earnings and gains in educational attainment for women and minorities Murrel and Jones (1996) argue that to ensure opportunities to perform, one can start by shifting the model of selection from prediction to performance. This model builds on the insight that the opportunity to participate helps to create the capacity to perform, and that actual performance offers the best evidence of capacity to perform. Those who assess individuals in situations that more closely resemble actual working conditions make better predictions about those individuals' ultimate performance (Arenson, 1996). This is particularly important when those assessments are integrated into day-to-day work over a period of time. They have the potential to produce better information about workers and better workers. Moreover, many of those who are given an opportunity to perform, even when their basic preparation is weaker catch up if they are motivated to achieve (Arenson, 1996). Sturm and Guiner (2001) said that the failure of the existing practice to achieve inclusiveness is perhaps most telling. Although some people will lose as a result of any sorting and ranking, a democratic system needs to give those losers a sense of hope in the future and not to divide them into classes of permanent losers and permanent winners. But that is precisely what happens when we make opportunity dependent on past success (Sturm and Guiner 2001). How then can they develop a model of recruitment that expresses a more inclusive, transparent and accountable vision of democratic opportunity - an approach to selection that will benefit everyone and advance gender justice? Is affirmative action beneficial and fair to everyone involved? The term affirmative action has positive connotations to it, denoting an action in the, affirmative: something assuring, something positive, and something that is right (Delgado, 1996). Delgado (1996) argues that affirmative action was meant to help women and racial minorities get a leg up in education, employment, and business due to past discrimination. Studies done shows that in the employment sector, women make 74 cents to every dollar a man makes. Delgado (1996) adds to the fact that African-American women make 63 cents to every dollar men make, and Latina women make 57 cents to every dollar men make. An issue in any discussion of the merits or drawbacks of affirmative action programs is the impact, if any, on organizations (Delgado, 1996). Hersch (1991) found out that firms charged with violations of antidiscrimination laws experienced significant losses in equity value when a suit, decision, or settlement was announced. Moreover, the average loss to shareholders exceeded the amount the firm was required to spend to settle the case. Wright, Ferris, Hiller, and Kroll (1995) obtained similar results, and also found that firms receiving awards for exemplary affirmative action programs from the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) had significant and positive excess returns (with respect to market valuation) on the ten days following the announcement, although this dissipated over time (Hersch, 1991). According to Hsieh (1997) affirmative action programs, despite their good intentions, actually hurt employees because affirmative action programs force employers to hire and promote on characteristics irrelevant to job performance. Hsieh (1997) adds that the advancement based upon non-merit considerations creates an atmosphere of distrust in the workplace. This results in passing over more qualified candidates in favor of those possessing the desired inessential trait. It often places the promoted individual in a job which s/he does not have the skills to perform well and this affects the organizational performance. Hsieh (1997) argued that when companies are subject to affirmative action programs, they are authorized to take traits such as gender into account when hiring. In this case, hiring the best candidate for a position with no gender issue in mind may very well be treated as outright illegal or result in a lawsuit. The attribute of gender is not at all related to an employee's job performance, and thus may promote inefficiency (Hsieh, 1997). Hsieh (1997) indicated that affirmative action creates an atmosphere of distrust among the employees and the management, because it can be difficult to ascertain whether the hired employees are qualified or not. Hsieh (1997) added that where affirmative action programs are in place, minorities/women employees will be suspected of being incompetent, even if they actually were hired on merit. Those minorities who were hired because they were most qualified for the job will have the extra burden of proving to others, and possibly even to themselves, that they truly deserved the position. In this case, trust that is so vital for an efficient workplace in an organization is destroyed. Affirmative action weakens the spirit of the individual by making them think the reason they got the job or grant was because someone felt sorry for them (McElroy, 2003). Some women believe affirmative action will benefit them in the beginning because there is an incentive to hire women. This will do more to hinder than to help them in the long run because according to Cohen (2006) affirmative action helps to get a female an interview but once on the interview and once on the job, it gives males a basis for their resentment and skepticism of females. This can cause additional tension between men and women that was not there before affirmative action. According to Hsieh (1997) a loss of valuable talent is also an inevitable effect of affirmative action programs for advancement. Under affirmative action programs, the most qualified person for a position will often be by passed for a lesser-quality candidate who fulfills the affirmative action requirements. Over time, any company will suffer from the passing over of better job candidates. This will eventually hurt all the employees of the company, due to lost profits. People that are promoted based on gender, might very well be placed in a position for which they do not have the necessary skills. Research Paper (postgraduate), 17 Pages Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation, 83 Pages Project Report, 13 Pages Project Report, 23 Pages Project Report, 16 Pages Research Paper (postgraduate), 10 Pages Diploma Thesis, 40 Pages Master's Thesis, 95 Pages Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation, 238 Pages Master's Thesis, 99 Pages Term Paper (Advanced seminar), 23 Pages Master's Thesis, 105 Pages Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation, 134 Pages Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation, 134 Pages GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in 1998 in the publication of academic ebooks and books. The publishing website GRIN.com offer students, graduates and university professors the ideal platform for the presentation of scientific papers, such as research projects, theses, dissertations, and academic essays to a wide audience. Free Publication of your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now!	<urn:uuid:cc23030e-81ed-46f5-a517-89df97f842d1>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/184461/affirmative-action-a-kenyan-case	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00516.warc.gz	en	0.950276	11,000	2.59375	3
In South Yorkshire, England, the city of Sheffield sits divided by the River Sheaf. It wasn't always a booming industrial town, but around the mid 1700s some brilliant folks showed up to invent crucible steel and steam power. By the end of the 18th century, Sheffield became one of the main industrial cities, fueled by its access to local iron, coal and water power supplied by local rivers. Metallurgy and steel were the top two industries, and that's why Sheffield is currently home to a 200 year old scissor manufacturer and some of the oldest knife makers in the world. These screwdrivers come out of Sheffield's first industry for steel - toolmaking. Finished with smooth, rounded beechwood handles in the style of traditional cabinet screwdrivers (or turnscrews), the screwdrivers have strong steel shanks with flattened tips capable of driving slotted screws into drywall or wood. All parts of the screwdrivers are useful for any means of building or taking apart. They're handmade by a family of Sheffielders who have worked in the industry for over 50 years. The screwdrivers come in four sizes, each appropriately sized for the size of screw they will turn. Like the syrup from Vermont or the textiles from India, a steel hand tool from Sheffield has an indefinable goodness about it that comes from decades of production, and the refinement that comes from producing and inspecting products many, many times. The manufacturer is so sure of their quality standard they offer a lifetime guarantee. The biggest mistake people make when they're using a screwdriver is selecting the wrong one for the job. Just a general truth: use Flathead screwdrivers for slot screws, Phillips head for cross-recess screws. Don't be the guy who gets that part wrong. As for what size to use, that all depends on the size of the screw you're working with. How long the handle is depends on how much torque you need. These screwdrivers are classified as "Cabinet Screwdrivers" which have a thinner shaft, making them better for reaching screws in deep holes without damaging the surrounding wood. The blade is also straight, not tapered. There's an unconditional warranty against faulty workmanship and materials, so if you have any problems the manufacturer will replace any screwdriver with a brand new one free of charge. A Sheffield, England manufacturer with over 50 years' experience in manufacturing hand tools produce these high comfort, high heat treated carbon steel screwdrivers. The steel is made right in the UK and the beech wood for the handles comes from Germany and is turned and lacquered in England. The blades of the drivers are hand forged, hardened and tempered by specialists in a single factory. The handles are then machine turned for a smoothness and design that's comfortable to grip. Handmade flathead carbon steel screwdrivers with beechwood handles. Suitable for any slot screw jobs. Made by a family company in Sheffield, England, a town known for its centuries of metal and steel work. Comes in 6, 5, 4, and 3.25 inch sizes. 11 inches long x 6 inch shaft x 1 inch blade x 3/8 inch tip (28 cm x 15 cm x 2.54 cm x 0.95 cm) 10 inches long x 5 inch shaft x 1 inch blade x 3/8 inch tip (25.4 cm x 12.7 cm x 2.54 cm x 0.95 cm) 8 inches long x 4 inch shaft x 1 inch blade x 1/4 inch tip (20 cm x 10 cm x 2.54 cm x 0.64 cm) 7.25 inches long x 3.25 inch shaft x 0.5 inch blade x 1/4 inch tip (18.4 cm x 8.25 cm x 1.27 cm x 0.64 cm) Carbon steel blade, tempered & hardened German Bbeechwood handle Kaufmann Mercantile is committed to help you live a conscious and inspired life. Many of the items you discover here are exclusive to Kaufmann Mercantile, which is what makes our community of designers and artisans so special. If you find one of our products anywhere else for less than it's being sold on our site, we will match it. No questions asked. Our dedicated Concierge Team is here to help. Reach out any time at:	<urn:uuid:2d6d7478-d878-4e89-9e23-6dcc7f4f094a>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://www.kaufmann-mercantile.com/product/149000042950/carbon-steel-flathead-screwdrivers	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00507.warc.gz	en	0.934513	900	2.59375	3
GOD LOVES TO WELCOME US HOME Week of February 27, 2011 Bible Verses: Hosea 14:1-9 Lesson Focus: This lesson is about returning to God when we’ve made a mess of our lives. When God’s Words Become our Words: Hosea 14:1-3. Return, O Israel, to the LORD your God, for you have stumbled because of your iniquity. Take with you words and return to the LORD; say to him, "Take away all iniquity; accept what is good, and we will pay with bulls the vows of our lips. Assyria shall not save us; we will not ride on horses; and we will say no more, 'Our God,' to the work of our hands. In you the orphan finds mercy." [ESV] In the last chapter of Hosea we find an appeal to Israel to return to God. In a sense it is God’s last word – a word that is to sustain the people during the coming days of captivity. In that day they will undoubtedly wonder if God has cast them off utterly. They will feel forsaken. But God wants them to know that their captivity is due, not to His wishes for them or abandonment of them, but to their sin, and that in spite of their sin the way of return stands open. If they will make the confession of 14:1-3, then God will restore them, as the next verses show. What strikes us first about this appeal is how different it is from the false confession of 6:1-3. That confession has many of the same words as this latter, true confession. But the tone is entirely different. It lacked a true awareness of sin and a true turning to God. It thought of God mechanically. These words are offensive, because they are shallow and presume on God. They assume that if the people only acknowledge God verbally He will inevitably restore them because – so the argument runs – that is the way it works. God will appear as surely as the sun rises. He is like the seasons. Spring will follow winter. You can depend on it! But God is not nature. He is not a machine. He is the holy God, who will bless – but only as His people truly turn from their sin to righteousness. He will bless only when their repentance is along the lines of that with which Hosea closes his book in chapter 14. There are three things that make this confession a true one, things lacking in the false repentance of chapter 6. First, there is an awareness of sin and that in two ways: (1) that sin is sin, and (2) that it is serious. We see this in the word that is used for sin, literally iniquity. It is an ugly word, but it rightly describes sin’s nature, which is ugly. True repentance begins with an acknowledgment that sin is sin and that it is ugly and terribly offensive in God’s sight. When we are truly contrite, the smallest sin becomes an offense which is mountainous in the sight of God, and dreadful in the view of our own hearts. The second thing that makes the confession of chapter 14 a true repentance is its turning from specific sins. In this case it is a repudiation of those foreign alliances, which the people have trusted, and the idols, which they made in the days of their apostasy [see verse 3]. Two things regarding repentance are easy to do: (1) repent of someone else’s sins, and (2) repent of sin generally. To repent of one’s own, specific sin is so difficult that it is actually impossible apart from the grace of God. We think here of the repentance that took place in Nineveh under the preaching of Jonah. Nineveh was the capital of Assyria, then the dominant power in the near east. She was known for her violence in dealing with those she conquered. But revival came to the city through Jonah’s preaching, and we know it was true revival because it was exactly of their specific sins that the people repented. The specific sin of the Ninevites was violence, and it was from this that they repented. We must do the same. If our specific sin is covetousness or greed – one of the dominant sins of the western world – we must repudiate that sin. Perhaps ours is a sexual sin. In that case we must turn from it rigorously, because until we do all forms of religious practice will be mere hypocrisy. The one thing we must not do is pretend that our specific sin – whether greed, immorality, anger, pride, gluttony, dishonoring of our parents, or whatever it may be – is not sin, or think that we can retain it while nevertheless serving God. The third element in the true repentance of these verses is an appeal to the grace of God. This is involved in verse 2. It means that we must come to God solely on the basis of His grace, not imagining that in spite of our sins there is nevertheless some merit in us to commend us to God – not even the fact that we have repented of our sins and appeal to His mercy. There is probably nothing that is harder for us to do. It is hard to admit that we are sinners and that sin is serious. It is harder to admit to specific sins and turn from them. Hardest of all is to admit that apart from these sins there is still nothing in us to commend us to God or compel Him to be favorably disposed toward us. What we usually do, even when we are confessing our sin, is immediately rush on to remind God that although we have sinned there are nevertheless other areas in which we have been true to Him. This is not true repentance. It may be true that there have been areas of faithfulness, but the areas of unfaithfulness spoil even those. How do we repent? Hosea hits on something important when he answers, Take with you words and return to the Lord. We must not merely assume that God knows of our repentance, though He does if we are repentant. Rather we must express our repentance verbally. Without this open confession we can never be fully sure that we have done what God requires. But if we confess our sins, we can know that he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness [1 John 1:9]. When God’s Blessings Become our Blessings: Hosea 14:4-7. I will heal their apostasy; I will love them freely, for my anger has turned from them. I will be like the dew to Israel; he shall blossom like the lily; he shall take root like the trees of Lebanon; his shoots shall spread out; his beauty shall be like the olive, and his fragrance like Lebanon. They shall return and dwell beneath my shadow; they shall flourish like the grain; they shall blossom like the vine; their fame shall be like the wine of Lebanon. [ESV] Having called on the people genuinely to repent of their sins, God now promises a full measure of restoration for when they do. God says He will do three things. First, He will heal their waywardness. That is, He will not only forgive them for their sins; He will actually cure the waywardness so that they will not wander from Him again. Second, God says He will love them. The pattern here is the love of Hosea for Gomer even after her fall into slavery. The life of slavery had taken its toll, but Hosea loved Gomer anyhow and acted to redeem her – which is how God acts with us and with Israel. Third, God says that He will cause His people to prosper again. This last promise is couched in a series of images that may well be the most beautiful and poetic section of the book. They are all pastoral in nature. The judgment of which the earlier chapters speak is harsh and sudden. Ruin results. But from the ruins, like plants or trees gradually forcing down their roots and rising above the destruction, the people would again begin to grow under God’s divine presence and blessing. He would be like the early dew of morning – quiet but effective. They will be like flowers, trees, vines, and fields of grain [14:5-7]. When God says that His blessing will result in the growing of blossoms like a lily, He is saying that He will restore beauty to the nation. Sin is ugly, and sin had ruined Israel. Sin likewise makes us ugly, and none can change that ugliness but God who can bring a beauty to your life that you thought could not be restored. When God speaks of sending down roots like one of the great cedars of Lebanon, He is saying that He will restore strength to the nation. This too is important. Sin not only makes us ugly; it also weakens us, and this weakness becomes increasingly apparent as we grow older. Has sin made you weak? Has it taken away the strength you once had? Repent of that sin and turn to God. He can make you strong again. Isaiah knew this and wrote: Even youths shall faint and be weary, and young men shall fall exhausted; but they who wait for the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles; they shall run and not be weary; they shall walk and not faint [Isaiah 40:30-31]. When God speaks of the splendor of the olive tree, He is saying that He will restore the nation’s value. The splendor of the olive is oil. It was highly valuable in ancient times. It would be the equivalent of petroleum today. In their sin the nation had ceased to have value, even in its own eyes, but the love and blessing of God would make it valuable again. Has sin robbed you of your value? Has it made you feel worthless in your own eyes and in the eyes of others? Repent of that sin and turn to God. He can teach you to bring forth fruit that will last forever. When God speaks of the fragrance of the cedars of Lebanon, He is saying that He will again make the nation a delight. Fragrance has no utilitarian value, but it is a pleasure to all who breathe it. If you have ceased to be a pleasure to God or others through sin, repent of that sin and turn to God. It can be said of you as Paul said it was of the Christians of his day: God … always leads us in triumphal procession, and through us spreads the fragrance of the knowledge of him everywhere. For we are the aroma of Christ to God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing [2 Cor. 2:14-15]. In 14:7 a number of images are combined: the shade of a tree, the flourishing of a field of grain, the luxuriant blossoming of a vine. It is a way of talking about abundance, which God says He will cause to be true of Israel in the day of their return to Him. If sin has robbed you of the abundant life that God intended you to have, repent of that sin and return to God. He will make you fruitful in His service. Does the scope of this promise of God surprise us? It should not, because God is the source of every good gift and all fruitfulness. Beauty! Strength! Value! Delight! Abundance! These are in Him. He is beauty, strength, value, delight and abundance. He is the answer to our every need. When God’s Ways Become our Ways: Hosea 14:8-9. O Ephraim, what have I to do with idols? It is I who answer and look after you. I am like an evergreen cypress; from me comes your fruit. Whoever is wise, let him understand these things; whoever is discerning, let him know them; for the ways of the LORD are right, and the upright walk in them, but transgressors stumble in them. [ESV] The question with which this section begins called the attention of the people of the northern kingdom to the long span of history over which Yahweh had manifested Himself. Never did He have anything to do with idols. His law began with the command, You shall nave no other gods before me [Ex. 20:3]. The prophets of the eighth century viewed idolatry as a destructive influence at work within the social fabric of Israel. Israel’s God never worked through the mediation of idols. It was He Himself who responded to the needs of His people and who intently watched over them. Over the course of Israel’s history it was Yahweh who responded to them. When they were a helpless infant, alone in desert wastes, He responded to their need. It was He who brought them to national prominence. Could they not see that their idols were helpless to save them from their desperate national plight? Hosea continues his appeal to the phenomena of nature by picturing Yahweh as a luxuriant evergreen tree. It is in Yahweh alone that their fruit is to be found. The metaphor of the tree serves only to represent productiveness. Fruitfulness can be found only in Yahweh. It was He who granted them the blessing first granted to their ancient patriarch, Abraham. The prophecy ends with a wisdom-saying. This saying is an appeal to all the readers of the book. Those who have skill in understanding will discern the message of Hosea. That message is that the Lord’s ways are right. From the picture of Gomer in her pitiful condition, to the depiction of Yahweh as a stately tree we have seen this fact set forth. Ephraim’s ways will lead to death; Yahweh’s ways will bring life. The ways of God are free of obstacles for the righteous. The upright realize the benefits of God’s laws and instructions, and they know that His ways are wise. What God has instituted is for our good. We find satisfaction and nobility in a life that is lived humbly before God. Those who rebel against God’s yoke will stumble over his commands; they will find them too hard to bear. Hosea vividly describes the heart of the rebellious in 7:13-16. Hosea’s marriage was bittersweet, but so was Yahweh’s relationship with His people. They stumbled in the way and fell. They rationalized their adherence to their syncretistic religion and defended their national policies as necessary to their survival. All the while they moved closer to extinction. The key to survival and eventual exaltation as a people was simple, yet profound. They had only to take with them words [14:2] and acknowledge their wrongdoing. If their hearts were broken, their relationship to God would be mended. If they returned to God with words of true confession and trusted in Him completely, God will accept them back into His covenant relationship. This is exactly what happened to the remnant who returned to the promised land from exile [see the book of Ezra]. Questions for Discussion: 1. Compare the confession in 14:1-3 to that of 6:1-3. What are the key differences? List the three things that make 14:1-3 a true confession. Compare the confession of your sin to these three things. In there something you need to change in the way you confess your sin to God? 2. What three things will God do when we truly confess our sin [see 14:4-7]? What do the images of 14:5-7 tell you about the results in your life of God’s actions when you truly confess your sin? 3. The people of Hosea’s time sought to combine their worship of Yahweh with the worship of idols. Do you see Christians today attempting to do the same thing? Ephraim’s idols were physical, man-made idols. What are the idols that people today worship? In 14:8 God tells His people that He alone is to be the source of their fruit. In this context, what does the fruit represent? 4. In 14:9 Hosea closes his book with the importance of wisdom for understanding the ways of Yahweh. If wisdom is so essential, how can we obtain this wisdom [see Eph. 1:17-18; James 1:5]? Hosea, Douglas Stuart, Thomas Nelson. Hosea, James Montgomery Boice, Kregel Publications. Hosea, Thomas McComiskey, Baker.	<urn:uuid:072bde8f-e4a8-4d41-a8c0-a877199c6028>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.founders.org/ss/life/022711.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510259834.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011739-00016-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97046	3,485	2.65625	3
Pest description and damage This aphid is 0.1 inch long, usually shiny black, but also may be dull black to mahogany. It can be found on new growth or on winter buds. Infestations may be severe in any season and are often a problem on plants growing in protected places. Aphids tend to feed in colonies and are often found on the most succulent plant tissues. Feeding damage to shrubs, trees and mature plants is usually minor, but can compromise the vigor of the bud and expanding tissue. For biology, life history, monitoring and management See "Aphid" in: See Table 1 in:	<urn:uuid:d7d4e364-825f-46a5-b53c-6724f3e1f29a>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://pnwhandbooks.org/insect/hort/landscape/hosts-pests-landscape-plants/camellia-camellia-black-citrus-aphid	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494331.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329105248-20200329135248-00464.warc.gz	en	0.936001	135	2.796875	3
Marco History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - Origins Available: The Italian surname Marco is a patronymic surname; that is, one created from the personal (first) name of an ancestor. In this case, the surname was created from Marco, which comes from the from Latin Marcus. As the Italian "di" means "of," we may interpret the surname as meaning "son or descendant of Marco." Early Origins of the Marco family The surname Marco was first found in Messina (Sicilian: Missina; Latin: Messana), capital of the province of Messina, where a family of this have long been found. The city of Messina was founded by the Greeks in the 8th century B.C., was a free city allied with Rome, and over the centuries was taken successively by the Goths, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Spaniards, and finally (in 1860) by Garibaldi and the Italians. In ancient times only persons of rank, the podesta, clergy, city officials, army officers, artists, landowners were entered into the records. To be recorded at this time, at the beginning of recorded history, was of itself a great distinction and indicative of noble ancestry. The family of this name in Sicily are said to have come from Spain sometime before the 13th century and were conjecturally descended from a 3rd century Pope Marcellus who resided in Paris. Important Dates for the Marco family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Marco research. Another 98 words (7 lines of text) covering the year 1643 is included under the topic Early Marco History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Marco Spelling Variations Spelling variations of this family name include: De Marco, Marco, Marcko, Di Marco, Marcoz, De Marchi, Di Marco, Di Marko, DeMarco and many more. Early Notables of the Marco family (pre 1700) More information is included under the topic Early Marco Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Marco migration to the United States Some of the first settlers of this family name were: Marco Settlers in United States in the 19th Century - Agustin Marco, who landed in Puerto Rico in 1802 - Pedro Marco, who arrived in Espanola in 1812 - P Marco, aged 26, who arrived in New Orleans, La in 1829 - P S Marco, aged 30, who landed in New Orleans, La in 1829 - Fernando Marco, who arrived in Puerto Rico in 1858 - ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Contemporary Notables of the name Marco (post 1700) - Paul Marco (1927-2006), American film actor - Tony de Marco (1902-1945), American film actor and vaudeville performer - Richard De Marco, American Democrat politician, Delegate to Democratic National Convention from New Jersey, 1956 - Guido de Marco (b. 1931), Maltese University Professor and politician, President of Malta (1999-2004) - José Marco Serrano, American politician, Member of the New York Senate - Raul Marco Sison (b. 1957), Filipino singer, actor and politician - Fabio Marco Giordano (b. 1983), Italian footballer - Gian Marco Marcucci (b. 1954), Captain Regent of San Marino in 2000 - E. Marco Stirone, American Democrat politician, Delegate to Democratic National Convention from New Jersey, 1952 (alternate), 1964 - Marco Reus (b. 1989), German professional footballer who plays for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team - ^ Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8) - ^ The Political Graveyard: Alphabetical Name Index. (Retrieved 2016, January 15) . Retrieved from http://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html - ^ The Political Graveyard: Alphabetical Name Index. (Retrieved 2015, November 17) . Retrieved from http://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html	<urn:uuid:a04607a2-0412-444e-9819-8bb4333d9a0a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.houseofnames.com/marco-family-crest	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00373.warc.gz	en	0.926102	944	2.65625	3
Subtropical storm Ana, the first named storm of the 2015 Atlantic Hurricane Season has officially formed. With winds measured at 45mph earlier today, the center of this pre-season storm is located about 180 miles southeast of Myrtle Beach, SC. According to the National Hurricane Center (NHC), Ana is expected to bring heavy rain and gusty winds to parts of both North and South Carolina over the next few days. It will also produce rough surf and dangerous rip currents along the coast. A subtropical storm is a hybrid of a regular storm, fueled by the clash of warm and cold air, and a tropical storm, powered by the heat and moisture of warm ocean waters. Ana’s hybrid nature means that it has the potential to transition into a fully tropical system, especially as it sits over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. This is why the NHC assigned it a name. In May 2012, this type of transition happened with Tropical Storm Beryl, which was the strongest pre-season tropical cyclone to make landfall in the US. While pre-season storms tend to occur every five years of so, Ana is the earliest named storm to form in the Atlantic since April 2003 when a tropical storm also named Ana developed. The Atlantic hurricane season officially begins on June 1.	<urn:uuid:38c502f5-757a-4a5d-8f5d-e2fb661abceb>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.weathergamut.com/2015/05/08/subtropical-storm-ana-first-named-storm-of-2015-atlantic-season/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00490.warc.gz	en	0.972844	264	3.0625	3
AI Prompt Engineering is an emerging trend in technology that seeks to build systems capable of understanding user intent and producing appropriate responses. This field specializes in the creation and testing of natural language processing (NLP) models which interact with humans via automated text conversations. AI Prompt Engineering builds intelligent systems capable of understanding the desires and intent of each individual and producing appropriate responses accordingly. At its core, Prompt Engineering involves designing and creating conversational interfaces that make it easier for people to engage with applications, websites and digital services. By employing artificial intelligence technologies like natural language processing (NLP), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) algorithms as part of this endeavor, developers can build automated conversation agents capable of understanding a user’s intent and responding accordingly. Definition and explanation of AI Prompt Engineering AI Prompt Engineering is an area of research focused on creating AI systems. Capable of producing natural language prompts that communicate instructions, ask questions, provide feedback or otherwise engage users in meaningful ways. These prompts are used for conveying instructions, asking questions or otherwise communicating in human-like ways with users. It seeks to create AI systems that are capable of understanding user intent and responding appropriately, such as chatbots that provide medical advice or monitor patients’ health status. Prompt Engineering could prove an invaluable asset in today’s digital era; one application in healthcare alone is building automated chatbots which provide advice or monitor patients. AI Prompt Engineering could create tailored shopping experiences by providing customers with tailored product recommendations and discounts, while in education it could generate content to meet individual student learning needs in an efficient manner. Prompt Engineering in Artificial Intelligence Research 1. Enhancing User Experience: Prompt Engineering techniques enhances user experience by creating natural interactions with digital services. Developers can utilize NLP, ML, and DL technologies to build conversation agents that understand user intent and respond accordingly. 2. Cost Reduction: AI Prompt Engineers can significantly cut costs by automating tasks previously carried out manually. Using technologies like NLP, ML and DL algorithms it creates conversation agents which understand user intent and respond accordingly, saving businesses both time and money by eliminating the need to hire additional customer service staff. 3. Increased Efficiency: Its AI Prompt Engineering helps save both time and money by automating tasks using NLP, ML, and DL algorithms – making development of conversational agents that understand user needs much simpler. 4. Future Potential: Prompt Engineering holds immense promise for future applications across retail, healthcare and education environments. It can create virtual assistants capable of handling tasks such as scheduling appointments or booking flights. AI technology also enables businesses to engage in conversational marketing, providing businesses with a way of conversing naturally with customers. With advancements in AI, there is no end to its uses! AI Prompt Engineering’s scalability allows businesses to efficiently and cost-effectively expand their customer service capabilities without adding more staff members. 6. Advantages of Customization: AI Prompt Engineering empowers developers to deliver tailored experiences for users by using AI technologies such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. Prompt Engineering AI can offer tailored product suggestions, discounts, and services according to individual user needs. The Developments in Prompt Engineering: Progression to Growth Prompt engineering is an emerging area of artificial intelligence (AI) research which involves automatically creating personalized dialogue-based prompts for conversational agents. It uses machine learning, natural language processing and dialogue modeling techniques to produce contextually appropriate conversational utterances that automatically appear during interactions with conversational agents. The Prompt Engineering seeks to enable AI agents to communicate more effectively with humans by providing appropriate and informative responses. AI Prompt Engineering has evolved since its first application; initially it provided only basic responses based on user input. Due to advances in AI, prompt engineering has become more sophisticated. Now used to generate customized and context-aware prompts that assist users in accomplishing tasks more quickly, AI now plays a pivotal role in prompt engineering. Prompt engineering employs machine learning and natural language processing techniques to generate prompts that are tailored specifically to user context, providing healthcare, retail, and education industries with customized prompts that meet user needs. Prompt Engineering company and technology has proven its worth across numerous sectors such as healthcare, retail and education. Early phases of AI Prompt Engineering 1. Early Phases of Growth: At first, AI Prompt Engineering technology was limited to providing basic responses based on user input – for instance scheduling appointments or booking flights. 2. Advances in Technology: As AI technologies have advanced, so too has prompt engineering. Machine learning and natural language processing algorithms are now being employed to generate personalized, contextually relevant prompts that assist users with completing tasks more quickly and efficiently. 3. Applications in Diverse Industries: AI Prompt Engineering has become a staple in numerous industries, such as healthcare, retail and education. This technology can create virtual assistants which understand and respond to users’ needs. 4. Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing: At the core of AI Prompt Engineering lies machine learning and natural language processing (NLP). Machine learning algorithms analyze user data to gain an understanding of preferences and behavior while NLP algorithms generate personalized and contextually aware prompts. 5. Automation Benefits: AI Prompt Engineering’s automation benefits can range from improved user experiences to increased automation for businesses. Businesses can automate tedious tasks to meet customer service goals more efficiently while AI Prompt Engineering also offers personalized product recommendations and discounts based on individual needs. AI Prompt Engineering has experienced continued advancement and improvements over time 1. Enhancing Personalization: AI Prompt Engineering places particular importance on tailoring conversations to the context of each user, including taking into account past interactions with the system and using machine learning algorithms to analyze user data and generate personalized recommendations. Goal of this system, It aims to anticipate needs and suggest products or services based on individual preferences. 2. Automation Benefits: AI Prompt Engineering’s automated solutions enable businesses to automate routine tasks for improved customer services while freeing up resources for higher-value tasks. AI Prompt Engineering Dall-e also offers tailored product recommendations and discounts based on individual needs. 3. Applications in Diverse Industries: AI Prompt Engineering technology is now being deployed across various industries, such as healthcare, retail and education. Within healthcare it can help create virtual assistants to understand patient needs. AI Prompt Engineering is being utilized by retailers and education sectors alike to develop automated customer service agents capable of offering tailored product recommendations and discounts, as well as prompt engineering consulting services who provide personalized learning experiences to students. Case examples and Usage Scenarios 1. Automating Online Shopping: AI applications are increasingly being used to streamline online shopping experiences, with Amazon’s AI-driven recommendation engine being one such application that uses algorithms to analyze customer data and make personalized product suggestions for customers. This has proven an incredibly successful use of AI for Amazon as they became one of the world’s largest e-commerce companies. 2. Automating Medical Diagnosis: AI applications are becoming an invaluable tool in healthcare to automate medical diagnoses. By assessing a patient’s medical history, symptoms, and other data points, these intelligent systems can make accurate assessments of his/her condition and make treatment recommendations – not only saving doctors time but also improving healthcare outcomes. 3. Personalized Learning: One successful application of AI Prompt Engineering lies within education. AI-powered virtual tutors can create personalized learning experiences for students by analyzing individual needs and designing customized lesson plans and activities, helping underserved communities access quality education. AI Prompt Engineering Can Unlock Potential Advantages AI Prompt Engineering holds immense promise and can be applied across many fields – customer service automation, medical diagnosis and even personalized education can all take advantage of AI Prompt Engineering. Automation holds great promise to cut costs while improving customer service and healthcare outcomes. AI Prompt Engineering can be used in education to create tailored learning experiences tailored to each student’s individual needs. AI Prompt Engineering goes far beyond customer service, medical diagnoses and learning experiences; it can also make daily tasks simpler for people in various industries by automating mundane processes like filing paperwork or data entry. Overall, AI Prompt Engineering holds the promise to transform how humans engage with technology. It can be used to automate mundane tasks, enhance customer service experiences and offer tailored learning experiences for students. Benefits of AI Prompt Engineering Solutions and Its Impact 1. Automation and Cost Savings Solutions AI Prompt Engineering can streamline repetitive processes. By employing algorithms to generate automated prompts, developers can save both time and money that would have otherwise been spent manually creating them. Automation technology can also increase accuracy and efficiency while cutting costs across many industries. 2. Enhance customer experiences AI Prompt Engineering also helps create more customized customer experiences by using algorithms to analyze user data. Customized prompts created using this technology can then meet individual users’ needs and preferences more accurately for increased customer satisfaction. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is increasingly being employed in e-commerce applications such as Amazon’s recommendation engine, which uses AI to suggest products based on customer purchase history. 3.Improve Healthcare Outcomes AI Prompt Engineering has also been employed in healthcare settings to automate medical diagnoses. By assessing a patient’s medical history, symptoms and other data points, this technology not only saves doctors time but improves healthcare outcomes through more precise diagnoses. 4. Custom Designed Learning Experiences (TALEs) AI Prompt Engineering can also be utilized to offer tailored learning experiences to students. By analyzing student data and creating personalized lesson plans and activities, virtual tutors powered by this AI technology can assist underserved communities gain access to quality education – potentially revolutionizing how they learn and interact with educational material. Enhancing Natural Language Processing and Comprehension 1. Better Contextual Understanding: Artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced dramatically in natural language processing, with the goal of more accurately comprehending spoken and written words. AI recognizes complex relationships among words to more precisely ascertain meaning for sentences or phrases – providing enhanced customer service experience as well as medical diagnosis services. This improved contextual understanding will prove immensely useful. 2. Improved Accuracy: AI Prompt Engineering can enhance natural language processing accuracy by using algorithms to detect and correct user input errors. By distinguishing valid from invalid inputs, AI can more accurately respond to requests or commands made by its users. 3. Improved Efficiency: AI Prompt Engineering can increase efficiency by automating repetitive tasks like data entry or filing paperwork, saving both time and money spent on such activities. Furthermore, using artificial intelligence quickly processing large volumes of data enables businesses to gain insights more efficiently than before. 4. Increased Interactivity: AI Prompt Engineering can create more interactive experiences for users by analyzing input from them and offering tailored responses, creating more engaging, customized interactions resulting in greater customer satisfaction and higher levels of user engagement. AI Prompt Engineering services can Benefit many Industries. Utilized to increase efficiency and effectiveness within healthcare systems. Using artificial intelligence (AI), healthcare practitioners can better monitor patients, create personalized treatments plans. improve outcomes for them, as well as use medical imaging analysis software quickly and accurately detect diseases or abnormalities within scans quickly and precisely. AI prompt engineering can be used to automate various tasks, from customer service and data entry, filing paperwork and scheduling appointments, all the way to streamlining processes and reducing costs for businesses. The power to revolutionize how students learn by providing engaging interactive experiences tailored to each learner’s individual needs. AI algorithms can be utilized for tracking student progress, creating personalized lesson plans and providing feedback on teachers. It assists retailers in providing an enhanced customer experience by analyzing customer data and offering tailored recommendations. In addition, AI algorithms may be utilized to automate tasks like inventory management and fraud detection. AI-enabled machines can help manufacturers improve product quality while cutting costs by detecting flaws and defects, anticipating maintenance needs and streamlining production processes. AI algorithms may also be used to monitor machinery health so issues can be caught before becoming serious problems. AI prompt engineering has the power to revolutionize the financial industry by automating tasks such as stock trading, customer service and fraud detection. Furthermore, these AI algorithms can make more accurate forecasts about market trends that help businesses better plan for the future. Challenges and Limitations of AI Prompt Engineering Solutions 1. Data Availability: One of the key difficulties of AI prompt engineering lies in access to reliable datasets to train and develop AI models, making the creation of accurate AI-powered prompts challenging. Another challenge associated with AI modeling is scalability, or its capacity to support an increased workload while remaining efficient. As AI models become more complex, scalability becomes even more of an obstacle for rapid engineering. Artificial Intelligence prompt engineering may present a serious security and privacy risk as it uses technology to store personal data or access sensitive information. Therefore, it is vital that adequate measures are in place in order to protect user data. 4. Interpretation : Interpreting AI models’ outputs remains one of the largest challenges for engineering professionals, especially as AI models become more complex. Without an adequate explanation as to why certain outputs exist and how best to enhance them, rapid engineering cannot make progress quickly enough. 5. Limits of Algorithms: AI prompt engineering algorithms may still be limited by their complexity or in scalability; for instance, certain may not be capable of handling large datasets or changes in data effectively. Discussion on Ethical Considerations in AI Prompt Engineering Artificial Intelligence (AI) has opened up many possibilities in prompt engineering, an area in which machines interact with people to provide advice or instructions for specific tasks – for instance medical diagnosis or financial advice. Artificial Intelligence can transform human interactions with technology and boost workplace efficiency. Its ethical considerations must also be carefully considered when used for immediate engineering purposes. 1.Interacting With People: AI prompt engineering’s most difficult challenge lies in ethical considerations when using artificial intelligence to interact with people. Because human-created algorithms may bias AI systems, it’s critical that their potential biases do not creep into automated conversations. Privacy should also be an ethical factor as AI prompt engineering requires access to customer data. Therefore, it’s vital that data is stored safely while informing the customer how their information will be utilized. Artificial intelligence prompt engineering systems should also be transparent to their customers so they understand which information is being gathered and utilized, with customers having the option to opt out from any automated conversations or data collection should they wish. For optimal use of AI prompt engineering systems, clear guidelines should be established regarding their usage as well as who should take responsibility for any mistakes or errors that arise during its operation. This will ensure a positive experience with this solution for customers. Future of AI and Prompt Engineering Solutions The prompt engineering’s future is bright. As technology progresses, businesses can utilize this powerful resource to deliver customer-centric experiences tailored to individual customer needs. AI prompts have already proven useful across numerous fields ranging from customer service and healthcare – and will only become more useful with time. Predictions on Future Advancements and possibilities in AI Prompt Engineering. 1. Increased Automation: Prompt Engineering is anticipated to become increasingly automated, allowing for quicker and more effective prompt creation than ever before. Furthermore, automation will increase project scalability and allow prompt engineering services to expand quickly with minimal effort required from all parties involved. 2. Improved Quality: Advancements in Prompt Engineering are expected to lead to improvements in prompt quality. As algorithms become more sophisticated in understanding customer data, tailoring prompts specifically. 3. Increased Efficiency: AI prompt creation software will make prompt creation more efficient, leading to quicker turnaround times and enhanced accuracy, giving businesses the ability to quickly develop customized messages tailored towards meeting customer needs more easily. 4. Expanded Accessibility: AI Prompt Engineering should be accessible to all businesses, allowing them to create automated messages for their customers in real-time. This is a powerful marketing tool that helps companies engage customers more efficiently and retain them. If you are looking for excellent prompt engineering services, get in touch with A3logics today AI Prompt Engineering may present opportunities for research and development 1. Natural Language Generation: Natural Language Generation (NLG) is an integral aspect of prompt engineering research and development. NLG lets computers generate human-like text or speech from structured data like databases or spreadsheets, helping create more natural dialogue prompts for conversational agents and writing tools. 2. Acquiring Natural Language Knowledge: Prompt Engineering places great emphasis on natural language understanding (NLU). This technology enables computers to understand human speech, enabling them to accurately interpret user input and provide suitable responses. Researchers are exploring how NLU can be utilized to increase accuracy for conversational agents and automated writing tools. 3. Knowledge Representation: Knowledge representation (KR) is an integral aspect of AI Prompt Engineering, as this technology allows machines to store and manipulate data in structured formats in order to respond appropriately when responding to user input. Researchers are exploring how KR can help enhance accuracy in machine-generated responses as well as enhance naturalness for dialogue agents. 4. Machine Learning : Machine Learning (ML) is another key area of research in AI Prompt Engineering, as this technology enables machines to learn from experience, making more accurate predictions and producing more reliable responses. Researchers are investigating ways ML algorithms could be applied in creating more sophisticated automated writing tools and conversational agents. Prompt Engineering has a promising future. It combines AI, NLP, and ML to create advanced interfaces that could transform human-machine interaction. It can help businesses create better customer messages using advanced algorithms that understand customer needs and improve their experiences. Additionally, advancements in machine learning technology will enable machines to enhance their intelligence over time, resulting in more precise predictions and responses than ever before. What Is AI Prompt Engineering? AI Prompt Engineering is a field that uses AI to create personalized prompts for users. It combines natural language processing, machine learning, and deep learning technologies to meet user needs. How can AI Prompt Engineering help me? AI Prompt Engineering can be used to design automated customer service and conversation agents, writing tools and automated writing platforms – offering personalized messages tailored to each individual customer’s individual needs. Which technologies are employed by AI Prompt Engineering? Prompt Engineering integrates natural language processing, machine learning and deep learning technologies in order to generate tailored prompts for users. These technologies analyze user input, understand context of conversation and generate suitable responses. What are the advantages of Prompt Engineering? AI Prompt Engineering helps businesses save both time and money by automating customer service, writing tools, personalized messaging services and customer care tools to enhance customer satisfaction. What does AI Prompt Engineering hold in store? AI Prompt Engineering holds immense potential. As technology evolves, this field could transform how people interact with machines and data. By improving natural language understanding algorithms and knowledge representation methods, messages generated from AI Prompt Engineering. Systems will better meet customer needs while creating an enhanced customer experience. An IT company delivering the best in a constantly changing world. Our passion is to create feature-rich, engaging projects designed to your specifications in collaboration with our team of expert professionals who make the journey of developing your projects exciting and fulfilling. Get a 30 Min free consultation to convert your dream project into reality.	<urn:uuid:275fd5c0-6687-4222-aba0-988cbc71db67>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.a3logics.com/blog/the-promising-future-of-ai-prompt-engineering	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923062631-20230923092631-00507.warc.gz	en	0.911527	4,053	3.265625	3
