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Democracy's promise at work
Those concerned about the state of the world should take hope from the fact that today two-thirds of the world's states are democracies, or on a path to democracy. For all democracy's flaws - it has famously been said it's the worst form of government except for all the others - its great strength lies in its promise for change: change not by violent revolution but peacefully at the ballot box. This weekend, democratic elections being held in three very different countries - Germany, New Zealand and Afghanistan - also show the interconnectedness of today's world. Afghanistan's elections are made possible by an agreement signed between Afghan factions in Bonn, Germany, in 2001; New Zealand troops are helping to keep peace in Afghanistan's fledgling democracy.
If the polls are right, the elections in Germany and New Zealand will be close. In Germany, a win by Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats over Gerhard Schroeder's ruling Social Democrats would see her become not only the first chancellor from the former East Germany since reunification, but also the first woman chancellor. New Zealand's first female Prime Minister, Helen Clark, is now looking vulnerable to the National Party's Don Brash. One woman may come, one may go. Angela Merkel is a conservative. Helen Clark is a liberal. Women, like men, come from all sides of politics. Afghanistan, still emerging from the medievalist rule of the Taliban, is unlikely to have a female leader any time soon, although women are bravely making their voices heard there. These elections make us wonder, though: why has Australia, a prosperous, successful democracy, never been close to having a woman as prime minister? Afghanistan has an excuse. What is ours?
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| 0.971014 | 346 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This swaps the sound going to the left and right ear, so the listener thinks the sound is coming from the wrong direction. The listener can close their eyes and then their friends can play a game of ‘guess where I am?’ just using the sound.
How to make a confusaphone
- 1x cheap pair of hearing defenders (e.g. only £6)
- 4x right angled joints for the plastic pipes
- 2x funnels (e.g. 14mm diameter)
- 21.5mm plastic waste pipe (4 x 17mm long)
- 1x large drill bit (26mm for the connectors we used)
- Plastic glue (e.g. from hot glue gun)
Pull the foam insert out of the ear defender. Carefully drill a hole in each of the ear defender cups. Push one right-angled connector into each of the cups. Glue the right angled connector into place (we used a hot glue gun). You need to make sure there is a good seal around the tube so sound doesn’t leak in. If that isn’t achieved by the glue, Plasticine can be used to ensure a seal. Cut a hole in the middle of the foam insert (for the end of the plastic connector) and put back in the cup.
For each side use another right angled connector, two pieces of the pipe and a funnel to create the pipework for the sound (see first pictures for layout). This all needs to be fixed securely, especially if it is used as science shows where it will get a lot of abuse. Make sure all the joints are strongly secured with glue.
Put on your head and enjoy!
If you’re using these in a classroom, there is a lesson starter and follow on activity ideas that were originally developed for Teacher’s TV on this page.
We have two ears because it allows us to locate sound. The is very important for use to be able to track prey and to prevent us getting attacked. Our eyes face front, so it is really important that are ears are very good at hearing things and working our where the sound is coming from, especially when someone dangerous tries to creep up on us from behind. Read more about how we localise sound on this page.
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| 0.928443 | 474 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Eliciting salient beliefs are critical to predict behavioural change in theory of planned behaviour
Languages of publication
The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is a widely used theory in behavioural analysis. It incorporates social, cultural, psychological and economic approaches into behavioural analysis. The authors of the theory of reasoned action and its extension, the theory of planned behaviour have recommended that it is appropriate to conduct an elicitation study to identify the final sets of salient beliefs in the TPB analysis. Even though the TPB is based on salient beliefs, researchers have paid less attention in this regard. In order to identify final set of salient beliefs for TPB analysis, Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) have suggested three rules. This paper compares the three rules suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) and an alternative approach was suggested. The paper analyses the beliefs of farmers in Sri Lanka in respect to the decision to adopt new technology. The findings showed that the three rules suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), lead to different sets of salient beliefs for TPB analysis. Therefore, an alternative approach was suggested which is a trade-off between salient beliefs that fall into the final set and beliefs that are foregone. The suggested approach is strengthen by computing the product of the “belief strength” and “outcome evaluation” (expectancy value method) for each belief mentioned. It provides more accurate index for eliciting the most significant salient beliefs for TPB analysis.
Publication order reference
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| 0.879362 | 309 | 2.71875 | 3 |
|Adam Smith -- Champion of Freedom (Photo: James Hooper)|
The Confederate States of America (CSA) mistakenly believed that they were making a stand on behalf of property rights when they seceded from the Union. It was Lincoln's Union, however, that affirmed the genuine property rights of free men.
Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations (1776) wrote, "The property which every man has in his own labor, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable." Where slavery exists, property rights are forever compromised. Only when property rights are respected can man be truly free.
As PJ O'Rourke wrote, "Property rights are not an invention of the rich to keep poor people off their property. Property rights are the deed we have to ownership of ourselves." P.J. O'Rourke, On The Wealth of Nations, 2007.
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October 5, 2014
The computer programmes used in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are highly specialised. They can for example fly airplanes, play chess or assemble cars in controlled industrial environments. However, a research team from Gothenburg, Sweden, has now been able to create an AI programme that can learn how to solve problems in many different areas. The programme is designed to imitate certain aspects of children’s cognitive development.
Traditional AI programmes lack the versatility and adaptability of human intelligence. For example, they cannot come into a new home and cook, clean and do laundry.
In artificial general intelligence (AGI), which is a new field within AI, scientists try to create computer programmes with a generalised type of intelligence, enabling them to solve problems in vastly different areas.
No pre-existing knowledge
‘We have developed a programme that can learn for example basic arithmetic, logic and grammar without any pre-existing knowledge,’ says Claes Strannegård, a member of the research team together with Abdul Rahim Nizamani and Ulf Persson.
The best example of general intelligence that we know of today is the human brain, and the scientists’ strategy has been to imitate, at a very fundamental level, how children develop intelligence. Children can learn a wide range of things. They build new knowledge based on previous knowledge and they can use their total knowledge to draw new conclusions. This is exactly what the scientists wanted their programme to be able to do.
Children learn based on experience
‘We postulate that children learn everything based on experiences and that they are always looking for general patterns,’ says Strannegård.
A child who for example is learning multiplication and who knows that 2 x 0 = 0 and 3 x 0 = 0 can identify a pattern and conclude that also 17 x 0 = 0. However, sometimes this method backfires. If the child knows that 0 x 0 = 0 and 1 x 1 = 1, he or she can incorrectly conclude that 2 x 2 = 2. As soon as the child realises that a certain pattern can lead to incorrect conclusions, he or she can simply stop applying it.
The child can in this way create a large number of patterns not only in mathematics but also in other areas such as logic and grammar. The patterns in a certain area can then be combined with each other and make it possible to solve entirely new problems. The programme developed by the Gothenburg scientists works in a similar manner. It can identify patterns by itself and therefore differs from programmes where a programmer has to formulate which rules the programme should apply.
‘We are hoping that this type of programme will eventually be useful in several different practical applications. Personally, I think a versatile household robot would be tremendously valuable, but we’re not there yet,’ says Strannegård.
The research team included Claes Strannegård, Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg, and at the Department of Applied Information Technology, Chalmers University of Technology.
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| 0.951223 | 641 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Cardiac optogenetics achieve defibrillation without the pain of electric shocks
The first evidence for a shockless treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) will be presented today at Frontiers in CardioVascular Biology (FCVB) 2014 in Barcelona, Spain. The meeting is organised by the Council on Basic Cardiovascular Science of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in collaboration with 13 European cardiovascular science societies. http://spo.escardio.org/SessionDetails.aspx?eevtid=65&sessId=13104
Dr Brian O. Bingen, first author, said: "AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Symptoms range from the feeling of fish flapping in the chest, to tiredness and exercise intolerance. AF can lead to tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy and thromboembolic events which increase the risk of morbidity and death."
He added: "Preventing these symptoms and complications requires bringing the patient out of AF and back to the normal sinus rhythm. The quickest way to do that is to deliver an electric shock. The shock depolarises and synchronises the heart muscle and allows the sinus node to re-establish a normal rhythm."
Dr Bingen continued: "Shocks are currently the most effective way to get patients directly back into sinus rhythm but they are very painful. To deliver a shock you have to give anaesthesia which comes with its own possible adverse effects."
AF usually progresses from a paroxysmal form, in which episodes of AF last from several minutes up to 7 days, to a persistent and eventually a chronic form. People with the latter are in AF 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and shock treatment no longer works. Dr Bingen said: "AF causes structural changes to the atrium which make patients more prone to subsequent induction of AF. That's another reason to get patients back into sinus rhythm as soon as possible."
For the current study, the researchers devised a method of shockless defibrillation. They used optogenetics to genetically insert depolarising ion channels into the heart that can be activated by light. Dr Bingen said: "The theory was that we could just turn a light switch on and depolarise the entire myocardium without needing a shock. In theory, the patient could be given an implantable device with a mesh of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and when AF occurs you turn the light on and the AF stops."
During arrhythmias there is activity subepicardially but the heart is a complex 3D structure and it is only possible to directly observe the epicardium (outside layer). To see how their method worked subepicardially, the researchers developed 2D hearts. They isolated cardiac muscle cells from the rat atrium, replated them in a culture dish and allowed the cells to form intercellular connections, creating a 2D heart.
AF was induced in 31 of these 2D hearts. The researchers used a lentivirus to insert a gene into the 2D hearts called calcium-translocating channelrhodopsin (CatCh), which is a light sensitive depolarising channel.
Dr Bingen said: "Then it was just a matter of switching on the light and seeing what happened. We found that in all 31 of these 2D hearts we were able to achieve the 2D equivalent of cardioversion into sinus rhythm. The mechanism we saw was a bit different than the normal defibrillation but was equally effective."
He continued: "We now have to test our method in the 3D setting. In that scenario we won't be able to see the defibrillating mechanism in as much detail, but we hope that it will be possible to terminate AF in the complete heart. We will also test other types of light or energy sources that penetrate the body more deeply and could be applied externally, avoiding the need for an implanted device."
Dr Bingen continued: "This is the first evidence of a shockless defibrillation. Our method of using optogenetics to defibrillate by light is completely painless and looks promising but more research is needed before it can be applied in patients."
European Society of Cardiology
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Pilkington, Lætitia (DNB00)
|←Pilkington, James||Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 45
PILKINGTON, LÆTITIA (1712–1750), adventuress, born at Dublin in 1712, was second child of Dr. Van Lewen, a man-midwife of Dutch origin, who was educated at Leyden under Boerhaave, and settled in Dublin about 1710. Her grandmother, Elizabeth, who married a Roman catholic officer in James II's army, was one of the twenty-one children of a Colonel Mead by a daughter of the Earl of Kilmallock. A precocious child, Lætitia was greatly indulged by her father, whom, in 1729, she persuaded to allow her to marry a penniless Irish parson named Matthew Pilkington [see below], the son of a watchmaker. They lived upon the bounty of Van Lewen, until Pilkington obtained the post of chaplain to Lady Charlemont. Shortly after this event, about 1730, with the help of Dr. Delany's influence [see Delany, Patrick] Pilkington and his wife pushed themselves into Swift's favour. Swift was then in residence at Dublin as dean of St. Patrick's, and he seems to have been taken by Lætitia's wit, docility, and free- dom from affectation. The story of her introduction to the dean, as told afterwards by Mrs. Pilkington, is full of humorous entertainment. ‘Is this poor little child married?’ was Swift's first remark. ‘God help her!’ In the evening Swift made her read to him his own ‘Annals of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne,’ asking her most particularly whether she understood every word; for, said he, ‘I would have it intelligent to the meanest capacity; and if you comprehend it, 'tis possible everybody may.’ For a time she was undoubtedly a great favourite of Swift, and her sprightly reminiscences, in spite of the disdain with which they are treated by some of Swift's biographers, constitute one of the chief sources of authority as to Swift's later years. It is Mrs. Pilkington who tells us of Swift's personal habits, of his manners with his servants, of his dealings with roguish workmen, of his memory of Hudibras, so accurate that he could repeat every line from beginning to end. Thackeray was quite justified in the extensive use he made of her anecdotes in his sketch of Swift in ‘English Humourists,’ for the internal evidence of their authenticity is quite conclusive. The apologetic portions of her memoirs are much less worthy of credence.