West Nile Cases Continue to Climb; 87 Deaths So Far, CDC Says WEDNESDAY, Sept. 5 -- One of the worst outbreaks of West Nile virus ever to strike the United States has yet to subside, federal health officials said Wednesday, with a new total of 1,993 cases involving people, including 87 deaths. While all states except Alaska and Hawaii have reported at least one case of West Nile virus, more than 70 percent of cases have come from six states -- Texas, South Dakota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Michigan. The outbreak has hit hardest in Texas, where nearly half (45 percent) of the total U.S. cases have been reported. "The 1,993 cases reported thus far in 2012 is the highest number of West Nile disease cases reported to CDC through the first week in September since West Nile virus was first detected in the United States in 1999," Dr. Lyle Petersen, director of CDC's Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, said during a noon press conference. As of Tuesday, 1,069 cases (54 percent) were classified as neuroinvasive disease -- when the virus enters the nervous system causing conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. The remaining 924 cases (46 percent) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease, the CDC said. Petersen said the epidemic probably peaked in mid to late August. And though "we may be past the historical peak, we expect that a great many cases of West Nile virus disease have not yet been reported, largely because of a lag when a person gets sick and the disease is reported," he said. The reasons for the outbreak this year aren't clear. A drought in Texas may have played a role, but there are probably other factors as well, officials said. The best way to avoid the virus is to wear insect repellant and support local programs to eradicate mosquitoes, Petersen said. There is currently no treatment for West Nile virus and no vaccine to prevent it, he added. Dr. David Lakey, commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health Services, said health officials in his state "continue to be very concerned about the West Nile outbreak we are seeing." "Historically, August is the peak but this year has been unpredictable, the virus has been unpredictable, and we have a large number of cases," he said, adding "2012 is now officially our worst year for West Nile." Generally speaking, 80 percent of people who are infected with West Nile virus develop no or few symptoms, while 20 percent develop mild symptoms such as headache, joint pain, fever, skin rash and swollen lymph glands, according to the CDC. People older than 50 and those with certain medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease and organ transplants, are at greater risk for serious illness. There are no specific treatments for West Nile virus. Although most people with mild cases of West Nile virus will recover on their own, the CDC recommends that anyone who develops symptoms should see their doctor right away. The best way to protect yourself from West Nile virus is to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes, which can pick up the disease from infected birds. The CDC recommends the following steps to protect yourself: - Use insect repellents when outside. - Wear long sleeves and pants from dawn to dusk. - Don't leave standing water outside in open containers, such as flowerpots, buckets and kiddie pools. - Install or repair windows and door screens. - Use air conditioning when possible. For more on West Nile virus, visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Posted: September 2012 Recommended for you	<urn:uuid:89344fa1-178c-4354-abf6-bd04ba591500>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.drugs.com/news/west-nile-cases-continue-climb-87-deaths-so-far-cdc-says-40197.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806660.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122194844-20171122214844-00646.warc.gz	en	0.958114	762	2.734375	3
New research from the University of Buffalo, using computational models of individual people’s connectomes, shed light into individual differences in brain activation patterns, as well as how those patterns may change over time. Since 2009, scientists around the globe have worked to create the Human Connectome, a structural blueprint of the various neural pathways and connections that underlie thought, reason, emotion, and behavior in the brain. Thanks to those pioneering efforts, we now understand that different regions of the brain work together in concert, forming specific networks that facilitate movement, or learning, or our interactions with others—the cognitive skills that allow us to survive and thrive in our daily lives. Yet despite these advances, it’s still not entirely clear how these networks may differ from person to person. Sarah Muldoon, a mathematician at the University of Buffalo, has long been interested in understanding individual differences in the brain. Computers and chimera states While human beings share similar brain networks that underlie skills like auditory functioning or how we pay attention to the world around us, brain scans show that these networks can be activated in different ways in different people. Muldoon and former post-doctoral fellow Kanika Bansal wondered if chimera states, a concept used in modern physics, might offer some insights into how individual connectomes show different patterns of activation. Physicists were intrigued to find that when they coupled several oscillators (devices that produce energy waves) together in the exact same fashion, they did not always produce the same kind of consistent, synchronized activity as expected." Muldoon said that this kind of modeling might help better distinguish true signal from noise in neuroimaging data as scientists study individual differences, and in it may also help sharpen personalized medicine strategies as well. “We are already doing brain stimulation treatments and neuromodulation for disorders like depression and Parkinson’s disease,” she said. “As we continue to develop these kinds of treatment strategies, it’s going to be really important to understand where there may be a lot of individual variability in activation patterns between people, so you can make sure you are stimulating the right areas.” That said, Muldoon argued that the most important takeaway from this study is that there is a lot of diversity in patterns of brain activity and it’s important that scientists are able to develop methods and models to better quantify and understand such differences. “Using this kind of framework, we can start to ask, ‘What regions are involved in this particular function? How might the activation pattern differ if I stimulate here versus there?’” she said. “That is the kind of information that can tell us something about how each of these networks interacts with the brain as a whole, as well as how their activity may differ from person to person, or even how it may differ in one person over time. We can really start to look at the different factors that contribute to these different connectivity patterns and understand how they work together to give rise to a particular ability in the brain.” Dr. Muldoon's group develops novel techniques and measures to investigate and quantify the role of network organization in brain function. This work is grounded in network theory, a field that draws upon tools from mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science to understand, predict, and describe complex interactions in systems of connected elements. UB North Campus Buffalo NY, 14260-2900 Phone: (716) 645-6284 Fax: (716) 645-5039 PhD, University of Michigan, Physics (2009) Dr. Muldoon's group develops novel techniques and measures to investigate and quantify the role of network organization in brain function. This work is grounded in network theory, a field that draws upon tools from mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science to understand, predict, and describe complex interactions in systems of connected elements. We use network analysis to understand the relationship between the underlying structural connections in the brain, observed brain signals, and functional interactions between neurons/brain regions. Additionally, we develop techniques to investigate how the spatial location of network elements relates to their role in overall network function and how this differs between healthy and pathological settings, with a specific interest in epilepsy research. S.F. Muldoon, V. Villette, T. Tressard, A. Malvache, and R. Cossart, GABAergic inhibition shapes interictal dynamics in awake epileptic mice, Brain (2015) A.J. Trevelyan, S.F. Muldoon, E.M. Merricks, C. Racca, K. Staley, The role of inhibition in epileptic networks, J Clin Neurophysiol 32 227-34 (2015) U. Braun, S.F. Muldoon, and D.S. Bassett, On human brain networks in health and disease, eLS 1-9 (2015) S. Feldt Muldoon, I. Soltesz, and R. Cossart, Spatially clustered neuronal assemblies comprise the microstructure of synchrony in chronically epileptic networks, PNAS 110 3567-3572 (2013) S. Feldt, P. Bonifazi, and R. Cossart, Dissecting functional connectivity of cortical microcircuits: experimental and theoretical insights TINS 34 225-236 (2011) S. Feldt, J. Wang, E. Olariu, L. Shtrahman, and M. Zochowski, Functional clustering in hippocampal cultures: relating network structure and dynamics, Phys. Biol. 7 046004 (2010) S. Feldt, J. Waddell, V.L. Hetrick, J.D. Berke and M. Zochowski, Functional clustering algorithm for the analysis of dynamic network data, Phys. Rev. E. 79, 056104 (2009) S. Feldt, H. Osterhage, F. Mormann, K. Lehnertz, and M. Zochowski, Inter-network and intra-network communications during bursting dynamics: applications to seizure prediction, Phys. Rev. E. 76, 021920 (2007)	<urn:uuid:1705aa83-4718-44f9-abd6-6bf13d1bb616>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/math/news-events/news/Muldoon-pattern-diversity.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00269.warc.gz	en	0.920275	1,296	3.59375	4
Telling someone about incorporating wholeness is as foreign to someone who has been abused that you have a loving family. There is no point of reference as they might have had one or two abusive parents or foster parents. They don't know what you're talking about. Some people with a mental illness or disorder and/or who have been abused may have been fortunate to know a parent's love. They may have had loving aunts, uncles and cousins. They may also have family members who look down on them with pity and/or disdain (despise, contempt). Depending on a person's mental illness/disorder, through the right psychotherapy/guidance, they could learn how to be what their wholeness is. Societal normal wholeness is just a label. Whether someone is considered to be "normal" by society's standards, their wholeness means something different to them. Everyone is an individual made up of unique parts: mental, physical, spiritual and emotional. Helping someone achieve their wholeness capacity is best for them. A one-size-fits-all program isn't suitable for everyone. This is where being a life/wellness coach means you need to get to know a person, listen to their needs, what wholeness means to them before you can even attempt working with them. Also, you need to know that the brain of some with a mental illness or disorder relates, reacts and responds differently than someone who doesn't have a particular illness/disorder. The societal normal wholeness label is what everyone seems to want to achieve while forgetting they aren't an entire society - they are one person who has their own uniqueness of likes and dislikes. Wholeness is based on what a person wants to change inside of them - not to match anyone else - but to be a better person in themselves. Wholeness means something different to everyone. What does incorporating wholeness mean to you?	<urn:uuid:f901ca72-22f7-40b4-a1a7-c5cd3225387f>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://gloriahass.weebly.com/glorias-blog/what-is-incorporating-wholeness	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105451.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819124333-20170819144333-00161.warc.gz	en	0.983352	403	2.671875	3
Select a recorder that is suitable for transcription and ensure the audio file can be transferred from the recorder to a PC. Ensure the settings on the recorder are correct, including the volume level and play mode. For transcription standard, short play mode (SP) is required. Practice test prior to recording for the first time. Play back the test file to ensure good audibility of each voice and no distortion. Check the volume level on the recorder and test for good audibility, but not too loud as this may cause distortion. Check the interviewee(s) can be heard clearly. If the person mumbles or has a soft voice you need to ask them to speak up or move recorder closer. Record in a quiet environment. Check there is no background noise. Interviews recorded in a cafe, shopping centre or public place may have background noise, which prevent accurate transcription and may add to the cost. Background noises can be as simple as birds, coffee machines, barking dogs, music, machinery, hammering and other people talking. Focus groups, meetings and presentations are the most difficult to record properly, as there are usually three or more participants. Please take time to ensure you have adequate microphones for the size of the group. Ensure each participant states their name at the beginning of the recording, so they can be identified. For even better identification ask each participant to state their name each time they are speaking. Always test first to make sure people can be heard. Note that rustling papers, clinking water jugs and coffee cups, air conditioners and mobile phones ringing can cause the discussion to become inaudible.	<urn:uuid:570ebbf9-5435-4e72-a220-d1d27af5c348>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://daats.com.au/audio-tips/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687837.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921191047-20170921211047-00589.warc.gz	en	0.933644	331	2.828125	3
Kansas Monarch Conservation Plan To Focus on Habitat PRATT – Monarch butterfly populations are on the decline and in just two short years, these winged wonders could be listed as a threatened or endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In an effort to help bolster monarch habitat, and subsequently monarch numbers, agencies and organizations across the state came together June 7-8 for a two-day summit in Topeka to formulate a plan. The Kansas Monarch Conservation Plan will be the collaborative effort of many agencies and organizations around the state, including the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism; Kansas Department of Agriculture, Kansas Department of Transportation, Midwest Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, and many other agricultural and conservation-based organizations. The plan is expected to largely address critical monarch habitat - both areas that have been lost or need improvement, as well as areas that could serve as new habitat. Once a statewide plan is agreed upon, those ideas will then be incorporated into a larger plan derived from as many as 16 other states in the Midwest region. The resulting comprehensive plan will then be presented to the USFWS. On the state level, one such approach currently under consideration is the possibility of incorporating milkweed – a plant necessary for monarch production – into the seed mixes used by the Kansas Department of Transportation along roadways.	<urn:uuid:60e71c75-901d-4c0b-928e-c7962f430eda>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://ksoutdoors.com/KDWPT-Info/News/Weekly-News/6-15-17/Kansas-Monarch-Conservation-Plan-To-Focus-on-Habitat	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320669.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626032235-20170626052235-00506.warc.gz	en	0.954847	275	3.015625	3
Education in Australia aims to provide children with the knowledge, understanding, skills and values to take advantage of opportunity and to face challenges with confidence. Ultimately, school students will acquire the knowledge and skills they need to participate effectively in society and employment in a globalised economy. Volunteering (PDF 470.1KB) May 2014 Submission on volunteering and unpaid placements among children and young people Inquiry into Education Amendment (Ethics Classes Repeal) Bill 2011 (PDF 45.1KB) Support for the ongoing provision of special education in ethics in NSW public schools. Department of Education and Communities’ (DEC) Review of School Counselling Services in NSW (PDF 46.3KB) Access to school counsellors by children and young people is limited by factors such as supply, service design and the accessibility of services to children. The Review should explore the feasibility of boosting the numbers of counsellors, examine alternative allocation and delivery of services, and directly consults with children and young people to ensure that services are provided in ways that best suit them. NSW Parliament’s Standing Committee on Social Issues Inquiry into Transition Support for Students with Additional or Complex Needs (PDF 390.6KB) Stresses the importance of adequately resourcing transition planning for students with a disability, including developing transition plans at each educational transition point and fully involving students in this process. Commonwealth House of Representatives Standing Committee on Education and Training Inquiry into combining school and work (PDF 49.9KB) Response to the Commonwealth House of Representatives Standing Committee on Education and Training Inquiry into combining school and work. School leaving age (PDF 1.9MB) Response to the Department of Education and Training’s proposal to raise the school leaving age. Senate inquiry into workplace relations amendment (PDF 18.1KB) Submission to the Senate inquiry into the workplace relations amendment (A Stronger Safety Net) Bill 2007. Australian Fair Pay Commission Minimum Wage Determination (PDF 44.7KB) Submission to the Australian Fair Pay Commission on first minimum wage determination. Inquiry into the Impact of Commonwealth WorkChoices Legislation (PDF 332.1KB) Submission to the NSW Parliament Committee on Social Issues' Inquiry into the Impact of Commonwealth WorkChoices legislation. National Inquiry into the Teaching of Literacy (PDF 93.6KB) Submission to the independent Committee conducting the National Inquiry into the Teaching of Literacy. Inquiry into Teacher Recruitment and Training (PDF 1.2MB) Submission to the NSW Parliament’s Standing Committee on Social Issues to the Inquiry into the Recruitment and Training of Teachers. Education and Training Futures (PDF 325.8KB) Submission to the NSW Department of Education and 'Training Excellence and Innovation Consultation on the future of NSW public education & training' project. Institute of Teachers Bill 2004 (PDF 75.9KB) Submission to the proposed Institute of Teachers Bill 2004. Independent Review of NSW non-government schools (PDF 223.9KB) Submission to the Review that aimed to develop a policy framework for the establishment, funding and regulation of non-government schools, including boarding schools. Young People, Schools and Innovation (PDF 106KB) Submission to the Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training in response to their discussion paper titled; Young People, Schools and Innovation: towards an action plan for the school sector. Supports the development of an action plan for creating a culture of innovation in schools and developing innovative capacity in students, emphasising the importance of schools as sites of positive relationships. Babysitting is the most common job undertaken by 12-15 year olds in NSW with 21% working as babysitters. Here is a kit for kids working as babysitters. It's got practical tips for a safe and good experience for everyone involved. It's also designed to help parents work with their babysitters to get the best results for all.	<urn:uuid:2e9f3d47-eed5-49d6-965e-e38553bfff24>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.acyp.nsw.gov.au/info/publications/education-and-employment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323682.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628134734-20170628154734-00464.warc.gz	en	0.930367	821	2.609375	3
Parakmeria yunnanensis seeds Parakmeria yunnanensis belongs to the family of the Magnoliaceae, the magnolia family. It is also known as Magnolia yunnanensis. The plant is native to Asia and China. P. yunnanensis grows as a tree. The trunk is slightly grayish. The leaves are elliptic and very glossy. The young leaves are slightly reddish. If one rubs the leaves of P. yunnanensis between the fingers it smells very good. Due to its extremely glossy leaves P. yunnanensis is a popular ornamental plant. In its native country it can be often seen beside roads. The flowers of P. yunnanensis are quite inconsiderable for a magnolia. It is quite small and whitish to creamy in color. It can take some time before the first flowers appear at the plant. The seeds of Parakmeria yunnanensis need a cold period before they start to germinate. Therefore they should be put into the fridge at a temperature of about 4°C for some time. After that germination occurs at a temperature of about 25°C when the substrate is kept constantly moist. P. yunnanensis is one of the most winter hardy species in the magnolia family. - Additional Information	<urn:uuid:9a41d89d-2e4e-4020-b64f-065055aeae5d>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.asklepios-seeds.de/gb/parakmeria-yunnanensis-magnolia-seeds.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00192.warc.gz	en	0.942889	276	2.734375	3
\|The History of Arda\| \| Years of the Lamps\| Years of the Trees \|Years of the Sun\| \| First Age\| \|Timeline of Arda\| Beginning in about the 584th year since the Return of the Noldor to Middle-earth, the Second Age is the longest of the chronicled Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar. It began after the destruction of Beleriand in the War of Wrath. The founding of Lindon and the creation of Númenor, the two major Elvish and Mannish kingdoms of the Age, took place soon afterwards. Lindon was an Elvish realm ruled by Gil-galad, last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. It lay in what remained of Beleriand, between the mountains of Ered Luin and the Great Sea. From its Grey Havens Elven ships sailed daily to the West. Imladris, or Rivendell, was founded by Elrond about halfway through the Age. In the early part of the Second Age many Noldorin Elves journeyed East of the Ered Luin and established the realm of Eregion near the Misty Mountains. These Elves, led by Celebrimbor son of Curufin, became close friends with the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm. Together they made great endeavours in smithcraft, until the skill of the Elves reached a height never to be matched again. This attracted the attention of Sauron, who tricked the Elves into making the Rings of Power by his aid. When the Elves perceived that he desired to rule them with the One Ring, they resisted, and Sauron waged war against them. In this war, Eregion was destroyed and Celebrimbor killed. The Second Age was the Age of Númenor, the great island kingdom that was created for the descendants of the Edain in the first years of the Age, and as the years passed, their power grew until it surpassed that of any nation of Men, before or since. They sailed east, exploring Middle-earth and founding great cities there. Eventually, their power and pride became so great that they challenged the Valar themselves, and were destroyed. Most other Men in Middle-earth lived in simple tribal societies or were under the domination of Sauron. The men who served Sauron revered him as a god and feared him greatly. In the beginning of the Second Age, the Dúnedain attempted to help the Men of Middle-earth, but eventually desired to dominate them. The Downfall of Númenor was not the end of the Second Age; a remnant of the Númenóreans led by Elendil escaped its wreck and founded kingdoms in Middle-earth: Arnor in the north and Gondor in the south. Along with Gil-galad, they formed a mighty alliance, the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and marched on Sauron, who had grown great again, assailing the Dark Tower of Barad-dûr. With the first overthrow of Sauron by the Alliance, the Second Age came to its end.	<urn:uuid:2a8fbb8a-8cf8-424b-8c6f-0f8b1820046f>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Second_Age&oldid=167179	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806543.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122084446-20171122104446-00034.warc.gz	en	0.962747	653	2.8125	3
Holiness as an Attribute of God Holiness is a quality. One senses it in objects, in moments, in texts, and in certain people. It is not a feeling like joy or anger. It is not a commitment like love or loyalty. It is not a state of mind like happiness or gloom. It is not a thought or concept. It is an awareness of the sacred, a consciousness of the spiritual. It is an experience of the mysterium tremendum et fascinans, a contact with the numinous. It is a perception of otherness, an intimation of the beyond. ... The truly ‘mysterious’ object is beyond our apprehension and comprehension, not only because our knowledge has certain irremovable limits, but because in it we come upon something inherently ‘wholly other’, whose kind and character are incommensurable with our own, and before which we therefore recoil in a wonder that strikes us chill and numb. ... holiness is the abstract term taught man [sic] by God to mark God's difference and the nature of everything that comes to be included ... within his difference. ... That which enters the class of things of which he is a member (“holiness”) loses its provenance in nature and history at the moment it is restored to the precinct of divinity ... From the standpoint of human experience, therefore (the point of view of language), holy is not in the ordinary sense a predicate, a word that asserts something about a term, but the sign of withdrawal of all reference into its source, a determinator of the radical disablement of metaphor and the absolute preemption of the truth of discourse at the supremely privileged moment of reference to reality. The holy is encountered in many places and moments: in the grandeur of nature, in the still small voice of conscience, in the silence of the soul, and in the rapture of beauty. It can be found in creativity of the mind, in gentleness of the heart, in the eye of a lover, and in the innocence of a child. The holy meets one in the depth of sacred texts, in moments of prayer, and in those rare moments when one truly meets an‑other. The holy approaches when one is weak, or when one is strong. It draws near when one is least expecting it. The holy can be sought but it cannot be found. It breaks in upon awareness. It interrupts. In the language of the tradition: “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts; the fullness of the universe is God’s Glory ... And I said, ‘Woe unto me; I am struck dumb, for I am a man of impure lips and I live among a people of impure lips, and now my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts’” (Is. 6:1-8). “You are holy, God Who dwells above the praises of Israel” (Ps. 22:4). “Holy are You and awesome is Your Name; there is nothing divine other than You ... Blessed are You, the holy King.” Words That Go in Circles There are no words; or rather, the words go in circles. The holy is a quality sui generis. One knows it intuitively, as one knows beauty. It is irreducible. It can only be described by synonyms, or by the traces it leaves. The holy is ineffable, yet it is identifiable. One can point to it and say, “This is holy” without being able to say what, or how, or why. One can identify the holy without being able to describe it, except by the word “holy” and its synonyms. The circle of the holy superimposes itself on other circles as one tries to grasp the holy and to live within it. As one integrates the holy into life, one needs other words. One reaches outward: King, Lord, Name, justice, beauty, purity, Shabbat, Israel, You. One probes inward: awe, wonder, radical amazement, sublime, love, joy, bliss, bless, worship. One gropes for forms: holy day, temple, mitsva, liturgy, charity, study, Torah, acts of kindness, martyrdom. The failure of language is transformed into a rich vocabulary of response, always haunted by its own muteness. Silence overflows into words, an echo of an unfathomable depth. The holy is intimately related to the beautiful, the personal, and the moral. The holy need not be beautiful: “Here is Behemoth which I have made; in comparison with you...” (Job 40:15); Behemoth was ugly, yet holy as creature. However, the beautiful can be holy, and the holy can be beautiful: “Bow down to the Lord in the beauty of holiness” (Ps. 29:2; 96:9). And yet, the holy is more than the beautiful; it enfolds it. The personal and the holy overlap: “You are my God; I search everywhere for You; my soul thirsts for You; my body yearns for You ... Indeed, I have visions of You in the holy place” (Ps. 63:2-3). “You are holy and Your Name is holy ... Blessed are You, the holy God.” But the holy is more than the personal; it envelops it. The moral and the holy are coterminous: “The holy God is made holy by righteousness” (Is. 5:16); “You shall be holy for I, the Lord your God, am holy” (Lev. 19:2). The holy cannot be immoral or amoral. Still, the holy is more than the moral; it encompasses it. The holy, the beautiful, the moral, and the personal overlap and interact with one another. The beautiful may be holy but, if the beautiful is immoral or unnatural, it is not holy, no matter how beautiful it is. The personal can be holy but, if the personal is immoral or unnatural, it is not holy, no matter how intense it is. The moral must be holy but it need not be beautiful, perhaps not even personal. Kavvana and the Attribute of Holiness How does one integrate the unintegratable? How does one live within that which is wholly other? There are two kinds of kedusha (holiness). There is hierarchical kedusha. It is “a sensed mystical quality of certain objects, days, and persons.” The tradition ranks these in hierarchies; for example, the sequence of locations within the holy land, the set of sacrifices, the ranks of priesthood, and the degrees of impurity and purity. There is also non-hierarchical kedusha. It is created by an individual act of will. By it, one declares an object consecrated to God. Through it, one dedicates an act to God. It is a function of mitsva, of commanded act, and of the intention to fulfill that command. Holiness is generated by kavvana, by intent to holiness. ... Rather than just a mystical quality alone, kedushah is now something that must be achieved through effortful personal conduct. ... The kedushah achieved through fulfilling the mizwot is throughout, therefore nontheurgical. Instead, it is an experience in normal mysticism, an experience of a close relationship with God ... Such an experience of relationship can take place, of course, only when a mizwah is fulfilled with kawwanah. Indeed, kawwanah in this connection, we have noticed, itself implies an awareness of a relationship with God, a consciousness that a particular mizwah is a communication by God here and now.... During the process of performing a mizwah with kawwanah, a person has an experience of kedushah. It is a mystical experience and yet, being normal mysticism, it is in some degree describable. Holiness, then, is a matter of experience. It is an awareness that humans bring to the performance of the acts of daily living. Holiness is focused openness to holiness. It is numinous otherness within the mundane same; the ineffable within the effable. Kavvana is the mode of consciousness by which one performs ordinary acts yet remains alert to the dimension of holiness concealed in them. Kavvana is the method by which one holds the presence of the holy in one's mind while doing everyday deeds: “I sleep but my heart waketh.” Kavvana is the process by which one opens one's consciousness to the multiple levels of reality that are implicit in any act, particularly to the sacred dimensions of action. Kavvana is the way one transforms routine acts into moments of awareness of the ineffable. Kavvana is the key to nonhierarchical holiness, to the holiness which does not greet one but which, rather, one must achieve. “Normal mysticism” comes closest to describing the way one integrates the unintegratable. Everyday acts with everyday objects, when handled with an intent to be aware of the holy, yield a mysticism which is not ecstatic, not annihilative, and not theurgical, but “normal,” habitual, usual. Life, which is composed of commonplace events, when approached with a willingness to be open to the sacredness of all existence, yields a spirituality that is customary, regular, familiar. The holy is, thus, encountered in the wholly other, at the edge of human existence. But the holy is also met in the confluence of the wholly other with the wholly mundane, at the center of normal existence. The holy is ec‑static, standing outside; it is also famili‑ar, standing within. God is holy person; humankind, created in God’s image, is holy person. Holiness, Fear, and Joy Holiness overwhelms. It compels; it frightens. And holiness also comforts; it draws forth; it embraces. Holiness pervades existence and consciousness. There is no escape -- neither from the tremendum nor from the intimate holiness of God's presence. The holy engenders fear, but the holy does not frighten God. The human flees the holy. Moses pleads inexperience (Ex. 3:11 - 4:17). Isaiah pleads impurity (Is. 6:5). Jeremiah pleads youth (Jer. 1:4-10). Ezekiel must be coerced (Ezek. 2:8 - 3:3). Jonah takes flight. The Psalmist cries: “Where can I go away from Your spirit and where can I flee from Your Face? If I rise to heaven, You are there; if I plunge into the netherworld, You are there. If I travel on the wings of dawn or dwell at the horizon of the sea, there too Your hand will rest upon me and Your right hand will seize me. If I say, ‘Let darkness envelop me and let night be light for me,’ even darkness is not dark for You and night is as lit up as day; like darkness, like light. For You have possessed my insides; You encompassed me even in the womb of my mother” (Ps. 139:7-13). Sin leads one away from the holy; it tempts. The forms of temptation are as many as the imagination: the tasks of daily living, sexual fantasy, ambition, despair. Purity and sin fluctuate; hope and despair alternate. “Be generous to me, God, according to Your gracious love; in the abundance of Your compassionate love, wipe away my rebellion ... Truly, I know my rebellion; my sin is before me always. I have sinned before You alone and I have done evil in Your eyes ... Let me hear joy and gladness; let my bones which You have oppressed rejoice ... Hide Your Face from my sins and wipe away my iniquities ... Do not cast me away from before You, nor take Your holy presence away from me” (Ps. 51:3-14). Holiness and sin are lovers; fear and flight are indissolubly linked to the call of holy presence. To know one is to know the other; to be attached to one is to cling to the other. Humankind struggles to incarnate the one and to resist the other, but they are a pair. God, too, struggles to let the one preponderate over the other: “May it be My will that My compassionate love predominate over My anger, overwhelming My other qualities, so that I comport Myself with the quality of compassionate love toward My children, engaging them beyond the requirements of the law.” Joy is not happiness. Happiness comes from setting goals and achieving them. Happiness is social. It is a state of well-being derived from those around us. Not everyone is happy, and no one is happy all the time; yet we all know happiness from time to time. Joy is an inner awareness, a moment of insight through our selves into that which is beyond. It is a connectedness between our inner being and that which transcends it. Happiness requires contention, fighting for what one believes, compromise; joy is a moment of wholeness, and purity. Happiness is rooted in time and space; joy suspends us in a realm beyond ourselves. Joy can strike us at any time. But it is more likely to come to us in moments of service, at times when we see ourselves within the larger meaning which embraces reality. Joy does not derive from accomplishment, but from centeredness within the greater whole. The rule is that, when a saint worships God, even the simple people have joy because the pious, by performing their mitsvot, bring blessing and joy to all the worlds. Thus, it happened that the people of the city of Shushan who were not Jews also had joy even though they did not know its cause, for Mordecai’s stewardship brought blessing and joy on all the people, as it says, “the city of Shushan” -- that is, its people, the non-Jews -- “was cheerful and joyous” (Esther 8:15-16). But the Jews had special reason to be joyous because they had been saved from Haman. And the rule is that, when a person knows the reason why he or she is happy, then he or she experiences a joyous light, for reason enlightens them as to the purpose of things. Therefore, it also says, “and the Jews had light and joy” (ibid.) There are many kinds of joy. There is the joy of knowing that God loves us, of knowing that we are objects of God’s grace. And there is the joy of having served God, of having done a mitsva simply because it brings pleasure to the Creator. By the acts which people had to do -- to plant and to sow, to raise cattle and to sacrifice -- the Creator, blessed be He, caused the flow of blessing to descend upon them.... When Israel was in the desert, however, they were in the state that the Holy One, blessed be He, showered His blessing upon them because of His great grace as in the case of the manna and the well of water for, in these, there was no action of humans at all. There is the joy of seeing the solution to a problem, and the joy of actually solving it. There are also the joys of worship: ...one should tremble and faint when standing to pray before the great King. And it is proper that one’s limbs shake. Similarly, after praying, one should think, “How can I dare to bring out of my mouth useless words and enjoy them? Have I not just spoken before the great and awesome King? And will I not have to speak again before Him Whose Glory fills the universe?” ... For when one meditates well on the greatness of the Creator, may He be blessed, -- that He is the root and principle of all worlds, that He encompasses and fills all reality, that no thought can grasp Him at all, and that all the worlds, souls, and angels are all annihilated and as nothing and emptiness before Him -- then one’s soul is awakened to yearn and to be consumed in the flame of sweetness, bliss, and love. Then, one desires and has a passion to worship God at all times... one’s heart is enflamed to worship God. Even God experiences joy. A person, in his or her worship of God, may He be blessed, through Torah and mistvot, brings great joy above. And so, when a person wants to know if God, may He be blessed, has joy from this worship, the criterion is this: If one sees that one’s heart burns like a fire and that one feels religious enthusiasm always to worship Him and that one has a passion and a will to worship the Creator, then it is certain that God, may He be blessed, has joy from that person’s worship. The holy is joy-ful, even as it is fear-ful. Does one have a right to speculate about God this way? Has the holocaust not intervened to force a distortion of categories, a rupture of language itself? ... On the march to work, limping in our large wooden shoes on the icy snow, we exchanged a few words, and I found out that Resnyk is Polish; he lived twenty years at Paris but speaks an incredible French. He is thirty, but like all of us, could be taken for seventeen or fifty. He told me his story, and today I have forgotten it, but it was certainly a sorrowful, cruel and moving story; because so are all our stories, hundreds of thousands of stories, all different and all full of a tragic disturbing necessity. We tell them to each other in the evening, and they take place in Norway, Italy, Algeria, the Ukraine, and are simple and incomprehensible like the stories in the Bible. But are they not themselves stories of a new Bible?... Silence slowly prevails and then, from my bunk on the top row, I see and hear old Kuhn praying aloud, with his beret on his head, swaying backwards and forwards violently. Kuhn is thanking God because he has not been chosen. Kuhn is out of his senses. Does he not see Beppo the Greek in the bunk next to him, Beppo who is twenty years old and is going to the gas chamber the day after tomorrow and knows it and lies there looking fixedly at the light without saying anything and without even thinking any more? Can Kuhn fail to realize that next time it will be his turn? Does Kuhn not understand that what has happened today is an abomination, which no propitiatory prayer, no pardon, no expiation by the guilty, which nothing at all in the power of man can ever clean again? If I were God, I would spit at Kuhn's prayer. May one understand God as wholly other, as sacred, after Auschwitz? May one think of God as holy, if the holy cannot be immoral? Does one have a right to say that God is fair, addressable, possessed of power, loving, and choosing? Is not speaking of God's anger blasphemous in the context of the holocaust? Can one talk of God's essential attributes as holiness and personality after hearing the testimony of the distortion of personality and transcendence? Is any language adequate after the rupture of all human communication in the camps? And yet, can one not talk of God? Can one abandon God Who, for better or for worse, is the creator and judge? Can one cast even God into the abyss of silence? Can one deny one's own experience of God's holy otherness and of God’s intimate personal presence? And, can one close one's ears to the other testimony -- the testimony of faith, the witness to the Jew's love of God? “Yea , though God slay me, I turn expectantly to God” (Job 13:15). The theology of image, a personalist theology, proposes, in humility and embarrassment, that there is no choice but to retrieve the hermeneutic of personal and of holy language; that one must speak, as best one can, always aware of the silence that haunts one's speech, of God and of humankind as holy person, in dialogue. The theology that understands God's essential attributes as personality and holiness teaches that there is no alternative to forming a vision of God and humankind that is rooted in personality and holiness; that one must do this, as clearly as possible, even as one must remain aware of the darkness that encompasses and threatens humanity. This first appeared as Chapter 3 in Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest (Westminster / John Knox, Louisville, KY: 1993). R. Otto, The Idea of the Holy (New York, Oxford University Press: 1958) ch. 27. Otto, following Schleiermacher, characterizes these moments as Gefühle, usually translated as “affections.” However, the English translator, following the popular German usage, renders this as “feelings.” “Feelings,” as I see them, are more transient while “awarenesses” or “moments of consciousness” are more intense and less the product of psychological stimuli. I also distinguish “feelings” from “dispositions” or “sustained emotional attitudes,” the latter being more enduring and constituting virtues to be cultivated (cf. D. Saliers, The Soul in Paraphrase [New York, Seabury: 1980] and below, yyyy, “Intimations”). Otto, 28. A. Grossman, “Holiness,” in Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought, ed. A. Cohen and P. Mendes-Flohr (New York, Scribners: 1987) 389-90. Cf. also A. Green, Seek My Face, Speak My Name (Northvale, NJ, Jason Aronson: 1992), reviewed by me in Modern Theology xxxxxxxxxx. The New Year liturgy, The Authorised Daily Prayer Book, ed. J. Hertz (New York, Bloch Publishing: 1960) 850. The daily liturgy, Hertz, 137. Cf. below, yyyy, where I have set forth these universes of discourse and their overlapping. The following discussion is based upon M. Kadushin, Worship and Ethics (Chicago, Northwestern University Press: 1964) 216-37. Cf. also A. J. Heschel, God in Search of Man (New York, Meridian Books: 1951) Part Three. Kadushin, Worship and Ethics, 216. Cf. also J. Neusner, Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah (Chicago, University of Chicago: 1981) 270-81. Kadushin, Worship and Ethics, 224-5, 232. I have not changed the spelling to conform to my own. Thus: kedushah = kedusha; mizwah = mitsva; and kawwanah = kavvana. The quotation is from Song of Songs 5:2 and is used by Maimonides in his Guide for the Perplexed, 3:51 (transl., S. Pines [Chicago, University of Chicago: 1963] 623) to allude to the ongoingness of kavvana. For a fuller discussion of the levels of kavvana, cf. D. Blumenthal, Understanding Jewish Mysticism, vol. 2 (New York, Ktav Publishing: 1982) 112-16, reprinted in idem., God at the Center, 186-90 (cf. also the Index, there) and in News Notes ([Fellowship of United Methodists in Worship, Music, and Other Arts, Atlanta] summer, 1989) 3-5. When I wrote this passage, I was not yet sensitive to inclusive language but it should be read in that style and tone. Kadushin, The Rabbinic Mind (New York, Jewish Theological Seminary of America: 1952) esp. 20-3. Talmud, Berakhot 7a, used in modified form in the High Holiday liturgy, Hertz, 882; cf. also, below, yyyy, “The Abusing God,” at n. 35; and “Facing the Abusing God,” at n. 19. Cf. D. Blumenthal, God at the Center, 205. Levi Yitzhak was a nineteenth century hasidic master beloved by all. He wrote a compilation of homilies entitled, Kedushat Levi. This quotation is taken from that compilation. On Levi Yitzhak, see God at the Center, xiv-xvi, and S. Dresner, The World of a Hasidic Master (New York, Shapolsky: 1986). Ibid., 75, quoting Levi Yitzhak’s Kedushat Levi. Ibid., 197. Ibid., 37, quoting Levi Yitzhak’s Kedushat Levi. Ibid., 152, 148-50, 183-5, quoting Levi Yitzhak’s Kedushat Levi. Ibid., 56, quoting Levi Yitzhak’s Kedushat Levi. Cf. also A. J. Heschel, God in Search of Man, 199, italics in the original: “The mystic experience is an ecstasy of humanity; revelation is an ecstasy of God.” Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz, transl. S. Woolf (New York, Summit Books: 1960) 65-6, 129-30. Cf. above, yyyy, “Introduction,” for references to Shapiro and Langer on this. For stories of Jewish religious heroism, cf. M Prager, Sparks of Glory (New York, Shengold Publishers, 1974). For Christian stories, cf. C. Ten Boom, The Hiding Place (New Jersey, Spire Books: 1971). There are other examples of this genre.	<urn:uuid:d00dff34-eefb-4d3b-a891-15e7f764c0c3>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.js.emory.edu/BLUMENTHAL/Holiness%20as%20a%20Quality%20of%20God%20and%20Humans.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00378-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941291	5,569	2.640625	3
Is Your Toddler Smarter Than a Chicken? Experts Think Maybe Not A decades-long study of domesticated chickens by a United Kingdom professor claims that chickens are able to use logic, understand physics, and distinguish numbers up to five. These advanced capabilities in humans are usually only seen in children over four years of age. As Christine Nicol, a professor at Bristol University, told the The Independent: “Chickens have the capacity to master skills and develop abilities that a human child can take months and years to accomplish.” In her interview with The Times she continues, “Studies over the past 20 years have revealed their finely honed sensory capacities, their ability to think, draw inferences, apply logic, and plan ahead.” In the comprehensive study funded by the Happy Egg Company, Ms. Nicol elaborates on how chickens can apply logic to feeding, resources, and conflicts. It is noted in Nicol’s ‘Intelligent Hen’ study that 93% of hens can exhibit advanced planning and self-control during experiments with food supply availability. Newly-hatched chicks were able to comprehend that an object that moves out of their sight still exists. By contrast, human babies master this around the age of one. Toddlers don’t begin walking until age two and most adults need a GPS to get to an intended destination. Remarkably, at just two weeks of age, chicks can navigate using the sun’s position and height during the day. The intelligence of chickens has long been documented by many animal behaviorists. Tamar Geller, renowned dog coach to Oprah and other Hollywood celebrities, talks about her experience teaching a chicken to ‘heel’ in her book ‘The Loved Dog’. Given all the research about the advanced capabilities of chickens, perhaps the joke about why the chicken crossed the road needs a more comprehensive answer. Perhaps it was an intelligent maneuver to escape not only the farmer but the foreboding development of factory farms. Photo Credit: Shutterstock	<urn:uuid:a296d77a-0c2d-43d3-924e-ade482a65b0f>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.ecorazzi.com/2013/06/20/is-your-toddler-smarter-than-a-chicken-experts-think-maybe-not/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00023.warc.gz	en	0.953689	419	2.96875	3
Sei Whale - Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale Statistics Maximum length: 17.7m (58ft) males / 20m (66ft) females Adult weight: 33 tonnes Life span: 60 years Sexual maturity: 8 - 11 years Gestation: 10-5 - 12 months Birth length: 4.5m (15ft) Birth weight: 650 - 800kg (1300 - 1800lbs) Dive duration: 20 mins Feed on: more varied food than similar whales, mainly krill when in Antarctica, usually only one type of food at a time Distribution: all oceans, though waters from 8 - 18°C (46 - 64°F) are preferred, not found as far south as the other rorquals Current world population: 30 000 / pre-whaling 150 000 Conservation status: Endangered The sei (pronounced "say") whales are among the more elusive of the larger whales, not coming very close to land at any time and not forming large groups or "schools". They are found like many whales in both Northern and Southern hemispheres following the best feeding at different times of year. Only the larger older individuals tend to go very far south, they are relatively rare in Antarctica. Sei whales favour temperate, deep offshore waters more so than other species of large whale, being rarely seen inshore. In the summer months, sei whales do not move as far towards the polar waters as other rorqual whales and do not usually enter icy water. This this way the large rorquals avoid competition for food resources, each having different feeding grounds, habitats and prey preferences. They skim feed on copepods (zooplankton) and other small prey, rather than lunging and gulping, like other rorquals. This largely explains the relative fineness of the baleen fringes and the shortness of the throat pleats in this species. whales have less and relatively shorter ventral throat grooves than blue, fin or minke whales, from 30 to 60, and reaching down to midway between the flippers and the navel. The largest baleen plates measure 75-80 cm and there are from 300 - 400 on each side of the jaw. Picture left - Sei whale surface feeding, note the extended throat due to the pleats allowing the skin to extend. The back is often mottled with scars - probably from cookie-cutter shark bites. Ecology and behaviour Sei whales are often seen in groups of two to five. They are fast swimmers, possibly the fastest of all cetaceans (whales and dolphins) reaching 50 kmh (31 mph) over short distances. When slow moving Sei whales surface, their blowholes and dorsal fin are often visible above the water at the same time. Feeding Sei whales tend to dive and surface in very predictable series, often remaining visible just below the surface between breaths. Calving occurs in midwinter, in low latitude (closer to the equator) portions of the species' range. Sei Whale Pictures to Buy	<urn:uuid:abbc9ee2-fa83-48c5-8da7-b05ee8495f3d>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/sei_whale.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104172.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817225858-20170818005858-00235.warc.gz	en	0.908145	664	3.25	3
PERIODS AND STYLES William and Mary Period William III and Mary 1689-1702 (Contemporary French Period -Louis XIV…..1643-1715) Needlework coverings were extensively used, designs assumed more graceful outlines. "Oyster pieces" were often employed in the veneer work. Dutch and French influence was strongly evident in the designs. Pierced and carved splats were fashionable, often embodied with C scrolls. Oak chestnut and walnut were the woods chiefly used, some pieces were painted black and ornamented with silk. Dutch Marquetry was largely employed, the designs being inlaid into a veneer groundwork and not carved out of the solid as before. The "cabriole leg" made its appearance. Many of the clocks were surmounted by three brass-spiked balls. Queen Anne Period Anne 1702-1714 George I 1714-1727 George II (part) 1727-onwards (Contemporary French Period Louis XIV & Louis XV) The Queen Anne style was popular all through the reign of George I and extended well into the reign of George II. Stretcher rails on chairs and settees were now but little employed, herringbone, cross banding and ebony were used in the inlay work. Spiral turned work was much used and the "Windsor" chair was introduced. Generally cabinet making was of a very high standard, fine needlework and damask materials were used for upholstery, Marquetry became more subdued, some gilding was introduced, corner cupboards and interior fittings were often domed, the broken pediment was introduced, the claw and ball (pearl) foot was developed, also the scroll and hoof. Georgian Period George II 1727-1760 George III 1760-1820 (Contemporary French Periods- Louis XV, Louis XVI and Empire 1715-1799) This important period includes the designs of Chippendale, Adam, Hepplewhite and Sheraton whose designs were of paramount influence. The Dutch influence yielded to the French. the cabriole leg reached it's zenith giving way to the straight tapering leg, claw and ball was to some extent replaced by the lions paw. The charm of mahogany began to be appreciated although walnut was still in extensive use. Oriental lacquer panels were imported from the East lacquered furniture became very fashionable. The reign of George II saw the greatest change; this is where Chippendale changed the course of English furniture. Gilding and veneering was freely used, by now the veneers were much thinner. George I furniture is more or less regarded as being of the Queen Anne period. 1800-1830 (Contemporary French Period Napoleon I -Charles X) "Regency" is a term applied to English furniture from 1800 to 1830; it is rather loosely applied, as it does not coincide with the Regency of King George which was from 1811-1820. This period was partly a reflection of the French Empire designs and many of the designs are from the classical. The furniture of this period was more useful and smaller than earlier - this is one of the reasons for its recent revival in popularity. Rosewood was the principal wood used. Metal inlay was extensively used; ormolu and brass being most popular. Among the designers of this period were Henry Holland, George Smith, Thomas Hope, Thomas Sheraton and Gillows. The sofa and sofa table became fashionable. German influence was discernable in the furniture of this period, the style becoming heavier. The fine designs of the 18th century were for a short time forgotten but not the craftsmanship. Mahogany, rosewood and satinwood were used, an 18th century revival occurred, the result being some of the finest furniture ever made was produced, Pride in craftsmanship was paramount and nineteenth century makers vied with each other to produce the very best. Gillows, Holland, Morell & Seddon. Lamb, Wright & Mansfield and others used the best materials available to proudly produce furniture fit for The Kings, Queens, Emperors, the Aristocracy and Gentlemen of The World. All previous knowledge and style was employed, honed and developed to greater effect. England was confident enough to throw her doors open to the whole world, "The Great Exhibition of the Works of all Nations 1851 held in London was the first of its kind not to restrict any Nation such was our prowess at that time that England and her Commonwealth took over half of the space available, in1862 we did it again! We will never see the like again; 19th century furniture was amongst the best ever made. 1901 - 1911 The Edwardian period is regarded as the last period of fine quality furniture. Although most pieces are a replica of Georgian revival & Sheraton period. The essential style is late 18th century, but the rather dull, dark mahogany of the original has been replaced by a lighter variety or satinwood and copiously inlaid with the finest marquetry, or painted in the Adam manner. This rather cheerful high quality furniture is associated with such firms as Edwards & Roberts and maple & co which are highly valued. Much like the Victorian period, craftsmen were regarded the very best of any period with a wide range of the finest quality materials available to make some special pieces.	<urn:uuid:01f8c08a-d4ea-4ff4-821b-9bd9de9a8ef3>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.christiandaviesantiques.co.uk/PeriodsandStyles.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00047.warc.gz	en	0.978429	1,120	3.234375	3
Researchers in Finland say they've found that even when a video game is competitive, playing it appears to bring emotional responses and brain activity in sync. In fact, the effect actually increases as a game gets more competitive, the researchers out of the Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, the University of Helsinki, and Aalto University -- all in Finland -- report in the journal PLOS One. In the study, participants played the game Hedgewars, which involves both managing one's own team of hedgehogs and using ballistic artillery to destroy as many of the opposing team's hedgehogs as possible. Basically, whoever kills more hedgehogs wins. To mix up the type and degree of competition, sometimes the players were playing one another, other times the computer. All the while, the players were being monitored using facial electromyography (fEMG) to measure facial muscle reactions and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain activity. The researchers found that, as similar previous studies have observed, players displayed similar emotions and brain waves at similar points in the game. But this time, they also observed something that at first may seem counterintuitive: As the game got more competitive, not only did the players' negative emotions increase, but their positive emotions actually began to reflect each other as well. The researchers say they're excited to delve into this phenomenon further, and currently posit that feeling the emotions of an opponent seems to carry a competitive advantage, helping to better anticipate next moves, reactions, and the like. Keeping one's enemies close comes to mind. They also suggest that another way to interpret the results is that as the social bond of competitors begins to falter in a competitive setting, they may subconsciously link their emotions to compensate. After all, the opponents in this setting were all friends (25 male pairs and 16 female pairs were recruited to take part in the study), so this emotional linkage may be more prominent when this friendship is threatened during competition. At least this much is clear: You kill my hedgehog, I kill yours.	<urn:uuid:c2f95e1d-6cf4-4b35-b776-dbc64519172a>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/playing-video-games-makes-opponents-think-and-feel-alike/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824820.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021152723-20171021172723-00211.warc.gz	en	0.970876	420	3.0625	3
advaita-siddhi 13 (Madhusudana's reply) kartik at ECE.UTEXAS.EDU Fri Mar 3 12:34:18 CST 2000 This posting has a small dose of western philosophy, which I studied for my personal awareness and a comparitive study with advaita. So for those who wouldn't find it interesting, it's a good idea to skip this post. On Thu, 2 Mar 2000, Anand Hudli wrote: > In the cognition, "the pot is" (san.h ghaTaH), the permanent factor > is " is" which indicates the underlying existence. What is an illusion > is "the pot". What is cognized is just this permanent factor > but it is falsely understood to be a pot by the super-imposition (adhyAsa) > of the name-and-form on the underlying Existence (sat). In another > cognition, "the cloth is" (san.h paTaH), again the common, permanent factor > is "is." What is an illusion has to do with "the cloth." In other words, > between the cognitions "the pot is", and "the cloth is", what is > common, constant, and permanent is the factor, "is." > What we see above is a cognition where the cognizer gives a name to a > cognized object, such as a pot, cloth etc. Another type of cognition > tries to assert an adjective or attribute of an object. In the cognition, > "the blue pot is", again what is common, constant, and permanent > is the factor "is." What is illusion is "the blue pot." So what > is being denied ultimate reality is the "blueness" and "potness" of the > object but not pure existence indicated by "is". > Generalizing this to all cognitions, all objects are real as far as they > are treated as pure existence, but the moment you start associating them > with names and forms, the illusion begins. This Existence is the common, > unchanging, and permanent factor among all cognitions. These are the same arguments given by a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, Parminedes, approximately 1200 years before Shankara! Here's the basic structure of his argument: "Everything" signifies "Everything that exists." The fundamental ingredient that goes into the making of everything is the substance called "Being." Therefore everything is "constructed" of "Being." Can there be anything that doesn't consist of Being, or consists of non-Being? Clearly, no. This leads to the conclusion: "There is only One (Being) that appears as the many (forms)." (compare it with Brahman=sat, nAmarUpa=mAyA in advaita) There are other similarities between Parminedes and advaita. Parminedes goes on to show how Being always remains a constant, and that change is an illusion. Paul Deussen was the first, I believe, to note the similarities between the philosophies of Parminedes and Shankara. bhava shankara deshikame sharaNam Archives : http://lists.advaita-vedanta.org/archives/advaita-l.html Help : Email to listmaster at lists.advaita-vedanta.org Options : To leave the list send a mail to listserv at lists.advaita-vedanta.org with SIGNOFF ADVAITA-L in the body. More information about the Advaita-l mailing list	<urn:uuid:c14e867c-defe-447c-9ca4-7def6b9593ad>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/archives/advaita-l/2000-March/000288.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806124.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120183849-20171120203849-00139.warc.gz	en	0.906208	795	2.53125	3
In the world of finance and digital transactions, Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies have been making waves since their inception. With the rise of digital currencies, a new era of decentralized financial systems has emerged, providing individuals with alternative methods of transacting and storing value. This article will delve into the fundamentals of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, exploring their underlying technologies, benefits, and potential future implications. In a world of fast increasing cryptocurrency markets, quantum-ai-trading.com emerges as a comprehensive trading platform meant to deliver vital insights and increase users’ awareness of the crypto ecosystem. I. Introduction to Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, was introduced in 2009 by an anonymous individual or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. Since then, it has paved the way for a myriad of other digital currencies, collectively known as cryptocurrencies. These digital assets are built on the foundation of blockchain technology, which is a decentralized and transparent public ledger that records all transactions. II. How Bitcoin Works Bitcoin operates on a peer-to-peer network, allowing users to transact directly with one another without the need for intermediaries such as banks. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and added to the blockchain. This decentralized approach ensures transparency, security, and immutability of the transaction history. III. Advantages of Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies A. Decentralization and Financial Freedom One of the key advantages of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is their decentralized nature. Traditional financial systems rely on centralized authorities, such as banks and governments, to control and regulate transactions. With cryptocurrencies, individuals have greater control over their finances, eliminating the need for intermediaries and potentially reducing transaction costs. B. Security and Privacy Cryptocurrencies offer enhanced security and privacy features compared to traditional payment methods. Transactions are secured through cryptographic techniques, making it difficult for unauthorized parties to manipulate or counterfeit transactions. Additionally, cryptocurrencies provide users with the option of pseudonymity, allowing them to transact without revealing their identities fully. C. Global Accessibility Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies transcend geographical boundaries, providing individuals with access to financial services irrespective of their location. Traditional banking systems often exclude those without proper identification or access to banking infrastructure. Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, only require an internet connection, enabling anyone with a smartphone or computer to participate in the digital economy. IV. Challenges and Risks One of the significant challenges associated with cryptocurrencies is their inherent price volatility. Bitcoin and other digital currencies are known for their price fluctuations, which can be attributed to market speculation, regulatory developments, and overall market sentiment. This volatility presents both opportunities and risks for investors and users alike. B. Security Concerns While cryptocurrencies offer robust security features, they are not entirely immune to security breaches. Hacking incidents and vulnerabilities in cryptocurrency exchanges have occurred in the past, resulting in the loss of funds. It is crucial for users to adopt best security practices, such as storing their cryptocurrencies in secure wallets and utilizing two-factor authentication. V. The Future of Cryptocurrencies A. Mainstream Adoption Cryptocurrencies have been gaining traction in recent years, with increased acceptance from mainstream institutions and companies. Major financial institutions, such as banks and payment processors, have started incorporating cryptocurrencies into their services, recognizing their potential as a medium of exchange and store of value. B. Regulatory Landscape As cryptocurrencies continue to grow in popularity, regulatory frameworks are being developed to address potential risks and protect consumers. Governments worldwide are exploring ways to regulate digital currencies, striking a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding against illicit activities. It’s important to exercise caution when engaging with online trading platforms and conduct thorough research before making any financial decisions. While platforms strive to provide a secure and efficient trading environment, there are risks inherent to the volatile nature of the cryptocurrency market. Users should be aware of the potential risks involved and only invest what they can afford to lose. As the cryptocurrency ecosystem continues to evolve, it is likely to witness further advancements in technology, regulatory frameworks, and market adoption. These developments may shape the future of finance and redefine how individuals transact and interact with digital currencies. In conclusion, Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies have introduced a new paradigm in finance, providing individuals with decentralized, secure, and accessible alternatives to traditional financial systems. The underlying blockchain technology, on which cryptocurrencies are built, holds the potential to revolutionize various industries beyond finance, such as supply chain management, healthcare, and voting systems. While the future of cryptocurrencies remains uncertain, their impact on the global financial landscape is undeniable. As individuals navigate this rapidly evolving space, Nonetheless, users must exercise caution, stay informed, and make informed decisions when engaging in cryptocurrency trading. By doing so, they can potentially leverage the benefits of this groundbreaking technology while managing the associated risks responsibly.	<urn:uuid:42f5a3c5-c43b-4176-ab41-0dddef12185e>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://mexicodailypost.com/2023/08/29/bitcoin-and-cryptocurrency-technologies-a-comprehensive-introduction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00270.warc.gz	en	0.927068	981	2.90625	3
Even though addiction has touched most of our lives in one way or another, the topic is still misunderstood. Not everyone who tries alcohol or drugs will become addicted to them, and not everyone who becomes addicted succumbs to the same level of dependence. Common substances that may lead to addiction can include opiates, stimulants, depressants (including alcohol), LSD, and cannabis. Substance use disorders do have consequences that may impact social, legal, educational, familial, and occupational realms, so it’s essential that those suffering do seek help. However, knowing the difference between fact and fiction can help you make better choices in your life and your interaction with addictive substances. Five Common Misunderstandings About Addiction There are many myths about addiction that have become more and more common as addiction has spread across the US. Here is a list of five common ones that, while you may have heard them before, are entirely inaccurate: - “Addiction is always lifelong.” Addiction does not treat everyone in the same manner. For some people, active addiction may be endured for years, while others may learn to cope with their symptoms and begin their recovery more quickly. The length of time may depend on how quickly an individual responds to treatment. In the long run, the goal is always the same: to be able to live a healthy, normal, and productive life, free of drug or alcohol addiction. - “Addiction is a disease that cannot be cured.” Most experts are in a consensus that addiction occurs due to physical and chemical alterations in one’s brain during their substance use. This does not mean that someone in active addiction cannot begin to fight back against their dependence through different kinds of treatment, such as medication, therapy, and exercise. While this does require hard work from an individual following a treatment plan created with a professional, changes to the brain which occurred during active addiction can be changed back and the person can go on to live a sober life. - “Willpower is the only thing needed to fight addiction.” Due to changes to the brain when a person uses substances, the brain begins to send intense signals throughout one’s body, leading to cravings and compulsions to continue using. Often, professional help is needed to help the person reverse these changes and learn relapse prevention skills and techniques. - “No one seeks help until they hit ‘rock bottom.’” Recovery does not happen at the same time for everyone. It can occur during any time within the addiction process. Often, individuals find it easier to follow a sober lifestyle when they seek treatment earlier. By seeking help quicker, there is less chance of continued changes to a person’s brain. The longer that an individual resides in active addiction, the more costs their behaviors tend to incur. In turn, this leads to needing more work in therapy, regarding guilt, shame, and remorse. - “Attempting treatment has to be an internal decision and must not be forced. If the individual goes into a treatment program against their will, they will fail.” Being under the influence of a substance creates a fog over the person’s thoughts. Anyone (a family member, friend, the legal system, or someone else) may push an addict to seek out treatment. The time away from the mind-altering substance will allow the individual to think more clearly and process what their addiction has cost them. Finding Treatment to Conquer These Myths Don’t allow any substance to have power over you and your life! Call the addiction treatment professionals at Discovery Place at 1-800-725-0922 to find an opioid addiction program, an alcohol addiction program, or a cannabis addition program in Burns, Tennessee. We have many options for treatment, including a long-term drug and alcohol addiction recovery program. Our trained professionals at Discovery Place are standing by to begin your path to recovery.	<urn:uuid:b9dee02d-db31-4098-89b8-9364c0fc6d2f>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://discoveryplace.info/myths-about-addiction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804131928-20200804161928-00276.warc.gz	en	0.949948	801	3.203125	3
The lapel pin pictured above was worn by those who supported democracy and representative government in Germany before 1933. With the defeat of Kaiser Wilhelm’s forces at the end of World War I in 1918, Germany became a parliamentary democracy for the first time. Not everyone supported the Weimar Republic, however, which was subject to continuous attacks from both the left and the right. In 1923, there were two failed coups, one on the left by the Communists in Hamburg and another by the Nazis on the right in the attempted Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. In response to these attacks, the Social Democrats and centrist parties formed a non-partisan organization devoted to protecting the Republic. They called the organization Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold , or Black, Red and Gold National Flag, the colors of the flag of the democratic Republic. There was a civilian political wing of the Reichsbanner as well as a paramilitary wing. The latter was able to provide resistance to the Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet) of the aristocrats and military, the Sturmabteilung (SA or Stormtroopers) of the National Socialists and the Rotfrontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters Brigade) of the Communist Party. Both my grandfather Rudolf Höber , a Liberal, and my father Johannes, a Social Democrat, became members of the Reichsbanner. They undoubtedly wore the pin of the organization, publicly declaring their support for democracy and against dictatorship. My father later became a member of the paramilitary wing and was more than once involved in violent conflicts with Nazis in the months before they took over the government. After the Nazis were given control of Germany in January 1933, the Reichsbanner was quickly suppressed and past membership became a basis for persecution. My grandfather’s membership in the Reichsbanner was one reason cited by the Nazis in expelling him from his position as Professor of Physiology at the University of Kiel. My father was dismissed from his job in the government of the city of Mannheim and arrested. With experiences like these, all evidence of the Reichsbanner quickly vanished. Although there had been hundreds of thousands of members in 1931 and 1932, anyone associated with the organization quickly divested themselves of any evidence of their membership, including their membership pins. As a result, the pins, these symbols of freedom and democracy, nearly disappeared. But I have one. My Dresden friend Achim, who has appeared in these posts several times, is a researcher and archivist of exceptional skill. He recently found one of the few surviving Reichsbanner pins, 80 years after the organization was crushed by the Nazis. Knowing that I would value this memento more than almost anyone, Achim sent it to me for Christmas. It is a rare gift in every sense.	<urn:uuid:b8979dec-8a34-4c9e-a8d9-e796e4ca4a33>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://hoebers.wordpress.com/2014/01/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00543.warc.gz	en	0.979083	576	3.34375	3
Construction Of A Hyperbola An illustration showing how to construct a hyperbola by plotting. "Having given the transverse axis BC, vertexes Aa, and foci ff'. Set off any desired number of parts on the axis below the focus, and number them 1,2,3,4,,5,etc. Take the distance a1 as radius, and, with f' as center, strike the cross 1 with f'1=a1. With the distance A1, and the focus f as center, strike the cross 1 with the radius F1=A1, and the cross 1 is a point in the hyperbola."	<urn:uuid:0dc84945-b1bd-4afd-9e3a-103691082596>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/49900/49971/49971_construction.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00711.warc.gz	en	0.910075	135	4.09375	4
Query: ISSN: "0024-0672" \|Title\|\|The identity of Hapalopoda investigator Filhol, 1885 (Decapoda, Penaeidae) and other shrimps collected by the 1880-1883 "Travailleur" and "Talisman" expeditions\| \|Abstract\|\|In 1880, 1881, and 1882 the French research vessel "Travailleur" explored the deep waters of the Bay of Biscay (1880, 1881, 1882), off the Portuguese coast (1881, 1882), the Mediterranean (1881) and the eastern Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay as far south as the Canary Islands (1882). In 1883 the "Travailleur" was replaced by the larger "Talisman", which ship explored the eastern Atlantic between the Bay of Biscay and the Cape Verde Islands, visiting also the Azores, and going as far west as 31°34'N 41°15'W (of Greenwich = 43°35'W of Paris; the longitudes of the "Travailleur" and "Talisman" stations were always given relative to Paris). A select company of French zoologists was on board the "Talisman" on her (June-August) 1883 cruise. Among these zoologists were Alphonse Milne Edwards (the leader of the expedition), Edmond Perrier, the marquis Alexandre Guillaume Léopold de Folin and Henri Filhol. The collections made during the expeditions, and especially those by the "Talisman", proved very valuable and formed the subject of numerous important publications. The study of the Crustacea was entrusted to A. Milne Edwards, who in collaboration with E. L. Bouvier published the final report on the Decapoda Brachyura and Anomura in 1900 (A. Milne Edwards & Bouvier, 1900). Apart from the Sergestidae, which were dealt with by Hansen (1927), no account of the Decapoda Macrura of the expeditions as a whole has ever been published, although scattered notes dealt with some of the material; so Bouvier (1908), when reporting upon the Penaeidae of the expeditions of Prince Albert I of Monaco, occasionally referred to specimens collected by the "Talisman".\| Several of the zoologists, who had taken part in the expeditions, published popular accounts of their experiences, using published and unpublished in- \|Download paper\|\| http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149812 \|	<urn:uuid:c1d4b7de-0acf-4f9a-bd9e-471eafb62071>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/cgi/b/bib/bib-idx?c=naturalis;type=simple;rgn1=issn;q1=0024-0672;lang=en;sort=title;cc=naturalis;view=reslist;fmt=long;page=reslist;size=1;start=1131	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832052.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00402-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.911999	541	2.609375	3
The process of users identifying themselves is practically ingrained in an application's workflow, where as integrating this username/password functionality has also become a better part of the A-B-C's to creating software. However, this last process is often abhorred by many, for users the "yet another username/password" is often viewed with angst given the growing number of credentials they need in the digital world, something that... also makes software stakeholders and designers weary in turning away users on account of requiring "yet another username/password". So up next, we will explore one initiative named OpenID that aims to reduce this particular burden through the use of Web services. OpenID works by allowing users to store their credentials in the 'cloud' and application providers the capability to leverage these same identities in an application's workflow. It's a win-win situation, one where users don't have to remember multiple login credentials while navigating different domains. Application providers are spared the trouble of maintaining a data store of this type and alienating users through the creation of a new username/password combo. From an end user point of view, what characterizes OpenID is its decentralized design, something which translates into users having complete control over where and in what fashion their information is stored, a process that is in stark contrast to other identity systems on the Web such as Microsoft's Passport where all information is held by a single entity, in the latter case a private company. At an organizational level, OpenID has the capability of being spun off under its own infrastructure, allowing companies to keep a tight lock on username/password while allowing departments or partners access to these credentials. Now that we've covered the theory, let's explore the actual steps involved using an OpenID service. Assume you've arrived at point in your application's workflow where you require a user to identify himself, you would then present a user with an OpenID prompt, at which point the user would enter his OpenID, which would resemble a URL, like so : https://me.yahoo.com/a/john_doe. The user would then be redirected to his OpenID provider to identify himself as john_doe, and, if successful, the OpenID provider would then deliver a token to your application confirming the user's identity. The following figures illustrates this process: - User presented with OpenID prompt - User confirms identity with OpenID provider - User re-directed and identified At this point, you only have a token and absolutely no information about the particular user, but you have a password-backed identity on which you can now start collecting data, be it name, address or any other personal information you wish to request. You're still prone to loose users if you overburden them with further questions. You've eliminated one big hurdle to getting people's foot in the door of a new application, not forcing them to create "yet another username/password". Under the hood, this whole OpenID identification process takes the form of multiple Web services communicating with each other to fulfill the loop. You can find a series of OpenID libraries to help you implement OpenID in languages ranging from Java, Python, PHP, C# and Perl, among others. Equally, if your organization is looking to deploy its own identity server to supplement or supplant something like LDAP with OpenID, you can also find a series of Identity Servers written in different languages and targeting different needs. Finally, as with most emerging technologies comes the typical dilemma: providers will support OpenID if there are enough users and users will opt for OpenID as long as there are sufficient providers. So were does OpenID support stand at this moment? Well, if you looked closely at the images presented previously you may have noticed Yahoo! was the OpenID provider, a company which is perhaps the biggest endorsement the OpenID initiative has received to date, given the market penetration and millions of user accounts this last company manages. And joining the ranks of Yahoo! supporting OpenID are also companies with ample user bases like AOL, France Telecom(Orange), WordPress, and of course, lets not forget the power of one. Any company can be its own OpenID provider and offer the same functionality as these larger providers. So whether you're looking to completely absolve an application's design from user/password issues or searching for an identity management technology for your organization that is gaining traction in the industry, OpenID provides an excellent solution which is underpinned by the same principles present in Web services. It's one choice your end users will appreciate when they realize they won't have to remember "yet another username/password". About the author Daniel Rubio is an independent technology consultant with over 10 years of experience in enterprise and web-based software, he blogs regularly on these and other software areas.	<urn:uuid:fb0d127e-b48d-4f38-b8b8-c5f0ad601e01>	CC-MAIN-2014-41	http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/tip/OpenID-Leveraging-a-widely-accepted-identity-Web-service	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663060.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00437-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949319	982	2.78125	3
What is Metalforming or Electroforming? Nearly anything non-conductive item can be electroplated by the metalforming process. This includes organics like plastic, leaves, flowers, sea shells, sand dollars, plastic, wood, ceramic, glass, and plaster. How To Electroplate Non Conductive Parts The first step to make the part conductive to electricity. Coat the part with one of our metalforming conductive paints. Allow the paint to dry. Next dip the part in dipped into the immersion tin solution to increase conductivity. The tine sticks to the copper paint and increases conductivity. Next, copper plate in our Copper Mirror. Copper plating is a slow process at first and typically requires at least a few hours to build up a bright and shiny copper layer before plating the nickel and gold. Most platers electroplate the copper with our Nickel Mirror solution, before electroplating in our TivaGlo-Free non cyanide gold solution. One can also finish the electroplating process in any other decorative metal. For example, platinum, rhodium, or silver instead of gold. The metalforming process produces a mirror bright finish. All Gold Touch, Inc. jewelry plating chemicals are 100% cyanide free and arsenic free. The conductive paint is in two versions. The acrylic water based version, Metalform A, for dipping and brushing is available in 1 ounce and 6 ounce bottles. The lacquer based version, Metalform L, for spraying and dipping is available in 4 ounce jars. Larger sizes are available upon request.	<urn:uuid:0c764384-ed2a-450b-8799-6d843f3533e3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://goldtouchinc.com/conductive-paints/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00126.warc.gz	en	0.896096	323	2.59375	3
The Polish name for grandfather is dziadek, used when speaking about one's grandfather. It is pronounced "jah-deck." Dziadziu, sometimes spelled dziadzio, is used when speaking to one's grandfather. It is pronounced "jah-goo." Variations include dziedzko and dziadzi. Occasionally a grandfather will be called jaja, but like the grandmother name of baba, the term has negative associations. Learn about Polish names for grandmother. Polish Identity and Family Culture The history of Poland is a tale of near-constant war and economic struggle. Time and time again the Poles fought against powerful enemies, lost and were subjugated, but recovered to fight again. The legacy of these struggles, some say, is a distrust of outsiders and a reliance on fellow Poles. The family and the church also became places of refuge and places where the meaning of being Polish could be defined and passed on to future generations. Traditionally families in Poland were three-generation affairs, with grandparents, parents and children sharing a household. Typically this was a patriarchal structure, with adult sons living with their parents and adult daughters moving to the households of their husbands. The older generation held the greatest authority. In the 20th century, the stresses of war, dislocation and a struggling economy led to the nuclear family becoming the dominant model. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of the three-generation model, with women working outside the home and the grandparent generation making significant contributions to the rearing of the children. Historically, grandparents have also contributed to the process of teaching the grandchildren the Polish language. About 97% of Poles speak Polish, which is somewhat remarkable considering the attempts by other countries to suppress its use and also considering the variety of languages spoken within Poland's borders and in neighboring territories. The church is also an agent of Polish national identity. Although the church was targeted during the days of Communist rule, when the goal was an atheistic society, Poles refused to give up their religious beliefs and practice. Today around 95% of Poles are Catholic, and the majority attend services regularly. Religious observances in Poland blend Catholicism with folk customs. Many religious holidays include folk elements. For example, the Polish Santa, Mikolaj or St. Nicholas, may appear at an Advent service to give gifts to children. In other areas of Poland, gifts may be given by Baby Jesus. Some might say that the struggles of the Polish people have given rise to a philosophical attitude, which is reflected in a great number of Polish sayings or proverbs. Here are some that might be used by a Polish grandfather. - "Biada bez dzieci, biada i z dziećmi." Children are uncertain comforts but certain cares. Children may bring you joy, but they are certain to cause you worry. - "Los szczęście rzuca, ale nie każdy je łapie." Fate throws fortune, but not everyone catches. To be successful, you have to be ready to capitalize on your chances. - "Kruk krukowi oka nie wykole." The crow won't peck an eye of another crow. You can rely on those like you not to stab you in the back. - "Broda nie czyni filozofa." If the beard were all, the goat might preach. The appearance of virtue or competence can be misleading. - "Lepszy własny chleb niż pożyczona bułka." Dry bread at home is better than roast meat abroad. Home is best, even when it is humble. - "Na pochyłe drzewo wszystkie kozy skaczą." All goats jump onto leaning trees. If you open yourself to abuse, others will take advantage of you. - "Byl w Rzymie, a papieża nie widzial." He was in Rome and did not see the Pope. He missed a great opportunity. - "Co mnie dziś, tobie jutro." Today me; tomorrow, you. Don't laugh at the misfortune of another because the bad luck may come to you next.	<urn:uuid:41a8485b-5f3a-4b1d-95be-b480e782ab93>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://www.thespruce.com/polish-name-for-grandfather-1695424	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00022.warc.gz	en	0.939527	907	3.34375	3
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc. WHAT DOES OIL PAINTING MEAN IN ENGLISH? Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. Different oils confer various properties to the oil paint, such as less yellowing or different drying times. Certain differences are also visible in the sheen of the paints depending on the oil. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense to create a varnish; often prized for its body and gloss. Although oil paint was first used for the Buddhist Paintings by Indian and Chinese painters in western Afghanistan sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries, it did not gain popularity until the 15th century. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The translations of oil painting from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «oil painting» in English. List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «oil painting». FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «OIL PAINTING» OVER TIME The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «oil painting» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «oil painting» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day. Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about oil painting 2 QUOTES WITH «OIL PAINTING» Famous quotes and sentences with the word oil painting. In classical oil painting, there seemed to be a radical turn to seeing things as the camera sees them, with that technological modification. I began to have a tremendous problem with all of this. If London is a watercolor, New York is an oil painting. 10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «OIL PAINTING» Discover the use of oil painting in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to oil painting and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature. The OilPainting Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's ... Offering information on the full scope of oil painting materials and how to use them to derive the best results from the medium, this indispensable encyclopedia compares leading brands of paints; describes mediums, solvents, and varnishes; ... Bill Creevy, 1999 Traditional OilPainting: Advanced Techniques and Concepts ... A detailed overview of the traditional techniques of working with oils brings together the classic artistry of the past with breakthroughs in the materials of today, explaining how the Old Masters created their masterpieces, the key ... Virgil Elliott, 2007 A Manual of OilPainting This republication of the third edition (1889) of John Collier's classic text offers a fascinating and informative glimpse into the academic oil painting tradition of the late nineteenth century. John Collier, 2006 OilPainting For The Absolute Beginner: A Clear & Easy Guide ... Focusing on the needs of the first-time painter, this book covers everything from selecting brushes and setting up your palette to key principles of color and composition, presented in a way that moves you confidently from first strokes to ... Mark Willenbrink, 2010 OilPainting For Dummies That’s what you’ll find in Oil Painting For Dummies. Completely free of arty jargon, this full-color guide has all the hands-on instruction you need to master the basics. Anita Marie Giddings, Sherry Stone Clifton, 2011 OilPainting Techniques and Materials Harold Speed. II III IV VI VII VIII IX XI XII Preface Introduction Modern Art Technique of Painting The Painter's Training Tone Values Elementary Tone Exercises Colour Colour, Practical Painting from the Life A Note on Velasquez, 164; A Note ... Harold Speed, 2012 The OilPainting Course You've Always Wanted: Guided Lessons ... In The Oil Painting Course You’ve Always Wanted, author Kathleen Staiger presents crystal clear, step-by-step lessons that build to reinforce learning. Kathleen Staiger, 2013 OilPainting for the Serious Beginner: Basic Lessons in ... Priced to reach a broad market, this book offers an inviting introduction to the materials and techniques of oil painting. Steve Allrich, 1996 The Practice of OilPainting and Drawing Complete with an Introduction by James Gurney, the author of Dinotopia, this guide introduces not only the techniques of oil painting but also the underlying principles of figure drawing. Solomon J. Solomon, 2012 Fill Your Oil Paintings with Light & Color Master painter Kevin Macpherson shares his bold, direct approach to capturing nature's glorious colors and luminosity in oils in complete step-by-step demonstrations. Kevin Macpherson, 2000 10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «OIL PAINTING» Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term oil painting is used in the context of the following news items. Eye Catching Oil Paintings Created with 3D Printed Elements In an effort to catch and hold that attention, Italian artist Guido Salimbeni has been combining 3D printed elements with traditional oil painting ... «3DPrint.com, Jul 15» Filmmaker, Jazz Flutist, Oil Painter: Jack Kevorkian Lived His … It was during this time that Kevorkian enrolled himself in an adult education course on oil painting. As Nicol tells it, “[everyone else was painting] ... «Slate Magazine, Jul 15» St. Lawrence County artist's oil paintings on display in Canton Bill Parmer's oil painting of the St. Regis River where the east and west branches join. A collection of Parmer's paintings is displayed at TAUNY ... «North Country Now, Jul 15» Guild mixes Oil & Water Last year's top award went to Little Boy, an oil painting by Jun Hu. Photograph By submitted. The South Delta Artists Guild's annual Oil Water ... «Delta-Optimist, Jul 15» Tributes as Dylan Thomas artist Gordon Stuart dies at Swansea … The sketch is in the University of Texas and there is an oil painting in the State University of New York at Buffalo and the National Portrait ... «South Wales Evening Post, Jul 15» BHS art teacher shines in Maryland During the juried Grand Exhibition, LeGrand's oil painting, "Wastlers'," came in second place overall, which awarded LeGrand with a $2,500 ... «Greene County Daily World, Jul 15» The PEM goes to Washington Congressman borrows paintings to … Additionally, he can look up to an oil painting by Nova Scotia-born artist Jack L. Gray called "Handliner." Painted in 1960, it's an image ... «The Salem News, Jul 15» CM Russell Museum gains 3 new pieces for The Russell auction There is a lot of competition for these very significant pieces." One of the artworks is an oil painting by Thomas Moran called Castle Rock, Green River, Wyoming. «KRTV Great Falls News, Jul 15» How new shades of blue made 'A Revolution of the Palette' at … "Previously, there were a limited number of options for oil painting," noted conservator and curator John Griswold. "Common indigo blue ... «Los Angeles Times, Jul 15» 'Paint and sip' finds Salida Chermack is a certified oil painting instructor through the Robert Garden School of Art and offers the classes at her home just outside Salida. «Mountain Mail Newspaper, Jul 15» « EDUCALINGO. Oil painting [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/oil-painting>. Mar 2020 ».	<urn:uuid:c0534829-2c15-4fdd-aead-cbf67aa9f374>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/oil-painting	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00423.warc.gz	en	0.921811	1,783	3.015625	3
We recently covered the expedition to Peru by the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research (ACEER) to measure water quality along the new Transoceanic Highway, which will cross South America from east to west when finished. The ACEER team has been using stream surveys and leaf packs developed by the Stroud Water Research Center in Pennsylvania as relatively simple assessment tools, before the full impacts of the emerging road are in swing. ACEER now has some more results to share (you can also view field notes on their Facebook page). The project is being supported by National Geographic and the Blue Moon Fund. Field operations are led by Bern Sweeney of the Stroud Center. In the first phase of a two-year project, conducted in late spring, study sites were established from Cuzco to Puerto Maldonado in Peru, along the highway corridor. ACEER team members then conducted benthic surveys by wading into a stream and collecting aquatic insects with a net. Scientists examined the catch through a microscope, and used an assessment of the populations of so-called indicator species as an estimate of the health of the ecosystem. The team explains, “In this study, ten watersheds were assessed with 2 point sampling sites in each: one site as a pristine control point and the other as a variable in that it would be a likely impacted site. Final reports provide to us interpretations of the patterns of distribution of invertebrates and the possible correlational or causal relationships to factors both natural and from human influence. ” The ACEER group also deployed leaf packs, which are mesh bags filled with leaves from local trees and weighted down in the water. After six weeks the packs are examined for the aquatic insects that colonized them. According to the team, “When correlated with our previous benthic surveys this simple leaf pack tool is a powerful way to assess ongoing aquatic biodiversity. In our study, the indicators of highest water quality are insects known as stoneflies, mayflies, and caddisflies. When we find large populations of midge larvae called chironomids it is a pretty sure sign that the stream is under stress or severely degraded.” Scientists will conduct three rounds of leaf pack tests this year, followed by several rounds at 10 new sites next year. In 2013, the team will also train Peruvian university faculty and students in assessing water quality. “By the end of 2013 we will have an excellent picture of ecosystem health along the Transoceanic Highway,” the group points out. At the end of the study, ACEER will also share their findings with a wide array of local people, as well as the scientific community. Response in the Field Therany Gonzalez, ACEER’s director of field operations, said that while he was evaluating one site he was approached by a group of three local people. ”They were very interested in what we were doing,” he said. “They asked us to give a talk for their community and for the children. They said to me that they do not know the macroinvertebrates that are living in the streams but they want their children and all the population to be aware of the bugs in their stream. They were very interested in conserving the water quality in their town,” said Gonzalez. Brian Clark Howard is an Environment Writer and Editor at National Geographic News. He previously served as an editor for TheDailyGreen.com and E/The Environmental Magazine, and has written for TheAtlantic.com, FastCompany.com, PopularMechanics.com, Yahoo!, MSN, Miller-McCune and elsewhere. He is the co-author of six books, including Geothermal HVAC, Green Lighting and Build Your Own Small Wind Power System.	<urn:uuid:71746b57-4d51-4ae4-b17d-2814a26d5171>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/17/leaf-packs-help-measure-water-quality/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011269626/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092109-00036-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973565	775	3.46875	3
Thrush From Antibiotics Can antibiotics cause thrush? Antibiotics don’t cause thrush infections directly, but the way they work can make thrush infections more likely. Antibiotics are medications used to treat a bacterial infection. They can kill bacteria or simply stop them multiplying and spreading. Antibiotics don’t just affect the bad, disease-causing, bacteria. They also affect the good bacteria that live naturally in some parts of our body. If good vaginal bacteria are killed, this makes it easier for the fungus that causes thrush (Candida albicans) to grow into an infection. You might have thrush on antibiotics, if you get the following symptoms during your treatment: - Itchiness on the vulva (outer parts of the vagina) - An unusual looking discharge (fluid leaving the vagina) - Pain during sex - A stinging sensation or pain when peeing How can antibiotics cause thrush? The vagina naturally contains bacteria and yeasts. Most of these never cause any problems, and some even help to maintain the health of the vagina. In particular, one type of bacteria called Lactobacillus is important for keeping the environment of the vagina slightly acidic. Fungi like the ones that cause thrush don’t do as well in acidic environments. So, as long as the level of Lactobacillus is normal, thrush fungi won’t grow to much and thrush infections are less likely to happen. When you take antibiotics, Lactobacillus and other good bacteria can be killed off or stopped from multiplying. This causes the vagina to become less acidic than normal, which leads to the right conditions for the thrush fungus to grow and multiply. When thrush fungi are able to grow and multiply too easily they can overgrow and lead to a thrush infection and unpleasant thrush symptoms. Should I avoid antibiotics to prevent thrush? No, you shouldn’t avoid antibiotics to stop yourself getting thrush. If a doctor has prescribed antibiotic treatment for you then it’s important you complete your full course to make sure your infection goes away and doesn’t come back. Some bacterial infections can get worse very quickly you don’t use treatment properly and many bacterial infections can have a serious effect on your health. Compared to this, thrush infections are almost always harmless and won’t do any long-term damage. If you’re worried about getting thrush during your antibiotic treatment, or if you think you’re already having thrush symptoms, talk about it with your GP or the doctor who prescribed the antibiotics for you. I get recurring thrush, should I use antibiotics? If you’re given antibiotic treatment by a doctor, you should complete the full course of your medication, even if you get recurrent thrush. Not taking your antibiotics or stopping the treatment before the end of your full course could put your health at risk. Even if you have thrush regularly, it’s still right for you to take antibiotics for another infection if a doctor has approved them for you. Thrush is usually not harmful and the health risks of not taking antibiotic treatment properly are much higher. You can let your doctor know you have recurrent thrush before or after you’re given antibiotics if you want more advice, If you regularly get the symptoms of thrush, you should talk about it with your GP or sexual health clinic and check to make sure you don’t have an STI. Once you’re sure you don’t have any STIs, your doctor can help you to check for the possible causes of repeat thrush infection, and help you manage them. One possible cause of recurrent thrush can be uncontrolled diabetes. Diabetes can cause high blood sugar levels which can help thrush to overgrow. If you’re not sure whether you have diabetes, or you want to check if you current diabetes treatment is working, you can order a home diabetes test kit from ZAVA. Can you use thrush treatment and antibiotics together? Yes, sometimes. If you have a chronic thrush infection or you get recurrent thrush, your doctor might suggest that you start thrush treatment at the beginning of, or during the course of your antibiotic treatment. In most cases, if you are taking antibiotics and start to get thrush symptoms you can use thrush treatments. But, there are some antibiotics that can react with thrush treatments. Always check with a doctor before starting antibiotics and thrush treatment together. How to avoid thrush while on antibiotics There are a few simple things that you can do to reduce the risk of getting vaginal thrush during your antibiotic treatment: - Try some home thrush remedies - Avoid contact with very hot water, because this can damage your vagina’s natural environment - Remove wet underwear and bathing suits as soon as possible, because thrush fungus grows well in moist environments - Wear loose cotton underwear to keep your genital area dry and avoid rubbing - Wear loose-fitting clothes as well, because tight trousers can increase warmth and moisture around your vulva - Avoid vaginal deodorants, tampons, and scented pads, because these can cause irritation - Don’t use a vaginal douche, because this can upset your vagina’s natural environment and cause irritation - If you have diabetes, check that your sugar levels under control because thrush grows better when your blood sugar levels are too high Men can also get thrush, but it’s less common in men than women. The medical name for thrush in men is ‘candidal balanitis’. Just like in women, taking antibiotics can make men more likely to get a thrush infection. Advice for avoiding thrush in men while taking antibiotics is similar to advice for women, but in particular: - keep the penis clean and dry - avoid irritants, like harsh soaps and deodorants - talk to a doctor if you get recurrent or chronic thrush infections - use a condom when having sex with a partner who has thrush Canesten (2019). Thrush in men. [online] Available at: https://www.canesten.co.uk/intimate-health/learning-zone/thrush-in-men [accessed 25th March 2019]. Fiori, A. and Van Dijck, P. (2012). Potent synergistic effect of doxycycline with fluconazole against Candida albicans is mediated by interference with iron homeostasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.; 56(7): 3785-96. [online] Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22564841/. [accessed 13th May 2021] NHS Inform (2019). Vaginal thrush. NHS. NHS (2017). Thrush in men and women. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/ [accessed 25th March 2019]. NHS (2016). Antibiotics interactions. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics/interactions/ [accessed 25th March 2019].	<urn:uuid:2a21101c-a87a-43f3-a1e8-a931ee489ea4>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.zavamed.com/uk/thrush-from-antibiotics.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00060.warc.gz	en	0.923244	1,546	2.9375	3