The latter half of Mrs. Pilkington's life was extremely unfortunate. In 1732 Swift procured her husband an appointment in London, whither he proceeded without his wife. Literary jealousies are said to have alienated the pair. Later, however, Mrs. Pilkington joined her husband, and, according to her own account, found him living a life of profligacy. She soon returned to Ireland, with her own reputation somewhat tarnished. Her father died in 1734, and she shortly afterwards gave her husband a good pretext for disembarrassing himself of his wife, being found entertaining a man in her bedroom between two and three o'clock in the morning. Swift, writing to Alderman Barber [see under Barber, Mary], put her case in a nutshell: ‘She was taken in the fact by her own husband; he is now suing for a divorce and will not get it; she is suing for a maintenance, and he has none to give her.’ After strange adventures she came to England and settled in London. Colley Cibber interested himself in her story, and she managed for a time to beg sufficient for a livelihood. In 1748, however, she was sued for debt and imprisoned in the Marshalsea. Upon her release, again owing to the good offices of Cibber, she set to work to compile her ‘Memoirs,’ and doubtless did not spare any efforts to blackmail some of her old patrons. The work first appeared at Dublin, in two volumes, as ‘Memoirs of Mrs. Lætitia Pilkington, wife to the Rev. Matthew Pilkington, written by herself. Wherein are occasionally interspersed all her Poems, with Anecdotes of several eminent persons living and dead’ (1748). The work attracted a fair amount of attention, and the portions relating to Swift were extensively pillaged by newspapers and magazines; a third edition appeared at London in 1754, with an additional volume edited by her son, John Carteret Pilkington. After launching her ‘Memoirs,’ Mrs. Pilkington started a small bookshop in St. James's Street, but the venture does not seem to have succeeded, for she once more made her way over to Ireland, and died in Dublin on 29 Aug. 1750. Among those who befriended her in her last years were Samuel Richardson, Sir Robert King, and Lord Kingsborough. ‘The celebrated Mrs. Pilkington's Jests, or the Cabinet of Wit and Humour,’ was published posthumously in 1751; 2nd edit., with additions, 1765. It was claimed for this curious repertory of the broadest jests that when in manuscript it had been perused by Swift, and had elicited from him a laugh. In her ‘Memoirs,’ however, Mrs. Pilkington explicitly states that she had never seen Swift laugh. Her ‘Poems’ were included in ‘Poems by Eminent Ladies’ (2 vols. London, 1755). Her burlesque, entitled ‘The Turkish Court, or the London Prentice,’ which was acted at Capel Court, Dublin, in 1748, was never printed.
Matthew Pilkington (fl. 1733), the husband of Lætitia, was also a poet, having published in 1730 ‘Poems on Several Occasions’ (Dublin, 8vo), of which a second edition, revised by Swift, and containing some additional pieces, appeared in London in 1731, with commendatory verses by William Dunkin. Swift, who afterwards had occasion to change his opinion of Pilkington, wrote, in July 1732, to his old friend, Alderman Barber (then lord-mayor elect), soliciting the post of chaplain to the lord-mayor for his protégé, and as soon as this request was complied with, Swift wrote strongly on his behalf to Pope: ‘The young man,’ he wrote of Pilkington, ‘is the most hopeful we have. A book of his poems was printed in London. Dr. Delany is one of his patrons. He is married, and had children, and makes about 100l. a year, on which he lives decently. The utmost stretch of his ambition is to gather up as much superfluous money as will give him a sight of you and half an hour of your presence; after which he will return home in full satisfaction, and in proper time die in peace.’ On the strength of this exordium, Pope asked Pilkington to stay with him at Twickenham for a fortnight, but subsequently had occasion, in conjunction with Bolingbroke and Barber, to remonstrate with Swift upon his lack of discrimination in recommending such an ‘intolerable coxcomb.’ In the same way as his wife (than whom he had far less wit), Pilkington seems to have won Swift's good graces by his seeming insensibility to the dean's occasional fits of ferocity. Thus, when Swift emptied the dregs of a bottle of claret and told Pilkington to drink them, as he ‘always kept a poor parson to drink his foul wine for him,’ Pilkington submissively raised his glass, and would have drunk the contents had not Swift prevented him. In 1732 Swift presented to Mrs. Barber his ‘Verses to a Lady who desired to be addressed in the Heroic Style,’ which the lady conveyed to the press through the medium of Pilkington. When, however, some expressions in the poem provoked the wrath of Walpole, Pilkington had no scruple in betraying both Barber, the printer, and Benjamin Motte [q. v.], the bookseller. This completely opened Swift's eyes as to the real character of his protégé, whom he subsequently described to Barber as the falsest rogue in the kingdom. This view of his character is confirmed by Pilkington's treatment of his wife, even if we do not accept the conjecture that he forged some offensive letters written to Queen Caroline from Dublin in 1731, and purporting to be from Swift. The latter certainly came to regard Pilkington as the author of these letters, which prejudiced him greatly in the eyes of the court, and which he warmly but uselessly disclaimed. In 1733 Pilkington inveigled Motte into issuing a counterfeit ‘Life and Character of Dean Swift, written by himself,’ in verse, which was a further source of annoyance both to Swift and his publisher. During his year of office as chaplain to the lord mayor, Pilkington managed to extort more from his master and the aldermen than any of his predecessors (see Barber's Letter to Swift); but when his devious courses estranged influential patrons, such as Swift and Barber, he fell into evil habits and obscurity, from which he only emerged to write a few tirades against his wife. After his separation from his wife his son, John Carteret Pilkington, espoused the cause of his mother. Nothing further appears to be known about Matthew, who must be carefully distinguished from the author of the ‘Dictionary of Painters,’ and from Matthew Pilkington, prebendary of Lichfield, with both of whom he has been confused.[Gent. Mag. 1748, 1749, 1750, passim; Chalmers's Biogr. Dictionary; Monck Mason's Hist. of St. Patrick's, 1820; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography; Lady's Monthly Museum, Aug. 1812; Nichols's Lit. Illustrations; Craik's Life of Swift, pp. 443, 469; Swift's Works, ed. Hawkesworth and Scott; Pope's Works, ed. Elwin, v. 332; Baker's Biogr. Dramatica; Didot's Biographie Générale; Mrs. Pilkington's Memoirs, and various squibs relating to her husband's action for divorce in the British Museum; J. C. Pilkington's Memoirs, pp. 3–5.]
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Camarillo Smiles can help you detect early warning signs of oral cancer. To schedule an appointment call (805) 388-5700. Your Dentist Camarillo CA.
One person every hour of every day dies from oral cancer, which is equivalent to over 8000 people a year in The United States alone, according to the American Cancer Society. About 30,000 new cases of oral cancer will be diagnosed this year. Oral cancer ranks as the sixth most common form of cancer that can affect any part of the mouth or lips. The good news is that when detected early, the chances for beating it are greatly increased. But left untreated, oral cancer can spread within the mouth and throughout the body, leading to chronic pain, disfigurement, loss of the ability to eat or talk, and even death. This is why early detection and diagnosis is critical.
Smoking and chewing tobacco significantly increase your risk. The carcinogens in tobacco, alcohol, and certain foods are leading risk factors. In fact, if both tobacco and alcohol products are used, one is 15 times at greater risk for developing oral cancer. Exposure to the sun is also linked to oral cancer. Other risk factors are age, gender, and genetics. About 95% of all oral cancers are diagnosed in people 45 years or older. Men are twice as likely as women to develop oral cancer.
Oral Cancer Warning Signs
If you notice any of these symptoms, contact us immediately for a thorough screening:
- A persistent sore on your lips, gums, or inside your mouth that doesn't heal within two weeks.
- Repeated bleeding in your mouth without any known cause.
- Swelling, thickening, or lumps in your mouth, neck, lips, or on the tongue, often painless in the early stages.
- Difficulty chewing or swallowing food, or difficulty in speaking or moving your tongue or jaw.
- Numbness or pain in your throat or mouth without any known reason.
- Color changes such as white, scaly patches or red lesions inside your mouth or on your lips.
Following good oral hygiene practices, eliminating risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol, and scheduling regular dental exams are important to maintaining good oral health. Research also has demonstrated that eating plenty of fruits and vegetables every day is a positive practice.
We screen for oral cancer during regular routine check-ups. We feel for lumps, tissue changes in your neck, cheeks, head, and mouth and look closely for sores. Early detection of cancer and prompt treatment is critical. Ask your us for more information about preventing oral cancer.
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| 0.939969 | 532 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Written by Cao Wenxuan
Illustrated by Roger Mello
Published by Elsewhere Editions
A philosophical picture book from one of China’s most celebrated children’s authors and 2016 Hans Christian Andersen Award-winner Cao Wenxuan. A feather is blown across the sky, meeting various birds along the way, and asking each one, “Do I belong to you?.” Cao Wenxuan tells the story of a single feather who is swept away on a journey of discovery and belonging. Encountering a variety of birds, from a kingfisher to a magpie, Feather is hopeful of meeting the bird she belongs to. Again and again, she is dismissed or ignored. Only when she sees that there is also beauty in being close to the earth does fate offer a reunion… Feather is sure to charm young children with a plot at once compelling, meditative, and quietly moving. Roger Mello’s stunningly beautiful, dynamic illustrations will delight readers of all ages.
Primary ISBN: 9780914671855
Available As: Hardcover
Picture Book, Age 06 or older
Community Represented: Animals/Allegory
Setting: Fictional location
Character’s New Arrival/New American Status: Immigrant, Refugee
Book Creator(s) Connection to the Community Represented: Own Voices/Lived Experience
Click here for details about how we define our titles.
Engagement Projects & Resources:
Share your favorite resources for this book with firstname.lastname@example.org.
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By Surojit Chattopadhyay
Plasma-processed biomimetic buildings are an exceptionally targeted and small subset of biomimetics. even though different equipment can be followed, experimental synthesis of biomimetic buildings in most cases makes a speciality of plasma processing. This booklet bargains with the theoretical description of photonic buildings to be had in nature, and the physics and purposes of biomimetic buildings ready within the laboratory. It discusses anti-reflection houses of moth eye- or cicada wing-type nanostructured fabrics on semiconductor surfaces, with emphasis on plasma fabrication strategies. It additionally explains, with the aid of similar theories, the superhydrophobic or hydrophilic wetting houses confirmed via every one of these normal buildings. It discusses biomedical purposes, particularly in implants, as one of many key purposes of such fabrics.
The e-book focuses more often than not on plasma processing of biomimetic nanostructures and is, as a result, assorted from related books which are extra basic in nature. It offers crucial schematics, adequate information, and complicated instrumentation recommendations that might support readers comprehend why those buildings are thought of so very important in fabrics technological know-how and physics.
Read Online or Download Biomimetic Architectures by Plasma Processing: Fabrication and Applications PDF
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Tensile power, fatigue power and ductility are vital homes of nanostructured metal fabrics, which lead them to appropriate to be used in purposes the place power or strength-to-weight ratios are vital. Nanostructured metals and alloys reports the most recent applied sciences used for creation of those fabrics, in addition to fresh advances in study into their constitution and mechanical houses.
Laser-enabled measurements are invaluable instruments for the research of surfaces and interfaces or for the in situ research of interfacial techniques together with electrode procedures. the knowledge of the thermodynamics of solid/liquid surfaces is critical for floor technology and electrochemistry.
Engineering fabrics 2 is likely one of the top self-contained texts for extra complex scholars of fabrics technological know-how and mechanical engineering. The ebook offers a concise creation to the microstructures and processing of fabrics and exhibits how those are concerning the homes required in engineering layout.
This can be the 1st definitive booklet on quick thermal processing (RTP), a necessary namufacturing know-how for single-wafer processing in hugely managed environments. Written and edited through 9 specialists within the box, this booklet covers a variety of subject matters for lecturers and engineers alike, relocating from easy thought to complicated know-how for wafer production.
- Apparel manufacturing technology
- Biomimetics -- Materials, Structures and Processes: Examples, Ideas and Case Studies
- Cellulose Nanocomposites. Processing, Characterization, and Properties
- Multiplicative Complexity, Convolution, and the DFT
- Imaging with Electromagnetic Spectrum: Applications in Food and Agriculture
- Acoustical Imaging (Volume 25)
Extra resources for Biomimetic Architectures by Plasma Processing: Fabrication and Applications
The resulting images are converted into polar plots with a Matlab routine that also corrects for optical distortions of the setup . The ISM is a very powerful device in that it allows imaging of the light scattering properties of photonic samples for any given geometry (see Fig. 5). 5d,e shows the iridescence of the chitin–melanin multilayer of the Japanese Jewel Beetle, C. fulgidissima (Fig. 3c). The iridescence is uniform in all spatial direction and shows a blue-shift towards larger scattering angles .
J. Exp. , 215, pp. 796– 805. 63. Andersson, M. (1994) Sexual Selection (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ). 64. , Jiggens, C. and Johnsen, S. (2003) Polarized light as a butterfly mating signal. Nature, 423, pp. 31–32. 65. Kemp, D. J. (2008) Female mating biases for bright ultraviolet iridescence in the butterfly Eurema hecabe (Pieridae). Behav. , 19, pp. 1–8. 66. , Hart, N. , Bennett, A. T. D. and Sorci, G. (2007) Iridescent structurally based References coloration of eyespots correlates with mating success in the peacock.
Interface, 9, pp. 1745–1756. 26. , Horiguchi, H. and Stavenga, D. G. (2005) Structural color in biological systems: Principles and applications. In: The leaf beetle, the jewel beetle, and the damselfly; insects with a multilayered show case. S. Kinoshita & S. Yoshioka, eds (Osaka University Press, Osaka), pp. 153–176. 27. Stavenga, D. , Wilts, B. , Leertouwer, H. L. and Hariyama, T. (2011) Polarized iridescence of the multilayered elytra of the Japanese jewel beetle, Chrysochroa fulgidissima. Phil.
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Reagan appointed four Supreme Court justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy. These justices were appointed because of their apparently conservative beliefs, a departure from the Supreme Court of the previous three decades, which had served as a force for liberal reforms. Rehnquist and especially Scalia lived up to their billings, O'Connor and Kennedy had a more ambiguous role, occupying the ideological center of the Court. (Scalia and Kennedy are still active justices; Rehnquist is deceased, and O'Connor is retired.) In short, these justices represented a desire by conservatives to move the court from an "activist" position usually associated with the Warren Burger court. In partciular, they, especially Rehnquist and Scalia, favored limiting the powers of the federal government in favor of state powers.