Iron Age burial site found near Tiruvannamalai CHENNAI: An Iron Age megalithic burial site, dotted with cairn-circles, has been discovered near Veeranam village, at the foot of a chain of hills, in Tamil Nadu's Tiruvannamalai district. This sprawling site, spread over about three km in Tandaramapattu taluk, can be dated to 1,000 BCE-300 CE. What is interesting about the discovery is that many of the cairn-circles have dolmenoid cists on the surface within the circles. Cairn-circles are rough stones arranged in a circle, and dolmenoid cists are box-like structures made of granite slabs. The cairn-circles indicate burial chambers below, with urns containing bones and pottery with paddy, beads, knives, swords and other artefacts. Poems in the Tamil Sangam literature (300 BCE to 300 CE) celebrate these megalithic burials, which can unlock the secrets of the social life of that age. But residents of nearby villages have already destroyed a large number of these cairn-circles near Veeranam and carted away the stones and granite-slabs for building cowsheds and compound walls, and for laying floors. A quarry is working nearby, in the hills.... comments powered by Disqus - Heffron, of WWII's Band of Brothers, Dies at 90 - Fully 70 percent of films from silent era are lost, according to Library of Congress report - "Secret" Labyrinth of Tunnels under Rome Mapped - Florida Tribe Re-Creates Daring Escape From The Trail Of Tears - Evolution, Civil War history entwine in plant fossil with a tragic past	<urn:uuid:35beca81-b899-428b-8edc-ad8fcd687bb3>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://hnn.us/article/140237	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163045148/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131725-00080-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930612	387	3.15625	3
Tightness in the muscle is a common complaint. Often part of a profile of symptoms following an injury and frequently a stand alone sense that persists, tightness and stiffness need addressing to normalise movement and control of movement. Normalising movement is a key part of desensitisation in that it is one less reason for the body to protect itself. Tightness can be an expression of protection – what is being protected and why? To address persisting tightness we must determine why and what is being protected. There could healing tissue, a pocket of inflammation or sensitivity to movement within the nervous system (mechanosensitivity). A detailed assessment of the problem, the preceding history and prior events reveal the nature and underpinning source(s), i.e. biological mechanisms. These mechanisms are then targeted with appropriate treatment and strategies. A common treatment method that we use is called neurodynamics. This is a range of hands-on techniques and movement-based exercises that nourish and mobilise the nervous system. Bearing in mind that our tissues will only be as healthy as the nerves that supply them (a general rule of thumb, but other factors are important including the immune system and endocrine system), it is very important that the nervous system be moving and its blood supply patent. Tightness can be a sign of guarding. Guarding is protection orchestrated by the brain and can occur at a motor planning level. This means that before moving, the brain increases the activity of certain muscles as a way of protecting a body region for when movement actually occurs. A common example of guarding is in the case of back pain when the muscles remain ‘on’ as the spine is flexed forwards. These muscles should switch off and relax, however the fact that they remain active means that the movement is not normal. Addressing this is important for re-establishing motor control. Local treatments are often used and can help in the short-term. However, these should be used as part of a rounded programme addressing the pain, symptoms, impact, limitations and other dimensions of the problem. Delving into the details and observing the sometimes subtle changes in movement and control of movement allows us to elucidate the reason(s) for protection and deal with persisting tightness.	<urn:uuid:5bfe9a00-c76d-4c6e-b8db-8c322cda7061>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.specialistpainphysio.com/its-tight-its-being-protected/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00429.warc.gz	en	0.953683	464	3.421875	3
Amidst all the COVID-19 pandemic, a student of SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur has come up with an app that provides live information on the virus. This will help all stay updated on real updates about the disease and its affect on their finder tips. The student of SRMIST, Anupam Tiwari developed CoronApp. He is now an exchange student doing his startup semester in mechatronics (electrical engineering and computer science – EECS) at UC Berkley. Speaking about the app, Anupam said, “With the Coronavirus fear at a peak, I thought having a proper app containing all information about the same will be helpful.” He came with this idea alongwith his teammates. He created a prototype overnight and pitched it to his friends, who loved the idea and decided to work on it with him. How does the app works? CoronApp for mobile browsers, now available, allows users to click on red dots on a map to get updates on virus cases. It integrates COVID-19 data from Johns Hopkins University, the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization (WHO), and a Twitter feed provides the latest curated news. Anupam says, “The process was tiresome,” and added, “When we were developing this application, to begin with, there were no other similar applications. There were only websites that provided chunks and chunks of information. We spent sleepless nights and massive brainpower on this. We gave ourselves one week because time was sensitive. In the end, everything was worth it.” Talking about the app, he further explained, “We wanted to create a platform that had all the information one should know about the Coronavirus; from statistics to basic precautions, and one can also input information manually. The app is updated in real-time as it is powered by data provided by the CDC and WHO.” How their app is different from the ones that already exist Asked about how their app is different from the ones that already exist, he responded, “All apps seem to focus only on world data but our application provides people with localized user experience. Using the phone’s location, the geo-map automatically zooms into the user’s location on the map, allowing them to see the reports of cases around them. This is the most important information people are looking for, and now, they can find it within seconds.” Anupam and his team His team consists of Anushka Purohit, Year 2 from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST); Sahil Mehta, Year 1, EECS UCB; Ean Hall, Mechanical Engineering, UCB; Akonkwa Mubagwa, Haas School of Business, MBA, UCB; Manuel Smith, Haas MBA, UCB; Daniel Smith, Software developer and Sevith Rao, Haas MBA, and Doctor. Dr. T.R. Paarivendhar Founder Chancellor, SRMIST, Pro Chancellors Mr. Ravi Pachamoothoo and Dr. P. Sathyanarayanan, Vice Chancellor Dr. Sandeep Sancheti, Registrar N. Sethuraman congratulated the proud student.	<urn:uuid:d65e3ab8-2d3e-4c70-9ac0-123817705fe7>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://news.aglasem.com/srm-student-develops-real-time-corona-info-tracker-app/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646181.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530230622-20230531020622-00577.warc.gz	en	0.95382	695	3.078125	3
27 Jun 15+ Winter School Holiday Activities Keep the kids busy over the winter break with some fun and simple arts, crafts and games. 1) Take advantage of the windy weather, by making your own kite and taking it out to fly. 2) Make moon sand using flour, vegetable oil and food colouring. 3) Make a firework painting using toilet paper rolls. 4) Build a small snowman using frozen water balloons and some felt (this is especially suitable for any little Frozen fanatics!) 5) Make moon and stars artwork using paint and paper plates. 6) Pull out a hula hoop and play jump the hoop, hula spinning, and of course hula twirling for older kids. 7) Use bubble wrap to make stamp paintings. 8) Make pretend ice cream sundaes from pom poms and cotton buds. 9) Create a caterpillar using sponges, paint and pipe cleaners. 10) Add flower petals and glitter to water for some sensory outdoor play. 11) Make jellyfish using old plastic bottles and coloured ribbon. 12) Craft flower photos from cupcake wrappers and a simple wooden frame. 13) Make a watermelon suncatcher using hair gel and food colouring, and hang by the window. 14) Use a rolling pin, paint and string to make rainbow prints. You could also use rubber bands instead of string to get the same effect. 15) Make paper fish with coloured paper and googly eyes. 16) Play Hop Scotch inside. You can use coloured tape to make the hopscotch board. 17) Make play dough at home 18) Bored with their toys? Then change up and let them make their own! 19) Make sock puppets and present a neighbourhood play 20) Lastly, see our other suggestions! Words by Brooke Tasovac	<urn:uuid:6fde6dcd-700e-4d17-8f7f-6737fe572cbd>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://www.childmags.com.au/15-winter-school-holiday-activities/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145869.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224010150-20200224040150-00040.warc.gz	en	0.843584	394	2.6875	3
Today, on the second day of February, the Church honors the memory of the holy martyrs Inna, Pinna and Rimma. These saints suffered for preaching faith in Christ at a very early time. Due to the similarity of the names of Inna and Rimma with popular Russian female names, their euphony, the Lord miraculously glorified the memory of His Saints in modern times. The Lord of the Scriptures is a God who works contrary. From the pages of Scripture and History, He teaches us to turn for good that which contradicts and opposes. So, in Soviet times, most parents simply did not know that the names Inna and Rimma, male, of Gothic origin, and they called their daughters these names. According to very little surviving information, Inna, Pinna and Rimma were Goths by origin. At the beginning of our era, this ancient people declared itself in history and began its gradual advance, presumably from Scandinavia, towards the Roman Empire. Christianization of the Goths began in the 4th century. Most likely, Inna and her retinue were itinerant preachers. Tradition says that they were converted to Christianity by the Apostle Andrew. Although their subsequent mission was an isolated incident, it was a success. Many converted to Christianity. The local Gothic pagan ruler ordered to seize them and subjected them to torture to force them to renounce their faith. Having been refused, the pagans tied the saints to logs and drowned them in icy water. In the cold, their bodies remained incorruptible, and after a while the wandering Christian bishop gave them to burial in a proper place. After quite a long time, the three martyrs appeared together in a vision to the Christians and indicated the place of their burial. This explains the celebration of their memory twice during the year in the ancient menologions: 1) February 2 - the day of martyrdom, orб as the first Christians called the days of the death of the saints, birthday. 2) July 3, six months later - the day of the translation of relics. The Lord always glorifies His saints in a special way. Between saints who did not know each other, in different countries and times, there is sometimes an amazing commonality. This happens by the gift of grace. For grace is communication. The confession of Christianity in solitude, in a completely pagan environment, makes Inna, Pinna and Rimma related to the ancient Russian martyrs John and Theodore. They were killed by a mob in Kyiv about ten years before the Baptism of Rus' under the then pagan Prince Vladimir. Recall that the Baptism of Rus' took place in 988. The torment of cold and ice, death from frostbite makes Inna, Pinna and Rimma related to the great ancient saints - the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. They were frozen in a lake in 320. Like the biblical prophets, the Saints of God, by their deeds, by the very way of suffering, in the Holy Spirit, sometimes indicated how their brothers would suffer in the future (cf. Apoc. 6:11). So, on the way of the cross of dying through cold almost nearly two thousand years after Inna, Rimma and Pinna, a great multitude of New Martyrs of our Church were destined to suffer.	<urn:uuid:fb3d1dbb-b655-412f-9e01-84862014c6d7>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://cathedral.kz/ru/articles/st-inna-st-pinna-and-st-rimma	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943845.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322145537-20230322175537-00264.warc.gz	en	0.971776	693	2.9375	3
As with anything else, there's good news and there's bad news. The bad news is that the earth is continuing to heat up—this past decade was in fact the hottest decade ever recorded in the history of science. Last year, China surpassed the United States as the largest producer of carbon dioxide, and India is not going to be too far behind as it continues to industrialize. This of course is going to put an enormous strain on the atmosphere of the planet Earth. So, in a nutshell, the nations of the world simply don't have their act together. We can only hope that in time, the nations of the world will strive to make changes that affect future generations for the better. However, there is also some good news to this story. First of all, the price of solar hydrogen continues to drop. Renewable technologies are not yet cheaper than fossil fuels, but they are approaching fast and getting very close. I personally believe that within 10 years to 15 years at the maximum, the price of solar hydrogen will drop to the point that it will in fact cross the curve for the rising cost of fossil fuels. So when the declining cost of solar hydrogen intersects with the rising cost of fossil fuels, we will reach the tipping point and a sea change will take place. At that point, it will be quite economical to go solar. I should also point out that the plug-in hybrid car is already on the horizon and has been for quite some time. About 50% of energy use goes into transportation, and transportation of course burns off huge quantities of oil. But plug-in hybrids are going to be hitting the markets soon. Already, Chevrolet plans to release its version—called the VOLT—in 2011. A year later, Nissan plans to release the LEAF. Toyota also plans to up the ante by releasing an affordable, rechargeable version of its popular Prius hybrid in 2011, most likely as a 2012 model. These plug-in hybrids have the advantage of relying on their electric batteries as a source of power for the first 50 or so miles. If you go beyond that, as a backup, there is the standard internal combustion engine. But most of your commuting, grocery shopping, and other errands are done during that window of 50 miles, meaning that you could essentially go completely electric. However, there’s a catch (there’s always a catch). That is: where does the electricity come from when you plug in the car? Ultimately, it comes from a power plant, and where do power plants get their electricity? Well in the short term, the answer is coal, and coal produces copious quantities of carbon dioxide. So don't believe that the plug-in hybrid is going to save us completely. There are, however, various strategies being designed to cope with this very problem. One potential short-term strategy is carbon dioxide sequestration and the implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. This technology is still in the experimental stage, and we don't know yet if CO2 can be taken from a coal plant and injected deep into the earth's crust. According to the Department of Energy’s website, “CCS is the process by which CO2 is isolated from the emissions stream, compressed, and transported to an injection site where it is stored underground permanently.” (You can read the DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage R&D Overview here.) Another possibility is that of fusion power, and let's face it, fusion power always generates some snickers among the general public. There are currently two fusion reactors that have a chance to achieve the overall goal. The first reactor is the National Ignition Facility (NIF) built by the Pentagon. The NIF has the possibility of, perhaps even this year, attaining breakeven—that is, creating more energy than it consumes. It consists of 192 laser beams that concentrate nearly two million joules of UV laser energy on a pellet smaller than the head of a pin. This tiny little pellet reaches temperatures hotter than the inside of the sun (100 million degrees Fahrenheit). In some sense, you have a small hydrogen bomb going off. It's of course not dangerous because it's smaller than the head of a pin, but it could eventually be the prototype for a working fusion reactor. You can read more about the National Ignition Facility (also known as the world's largest and highest-energy laser) on the official website, where you can also take a virtual tour of the facility, watch a series of videos, and even view high-resolution photographs. Another reactor, scheduled to be built in France and to go online around the year 2018, is called the ITER (originally the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). It features an experimental design using hydrogen gas that is pressed and heated inside a doughnut-shaped magnetic field. The machine will be quite large—23,000 tons—when complete. As a reference point, view this image of the ITER and pay close attention to the man dressed in blue at the bottom right of the graphic. While it's still a dark horse, some experts think that by mid-century we may have fusion. In other words, the danger period could be the next 10 to 15 years, during which we will still generate a lot of C02—then we will eventually hit that tipping point at which we will shift to a focus on solar power, renewables, wind power, and geothermal power, to name a few. Of course, it's not a shoo-in by any means, but particularly if the cost of solar hydrogen keeps on dropping, there is still some hope for a clean energy future.	<urn:uuid:5a3fbf1b-9622-4156-aaf0-a76e5812563b>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/hope-on-the-energy-front	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689874.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924044206-20170924064206-00583.warc.gz	en	0.959707	1,168	2.78125	3
Drain Valves: Water Heaters Today we’re going to talk about water heater drain valves. Water heater drain valves are used to remove built-up sediment from the tank, which is a common maintenance task. Every water tank and tankless has a drain valve that’s used for draining sediment from the inside of the tank. Water builds up in the tank which causes a float inside the housing to rise once reaching a pre-set level it will trigger your drain to open. The best time for this maintenance task is during a cold season when you won’t have trouble finding your hot water taps without too much effort. Water heaters need to be drained every year. Water builds up in your unit causing float inside to reach its set level to activate the drain which will discharge water built up inside. Water heater drain valves should be checked annually once you find a puddle under your unit check for leaks in pipes. Water heaters have a plastic tank that over time can crack causing it to release dangerous fumes into your home or cause damage or drain your wallet with an increased energy bill. A leak from your water heater’s drain valve will cause a puddle under your unit. Once you find that puddle, check for cracks in your hot water heating system. A small crack in the plastic won’t be fatal but you should replace any broken pipes immediately so they don’t get worse over time, draining your wallet as well as your home heating system. Water heater drain valves should be checked annually. Every water heating system has a drain valve, located at the bottom of the tank, where a discharge pipe is attached to it with a screw clamp or something similar.	<urn:uuid:790070a3-abe0-4cd9-975b-9999303e5ab7>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://bluefrogorangecounty.com/plumber/water-heaters/drain-valves-water-heaters/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100047.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129010302-20231129040302-00679.warc.gz	en	0.943293	347	2.53125	3
American First Ladies Elizabeth Kortright Monroe Born: July 30, 1768 - New York, New York Died: September 23, 1830 - Oak Hill, Virginia President: James Monroe, 1817 1825 Although probably one of the most well known public figures of her time, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, wife of James Monroe, is almost unknown today. She received both harsh criticism and high praise during her time in the White House, and the changes she made in the role of the First Lady drastically revised public expectations for future generations of presidents' wives. Her beauty and manners were widely discussed in Washington, D.C., and European circles, as was her courage in Paris during the French Revolution. The Parisians called her la belle Americaine. Elizabeth was born in New York on July 30, 1768, the second of five children of Hannah Aspinwall Kortright and Captain Lawrence Kortright. The Lawrence Kortrights were part of an old, socially prominent New York family, descended from ancestors who emigrated from Holland to the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1633. The family's wealth was based on farming and real estate. Lawrence Kortright made his own fortune as a merchant and a privateer in the British army during the French and Indian War (1754 1763). As part owner of several vessels authorized by the Crown to wage legal piracy against French ships, he accumulated considerable wealth and property in New York City. However, he lost most of this fortune during the American Revolution when he sided with the Loyalists. Elizabeth and her brother, John, and her sisters Hester, Maria, and Sarah were raised in New York City. Hannah Aspinwall Kortright died when Elizabeth was nine, and Hester Kortright, her paternal grandmother, raised the young girl. Hester had a reputation of being a strong and independent woman and seems to have played a significant role in forming Elizabeth's character. Little is known about Elizabeth's early years and education. During that time, generally three events were marked in a woman's life: birth, marriage, and death. Elizabeth was probably educated at home, in the domestic skills required for marriage. Growing up with wealth and social position enabled her to become a self confident, cultured, and sophisticated young woman. She was attractive and slender, five feet in height, with dark hair and blue eyes. She retained her youthful beauty throughout her life. Marriage and Family Elizabeth met James Monroe, a man of modest means, in 1785 when he was attending the Continental Congress as part of the Virginia delegation. They married the next year, on February 16, 1786, and honeymooned on Long Island, New York. She was seventeen and he was twenty seven. Despite the differences in their ages and backgrounds, Elizabeth and James had a very successful marriage. They were devoted to each other, and in spite of financial concerns that plagued them throughout James's public service, they traveled together whenever they could. They lived in the major cities of the northeastern United States and in Paris and London. Elizabeth's beauty and manners were assets to James's career. They had three children: Eliza Kortright Monroe, born in 1786; James Spence Monroe, born in 1799; and Maria Hester Monroe, born in 1803. Eliza received a French education, married successful lawyer George Hay in 1808, and became a social hostess for her mother at the White House. James Spence contracted whooping cough and died in 1800 at the age of sixteen months. Maria Hester, educated in Philadelphia, became the first child of a president to be married in the White House when she wed Samuel L. Gouverneur in 1820. Elizabeth's role as a public figure changed as James's career developed and flourished. In Virginia, their first home together, he was a state legislator, a representative to the constitutional ratifying convention, a senator, and then governor. In Paris, where James had two assignments separated by seven years, Elizabeth was the wife of the United States minister to France, then the wife of the successful negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase. In London, she was the wife of the minister to Great Britain. Back in Washington, D.C., Elizabeth became the wife of the secretary of state, who also, for a short time, held the position of secretary of war. Paris was a personal success for the Monroes, especially Elizabeth. She became known as a successful hostess, in spite of food and fuel shortages that followed the French Revolution. The entire Monroe family learned to speak French, and Eliza was enrolled in a fashionable school. Elizabeth and James developed a lasting enjoyment of French decorative arts, furniture, and social customs. This appreciation, together with Elizabeth's beauty and grace, won them favor with their host country. The French called Elizabeth la belle Americaine. Their favorable impression of the minister and his wife enabled James to secure the release of several Americans who were in prison as suspected enemies of the French Revolution. The successful conclusion of the Louisiana Purchase agreement placed James in the national spotlight at home in the United States and would help to secure his position as a candidate for the presidency. Presidency and First Ladyship James Monroe became the fifth president of the United States and served two terms, from 1817 to 1825. During this time, the President's House literally became the "White House," as it was painted and restored after the War of 1812. Elizabeth and James brought in fifty four pieces of carved and gilded French Empire furniture made by a Parisian cabinetmaker, and they had the house decorated in French style. Eight of the fifty four pieces remain today. Not only did the Monroes introduce French decorative arts to Washington society, Elizabeth introduced formal European social customs, which were not well received. Most notably, she broke with her predecessors' custom of making initial calls on all the new congressional wives. Her health may have played a major role in this decision: She had been sickly throughout her life with rheumatism, headaches, and fevers. Some felt that she used her illness as an excuse to refrain from following local custom. Washington wives retaliated by boycotting White House invitations. A cabinet meeting held in 1819 discussed social etiquette in the city, and Elizabeth received approval for her decision. Additional criticism came to Elizabeth for her refusal to open Maria Hester's wedding to the public. Only family and close friends were invited, and the rest of Washington felt snubbed. In an attempt to reconcile their European tastes with the American public, Elizabeth and James held events that were known as "drawing rooms": Every two weeks while Congress was in session, the White House was open to visitors who wished to meet the first family. Records of those events discuss Elizabeth's youthful looks, her hairstyles, her manners, and her French dresses. She was both admired and envied. When she was unable to attend these gatherings, her daughter Eliza Hay stood in for her. Elizabeth's health declined throughout James's second term. Her last public appearance was on New Year's Day, 1825. That year the Monroes retired to Virginia and lived quietly for the next five years. Elizabeth died on September 23, 1830; James died the following year, on July 4. Elizabeth Kortright Monroe dramatically reduced the social obligations of future First Ladies. She zealously guarded her daily schedule and her family's privacy, even at the risk of disappointing the American public. Some social customs she developed remain a part of White House protocol. Ammon, Harry. James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990. The definitive biography of James Monroe, with a large amount of material on his life with Elizabeth Monroe. Boller, Paul F. Presidential Wives: An Anecdotal History. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Contains a short chapter on Elizabeth Monroe, including her part in freeing Madame Lafayette from prison. Gould, Lewis L., ed. American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. New York: Garland, 1996. Contains a lengthy chapter on Elizabeth Monroe, which is informative and filled with details. McCombs, Charles Flowers. Imprisonment of Madame de Lafayette During the Terror. New York: The Library, 1943. Information on Elizabeth Monroe's role in freeing Madame Lafayette. Watson, Robert P. The Presidents' Wives: Reassessing the Office of First Lady. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000. An analysis of the development of the First Lady's role and its influence on presidential politics. Wooten, James E. Elizabeth Kortright Monroe. Charlottesville, Va.: Ash Lawn Highland, 1987. A slim biography of Elizabeth Monroe. Pamela T. Brannon SALEM PRESS, a division of EBSCO Publishing. · 131 North El Molino Avenue · Pasadena · CA 91101 © Salem Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.	<urn:uuid:dc95414d-bed6-4f33-9a1b-6e9ec4cf5f13>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://salempress.com/store/samples/american_first_ladies/american_first_ladies_monroe.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021791079/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121631-00031-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976296	1,852	3.109375	3
Under the Stuarts the choir at St Paul's which had contained thirty 'gentlemen' was whittled down to contain only six vicars-choral, and Bumpus [Bumpus, A History of English Cathedral Music, vol. 1, page 92.] quotes an anonymous manuscript in the British Museum showing that choirs were depleted so that the existing singers could obtain a living wage by compounding the salaries or in some cases to line the canon's pockets. Possibly a rise in the cost of living cut into the resources of endowed bodies who always suffer first under economic stress. Be that as it may, choirs were certainly becoming smaller during the years before 1645. The suppression of the church service saw the complete disappearance of choirs; as a hundred years before at the dissolution of the monasteries, the singers were turned loose on the world and there followed during the Cromwellian period a reawakening of secular music-making. The Puritans were opposed to music only in church; Cromwell himself was keen enough on music to take down the organ in Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford, and have it re-erected for his own amusement at Hampton Court Palace, while rumour has it that he was fond of Bering's Latin motets. But cathedral libraries were ransacked and destroyed - not too thoroughly, it seems, for later research workers have found a fair amount of Elizabethan work - and the organs forbidden to be used - the puritan burghers of Norwich destroyed their cathedral instrument with furious zeal - so that after eleven years of silence a good deal of reconstruction was necessary. Many clergy and organists must have retired to spend their time brooding over lost traditions or, more positively, making notes on the old services with the aid of an illegally hidden Book of Common Prayer; not so Dr Child who optimistically busied himself with writing anthems against the expected return of the monarchy. At the Restoration men like Child, Lawes and Christopher Gibbons returned to their posts at the Chapel Royal only to find that they themselves belonged to a past age. As Tudway reports: His Majesty, who was a brisk and airy Prince, coming to ye Crown in ye flow'r and vigour of his Age, was soon, if I may so say, tyred wth ye grave and solemn way, and ordered ye Composers of his Chappell to add Symphonys, &c., with Instruments to their Anthems, and thereupon established a select number of his Private Musick (i.e. band) to play ye Symphonys and Ritornelles which he had appointed. ... The old Masters, Dr Child, Dr C. Gibbons and Mr Lowe, organists to his Majesty, hardly knew how to comport themselves with these new-fangled ways. ... In the choirs themselves problems not only of personnel but of the forgotten service came to the fore. Some of the newly appointed lay-clerks would be re-established old members of the choirs, some of the younger ones may have been choirboys in the old days, and others would undoubtedly be newcomers. [In the newly formed Chapel Royal choir only five men remembered - or thought they remembered, perhaps - the old methods of singing the service.] The chief trouble was of course the absence of any tradition among the boys, for a good choir cannot be made out of raw boys in under three years. At first the verse-anthem, already evolved as an art form before the Commonwealth, became a necessity and a fashion for it was recreated. As late as 1664 a cornet [The cornet (or cornett), judging from cathedral account books, had often been used, as it was later in the Bach cantatas, to double the melody. As a contemporary, Randle Holme, says: It is a delicate, pleasant wind musicke, if well played and humered. Its compass was two octaves up from D at the foot of the treble stave.] (not the modern brass instrument but a treble-compass wooden instrument with a cup mouthpiece) was used in Westminster Abbey to supply missing or inadequate parts. In the Chapel Royal Captain Henry Cooke was appointed Master of the Children. His dynamic energy soon bent itself to the task of re-establishing the choir on the lines of military discipline. By reviving an old privilege he managed to stock his choir with the best boys in the country - they were taken to London willy-nilly for 'the service of the King' - whom he made into the most distinguished choir of boys ever got together. As well as having a fine voice Cooke was a knowledgeable musician and an excellent teacher, and knew it - Pepys calls him a 'vain coxcomb' - so that in a short time his boys were writing creditable anthems before their voices broke. The subsequent history of his boys - Pelham Humfrey, the King's favourite who succeeded Cooke, John Blow, William Turner, Michael Wise - is the history of church music for the next fifty years. Books, surplices, instruments to eke out the treble line quickly appeared; the gentlemen were told to be decently robed in a surplice - perhaps some 'puritans' had objected - and to be punctual, while no deputy system was to be allowed. For the boys a good musical education plus writing and Latin was provided and with the king's permission and, no doubt, encouragement the band of instrumentalists was organised. [It was worked on the shift system. See also note 3, page 134.] The whole establishment was in perfect working order within three years of starting from nothing - no mean feat. (born about 1616, died 1672). Probably the son of a bass who had come from Lichfield to the Chapel Royal choir. Cooke possibly served as a boy in the Chapel Royal choir; he entered the army on the Royalist side, was in the retreat from Newcastle to Yorkshire and was promoted to a captaincy. During the Commonwealth he probably studied singing in Italy, and he taught in London. 1660, a bass and Master of the Children at the Chapel Royal. He was a fine singer and composed, though sometimes ungrammatically. At his death the Crown owed him £500 for wages.	<urn:uuid:588174be-305c-4928-9f0e-1b6a0769f174>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.katapi.org.uk/SingingChurch/Ch19.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701562534/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105242-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97841	1,346	2.71875	3
Flutter is the future of app development, there is so much you can do with flutter that it makes life easy and simple for the developers. Flutter is an advanced development kit for making apps for iOS and Android. It is an open source cross-platform at no cost. It is designed by Google and is also used to develop Google Fuschia apps. But why flutter? Flutter has already become the top framework for app development, it allows you to use Dart and build cross-platform apps that have performance similar to the native apps. There are many companies that provide custom flutter app development services based on your requirements. It is easy, fast, efficient and different from other frameworks. It has numerous advantages over the other app frameworks. Flutter gives you more flexibility, native performance and an amazing backup community. You will soon find developers using Flutter more. There are some major reasons it is considered the future of app development. The hot reload feature of Flutter makes it very easy simple to test. Whatever changes a developer makes can be seen in an instant and allows to fix the bugs also immediately. It can build UIs, check the bugs and keep an eye on the latest features. We already know that widgets belong to the application and not platforms, hence switching between different platforms is much easier with Flutter. There will be fewer or no compatibility issues on different OS. Cross-platform development saves a lot of your time and money. Using Flutter gives you the liberty to create the codes only once, maintain them and use the same for two different apps. Flutter has made life easy for the developers where earlier they would have to create different codes for different platforms, now a single code will work. Delivering high productivity is the most important factor in any business. With Flutter the developers don’t need to compile code for every change they make. All changes are saved as you make them. This helps to increase the performance of the developers. Not only this, there is no need for Gradle that slows down the development cycle and is mostly used in developing iOS apps. Flutter easily connects the developers and designers allowing easy collaboration. Flutter is made using the Dart programming language. Dart uses JIT & AOT compilation that improves the overall startup time, functioning & speeds the performance. JIT improves the development system using the hot reload feature. It simply refreshes the UI without the need of building a new one and saving the developer’s efforts & time. Apple put more emphasis on constant delivery & integration, for which it used Xcode server, but there were complaints from the iOS developers that the Xcode server isn’t scalable in big projects and is not adequate enough. Here is where Flutter turns its magic wand with high scalability with faster delivery & integration. 8. Expressive UIs With Flutter, developers can create astounding and majestic UI with the stunning iOS widgets. It does not make use of the native elements of the OS platform to build UIs like the other frameworks. It is extremely capable of creating its own UIs that can be used across various OS platforms. Flutter app development agency in New York will be comparatively new to the others, yet, there is a lot of scope in the development and improvement of its features. Its features are what has attracted the startups to adapt it and use it in their development. Flutter is a winner in the development area for its sturdiness, versatility and performance. 9series has experienced and expert developers in Flutter App Development. In case you have a query we are more than happy to help. You can contact us anytime.	<urn:uuid:0b25431b-e9b4-4727-ba69-879e5746b3ba>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.9series.com/blog/flutter-services-future-app-development/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00550.warc.gz	en	0.946759	807	2.515625	3
ManapyEditManapy is a constructed language, made by a boy named Tatu. It is a compound word in the language, directly translated to "I own language", which means "my language". That's because there weren't any more creative ideas. Also, Manapy looks and sounds quite cool. Anyway, the goal of Manapy is to have a simple grammar, short words, and logical vocabulary, that is unique and doesn't have loanwords. The phonology is meant to have at least some unfamiliar sounds for you. The 8 vowels of Manapy appear in most Germanic languages, as well as in Finnic languages (and maybe some others, not just sure where). Personally, I find them easy to pronounce. Also, the consonants are fairly easy to pronounce, my native has 10 of the 12 consonants here, and according to my knowledge, German has every single sound used in this language. I would say that if you speak a Germanic or Finnic language, Manapy should be phonologically easy for you. Except the diphthongs. But they should be easy once you learn to pronounce all 38 of them. Don't take that as a reason not to learn this language, take it as a challenge. Phonology & spellingEditVowel chart of Manapy on the left, or above if you're on mobile. The language has 8 vowels. Here are the IPA sounds again and spellings in brackets: a (a), e (e), i (i), o (o), u (u), æ (ä, c), ø (ö, q), y (y, ü). Spellings on the left (ä, ö, y) are the ones I use, and on the right (c, q, ü) are alternatives if you can't type those. If you have umlaut key in your keyboard, you should be able to write the umlaut letters by pressing it, and then pressing the letter you want to have with umlaut. By default, that feature doesn't exist on English keyboard. But you can type this with at least French, German, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Estonian, Czech, Finnish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Portuguese and Croatian keyboards, and probably others as well. And I think extended English might work too, but I'm not sure, if you find one, it'd be nice for you. I have multilingual keyboard, that can type almost anything that is a part of the latin alphabet. The consonants of Manapy are here. These 12 consonants are fairly easy to pronounce. Sorry for the bad quality. There are the IPA consonant sounds if you can't see them in the chart, and ways you write them phonetically in Manapy in brackets: p (p), t (t), k (k), m (m), n (n), ŋ (ŋ, ñ, g), f (f), s (s), ʃ (h), x (x), ʋ (v), ɹ (r) and j (j). Ŋ is supposed to be written that way, if your computer can't do ŋ, and can't do ñ either, use g only on that case. The vowels can be by themselves, but diphthongs are also possible. All possible diphthongs are listed below. There should be exactly 38 of them. ae ai au ao ue ui ua uo oa oe oi ou ia ie io iu iä iö iy ea ei eo eu eä eö ey äe äi äö äy öe öi öä öy yi ye yä yö The syllable structure of Manapy is simple, (C)V in all syllables of the word. Most of the basic vocabulary is going to be one syllable words. The total amount of possible syllables is 598. If the next syllable in the world would start with a vowel, you must add voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ between them. You can write it with letter h, because it's a cool-looking letter. So, if you compound for example "ie" and "e", question particle and negation particle, it would be written as "iehe", and pronounced as /ieʃe/. Note that this must also have an action after it. Note: The grammar is unfinished, and might not have all of it's features in place. The word order in Manapy is SVO. Adjectives are compounded to the nouns as prefixes. For example, the word "pykä", is a compound meaning "smart friend", and "atä" means "important meeting". Most words can be used as all verbs, nouns, and adjectives in the same time depending on their position in the sentence. A question is marked by compounding "ie" with the verb, for example a sentence "Ma ieti so?", means: "Do I meet him/her". "Ma ti so." means "I meet him/her." The language has no grammatical gender. In case the verb starts with a vowel, the question particle and the vowel turn into a triphthong. Non-object questions just don't have an object. Nothing else changes, for example "Do you dance?" is translated to "Sa ienä?. Also, a sentence "You're dancing" turns to "Sa nä". To tie two sentences together, you need to use a conjucation particle, like "and", or "but", without a comma. There can't be more than two sentences tied. There are no articles. Axiliary verbs are added as prefixes in the main verbs, as compounds. The plural forms are made by adding the multiple suffix, or word, whatever you want to call it, to the noun. For example "Ma ni komy", means "I have multiple crushes". Command are made by adding the follow word "fy" to the verb, so "Do not help!" translates to "Sa exify!" The suffix that is equilevant to English "with, at, by, in, on", is "pie". It is used, if the context is unclear without it. It is up to the speaker to define "unclear". It is not incorrect to use it, but I think it only makes the words longer, and my goal is to keep the words as short as possible. So, a sentence like "I am with my friends", wouldn't have that because it's totally understandable without it, so it'd be "Ma mi manakämy", but if you want to add it, it'd be "Ma mi manakämypie". There are to verb tenses, past and present. Present tense can also indicate future, depending on the context. Present has no suffix or prefix added to it, and past has the suffix "rao", which as a word means "earlier". On a sentence, "Ma tirao sa" would mean "I saw you." Also, you can use the question particle "ie", as a suffix to make a conditional tense, and a conditional question would have it as both prefix and suffix. Sentences: "Ma tihie xeimy" means "I would see girls", and sentence "sa iesiŋihie?" means "Would you like to eat?" Example text in ManapyEdit Pö! Ma mi pyxä. Manapy ni upumy. Xy mi a. Ma si manapy. Sa ieŋi ŋä? Ma si xy. Sa ieni kämy? Ma eni. Ma ni vo. Ma eseve. Sa syfy manapy! Sa fyfy ma! Mi sisa sa. Literal translation Edit Hello! I be language parent. I own language have smart feature many. They be important. You do eat candy? I like they. You do have friend many? I no have. I have depression. I no want die. You learn follow I own language! You follow follow me! Me like you you. Actual translation Edit Hello! I am the creator of this language. My language has several smart features. They are important. Do you eat candy? I like them. Do you have friends? I do not. I have depression. I don't want to die. Learn my language! Follow me! Thank you. So, as you can see, the text is much shorter in Manapy. Manapy also has a simple grammar. Theoretically, in Manapy, you could make this even shorter without losing the information. Just a quick disclaimer, this text is just an example, and it has nothing to do with my personal life or my mental health. Thank you for understanding. The vocabulary is mostly not taken from actual languages. Words are made from one-sound roots, meaning that things that have same letters are likely to have similar meanings. However, that is not always the case. The single-letter roots are here. They are combined to make words. Remember, that consonants can't be alone, so their root meaning is normally expressed with i-sound after them. There is the list of words currently made in the language. More will be added in the near future. The words are ordered by the vowel sound in the cyllable, not by the first letter of the word. The table is large enough for all possible cyllables (798) to fit in it. The words are not exactly what the root might say, but it's something at least a little bit like that. \|pa\|\|apply (for something)\| \|ka\|\|partner (someone you love)\| \|na\|\|own (used to make genitive)\| \|tä\|\|seem (look like something)\| \|nö\|\|pass (passing something to someone)\| \|ru\|\|be dead (used for someone who is dead)\| \|pie\|\|with, at, by, on, in\| sisa = thank (verb)	<urn:uuid:2c69bd28-7e9a-4153-be4c-8a691619f561>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://conlang.fandom.com/wiki/Manapy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396163.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527204212-20200527234212-00536.warc.gz	en	0.867703	2,130	2.625	3
When used judiciously, animation adds emphasis and visual appeal to PowerPoint presentations. It can transform a dull presentation into a lively and engaging one. However, you should be careful not to overdo it. Too much animation can be distracting, reduce comprehension, and make a presentation appear flimsy. In this article, we’ll see how you can add free animation for your PowerPoint 2007 presentations. PowerPoint Animation Basics It is useful to understand the four basic types of free animations for PowerPoint: - Entry: used to introduce animated objects on a slide - Emphasis: used for emphasizing elements already present on a slide - Exit: how objects move off the slide - Motion Path: move objects in a specified path on the slide Now let us see some simple ways you can add animation to your presentation. Use Preset Animation for Text or Objects To animate any object (text, shape, etc.), do the following: 1. Select the object you wish to animate 2. On the ribbon, select the Animations tab. 3. Choose an animation effect from the Animation drop-down. Use Custom Animation for Text or Objects For fine-grained control, click the Custom Animation button to bring up a task pane on the right. Clicking the Add Effect button brings up a menu with four types of animations from which you can select the one you like. You can also add multiple animation effects, and see them added to a numbered list in the task pane. To remove any of them, select the animation from the list and click Remove. As you add animation effects, you will see numbered tags added beside the object you have selected. You can further customize each animation effect using the three drop-downs. Start specifies whether the effect starts upon a mouse-click, starts simultaneously with the previous one, or starts after the previous one. The second drop-down depends on the effect and is used for customizing direction or other properties specific to that effect. The Speed drop-down selects the speed with which the effect is applied. For advanced customization, right-click an effect in the list to bring up the context menu. Select Effect Options from the context menu to bring up a dialog box with more options to customize the effect. You can reorder effects within the list using the Re-Order arrows at the bottom, and click Play to preview your animation. Add Transitions Between Slides Animations between two slides are called Transitions. To add Transitions, do the following: - In the left pane where all slides are shown in a vertical row, select the Slides tab. - Select one or more slides in the pane for which you want the desired transition. - On the Animations tab in the ribbon, choose a transition effect from the Transition to This Slide group. You can optionally add Sound and change the speed of the transition using the drop-downs in the ribbon to the right as shown above. If you want to remove the transitions you have added, just select the slides and choose No Transition (first one) from the list. Add Motion Path Animation To make a graphic object move in a certain path on the slide, use Motion Path animation. This works best for graphic images with transparent backgrounds, as the graphic moves across other elements on the slide. To add Motion Path animation to an object, do the following: - Drag the object you wish to animate to its starting position. - Click to select the object. - Open the Animation task pane, as described earlier. - Select Add Effect > Motion Paths > Draw Custom Path > Scribble. The mouse pointer becomes like a pen. - Draw the desired animation path, starting at the object, and click where it should stop moving. You can also check out a gallery of preset motion paths by selecting the More Motion Paths”¦ menu item. Add Animated Clip Art You can also check out free animated clip art graphics on the web. The Clip Art section on Office Online has a huge library of clip art, including animations. You can filter your search at the bottom to find only animations related to your search term. In this way, you can get some cool free animations that are ready to be added to your presentations. Another website to check out animation clip art is Animation Library. Do your presentations come alive after adding animation? Tell us in the comments!	<urn:uuid:97d402fe-afd8-493f-8d15-4a2a918bdcea>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-add-cool-free-animation-to-powerpoint-presentations/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535925433.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014525-00066-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.856478	906	3.0625	3