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Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects Dopaminergic neurons, which are nerve cells in the brain responsible for producing dopamine. Dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter...
Almost everyday now I’ve been hearing something about Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) foods. Let me tell it to you straight, it’s really beginning to concern me. I’ve been in the medical field for over thirty five years now and I am convinced that our society is getting sicker every day. A lot of people are being diagnosed with terrible diseases, and unfortunately more and more people are getting sick but aren’t being diagnosed. A lot of people go to their doctors with complaints and when there is no “diagnosis” to label them with, people are being put on antidepressants or sleeping pills. People are becoming tired and will tell you they are not sure why. People have trouble sleeping, getting more colds, they seem to catch everything that goes around, more diverticulitis, crohn’s diseases, and much more.
I’m not sure if its really the GMO foods causing a lot of problems to us, but I certainly am beginning to think it is. If you look at the science behind how it is done and processed, the verdict is pretty promising. Recently I heard an interview by Jeffrey Smith, Executive Director of the Institute for Responsible Technology.
Jeffrey Smith explained that there are two ways to genetically modify a seed. A scientist can use a “green gun” or by bacterial infection. He went on to say that the tomato was the first genetically modified food released in the United States. Maybe that’s why I remember tomatoes tasted much better years ago than today.
He stated that they take the gene they want to insert from some species, make some changes in the genetic code so it will work, add an “on” switch called the promoter switch which comes mostly from a virus. They are putting together pieces of DNA from a variety of plant kingdoms. They then multiply the number of genes by the millions and then load the gun with the genes. They shoot the gun into a petri dish of millions of plant cells hoping that some of the genes make it into some of the cells. The genes end up near the DNA and a “wound response” integrates the gene into the DNA. Then they clone these cells into a plant and now every single cell of the plant contains the new
He stated that the process of insertion plus cloning, no matter which process is used, can cause thousands of unexpected side effects. Thousands of different mutations up and down the DNA can change the gene expression and cause thousands of new allergens and new toxins.
The American Academy of Environmental Medicine, (AAEM), reviewed some public studies done on animals. AAEM stated, “Several animal studies indicate serious health risk associated with GM food, including infertility, immune problems, accelerated aging, faulty insulin regulation, and changes in major organs and the gastrointestinal system.”
The AAEM has advised doctors to advise their patients to avoid GMO foods.
The question was asked to Jeffery Smith, “What was the original intent to create GMO foods?” His response was that Monsanto, owns patents to about 90 % of the crops by acreage in the United States. He said that Monsanto’s main thing at first was to sell more weed killer. Their weed killer, Roundup, was going off patent in the year 2000 and they wanted a “defacto Extension” of their patent so they created Roundup Ready Crops.
If the farmers buy the seeds that are engineered not to die when sprayed by roundup, then they had to buy Monsanto’s version of Roundup Ready Crops. This helped Monsanto to maintain their dominance with this most popular herbicide. It has been found that GMO does not increase the crops but lowers the yield. Opposite of what they have suggested.
People who have switched from GMO foods have found improvement with weight problems, restless legs, mental fogginess, allergies, fatigue, infertility, gastrointestinal problems, and more.
Physicians are reporting that GMOs cause inflammation, increase allergies, irritable bowel, crohns disease, skin problems, migraine headaches.
The state of California is trying to get it passed that all GMO foods are labeled so you can choose to buy it or not. So far this year 19 states have tried to get labeling. Vermont tried but had to back down. It is said that Monsanto is fighting against labeling and starting lawsuits against the states. Monsanto concluded that their lawsuits will be based on lack of free speech and commerce problems. Vermont’s governor stated that Monsanto’s funds are greater than the states. Makes no sense to me. Shouldn’t government and the FDA be helping Vermont and the states who would like to see labels?
I have included two sites for you to go to and see free movies concerning this. Let me know what you think and if you would like to see more articles like this. I too am still learning but at least we are trying to educate ourselves in order to prevent disease and illness. This is a great part of preventive medicine.
Institute for Responsible Technology
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Tantrums are a common childhood experience, particularly if you are parenting kids ages 18 months to 4. When a child begins yelling, crying, kicking, whining and complaining that is out of proportion to an incident or situation, it can be frustrating, uncomfortable or embarrassing for parents or caregivers – especially when this behavior is displayed outside the home in front of bystanders.
Parents may feel puzzled about how to act in the heat of the moment. They may be concerned for the wellbeing of their child, or they may find it difficult to regulate their own emotions. “There really is not a way to prevent all tantrums during this period of your child’s development, but one can make an effort to decrease or do away with the behavior through consistent responding and skill building,” says L.A. psychologist Belinda Najera, Psy.D., who focuses on culturally responsive treatment delivery and has worked with children, adolescents, college students and their families since 1992.
Here are some practical guidelines:
Build consistent routines and schedules. This does not mean the child needs to follow an excessively rigid schedule. Experts suggest a flexible daily routine, a sequence of events that occurs around the same time each day so that the child knows what to expect.
Approach transitions mindfully. Tantrums and disruptive behavior often occur during the transition from one activity to another, such as leaving the park, picking up toys after playing or getting ready for bedtime. Instead of abruptly ending the activity, remind the child that the activity is about to end or change with simple statements such as, “After playing with your toys, we will pick them up together,” or, “In five minutes we will stop playing and start picking up your toys.”
Make playtime age appropriate. It is important to provide developmentally appropriate activities for your child to prevent unnecessary frustration. This is also a good time for skill building. If your child is getting frustrated playing with puzzles, you can teach new skills such as how to find and match pieces of the puzzle and how to ask for help. You can also take this opportunity to help your child identify and express emotions, and develop healthy coping skills. Your child can say, “I feel mad,” then work through his or her difficult emotions by counting to 10.
Catch your child being good. Najera notes that busy parents are often more likely to point out a child’s rule-breaking behavior than to praise behavior that is on task. But research suggests that showing attention to a behavior will reinforce and increase the behavior. Offer positive feedback when your child is playing quietly.
Be a good role model. Children learn by observing. How do you react when you are angry or under pressure? Najera suggests that when you are frustrated you can model healthy coping by announcing that you need a “cool down” or by counting to 10.
Pay attention. Sometimes tantrums may be the main way a child is getting attention. Create dedicated time for your child where you are attuned to his needs, listening actively and not distracted by the internet, phone or the mundane tasks of daily life. Plan meaningful activities and spend quality time with your children to minimize the need for negative attention.
Ignore the tantrum. When a tantrum does happen – as long as your child is not in danger – ignoring the behavior by not engaging the child, and perhaps even turning your back or looking in the opposite direction, might calm things down. “By ignoring the tantrum you are communicating to the child that you are not going to respond to them when they are having a tantrum, but that you trust that they can regulate themselves and be able to return to the prior activity once they gain composure,” says Najera. Once the child is emotionally regulated, it is important to resume the activity that resulted in a tantrum.
Acknowledge your child’s feelings. This might help decrease the intensity of the tantrum. Talk out loud in simple words and mirror the child’s behavior. Once the child is calm, offer comfort and perhaps a distraction.
Give a time out. If the tantrum does not decrease, consider removing your child from the environment so he can begin regulating his frustration in a safe space. Be aware of your emotional state and proceed calmly, so that time out does not become a punishment. As soon as the child “cools off,” invite him or her back into regular social engagement.
Parents may wonder if the tantrum their child is experiencing is “normal.” Tantrums that put the child in physical danger are an immediate concern and may require help from a professional. In addition, if the parents feel the duration or the frequency of their child’s tantrums is excessive, or they find themselves unable to regulate their own emotions, it is a good idea to seek professional help. If you are considering this, as long as a tantrum does not place your child in danger, Najera suggests filming emotional outbursts or tantrums to share with the specialist.
Huma Pekcan, MA, MFTI, holds a Masters Degree in Clinical Psychology from Pepperdine University and is a registered MFTI 86843 in private practice supervised by Jaydee Tumambing Hughes MFC43060. She provides psychotherapy services to children, adolescents and adults in her private practice and runs groups about Mindful Parenting and Social Anxiety for adolescents and adults.
Editor’s Note: We suggest the new book “Jilly’s Terrible Temper Tantrums: And How She Outgrew Them” by Martha Heineman Pieper, Ph.D. which models ways to modify behavior through storytelling.
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Scientists directly imaged two embryonic exoplanets 370 light-years away.
A 'Forbidden planet' defies odds and thrives under inhospitable conditions.
Even in space, bureaucracy exists.
New research provides some clues about our solar system's most mysterious planet.
It could be something even cooler.
How the gas giant got its rings.
New high-res images from New Horizons reveal a very blobby space rock.
"Seeing color in a nebula from a garden in San Francisco? That's pretty cool."
New Horizons will soon find out what's up with MU69.
This summer, the mission may get funding to travel to a mysterious rock at the edge of the solar system
Raise the e-sail
It's surprisingly lacking in heavy elements
A good week for space photography
The Triton Hopper can propel itself a half-mile into the air
It could be the largest moon we've ever seen
Not quite ready for takeoff
There's still more to explore after Pluto.
Divest from Russia, with love
We're under a time crunch.
Scientists recreated ice planets' diamond rain.
This year's missions to the outer solar system are set to shake up the planetary family tree
Is there a planet—or even planets—waiting to be discovered out there?
Rise Of The Rocket Girls gives the untold story of the women behind the space race
Scientists catch a Neptune-style orbiter by its very long tail
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Do shallow arc volcanoes supply iron to phytoplankton in the open ocean?
Scientific research on a moving ship is a real challenge. We have to perform precise sampling and chemical analyses, all while adapting to a rolling ship. On this expedition, we are using two separate and specialized CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) systems – one to search for deep hydrothermal plumes from the Mariana back-arc, and the other to look for shallow plumes from the volcanic arc to the east of us. Each of these systems is equipped with sampling bottles, so that in addition to the information we get from the CTD sensors, we can also collect water samples to do other chemical analyses.
When we do shallow casts with the “Trace Metal CTD,” one of the many seawater properties that we are measuring is the trace metal chemistry of ocean waters. Metals like iron, aluminum, and manganese are very abundant in the earth’s crust, but are only present in the ocean at very low concentrations (nanomolar, or parts per trillion!). Phytoplankton need small amounts of these metals, especially iron, to grow and photosynthesize. In some areas of the ocean, iron concentrations are so low that they limit phytoplankton growth, which leave behind unused macronutrients (like phosphate and nitrate). These areas are known as high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, and are found in the North Pacific, Eastern central Pacific, North Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean.
Hydrothermal plumes like those found in the Mariana Back-Arc are often rich in iron, but they are very deep and far from the sunlit surface ocean where phytoplankton grow. However, to the east of the back-arc, the Mariana Volcanic Arc is composed of many shallow, hydrothermally active seamounts that release plumes rich in iron. Currents can carry the iron-rich plume far from the source volcano. The plume gets diluted as it moves through the ocean, but iron concentrations are still measurably higher than the average parcel of seawater.
Currents: Highways through the Ocean
Over the Mariana Volcanic Arc, the North Equatorial Current transports water to the west, where it eventually flows into the Kuroshio current, which can transport water north to the HNLC region in the North Pacific, or into the Mindanao Current which flows south to the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). The EUC acts like a giant pipeline, transporting twenty times the volume of the world’s fifty largest rivers annually straight to that HNLC region in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. It’s been hypothesized that iron from hydrothermal vents can be transported great distances by these currents, potentially feeding these far-away HNLC regions in the Pacific and affect phytoplankton growth and carbon uptake. We are sampling iron concentrations at increasing distances from the volcanic arc to see if the Mariana seamounts are an important source of iron in these currents and how the high-iron plumes are transported across the ocean.
Trace Metal Sampling
In the last few decades, the oceanographic community has made great strides in our ability to collect and analyze trace metal data. We’ve refined our sampling protocols, and chemical analyses have become much more efficient. On a metal ship, there are lots of chances for trace metal samples to be contaminated. We have to use special sampling equipment to try and eliminate these contamination risks. We use a powder-coated CTD rosette (an aluminum frame is covered with a plastic polymer), as opposed to the stainless steel rosette that we’ve been using for tow-yos to collect hydrothermal samples. We also use special sampling bottles called Go-Flos, which are different than normal Niskin bottles in that they have few metal parts – no internal metal springs or metal clips. Instead, they use a rotating ball on both ends connected by an external bungee to close the bottles when they are triggered from the science control room. We also make a great effort to eliminate contamination while handling the bottles, touching them with gloved hands only, keeping spigots covered with gloves, and covering the tops with fashionable, high-tech covers (shower caps) when not in use to prevent any rain, dust, or ship exhaust from affecting our measurements.
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ABA - What It Is and What It Isn't
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) – the holy grail of autism treatment. It is recognized by school districts, insurance companies, and most parents as a viable treatment to improve extreme behaviors of children on the autism spectrum. Still, there are often mis-perceptions and mistaken ideas about when to use ABA and who can benefit from it. On one hand, there are those who think that ABA should only be used in cases of severe behaviors that endanger the child or those around him. I recall a time of asking for ABA services for my son and being told that he only needs ABA if he has “behaviors.” As parents, we know that “behaviors” mean if he is constantly in “melt down” mode or is “non-compliant.” What is seemingly hard for some to get is that ABA is not only for extreme situations or only for those with some type of developmental disability. ABA is useful for anyone and everyone. It is simply a way of recognizing a person’s motivations and using that to increase certain wanted actions.