Today’s modern poultry production has a lot to gain from cleaning and disinfection. On the one hand, the sector’s toolbox is emptying with increasingly less antibiotics being used, but on the other, well-performing genetics have been selected for performance, not for resistance against disease. Preventing the bugs from spreading, that is the day to day challenge. There are different vectors for possible poultry disease transmission besides unhealthy chicks arriving at the farm. These vectors can be subdivided into several categories. The first is mobile biological, which comes down to the bird itself, people, rodents – which are able to transmit pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, etc, insects – that can carry avian viruela, Marek’s disease, infectious bursal disease (IBD), salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter, and wild birds potentially carrying avian influenza, pasteurella and salmonella. Mechanical mobile factors such as vehicles, are vectors for IBD and Salmonellae. The second category worth mentioning are the nutritional vectors. Poultry feed can possibly contain Salmonellae, paramyxovirus and IBD. Water is the forgotten nutrient which can carry enterobacteria like salmonella and E. coli. Last but not least are the static vectors. Litter, fluff and surfaces such as floors, walls, and roofs are all able to transmit IBD and salmonella amongst others. On the macro-biological side, rodent control and excluding wild bird contact are the main challenges. Meso-biologically, good working insecticides are paramount. Here, we will focus only on the micro-biological challenges and how to prevent them through good hygiene. Hygiene consists of two parts, cleaning and disinfection. Disinfection without prior cleaning is a waste of money. Cleaning is removing the dirt that can be seen partially: to separate and remove this dirt from a surface, through water and a detergent. In other words to make the surface as free as possible from organic soil and the microbes inside it, that would impede the disinfectant to reach the surfaces. Four factors will determine the functioning of a detergent: Therefore, foam is often used instead of a classical detergent, since it adheres longer. Today, a new generation of foaming cleaners have been developed, that cling longer on the surface and penetrate much deeper into the dirt. Gels are also available and these adhere even longer and hence no warm water is required. Increasing the contact time will allow savings on water consumption, labour and energy, as shown in Figure 1, also referred to as the sinner circle. A good cleaning job should allow for a >85% reduction of micro-organisms, generally known as a sanitised situation. This will allow the disinfectant to reduce the rest of the pathogens easier. The goal of disinfection is to reduce the number of pathogens, ideally with log 4 (99.99%). Therefore, the disinfectant should be compatible with the detergent, foam or gel cleaner. This means that if the cleaning agent that is used contains cationic surfactants, the disinfectant should not contain anionic surfactants or vice versa. Well formulated, 21st century disinfectants should comply with a number of characteristics. In terms of composition the things to be considered are how many different active ingredients compose the formulated product so that it assures a maximum synergy? Does the product contain buffering agents, stabilising agents, wetting agents, sequestering agents? Does it work in contact with organic matter, in all temperatures and pH values and in hard water? Is there a guaranteed shelf life for both the concentrate and the dilution? The million dollar question is how many grams/litre (or %) active ingredients are there in the product? This concentration will determine the dilution. If the supplier is ISO and/or GMP certified, you can be sure that the label is trustworthy. Opportunities should also be examined. Does the product cover the full spectrum of bactericide, fungicide, virucide and sporicide? (Be aware of ‘statics’, like bacteriostatics: they stop their development, but don’t reduce their number). Also, no classical disinfectant formulations will kill oocysts. If the goal is to kill coccidiosis as well, by contact disinfection, make sure there is data available that proves the coccicidal activity of the disinfectant, preferably in the spore stage. Can the product be sprayed, foamed and fogged as it is? Without having to add a foaming agent or a carrying agent. Ideally, a disinfectant should be mixed with water only, to dilute. Safety also has to be considered. For people (it should be non-carcinogenic like formaldehyde, for example, complying with the universal CLP and the European REACH regulations for biocides), for the animals, for the equipment (non-corrosive on galvanised feeder lines and fans, or aluminium drinker supports, etc) and for the environment, being biodegradable and therefore not containing heavy metals such as tin, silver nor being petroleum based such as HBTA phenolics that have been banned in Europe. It is a legal obligation to keep a safety data sheet (SDS) on file of every chemical stored. Pay special attention to personal protection equipment (PPE). Also to be considered is whether a disinfectant is tested. Are there any test reports available? What is the testing protocol? Is it the European EN or the American AOAC which works with a higher organic challenge, simulating field circumstances? These four criteria, composition, opportunities, safety and tested form the acronym COST. The real cost of a disinfectant however, is not its price per litre, but its cost in use, in dilution. A dilution of 0.5% = 1:200 = 5 ml/litre. It’s the cost of these 5 ml that is poured into 1 L water that counts. The more concentrated and synergistic the disinfectant, the lower the dilution and the less transport and storage costs involved. Considering that a broiler drinks 2-4 times more than it eats, not only is the cleaning and disinfection of surfaces important, but also the waterlines should be cleaned internally and the water needs to be treated if it is not considered fit for human consumption. Cleaning involves removing the scale and the biofilm. The biofilm is a polysaccharide layer, caused by adding vitamins, medication, etc. through the water. It harbours mainly enterobacteria (Salmonella, E. coli, etc) and impedes the good functioning of medicine, vaccines, etc. It will, just like scale, block the nipples and reduce the water flow. Removing the biofilm is possible by oxidation. Stabilised hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) will do the job. In combination with organic acids (peracetic acid), it will also remove scale in just one shot (oxidation and acidification combined). If the product does not contain heavy metals, such as silver nitrate, it will leave no residues, being completely biodegradable. The water itself can be treated with cocktails of organic acids enriched with oligo-elements, essential oils, etc which fall under European GMP+ regulations, for optimising gut condition, health and digestion or FCR. Biosecurity and prevention are a state of mind. Management should believe in hygiene and apply the principles just as the operators. For instance; a foot dip is there for every person passing through, including the general manager. Sanitation products and procedures are widely available, but people have to apply them correctly. Therefore operational biosecurity is probably the greatest managerial challenge to prevent diseases and save the incurment of costs in having to cure them. References available upon request	<urn:uuid:798fb3d2-01ab-4b7e-8a9f-865b3917ed29>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.poultryworld.net/health-nutrition/an-ounce-of-prevention-is-worth-a-pound-of-cure/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00261.warc.gz	en	0.928711	1,641	3.40625	3
Click on the link below to view the article. Author: Dr.Jotsna Kamat Smt. Kamat has given an analytical study of this literary source, being authored by Mummadi Someshwara, the famous author of Manasollasa. She draws our attention particularly to the description of Kalyana Nagari and Karnataka during Kalyana Chalukyas by Someshwara. This sanskrit Champu poem is an incomplete palm leaf literature. It deals with about 56 countries and their representatives residing at Kalyana Nagara. The description of fourth caste has been noted. It is interesting to note that ‘Adhistita Dhama’ which is supposed to be synonymous to ‘Five Star Hotel’ of modern times, and varieties of eatables and beautiful Chitrabhavanams have been highlighted in this literary source. This essay denotes cultural and social study with a literary touch.	<urn:uuid:b560af3f-2637-47b4-ad82-47977ce87465>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/2013/07/19/karnataka-in-vikramankabhyudaya/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806421.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121170156-20171121190156-00624.warc.gz	en	0.943325	193	2.53125	3
by Nicole Wines One of the simplest but most effective ways you can contribute to a healthy, regenerative ecosystem, even if you live in the city or suburbs is to plant a seed…or plant many seeds. The more seeds the better. Make seed balls and seed bombs, plant container gardens, plant wildflowers in empty lots and any stretch of earth you can find. How does this help the environment? Plants, native wildflowers especially, help to contribute to the biodiversity of any ecosystem. They attract beneficial pollinators, from bees to butterflies to birds to bats. They help sequester carbon and filter air. They hold the soil in place. They clean the soil and help promote diverse microorganisms in the soil. It’s a win, any way you look at it. The greater the diversity, the stronger the ecosystem can grow, and eventually begin to balance out again.	<urn:uuid:ca944bc8-f330-4beb-940d-0db8abcf0ece>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.getecocentric.com/actions-to-take-plant-a-seed/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735963.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805153603-20200805183603-00274.warc.gz	en	0.919486	181	3.5625	4
- NAME: Rubén Darío - OCCUPATION: Diplomat, Journalist, Author, Poet - BIRTH DATE: January 18, 1867 - DEATH DATE: February 06, 1916 - PLACE OF BIRTH: Metapa, today known as Ciudad Darío, Nicaragua - PLACE OF DEATH: León, Nicaragua - Originally: Félix Rubén García Sarmiento - Nickname: "The prince of Castilian letters" - Nickname: "Father of Modernism" Best Known For Rubén Darío was an acclaimed Nicaraguan poet, essayist and journalist who introduced the style known as modernism to Spanish literature. Think you know about Biography? Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.Play Now Rubén Darío, born on January 18, 1867, in Metapa, Nicaragua, would immerse himself in various forms of literary study and exploration. In books of poetry and prose like Azul and Prosas profanas, Darío introduced the writing style known as modernism, which would be highly influential. He also worked as a journalist in Spain and France for La Nación. He died on February 6, 1916. © 2013 A+E Networks. All rights reserved. Included In These Groups Hispanic Writers 21 people in this group Famous Capricorns 496 people in this group Famous Poets 212 people in this group profile name: Rubén Darío profile occupation: Sign in with Facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons.	<urn:uuid:2641a090-6041-4aa4-a9be-5aabbf142117>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.biography.com/people/rub%C3%A9n-dar%C3%ADo-37640	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928074	349	2.59375	3
The frequently-used term “human nature” is typically used: - In conjunction with behavior; - As an (if not the) explanation of behavior; - With the behavior being referred to being of an anti-social nature. These facts regarding the usage of “human nature” suggest several questions: - Insofar as biology is used as an explanatory factor relative to human behavior, does “human nature” (i.e., biology) just account for anti-social behavior? (So that “bad” behavior has its basis in biological “drives,” and “good” behavior is a result of conscious choice? - Can human behavior be explained just on the basis of biology? (So that biology accounts for both “bad” and “good” behavior?) - Can biology be used to explain human phenomena other than behavior? The ensuing discussion addresses those three questions, with the conclusion of that discussion being that there are alternatives to “human nature philosophy.” Indeed, the discussion concludes, implicitly, that the term “human nature” is a holdover from the days of pre-scientific modes of thought, and as such should be expunged from the language. If one thinks of human behavior as a process, one can identify a series of steps associated with a given behavior: 1. Perception—seeing, hearing, smelling, or touching something. 2. Reaction—which has two aspects (both of which are involuntary—and genetically-based): a. External—facial expression, gesture, and/or vocalization, a given manifestation being termed a certain “emotion.” b. Internal—physiological, hormonal, etc., changes occurring within the body, these often functioning to prepare the body for an action. There are, of course, exceptions to this sequence: 1. A given perception may result in a reaction in some individuals, but not others. For example, the perception of a given vista may result in a feeling of awe in some but not in others. 2. Some reactions tend not to have an associated action. For example, a feeling of awe typically does not generate an (overt) action. Given, however, that some individuals are more sensitive and creative than others, some experiencing that feeling may compose a poem or a song, may develop religious ideas, may be motivated to initiate an organization (e.g., John Muir and the Sierra Club), etc. Another point worth mentioning is that if one, in reacting to some perception, is near other individuals, those others (most, if not all) are usually able to “read” the emotion being expressed by the individual in question, may themselves experience that emotion (“contagion”), and then also be motivated to engage in the action “called for” by the emotion. An important distinction, however is that of behavior as it occurred/occurs with pre-“civilized” peoples vs. behavior as it occurs in “civilized” societies (i.e., those societies that post-date the Agricultural Revolution of 10,000 years ago, and are “products” of that Revolution). It would appear that the actions of pre-civilized peoples consist primarily of those that are responses to reactions, or were rooted in biological “drives.” The case of “civilized” peoples is slightly different in that: 1. Some actions parallel those that occur in pre-civilized societies in that they occur in response to involuntary reactions and “drives.” 2. Some reactions that are followed by actions in pre-civilized societies fail to produce the expected action in a civilized society because they are suppressed, if but unconsciously. If such suppression becomes routine, a psychosomatic disorder is likely to develop.1 3. Many of the actions that occur do so independently of reactions, occurring (see, e.g., my “Obstacles to the Good Society“): a. In response to a situation that one finds oneself in. b. In response to a belief system that “possesses” one. c. As a matter of free choice. To this point my discussion has: 1. Made no reference to “human nature.” 2. Been non-normative in nature: It has refrained from using the terms “good” and “bad,” and has not even suggested such terms. In “lacking” these two features, my discussion to this point has, then, been “deviant,” for discussions of (allegedly) genetically-based behaviors typically not only make use of the term “human nature,” but apply a value judgment (“good” or—more commonly—“bad”) to the behavior(s) attributed to genes. The question is whether it is useful—or even meaningful—to invoke the concept of “human nature” by discussing: - Ideas expressed by Thomas Henry Huxley [1825-1895] on the matter. - My ideas. - Ideas expressed by Dacher Keltner in his recent Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life.2 What prompts my discussion of Huxley’s ideas are the claims, made, e.g., by primatologist Frans de Waal,3 that (a) there is such a thing as “veneer theory” and (b) this “theory” has its basis in the writings of Huxley. As both of these claims can be questioned, I first question de Waal’s claim that “veneer theory” is the name for something that actually exists; then, after discussing Huxley’s ideas—one’s that pertain in particular to human behavior—I will question a part (what, indeed, I regard as the key part) of the “veneer theory” claim leveled against Huxley. First, a relevant passage by de Waal, appearing (p. 7) under the heading “VENEER THEORY”: In 1893, for a large audience in Oxford, England, Huxley publicly reconciled his dim view of the natural world with the kindness occasionally encountered in human society. Huxley realized that the laws of the physical world are unalterable. He felt, however, that their impact on human existence could be softened and modified if people kept nature under control. Thus, Huxley compared humanity with a gardener who has a hard time keeping weeds out of his garden. He saw human ethics as a victory over an unruly and nasty evolutionary process (Huxley, 1989 ). De Waal is referring here to a 1989 edition of Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics. (I provide a link to an 1899 edition of this book below.) Below I list the three essays in this book that I will be referring to here. However, the 1894 essay that de Waal refers to is not the 1893 Romanes lecture. The 1894 essay (which de Waal references) contains a gardening reference, but the 1893 Romanes lecture does not (despite de Waal’s claim that it does). As to the matter of whether “veneer theory” should be thought of as having a referent, let us first recognize that in science the function of a theory is to explain, and that it does so through deductive reasoning. What a theory explains is a law (i.e., a universal statement with firm empirical support), which in this explanatory context is referred to as an explanandum. A theory itself is a set of statements believed to be “true” (i.e., having empirical support), but without the requirement that all of those statements have firm empirical support—some being, perhaps, of a speculative nature. The theory itself is referred to as the explanans.4 How does a theory explain? By “producing” the explanandum. That is, if a given explanandum is deducible from the statements constituting the theory, the theory is said to have “explained” the explanandum. An additional point of importance here is that more than one theory may be proposed for a given explanandum, with there being no sound basis for selecting one theory over the others. In fact, several theories may be generally accepted simultaneously, under the belief that in a certain context one theory is appropriate, in another context another theory is appropriate. In the case of “veneer theory,” the first question that arises is: What is the explanandum (i.e., what is it that it purported explains), and what is the explanation (i.e., explanans) offered? For the first part, the explanandum is the “law” that all of those creatures warranting the label “human” are, and have been, “anti-social”—by which it is meant (I assume) that humans are “selfish” (i.e., humans never do, and have never done, anything for other humans), “aggressive” (i.e., humans, in interacting with other humans, always do, and have done, so in a manner that is hurtful to those others), and …(?) As to the second part of the question, the explanation offered by “veneer theory” is that humans exhibit anti-social behavior because they are “programmed” so to do; i.e., their genes dictate that their interactions with other humans be characterized as anti-social. Not just some times, but always. What is the scientific status of this “theory”? Its basic problem is that it is an explanation offered for a non-law: It is simply not true that all interactional behavior by humans relative to other humans is, and has been, of an anti-social nature. Indeed, not only is this not a law; it is not possible that it could be a law: The human is helpless at birth, and without care, will die; the only reason that humans exist as a species at present is that they all received some care after being born—with some receiving “better” care than others, of course. It is conceivable that humans, upon being born, would receive care from members of some other species rather than humans. But if this were to occur, the result would be a “feral” being—one not recognizably human. Which fact points to the fact that what a given human “becomes” is only in part a function of genetic inheritance, with how that individual is raised (among other factors) also being decisive. We can now conclude that because the explanandum associated with “veneer theory” lacks an empirical basis, any explanation offered for it is simply pointless—about as pointless as a “theory” that explains why unicorns eat only fescue grass. Let us, then, expunge the useless term “veneer theory” from our language. Next, then, let us examine some of the ideas expressed by Thomas Huxley, relative to human behavior, in the latter part of the nineteenth century—with my earlier discussion of behavior above providing the benchmark for the discussion. Let me warn the reader in advance that I take my task here seriously, so that my discussion of Huxley is rather lengthy. Thomas H. Huxley - “Evolution and Ethics. Prolegomena,” 1894, p. 1-45. (Evidently this was written specifically for this book.) - “Evolution and Ethics,” 1893, p. 46-116. (This was delivered as the second Romanes lecture, in 1893.) - “The Struggle for Existence in Human Society,” 1888, p. 195-236. (This was originally published in the February 1888 issue of The Nineteenth Century, an important journal of the time.)6 The page numbers where these essays appear in Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays are listed because my references below are to page numbers rather than to essays. As my interest here, in part, is in “human nature,” and Frans de Waal (among others) has seemingly suggested that Huxley regarded human nature as “nasty,” two questions arise here for consideration: Did the concept of “human nature” play a role in Huxley’s thinking? If so, what was Huxley’s concept of “human nature”? In addressing these questions, the first point that I would make is that I have found the term “human nature” used but once in these three essays. On p. 209 he stated: “Whether human nature is competent, under any circumstances, to reach, or even seriously advance towards, this ideal condition [that he had been discussing, beginning on p. 206], is a question which need not be discussed [for the simple reason that it will never be reached].” (In the same paragraph he made reference to “natural man”—by which I assume that he meant humans behaving according to the dictates of “human nature,” i.e., humans living in a pre-civilized state.) The meaning that Huxley attached to “human nature,” not clarified on p. 209, must be gleaned from other statements he made in these three essays. But although the factor that gave rise to the development of “human nature” was discussed with consistency in these three essays, the content of that “nature” was not—as we shall see shortly. Thus, to assert that Huxley held a negative view of “human nature,” is to distort what Huxley actually stated relative to the matter. Beginning on p. 9, Huxley (in the process of discussing gardening, and the “horticultural process”) distinguished between a “state of nature” and a “state of Art” (or “artifice,” as he put in on p. 11), and argued that a “cosmic process” produced the content of nature, whereas “artificial” things were the product of human action. However, Huxley argued that (p. 11) “man, physical, intellectual, and moral, is as much a part of nature, as purely a product of the cosmic process, as the humblest weed.” There is, though, a key difference between the “cosmic process” and the horticultural one; for (p. 13): “The tendency of the cosmic process is to bring about the adjustment of the forms of plant life to the current conditions; the tendency of the horticultural process is the adjustment of the conditions to the needs of the forms of plant life which the gardener desires to raise.” In short, in nature, environmental conditions dictate what plants will be found in a given area; with humans, however, people decide what plants they want to raise, and then create the environmental conditions necessary for their successful raising. Where “human nature”—the concept, if not the term—entered Huxley’s thinking was in his explanation of the factor that gave rise to “human nature.” On p. 13-14 he stated: “The cosmic process uses unrestricted multiplication as the means whereby hundreds compete for the place and nourishment adequate for one; it employs frost and drought to cut off the weak and unfortunate; to survive …” On p. 81 he stated: “Men in society are undoubtedly subject to the cosmic process. As among other animals, multiplication goes on without cessation, and involves severe competition for the means of support.” And on p. 205: “One of the most essential conditions, if not the chief cause, of the struggle for existence, is the tendency to multiply without limit, which man shares with all living things.” Huxley had, of course, borrowed the notion of “multiplication” from Charles Darwin’s [1809-1882] The Origin of Species (1859)—Darwin, in turn, having borrowed it from Thomas Malthus [1766-834]—who had argued, famously, that: “The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man.” (That is, populations—regardless of species—tend to grow at a faster rate than the food supply that they depend upon for sustenance.) Darwin had inferred from this (supposed) “law” stated by Malthus that the inexorable result would be (intra-specific) competition, with the “winners” in this competition having innate characteristics that differentiated them from the “losers”—so that as the “winners” produced progeny, and the “winners” among their progeny produced progeny …, over time the species would change in a slow, steady, progressive manner (in terms of the “success” variable(s), and any other variable(s) that happened to be correlated with it, added Darwin). (By implication, as the species changed, it would retain its “fitness” relative to the environment, but the interpretation of what “fitness” means has continued to be a matter of confusion; see my “Obstacles to the Good Society.”) Huxley not only borrowed the notion of “multiplication” from Darwin, but borrowed Darwin’s inference from that “law” that “multiplication” would, of necessity, result in (intra-specific) competition. In his discussion (p. 196 ff.) of deer being prey of wolves, he evinced knowledge of the fact of predation, with its tendency to keep the prey species (singular and plural) in check. But for some reason Huxley (like Darwin, who also recognized the existence of predation) insisted on giving only competition (with conspecifics) a role in maintaining a given population at a “carrying capacity” level. What “human nature” results did Huxley associate with the intra-specific competition that, he insisted, was a part of the “cosmic process”? He provided no consistent answer to this question. Although Huxley’s discussion on p. 14 refers specifically to a garden (which explains his reference to frost and drought), his assertion that “to survive, there is need not only of strength, but of flexibility and of good fortune” can be understood as a general statement intended to any species. Insofar as that is a correct interpretation of this passage, so that we can think of it as applicable to humans, the statement “says” that those humans who survive in the competition that necessarily results from “multiplication” will have (a) strength, (b) flexibility, and (c) good luck. Note that with none of these “success” variables do we have a basis for labeling them as of an “anti-social” nature! On p. 27 Huxley stated that “with all [of] their enormous differences in natural endowment, men agree in one thing, and that is their innate desire to enjoy the pleasures [of life] and to escape the pains of life; and, in short, to do nothing but that which pleases them to do, without the least reference to the welfare of the society into which they are born.” Thus, in this passage Huxley asserted that every human—whether they become “winners” or “losers” in competition that they must endure—have an “innate” tendency to behave in a manner that will add to their pleasure and prevent them from experiencing pain. Huxley added that they will do so without considering the “welfare of the society,” seemingly suggesting thereby that the exercise of these tendencies would result in anti-social behaviors. But the “pursuit of happiness” (to borrow a phrase from Thomas Jefferson) need not result in anti-social behavior; indeed, modern research (as will be evidenced in my discussion below of Dacher Keltner) has concluded that we humans are “programmed” in such a way that “doing” for others not only results in an increase in the well-being of the helpee, but in one’s own sense of well-being as well. Indeed, some (e.g., the Dalai Lama) would go so far as to assert: If you want to be happy, practice compassion; if you want others to be happy, practice compassion.7 That is, practicing compassion is a “win-win” sort of behavior! In the same paragraph on p. 27 Huxley stated, immediately below the statement just quoted above: “That is their inheritance (the reality at the bottom of the doctrine of original sin) from the long series of ancestors, human and semi-human and brutal, in whom the strength of this innate tendency to self-assertion was the condition of victory in the struggle for existence.” Thus, in this sentence Huxley asserted (or at least implied) that the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain—motivated, as it was, by an “innate tendency to self-assertion”—would, of necessity, be of an anti-social nature. It is evident, then, that Huxley believed that the exercise of “self-assertion” would necessarily result in anti-social behavior, but he provided no convincing argument in favor of that assertion. Therefore, we have no definitive basis here for concluding that an innate tendency to pursue pleasure and avoid pain would necessarily result in anti-social behavior. Huxley claimed, in this passage, that it would, but we are not obligated to accept Huxley’s conclusion. On p. 28 Huxley referred to “the mutual affection of parent and offspring, intensified by the long infancy of the human species.” Here Huxley seemed to say that humans, as parents (and whether or not they became “winners” or “losers”) had an innate tendency to have “affection” for their offspring, and that offspring had an innate tendency to have “affection” for their parents. And he added that the fact that the human infant required a long period of parental care “intensified” these tendencies, for both parent and offspring. The implication here is that although those who “win” in the competition that necessarily occurs with conspecifics may have some anti-social instincts (“self-assertion”), they also have an instinct which “drives” them to care for their offspring—a “drive” that is intensified the longer that care continues. What we seem to have in this passage, then, is an “admission” that “human nature” has both positive and negative elements. Huxley followed the above-quoted statement by asserting (p. 28): “But the most important is the tendency, so strongly developed in man, to reproduce in himself actions and feelings similar to, or correlated with, those of other men. Man is the most consummate of all mimics in the animal world; none but himself can draw or model; none comes near him in the scope, variety, and exactness of vocal imitation; none is such a master of gesture; while he seems to be impelled thus to imitate for the pure pleasure of it. And there is no such another emotional chameleon.” What he seemed to be saying here is that all humans—whether they become “winners” or “losers”—are born with an ability not only to “read” the emotions of others, but to “mirror” them—i.e., to feel the same emotion as was being felt by the individual being observed. Oddly, however, his statement that individuals do this for the “pure pleasure of it” suggests that this behavioral tendency is a chosen one, rather than one that is innate and involuntary. Perhaps Huxley intended to say here that when individuals react, spontaneously, to the emotion being expressed by another individual, they feel pleasure. But if this was Huxley’s intent, the question arises: If observing another display happiness makes one also feel happy, why would observing another display, e.g., anger, also make one feel happy? It appears to me that muddled thinking was involved in Huxley’s comments here. It appears that Huxley was again saying, of “human nature,” that it involved both positive and negative aspects, but the precise meaning that he intended in this particular passage certainly lacks in clarity. On p. 29 Huxley stated that “the greatest restrainer of the anti-social tendencies of men is fear, not of the law, but of the opinion of their fellows.” Here Huxley seemed to be asserting that although the survivors of the competition that occurred would have an innate tendency to engage in anti-social behaviors, those living in society would learn to restrain those tendencies. Such a conclusion is plausible, but it leads us to ask: If humans have an innate tendency to behave in an anti-social manner, how does one explain the facts that they have, nonetheless, (a) created societies and (b) then maintained them?! Huxley took as a “given” the fact that humans live in societies, but didn’t seem to recognize that his reasoning about humans presented difficulties in explaining why human societies came into being in the first place! Indeed, this was a major deficiency in his thinking. Huxley knew that self-restraint was necessary for life in society, and that this could be learned (for it was not inherent in “human nature”); but these three essays provide no evidence that he ever grappled successfully with the problem of explaining why and how human societies came into existence. On p. 24 he noted, “Social organization is not peculiar to men,” and then proceeded to discuss ants and bees. How did he explain the origin of their societies? “Now this society [i.e., that of bees] is the direct product of an organic necessity, impelling every member of it to a course of action which tends to the good of the whole.” In other words, they created societies because they had to!—a “non-explanation explanation,” if ever there was one! He then went on to declare (p. 26): “I see no reason to doubt that, at its origin, human society was as much a product of organic necessity as that of bees”—which statement he then footnoted: Collected Essays, vol v., Prologue, p. 50-54. (I have not read the cited pages because I have not been able to convince myself that they would enlighten me on the matter.) Note that the passage on p. 29 makes no explicit reference to “human nature,” but suggests that (what we would call) “human nature” contains anti-social tendencies, but also contains an innate ability to learn to behave in a manner contrary to one’s inherited anti-social tendencies. Indeed, in a famous passage Huxley stated (p. 83): “Let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress of society depends, not on imitating the cosmic process, still less in running away from it, but in combating it.” So that “human nature” is somewhat of a “mixed bag” in that one has inherited tendencies both to behave in an anti-social manner and to learn to behave otherwise! It seems clear that Huxley was gifted as an intellectual contortionist! On p. 51 Huxley “admitted” that “the consummation [with humans] is not reached in man, the mere animal; nor in man, the whole or half savage; but only in man, the member of an organized polity.” Thus, humans not only had (what we would call) the “genetic material” to escape the degraded existence of the “’whole or half savage,” but acted on that “genetic material”—which fact Huxley judged to be “good.” Then, in referring to the “savage state” that had existed earlier (p. 51-52), he stated: “For his successful progress, throughout the savage state, man has been largely indebted to those qualities which he shares with the ape and the tiger; his exceptional physical organization; his cunning, his sociability, his curiosity, and his imitativeness; his ruthless and ferocious destructiveness when his anger is roused in opposition.” Note here that the “qualities” that Huxley identified were a “mixed bag” of positive and negative innate tendencies. Huxley implied that although these tendencies were all dominant (if working in different directions) during the “savage” stage of human existence, we moderns still have these tendencies: We have inherited an ability for self-restraint, and are using that ability to suppress the “negative” aspects of our “human nature.” Thus, Huxley’s “message” in this passage was that although “human nature” is a “mixed bag,” an important part of that “nature” is an inherited ability to suppress our “negative” tendencies, and even choose to behave in a positive manner relative to our fellows. Indeed, Huxley stated (p. 205) that “society not only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social life, is embodied morality.” Also on p. 51 Huxley stated that: “Man, the animal, … has worked his way to the headship of the sentient world, and has become the superb animal which he is, in virtue of his success in the struggle for existence. The conditions having been of a certain order, man’s organization has adjusted itself to them better than that of his competitors in the cosmic strife. In the case of mankind, the self-assertion, the unscrupulous seizing upon all that can be grasped, the tenacious holding of all that can be kept, which constitute the essence of the struggle for existence, have answered.” In this passage Huxley seems to have suggested that humans were “naturally” aggressive, unscrupulous, and selfish—i.e., had only negative innate traits. Conclusions that not only conflict with his conclusions stated elsewhere (as we have seen above), but conclusions that suggest that humans are unable, on the basis of their genetic inheritance, to create societies! On p. 52 he asserted that “in proportion as men have passed from anarchy to social organization, and in proportion as civilization has grown in worth, these deeply ingrained serviceable qualities [referred to above] have become defects.” If, that is, we now assume that “human nature” is negative, but that humans, by some unknown magic, have nevertheless been able to form societies, we must recognize that our inherited traits present difficulties for civilized existence. My reaction: If Huxley’s premises are true, his conclusion logically follows; but Huxley had a habit of changing his premises, and although some of those premises might have empirical support, other premises do not. On p. 26 Huxley wrote that “it is easy to see that every increase in the duration of family ties, with the resulting co-operation of larger and larger number of descendants for protection and defence, would give the families in which such modifications took place a distinct advantage over the others.” This seems to suggest that Huxley believed that societies came into existence through the expansion of families: As families (in a broad sense) expanded in size, cooperation within the family also became more prevalent (that behavior being used primarily to provide the group with protection), so that as such families grew in size, they gave their members “survival value” (what appears here to be a “group selection” argument). But Huxley did not clearly offer such an argument; and if one believes, though, that he did, and adds that Huxley thought of “human nature” as containing both positive and negative elements, one has a plausible argument. But such an argument only makes sense if one asserts that “human nature” has both “good” and “bad” characteristics. On p. 81 Huxley stated: “Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another, which may be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the survival of those happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain, but of those who are ethically the best.” However, in another place Huxley seemingly contradicted—or at least qualified—this conclusion. On p. 31 he stated: “It is … to be observed that, just as the self-assertion, necessary to the maintenance of society against the state of nature, will destroy that society if it is allowed free operation within; so the self-restraint, the essence of the ethical process, which is no less an essential condition of the existence of every polity, may, by excess, become ruinous to it.” In developing this statement he made some interesting comments (p. 32) on the Golden Rule: “Strictly observed, the ‘golden rule’ involves the negation of law by the refusal to put in motion against law-breakers; and, as regards the external relations of a polity, it is the refusal to continue the struggle for existence. It can be obeyed, even partially, only under the protection of a society which repudiates it. Without such shelter, the followers of the ‘golden rule’ may indulge the hopes of heaven, but they must reckon with the certainty that other people will be masters of the earth.” Thus, although the Golden Rule is a good rule, the sensible person will realize that it is foolish to carry the Rule to an extreme. Huxley’s discussion on p. 81 made no discussion, true, of “human nature”—except in suggesting that we have an innate ability to make decisions, and that in exercising that ability it is not inevitable that we will make decisions that, from a broad perspective, are wise. On p. 200 Huxley stated that the “animal world is on about the same level as a gladiator’s show. The creatures are fairly well treated, and set to fight—whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningest live to fight another day.” And given that man is also an animal, the suggestion here is that the factors that determine “success” in the “struggle for existence” are the three listed. Note here first that the view of “human nature” implicit in this statement is not necessarily negative: For example, if the “strong” survive, an interpretation can be given to that conclusion that the strong who survive also have an innate generosity—so that the survivors consist of the strong and the not-so-strong. Another point that needs to be made regarding the competition that Huxley thought occurred in nature is that the “multiplication” that, for Huxley (as for Darwin), was the cause of this competition, had created a situation which forced individuals to become competitive. That is, the competitive behavior that occurred may not have occurred in response to the internal factor of a negative “human nature” but, rather, to the situational factor of “multiplication.” This is a possibility not considered by either Darwin or Huxley, so “possessed” were they both by the notion that internal innate factors “had” to be the cause of the competitive behavior. It would, of course, be reasonable to argue that even if innate tendencies were not “originally” the cause of the competitive behavior, they would become so as a result of that behavior: Those individuals having a “competitive nature” would, ceteris paribus, have a greater chance of “succeeding” (i.e., surviving, and then having progeny) than those lacking such a “nature.” My point, however, is that although such an argument has merit, it is not one that either Darwin or Huxley ever made, so far as I have been able to determine. What answers should I give to the two questions I posed at the beginning of this section regarding Thomas Huxley? They can be answered very briefly: - The concept of “human nature” did play a role in Huxley’s thinking. - It is erroneous to make the “blanket” statement that Huxley had a negative view of “human nature.” Rather, Huxley made a variety of statements relative to the matter—at times making claims that were of a positive (or at least non-negative) nature, at times of a more-or-less negative matter, and still other times of a “mixed bag” nature. Huxley’s primary orientation was to actions rather than reactions—actions that either had a basis in biological inheritance, or in conscious decision-making. I quoted some of his comments on reactions, including his assertion (p. 28) that the human’s ability to react to the emotional displays of others was highly important. But if he actually believed this, why didn’t he develop it more than he did? Huxley noted (p. 38) that although societies had developed over time, there had not been a corresponding development in “the physical, or the mental, characters” of humans—and Huxley did not see that growing “deviation” as a problem. Likely he would not have agree with René Dubos’s 1968 statement: “In many respects, modern man is like a wild animal spending its life in a zoo; like the animal, he is fed abundantly and protected from inclemencies but deprived of the natural stimuli essential for many functions of his body and his mind.”8 Evidently Huxley was so “possessed” by the notion that historical development is basically the story of continual “progress” that he was simply unable to consider the possibility that the “deviation” just referred to presented problems for humans—a point developed by, e.g., Noet T. Boaz in his Evolving Health: The Origins of Illness and How the Modern World is Making Us Sick.9 A final point is that although Huxley (“Darwin’s Bulldog”) was clearly familiar with Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859), these three essays provide one with no evidence that he had any familiarity with Darwin’s The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) or The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). Darwin’s Origin had not (except by implication) dealt with humans, but Descent and Expression had, and indicate that Darwin had developed his thinking beyond what he had written in Origin. Huxley, however, seems to have gotten “stuck” on the Darwin of 1859 (insofar as his ideas were in agreement with those of Darwin). My Views Involving Biology (stated very briefly!) A tacit assumption underlying Huxley’s discussion of human behavior is that “natural selection” is a “law of nature,” applying equally to all species, and that the selection associated with “natural selection” (a) occurs on the basis of an innate trait or traits—one(s) that gives one “success” in one’s competition with conspecifics, and (b) results in slow, steady, progressive change in the given species—while (a notion implicit here) the species maintains “fitness” relative to the environment it occupies.10 My starting assumption, in contrast, is that (Darwinian) “natural selection” played no role whatsoever in human evolution, and that the relevant factors, rather, were (a) environmental change, (b) predation, and (c) (female-choice) sexual selection—none of which factors necessarily involves intra-specific competition. Although the first factor seems mainly to have played a role in our physical development, the latter two “mechanisms” evidently had an impact not only on our physical development, but our behavioral development (in terms of innate behavioral proclivities) as well. The latter has involved both reactions (with consequent actions) and actions (to allude here to my “process” discussion at the beginning of this essay), but my interest has been especially in the latter (with Dacher Keltner—discussed next—having an interest in reactions primarily). As I noted earlier (in an endnote), Prince Peter Kropotkin [1842-1921] reacted negatively to Huxley’s 1888 article (“The Struggle for Existence in Human Society”) in The Nineteenth Century, because his own research in Siberia and his reading had led him to believe that cooperation, not competition, was the “law of nature.” Unfortunately, Kropotkin did not offer an explanation (i.e., a “mechanism”11 comparable to Darwin’s “natural selection”) for why cooperation is common in nature, and this “hole” in Kropotkin’s thinking may help explain why his observations and thoughts have been largely ignored over the years. Research during the past few years, however, makes it clear that both predation and (female-choice) sexual selection have been the decisive factors in human evolution, and that both of these “mechanisms” have “operated” to give us (a) (involuntary) reactions that conduce “social” behaviors, and (b) actions (with a genetic basis) that do the same—those actions including caretaking activities that are essential for activating the potentialities latent in the genes. This is not the place to detail the specific mechanisms associated with these factors (mechanisms that are not well known anyway!), but as I suggested earlier, I think it important to distinguish between human behavior as it occurred before the “Fall” into agriculture (with the Agricultural Revolution, and consequent rise of “civilization”) and behavior since that time. I suggested earlier the possibility that reactions, and actions motivated by reactions (along with “drives”), were characteristic of the pre-Fall period; and that since then, although we still have the same reactions that we had in pre-Fall times, the factors that explain actions are far more complex today—and some reactions that “should” result in actions, don’t (often thereby resulting in psychosomatic disorders). What interests me especially is the fact that as our ways of life have changed (“advanced,” we are convinced), our biology has changed but little (a point recognized by Huxley). Prior to the “Fall” into agriculture, there had occurred a co-development of humans as biological entities and the way of life then existing. The gatherer-hunter way of life “directed,” in a sense, biological development; but, conversely, as biological development occurred (and especially as intelligence increased, and an ability to communicate developed), modifications occurred (“improvements”) in the gatherer-hunter way of life. Despite these facts, however, a basic consonance existed—and continued—between way of life and biology: the way of life “fit” the biology, and the biology “fit” the way of life. At some point the growth in human intelligence led to developments in technology that enabled a sedentary way of life; and although the change from a “migratory” way of life to a sedentary one did not occur “overnight,” this change in the nature of the way of life had profound consequences.12 The change meant that individuals were now exposed to stimuli for which their bodies were not “designed,” and were unable to be exposed to those stimuli for which they were “designed.” It meant that individuals were now required to engage in behaviors for which their bodies were not “designed;” and were now unable to engage in behavior for which they were “designed.” It meant that individuals were now forced to use their brains in ways contrary to the brain’s “design,” and also were not able to use them in ways consistent with the brain’s “design.” Etc. This “discrepancy” between the way of life for which we had become “designed” and the ways of life that we have been forced to live has been growing over time—at an accelerating rate since the Industrial Revolution (i.e., since about 1750 CE). And likely, this growing Discrepancy is the root cause of many—perhaps most—of the problems that we face today as humans: Given, however, that this matter has not been researched with any degree of thoroughness, one cannot be definitive about this. Given that our way of life is “out of sync” with our biology, it should be clear that there are two possible solutions: - Modify our ways of life in the direction of our “design specifications”—at least to the point where whatever degree of Discrepancy exists is not a serious problem for us. - Modify our biology in the direction of the requirements of our ways of life. Needless to say, neither course of action would be easy to take—with the second one having the additional problem of raising ethical issues. Given that we may near the threshold of “runaway” (so far as “global warming” is concerned)—assuming that we haven’t already passed it—the most likely course that we humans will take is … one of relative inaction! So that (as scientist James Lovelock has stated) the likelihood of our species going the way of the dinosaurs is very high indeed. Too bad! Psychologist (at the University of California, Berkeley) Dacher Keltner recently published a book—Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life2 —that is of great importance. In it he reports research done by himself, his students (often in conjunction with himself), and others, and asserts that (p. ix) “emotion is the source of the meaningful life.” The book addresses three questions (p. ix, x): “How can we be happy?” “What are the deep origins of our capacity for kindness?” “How can we be good?” Keltner’s second question suggests that he will give an evolutionary account of our “capacity for kindness,” but the fact of the matter is that Keltner’s orientation is to empirical studies rather than speculation regarding the evolutionary mechanisms that have “given” us “kindness genes.” It is of interest that Keltner’s first and third questions are answered by him—using empirical findings as his basis—by arguing that if we are good, we will be happy, and that being good is not that difficult given that we are “programmed” to be good. He quotes the Dalai Lama (p. 249) thusly: If you want to be happy, practice compassion; if you want others to be happy, practice compassion. Despite the fact that this is an important book that warrants a detailed analysis, I will limit myself here to just two comments. First, although the book reports the results of a large number of empirical studies, it does so using a “self-help” perspective. Thus, the possibility that our problems are rooted in The Discrepancy, and will only be solved by either societal system change or drastic biological change is never considered. Second, in terms of my “process” discussion at the beginning of this essay, it must be noted that Keltner’s orientation is more to reactions (and the actions that result from them) than to actions. Thus, he has chapters on embarrassment, the smile, laughter, compassion, and awe; and although he also has chapters on teasing, touch, and love, the actions associated with teasing and touching are closely related to reactions; and love is a complex emotion, with associated actions—and Keltner’s discussion of love is not particularly satisfying anyway. My main point here, however, is that there are many behaviors beyond the ones discussed by Keltner (see, e.g., my “Obstacles to the Good Society”), many of which are obstacles to the “good” that we were “born to be,” but those behaviors play no role in Keltner’s thinking. In other words, there is an important “hole” in his thinking, seemingly reflective of the fact that his orientation is to empirical research. In minimizing here my discussion of Keltner, I do not mean to imply that I lack admiration for his book. Rather, I justify the shortness of my discussion here on the basis that I go into much more detail in another essay. Thus, if one wants additional information about the book (without reading it!), I recommend that other essay. Darwin developed—invented, rather than discovered!—the concept of “natural selection,” believing (one would assume13 ) that it explained species change—just as breeding (i.e., “artificial selection”) is known to result in those changes in a species desired by the breeder. It turns out that the competition assumed by the concept14 is of minor importance as a causative factor, but it has been difficult to come to that realization. Why? If one is convinced that “natural selection” explains (monotypic) evolution, if one is faced with a situation that demands an explanation, one will (glibly) offer “natural selection” as the explanation—and, indeed, the evolutionary literature is filled with glib “explanations.” That is, rather than searching for an explanation, one will assume that one knows the answer in advance—so that one need not undertake any search. The result is that research into causes is inhibited, and research advance is retarded. It’s true that Darwin’s thinking “evolved” after the publication of his The Origin of Species in 1859; I am not aware, however, that he ever renounced a belief in the false doctrine (for human evolution, at any rate) of “natural selection.”15 Beyond this intellectual problem, however, there has been the problem that the dogma that competition is a “law of nature” has been used—in the form of Social Darwinism—as a “scientific” basis for excusing anti-social behaviors. If one is told that we humans are “naturally” competitive, one may be tempted to “use” this “fact” to rationalize behaviors that one knows to be anti-social—and be able to do so in good conscience. And this has been done, presumably. Therefore, acceptance of the “fact” that “natural selection” is a law of nature has had negative consequences. A parallel can be drawn between “natural selection” and “human nature” in that both concepts have inhibited research, and both concepts have been used to justify anti-social behavior. As I suggested at the beginning, the concept of “human nature” is a pre-scientific one that no longer has value (if it ever did!), and therefore should be consigned to the dust bin of history. The concept of “human nature” seemingly has an orientation to actions rather than reactions, and suggests that actions having a basis in “human nature” are of an anti-social nature. The concept does not hold that all actions are rooted in “human nature,” but seemingly suggests that those actions not having their basis in “human nature” are matters of conscious choice. The facts regarding human behavior, however, are rather different: Although involuntary reactions have their basis in biology, and some behaviors are responses to reactions, most actions are in response to situations, or the result of “possession” by a belief system, with only some actions involving true “choice.” “Human nature”—to repeat—is a concept with little or no value, except for excusing (i.e., “explaining away) anti-social behavior. As the discussion indicates, references to biology, in discussing humans, can be varied in nature, and often contain deficiencies: - Huxley’s discussion focused on actions rather than reactions, failed to distinguish between pre-Fall and post-Fall existence, and utterly lacked in consistency from passage to passage. - My discussion focused on actions rather than reactions, lacked in specificity in discussing actions (emphasizing, rather, the pre-Fall/post-Fall distinction), and focused solely on the consequences attendant upon The Discrepancy (but without providing any detail). - Keltner’s discussion focuses on reactions, the primary virtue of his presentation being that he provides an abundance of empirical evidence in support of his contention that we humans are “born to be good.” By not distinguishing between pre- and post-Fall existence, however, Keltner provides us with no information regarding the nature of post-Fall existence that makes living in accord with this “design specification” difficult. Indeed, his “self help” orientation suggests that he is either unwilling or unable to understand those difficulties. The need today is not only better to understand the “why” of human behavior, but to recognize that the thrust of human behaviors today is not only of a negative, but a dangerous, nature. It is negative in that our way of life is becoming increasingly “discrepant” relative to our “design specifications” as humans. And it is dangerous in that it has brought us to a situation where we are either very close to, or already in, “runaway,” so far as “global warming” is concerned; meaning that our very continued existence as a species is in question. It is often claimed that our species is the most intelligent species yet “produced” by evolution. Our actions to date provide little in the way of support to that claim, but “the game is not yet over.” Let’s see if we can score a touchdown, despite the fact that the odds don’t seem to be in our favor! - See, e.g., the old, but still valuable, A. T. W. Simeons, Man’s Presumptuous Brain: An Evolutionary Interpretation of Psychosomatic Disease. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1960. [↩] - New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009. [↩] [↩] - Stephen Macedo and Josiah Ober, editors, Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009. The book consists of an essay by de Waal, followed by commentaries by Robert Wright, Christine M. Korsgaard, Philip Kitcher, and Peter Singer. The book concludes with de Waal’s response to these commentaries. [↩] - It should be noted that the terms “explanandum” and “explanans” are used with all explanations, not just with theories. [↩] - New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1899. [↩] - Prince Peter Kropotkin (who was a geographer and anarchist besides being a prince) took issue with this article, and between September 1890 and June 1896 published a series of “rebuttal” articles in The Nineteenth Century. These articles were collected together into a book—Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution—published in 1902. Kropotkin was the kind of a person that I would have loved to have as a neighbor! [↩] - Quoted in Dacher Keltner, Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009, p. 249. [↩] - So Human An Animal. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968, p., 16. [↩] - New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002. [↩] - I am, of course, referring specifically to “natural selection” as conceived by Darwin (especially how he “defined” it in the first paragraph of Chapter IV of The Origin of Species. Nowadays “natural selection” is often thought of as a process involving changes in gene frequencies in a population; a definition that, because (unlike Darwin’s) it makes no reference to a mechanism(s) that causes these changes, borders on the vacuous. [↩] - The subtitle of Kropotkin’s book (“A Factor of Evolution”) suggests that he thought of cooperation as a causative factor analogous to Darwin’s “natural selection.” However, the content of the book provides no evidence in support of that suggestion. [↩] - See, e.g., Philip E. L. Smith, Food Production and Its Consequences. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing Company, 1976; and Jared Diamond, “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race,” 1987. [↩] - However, I have long suspected that Darwin knew that the concept of “natural selection” had little merit, and simply used it in an effort to become known as a great scientist. If he had an hesitation in using it, this hesitation would have been removed upon learning that Alfred Russel Wallace had invented the same concept: If two people arrived at the same invention at the same time, how could it possibly be wrong?! [↩] - Note that although competition is associated with “natural selection,” it is not associated with “artificial selection.” [↩] - Many still don’t. Even those who may not agree with the concept continue to use the term “natural selection,” giving it a meaning different than the one Darwin attached to the term. [↩]	<urn:uuid:d4401ae7-d041-46ec-a91e-ec5e662209c0>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/05/some-uses-of-biology-three-perspectives/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00213-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968543	12,627	3.40625	3
When a horse stands, there is a certain width between the near hoof and the off hoof (near is left, and off is right), and a certain length between the fore hoof and the hind hoof. You cannot tell how large a horse is from a drawing, but the proportion between the width and the length reflects how broadchested the horse is. Apart from the length of the legs this shows how the horse is built. The fore hooves are rounded, and the hind hooves are more pointed; the near and far hooves are almost mirror images of each other, but not completely. When the horse walks, the fore hoof is lifted just before the hind hoof touches the ground; especially when the horse is shod you may hear the toe of the hind hoof hit the fore hoof occasionally. The pattern of hoofprints depends, not only on how the horse is built but also on how it moves: on a well built horse with a striding gait, the step is longer than the distance between the fore leg and the hind leg so the hind hoof is lifted past the fore hoofprint and sets its print in front of it; this is called overtracking. As the typeface Ashmane, the hoofprints are used as leaders, appearing for the first time in the table of contents in the first book. When the horse turns, it upholds the pattern by bending the back (and neck) to fit the curvature of the path and adjusting the step lengths, longer for the outer pair of legs, shorter for the inner pair of legs. The individual hoofprint reflects how the ground is: the softer the ground, the deeper the hoofprint. From the faintest hoofprint on the hardest ground more and more details are revealed, until they begin to merge, ending as a hole with just the outer shape; more details are seen when the horse is unshod. A hoofprint is always deeper at the toe than at the back of the hoof because of the take off at every step. This is more distinct in the fore hoofprint because the fore hoof takes off more vigorously. The hoofprints appear as colours on the cover of the first book. They emerge at the lower corner of the back flap, gain depth, vary, some very dark or even black, until they almost fade into the background again on the front flap before they start gaining depth once more, ready to be continued on the back flap of the next cover: the beginning of a tale in hoofprints. Each hoofprint is adapted to the background colour, over stretches of lacquer red, across the gradient into flame red round the publisher logo, along the fringe of the gradient area round the title, ending in the faint gradient into the more yellowish background colour of the next cover. The change of the hoofprints as the ground becomes softer may be illustrated with the near fore hoof on the lacquer red background. At first only the foremost part of the bearing border is seen, then the whole border, the bars, and the frog. As the hoofprint becomes deeper the remaining parts become visible too: the sole between the bearing border and the frog, darkest at the toe; the grooves of the frog along the bars; the cleft in the frog hindmost in the middle, between the two halves of the frog. Eventually the details begin to merge, more and more. At last all details are lost again except for the outer shape.	<urn:uuid:f63f38d0-fa9a-4350-a67c-26a3edd9dab0>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.bugge.com/hoofprints.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010732251/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091212-00059-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940963	730	3.390625	3
I am going to be honest, today I was found out. I understand the place and power of programming. However, I was one of those people who had overlooked Scratch as somehow being ‘easy’. One of those people how felt that it was a good place to start, to explore and remix, but not really worthy of real work. As I listened to Gary Stager speak about making I realised that I had been missing a trick all along. What matters is not how it looks or even how it works, but rather what it allows you to do – and it allows you to do a lot. This experience was no more obvious than when I was tinkering with Lego WeDo. Having had some experience with Lego Mindstorms, I was interested in the difference to WeDo. The first thing that stood out was that there is just one motor and two sensors: motion and tilt. While to operate it you need to be connected to a computer (or in the modern version, an iPad using apps like Tynker). Although there were instructions provided, I was more interested in how it all actually worked. I therefore decided to try and make a simple propeller that would be controlled by tilting. My first step was to connect the WeDo to my computer. Unlike Lego Mindstorm, WeDo allows both its own software or Scratch. After searching around, I made a simple line of code that demonstrated how the two sensors worked. This involved developing an appreciation for the values produced by the senses, as well as blocks required to get them to work. Once I did this, I then wondered if I could use the tilt mechanism to not only turn it on and off, but also control the direction. After testing a range of options, Richard Olsen helped out by suggesting that I create a loop with two different parameters, where if the tilt was above 2 then it would go one direction, while if it were below 2 it would go the other way. This worked, but it was very messy. After struggling to determine whether it was actually turning, I added a yellow brick to the makeshift propeller in order to make it clearer. Although we could get the propeller turning, controlling it was a little haphazard. After some reflection, it was identified that one of the issues was the time on the motor. We therefore adjusted this from 1 second to 0.1 second. This provided precision, but was at the expense of speed. It was thought that maybe a part of the problem was that there was too much going on in one line of code. So after some discussion from others, we split the program into two parallel lines. This solved everything, providing both speed and precision. As I moved around the different stations throughout the day, so many devices devised were based around the use of block code. Whether it be Dash and Dot or the Hummingbird kit. One of the points that Stager makes again and again is that programming itself has not dramatically changed over the last thirty years. What matters is what we can do with it and more importantly, how we go about it. School, especially in science and math classes, typically only honours one type of learning and problem- solving approach, the traditional analytical step-by-step model. Other more non-linear, more collaborative, or more artistic problem-solving styles are often dismissed as “messy” or “intuitive” with the implication that they are not reliable. For more information on making and the work of Gary Stager, check out the following: - Invent to Learn book and resources - TER Live #006 – Intel’s ‘Technology in the Classroom’ with Gary Stager @ VIVID 2015 If you enjoy what you read here, feel free to sign up for my monthly newsletter to catch up on all things learning, edtech and storytelling.	<urn:uuid:9bd7ed3c-21cc-40db-874c-55df9823f4dc>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://readwriterespond.com/2016/06/dr-stager-learned-stop-worrying-love-scratch/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00511.warc.gz	en	0.982058	797	2.6875	3
Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals of the subclass Ammonoidea in the class Cephalopoda, phylum Mollusca. They are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific geological time periods. Ammonites' closest living relative is probably not the modern Nautilus (which they outwardly resemble), but rather the subclass Coleoidea (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish). Their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals, although there were some helically-spiraled and non-spiraled forms (known as "heteromorphs"). Ammonites were some of the first creatures to inhabit planet Earth, and, as such, are an amazing piece to own and display in the home. MORE AMMONITES, INCLUDING LARGER SPECIMENS, CAN BE FOUND UNDER THE HEADING "SCULPTURAL ARTWORKS". PLEASE CHECK THEM OUT ALSO.	<urn:uuid:4f36ba3d-289c-410c-959d-bf5c2747b5fe>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.finefossils.com/catalog/ammonites.htm?pg=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425751.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726022311-20170726042311-00396.warc.gz	en	0.929752	212	3.078125	3
Welcome to another edition of Flute Friday! Whenever I am nervous prior to a performance or audition, the first thing to go is my sound. What was beautiful and crystal clear 24 hours ago suddenly turns into a strangled, airy, tense, cacophony of sound reminiscent of a dying cat. I typically leave the scene of the crime ashamed and confused, knowing very well that that was not the type of flute tone I had wished to project to the world. After experiencing a handful of unsuccessful auditions, I have researched several ways to improve overall flute tone, strengthen embouchure flexibility, and develop a larger, yet reliable, volume of sound. The following top 10 list of tips and tricks is designed to help all of you in Flute Land strengthen your own sound and silence the dying cat within. 1. Posture. Having proper flute posture is the foundation of flute playing. The way you hold yourself and the instrument drastically alters your sound quality, fluidity of technique, and ease of breathing. Sit or stand with your back straight and your head positioned up and forward. Hold your flute as close to parallel with the floor as comfortable (at no more than a 20-degree angle). Make sure to keep one foot slightly in front of the other when standing and properly balance your weight between both feet. While sitting, position yourself at an angle to the music keeping both feet on the floor. 2. Air Support. Tense air leads to tense sound. Remember all of those times that your band and/or orchestra director screamed, “AIR SUPPORT!” in the general direction of the woodwind section during rehearsal? Taking a proper breath and supporting your tone with a steady air stream will center your tone, adding appropriate depth to your sound. 3. Aperture. The space where your lips meet to form the opening for your air stream is referred to as the aperture. A larger aperture creates an airy tone that is quite difficult to control. Practice creating a smaller aperture by practicing long tones in mirror. Faster, more concentrated air will produce a stronger, clearer sound. 4. Record Yourself. Sometimes the tone you hear up close is nothing like the tone others hear at a distance. Unfortunately, your ears can deceive you! Recording yourself and listening critically to your tone may uncover tendencies you did not even know you had. Use your smartphone to create basic recordings or, for better sound quality, invest in a handheld Zoom recorder: Zoom ZH1 H1 Handy Portable Digital Recorder (Black) . Remember: Recordings are mirrors for your ears. 5. Long Tones. This one falls under the “duh” category. Devote time each day to practicing a specific range (low, middle, high) and listen closely to the quality of sound produced on each note. Does the sound change from note to note? Aim to use the same tone on all notes throughout the range of the instrument. A great resource to practice long tones is Trevor Wye’s Practice Book for Flute on Tone (Available on Amazon: Trevor Wye Practice Book for the Flute: Volume 1 – Tone Book Only), which includes a variety of exercises in each octave range. Practicing long tones for 15-20 minutes a day will gradually yet drastically improve your sound over time. It has been rumored that even James Galway devotes at least an hour of practice to long tones per day. Can you match this for at least 1 week? 6. Embouchure Alignment. Align the flute on the lower lip so that the edge of the tone hole lines up with the edge of your lower lip. Most flutists tend to hold the flute higher on the lips than necessary. I remember this tip scribbled across several pages of my flute lesson notebook in my youth but still need to remind myself from time to time to lower my flute. 7. Angle your Airstream. Because only about 1/3 of the air we use goes into the flute and the rest is blown across the tone hole, the angle of the air going into the instrument effects the quality of tone produced by that air. Several years ago, I was taught to aim my air across the room to an area where the farthest wall meets the ceiling. This helped me to keep my pitch from drooping and my tone from falling flat. It is difficult to remember to do this when you are nervous, however, an arrow pointed in the direction of that spot marked on your score serves as a convenient visual reminder to properly aim your air. Keep in mind that what works for one person will not necessarily work for another. Experiment by angling your air both slightly higher (toward the ceiling) and slightly lower (toward the floor) until you find your ideal sound. 8. Tone Hole Coverage. As I was researching for this blog, I had an AHA moment when I remembered that generally only 1/3 of the tone hole should be covered by the lips. If too much of the hole is left uncovered, the tone will be airy. I have been experimenting with the placement of my headjoint for several years now, positioning the tone hole more to the left of standard alignment, after attending a masterclass where I was told that most flutists align their headjoints too far to the right (or closer to the body). I now recall, however, that my childhood flute teacher was always trying to get me to examine not the position of the headjoint but the amount of lip covering the tone hole! Starting today, I will be practicing long tones in a mirror to rectify a past “bad” habit! Conversely, if you are covering too much of the tone hole, your sound will be pinched and flat. Use a mirror to monitor and correct coverage. Your tone will magically improve. 9. Harmonics. Practicing harmonics is like working on the very foundation of sound production. A simple harmonic warm-up exercise is to play a low C and, by moving your lips slightly forward with each new pitch and increasing air speed between notes, sound a low C, middle C, middle G, high C, high E, high G and even a high Bb using the same fingering for a low C. When you return the lower register, you will notice a larger, more rounded and significantly more colorful sound. 10. Practice Outdoors. When I was growing up on my family’s tree farm in rural Northern Idaho, I often practiced in our old barn which conveniently contained a smaller space that was once an enclosed storage room. After years of difficult winters and spectacular wind storms, the outer walls and roof of this room had been torn down leaving a wonderful, rustic private stage. On this stage during the warmer seasons of the year, I would put on concerts for the trees, practicing my long tones, scales, solos, and orchestral repertoire for the greenery surrounding me. What I did not realize at the time, that I have now come to appreciate in my adulthood, is that it is easy to fill up a small room with a small sound but rather difficult to fill a forest with the same voice. Playing outdoors helped me to develop sound projection and taught me to not be afraid to play loudly. Although I am not about to step onto my balcony in Houston and start belting out some Chaminade, I know there will always be a place in the country that will welcome my sound and help me improve my ability to project at large distances. If you have a place like this in the country or even have access to an outdoor space on a larger parcel of land, reserve some time to practice outdoors. Upon your return to the recital hall, your sound will be much larger and project beyond your wildest expectations. Do you have techniques that have improved your tone? Have any of the above tips changed your playing for better? Please comment below!	<urn:uuid:54281ac9-2e48-47d9-8023-e7fb99b4698a>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://racheltaylorgeier.org/2015/09/05/i-sound-horrible-top-10-flute-tone-improvement-tips/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00216.warc.gz	en	0.948527	1,626	2.546875	3
On February 12, 2014, a comprehensive bill that will reform education for deaf and hard of hearing and blind and visually impaired students was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by Congressmen Matt Cartwright (D- PA), Mark Takano (D-CA), and Steve Stockman (R-TX). Named for the first deaf student to be formally educated in the U.S. and the beloved teacher of Helen Keller, respectively, the Alice Cogswell and Anne Sullivan Macy Act will will ensure that: every child who is deaf and every child who is blind, regardless of whether they have additional disabilities, will be properly counted and served; each of a child's unique learning needs will be properly evaluated; states will engage in strategic planning to be sure that they can in fact meet each child's specialized needs; the U.S. Department of Education will do its part to hold states and schools accountable; students who are deaf will be served by qualified personnel; and students who are blind will receive state-of-the-art services and skills supported through a new major national collaborative initiative addressing their unique learning needs. Thanks to all who have supported this effort through calls, e-mails, letters, meetings, and in other ways! There is much work still to be done to move this bill forward. You can help! - Sign the support petition as an individual. - If you represent a local state, or national advocacy organization, sign the petition as an organization. - If your House member has sponsored or co-sponsored the bill thank him or her. Click here for a Sample letter. - Ask your House of Representatives member to sign on as a cosponsor. - Ask your Senators to sponsor a bill in the Senate. - Use this Press Release as is or modify it to your needs. Post it on your web site, share it with your stakeholders, send it to local media with your own comments.	<urn:uuid:769e832a-746a-4a0a-bd5e-081c62b68ade>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.ceasd.org/child-first/alice-cogswell	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00412-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96177	396	2.96875	3
Walter Beech was born with a nearly H.G. Wellsian vision of things to come, at least when it came to aviation. In 1905, at the tender age of 14, Beech designed and built his own glider. Nine years later, he experienced his first flight. During World War I, Beech flew as an army pilot and he became a barnstormer after the war. Ever the innovator, Walter Beech had a talent for thinking “outside the box” long before the cliché phrase was coined. In fact, Beech hardly recognized there was a box. Even for those of us who weren’t around back in the ’30s, the Beech model D17s are remarkable machines. Dubbed the Staggerwing because of the reverse stagger of its top wing, mounted about 18 inches aft of the lower wing, the new Beech design offered perhaps the most remarkable speed range of any airplane of its time. With the benefit of electrically activated, bicycle-chain operated, retractable gear, the Staggerwing featured a speed range from 60 to 200 mph (52 to 174 knots)—an operating ratio of 3.35 to one. It would be almost 50 years before another piston airplane (the 1989 Mooney TLS) would exceed that level of efficiency. Famed aviatrix Jacqueline Cochran won the 1937 Bendix Trophy Race flying a Staggerwing. When World War II ended, Beech had another innovative design up his sleeve, and he created arguably the most trend-setting, single-engine plane ever built—the model 35 Bonanza. Like the Staggerwing, the V-tail Bonanza was a revolutionary airplane for its time, offering roughly the same cruise in mph as its horsepower. With only 165 maximum continuous horsepower out front, the 1947 model 35 Bonanza turned in a cruise of 172 mph. In the late ’40s, Douglas DC-3s were the standard airliners of the day, and the first Beech Bonanzas could cruise at the same or better speed. Despite Beech Aircraft’s reputation as one of the most conservative manufacturers in general aviation, the company that Walter and Olive Ann Beech launched in 1932 continues to produce cutting-edge aircraft. \|A Garmin G1000 integrated avionics system with a GFC 700 autopilot comes standard in the 2006 Baron G58.\| Certainly one of the most durable of the modern Beechcraft designs is the Baron. Initiated in the late ’50s as the model 95 Travel Air, flying behind a pair of 180 hp Lycomings, the first Barons received new engines with 260 hp mills and were dubbed model 55s. That first Baron 55 was eventually stretched to the six-place model 58, which was introduced in 1970. The Baron 58 remains the only medium piston twin still in continuous production. These days, the entire piston twin class consists of only three airplanes: the Piper Seneca V, Piper Seminole and the Baron 58 (with the Baron at the top of the class). Like all Beech products that came before, the Baron 58 was always a well-engineered, impressively constructed airplane. Over the last 36 years, Beech has progressively improved the Baron to the point where it’s difficult to find anything to criticize. Virtually every glitch (and there weren’t many to begin with) has been fixed. The 58’s gear switch used to be on the right with flaps on the left, exactly the opposite of the rest of the industry. Similarly, the Baron’s throttles used to be in the center—standard practice for older, two-pilot military and airline aircraft—so that both pilots could more easily reach them. Nothing wrong with either mount—that’s just the Beech way of doing things. For pilots who learned to fly in Barons, the location of the controls wasn’t an issue, but some pilots transitioning from other types were mystified when they accidentally feathered both props on final. Typically, there was no harm done. On the other hand, gear and flap switch location weren’t so forgiving. More than one pilot looking to transfer as much of the airplane’s weight as quickly as possible, to maximize braking after touchdown, has retracted the gear when he meant to raise the flaps. In fairness, that’s always a risk on any retractable airplane, one reason many instructors teach that you should never touch anything on the panel until you’ve pulled off the runway and stopped. Others preach that you should always say out loud, “hand is on flaps,” before you reach for any control after landing, the premise being that the sound of your own voice will stop you from grabbing the wrong lever. On the old Bonanzas and Barons, unconventional control placement simply made it easier to mistake one control for the other. Eventually, in 1984, Beech bowed to convention and swapped the gear and prop-control locations, plus they moved the throttles to the far left. The company also did away with the thick control bar that sprang from the center panel and branched to both yokes, obscuring the instruments and controls on the lower panel. Today’s Baron features conventional, independent yoke controls mounted on shafts directly in front of the pilot and copilot. \|Each of the Baron 58’s engines is rated at 300 hp. The aircraft climbs at 1,700 fpm and cruises at 202 knots.\| For 2006, the G58 Baron incorporates all the best features that came before and now adds the Garmin G1000 integrated avionics as standard equipment—certainly one of the most talented electronic suite of avionics and instrumentation ever installed in any general aviation airplane. Just as Garmin quickly became the dominant force in GPS 15 years ago, the company has similar plans for its G1000. Cessna, Columbia, Diamond, Mooney and now Beech have all adopted the G1000 system as the top-of-the-line avionics option. If there’s any downside to the newest, best, most modern Baron ever built, it’s the price. Historically, Baron buyers have never been the type to ask “How much?” and that’s a good thing. A typical, G1000 Baron goes out the door at Wichita with a list tab just over $1.2 million. At this writing, contractor Jim Hill has been operating one of the first G1000-equipped Barons for nearly five months, and he’s enthusiastic about the airplane’s performance and technology. “I traded a 2004 Bonanza 36 for the Baron, so the interior layout and panel configuration were already fairly familiar,” says Hill. If current utilization continues, it looks as if we’ll be logging at least 500 hours a year.” Hill is a contractor in the southwestern United States who builds multi-family homes, primarily condos and apartments. A private/multi/instrument pilot who’s been flying since 2000, Hill usually takes trips that are as far as 350 nm afield. “Our projects are fairly wide-ranging, so we use the airplane a lot, probably at least three to four times a week. Most often, we carry three or four people—bankers, investors and employees—and everyone likes the double, aft-right entry doors,” Hill explains. “Weather in Arizona, Nevada and California is generally pretty benign, mostly VFR or soft IFR, and that means we can fly pretty much any time we need to, day or night. “Almost without exception, everyone loves the new airplane. Climb is excellent, about 1,600 fpm initially and an easy 1,300 fpm in a 140-knot climb. That means we can usually reach cruise altitude in no more than five to seven minutes. If I’m in a hurry, I can score 195 knots on about 34 gph, but the more intelligent way to run the airplane is at 185 knots on two gph less fuel burn. All the systems work well. So far, the G1000 has seemed fairly bulletproof—I’ve used the deicer several times. It does a good job, though again, we rarely need to deice in the Southwest.” The Bonanza legacy of crisp, precise handling carries over to the Baron, and virtually every Baron owner raves about the airplane’s wonderful in-flight manners. “You don’t really notice the weight that much,” says Hill. “The controls are so tight and well harmonized that the 58 makes a great IFR platform. Of course, once you get adjusted to the G1000, it just makes everything easier in instrument conditions. The glass-panel displays are so large and the positional awareness so obvious that you’d have to work to become disoriented.” Beech was also the first to come to market with Garmin’s new autopilot. Following the G1000’s battle cry of being “fully integrated,” the GFC 700 autopilot isn’t a stand-alone in the avionics rack. Instead, a new gaggle of buttons appears on the edges of the G1000’s 10.4-inch, high-definition displays. The GFC 700 isn’t just compatible with the G1000, it’s part of the system, and obviously communicates seamlessly with all the other in-cockpit technologies. Jim Hill’s typical missions don’t demand long range, so he selected the standard 166-gallon tanks to maximize cabin payload rather than the more typical (but optional) 196 gallons. With air-conditioning, deice, the G1000 system and all the other options installed (plus only 996 pounds of fuel in the tanks), Hill’s airplane can carry just less than 600 pounds of people and things. “That works out well for us,” says Hill, “because we almost never need to fill the seats. Our trips are short enough, usually under two hours, that if we do need more payload, we can partial-fuel to only 100 gallons or so and add 400 pounds more in the cabin.” If Hill plans to fly the G58 at its maximum 5,500-pound gross weight, zero fuel weight is 5,215 pounds, so he’d need to fly with a minimum of 47.5 gallons of fuel. “The airplane is nearly perfect for us,” says Hill. “More speed wouldn’t make much difference, and we already have plenty of seats. I can’t imagine a better airplane for our missions.” Walter Beech died in 1950, long before the Barons became a reality, though somehow, you can’t help but think he’d be pleased with the latest iteration of the world’s premier medium-piston twin.	<urn:uuid:9250a1eb-a9ea-4722-96e7-85d6e1cd1e99>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/the-baron-of-glass/?start=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687834.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921172227-20170921192227-00611.warc.gz	en	0.950309	2,292	2.6875	3
Karl Friedrich Mohr Karl Friedrich Mohr (November 4, 1806 – September 28, 1879) was a German chemist famous for his early statement of the principle of the conservation of energy. Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, is named Mohr's salt after him. Mohr was born in 1806 into the family of a prosperous druggist in Koblenz. Being a delicate child, the young Mohr received much of his early education at home, a great part of it in his father's laboratory. This experience may be responsible for much of the skill Mohr later showed in devising instruments and methods of chemical analysis. At the age of twenty-one he began to study chemistry under Leopold Gmelin, and, after five years in Heidelberg, Berlin and Bonn, he returned with the degree of Ph.D. to join his father's establishment. Mohr's father died during 1840 at which time Mohr assumed control of the family business. He retired from it for a life of scientific leisure in 1857, but at the age of fifty-seven some serious financial losses caused him to become a privatdozent in Bonn. In 1867 he was appointed, by the direct influence of the government, extraordinary professor of pharmacy. Mohr was the leading scientific chemist of his time in Germany, and the inventor of many improvements in analytical methodology. He invented an improved burette which had a tip at the bottom and a clamp (a 'Mohr's clip'), which made it much easier to use than its predecessors, which were more similar to a graduated cylinder. His methods of volumetric analysis were expounded in his Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrir-methode (1855) (Instructional Book of Titration Methods in Analytical Chemistry), which won special commendation from Liebig and ran to many editions. His Geschichie der Erde, eine Geologic auf neuer Grundlage (1866), was also widely circulated. In a paper Über die Natur der Wärme (1837), Mohr gave one of the earliest general statements of the doctrine of the conservation of energy: besides the 54 known chemical elements there is in the physical world one agent only, and this is called Kraft (energy). It may appear, according to circumstances, as motion, chemical affinity, cohesion, electricity, light and magnetism; and from any one of these forms it can be transformed into any of the others. - Commentar zur Preußischen Pharmacopoe nebst Übersetzung des Textes : nach der 6. Aufl. der Pharmacopoea Borussica bearbeitet ; für Apotheker, Aerzte und Medicinal-Beamte . Band 1 . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1848 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Commentar zur Preußischen Pharmacopoe nebst Übersetzung des Textes : nach der 6. Aufl. der Pharmacopoea Borussica bearbeitet ; für Apotheker, Aerzte und Medicinal-Beamte . Band 2 . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1849 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titriermethode : für Chemiker, Ärzte u. Pharmaceuten, Berg- und Hüttenmänner, Fabrikanten, Agronomen, Metallurgen, Münzbeamte etc. ; nach eigenen Versuchen und systematisch dargestellt . Vieweg, Braunschweig 3. Aufl. 1870 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf - Mohr, Friedrich (1877). Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode: Nach eigenen versuchen. Braunschweig: Freidrich Vieweg und Sohn. - - Based on Mohr's work - Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mohr, Karl Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press \|Wikisource has original works written by or about: \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Friedrich Mohr.\| - Oesper, Ralph E. (1927). "Karl Friedrich Mohr". The Journal of Chemical Education 4 (11): 1357–1363. Bibcode:1927JChEd...4.1357O. doi:10.1021/ed004p1357. - Hofmann, Frederick (June 1880). "Sketch of Friedrich Mohr". Popular Science Monthly (D. Appleton) 17: 402–404. Retrieved 2008-02-09. - Mohr, K. F. (1837) "Ansichten über die Natur der Wärme." Ann. der Pharm., 24, pp. 141–147. - Mohr, K. F. (1876) (trans. P. G. Tait) "Views of the nature of heat." Philosophical Magazine 2 110-14. - Sella, Andrea (March 2008). "Mohr's Burette". Chemistry World: 81. - See also this site for a different photograph of Mohr	<urn:uuid:a35448ea-5c7b-432e-b6a3-ddca6f82bfbb>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Mohr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164566315/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134246-00093-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.770599	1,185	3.46875	3
Learn French Homepage. We have a very popular site for learning Spanish. The learning French section is a recycling of some of the content. Most of the French content is useful vocabulary lists. \|Most common French verbs\|\|The most popular French Verbs with English translation\|\|Vocab List\|\|Beginner\| \|Shops and Public Places\|\|Shops and Public Places. Vocabulary in French.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Beginner\| \|Prepositions of place\|\|Prepositions of place in French.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Beginner\| \|Hotel vocabulary in French\|\|Vocabulary for hotels in Spanish, French and English.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Beginner\| \|Hotel Vocabulary in French\|\|Vocabulary for hotels in Spanish, French and English.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Beginner\| \|French Conversation Starters\|\|Questions which you can use to start conversations in French.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Lower intermed.\| \|French Jobs and Professions\|\|The vocabulary of jobs and professions in English, French and Spanish.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Lower intermed.\| \|Vocabulary about colours in French\|\|Colour and hue related vocabulary in French\|\|Vocab List\|\|Lower intermed.\| \|50 French ex \|\|50 useful, coloquial, slang ex \|\|Vocab List\|\|Intermediate\| \|Physical Appearance\|\|Words to describe people in French\|\|Vocab List\|\|Intermediate\| \|Football Vocabulary in French\|\|Vocabulary for football in Spanish, French and English.\|\|Vocab List\|\|Intermediate\| \|Vocabulary about cars in French\|\|Car related vocabulary in French\|\|Vocab List\|\|Intermediate\|	<urn:uuid:ed700dc1-5a66-4fdd-b27a-e457b36f996b>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.lingolex.com/french.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00643-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.744498	363	2.53125	3
The St. Louis Caucus, May 1919 adopted the name “The American Legion” and set out to build the framework for the organization. The Committee on Constitution presented a simplified temporary constitution that incorporated the Paris draft. This constitution established the organization’s membership criteria and the organization of posts, departments and national levels. A subcommittee consisting of John C. Greenaway of Arizona, George N. Davis of Delaware and Chairman Hamilton Fish of New York prepared the preamble to this constitution. This preamble sums up all the great ideals of the American Legion. We recite it at the beginning of most meetings but unfortunately seldom reflect on its meaning. Listen while I (we) consider the Preamble to the Constitution of The American Legion. FOR GOD AND COUNTRY: We acknowledge our allegiance to our God and to our democratic form of government. We know we are blessed to live in the United States of America where individual freedom and opportunity is unparalleled in the world. This freedom and opportunity springs from God and our great American Heritage. WE ASSOCIATE OURSELVES TOGETHER: We choose to join together because together we can better accomplish our goals and aims. FOR THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES: Next is listed the 10 purposes of the American Legion. TO UPHOLD AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Our freedom is guaranteed by this miraculous document and the government it establishes. It is right to love it, to teach it and to defend it. TO MAINTAIN LAW AND ORDER: Society can exist and culture can flourish only under the structure of fair and impartially administered laws obeyed by the people. TO FOSTER AND PERPETUATE A 100% AMERICANISM: The Bolshevik revolution only a few years before this preamble was written challenged the great American ideals as the best way of life. The twentieth Century demonstrated the superiority of our great American way of life. TO PRESERVE THE MEMORIES AND THE INCIDENTS OF OUR ASSOCIATIONS IN THE GREAT WARS: Only veterans can appreciate what other warriors have experienced. It is right to associate with and remember our fellow veterans. TO INCULCATE A SENSE OF INDIVIDUAL OBLIGATION TO THE COMMUNITY, STATE AND NATION: We must always remember that democracy works only when we all participate. Those who serve in time of war are just as obligated by the duties of citizenship to be involved in their government in time of peace. TO COMBAT THE AUTOCRACY OF BOTH THE CLASSES AND THE MASSES: History has shown and continues to show groups enslaving and dominating others; whether it be one class, one race or one creed against another, the majority dominating the minority or one absolute ruler dominating all. Neither is right and should be prevented. TO MAKE RIGHT THE MASTER OF MIGHT: Wars are generally fought because the greedy want power, riches or territory. Military might should be used to protect what is right, not for greed. TO PROMOTE PEACE AND GOODWILL ON EARTH: The World War I veterans really believed they had fought “the war to end all wars” and the World War would usher in a world peace. We have learned that peace is only maintained when we diligently protect that peace through strength. TO SAFEGUARD AND TRANSMIT TO POSTERITY THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY: The cornerstones of the American way of life need to be taught and protected if future generations are to enjoy the freedom and greatness we know today as Americans. (TO PARTICIPATE IN AND TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE AIMS AND PURPOSES OF THE AMERICAN LEGION: ) The preamble to the Constitution of the American Legion Auxiliary is the same as the preamble of the American Legion except this phrase is added at this point. In the biblical account of the creation of Adam and Eve, God took a rib from Adam to create Eve. It symbolizes that neither is complete without the other. So it is with the American Legion and the American Legion Auxiliary, together we work to fulfill the ideals set forth in this preamble. TO CONSECRATE AND SANCTIFY OUR COMRADESHIP BY OUR DEVOTION TO MUTUAL HELPFULNESS: We are fellow veterans. But that means nothing if we fail to help those still suffering mental and physical disabilities, our disabled veterans, or if we fail to help the widows and orphans of our departed comrades. Flowers wither, words fade away, but our helpful deeds show what is written on our hearts. In the 100 years since this preamble was written only one word has changed. “War” was changed to “Wars” to include other generations of veterans into The American Legion family. Past National Commander Perry Brown of Texas, was known in his later years to use the phrase “My American Legion”. Yes, it was his American Legion, but it is also yours and mine when we take to heart and put into action the great ideals on which “our” American Legion was founded, “For God and Country”.	<urn:uuid:ac7bdc4d-5217-4491-93cb-21b0bd5b4e55>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://txlegiondist10.org/the-preamble-to-the-constitution-of-the-american-legion-by-john-brieden/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738735.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811055449-20200811085449-00215.warc.gz	en	0.925852	1,096	2.984375	3
Samuel A. Caulcrick Published by Gianni-Sam Nigeria Ltd 19/09/2019 The system of administration of our community, local, state, and federal is the government. The legislature, executive and judiciary make up the government. A Government enforces organisational policies and the mechanism that determines policy. Each government’s governing philosophy and principle is in a statement policy, which is a kind of constitution. While the philosophy, chosen, is some balance between individual rights and absolute state authority, the welfare of all is the ultimate expectation. A government would strive to make some people well off without making other people worse off. Government spending is structured and budgeted. It is money spent by the public sector on the acquisition of goods and provision of services. Education, healthcare, the security of the society, public consumption and public investment, transfer payments such as income transfers, etc., are a few examples. This government expenditure is crucial as it determines the changes in the level of national income. It provides the precise needs for potential output and sustains the welfare of the economy. The government expenditure on goods and services, therefore, is contributive to the productive potential of the economy. Is your government, in its expenditure, expanding or shrinking employment opportunities in your local government, state government or federal government? Those in government are already in employment as civil servants, technocrats, security personnel and politicians. In terms of jobs, they are well-off, and their expenditures should not make others worse-off like shrinking employment opportunities for the rest of society. There is a component of labour in goods and services procured by public spending. If that labour component on any item or services is foreign, it shrinks the employment opportunities in that area of influence of the government. Similarly, if the labour contents on each item purchased for official use are local, it expands employment opportunities to the people. Those in public service are not under a gun to their head to serve. They should make do with locally made products, while in service, for official use. It, however, does not preclude them living like a king outside of public service if they have their private means and they so wish. It is pertinent to note that apart from helping to grow the economy by government prioritising locally produced goods and services, it eases the tension in the land. It gives a broader chance for people to be in gainful employment through the patronage of public expenditure. It also opens up competition within the geographical entity as competitors vie for a share in government spending by upping the quality of their goods and services. What about those already in employment? Expanding job opportunities in a country is the best job security for everybody. Does that leave the welfare of those in a trade or government contractor? No, it does not because their services are essential within the economy. The trader can partake of the patronage of public expenditure provided the labour components in whatever they intend to offer the government has a substantial level of local labour content. In the case of Nigeria, it must be made-in-Nigeria, if only to appeal to their patriotism. Every imported or smuggled item supplied for public use is contributive to shrinking employment opportunities in any country, mainly, if funded by public expenditure. Besides, it impacts negatively in a general term on the local currency, since the labour components in the making of these goods are costed in forex. The components making up an item bought for use consist of raw materials, machinery, energy used, and labour. Each of these components is costed. The theme of this writeup is the labour content on an item purchased for public use. Globally, the economy currently is the most significant concern and unemployment a ticking bomb. One way to mitigate this is for public expenditure to support job opportunities and not necessarily to ask for government employment. The government is the biggest single spender in any economy, and its expenditure philosophy must expand opportunities for a significant number of people. Today in Nigeria, due to structural flaws, the public service consumes 70% of the allocated resources contained in government expenditure through salaries and overheads. The civil servants’ constitutional rights guarantee the right to spend their emoluments as they wish. The public services’ overheads should not shrink opportunities in society. It should be a catalyst to grow the economy by patriotic patronage of made-in-Nigeria goods. On this note, there is a need for unemployed to join the call. It is to create an enabling environment for the prospect of getting a job through government expenditure and reduce supporting foreign job contents in government spendings. Samuel Akinyele Caulcrick Author: Power In Nigeria Read more at Vanguard: www.vanguardngr.com/2019/09/alarm-over-n5-5-billion-vehicle-purchace-nonsensical-insulting-mischievous-senate/	<urn:uuid:523e23ef-c4ed-4a92-b5f0-b689f4e433f6>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://powerinnigeria.com/2019/09/does-your-government-shrink-employment-opportunities/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945030.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323065609-20230323095609-00783.warc.gz	en	0.951335	1,020	2.625	3