Here, I use the word “actions” so not to confuse it with “behaviors” which is typically used in a negative context. In all actuality, everything that we do is behavior. For example, if you want your child to pick up his toys and he wants to play with his iPad, you simply apply a “first – then” contingency: “First, pick up your toys. Then, you can have the iPad.” It’s the same contingency that exists for most employment. “First, work your hours. Then, receive your paycheck.” ABA is all around us!
So, for those parents who might have a difficult time getting ABA for their child, approach goals with the end result in mind. First, identify the actions that you might want your child to increase. For example, you want him to increase time attending to instruction, or you want him to increase time interacting with peers. Next, identify what motivation would be relevant and important to your child. For example, increasing time attending to instruction might be reinforced by gaining time to engage in a preferred activity or simply a high five or smile from a teacher (again, this all depends on knowing what your child likes and using that as reinforcement). Maybe there is an activity that your child likes to do (e.g. playing tag, being chased, etc.). If the goal is to increase time engaged with a peer, then the motivation should include a game of chase as the target activity. These are merely examples. My point is to show that ABA is not always about decreasing unwanted “behavior.” It is a very useful tool that can help to increase positive actions and interactions.
Copyright © 2020 CARES™ Consulting. All rights reserved. The post ABA - What It Is and What It Isn't appeared first on CARES™ Consulting. Duplicating this content in its entirety is expressly forbidden.
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A group of more than one million people have successfully joined forces to complete the same Gameboy game. The experiment allowed participants to control the game one button-press at a time, taking 16 days to complete it.
The game was Pokemon Red/Blue from the original GameBoy, played via an emulator and displayed on Twitch, a site that lets users stream their gaming experience so that others can watch them in action.
As an experiment, the site decided to hook its chat feature up to operate the controls. Users simply typed in one of eight commands to match the original controls (A, B, Start, Select and four arrow keys) and the instructions were immediately applied.
The big question was whether the number of players working together and pooling their collective wisdom would outweigh those players who were deliberately trying to sabotage the project.
After a few days it was becoming hard to judge that because players were issuing commands so rapidly that there was a delay of up to 40 seconds for each command to take effect.
Organizers then decided to offer users an extra option, typing either “anarchy” or “democracy” and keeping a running total. Whenever anarchy was in the lead, the original set-up continued with every instruction applied in order.
Whenever democracy was in the lead, only the most-typed instruction in each five second period was carried out.
It took a combined 122 million instructions from players to complete the game, though the actual number of commands carried out will have been considerably lower.
The experiment is now being rerun with Pokemon Crystal (pictured above). This time round democracy mode is automatically restored at the start of every hour and the “voting period” has been extended to 30 seconds for each command.
There are plans to try it out with more complicated games, though anything that requires too rapid a response from players is unlikely to work, particularly in democracy mode. One possibility might be to divide players into two teams to remove the disadvantage of what might be termed crowdsourcing lag.
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Agricultural ecosystems are made up largely of domesticated animals and plants used to produce food. There are considerable energy losses at each trophic level.
This means that the energy we receive from the food we eat is often only a tiny proportion of that available from the sun at the start of the food chain.
Agriculture tries to ensure that as much of the available energy from the Sun as possible is transferred to humans.Productivity
Productivity is the rate at which something is produced.
The rate at which plants assimilate chemical energy from the sun is called gross productivity. It is measured for a given area over given period of tie.
Usually in the units: kJ m-2 year -1 .
Some of this chemical energy is utilised by the plant for its respiration.
The remainder of this is known as the net productivity.
This is available to the next organism in the food chain.
Net productivity is important in agricultural ecosystems and is affected by two main factors:
- The efficiency of the crop at carrying out photosynthesis this is improved if all the necessary conditions for photosynthesis are supplied
- The area of ground covered by the leaves of the crop
To maintain an agricultural ecosystem, we have to prevent a climax community developing. We do this by excluding most of the species in that community, lea
ving only the particular crop that we are trying to grow.
To remove or supress the unwanted species and to maximise growth requires an additional input of energy.
This energy is used to plough fields, sow crops, remove weeds, supress pests and diseases, feed and house animals, transport animals and many other tasks.
This additional energy comes from:
Farmers and other people that work on farms expend energy as they work This energy comes from the food they eat
As farms have become more mechanised, energy has increasingly come from the fuel used to plough, harvest and transport crops, to produce and apply fertilisers and pesticides and to house, feed and transport crops
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|The Umayyad Caliphs
The Umayyad house was one of the major clans of the Quraysh tribe. Technically, Uthman, the third "Righteous Caliph", was the first Umayyad caliph. During his tenure (644-655), he appointed members of his clan to various posts; in particular, Muawiya b. Abi Sufyan was given the governorship of Syria. Upon the accession of Ali to the caliphate, Muawiya refused to pay him allegience, and in 658 the Syrians acknowledged Muawiya as caliph. That same year he gained control of Egypt; following Ali's death in 661, he subdued Iraq and then formally established himself as caliph. The first line of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who ruled from 661- 684. Under Muawiya (661-680) the capital of the Muslim empire was transferred to Damascus. He is credited with raising a highly-trained army of Syrian soldiers which was used to expand Muslim authority east into Khorasan and west into North Africa. Muawiya also led excursions into Anatolia beginning in 672 which culminated in an unsuccessful three-year seige of Constantinople (674-677). He retained the administrative structures left by the Byzantines and Persians but consolidated his authority by appointing kinsmen to key posts. Before his death, Muawiya secured allegiance to his son, Yazid, thus introducing dynastic succession to Muslim rule. Muawiya was the son of Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Abd Shams clan. Most of the members of Abd Shams had rejected Muhammad's prophetic mission until Muhammad's conquest of Mecca in 630. Muawiya and his father are considered to be among those enemies who were reconciled to Islam through gifts. Muawiya then served as one of Muhammad's scribes. During the reign of Abu Bakr, Muawiya served in the armies sent against the Byzantines in Syria. The caliph Umar appointed him governor of Damascus; his kinsman Uthman subsequently enlarged his governorship to include what is today Syria and north-western Iraq. Muawiya consolidated his power over the region by building up a strong army which he used effectively to launch both land and sea attacks against the Byzantines. The murder of Uthman at the hands of discontented Egyptians and the accession of Ali to the caliphate in 656 gave Muawiya the opportunity to expand his power. Ali had his own difficulties establishing his legitimacy, and by the time he requested Muawiya to give him the oath of allegience, the Syrian population was generally of the opinion that Ali was responsible for Uthman's murder; thus, Muawiya refused to pay him allegience. The two men confronted each other with their armies at Siffin in early 657, where Muawiya called for an arbitration. The arbitration solved nothing, but it did serve to delegitimize Ali in the eyes of some of his supporters. The Syrians acknowledged Muawiya as caliph, and he was able to take control of Egypt later that year. Thus with Ali's assassination in 661, Muawiya easily moved into Iraq and asserted his claim to the caliphate. Ali's eldest son, Hasan, who briefly succeeded his father, was persuaded to abdicate. With Muawiya's accession, the seat of the caliphate was moved to Damascus. Muawiya continued raids against the Byzantines, both in Anatolia and North Africa. The conquest of Tripolitania and Ifriqiyah led to the founding of the garrison city Kairouan in 670 as a base for continuing forays into what is today Algeria. Naval expeditions against the Byzantines and raids into Anatolia led to a three-year seige of Constantinople (674-677). In the east, the borders of the Muslim empire were expanded to Khorasan and the Oxus River. Internally, Muawiya governed through a combination of Arab tribal tradition and Byzantine administrative structures. The conquests of the "Four Righteous Caliphs" had led to an immigration of Arab tribes into Iraq and Syria, each with competing interests. Having secured the loyalty of the Syrian tribes, Muawiya conciliated the Iraqi tribes by adopting the traditional council of notables in which each tribe is represented by its leader. These councils were linked to the caliph through his governors, who were generally his kinsmen. However, this arrangement was not sufficient in itself to administer a growing empire. To solve this problem, Muawiya made use of Byzantine administrative structures, the key positions of which were held by Christians who in some cases came from families that had served the Byzantine government. Muawiya is credited with the creation of specialized bureaus, known as diwans, to increase the centralization of the government; two such diwans created to improve communications are the diwan al-khatam, the chancellery, and the diwan al-barid, the postal service. Muawiya's most lasting innovation was his designation of his son Yazid as his successor; this move established hereditary succession as the norm for the caliphate. Although he secured allegience to Yazid before his death, resistence to his innovation manifested itself upon Yazid's accession. Later generations of Muslims held conflicting views about his reign: to some, he was a clever and successful ruler, while to others, he usurped the caliphate and deviated from the practice of Muhammad and the "Four Righteous Caliphs". Yazid's reign (680-683) was marked by rebellions led by Husayn b. Ali at Kerbala and Ibn al- Zubayr at Mecca, both of whom refused to recognize Yazid's authority. Upon the death of Muawiya II (683-684), civil war broke out between two Arab factions, the Qaysites and the Kalbites, the latter of whom supported the candidacy of Marwan b. al-Hakam. His ascendance to the caliphate in 684 established the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs. As he died a year later, the task of reunification was placed in the hands of his son, Abd al-Malik.
During the reign of his father, Yazid had commanded the army that laid seige to Constantinople. After his accession, Yazid was confronted with two rebellions. The first was that of Husayn, son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, which occured in Kerbala in 680; the rebellion was short-lived and unsuccessful, but the martyrdom of Husayn and his family created a permanent division between the Shi`ites, the partisans of Ali, and the Sunni majority. The second, far more serious revolt was led by Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina and Mecca. In 682, the Medinans declared Yazid deposed; a Syrian army was sent and the Medinese were defeated. The army then marched to Mecca, where Ibn al-Zubayr had taken refuge, and laid seige to that city; however, during the siege news arrived that Yazid had died. Doubts about his successor prevented a speedy resolution to the conflict, which persisted for nine more years. Although often depicted by Muslim historians as a dissolute ruler, Yazid attempted to continue his father's administrative and military policies. He reformed the tax system and improved the irrigation system in the environs of Damascus. During Abd al-Malik's reign (685-705), order was gradually restored to Iraq and Arabia; Ibn al-Zubayr, who had taken advantage of the civil war in Syria to extend control into Iraq, was defeated in 692. Arabic was made the official language of administration, and Byzantine coins were replaced with a new Islamic-style coinage. Under his sons, Walid I (705-715) and Sulayman (715-717), the empire expanded westward to Morocco and Spain, and eastward to Transoxiana. Constantinople was beseiged, again unsuccessfully, for one year (717-718). This period also marks the building of several grand palaces and the famous Umayyad mosque in Damascus.
Abd al-Malik spent his youth in Medina until the rebellion of Ibn al-Zubayr in 682. He left the town when the Umayyads were expelled by the rebels, but upon meeting the Syrian army advancing toward Medina, he returned with it after giving advice concerning the town and its defences. He acceded to the caliphate after the assassination of his father in 685. Abd al-Malik faced numerous difficulties at the beginning of his reign. Although the Qaysites had been defeated by the Kalbites in 684, thus reasserting Umayyad control of Syria, Qaysites still held out in northern Iraq. The Byzantines had pushed into Anatolia, and Ibn al-Zubayr was being recognized as caliph in most parts of the empire. The governor of Kufa and Basra, who had been forced out after the death of Yazid in 683, was unable to regain control. Kufa was seized by the Shi`ite leader al-Mukhtar shortly after Abd al-Malik's accession, and Basra was held by Ibn al-Zubayr's brother, Mus`ab. Mus`ab's forces defeated al-Mukhtar in 687 and occupied Kufa. Abd al-Malik freed himself from the Byzantine problem by making a ten-year truce with the emperor. In 690, his forces captured the rebel Qaysites. The following year Mus`ab was defeated and a Syrian army under the command of al-Hajjaj was sent to Mecca. The city was beseiged for six months; Ibn al-Zubayr was slain in 692. Al-Hajjaj was subsequently sent to Iraq to quell Kharijite uprisings, which continued there and further east until 697. The revolt of Iraqi troops under the command of Ibn al-Ash`ath in 700-701 led to al-Hajjaj's establishment of a garrison city in Iraq to house Syrian troops. Despite these preoccupations, Abd al-Malik initiated several reforms to further centralize caliphal control. Arabic was made the official language of administration, replacing Greek and Persian; this helped to unify the tax-systems of the various provinces. Byzantine coins were replaced with a new Islamic-style coinage; the Byzantine emperor's refusal to accept this new currency caused a breakage of the truce in 692. Attributed to al-Hajjaj is the re-edition of the Uthmanic text of the Qur'an with vowel signs. The last years of Abd al-Malik's reign were peaceful on the whole. A crisis of succession was very nearly averted: his father, Marwan, had appointed his brother Abd al-Aziz to succeed Abd al-Malik, but Abd al-Malik wished to favour his own sons. Abd al-Aziz died just five months before Abd al-Malik, and the caliphate was passed to his son Walid.
With the death of Sulayman, power was transferred to his cousin Umar b. Abd al-Aziz (717-720). He enacted fiscal reforms which placed all Muslims, Arab and non-Arab (mawali), on equal footing. His successor, Yazid II (720-724), caused a renewal of the hostilities between the Qaysites and the Kalbites by openly favoring the the former. During Hisham's long reign (724-743), the Muslim empire reached the limits of its expansion. Discontent with the Umayyad regime manifested itself with the rebellion of Zayd b. Ali in 740, while Berber revolts in North Africa that same year effectively cut off what is today Morocco and Spain from Umayyad rule. Under Hisham's successors, Walid II, Yazid III, and Ibrahim, a series of rebellions paralyzed the caliphate: Kharijites seized Kufa, and feuds between the Qaysites and Kalbites errupted. The last Umayyad caliph of Syria, Marwan II (744-750), attempted to restore order, but by this time the Abbasid revolutionary movement had gained momentum in the eastern provinces of the empire. In 749 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah was proclaimed the first Abbasid caliph; the Umayyads were massacred in 750. Only one Umayyad, Abd al-Rahman, escaped: he fled to Spain where he established the dynasty of the Umayyads of Cordoba.
الخلفاء الأمويون :
في عام (41 هـ - 661م ) ويسمى عام الجماعة - تنازل الحسن بن علي بن ابي طالب رضي الله عنه ، عن حرب معاوية بن ابي سفيان ، الذي كان واليا على الشام منذ عهد عمر بن الخطاب ، والذي رفض مبايعة علي بن ابي طالب - رابع الخلفاء الراشدين - متذرعا بان عليا قد فرط في الثار من قتلة عثمان بن عفان ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين ... رضي الله عنهم جميعا .
وبتنازل الحسن استقر الأمر لمعاوية فاصبح خليفة المسلمين ، وقامت دولة بني امية التي تنتسب الى امية بن عبد شمس بن عبد مناف ، فحكمت نحو تسعين عاما ( 41 - 132هـ ) ( 661 - 750م ) ونقلت عاصمة الحكم من مدينة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بالحجاز الى دمشق بالشام .
كان نظام الحكم في عهد بني امية عائليا ، وقد تداول الحكم اربع عشرة خليفة اولهم معاوية واخرهم مروان بن محمد الذي قتله العباسيون في " ابو صير " من حلوان مصر ..
كان معاوية اول الخلفاء الأمويين ومؤسس دولتهم ، وكان مولده بالخيف من منى قبل الهجرة بخمس عشرة سنة وامه هند بنت عتبة، وابوه ابو سفيان ، وقد اسلموا جميعا في فتح مكة .
واصبح معاوية من كتاب الوحي لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، واشترك في حروب الردة مع اخيه وابيه ، ثم ولاه عمر جزءا من بلاد الشام ، فلما جاء عثمان رضي الله عنه جمع الشام كلها تحت حكمه .
وبموت معاوية سنة 60هـ بايع المسلمون ابنه يزيد ، ما عدا الحسين بن علي وعبد الله بن الزبير وعبد الله بن عمر ، وقد وقف الأولان منه موقف العداء ، وقتل في عهده الحسين ، في كربلاء ، وحكم ثلاث سنوات ثم مات سنة 64هـ ، وعمره ثمانية وثلاثون عاما .
ثم تولى معاوية بن يزيد ، بوصاية ابيه ، لكنه كان ورعا زاهدا فتنازل عن الخلافة بعد ثلاثة اشهر .
وقد وقعت حروب انتهت في ( مرج راهط ) بين الأمويين وعبد الله بن الزبير ، واصبح مروان بن الحكم خليفة على الشام وحدها ، وبقي ابن الزبير خليفة على سائر الأمصار ، حتى ظهر عبد الملك بن مروان ، فتمكن من توحيد العالم الإسلامي الشرقي تحت امرته ، ولذا اعتبر المؤسس الثاني للدولة الأموية .
وكانت لعبد الملك اياد عظيمة ، فقد عرب الدواوين وضرب العملة ، وبقي في الحكم اثنين وعشرين عاما ، وتوفي سنة 86هـ ، فتولى بعده ابنه الوليد بن عبد الملك ، الذي حكم عشرة اعوام ، وتمت في عهده اصلاحات داخلية عظيمة وفتوحات اسلامية كبرى على يد قادة عظام مثل محمد بن القاسم الثقفي فاتح السند، وموسى بن نصير فاتح الأندلس .
ثم جاء بعده اخوه سليمان بن عبد الملك فحكم ثلاثة اعوام لم تتقدم فيها الدولة شيئا ، لا من الداخل ولا من الخارج ، ومات سنة 99هـ ، فوسد الأمر لاعظم شخصية في تاريخ بني امية ، على الرغم من انه لم يحكم الا عامين ، وهو عمر بن عبد العزيز ، الذي اعتبره البعض (خامس الخلفاء الراشدين ) لكثرة ما عمل من اصلاحات خلال الفترة الوجيزة التي حكم فيها .
لقد راقب عمر الولاة بحذر ، واخذ على ايديهم وطرد القساة منهم ، وانتشر الإسلام في عهده انتشارا كبيرا لانه وضع الجزية عمن يعتنق الإسلام ، وكان ولاة السوء لا يفعلون ذلك ، ويروي ابن عبد الحكم ، ملخصا عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز ، في قوله الوجيز " انما ولي عمر بن عبد العزيز سنتين ونصفا فذلك ثلاثون شهرا ، فما مات حتى جعل الرجل ياتينا بالمال العظيم فيقول : اجعلوا هذا حيث ترون في الفقراء ، فما يبرح حتى يرجع بماله يتذكر من يضعه فيهم فلا يجده ، فقد اغنى عمر بن عبد العزيز الناس " .
ثم ولي الأمر بعده يزيد بن عبد الملك ، بعهد من اخيه سليمان بعد ابن عمه عمر بن عبد العزيز ، وهو ابن تسع وعشرين سنة . فدامت خلافته اربع سنوات وشهرا ، ثم مات بعدها دون ان يترك اثرا ذا بال اللهم الا اخماده لفتنة يزيد بن المهلب .
وولي بعده هشام بن عبد الملك ، فمكث في الخلافة عشرين عاما حاول فيها تقليد عمر بن عبد العزيز ، ولم ينجح في ذلك نجاحا كبيرا ، وان كانت الدولة قد اتسعت في عهده ، ففتحت قيسارية وبلاد الخزر ، وارمينية ، وشمال اسيا الصغرى ، وجزءا كبيرا من بلاد الروم .
لكن الأحوال الداخلية لم تكن مستقرة على عهده وتوفي في عام 125هـ ، وترك الحكم للوليد بن يزيد بن عبد الملك الذي يعتبر عهده - الذي لم يدم اكثر من عام الا قليلا - من اسوا عهود الدولة الأموية ، ظلما وانتقاما من ابناء سلفه هشام فضلا عن عنصريته وخلاعته .
ولم يكن للخليفتين اللذين وليا بعده يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك ، وابراهيم ابن الوليد اثر يذكر ، ولم يدم حكم كل منهما الا ثلاثة اشهر ، ولم تستقم لهما الأمور ، وكانت ايامهما ، وايام سابقهما الوليد بن يزيد ، فرصة ذهبية نجح فيها العباسيون في تعبئة النفوس وتنظيم الصفوف ، للانقضاض على الدولة .
فلما الت الخلافة لمروان بن محمد - اخر خلفاء بني امية في المشرق لم يستطع ان يقر قواعد الدولة ، على الرغم من انه " كان اشجع بني امية واقدرهم على تحمل الأخطار " .. فسقطت الدولة في عهده ، بعد فتنة واضطرابات دامت خمس سنوات ، وكان سقوطها في سنة 132هـ .
وكانت دولة بني امية دولة عربية تتعصب للعرب وللتقاليد العربية ، وللغة العربية ، ولم يستطع معظم خلفائها ان يرتفعوا على مستوى المساواة والعدل في الإسلام .
لكن مع ذلك كان لهذه الدولة اياد طولى على المسلمين لعل من اهمها جهودها العظيمة في مجال الفتوحات الإسلامية .دكتور عبد الحليم عويس
دراسة لسقوط ثلاثين دولة إسلامية
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TURLOCK, Calif., Feb. 4, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Legacy Health Endowment (LHE) has released a parent’s guide to social media called PARENTS – What You Wish You Knew: A Quick Guide to the Basics of Social Media (and the Potential Risks for Children and Teens). The guide aims to help parents and guardians truly understand their children’s social media usage, as well as its potential impact on their children’s mental health.
The entire guide can be viewed and downloaded at legacyhealthendowment.org at no cost.
Readers can learn about the potential risks of Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat, the most downloaded social networking apps to date. For each of these apps, the guide provides a general overview, tips on what to watch out for, and clear instructions that parents can use to enhance the security of their children and teens. The guide also includes a glossary of popular terms, as well as information on online safety management tools, media-safety and mental-health organizations, and more popular apps their children and teens may be using.
“We have created What You Wish You Knew to help parents and guardians better understand the warnings surrounding the most popular social media apps. Included in this guide is advice on what steps you can take to protect your children’s mental health. Information is continually coming out arguing that there is a correlation between the increased use of social media and poor behavioral health. It has become clear that educating parents and guardians would be helpful and impactful,” Jeffrey Lewis, President and CEO of LHE, says.
Lewis continues, “It is important to understand that children and teens who use social media are more vulnerable to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and even a heightened sense of suicide. And, for some, social media has become their social anxiety disorder.”
The guide has received numerous endorsements from national and local experts including Collin Kartchner, TEDx speaker and founder of Save the Kids, a nationwide movement helping people rise above the negative effects of social media and screen addiction.
Kartchner stated, “Parents need to stop being afraid of the tech their kids use! If your child is on social media apps, you need to be there, too. Educate yourself on the apps they use, and research the pros and cons of each. If you have courageous conversations with your kids about what they use the apps for, what they see, and let them know you are there to guide them through making good decisions with their tech use, you can save your kids from years of heartache.”
“This social media guide will be a great resource for parents in helping understand how various social media outlets operate and the potential impact on their child’s behavioral health,” Dr. Sunita Saini MD FAAP, a California-based, Board Certified Pediatrician, says.
“As a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, I recommend that parents and caregivers carefully review this document and develop their own family media plan for their children. Too much access to social media and media, in general, can mean that children don’t have enough time during the day to play, study, communicate in person with others, or even sleep. The idea is to balance media use, and for parents to understand the consequences of their inactions,” Dr. Sunita says.
More endorsements can be found on the second page of the guide.
Visit legacyhealthendowment.org for more information and to download the guide/
About Legacy Health Endowment
Legacy Health Endowment is a nonprofit healthcare grantmaking foundation that works solely within Merced and Stanislaus Counties in the California Central Valley. LHE is not a hospital or healthcare services provider. President and CEO Jeffrey Lewis is a nationally-recognized health care leader who has worked in Congress, for three United States Senators, in the private sector, and for philanthropic organizations. To learn more, please visit legacyhealthendowment.org.
View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/just-released-parents-guide-to-social-media-and-mental-health-300996492.html
SOURCE Legacy Health Endowment
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The Internet is great. Like, really great. There is so much to see, share and laugh about. It is your best friend when doing research and completing homework. It allows you to connect with friends and family all over the world! That is a good thing.
However, it is a bit like opening the front door of your house. While we trust many who may come through it, it is hard to control who may simply walk in and bring all sorts of bad things with them.
Access to the Internet has exposed many of you to mature and often inappropriate subject matter and bullying that affects your self-image and possibly your mental health. That is not a good thing.
Educating not only you on how to best use the Internet and specifically, social media, but your parents and teachers as well will help everyone have a more realistic and productive view of what is being accessed, and understanding what impact it may have.
Seven Essential Lessons on Social Media Awareness
7 things you need to know before signing up for social media accounts:
- Are you 13 years old? Most sites like Facebook, Twitter, SnapChat, WhatsApp, and Instagram require all people signing up for their service to be 13 years old. They each claim to use ‘age screening’ to ensure all members are of age.
- Know what you want to do, and what you want to share. Are you just chatting with friends or looking to share events in your life. Each App has a unique focus and intent. Talk to your friends about what they are using and what works.
- Only share your information with trusted people. Do not accept friend requests or personal information requests from anyone you do not know personally.
- Never post personal information, like your phone number, address or full name. Never post inappropriate photos of yourself, ever. These details will allow a predator to find out a great deal about you and your habits.
- Your parents are smarter than you think. Talk with them about what you want to do and get their opinion. They only want you to be safe and are not out to simply spoil your fun.
- Remember that all social media Apps are like any tool. How you use it is how you will find it useful.
Managing activity, as a parent
Keeping up with the newest social media tool can be crazy and frustrating. It seems every day some new App is released to allow your children to send pics, share information and chat non-stop.
While smartphones are often issued to teens for their personal safety, they are often the tools for many social media accounts for them to use. What happens on those phones is often hidden from the parents.
In reality, a parent has the right to observe all activity on their child’s phone. They are, usually paying the bill after all! This is also true for any home computer. Checking the browsing history, or looking at chat sessions is important.
This often counters the degree of trust a parent wants to have with you, but trust is earned. Once you prove you are responsible on social media, only then you can have privacy. One way to keep an eye on activity, is to have the home computer in an open space, like the den or living room, not behind closed doors.