It’s gross, but it’s true – kissing bugs get their names from biting people where they kiss – near their lips. Because of this, I prefer to call these pests by their other name – the assassin bug. Fortunately, we don’t have assassin bugs where I live, and that’s good news. These creatures are truly the stuff of nightmares. They are found in the lower portions of the United States, including Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona. For many years, they were found only in tropical areas, but as climate change has drastically changed our climate patterns, these pests are moving further and further north. Let’s hope that I never see them in my backyard! If you’ve been bitten by an assassin bug, you might be wondering what you can do to stop the pain and itching – and to prevent uncomfortable bites in the future. Fortunately, there are several simple steps you can take… What Are Assassin Bugs? Assassin bugs, also known as kissing bugs, are large black or dark brown bugs that have red dots on either side of their flat, broad backs. Usually, they’ll be about half an inch long, but not usually longer than an inch. Technically, there are three types of assassin bugs, all of which are kind of lumped into the same category of “assassin bug.” The names for each are often used interchangeably for each other, which can also get confusing. Ambush bugs are predators that lie in wait for prey on flowers. They blend in easily on the flowers. Wheel bugs are the largest. These are from North America. They are gray and have distinctive, cog-like crests on their thoraxes. They often attack caterpillars and grasshoppers. Then there’s the kissing bug. This cone-nosed creature is a parasite to humans and mammals. They have elongated heads but have no crest and also have black and orange markings. These are the ones you want to watch out for when it comes to Chagas disease – but I’ll go into more detail on this below. Assassin bugs make their nests in the woods, typically near rodents (they also enjoy sucking the blood of rodents, too – doesn’t that make you feel special?). In the late spring or early summer, assassin bugs will leave behind their nests, and seek out new mates and hiding spots. They’ll come into your home or other places where humans like to hang out, looking for a dark place to stay during the day, before they venture out at night for food. The worst part about assassin bugs? They bite. They hang out near mammalian prey and suck their blood. They will bite repeatedly near the warmest areas of your body, like your eyes and mouth, leaving behind red, swollen, and itchy bites. Assassin bugs are quite similar to mosquitoes in that they feed on blood from people and animals. Assassin bugs normally hide out during the day and emerge at night, but they can go for weeks without feeding. You probably won’t know you’ve been bitten until you see the itchy bites emerge. That’s because these pests usually bite at night and you will usually sleep right through them. You might see up to fifteen bite marks in one area, or as few as just one or two. It can be tough to tell assassin bug bites apart from other kinds of bug bites. Assassin Bug Life Cycle Assassin bugs are fascinating creatures, and their life cycle is no less intriguing. emails will lay their eggs in groups of up to 100 on leaves or stems. Once the nymphs hatch, they will go through five molts before reaching adulthood. The nymphs look similar to the adults, but they are smaller and lack the wings. Nymphs primarily feed on small insects, but they will also eat nectar and plant sap. Adults are predators, feeding on a variety of larger insects. They use their long, slender beaks to pierce their prey and inject them with venom. Assassin bugs typically live for around a year, during which time they will go through multiple generations. How to Prevent Assassin Bug Bites If you want to prevent wheel bugs from taking over your home and biting you, follow these tips. Seal Up Your Home Assassin bugs can strike both indoors and outside. However, I’m guessing you probably don’t want these pests coming inside your house. Therefore, you’ll want to take some steps to keep them out. For starters, seal up your home. Make sure any cracks or crevices are sealed and airtight. This will help keep other kinds of pests out, too, so you’ll really be doing double-duty here. You should also clear the perimeter around your home of leaves and get rid of any rodents’ nests. Any rocks or wood piles near your home should be removed, too. If you have any lightbulbs illuminating the exterior of your home, swap them out for yellow bug-safe ones. This will help deter assassin bugs along with many other types of bugs. Keep screens on all of your doors and windows and make sure these are kept in good repair. Don’t forget to seal up and inspect other areas of your home to guard against these beetles, either. These pests are common near chicken coops, so you’ll want to take measures to safeguard these areas, too. Get Rid of Garbage Assassin bugs occasionally feed on other insects, as well as rodents, so getting rid of trash in and around your home can get rid of potential prey species for assassin bugs – and consequently, the assassin bugs themselves. Remove garbage and recycling regularly so that you don’t get ants or cockroaches, and clean up spills from food or other messages immediately. A clean home is far less attractive to an assassin bug than a messy one! Clean Up Pet Areas Kissing bugs may be likely to hang out anywhere mammals do, so make sure your pet’s areas are clean and sanitized. This includes beds, dishes, and other spots. Don’t let your pet sleep in the bed if you’re worried about assassin bugs, either. Assassin bugs will happily hop from your pet to your bed, as they don’t mind sleeping under mattresses or in furniture near the bed. Let your pets sleep indoors at night and try to prevent them from sleeping in your bedroom. Cover Up When Working Outside If you’re doing any kind of work outside, particularly in wooded or bushy areas, make sure your body is fully covered. Wear gloves along with long sleeves and pants. You can wear clothing that has been treated with an insect repellent, too, for extra insurance. As much as I dislike this, sometimes you absolutely need to use insecticides to get rid of assassin bugs. For many people, the risk of an allergic reaction is far worse than the potential risks and drawbacks of using a pesticide. Contact a local pest control to spray insecticide. Usually, they’ll use a pyrethroid spray to get rid of assassin bugs (this chemical is also used against other kinds of pests, like bed bugs). Alleviating Assassin Bug Bites on Your Own Here are some tips to help treat a bite if you suffer the misfortune of being bitten by an assassin bug… Know the Signs You might see assassin bug infestation signs before you notice a bite, but chances are, it’s the bite that’s going to attract your attention first. That said, you’ll want to be aware of the signs of infestation, too. Often, you’ll be able to see the bugs themselves (perhaps on your pillow or mattress) but you might also see bloodstains on your linens, too. If you’re bitten, you’ll likely have a bite that is painless but will swell up, looking much like a set of hives. The bites will likely itch for around one week. Although the bites are usually concentrated around your mouth or eyes, they can be anywhere on your body. Wash the Bites The first and most important thing you can do after being bitten by an assassin bug is to wash the bites as thoroughly as possible. Use warm water and soap, which will reduce the chances of you developing an infection. Stop the Swelling The best way to stop the swelling from an assassin bug bite is with a simple ice pack. This will cool the area down, and relieve any itchiness that the bites may be causing you, too. Keep the Bite Protected While the bite from the assassin bug is healing, you may want to cover it with a bit of antiseptic and a bandage. This will not only prevent you from brushing up against the irrigated area, but it will promote faster healing, too. Keep the area clean and change your bandage regularly. Coconut oil has natural anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. It can be applied as often as you’d like where you were bitten. It will protect against infection, will relieve swelling, and will smell great, too. There are a few other natural substances you can use that offer the same benefits as coconut oil, too (though none of them smell quite as good, in my opinion). These include turmeric and neem (Indian lilac). Give Garlic a Try Garlic is another all-natural remedy you can use to prevent the likelihood of infection. It can also improve your condition in terms of overall pain relief. After you’ve cleaned the area, use a paste made out of a few crushed garlic cloves. This should stop pain and itching, and you can keep it contained under a simple bandage. Try Calamine Lotion Calamine lotion may be another effective treatment that can help with the itching. This can be applied as frequently as you’d like, as there are no side effects associated with its use. Most over-the-counter itch creams will get the job done, too. Don’t Be Afraid of OTCs I’m always a fan of natural remedies when they exist, but for something as itchy as an assassin bug bite, you may have to turn to some tried and true over-the-counter medicines. If you’re in any amount of pain (uncommon, though not unheard of with assassin bug bites) you can take a painkiller like ibuprofen or aspirin. You can also use a topical steroid where you were bitten, which should help reduce swelling and redness. If you think you might be having a mild allergic reaction or excessive itching, an antihistamine can work wonders, too. Use Plantain Leaves One surprising natural remedy for assassin bug bite is plantain. You can use any kind of plantain leaf for this, but narrow leaf plantains tend to work the best. Cut a leaf from the plant, chew it into a paste, then put it on the bite. It will reduce swelling, pain, and itching. Give Oatmeal a Try Don’t eat it (although you certainly can, if you’re feeling hungry!) but instead, bathe in it. You can take an oatmeal bath which should help stop the itching and promote healing. You can also hold a washcloth soaked in oatmeal on the itchy spot for up to fifteen minutes at a time or purchase a premade oatmeal powder. Try Aloe Vera If you’ve ever had a sunburn, you probably already have aloe vera on hand. It’s popular for pain relief, burns, and itching, and can help soothe any skin that has been punctured by an assassin bug bite. Just cut a leaf off the plant and squeeze out the liquid, rubbing it over the wound. You can also buy aloe vera gel at most stores. Try to avoid itching the bites to the best of your ability – I know, easier said than done! However, itching can open the door to infection and will only make the bites itchier. Try the methods listed above before you drive yourself crazy with the itchiness! Can Assassin Bugs Be Beneficial? Assassin bugs are predators that can help to control aphid and caterpillar populations in your garden. They get their name from their hunting style: they wait patiently for their prey to come close, then stab them with their long, sharp beaks. Although they will eat other small insects, aphids and caterpillars (two common garden pests) are their favorite foods. Assassin bugs are most active in the spring and summer months, when aphid and caterpillar populations are at their peak. Because they are such effective predators, having a few assassin bugs around can help to keep aphid and caterpillar populations under control, saving your plants from damage. Of course, you just need to keep them out of your house – and off your body! Are Assassin Bug Bites Dangerous? The good news about assassin bug bites is that they usually are not dangerous or life-threatening. There are two exceptions to this. One is if you happen to have a severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis. If you do, you will likely experience symptoms such as extreme swelling, difficulty breathing, and swollen airways. Seek medical attention immediately. Another problem with assassin bugs is that they can spread Chagas disease. This disease is a life-threatening ailment that can damage your vital organs and is fatal when left untreated. If caught early, Chagas disease is curable and not serious, causing simple symptoms like fever and joint pain. However, if it is allowed to develop into a chronic phase, it can be fatal, usually causing heart problems. If you think you’ve been bitten by an assassin bug, it’s a good idea to get yourself to the doctor’s office – even if you don’t know whether it’s infected or not. This will help rule out any secondary infection or issues that may arise as a result of you being bitten. If your doctor suspects that you may have contracted Chagas disease from the bites, they can prescribe antiparasitic medications like nifurtimox and benznidazole. Ultimately, assassin bug bites are relatively common, and they’re usually no big deal. That doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t do everything in your power to avoid being bitten, though. While the wheel bug is not considered to be aggressive, it will sting if it feels threatened. The pain of the sting has been described as being similar to that of a bee sting, though some people report that it is more intense. In addition to the initial pain, the sting may also cause swelling and redness at the site. Assassin bug bites usually last for about 24 hours and cause mild swelling and itching. In rare cases, the venom can cause an allergic reaction, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience any severe symptoms. An assassin bug bite looks like a small, red bump. The bump is usually surrounded by a reddish-purple halo, and it may be itchy or painful. In some cases, the bite may also cause a small blister. Many people are surprised to learn that assassin bugs can grow quite large. The largest species of assassin bug can reach lengths of over three inches, with a body that is relatively slender and flat. Chagas disease is a serious illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite is spread by contact with the feces of certain insects, known as “triatomine bugs.” These bugs are found in warm locations such as Mexico, Central America, and South America. Kissing bugs are the main creatures that spread this parasite. Chagas disease is a serious health condition that can be transmitted to humans through the bite of a kissing bug. While all kissing bugs carry the parasites that cause Chagas disease, not all of them are infected with the disease itself. The parasite tends to be more common in rural areas, where it can be found in the feces of animals like possums and armadillos. Once the parasite enters the human bloodstream, it can travel to different organs and cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and headaches. These steps should help you stay safe – and rest easy – knowing that assassin bug bites are not going to be in your future. However, keep in mind I am not a doctor, so do NOT treat the information in this article as medical advice. Neither I nor this website and its owner shall be held responsible for any side-effects you may encounter as a result of applying the information given here. Rebekah is a full-time homesteader. On her 22 acres, she raises chickens, sheep and bees, not to mention she grows a wide variety of veggies. She has a huge greenhouse and does lots of DIY projects with her husband in her ever-growing homesteading endeavor. 1 thought on “16 Ways to Prevent or Alleviate Assassin Bug Bites” Ummm…I have been researching assassin bugs for quite some time and I do not think you are referring to the same bug as I am. Though sometimes called then”kissing bug” because of the way in which they attack their prey, assassin bugs do not prey on humans and other animals. They prefer to be outdoors among the plants where their natural prey–aphids, caterpillars, etc. are. They will bite humans, birds, rodents, and pets if they feel threatened by them or if you come in their hunting grounds. They are incredibly beneficial in the garden for controlling pests naturally!!! There is an actual kissing bug that seems to do all the things you mentioned above. It’s not the same bug at all as an assassin bug!	<urn:uuid:00318399-a4a2-49d5-b663-980f8de45951>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://thehomesteadinghippy.com/assassin-bug-bites/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00022.warc.gz	en	0.952201	3,783	2.671875	3
Sundry observations of moral virtues, and their contrary vices (10-24). Proverbs 18:1 Who so hath pleasure to sow dyscorde, pyketh a quarel in euery thyng. Proverbs 18:2 A foole hath no delite in understanding, but only in those thynges wherin his herte reioyseth. Proverbs 18:3 Wher vngodlynes is, there is also disdayne: and so there foloweth shame and dishonoure. Proverbs 18:4 The wordes of mans mouth are lyke depe waters, and the well of wysdome is lyke a full streame. Proverbs 18:5 It is not good to a regarde the personne of the vngodly, or to put backe the ryghteous in iudgmente. Proverbs 18:6 A fooles lippes are euer brawling, and his mouth prouoketh vnto battayll. Proverbs 18:7 A fooles mouth is hys owne destruccion and his lippes are the snare for his owne soule. Proverbs 18:8 The words of a sclanderer are very woundes, and go thorow vnto the inmost parts of þe body. Proverbs 18:9 Who so is slouthful & slacke in his laboure, is the brother of him that is a waster. Proverbs 18:10 The name of þe Lord is a strong castel, the righteous flieth vnto it, and shalbe saued. Proverbs 18:11 But þe rich mans goods are his strong hold, yea he taketh them for an hie wall rounde aboute hym. Proverbs 18:12 After pryde commeth destruccion, and honour after lowlines. Proverbs 18:13 He þt geueth sentence in a matter before he heare it, is a foole, & worthy to be confounded. Proverbs 18:14 A good stomacke driueth awaye a mans disease, but when the sptrite is vexed, who may abide it? Proverbs 18:15 A wyse herte laboureth for knowledge, and a prudent eare seketh vnderstanding Proverbs 18:16 Liberalitye bryngeth a man to honoure and worship, and setteth him among great men. Proverbs 18:17 The rightuous accuseth hym selfe firste of al, if his neyghbour come, he shal fynd him. Proverbs 18:18 The lot pacifieth the variaunce, and parteth þe mighty a sunder. Proverbs 18:19 The vnitie of brethren is stronger then a castel, and they that hold together are like the barre of a palayce. Proverbs 18:20 A mans belly shalbe satisfied wyth the fruyte of hys owne mouthe, and wyth the increase of hys lyppes shall he be fylled. Proverbs 18:21 Death & lyfe stand in the power of the tong, he that loueth it shal enioy the frute thereof. Proverbs 18:22 Who so fyndeth a wyfe fyndeth a good thynge, and receyueth an wholsome benefyte of þe Lord. Proverbs 18:23 The poore maketh supplicacyon & prayeth mekelye, but the ryche geueth a rough aunswere. Proverbs 18:24 A frende that delyteth in loue, doeth a man more frenshyppe, and stycketh faster vnto hym then a brother.	<urn:uuid:906ffa3d-76b1-4259-b5a8-034bf7c8d090>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://oldebible.com/matthew-bible/proverbs-18.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00100.warc.gz	en	0.884633	823	2.609375	3
GLOBAL HANDWASHING DAY IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DESIGN, TEST, AND REPLICATE CREATIVE WAYS TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO WASH THEIR HANDS WITH SOAP AT CRITICAL TIMES. October 15 is Global Handwashing Day, a global advocacy day dedicated to increasing awareness and understanding about the importance of handwashing with soap as an effective and affordable way to prevent diseases and save lives. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a stark reminder that one of the most effective ways to stop the spread of a virus is also one of the simplest: hand hygiene, especially through handwashing with soap. To beat the virus today and ensure better health outcomes beyond the pandemic, handwashing with soap must be a priority now and in the future. This year’s theme, Hand Hygiene for All, calls for all of society to achieve universal hand hygiene. No matter your role, you can celebrate Global Handwashing Day! LET’S GET THE WORD OUT! VISIT OUR SOCIAL MEDIA PAGE AND SHARE OUR TWEETS READ THE LATEST FROM THE BLOG 10-14-20Maximizing Handwashing Behavior Change Through Multiple Community Engagement TacticsBy: Sona Sharma and Armelle Sacher, Action Against Hunger To promote hygienic behaviors, we must communicate and engage with communities across a variety of communication channels. In Uganda’s Kyangwali refugee settlement, Action Against Hunger’s social and behavior change efforts went beyond the simple dissemination of […] 10-14-20New study from Tork, an Essity brand, shows only 2 out of 10 people wash their hands to protect othersOriginally posted on the Essity website. A majority of people wash their hands more often today than they did before the COVID-19 pandemic. But it is not out of care for others. A new study from Tork, an Essity brand, shows that close to eight […] 10-13-20COVID-19 as an awakening for hand hygiene accessBy: Team DefeatDD When the COVID-19 pandemic first began and little was known about the novel coronavirus, one of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s first recommendations was a simple, tried-and-true public health measure: handwashing. This advice persists today as one of the most important ways, […]	<urn:uuid:d8f21346-52e6-4ab1-9642-49d33abb2050>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://we-care.co.za/hand-hygiene-for-all-global-handwashing-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00252.warc.gz	en	0.901433	499	2.578125	3
Food prices ease but pose starvation risk - From: AAP - November 30, 2012 GLOBAL food prices have eased from their July records but remain very high, putting more people in danger of hunger and malnutrition-related disease, the World Bank says. "A new norm of high prices seems to be consolidating," said Otaviano Canuto, the World Bank's Vice President for Poverty Reduction. "The world cannot afford to be complacent to this trend while 870 million people still live in hunger and millions of children die every year from preventable diseases caused by malnutrition," he said on Thursday. Drought and soaring temperatures in the United States and Eastern Europe in the spring and summer savaged some of the key grain crops that feed much of the world, sending prices for corn (maize) and soybeans to record levels. Prices soared 10 per cent in July alone, as the US food belt drought intensified, causing heavier crop losses. Prices have since eased from the peaks, slipping especially in October, the World Bank said, But they are still seven per cent higher than a year before, and key grains were much higher -- corn prices were 17 per cent more than they were in October 2011. The World Bank said 870 million people around the world live with chronic hunger and nourishment deprivation. "Although we haven't seen a food crisis as the one of 2008, food security should remain a priority," said Canuto. "We need additional efforts to strengthen nutrition programs, safety nets, and sustainable agriculture, especially when the right actions can bring about exceptional benefits." More than 90 people are dead after a massive tornado smashed the suburbs of Oklahoma City. Follow our rolling coverage of the disaster here. THE heavens have finally opened across regional parts of the state and metropolitan Adelaide is set for a good drenching this evening. ELECTRICITY and gas company AGL has been ordered to pay $1.55 million for using illegal door-to-door sales practices in South Australia and Victoria. MOST adults catch two or three colds a year, but does taking echinacea or popping a zinc tablet really help? PLUS: Five cold cures that just might work	<urn:uuid:ce11d154-d9af-4d9d-8167-dc6e3065bcba>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/breaking-news/food-prices-ease-but-pose-starvation-risk/story-e6frea7u-1226527438071	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699730479/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102210-00064-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962583	455	2.671875	3
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The United States released a new draft report on climate change on Monday, one week before the expected unveiling of a compromise U.S. Senate bill that aims to curb heat-trapping greenhouse emissions. The report, a draft of the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report that will be sent to the United Nations, says bluntly: “Global warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced ... Global temperature has increased over the past 50 years. This observed increase is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.” Without action to stop them, climate-warming greenhouse gas emissions will rise over 8,000 megatonnes by mid-century, the draft said. By adopting measures detailed in a bill passed last year by the U.S. House of Representatives, these emissions will drop beneath 2,000 megatonnes. They’re now about 6,500 megatonnes. The United Nations measures greenhouse gas emissions in megatonnes, or million metric tons. The effects of climate change are already evident, the draft said: warming air and oceans, vanishing mountain glaciers, thawing permafrost, signs of instability in the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica and rising sea levels. The State Department draft, now open for public comment, precedes the expected April 26 unveiling of Senate legislation by Democrat John Kerry, Republican Lindsey Graham and Independent Joe Lieberman. Supporters of the bill hope this will pave the way for the full Senate to debate and pass a measure in June or July. The State Department report will ultimately go to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; previous U.S. reports to this body were in 1994, 1997, 2002 and 2007. Editing by Jackie Frank Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.	<urn:uuid:8598279d-aa40-46f3-9cb9-66c7f531df65>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63F2Q520100419?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/environment+%28News+/+US+/+Environment%29	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649105.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603032950-20230603062950-00389.warc.gz	en	0.908571	369	2.875	3
Mars and Martians The novel originated several enduring Martian tropes in science fiction writing. These include Mars being an ancient world, nearing the end of its life, being the home of a superior civilisation capable of advanced feats of science and engineering, and also being a source of invasion forces, keen to conquer the Earth. The first two tropes were prominent in Edgar Rice Burroughs "Barsoom" series beginning with A Princess of Mars in 1912. Influential scientist Freeman Dyson, a key figure in the search for extraterrestrial life, also acknowledges his debt to reading H.G. Wells' fictions as a child. The publication and reception of The War of the Worlds also established the vernacular term of 'martian' as a description for something offworldly or unknown. Aliens and alien invasion Wells is credited with establishing several extraterrestrial themes which were later greatly expanded by science fiction writers in the 20th Century, including first contact and war between planets and their differing species. There were, however, stories of aliens and alien invasion prior to publication of The War of the Worlds. In 1727 Jonathan Swift published Gulliver's Travels. The tale included a race of beings similar but not identical to humanity, who are obsessed with mathematics and are superior to humans. They populate a floating island fortress called Laputa, 4½ miles in diameter, which uses its shadow to prevent sun and rain from reaching earthly nations over which it travels, ensuring they will pay tribute to the Laputians. Voltaire's Micromégas (1752) includes two aliens, from Saturn and Sirius, who are of immense size and visit the Earth out of curiosity. At first they think the planet is uninhabited, due to the difference in scale between them and the peoples of Earth. When they discover the haughty Earth-centric views of Earth philosophers, they are greatly amused by how important Earth beings think they are compared to greater beings in the universe such as themselves. In 1892 Robert Potter, an Australian clergyman, published The Germ Growers in London. It describes a covert invasion by aliens who take on the appearance of human beings and attempt to develop a virulent disease to assist in their plans for global conquest. It was not widely read, and consequently Wells's vastly more successful novel is generally credited as the seminal alien invasion story. The first science fiction to be set on Mars may be Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record (1880) by Percy Greg. It was a long-winded book concerned with a civil war on Mars. Another Mars novel, this time dealing with benevolent Martians coming to Earth to give humankind the benefit of their advanced knowledge, was published in 1897 by Kurd Lasswitz — Two Planets (Auf Zwei Planeten). It was not translated until 1971, and thus may not have influenced Wells, although it did depict a Mars influenced by the ideas of Percival Lowell. Other examples are Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet (1889), which took place on Mars, Gustavus W. Popes's Journey to Mars (1894), and Ellsworth Douglas's Pharaoh's Broker, in which the protagonist encounters an Egyptian civilisation on Mars which, while parallel to that of the Earth has evolved somehow independently. Early examples of influence on science fiction Wells had already proposed another outcome for the alien invasion story in The War of the Worlds. When the Narrator meets the artilleryman the second time, the artilleryman imagines a future where humanity, hiding underground in sewers and tunnels, conducts a guerrilla war, fighting against the Martians for generations to come, and eventually, after learning how to duplicate Martian weapon technology, destroys the invaders and takes back the Earth. Six weeks after publication of the novel, the Boston Post newspaper published another alien invasion story, an unauthorised sequel to The War of the Worlds, which turned the tables on the invaders. Edison's Conquest of Mars was written by Garrett P. Serviss, a now little remembered writer, who described the famous inventor Thomas Edison leading a counterattack against the invaders on their home soil. Though this is actually a sequel to 'Fighters from Mars', a revised and unauthorised reprint of War of the Worlds, they both were first printed in the Boston Post in 1898. Lazar Lagin published "Major Well Andyou" in USSR in 1962, an alternative view of events in "War of the Worlds" from the viewpoint of a traitor. The War of the Worlds was reprinted in the United States in 1927, before the Golden Age of science fiction, by Hugo Gernsback in Amazing Stories. John W. Campbell, another key science fiction editor of the era, and periodic short story writer, published several alien invasion stories in the 1930s. Many well known science fiction writers were to follow, including Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Clifford Simak and Robert A. Heinlein with The Puppet Masters and John Wyndham with The Kraken Wakes. The theme of alien invasion has remained popular to the present day and are frequently used in the plots of all forms of popular entertainment including movies, television, novels, comics and video games. Alan Moore's graphic novel, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume II, retells the events in The War of the Worlds. In the end of the first issue of Marvel Zombies 5, it is revealed that the main characters will visit a world called "Martian Protectorate" where the events of War of the Worlds are occurring. The Tripods trilogy of books features a central theme of invasion by alien-controlled tripods. Other narratives, in addition to utilising the alien invasion trope, also involve the appearance of tripod alien fighting machines. The computer game Half-Life 2 makes an apparent homage to The War of the Worlds in the appearance of tripod fighting machines known as Striders, used by the alien invaders. In the video game Unreal Tournament III, one of the vehicles used by the antagonist is a large "Darkwalker" tripod that functions similarly to those in War of the Worlds.	<urn:uuid:cadeadee-e32f-4484-aa06-8507ced4aebd>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.gradesaver.com/the-war-of-the-worlds/wikipedia/influences	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00345.warc.gz	en	0.951258	1,249	3.078125	3
This picture shows the spacecraft which flew past Halley's comet. Click on image for full size Missions to Halley's comet in 1986 Six spacecraft flew by Halley's comet in 1986. There were two spacecraft launched from Japan, Suisei and Sakigake, and two from the Soviet Union, Vega 1 & 2. One spacecraft, ICE, from the United States was re-directed to intercept the comet, and was the last to enter the comet environment. The main mission to Halley's comet, however, was the Giotto mission, a mission sponsored by the European Space Agengy. All of the missions sampled different regions of the comet environment, as shown in this drawing. The Giotto spacecraft flew closest to the nucleus and recovered several wonderful pictures of the nucleus. Together these missions collected a wealth of data on the comet. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store on science education, ranging from evolution , classroom research , and the need for science and math literacy You might also be interested in: Hale-Bopp continues to offer new surprises as two astronomers report of their study of the comet. Using the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Ultraviolet Explorer, the astronomers did a year-long...more Six spacecraft flew by Halley's comet in 1986. There were two spacecraft launched from Japan, Suisei and Sakigake, and two from the Soviet Union, Vega 1 & 2. One spacecraft, ICE, from the United States...more Comets are observed to go around the sun in a long period of time or a short period of time. Thus they are named "long-period" or "short-period" comets. One group of short-period comets, called the Jupiter...more Scientists have learned a great deal from the crash of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Scientists traced the orbit of the comet backwards in time to guess its origin. The crash of a comet like Shoemaker-Levy 9...more Mathematical theory suggests that comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was likely a short-period comet which was captured into orbit around Jupiter in 1929 and began to execute the path plotted in this diagram. This...more As the ices of the comet nucleus evaporate, they expand rapidly into a large cloud around the central part of the comet. This cloud, called the coma, is the atmosphere of the comet and can extend for millions...more When evaporation begins, the gas is propelled from the nucleus at supersonic speed (depicted by arrows in the figure). Because of the low gravity in space, this means that the molecules from the nucleus...more	<urn:uuid:20c312f6-de58-4eae-88cf-7ec30ac84816>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://www.windows2universe.org/comets/Halley_sc_suite.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105927.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819220657-20170820000657-00092.warc.gz	en	0.947537	553	4.15625	4
Health care is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the job market and it shows no signs of slowing down. It is a highly diverse industry that has come a long way in recent years. Today, the field is no longer confined to doctors, dentists, and nurses, but a much wider range of professions, suitable for a variety of people. Individuals that are willing to work in the medical field will always be in demand, regardless of the state of the economy. And, because people are living a lot longer than they used to, thanks to advances in medical technology, the sector is simply thriving. So, deciding to work in the health care industry can be a rewarding and lucrative decision. Getting started with a career in health care does take some thought and preparation – one simply cannot jump in. Here are some things to consider when starting a career in this fantastic industry. Choosing the right path As an industry, health care offers a plethora of jobs for a wide range of people with different interests and focuses. Sure, one can take the traditional route and become a doctor or nurse, but there is a host of other positions ranging from dieticians and counselors to physical therapists and physician assistants. Those who may not want to work with patients may opt in the administrative and management side of the sector. The main categories within the health care industry include practitioner, allied health, supportive, and managerial careers. It is important for one to know what his or her options are – and to know oneself – before plunging into a new career. Practitioners are hands-on individuals that must go through a lot of schooling and patient contact; these people are typically the doctors and nurses. Sure, they make the most money, but they also do a lot of work. Allied health careers are really the backbone of the sector, as these people work directly with healthcare practitioners in their daily business. While they still work with patients, they have less schooling but plenty of room for job growth. Those in supportive roles are typically aides and assistants that work with patients on a more regular basis, such as in a pharmacy or a dental office. Management careers do not require much work with patients, but there is a lot of work that goes into these jobs since they can range from running a hospital to providing administrative support to the medical staff. Getting the right background In order to break into the health care industry, one does need the right background. Most careers, even low-level positions, require at the very least introductory courses in biology. Some careers will require years of schooling while others may require just a few semesters. It really depends on the particular medical career path one has chosen. There are plenty of online degree programs such as those at online.bryantstratton.edu, that allow individuals to get started on the education they need. Online courses are often ideal for those who cannot take time out from their existing job to attend class or those that are hoping to make a career change. Regardless of which health care job one chooses to pursue, the most important attributes of anyone hoping to get started in the medical industry is a strong work ethic and a desire to help others. Many positions in the industry have long, odd hours and come with plenty of stress. The new challenges keep it interesting and the help that one is providing to others makes it very rewarding.	<urn:uuid:cc2cf6ae-f044-48e7-bee6-dc98da3f5747>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://sarsaparillablog.net/articles/starting-a-career-in-health-care.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00541.warc.gz	en	0.973507	683	2.75	3
- NMNH Home › - Research & Collections › - Vertebrate Zoology › - Fishes › - Spencer Baird and Ichthyology › - Naturalist Collectors › Spencer Baird and Ichthyology at the Smithsonian Robert Kennicott (1835-1866) Robert Kennicott's short life was filled with extraordinary achievements, both as a collector and as a working scientist. Plagued with poor health throughout his life, Kennicott developed an early interest in the natural world around his boyhood home in northern Illinois. In this he was encouraged and trained by his father, who at various times was a physician, horticulturist, educator, and editor. Kennicott had little formal training, but gained much knowledge through his association with established scientists, among them Spencer Baird. By 18 Kennicott was already collecting extensively and at 21 was one of the founders of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. He inevitably came to the attention of Baird, who corresponded with him and recruited him into collecting for the Smithsonian. Kennicott first came to the Smithsonian in 1858, where he became a member of the so-called Megatherium Club (see Related Web Sites), a group of young scientists who had gathered around Spencer Baird to work on the collections that they and others had accumulated. Kennicott was happiest when he was in the field, and he was a keen observer and recorder of everything he saw. In spite of his poor health, he repeatedly set off on expeditions to the most remote and unexplored places. He was especially intrigued by the far north and in 1859 embarked on a three-year expedition to northern Canada and Alaska, supported in part by the Smithsonian Institution and the Hudson Bay's Company. Kennicott's contagious enthusiasm for collecting spread to several of the Hudson's Bay Company's field agents, who soon became active collectors themselves. After Kennicott's departure, they continued collecting and sending valuable material to the Smithsonian, thus further expanding Baird's network of collectors and the reach of the Smithsonian collections. In 1865 Kennicott returned to the north as part of an expedition to survey a telegraph route through Alaska. There, on 13 May 1866, he died of a heart attack at the age of 31. Kennicott, like Caleb Kennerly, was a close friend of the Baird family and often visited the Baird household when he was in Washington. He contributed 151 lots of fishes to the Smithsonian collection. The darter, Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam, 1863) and the whitefish, Coregonus kennicotti Milner, 1883 are named after him. In addition, the town of Kennicott, Alaska bears his name. [ TOP ]	<urn:uuid:2fb60730-8c58-41d9-809a-4f2383a4cc7c>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/ichthyology_history/ichs_colls/kennicott_robert.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00256-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975734	569	2.671875	3
Comment on the similarities between Sons and Lovers and Great Expectations. One of the central similarities that we can identify in these two classic texts is that of social class and the way that both stories present us with worlds that are clearly defined by the narrow limitations of class and social position. Lawrence, for example, shows how capitalism creates a society where classes are placed in conflict against each other and even creates this conflict between members of the same class. Consider the number of conflicts that this novel contains, and in particular how conflict surrounds the rise of William up the social ladder. The further he rises up this ladder, he finds that he is more alienated from his family. His girlfriend, Lily, treats the Morels with massive condescension as she considers herself to be "better" than them, and this is ironically imitated by Mrs. Morel herself, who believes that she is better than her own husband. In just the same way, Pip finds out very soon that his rise into society thanks to his expectations actually brings him sadness and conflict. He becomes more and more isolated from his former tranquil, peaceful and loving life back in the marshes with Jo, and only feels embarrassment when Jo comes to visit him in London. Pip is a character who is constantly taunted by his low upbringing from his very first meeting with Estella, where he is made fun of because "he calls the Jacks knaves." Class is a pervasive influence throughout this novel. In both texts, therefore, the presentation of class is shown as something that divides people from one another and their loved ones and brings them into conflict with each other and within themselves. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:84abddb0-60fb-40ec-b1e9-0a2858584fb1>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-some-similiarties-sons-lovers-by-d-h-lawrence-299545	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00048.warc.gz	en	0.978456	341	3.15625	3
The Way the Kansas Natives Have Failed to Elect Good Leaders 1. Introduction: The author’s main argument In his book, “What’s the Matter with Kansas?”, published in 2004, Thomas Frank argues that the native citizens of his home state have failed to elect leaders who can bring about quality governance. He attributes this failure to three main factors: lack of understanding of how the state government works, voting against their own interests, and following the false promises of conservative politicians. While Frank’s analysis is specific to Kansas, it is also relevant to other states in the US where similar dynamics are at play. 2. The way the native citizens of Kansas have failed to elect leaders who can bring about quality governance 2. 1 Lack of understanding of how the state government works One of the main reasons why Kansas natives have failed to elect good leaders is because they do not understand how the state government works. This lack of understanding is compounded by the fact that most residents are not actively involved in the political process. As a result, they are easily swayed by ignorant or dishonest politicians who make false promises that they have no intention of keeping. 2. 2 Voting against their own interests Another reason why Kansas natives have failed to elect good leaders is because they often vote against their own interests. This is due to the fact that many people in the state identify more with their cultural values than with their economic interests. As a result, they are often willing to support politicians who promise to uphold cultural values even if those same politicians end up pursuing policies that hurt the economy. 2. 3 Following the false promises of conservative politicians The final reason why Kansas natives have failed to elect good leaders is because they have been misled by conservative politicians who make false promises about what they will do if elected. These promises usually involve cutting taxes and regulations, which sounds good on paper but doesn’t always lead to better economic outcomes. In fact, many times these promises simply result in budget deficits and austerity measures that hurt ordinary people while benefiting the wealthy elite. 3. Conclusion: The author’s call to action In conclusion, Thomas Frank’s book “What’s the Matter with Kansas?” provides a detailed analysis of why the native citizens of his home state have failed to elect quality leaders. While his analysis is specific to Kansas, it is also relevant to other states in the US where similar dynamics are at play. In order to fix this problem, Frank calls on Kansas natives to become more involved in the political process and to vote for candidates who will actually represent their interests. Cite this assignment More Related papers - A Comparison of Christian Baptism and Koranic Verse - The Benefits of Introducing Information Technology in Neel Taxis Ltd - The Different Types of Effective Communication - The Impact of Media Coverage on Voter Perceptions of Hillary Clinton's Femininity in the 2008 Democratic Primary Elections - Cheating in the Test: Issue Review	<urn:uuid:023a872e-7a08-4c2e-91cc-3e4caf6282a0>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://essayholic.com/the-way-the-kansas-natives-have-failed-to-elect-good-leaders/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00737.warc.gz	en	0.962083	614	3.078125	3
Conservation at the Zoo Conservation of wild species and wild places is behind the mission of the AZA and Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo. It’s built into our education programs, our signs, our special events and in our actions. Check out our mission statements, learn about our Conservation Fund, and discover all the native species harbored in and around zoo grounds. And learn how you can become involved in supporting the Zoo’s conservation programs. Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo is home to a surprising variety of native wildlife. Click here to see what other animals you might find hidden around the Zoo grounds. The AZA Vision AZA zoos and aquariums are places where people connect with animals. We are therefore dedicated to excellence in animal care and welfare, conservation, education, and research that collectively inspire respect for animals and nature. To learn more about the AZA and to visit their website, click here! Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo Mission Statement Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo is dedicated to acquainting a diverse public to the delicate balance that exists between living things and their environment. Animal exhibits, plantings, graphics, and Zoo programs are to be represented in such a manner as to give the visitor a sense of awareness and concern for the intricate beauty and fragility of our planet. This mission is achieved by a master plan comprised of the following goals. - Education, through staff involvement and training, outreach programs, workshops, lectures, docent volunteers, natural animal exhibits, informational and interpretive graphics, and research by utilizing staff, universities and other zoological facilities. - Conservation, through participation in in situ and ex situ endangered species programs such as the Species Survival Program, Zoo Conservation Outreach Group, etc. Also through professional animal and veterinary care and a comprehensive animal management policy. - Recreation, through state-of-the-art exhibit design, well-run visitor services (i.e., food and gift concessions, rides, rest rooms and parking) and to maximize the natural and park-like setting by formal and informal landscaping. Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo Conservation Fund Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo’s Conservation Fund, established by the Connecticut Zoological Society in 2002, supports conservation programs worldwide that protect threatened wildlife and habitats. Field study, habitat protection and restoration, environmental education projects and captive propagation programs are all appropriate for consideration. The total of funds awarded each year currently does not to exceed $15,000, with individual grants to be awarded in $1500 increments. One third of the annual fund is dedicated to AZA committee projects, one third is dedicated to Connecticut-based conservation initiatives and one third is dedicated to international in-situ work. To date the Conservation Fund has supported the following programs: Alaska brown bear research AZA Bear Taxon Advisory Group AZA Small Carnivore TAG Carnivore Status Survey in Paraguay Connecticut animal track identification training Connecticut wetlands restoration project International Otter Colloquium Lion Tamarins of Brazil Zoo Conservation Outreach program Supporters of the Zoo’s conservation efforts are welcome to donate funds specifically designated to the Zoo’s Conservation Fund	<urn:uuid:04d7a62d-5974-49e7-b052-532938f5bd36>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://www.beardsleyzoo.com/conservation-at-the-zoo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685129.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919112242-20170919132242-00482.warc.gz	en	0.906921	680	2.53125	3
Ask 100 people what causes acne and you’ll get 100 different answers, ranging from your diet, and skincare habits to your genetics, your everyday environment and your total amount of sun exposure. There’s even a persistent myth that chocolate causes acne. Thankfully, it’s not true -- feel free to enjoy chocolate without worrying too much about your skin. The reality of acne is that the vast majority of pimples, breakouts and other acne issues aren’t a result of your diet or lifestyle, but your body’s levels of key hormones that affect your production of natural skin oils. As we discussed in our guide to hormonal acne, acne in both men and women is almost always triggered by increase production of androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones. The most well-known androgen is testosterone, which is a vital hormone for the development of male sex-specific features. Beyond its role as a male sex hormone, testosterone also plays a major role in regulating your skin’s oil levels. But wait -- testosterone is a male hormone, right? So how could it possibly be responsible for your acne as a woman? Despite frequently being labeled as a male-specific hormone, both men and women produce testosterone. On average, men produce 10 to 25 times as much testosterone as women, but both sexes need testosterone for optimal physical, mental and reproductive health. The same is true for men, only in reverse. Estrogen, which most people think of as a female hormone, is also present in the male body in small quantities and plays a vital role in sexual health, bone density and other important aspects of wellbeing. Making things even more complicated is hormone sensitivity. Because the female body has a fraction as much testosterone as the male body, it’s more sensitive to its effects. This means that even a small increase in androgen levels can have major effects on your skin. Explained simply, both female and male bodies are all about hormonal balance. Balanced hormones, good; hormonal imbalance, bad. When one hormone gets out of sync with other hormones, things that wouldn’t normally happen can suddenly start to happen. Testosterone's role in acne is simple. When your body starts to produce more testosterone than normal, it can trigger an increase in your skin’s production of sebum. Sebum is a natural oil that your body secretes from the sebaceous glands. It flows out from your hair follicles onto your skin. Think of it as your body’s natural source of hydration for your skin -- an oily, waxy substance that’s responsible for keeping your skin moist, soft and healthy. Normally, sebum production is a good thing. However, when your testosterone levels increase, your body can produce too much sebum. This sebum then clogs inside your hair follicles and causes either whiteheads (closed blockages) or blackheads (open blockages) to develop. For the most part, more testosterone equals more sebum production. Testosterone's effect on sebum production is more obvious in people sensitive to the hormone, meaning some people will get more severe hormonal acne than others. If your skin is sensitive to androgens, you’ll normally notice acne in the days leading up to and during your period. This is because your body’s production of androgens tends to peak during your period. At the same time, your body’s production of progesterone -- a hormone that maintains optimal skin hydration and elasticity -- declines to its lowest level. The end result is a major vulnerability period for your skin. With androgens at their peak and progesterone at its lowest, your skin is far more susceptible to acne than usual, resulting in a monthly outbreak that affects anywhere from 29 to 49 percent of women. By the way, this is also why you might notice an increase in your sex drive before your period. Not only do testosterone, estrogen and progesterone affect your skin -- they also regulate your sexual desire and function. Want to learn more about how testosterone affects your skin? Our guide to hormonal acne goes into greater detail on how testosterone can trigger outbreaks, especially in the week leading up to your period. Testosterone isn’t the only androgen affects your skin. There’s also dihydrotesterone (DHT) -- a more potent androgen that, while not as closely linked to acne development as testosterone, is also associated with acne breakouts. DHT’s role in hormonal acne isn’t as firmly established as that of testosterone. However, it can affect your production of elastin -- an important structural component of healthy skin that’s vital for managing the aesthetic signs of aging. In general, there’s no need to worry too much about DHT. Since it’s a byproduct of testosterone, the same treatments that limit excess testosterone and prevent hormonal acne will also limit the effects of DHT on your skin. There are several options available for treating androgen-induced acne. For women, one of the most popular and effective options is a simple combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP, or birth control pill), which typically contains ethinylestradiol and a progestin. These estrogenic hormones are often enough to manage the effects of excessive testosterone production. Like all hormonal medication, oral contraceptives do have potential side effects. As always, if you have acne that you think is being triggered by androgens, the best approach is to discuss the use of an oral contraceptive with your doctor. Other treatments for hormonal acne include topical retinoids such as tretinoin, oral retinoids like isotretinoin and antibiotics. These medications are often used in combination to more effectively suppress hormonal acne. Want to know more about the most effective treatments for androgen-induced acne? Our guide to hormonal acne explains how you can use antibiotics, retinoids and other medication to keep hormonal acne under control.	<urn:uuid:99fc9bd8-70ff-4391-bf49-1ace326d0df0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.forhers.com/blog/the-androgen-hormones-that-cause-acne	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00153.warc.gz	en	0.927933	1,246	2.671875	3