Parents also need to explain to you all about privacy and social media – so you understand what you are allowing companies to see, and what you may be allowing others to know about you and to explain to you about on-line predators and other known threats.What every child, parent and teacher needs to know about social media Click To Tweet
Teaching social media responsibility, as a teacher
Your teachers may already be using social media as a teaching tool – to post homework assignments on Blog sites, use Twitter to remind you of deadlines and classroom activities. They can also use social media to connect with other schools or countries to show how it can be used as a valuable learning tool.
By using proven experiments like posting a sign on Facebook with the school’s name and date, then asking it to be shared, shows you and your fellow students how quickly an image can travel across the Internet, and for how long it will remain available for all to see. It is often asked, ‘Are we opening up a whole dangerous world to our students once they are writing online and posting comments to each other?’
It is up to your teacher, or the school curriculum to decide how to responsibly and proactively manage social media in your classroom. There must be a long-term plan with checks and balances along the way – so you and your fellow students are protected at all times.
Your teachers can also explain to your classroom the dangers and effects of cyberbullying by explaining what will happen to bullies, both legally and socially.
Cyberbullying has been a topic in the news lately as it has had sometimes lethal results. Most schools have taken on a zero-tolerance on all forms of cyber bullying. There are also legal ramifications for all cyberbullies.
If cyberbullies breach the terms and conditions of the social media provider, their accounts will be suspended. If they post inappropriate images, they may be charged with child pornography and deemed a sexual predator and be on a national sex offender registry for life – unable to get a job or hold any trusted position.Things to think about before using social media – quick lesson for teens, parents and teachers Click To Tweet
The long-term risk of social media – is it making you anti-social?
While you are interacting more than ever through social media, you may be interacting less and less in person.
Being Internet and social media savvy will definitely help you in your later career, but you also do have to have adequate social skills and be able to spell, beyond chat acronyms and obliterating all your excess vowels and consonants!
The ability to relay the tone and intent of a comment on-line is often lost when you cannot see someone’s face and body language. Sometimes when we read something written on a screen it sounds a certain way in our head, but that is not necessarily how it was intended to sound. Responsiveness and lively interaction is in danger of being lost in this ‘one click away’ world we now all live in.Is social media creating anti-social youth? 7 valuable lessons. Click To Tweet
Ultimately, it is all about balance. Balancing your life, your use of social media, focusing on school, spending time with friends and family by creating an open forum for you, your parents and your teachers to talk about the issues and encourage a responsible approach to the use of all social media. It is great to be able to connect with family around the world, see wonderful, unusual things from the comfort of your living room, or from your phone – that is what social media should be all about – bringing people together!The impact of social media on young teens – you need to know this! Click To Tweet
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For many of us, electrical tape can be found in that drawer that has everything, right next to the screwdriver, pliers and duct tape. But you might be wondering what exactly makes electrical tape different from the rest of the tape family?
Since its invention in the 1940s, electrical tape remains one of the most common ingredients to simple electrical jobs around the house. Its ability to keep electrical current from passing through it, makes it an essential insulator, to not only keeping wires from touching and shorting out, but also from a live wire being accidentally touched by someone.
How to use electrical tape
Electrical tape is wrapped around minor wire or cord damage to give it the insulation it needs and the strength it requires. As you wrap the tape, pull on it slightly so that it fits snug, and no space is left uncovered. Vinyl is the most commonly used substance for the making of electrical tape because of this stretching ability. Remember electrical tape is meant for repairing minor electrical wire damage. You should always consult a professional electrician if you are unsure of the proper usage.
Electrical tape colors and strength
Black is the most common color. Its ability to stand up to UV rays, makes it the tape of choice for all jobs in direct sunlight. White tape is sometimes used to indicate neutral wires, and green or yellow for grounding wires. No matter what the color, electrical tape is very strong. It is made to last, does not tear easily, and stands up to corrosion.
Remember, if you are trying to find your roll of electrical tape and tools for a sudden unexpected project, Douthit Electrical is always here to help! And when you call, ask us about our home electrical safety inspection offer. Douthit Electrical has been providing Charlotte with quality electrical services since 1990.
Written by: admin+
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These printable animal spelling puzzles are one of my favorite learn through play activities. This set of fun worksheets is full of fabulous first puzzle games for your toddler and preschooler. We’ve coupled easy beginning words with adorable animal pictures to help make the connection between letters and words. Your young student can build 12 new words with short and long vowel sounds by assembling the colorful puzzle pieces.
Whether you are teaching from home or in the classroom, you will love these puzzles! They make the perfect addition to your learning to read curriculum. And as your child becomes more fluent, you can challenge their skills by having them build the words without the pictures. This can begin as an interactive game between you and your child, but you will find your little one quickly graduating to this being a fun independent activity for them. (Keep these puzzles in their own folder or bin that is easily accessible, because it’s a fun one they’ll want to play often.) It is not necessary, but we recommend printing them on heavier cardstock paper, cutting them out, then laminating the puzzle pieces for longevity. 😉
Printable Animal Spelling Puzzles
You might also like our Preschool Color By Number Animal Coloring Pages.
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Description: Bred as retrievers, these dogs are lovable, intelligent, sociable, self-confident, sensitive, quick learners and have a great memory. It is said Golden Retrievers remember what they have learned for the rest of their lives.
Though they are pretty adaptable, these dogs are more prone to displacement behavior – akin to separation anxiety in humans – and can be late bloomers. They also can be dominant.
Because of their high energy level, don’t start structured training with your Golden Retrievers before seven to eight month. This breed’s energy level also makes training a challenge, so patience is the key.
Other Names: Yellow Retriever
Height: 20 - 24 inches
Weight: 60 - 80 lbs.
Colors: Any shades of gold or cream.
Coat: Flat or wavy with good feathering, dense, water-resistant undercoat.
Temperament: Responsive, alert, well-mannered, playful
With Children: Yes, usually do well with children, best if supervised with younger children as they can be pushy with their affection.
With Pets: Yes
Special Skills: Field sports dog and family pet
Care and Training: Shed a fair amount and should be groomed weekly with a firm bristle brush or comb. Bath as needed. Needs long daily walks and the opportunity to run freely.
Learning Rate: Very High, Obedience - High, Problem Solving - Medium.
Activity: Moderate - High
Living Environment: A home with a fenced yard is essential either in the country or city as he will adjust to either environment as long as daily exercise is given. He does not do well as an apartment dog, nor as a companion for the elderly as he is a very active breed. An owner of a Golden Retriever needs to be willing to give him the attention he requires.
Health Issues: Hip dysplasia, hereditary cataract and epilepsy.
Life Span: 10 - 12 Years
Litter Size: 6 - 10
Country of Origin: Great Britain
History: It is said that Lord Tweedmouth saw a troupe of eight Russian sheepdogs performing in a circus in the seaside resort of Brighton in England. He was so impressed that following the show purchased all eight dogs. The Golden Retrievers history is then documented by handwritten records of Lord Tweedmouth. In 1868, Lord Tweedmouth mated a Tweed Water Spaniel to a yellow retriever and this resulted in the foundation of the definitive yellow breed now known as the Golden Retriever. In 1881 Lord Tweedmouth's son took two yellow retrievers with him to their family's Texas ranch.
First Registered by the AKC: 1925
AKC Group: Sporting Group
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Financial Transition in Pre-World War II Japan and Southeast Asia
AbstractThis article compares Japan and Southeast Asia before the Second World War to explore the question Goldsmith posed: why, since financial transition in all countries follows the same path, should there be such remarkable differences in the speed of transition? Beginning after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and starting from the same per capita income as Southeast Asian countries, Japan had, by 1913, built a modern financial system comparable to those in the West. But finance in Southeast Asian countries was (and remained in 1939) little developed, dominated by metropolitan interests, heavily reliant on informal finance, and geared towards primary commodity exports. The article argues that Southeast Asia's no more than partial financial transition is explained by a continued ability to tap natural resources, limited technological change, and the laissez-faire stance of colonial governments. Japan, by contrast, could not depend on abundant resources for growth. Its experience demonstrates how nationalist objectives of military power and industrialisation can motivate government to accelerate financial transition
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow in its series Working Papers with number 2007_17.
Date of creation: Jul 2007
Date of revision:
Other versions of this item:
- Huff, Gregg, 2007. "Financial transition in pre-World War II Japan and Southeast Asia," Financial History Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(02), pages 149-175, October.
- NEP-ALL-2007-11-17 (All new papers)
- NEP-DEV-2007-11-17 (Development)
- NEP-HIS-2007-11-17 (Business, Economic & Financial History)
- NEP-SEA-2007-11-17 (South East Asia)
You can help add them by filling out this form.
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- Gregg Huff, 2007. "Globalization, Natural Resources and Foreign Investment: A View from the Resource-Rich Tropics," Working Papers 2007_16, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Jeanette Findlay).
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Research Article | Open Access
Chloroplast DNA Variations in Wild Brassicas and Their Implication in Breeding and Population Genetics Studies
Evaluation of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity in wild relatives of crop brassicas is important for characterization of cytoplasm and also for population genetics/phylogeographic analyses. The former is useful for breeding programs involving wide hybridization and synthesis of alloplasmic lines, while the latter is important for formulating conservation strategies. Therefore, PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) technique was applied to study cpDNA diversity in 14 wild brassicas (including 31 accessions) which revealed a total of 219 polymorphic fragments. The combination of polymorphisms obtained by using only two primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations was sufficient to distinguish all 14 wild brassicas. Moreover, 11 primer pairs-restriction enzyme combinations revealed intraspecific polymorphisms in eight wild brassicas (including endemic and endangered species, B. cretica and B. insularis, resp.). Thus, even within a small number of accessions that were screened, intraspecific polymorphisms were observed, which is important for population genetics analyses in wild brassicas and consequently for conservation studies.
The wild relatives of crop brassicas are repositories of genes conferring resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses and also source of male sterility-inducing cytoplasm in cultivars . As maternal inheritance of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes has been observed in Brassica species , evaluation of chloroplast genome diversity in wild brassicas can demonstrate the maternal lineage of related species . This is important for breeding programs, because the type of cytoplasm/maternal lineage in brassicas can influence the direction of cross and extent of success achieved in wide hybridization [5, 6]. Also, analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variations can reveal genetic relatedness within and between wild and cultivated species [7, 8]. Studies on cpDNA diversity are also important for population genetics and phylogeographic analyses of rare, endemic, and endangered species. Many of the wild relatives (e.g., Brassica insularis and B. cretica) are endemic and/or are endangered species [9, 10] and therefore the population genetics studies of such species are essential for formulating conservation strategies. Therefore, for carrying out such genetic and conservation studies, the first step is to assess chloroplast genome of wild brassicas for intergeneric/interspecific and intraspecific polymorphisms.
PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is a simple, rapid, and reproducible technique that uses universal primers to amplify chloroplast genome regions followed by digestion with restriction enzymes to reveal fragment length polymorphisms . There are very few studies in brassicas, where PCR-RFLP of chloroplast genome has been analyzed [4, 14, 15]. Cunha et al. used PCR-RFLP of cpDNA to discriminate three diploid cultivars of brassicas. However, this technique did not reveal any intraspecific or interspecific polymorphisms in wild and cultivated B. oleracea members . Yamane et al. used PCR-RFLP technique to detect interspecific polymorphisms in Raphanus sp. which facilitated the understanding of maternal lineage of cultivated radish. Use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of cpDNA and sequencing of short noncoding regions of cpDNA and dCAPS (derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) markers have detected polymorphisms that have been used in phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses in brassicas [3, 8, 10, 16, 17]. These techniques need either Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) with silver staining or sequencing facility. On the other hand, PCR-RFLP also known as CAPS is a simpler (only agarose gels required), reliable, and fast technique and can encompass a large region (as many universal primers are available) of chloroplast genome for analyses.
Keeping this in view, our objective was to assess suitability of PCR-RFLP technique to study cpDNA variations in some wild brassicas belonging to the same cytodeme, which can facilitate (i) population genetics and phylogeographic studies for conservation purposes and (ii) analyses of maternal lineage and genetic relatedness, which is essential for breeding of brassicas. To the best of our knowledge, the present investigation for the first time reports interspecific and intraspecific variations in cpDNA regions of 14 wild brassicas (including endemic and endangered species, B. cretica and B. insularis, resp.), using PCR-RFLP technique.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
Seeds of 31 accessions belonging to 14 wild relatives of brassicas of tribe Brassiceae were obtained from National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India (Table 1). The seeds of each accession were sown in two replicates in pots and the plants thus obtained were maintained in Botanical Garden of Zakir Husain College, University of Delhi. Although the identification of germplasm is accurately maintained at NBPGR (a national level germplasm bank of India), the plant species were further confirmed by morphology based classification using Flora Europaea . Fresh leaves of individuals (3–5) of each accession/species were collected, frozen, and stored at −80°C till DNA extraction. In addition, leaf material of Cardamine flexuosa (tribe Cardamineae) was collected from naturally growing population. This species was used as outgroup, since it belongs to tribe Cardamineae and is expected to be genetically distant from the rest of the wild species (which belong to tribe Brassiceae).
2.2. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Digestion
Total genomic DNA was extracted in replicates of two from each individual, following protocol by Torres et al. ; subsequently quantified and working dilutions of 5 ng/μL were made.