It’s remarkable how adaptable the human brain is especially in these extremely busy, crowded and most of all noise times. Focus is key, of course, and recently researchers have shown for instance how the brain hones in at one speaker at a time when subjected to multiple external stimuli, like other people jabbering around at a cocktail party. There’s no easy way of blocking sound. You can’t just close your ears, like you can with your eyes, however luckily our brains have specially developed filters that only process information related to sound that is deemed important, and that’s very fortunate since otherwise we all would have gone insane. At a sensory level, all sounds are picked up by the brain, and this is very important to know, but how does the brain prioritize which sounds need to be encoded? Senior author Dr. Charles Schroeder, of Columbia University’s Department of Psychiatry, along with colleagues directly recorded brain patterns from in surgical epilepsy patients, who were listening to natural spoken sentences. In the auditory cortex – the part of the brain responsible for processing sound, like speech – both attended and ignored speech was reflected in brain signals. The attended speech, however, had a much greater signal amplitude. However, in “higher-order processing” regions of the brain – responsible for language processing and attention control – things were a lot different. Here attended speech was clear, while that of ignored speech was not detectable. “While confirming this, we also provide the first clear evidence that there may be brain locations in which there is exclusive representation of an attended speech segment, with ignored conversations apparently filtered out,” the authors write in their paper published in the journal Neuron. The findings could help scientists develop solutions for people suffering from deficits such as those associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and aging.	<urn:uuid:558f13a7-2738-4699-a6d6-5eb64bb4673b>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.zmescience.com/science/psychology-science/how-the-brain-concentrates-at-one-speaker-at-time-in-noisy-crowds/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698090094/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095450-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968839	382	3.359375	3
Monday, Sep 15, 2003 Front Page \| Southern States \| Other States \| Advts: Classifieds \| Employment \| Obituary \| By Our Special Correspondent The discovery by a team of epigraphists, who undertook a survey at Arittapatti in Melur taluk, is a remarkable evidence of history of early Tamil politics, culture and language, State Archaeology department sources said here recently. The inscription was found engraved in a cave of a hillock, where early Jain monks stayed and preached their faith. It is just four feet away from another Brahmi inscription discovered by some scholars in 1971. "Since this new inscription is carved with very thin strokes and illegible, it had not attracted the attention of the scholars so far in spite of their frequent visits to this cave," say the sources. The inscription, engraved as a single line with 33 letters and running for 3.10 metres, reads as follows: ilanjiy vel mapparavan makan emayavan nalmuzhaukai kotupithavan. It means, "Emayavan, son of Mapparavan, chief of Ilanji, has caused the carving of this auspicious cave." It has been written in the Bhattiprolu (Andhra Pradesh) casket inscription method and so all short consonants have long strokes. As the orthography of this inscription resembles that of Mangulam inscriptions (also in Madurai district), its date may be assigned to 3rd century B.C., say the sources. `Ilanji' denotes the name of a place, while `Vel' means chieftain. Ilanji Vel might have been a ruler of a small territory around Ilanji. There is also a village near Courtallam with the same name. Emayavan, chief of Ilanji, was the son of Mapparavan. `Paravar' denotes the people of coastal region settled in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. `Muzhaukai' means the cave in which the inscription is found and the prefix, `nal' auspiciousness. The same word, `Nalmuzhaukai' occurs in Varichiyur Brahmi inscription also. The previous inscription found at Arittapatti also bears the word `Muzhagai', which also means cave. One of the Sangam works, `Madurai Kanchi' refers to the Paravar defeated by Padyan Nedunchezhian. Even the Velvikudi copper plate speaks of the defeat suffered by Tenparavar at the hands of a Pandya king, the sources point out. All this evidence makes clear that the Paravars were the chiefs of the coastal region and they ruled their areas as subordinates of the Pandyas of the Sangam age. The previously discovered Brahmi inscription at Arittapatti also mentions about a chief from Nelveli (now Tirunelveli region). The inscription throws light on the proximity the chiefs of Nelveli to the Pandyas of Madurai in the Sangam age. As many as 60 Tamil Brahmi inscriptions were found during the past over 100 years from 15 villages including, Mangualm, Anaimalai, Azhagarmalai, Tiruvadavur, Keezhavalavu, Tirupparankundram and Varichiyur. The epigraphists, comprising P. Rajendran, V. Vedachalam, C. Santhalingam and R. Jayaraman, as per directions of the Commissioner of Archaeology, R. Kannan, undertook the survey. The Hindu Group: Home \| About Us \| Copyright \| Archives \| Contacts \| Subscription Group Sites: The Hindu \| Business Line \| The Sportstar \| Frontline \| The Hindu eBooks \| Home \| Copyright © 2003, The Hindu. Republication or redissemination of the contents of this screen are expressly prohibited without the written consent of	<urn:uuid:f80c61cc-e344-48b9-8898-91ac50cd446a>	CC-MAIN-2014-41	http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663417.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00333-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940713	840	2.6875	3
A Story about Hummus 7 December 2014 Originating in the Middle-East, Hummus is a very old dish, it is assumed to be mentioned in the bible in the Book of Ruth: “and dip thy morsel in the vinegar” it is suggested that it is not really a vinegar (dipping bread in vinegar is an unheard of custom) but a mixture of Hummus (which has a similar pronunciation to vinegar, mainly because of the sourness they both share). The main ingredient of the Hummus has several names - Bengal gram, Garbanzo bean, Ceci, Himtsa - but it is better known as Chickpeas (the meaning of Hummus in Arabic). The ingredients that compose the basic Hummus (Chickpeas, Lemon, Garlic and spices) have been common in the Levant area for thousands of years (a fact that supports the status of the dish in the region). Though the first official record of Hummus bi Tehina (Hummus with Tahini) is from the 13th century AD, it is assumed that this dish already evolved in ancient Babylon back in the 3rd Millennium BC. There are many types of Hummus, from Hummus-Msabbaha (the chickpeas aren’t grounded), Hummus Ful (Adding Faba beans), Hummus bi Tehina (Hummus with Tahini), Hummus ve Batata (Hummus with Sweet potato), Laban ma’ Hummus (Hummus with yoghurt and butter) and more. In Israel there are even specialized restaurants for Hummus, they are called Hummusiot (one of the best in the land is “Hummus Sa’id” from Akko, a must-eat if you’re in the region). by: Amit Rabin	<urn:uuid:8d86ddd1-ecea-4bb6-89e9-b38da21696f6>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	http://rootsoffood.com/blog/stories/a-story-about-hummus	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00449.warc.gz	en	0.923277	384	2.609375	3
How to Control Ants on Citrus Trees with a Sticky Barrier This article shows how to get rid of ants on citrus trees using tree tanglefoot ant barrier for trees, an organic way to get rid of ants on fruit trees. Because nectar-loving ants such as the Argentine ant farm nectar-producing insects such as the Asian citrus psyllid, controlling ants on lemon trees, orange trees, lime trees, and other types of citrus trees is an important measure to reduce the spread of Huanglongbing, a deadly citrus disease spread by citrus psyllids. Ants on Citrus Trees – Controlling with Tanglefoot Sticky Barriers – YouTube video In addition to this article, I have also made a YouTube video (see below) demonstrating how to control ants on citrus trees by applying tree tanglefoot. The Argentine ant is one of the worst invasive species. From its native Paraná River basin, it has spread to six continents, aggressively displacing native ant species and disrupting ecosystems. California has a supercolony of Argentine ants that covers most urban areas. Because introduced Argentine ant populations lack the genetic diversity of native populations, the ants treat one another as family. The resulting lack of aggression within the introduced colonies gives them an advantage over many native ant species. Ants on Citrus Trees Can Be Deadly Ants are a major pest of citrus trees and can indirectly kill citrus trees in combination with the Asian citrus psyllid and Huanglongbing, a fatal and incurable disease of citrus spread by citrus psyllids. Due to the spread of the Asian citrus psyllid and Huanglongbing, California is in danger of losing its citrus trees. The following photo shows an orange tree infested with ants and Asian citrus psyllids. Beneficial Parasitic Wasps Disrupted by Ants Parasitic wasps exist in California that are very effective in killing Asian citrus psyllids and reducing their numbers. The below video shows Tamarixia radiata, one of the parasitic wasp species, parasitizing an Asian citrus psyllid. Ants protect citrus psyllids from parasitic wasps so that they can harvest the sugary honeydew produced by the psyllids. If ants are present on a citrus tree, the parasitic wasps are much less effective and the population of the disease-spreading citrus psyllids will increase. The below video shows Argentine ants on a citrus tree protecting Asian citrus psyllids from Tamarixia radiata. Even if citrus psyllids are not present, ants on citrus trees protect many kinds of insect pests of citrus from natural predators. Basic organic pest control of citrus trees is to keep ants off of the trees so that predators can kill the harmful pests. The below photo shows ants on my lemon tree tending cottony cushion scale. Wrapping the Tree It is important not to apply the sticky barrier directly to the bark of a citrus tree. If applied directly, it would damage the tree. To keep the sticky barrier off of the trunk, I first wrap it with vinyl tape. The wrapping must be tight enough that ants cannot crawl under the barrier. Applying the Tree Tanglefoot Sticky Barrier Tanglefoot is difficult to remove from hands and utensils, so I use disposable gloves and a disposable knife. Using a disposable knife, I apply the tree tanglefoot sticky barrier directly to the wrapping material. It is important to periodically check the sticky barrier to make sure that no bridges allowing ants to cross have been formed by debris. If such a bridge forms it can be removed by using another disposable knife to disturb the barrier and expose a sticky layer underneath the debris. Eliminating Paths Around the Sticky Barrier The biggest problem with sticky barriers is that ants can find ways around them. If there is any other path between the tree and the ground other than the trunk, ants will find it. For sticky barriers to be effective, trees must be pruned to keep branches from touching fences or any other path to the ground. Replacing the Sticky Ant Barrier on my Lemon Tree I remove and replace the sticky ant barrier every year to avoid damage to the tree. Ant Baits are an Alternate Method of Ant Control In some situations I have found it very difficult to keep ants off of my trees with sticky barriers. One example is a planting of closely-spaced citrus trees near a fence. An alternative to sticky barriers is ant baits. I have also published an article on how to keep ants off fruit trees with liquid ant baits. Purchasing Sticky Barriers This link shows where products demonstrated in this article can be purchased. Saving Citrus Trees Please help to save citrus trees from the deadly Huanglongbing disease by keeping ants off of your citrus trees. Also, please share this article with friends who are growing citrus trees. Resources for Californians Please visit CaliforniaCitrusThreat.org for more information on how to stop the spread of Huanglongbing. This article was funded by a grant from California’s Citrus Research Board.	<urn:uuid:8b437e2b-93a5-402a-8518-bc419aa073b0>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://fruitmentor.com/ants-on-citrus-trees	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00046.warc.gz	en	0.90141	1,060	3	3
Cry, the Beloved Country is full of biblical allusions. The characters are named after biblical figures, and the trials of Stephen Kumalo and James Jarvis are reminiscent of the book of Job. Regardless of whether one is Christian or not, the Bible can be appreciated for its rich store of parables, symbols, and imagery, which often find their way into other literature in the form of allusions. Allusions allow authors to imbue their characters and plots with deeper levels of meaning. Please take note of these biblical meanings on the left side in your Double-Entry Journal, and then explain how they are appropriate on the right side (after you've read most of the novel). See below for more instructions. Absalom: son of King David, who rebelled against his father. He was killed by Joab, and when King David heard about it, there was much wailing and gnashing of teeth, and he uttered the famous cry, "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee" (II Samuel 18:9-33). King David felt this grief even though Absalom had betrayed him. Character: Absalom Kumalo Stephen: St. Stephen was the first Christian martyr. He was preaching the Christian faith and was stoned to death for blasphemy (against the Jewish tradition). Character: Stephen Kumalo John: famous prophet of the coming of Christ; sometimes called "John the Baptist." Character: John Kumalo James: the brother of Jesus. There are at least two other characters in the Bible named James, but the allusion is most likely to Jesus' brother, due to a significant passage in Acts 15:13-19. Character: James Jarvis Theophilus--Greek for "loved by God." Character: Theophilus Msimangu Book of Job: Job is famous for his patience through a series of trials designed by Satan to destroy his faith in God. (Some really terrible stuff happens to him, but he never gives up.) Characters: Stephen Kumalo and James Jarvis In your Double-Entry Journal, reserve a page or three for your thoughts on why Paton included these biblical allusions. Why are they significant? In other words, how do these allusions add to the meaning of the novel? In what way(s) are they appropriate to the characters?	<urn:uuid:1c77b957-4ab7-4ab0-8ca5-43866edafb10>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://hearnedog.tripod.com/biblical.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011155657/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091915-00043-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963925	489	3.203125	3
This Insight is a guest article by Dr Roderick Mackenzie from Nottingham University. Dr MacKenzie is currently undertaking a Data Science Fellowship with the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST). Social media platforms such as Twitter have become an important part of the political conversation. In this article, we use data mining techniques to explore how MPs engage with the public through Twitter with the aim of better understanding the role of social media in their Parliamentary work. The result is a broad picture of how MPs use Twitter to influence and participate in public debate. Summary of findings The Guardian is the most cited and shared online source in Westminster, this is followed by the BBC and Facebook. Paywalls seem to affect information uptake. The majority of MPs are very active on Twitter, tweeting at least once or twice a day. Only 50% of tweets issued by MPs are original tweets, the rest are retweets. An MP’s tweet is most likely to be retweeted one hour after publication; after 24 hours it is effectively forgotten – 24 hours is a long time in politics. The majority of tweets are about party political issues, with health being the most covered policy topic. Groups with particular policy interests will therefore have to fight to find their place in MPs’ Twitter feeds. For information to be noticed by MPs on Twitter it should already be pre-packaged in a tweet. Social media as a stream of consciousness An active social media account can be thought of as a stream of consciousness, providing insight into a person’s interests and political focus. A model of information flow on Twitter between MPs and the public is shown in Figure 1. The dotted box represents all MPs who tweet. Within this box, original tweets are created and existing tweets are retweeted by MPs. In this diagram, tweets that do not originate from MPs enter the box from the left, and original information from newspaper articles and other web sources enter on the right. By understanding the information flows within this diagram we aim to answer the following questions: - What sources of information do MPs use to inform debate? - How reliable are the information sources they use? - Where should researchers place information so it reaches MPs most effectively? - What topics do MPs debate on Twitter, and how are these related to policy? - How does information flow between MPs and the public through Twitter? - What role does Twitter play in informing political debate on the topics of the day? Historical tweets from MPs were read from Twitter using the Tweepy library. This data was then analysed using Python and the Natural Language Toolkit to explore trends and relationships in the data. The data shown in this article covers the previous year (September 2017 – September 2018). At the start of this work, a total of 558 MPs were identified as having active Twitter accounts (86% uptake), of which Conservative MPs accounted for 248 accounts (79% uptake) and Labour MPs accounted for 245 accounts (95% uptake). In many of the smaller parties every MP has an active Twitter account. What sources of information are used by MPs? If an MP links to a website within a tweet, they draw attention to that source, whether their view of it is positive or negative. Figure 2 plots a histogram of the websites linked to by MPs in their tweets during the last year. The most popular website to link to was Twitter itself, so perhaps the best way to get research and information noticed by an MP on Twitter is to already have it pre-packaged within a tweet. The most frequently cited online source for MPs was the Guardian, closely followed by the BBC. Websites with paywalls tend to come further down the list than those that are freely accessible. Political blogs such as Order Order also tend to come further down the list. Each bar has been colour coded to show the number of times a website was mentioned by MPs in each party. The Guardian and the BBC were cited more often by Labour MPs than Conservative MPs. However gov.uk was cited more by Conservative MPs, perhaps because MPs in the governing party are more likely to link to Government statements and policy. It is also interesting to note that the Times appears to be the most popular Conservative leaning publication. Facebook, Instagram and YouTube occupy places within the top ten sources, ahead of more traditional media sources. Out of the 1.7 million tweets issued by MPs in the last year, only around 19% link to any other source of information, therefore the majority of tweets can be thought of as comment, reaction or conjecture. How often do MPs tweet and what are they tweeting? Figure 3a plots how often MPs tweet. The red bars represent Labour MPs, the blue bars represent Conservative MPs, and the yellow bars represent MPs from the Scottish National Party. The graph shows the majority of MPs tweet between one and ten times a day, although some MPs tweet up to 60 times a day. In general, Labour MPs tweet more than Conservative MPs: this is shown by the long red tail extending to the right of the graph. Figure 3b plots the number of retweets compared with original tweets from MPs. The majority of MPs combine tweets and retweets. The top five non-MP accounts which were retweeted by MPs were: @UKLabour(13,287), @Conservatives(10,554), @theSNP (5,200), @HouseofCommons (4,729), @labourpress (2,646), @CCHQPress (2,135), and @ParlyApp (2,120). The MP most retweeted by other MPs was the leader of the Labour Party @jeremycorbyn, with 9,538 retweets by MPs, while the leader of the Conservatives and Prime Minister @theresa_may was the second most retweeted among MPs with 7,014 retweets. Overall we found a weak correlation between Twitter usage and political party. However, one key difference is that 25% of Conservative MPs do not mention their party affiliation in their Twitter description, instead identifying themselves as ‘the MP for x constituency’, while for Labour the figure is lower at 7%. What are MPs using Twitter to talk about? Each tweet was automatically categorised into topical areas which included health, transport, education, science/environment and party political tweets. The number of tweets in each category over the last 100 days is plotted in Figure 4 (also on a log scale). The number of tweets relating to party political issues outnumbered tweets relating to specific policy topics by an order of magnitude. Policy topics seem to get more or less equal attention, with the exception of health, which sometimes reaches the same level of interest as party politics. Figure 5a plots the hashtags used by MPs over the last year. Brexit and Prime Minister’s Questions Time rank highly, supporting the results in Figure 4, where party political issues dominate the tweets of MPs. Tweets about health were second. Figure 5b shows the top 20 nouns used by MPs over the last 100 days in their tweets. Once again, general political terms focusing on current events dominate. How tweets reflect the mood among MPs Using sentiment analysis, one can classify each tweet as negative or positive. By classifying every tweet issued by MPs one can examine the overall mood of the House. A score of 1.0 means a tweet was positive, a score of -1.0 means a tweet was negative. This was done for the last two years and plotted in Figure 6. Most notably it can be seen that the average mood of the House was around -0.4, i.e. negative. An analysis of the relationship between the two variables during the last year found a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between changes in these variables i.e. that when Conservative MPs became more positive in mood, Labour MPs became slightly less positive, and vice versa. How long is a tweet relevant for? One measure of how long a tweet is relevant for is how long MPs retweet it after its initial publication – this is shown in Figure 7. It should be noted that the scales are log scales, so there is an exponential decaying likelihood of a tweet being retweeted. The red line represents the 24 hour point after a tweet is written. After 24 hours, there is a sudden drop in the likelihood of a tweet being retweeted. Thus 24 hours, not a week, is a long time in politics on Twitter. Most MPs are active Twitter users. Usage ranges from writing original tweets to simply retweeting those of others. The most frequently cited websites are those of newspapers and the BBC. The Guardian outperforms all other online sources, and can therefore be considered the most far-reaching on this measure. Social media platforms are the next most likely websites to be tweeted, followed by institutional websites such as hansard.parliament.uk. The fact that online sources without paywalls were the most frequently cited sources underlines the role of freely available information in digital democratic debate. Overall it would seem that MPs tweet most about party political issues. However health sometimes competes with political tweets. For the past year the mood of MPs’ tweets was on the whole negative. Twitter is the most cited website on Twitter by at least an order of magnitude, suggesting that if researchers want their work to play a part in political debate on Twitter, it helps to pre-package it in a tweet first with the aim of attracting MPs’ attention. We also note that given MPs’ focus on party politics, people with particular policy interests may need to look for opportunities to draw attention to their subject. About the author and fellowship Dr. Roderick MacKenzie (email@example.com) is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Engineering at The University of Nottingham. He is currently undertaking a fellowship with the POST, exploring how data science research methods can help the House of Commons Research Service. POST is an independent research arm of the Houses of Parliament, with the remit of providing independent evidence based advice to the members of the House. POST currently answers requests for information from MPs and updates briefing documents on an ad hoc basis. This small team currently has a limited global understanding of which topics are emerging in the political sphere, this makes it hard to predict demand for work and leads to an inevitable delay between the advice being sought and information provided to MPs. The aim of this fellowship is to apply large-scale data mining techniques to help POST predict which topics are becoming ‘hot’ in the House and thus increase the responsiveness of the services. The results will also be used to help POST better disseminate it’s research to MPs via Twitter. Dr. MacKenzie would like to thank Oliver Hawkins for his support during the fellowship, and EPSRC for funding the fellowship through Nottingham’s Impact Acceleration account. Sign up to email alerts every time we publish new research on the topics you’re interested in	<urn:uuid:ad30bccf-a999-4f2b-ab5a-ea9c03a7f079>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/insights/the-use-of-social-media-by-mps-in-parliamentary-debate/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00321.warc.gz	en	0.956341	2,245	2.734375	3
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery During a coronary artery bypass, the diseased sections of your coronary arteries are bypassed with healthy artery or vein grafts to increase blood flow to the heart muscle tissue. This procedure is also called coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Bypass typically requires open-chest surgery. There are several newer, less invasive techniques for bypass surgery that can be used instead of open-chest surgery in some cases. In some procedures, the heart is slowed with medicine but is still beating during the procedure. For these types of surgery, a heart-lung bypass machine is not needed. (For open-chest surgery, a heart-lung machine is needed to circulate the blood and to add oxygen to it.) Other techniques use keyhole procedures or minimally invasive procedures instead of open-chest surgery. Keyhole procedures use several smaller openings in the chest and may or may not require a heart-lung machine. These techniques are still being studied and may not be available in all medical centers. The material in this section will focus on traditional open-chest bypass surgery. View the slideshow on CABG surgery to see what happens during a bypass. You'll receive anesthesia before the surgery that will make you sleep. In most cases, bypass surgery is open-chest surgery. During the surgery, your chest will be open and your heart exposed. The surgeon makes a large cut, or incision, in the middle or side of your chest. He or she may cut through your breastbone and spread apart your rib cage. The surgeon removes a healthy blood vessel—often from the leg—and attaches (grafts) it to the blocked artery. The new blood vessel bypasses the blocked artery to increase blood flow to the heart. You may need just one bypass graft, or you may need more. Some people have as many as two, three, or even four (double, triple, or quadruple bypass surgery). How many grafts you need depends on how many arteries are blocked and where. When the surgery is complete, the doctor may use wire to put your rib cage back together and stitches to close the incision. The surgery can take 3 to 6 hours. You will stay in the hospital at least 3 to 8 days after the surgery. It can take 4 to 6 weeks to recover at home. Most people are able to return to work within 1 to 2 months after surgery. What To Expect After Surgery After surgery, there will be a short stay (1 to 2 days if there are no complications) in the intensive care unit (ICU). In the ICU, the person will likely have: You will typically stay in the hospital from 3 to 8 days after open-chest bypass surgery. The amount of time you stay varies and will depend on your health before bypass surgery and whether complications develop from surgery. After discharge, recovery at home takes 4 to 6 weeks. Recovery includes physical therapy, respiratory therapy, occupational therapy, and diet counseling. Exercise and driving may be resumed after about 2 to 3 weeks. People who are able to return to work can usually do so within 1 to 2 months, depending on the type of work they do. Some people find that they experience heightened emotions (such as a greater tendency to cry or otherwise show emotion in ways that are unusual compared with before the procedure) for up to a year following surgery. After your surgery, your doctor may suggest that you attend a cardiac rehabilitation program. In cardiac rehab, a team of health professionals provides education and support to help you recover. The rehab team can help you make new, healthy habits, such as eating right and getting more exercise. Why It Is Done Not everyone with coronary artery disease needs bypass surgery. Some people can be helped by angioplasty with stents. Others use medical therapy, which involves making lifestyle changes and taking medicines. Some people use both of those treatments. Your doctor is likely to recommend bypass surgery only if you will benefit from it and if those benefits are greater than the risks. Your doctor may advise bypass surgery if: Your choice may depend on the number of arteries that are blocked or which arteries are blocked. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment for you. The best treatment for you may also depend on your age, your health, and how much your angina is affecting your quality of life. To help you make a decision, see the topic: How Well It Works Lifestyle changes and medicines The success of bypass surgery also depends on you. If you smoke and don't quit, you won't get the most benefit from bypass surgery. You may need to make some other big changes, like eating right and getting regular exercise. These changes will help your bypass grafts last and stay open longer. They will also give you the best chance of living a longer, healthier life. If you are taking medicines for angina, to lower cholesterol, or to control blood pressure, be sure to take these every day. Along with lifestyle changes, these medicines can help you get the most benefit from bypass surgery. Bypass surgery is not a cure for heart disease. That's why all of these things—eating right, not smoking, getting exercise, and taking medicines—are so important. Without them, you raise your risk of getting new blockages and needing another surgery. Bypass surgery has been done for more than 40 years. In the United States, it is one of the most common major surgeries. But it has some serious risks. The risks of bypass surgery include: Other risks include return of angina, problems from anesthesia, and infections at the site of the chest incision. Some people also have memory loss and trouble thinking clearly. These problems are most common in older people and tend to improve several months after surgery. The chances of having a serious problem with bypass surgery are higher if you are older than 70. Your risk is also higher if you have other problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease, or peripheral arterial disease. Talk with your doctor to find out how your health affects your risk. What To Think About When bypass surgery is clearly needed, surgery improves symptoms and in some cases prolongs life. But in many situations, the reasons for doing bypass surgery instead of other treatments are less clear. In each case, the cardiac surgeon or cardiologist should be able to clearly explain why bypass surgery is preferred over medicine or angioplasty. Sometimes, a second opinion can be helpful when it is not clear that surgery needs to be done. Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) is sometimes used along with bypass surgery. TMR uses a laser beam to improve blood flow to the heart and relieve angina. It is not common but may be done to reach areas of the heart where bypass grafting does not work as well. And it is not the right treatment for everyone. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.	<urn:uuid:5479743f-d3a0-4ea6-926e-7eec2cb9945c>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=127951&ref=136989	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806844.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123161612-20171123181612-00201.warc.gz	en	0.95216	1,471	2.640625	3
In a paper appearing right now in Nature Methods, researchers at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm campus describe a new type of microscopy that’s just chock full of awesomeness. By shooting a special pulsating light source into the side of a sample and imaging the photons coming off at a right angle to the light, they can construct highly detailed 3-dimensional views of individual cells. That’s cool on its own, but what takes it over the top is that they can also zoom the view very rapidly through individual cells. The result is true three-dimensional movies of living cells. Here, for example, is their movie of African green monkey cells carrying out endocytosis: The waves crashing across the surface of the cell in the top panel are called membrane ruffles, and they’re forming the vacuoles (big globular structures) you can see in the bottom panels. Having learned the textbook version of this process, which is inevitably accompanied by a drawing showing a dimple forming in the cell surface, I find this fascinating to watch. Instead of dimples, we have something that looks more like a cat’s tongue drinking water, which in retrospect makes a lot of sense. The cell isn’t passively letting its food push into it, it’s actively eating. The other thing that occurs to me as I watch the movie is: HOLY CRAP WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE THIS! Other microscopy techniques offer high resolution, or the ability to see subcellular structures in three dimensions, or time-lapse moviemaking capabilities in live cells, but not all three simultaneously. I think this technique is going to become extremely popular in cell biology labs. Now if you’ll excuse me, I have to go spend another hour looping this movie – and the others in the paper’s supplementary data – and staring at them with my jaw on the floor. If anyone knows a straightforward way to embed a Quicktime movie in a WordPress post, please explain in the comments. Otherwise, just click the link and watch it in the subsequent window. Sorry for the inconvenience. David kindly sent instructions for embedding the video in the post. Thanks!	<urn:uuid:412c1bf4-6d03-4b17-9596-e882926ef379>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://alandove.com/content/2011/03/high-definition-microscopy-movies-now-in-3-d/comment-page-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00439-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932656	463	2.734375	3
Land Tenure and Property Rights Tools The tools are intended to help USAID technical staff as well as other U.S. Government personnel and development practitioners understand: 1) USAID’s programming approach to land tenure and property rights issues, 2) Recommended interventions for different asset and social classes, 3) Considerations for sequencing interventions in order to maximize impact, and 4) Assessment and evaluation of LTPR issues and projects. LTPR and other development professionals outside the U.S. Government are also likely to find the tools useful in their own context for the reasons listed above. How to use the tools The suite of tools guide users through the assessment of issues and constraints regarding LTPR and resource domains, specifically minerals, trees and forests, freshwater lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Users should begin with the Land Tenure and Property Rights (LTPR) Framework, which introduces themes, definitions, and the LTPR matrix. The matrix helps users identify the “universe” of possible LTPR constraints and interventions and the causal linkages between them. There are five matrix overlays that guide users through additional constraint and intervention considerations - Overlay 1: Land Tenure and Property Rights Matrix; - Overlay 2: Freshwater Lakes, Rivers, and Groundwater Matrix; - Overlay 3: Minerals Matrix; - Overlay 4: Trees and Forests Matrix; and - Overlay 5: Women, Land, and Resources Matrix. There are two tools that offer methodologies to guide USAID mission programming: - The LTPR Situation Assessment and Intervention Planning (SAIP) Tool helps USAID missions assess LTPR issues and determine how these contribute to or impede realization of development objectives. - The LTPR Impact Evaluation Tool provides a methodology for designing evaluations around the outcomes and impacts of land and natural resource tenure and property rights programming.	<urn:uuid:0f1037d3-af11-430e-be72-1459472e278e>	CC-MAIN-2014-41	http://usaidlandtenure.net/services/tools	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00130-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz	en	0.851854	386	2.71875	3
Back to BlogHere’s How You Can Become an Occupational TherapistBlog Share Share on FacebookFollow us on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare via Email Are you adaptable, patient, compassionate, creative and a great communicator? If this sounds like you, a job in occupational therapy might just be your ideal career path!Read on to learn about the field and how you can become an occupational therapist.What is Occupational Therapy?Occupational Therapy Job ResponsibilitiesOccupational Therapy Salary4 Steps to Becoming an Occupational TherapistIs a Career in Occupational Therapy Worth It?What is Occupational Therapy?Occupational therapists work with patients who are recovering from trauma or living with a disability or disease. Since occupational therapy is a broad field, patients can range from young children to the elderly.The foundation of occupational therapy is the belief that participation in daily activities important to the individual are crucial to both the healing and recovery process. Through this belief, occupational therapists focus on assisting patients to regain the skills necessary for returning to daily routines, school or work, and to help them live a self-confident and fulfilled life.Occupational Therapy Job ResponsibilitiesAs an occupational therapist, you can expect to perform the following:Create treatment plans for patients that align with the patient’s goals.Demonstrate and assist patients through tailored cognitive and physical activities to improve independence with daily routines.Evaluate patient homes and/or workplaces to identify areas for improvement.Educate the patient’s family and employer on patient needs and possible accommodations.One of the most appealing aspects of occupational therapy is that you can choose a specialty. Some of these options include:Gerontology: Working with elderly people in their homes, community or workplaces.Mental health: Helping those with certain conditions that affect occupational performance.School systems: Assisting students with day-to-day situations in a school setting.Pediatrics: Working with children who have mental or physical disabilities.With these options, occupational therapists can work in places like:HospitalsPrivate practicesPrivate homesSchoolsRehabilitation centersClinicsOccupational Therapist SalaryAccording to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for an occupational therapist in 2018 was $84,270.How to Become an Occupational Therapist in 4 StepsThe road to becoming an occupational therapist has four milestones:Earn Your Bachelor’s DegreeGet Your Master’s or Doctorate DegreeTake the NBCOT ExamGet LicensedStep One: Earn Your Bachelor’s DegreeIf you’re currently working as an occupational therapy assistant or are just beginning your education, your first step is to earn a bachelor’s degree.Four-year undergraduate programs are designed to help students understand the foundational aspects of occupational therapy. Programs also dive into topics like:Anatomy and PhysiologyPharmacologyNutritionPsychologySociologyBiomechanicsWhile you’re earning your bachelor’s degree, you should be thinking about and exploring your options for earning your master’s or doctorate degree. Graduate schools have varying admission requirements for their occupational therapy programs, so you’ll need to review the prerequisites for each one you’re interested in applying to.Step Two: Get Your Master’s DegreeAll occupational therapists must be licensed, and to get licensed you need at least a master’s degree from a school that has been approved by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE). For more information visit AOTA.orgDuring graduate school, you’ll dive deeper into occupational therapy theory and process and gain clinical work experience under the supervision of a practicing occupational therapist.Step Three: Take (and Pass!) the ExamAfter earning your master’s degree, you’ll need to take and pass the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT) exam.First, you’ll need to go online to apply for the exam, which involves:Creating a MyNBCOT accountCompleting the online applicationSending your final transcriptsPaying a feeYou can choose to mail a paper application, but this will increase processing times and the fee. As soon as your application is approved, you’ll be able to schedule a time to take your exam.Step Four: Get LicensedEvery state requires that occupational therapists be licensed. However, getting there will vary by your location. To find the specific requirements, the AOTA suggests contacting the occupational therapy regulatory authority for your state.In general, most states will require your NBCOT exam test results, school transcripts and a background check. Most also require a commitment to ongoing education to maintain your license. NBCOT certification is granted in three-year periods.Is Becoming an Occupational Therapist Worth It?There are three reasons why occupational therapy is a worthwhile career option:According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the career outlook for occupational therapists is growing at a much faster rate than other jobs, with an 18% increase in demand expected from now through 2028. The average growth rate for all jobs is only 5%!Occupational therapy is considered one of the best healthcare jobs, ranking #13 on U.S. News & World Reports’ Best Jobs of 2019 list.Occupational therapy is a purposeful career path! Helping people in need is rewarding, and you’ll be making a positive impact on your patients’ lives.If you are in the beginning stages of your education, learn more about the University of Cincinnati’s, on-campus, 4 year bachelor degree program.If you are currently working as an occupational therapy assistant the University of Cincinnati’s Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences – Pre-Occupational Therapy program is designed to empower you with the education you need to achieve your goals.Available completely online, our program is a flexible option for part-time or full-time students. This allows you to earn your bachelor’s degree on your own time. To take the next step toward your career as an occupational therapist, take a deeper look at our associate to bachelor’s degree completion program here.	<urn:uuid:74f23abf-cc31-449c-a749-76c96f6178f2>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://online.uc.edu/how-to-occupational-therapist/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655889877.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705215728-20200706005728-00149.warc.gz	en	0.921612	1,243	2.65625	3
1an object used to indicate a position, place, or route:they erected a granite marker at the crash site [as modifier]:marker posts figurativethe most portable marker of class privilege, the wearing of natural fibers a thing serving as a standard of comparison or as an indication of what may be expected:such studies may provide a unique marker in the quest to understand the brain a radio beacon used to guide the pilot of an aircraft. North American informal a promissory note; an IOU:Phyllis owed a marker in the neighborhood of $100,000 2a felt-tip pen with a broad tip. 3(chiefly in soccer) a player who is assigned to mark a particular opponent. 4British a person who records the score in a game, especially in snooker or billiards.	<urn:uuid:cef1a479-2481-449b-a7e8-5dfac072a3ea>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/marker	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710006682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131326-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.899809	173	2.90625	3
How To Prevent Disease Through Diet and Exercise You Are What You Eat Some people don't realize just how much their nutrition matters. Nutrition is both a science and an art. The right foods support all your body's systems, enable growth and maturation and promote physical and mental wellbeing. One important function a healthy diet can provide, and this is a fact many people don't take into consideration- is disease prevention. How you eat- and your level of exercise- will have an immediate effect on your short- and long-term health. In order to positively impact your health and wellbeing, being aware of nutrition and the effects of your eating and lifestyle choices is a responsibility you owe to yourself and the people you love and care for. The foods you eat should contain the right kinds of vitamins, nutrients, carbohydrates and fibers. The right kinds are those that create balance, nourish you at a cellular level and leave your body in the alkaline state that nature intended. You may have heard this before, but creating a healthy alkalinity in your body prevents many diseases and chronic conditions. The food you eat should be 70% to 80% alkaline in order to achieve this healthy state. There are charts available that will tell you exactly what those foods are. What Are Dietary Guidelines? Dietary guidelines are nutritional principles that help guide us in making the most intelligent and healthiest nutritional choices. They are available in several different forms according to who uses them: the USDA publishes Dietary Guidelines every 5 years for people interested in their personal nutrition, and Food Guides to make it easier to plan healthy daily menus. Using the dietary guidelines and food guides helps people who are concerned about replacing the unhealthy ingredients in many popular foods available (that may be high in fats, sugar and sodium) with healthy food choices containing the right nutrients and correct portions to improve and support good health. How Does Exercise Impact Health? Regular exercise has an impact on many facets of health. Cancer, heart disease, cardiovascular health, memory loss, diabetes, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, depression, anxiety and even complications during pregnancy are all areas of health that have shown improvement with regular exercise. It also promotes restful sleep, happiness, brain health, lower cholesterol levels, lower weight, increased bone mass and general wellbeing. People who lead sedentary lifestyles have lower energy levels than people who exercise on a regular basis. Exercise builds stamina and improves physical endurance, giving regular exercisers a higher vitality level than more sedentary individuals. Exercise has even been shown to reduce the pain associated with arthritis. Why Should I Care? What would you rather spend your money on? Healthy, highly nutritious food or expensive medications? What if food was the key to good or bad health? Living to a healthy, active old age is something that probably everyone would like to do. We all look forward to retirement as a time when we can enjoy the fruits of our many years of labor in the work force. Taking the right steps to ensure good health up to that time will enable many people to realize their dreams of what pleasures await, whether it be travel or simply enjoying the free time to pursue their favorite hobbies and recreations. The ramifications of chronic disease brought on by poor nutritional choices and sedentary lifestyles includes higher medical costs, lost productivity and premature illness and death- it's becoming a worldwide problem. Assessing Your Diet How do your dietary choices stack up? As today's economy forces more and more mothers into the workforce, our food supply has evolved to meet the demand for cheap, fast, convenient meals that busy people can eat on the go. The unfortunate thing is that these types of foods are so lacking in nutritional value that, if ingested on a daily basis, people experience undernutrition (their nutritional needs are barely being met) at the same time that they experience overnutrition (energy intake is too high, resulting in weight gain). If you would like to know if your daily food choices are providing you with proven nutritional value, the University of Massachusetts has developed a diet assessment tool that will take your personal daily food intake and tell you how your eating habits are benefitting you (or not). How Much Exercise Do I Need? Good question. How much is enough? What is the minimum? Is there such a thing as too much exercise? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have put together Physical Activity Guidelines for people in different age groups. These guidelines are flexible and contain different schedule options to fit different lifestyles. Working an exercise regimen into your (and your family's) daily activities is easier than ever with the CDC Activity Guide for busy Americans. Staying healthy and avoiding disease with nutrition and exercise is a proactive choice many Americans are making as more emphasis is made on active health maintenance.	<urn:uuid:f381d65d-87d8-4b9f-9421-0a3c2f20880a>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://hubpages.com/health/How-To-Prevent-Disease-Through-Diet-and-Exercise	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805977.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120090419-20171120110419-00314.warc.gz	en	0.953317	963	3.203125	3
How to open (unzip) a 7z file on Windows 11 (step by step) This tutorial will show you step by step how to open (unzip) a 7z file on Windows 11. 7z is a compressed archive file format that supports several different data compression, encryption and pre-processing algorithms. A 7z file may contain one or more files or folders that may have been compressed. 1. Open your web browser. 2. Go to 7-zip.org. 3. Download 7-Zip. 7-Zip is a well-known free and open-source program. 4. Open the downloaded installation file. 5. If a “User Account Control” window appears, you click on Yes. A small installation window will appear. 6. Click on the Install button. The 7-Zip installer will now install 7-Zip on your PC. 7. When the installation is complete, you click on the Close button. 8. You can close your web browser now. 9. Open File Explorer (Windows Explorer). 10. Go to the 7z file you want to open. 11. Right-click on the 7z file. 12. Click on Show more options. 13. Move your mouse cursor (pointer) to 7-Zip. 14. Click on Extract Here or Extract to "...". 7-Zip will unzip the 7z file. How to open (unzip) a ZIP file on Windows 11 (step by step) How to open (unzip) a RAR file on Windows 11 (step by step) Create a password-protected ZIP file in Windows 11 with 7-Zip How to make a ZIP file on Windows 11 (step by step) How to create a RAR file in Windows 11 (step by step)	<urn:uuid:fa385e33-f157-4322-8227-8371dbff1c23>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.easytechguides.com/open-a-7z-file/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00878.warc.gz	en	0.807695	393	2.515625	3

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