For PCR amplification, six pairs of universal cpDNA primers (CD, DT, HK, K1K2, TF, and VL) described in Dumolin-Lapegue et al. were used. Three replicates of PCR were carried out for each primer pair. The amplification was carried out in 30 μL of reaction mixture containing 0.2 μM of each primer, 200 μM of each of the four dNTPs, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 U of Taq DNA Polymerase in 1x buffer, provided by the manufacturer (Merck) of the enzyme, and 15 ng of genomic DNA. The PCR was set with an initial cycle of 4 min at 94°C, followed by 30 cycles of 45 s at 94°C, 45 s at 50–54°C, 2 min–4 min 30 s at 72°C, and finally 10 min extension at 72°C (Table 2). Agarose gel (1.2%) was used to run PCR products in 1X TBE buffer, along with 1 kilobase (kb) ladder as molecular size marker. Two restriction enzymes, HinfI and TaqI, chosen based on report of Cunha et al. were used to digest the amplified products. Following digestion, the fragments were separated on 2.4% agarose gels, run at 3 V/cm for 3 h with 100-base pair (bp) and 50 bp ladders, as molecular size markers. All restriction digestions and electrophoresis were repeated thrice. Negative controls for PCR amplifications and restriction digestions were also set and run on gels along with the samples. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide, photographed, and documented using Gel Doc XR+ (BioRad) with Image Lab TM software.
|Abbreviation and primer sequences as in Dumolin-Lapegue et al. (1997) .|
2.3. Data Analysis
All clearly resolved polymorphic restriction fragments were scored as 1 (present) or 0 (absent). A matrix of similarities between every pair of samples was created using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient , ; and are the total number of fragments analyzed in individuals and , respectively, and is the number of fragments shared by the two individuals. The similarity matrix was employed to construct a UPGMA dendrogram, using the SAHN-clustering and TREE programs from NTSYS-pc, version 2.2 . A cophenetic matrix was produced from the tree matrix to test the goodness of fit of the cluster analysis to the similarity matrix on which it was based, by comparing the two matrices using the Mantel matrix correspondence test in the MXCOMP program of the NTSYS-pc package.
Six pairs of universal cpDNA primers were used to amplify 13.5 kb (approx.) region of chloroplast genome from wild relatives of brassicas. The size of the amplified fragments with each primer pair was same in all the species (Table 2). Of the 12 combinations (i.e., 6 primer pairs × 2 restriction enzymes), fragments obtained with HK-TaqI could not be clearly resolved and therefore not included in the analyses. A total of 219 restriction fragments (between 1 kb and 100 bp) were scored for analysis of polymorphisms. The interspecific/intergeneric variations between the 14 wild brassicas were scored by the combination of presence or absence of polymorphic fragments that were obtained from the PCR-RFLP patterns of each of the wild species. Two (K1K2-TaqI and DT-TaqI) out of 11 primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations were sufficient to distinguish all wild brassicas. The PCR-RFLP patterns obtained with DT-TaqI that distinguished some wild brassicas are shown in Figure 1.
For intraspecific variations, the size differences of the polymorphic fragments (with all the primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations) were assessed (Table 3). All individuals belonging to the same accession within a species were monomorphic. Of the 14 wild brassicas, 11 were represented by two or three accessions. Eight (B. barrelieri, B. cretica, B. elongata, B. insularis, B. maurorum, D. assurgens, D. catholica, and D. virgata) of the 11 species revealed intraspecific polymorphisms (Table 3) whereas three wild brassicas (B. tournefortii, B. villosa, and H. incana) showed no intraspecific polymorphism. B. gravinae, B. souliei, and D. erucoides were represented by one accession each (Table 1) and no intraspecific polymorphism was observed in these species. The combinations, DT-HinfI, DT-TaqI, K1K2-HinfI, and K1K2-TaqI, showed intraspecific polymorphisms in six wild species (B. cretica, B. elongata, B. insularis, B. maurorum, D. assurgens, and D. virgata; see Table 3). In B. barrelieri and D. assurgens only one primer pair-restriction enzyme combination could detect intraspecific polymorphisms, that is, HK-HinfI and K1K2-HinfI, respectively. Intraspecific polymorphisms in B. cretica and B. insularis were revealed with five and nine primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations, respectively (Table 3).
|The numbers (1 to 4) shown besides each primer pair-restriction enzyme combination indicate the order of polymorphic fragments (highest to lowest size).|
The genetic relatedness between the wild brassicas is represented in the dendrogram (Figure 2). The Mantel test revealed a high and significant cophenetic correlation (; ), thus, showing a very good fit to Jaccard’s similarity matrix. Two major clusters were observed in the dendrogram with C. flexuosa as the outgroup. The accessions of each species grouped together. The dendrogram separated the wild brassicas into two groups: group I, consisting of five species (B. barrelieri, B. cretica, B. insularis, B. villosa, and D. erucoides), and group II, including nine species (B. gravinae, B. elongata, B. maurorum, B. souliei, B. tournefortii, D. assurgens, D. catholica, D. virgata, and H. incana). All species in group I belonged to oleracea lineage. Group II was represented by members included in nigra lineage, except B. elongata and B. gravinae (which belong to oleracea group).
In the present investigation, all the wild Brassica species were grown in field up to flowering and/or fruit set. Morphological characteristics were studied in the field grown plants and identification of all species was confirmed with the help of Flora Europaea . All 31 accessions from 14 wild brassicas were subjected to PCR-RFLP of six cpDNA regions (with 11 primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations), which revealed intergeneric/interspecific and intraspecific polymorphisms. In an earlier study, Panda et al. used PCR-RFLP technique (with 36 primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations) and reported absence of interspecific and intraspecific polymorphisms in members of oleracea group, that is, wild B. oleracea, B. alboglabra, B. bourgeaui, and B. montana. Here, it may be noted that the species used in both studies are different, although they belong to the same diploid cytodeme described under Brassica coenospecies. Cunha et al. found 38 of 110 combinations (10 primer pairs × 11 restriction enzymes) useful in distinguishing only four diploid cultivated crucifers (B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus). In the present study, of the 11 primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations, the PCR-RFLP patterns of two combinations (DT-TaqI and K1K2-TaqI; see Figure 1 for distinct PCR-RFLP patterns of some wild brassicas with DT-TaqI) were sufficient to distinguish the 14 wild species. Here, it may be suggested that, since DT-TaqI and K1K2-TaqI can distinguish the cytoplasm (maternal lineage) of wild brassicas (used in the present study), they may be used to assess natural hybridization processes within the Brassica coenospecies. Earlier, PCR-RFLP of cpDNA regions has been used to analyze maternal lineage of only cultivated radish . Also, they can be used to characterize and/or confirm the alloplasmic or cytoplasmic male sterile lines of crop brassicas developed through various breeding programs.
Intraspecific polymorphisms were also observed in eight wild species with different primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations (Table 3). This information can facilitate population genetics and phylogeographic studies which is crucial for formulating conservation strategies. Five and nine primer pair-restriction enzyme combinations could reveal intraspecific variations in B. cretica and B. insularis, respectively. Although, earlier, cpDNA SSR markers have been used for understanding population genetic structure of B. cretica , the present set of polymorphisms obtained using PCR-RFLP technique provide additional set of cpDNA markers for similar studies. The number of accessions analyzed per species ranged between one and three. It is worthwhile to note that, even within this small number of accessions that were screened, intraspecific polymorphisms were observed. This result encourages the extension of PCR-RFLP technique for chloroplast genome analyses in larger number of wild species and their accessions.
The dendrogram showing the genetic relatedness of the wild brassicas was mostly in agreement with previous studies [7, 23, 24] except for B. elongata and B. gravinae which belong to oleracea lineage [24, 25]. Here, it may be suggested that PCR-RFLP of larger number of noncoding regions of cpDNA (which can detect more number of relevant interspecific polymorphisms) can further help in understanding genetic relationships. The psbD-trnT sequence which corresponds to amplicon of DT primer pair (used in the present investigation) and trnT-trnF sequence (corresponds to amplicon of primer pair TF) have been used in earlier studies, along with additional noncoding sequences [7, 23], and have revealed reliable genetic relationships amongst Brassicaceae members.
PCR-RFLP of cpDNA can reveal interspecific and intraspecific polymorphisms in wild brassicas. The primer-restriction enzyme combinations which have revealed intraspecific polymorphisms (as detailed in Table 3) in the wild brassicas including B. cretica and B. insularis (endemic and endangered species) can be useful for assessment of their population genetic structure and phylogeographic studies, which is important to formulate conservation strategies. Appropriate combinations of PCR-RFLP which can reveal that numerous interspecific polymorphisms (e.g., DT-TaqI and K1K2-TaqI) may be used for characterizing or confirming maternal lineage of natural hybrids and alloplasmic lines developed by cross breeding wild and crop brassicas. Thus, PCR-RFLP of cpDNA can be used for marker assisted Brassica breeding programs as well.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This work was supported under Star College Scheme funded by Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The sanction number is SAN/no. 102/IFD/DBT/SAN/1911/2008-2009.
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- T. Arias and J. C. Pires, “A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): novel clades and potential taxonomic implications,” Taxon, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 980–988, 2012.
- S. I. Warwick and J. C. Hall, “Phylogeny of Brassica and wild relatives,” in Biology and Breeding of Crucifers, S. K. Gupta, Ed., pp. 19–36, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, 2009.
- A. K. Pradhan, S. Prakash, A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Pental, “Phytogeny of Brassica and allied genera based on variation in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA patterns: molecular and taxonomic classifications are incongruous,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol. 85, no. 2-3, pp. 331–340, 1992.
Copyright © 2015 Bharti Sarin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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There are four main parties to every life insurance contract: the life insured, the policy owner, the beneficiary, and the insurance company. The life insured is the person on whom the policy is written. Every insurance policy must have a person whose life is associated with it, to determine when a death benefit gets paid. When this person dies, the death benefit is paid.
It is pretty common to have the life insured and the policy owner be the same person. However, when the life insured is a different person than the owner, the life insured does not have any rights to the policy (see “Policy Owner” for more details on those rights).
Some examples of policies where the owner and the life insured would be two separate individuals or entities are the juvenile (child) policies that are usually owned by the parents or grandparents, or the key employee insurance typically owned by the company. The life insured can become the owner of the policy if that ownership is transferred by the current owner of the policy (see “Absolute Assignment” and “Cascading Life Insurance”). As long as the policy is transferred down the family tree: ie grandparent to parent or parent to child, this transfer would have a tax-free rollover through an absolute assignment. In other cases, there would very likely be some form of tax consequences.
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You are here: MEDICA Portal. MEDICA Magazine. Archive. Environment.
Beach Umbrellas Do Not Block Out All Solar Radiation
Thirty-four percent of ultraviolet radi-
ation filters through under beach um-
brellas;© Oliver Haja/pixelio.de
Umbrellas intercept the full direct flow that comes from the Sun, but not the diffused radiation that penetrates through from the sides.
"We have proven that irradiance (radiation incidence per unit of surface area) that reaches the ground covered by an umbrella is 34 percent of the total", José Antonio Martínez-Lozano, co-author of the study, highlights.
To carry out the Project the team positioned an ultraviolet ray sensor on the base of a canvas umbrella painted blue and white, with a radius of 80cm and height of 1.5 metres.
"The umbrella intercepts the direct radiation that comes from the Sun, but part of the diffused radiation, which makes up approximately 60 percent of the total, reaches the sensor from the sky not covered by the umbrella", explains Martínez-Lozano.
The results show that canvas has a very high capacity for absorbing radiation, "with only 5 percent transmissivity", but this does not prevent diffused ultraviolet radiation from penetrating through on the sides.
In addition, the team has developed a geometric model to obstruct the sky to calculate the irradiance that is received on the different horizontal and vertical planes under the umbrella. In the case of horizontal irradiance, the values that the model provides coincide with those registered experimentally with only a relative error of 3 percent.
In this way, and using various configurations of sky, ground and umbrella, the researchers have been able to simulate the real situation of people, who do not always remain lying down under sunshades, as they often tend to rise, sit or stand up.
Scientists believe that this study can help to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of some skin cancers. An excess of ultraviolet radiation is not only related to the appearance of melanoma, it is also connected to sunburn, photoageing, many eye disorders – especially cataracts-, weakness of the immune system and DNA damage.
MEDICA.de; Source: FECYT - Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology
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IELTS Writing Task 2 essay with model answer
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic
Examine the arguments in favour of and against animal experiments, and come to a conclusion on this issue.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
The practice of animal experimentation has sparked heated debates among many. I strongly advocate the perspective that humane animal experiments are a necessity. In this essay, I will illustrate the merits and drawbacks of conducting experimentation on animals.
There are compelling reasons for some animals to be subjects of experiments. The primary benefit of such practices is drug discovery for human medicinal purposes. For instance, mice have similar DNA structures to us and thus are favored by pharmaceutical staff to first test a new drug on them so as to avoid human casualties. Moreover, animal experiments are needed in the meticulous study of medical and scientific fields. For example, an animal cell can provide an avalanche of microscopic information when studied closely. Finally, majority of the scientists and physicians practice humane procedures on animals while conducting experiments. Therefore, every rule has an exception.
However, there are severe consequences to some animals from exploitation. First of all, many will empathize with the burgeoning pain and suffering that animal subjects have to endure during these experiments. In addition, evermore cruel practices are performed by some scientists hinged on to exploit as many animals as possible for fame and financial remuneration. For instance, animal rights activists sometime publish visual artifacts of animals in unspeakable conditions in some labs. Consequently, animals in the laboratories are scapegoated by some for the benefit of humankind.
Having considered a range of arguments, I firmly believe that animal experiments are of utmost importance for the discovery of drugs, study of medicine and scientific professions. The laboratory workforce must conduct humane procedures on the animals during experimentation so as to greatly reduce their pain and suffering, and avoid cruelty at all costs.
Total Words: 285
Task Achievement: 9
Coherence & Cohesion: 9
Lexical resources: 9
Overall Score: Band 9
For unlimited feedback with speaking and writing tasks sign up for IELTS Twenty20 Online Course today!
Study 20 minutes a day for 20 days and Ace the IELTS exam.Tags: model answer writing task 2
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Eva Kor Visits Padua, Shares Story of Forgiveness and Hope
November 27, 2018
Eva Kor, Auschwitz survivor and advocate, visited Padua on Nov. 19, 2018.
Kor and her sister Miriam were among the infamous Mengele twins: young children subjected to the dehumanizing and often deadly experiments conducted by Nazi Dr. Mengele. She had one objective: to walk out of the camp with her sister alive.
Eva Kor has done more than just survive.
She has since founded CANDLES Holocaust Museum & Education Center, continues to give lectures at age 85, and has publicly forgiven all Nazis.
Kor’s message focused especially on the pain and isolation that young people can feel, and she urges students to heed her advice.
“There are only two ways to deal with that: Give up, nothing will happen. You can sit in the corner and feel sorry for yourself and nobody’s going to care,” she said. “Or decide that you are going to go after what you want to accomplish. It’s not going to be easy, it never is. But if you do something, something will always happen. That is what I like to tell young people.”
And that she did—to an audience of over 600 Padua students, faculty and staff, and members of the press.
Kor was born to a Jewish family in a small town in Transylvania in 1934. When Transylvania became part of Hungary, her family could no longer live in relative peace as the rights of Jewish people were gradually stripped away.
She knew what was happening. “I have a theory,” she said, “that children as young as five years old… are a lot smarter than people think they are.” Her family thought the Germans would never come to a tiny village like theirs. But at the age of 10, on March 15, 1944, she and her family were herded into a cattle car and told they were headed for a Hungarian labor camp.
Thus began a grueling three-day journey without provisions. There was no way out, and they received only drops of water in exchange for five gold watches. “Not enough to drink,” she said. “Just enough to moisten my lips.”
The final destination was not Hungary, however. The guards had lied—they crossed into German-controlled Poland, arriving eventually at the now infamous Auschwitz.
The separation platform where new arrivals were sorted—gas chamber to the left and hard labor to the right—was chaotic. “It was the most crazy place I have ever been to,” said Kor. “People were crying, children looking for parents, parents looking for children, Nazis yelling orders, dogs barking—complete confusion.” A Nazi spotted Eva and Miriam, identifying them as twins and separating them from the crowd. Kor saw her mother’s arms outstretched as she was led to the left of the platform. She never saw her family again.
“I didn’t really understand that this would be the last time I would see them,” said Kor. “My whole family was gone.”
The group of twins, 26 individuals, were stripped and tattooed. “I decided that when my turn came I was going to create confusion,” she said, “and give them as much trouble as a 10-year-old could.”
She became A-7063, and her sister A-7064.
The barracks in which they slept were “crawling with lice and rats.” But when Kor saw the bodies of three young children on the latrine floor, she knew that surviving would be a full-time job.
“I made a silent pledge… that I would do anything and everything within my power to make sure that… somehow we would survive and walk out of this camp alive.”
All odds were against their survival. “And yet, somehow,” she said, “we had a deep determination to live one more day.”
The experiments that followed were cruel and inhumane. She grew ill due to the injections, and Dr. Mengele told her she had two weeks to live, which she spitefully defied. “I must survive, I must survive,” she told herself.
To this day, Kor does not know what she was injected with in what she called the “blood lab,” but the effects were devastating. Her sister’s kidneys were later determined to have never grown beyond the size of a 10-year-old’s.
The war came to an end and both Eva and Miriam walked out of Auschwitz alive, returning to their home to find nothing but a few crumbling photographs. After time in school as a member of the Communist party, Kor moved to Israel where she met her husband, a survivor from Riga, Latvia living in Terre Haute, Indiana. She moved to Indiana with him in 1960, where she lives to this day.
Miriam’s kidneys had failed by 1987. “I had two kidneys and one sister,” said Kor. “I had an easy choice.” Nevertheless, Miriam died in 1993 due to terminal health issues.
The pain Kor felt was immense and overpowering. But when she forgave a Nazi doctor, Dr. Munch, her perspective on the world changed.
Kor met with Dr. Munch at his home in Germany. Munch had worked at Auschwitz while she was there, and she later went with him to Auschwitz itself. She originally forgave him as gratitude for his efforts to make amends, but came to realize that her decision was primarily for her own healing.
The next step was to forgive Dr. Mengele.
But with forgiveness, Kor realized, came a freedom. She had the power to forgive, something her perpetrators could never control.
“Forgive your worst enemy,” she said. “It will heal your soul and set you free.”
Inside each book Kor signed, she asked the student to “forgive and heal.” The messages of forgiveness and healing were central to her talk, urging students to consider the power of an unshakable will to carry on.
“I can tell you that one of my darkest moments in my life was when I was between life and death. The Nazis wanted me dead and nobody wanted to help me,” she said. “I was not giving up. I was going to survive that. Because if I say to myself, if I can survive two weeks… crawling on the barrack floor, I can survive any single life. And that is correct. So you use your successes as a point of strength.”
“My message is not political whatsoever,” she said. “I think it is a more spiritual than moral one. It is the ability of the person to overcome unbelievable difficulties surrounded by death and despair.”
To hear the audio of Eva’s interview please click below:
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by Amit Sharma, Lead, Rhino Conservation Programme, WWF India
India is home to over 2900 Indian rhinoceros, with a lot of their habitat range overlapping with those of Asian elephants and tigers. Today, only five sub species of the rhino survive in the world. The Greater One-horned Rhino or simply the Indian Rhinoceros is scientifically identified as Rhinoceros unicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) and is found only in the Indian subcontinent.
An Indian rhinoceros can run up to 55 km per hour.
Earlier, the Indian rhino could be found all along the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra valley. It occupied an area stretching from the borders of Myanmar in the east, across northern India and southern Nepal, as far as the Indus Valley in Pakistan in the west. It is now found in a few pockets of the Brahmaputra valley in Assam and in the Terai grassland region of India and Nepal in the foothill of the Himalayas, the two main hubs being India’s Kaziranga National Park and Nepal’s Chitwan National Park.
The greater one-horned rhinoceros is showing a gradually increasing population trend in India and Nepal.
It is the only large mammal species in Asia to be down-listed from endangered to vulnerable in the IUCN Red list in 2008.
However, the species still faces tremendous risks as their distribution is limited and are found in significant numbers in 10 protected areas distributed between Nepal and India occupying a total area of around 4000 km2. Moreover, around 67% of the entire global population (approx. 3624) is limited to Kaziranga National Park in Assam and are prone to high risks on account of any stochastic event and natural calamity. However, the biggest threat faced by the species is poaching.
The Indian rhinos thrive in the grasslands, and changes in these habitats is posing as an inevitable threat. Loss in grassland quality mainly due to growth of invasive and natural succession in addition to changes in the water regimes are the main components posing a threat to the habitats of the rhinos.
A lot of effort was put in by the Governments both in India and Nepal to conserve the species. In India, led by Assam, efforts were put in to revive the population of the species within its declared rhino Protected Areas. Legal provisions were enacted for protection of the species in India and this helped the case.
The Indian rhinoceros helps maintain the health and balance of the ecosystem. They are an integral part of the food chain and they engineer the grasslands and wetlands they range upon. Rhinos are the mega herbivores grazing in both short as well as the tall dense grasslands, opening them for other herbivore species. They actively use the wetlands and waterbodies helping towards the natural rejuvenation of the aquatic systems.
The rhino bearing states took initiatives to work for the conservation of the species. Assam has played a leading role here as the people of Assam take pride in conserving the species and it is the state animal of Assam. In 2005, the Forest Department, Government of Assam adopted the ambitious Indian Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 program in partnership with WWF India and the International Rhino Foundation. This has been recognized as a success globally as this program helped re-introduce rhinos to one of its historical range area, Manas National Park, the first Protected Area (PA) under the IRV2020 program where rhinos were reintroduced.
WWF India has also played a leading part in establishing a second rhino population within the Dudhwa TR. Thanks to the Forest Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh to take this much needed decision to provide more space to the rhino population in the PA and for providing us the opportunity to provide our assistance and support to undertake the translocations during 2018.
The local communities residing around the rhino PA’s have a great role to play in the conservation of the species and its protection. WWF-India is working towards strengthening community participation in rhino bearing areas through various interventions that raise awareness on rhino conservation, promote income augmentation opportunities for local villagers, and minimise the loss due to human wildlife interaction.
To further augment the rhino conservation movement in India, a positive move was made by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India in adopting a National Conservation Strategy for Rhinos during 2019. This is a first of its kind for the species in India which aims to work for the conservation of the species under five objectives viz. – strengthen protection; expand the distribution range; research and monitoring; trans-boundary engagement and adequate and sustained funding. I am highly hopeful for a better future for the rhinos in India with this development where I see the opportunity of a co-ordinated action for the conservation of the species in India.
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| 0.947894 | 1,016 | 3.734375 | 4 |
"In solving one set of problems, they've created another problem," he said. "It's the law of unanticipated consequences."
Five utility companies are planning to build a dozen AP1000 reactors as part of a building boom the power industry dubbed the "nuclear renaissance."
Proponents say more nuclear plants could cut the country's reliance on fossil fuels and create energy without the producing the emissions blamed for global warming. A new government permitting process strongly encourages utilities to use pre-approved reactor designs rather than building custom models, a strategy intended to make plants easier to build and therefore less expensive.
Problems have hampered the anticipated building boom. The prolonged economic downturn cut the demand for electricity. The ability to extract natural gas in previously untapped shale formations increased the supply of the fossil fuel and made the cost of gas plants cheaper. Finally, the nuclear disaster in Japan put additional public and political scrutiny on the industry.
Atlanta-based Southern Co. applied to build the first two AP1000 reactors at Plant Vogtle in Georgia. The $14 billion effort is the pilot project for the new reactor and a major test of whether the industry can build nuclear plants without the endemic delays and cost overruns that plagued earlier rounds of building years ago. President Barack Obama's administration has offered the project $8 billion in federal loan guarantees as part of its pledge to expand nuclear power.
Close on its heels is SCANA Corp., which is also seeking permission to build two reactors at an existing plant in Jenkinsville, S.C. Westinghouse also has a contract to build its newest reactor in Florida.
It remains unclear exactly when the reactor will receive final approval - a major concern for Southern Co. since any delays could increase the cost of its project.
Under existing rules, a reactor design that commissioners have voted to approve must be published in the Federal Register for 30 days before it is legally effective. Southern Co. officials have asked the commission to make the design effective immediately after the vote.
Ray Henry can be reached at
The Associated Press
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| 0.951881 | 411 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy
The effects of cerebral palsy are typically evident from birth, so most children are diagnosed within the first two years of life. If a child’s symptoms are mild, however, it is more difficult to diagnose the condition before age 4 or 5. Infants are rarely diagnosed in the first six months of their lives.
If the infant or child has brain damage, a doctor will suspect cerebral palsy if he or she exhibits the following symptoms: irritability or fussiness; body twitching, seizures or eye fluttering; poor muscle tone; listlessness; problems with sucking and swallowing; and trembling arms and legs.
If a doctor observes any of the above symptoms, she will evaluate the child’s motor skills and consider the child’s medical history. She will look carefully to see if there are any of the classic symptoms of cerebral palsy, such as slow development, unusual posture and abnormal muscle tone. If the doctor suspects cerebral palsy, she will likely administer further testing. The most common diagnostic tests given are computed tomography (CT) scans, which shows the structure of the brain and areas of damage, as well as magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) scans, which creates an anatomical picture of the brain’s tissues and structures. A cranial ultrasound may also be administered. It is used for high-risk premature infants since it’s the least intrusive of the imaging techniques, but it is also the least successful. Cranial ultrasounds use reflected sound waves to produce images of the brain.
Contact York Law Firm
If your child has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy and you suspect it was the result of medical malpractice, you should speak with an experienced birth injury attorney right away. Our attorneys can help you determine whether you have a valid birth injury claim. York Law Firm is dedicated to protecting the rights of those who cannot protect themselves. The birth injury attorneys at York Law Firm will fight to obtain the compensation to which you are entitled.
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The forest of Bandhavgarh is classified as Tropical Moist Deciduous Type and are predominently Sal with associates Saja and Arjun (Terminalia spp.), Lendia (Lagerstroemia spp.), Salai (Boswelia spp.), Bija (Pterocarpus spp.) and Mahua (Madhuca spp.). Bamboo is fond in the slopes and has extenisve distribution in the core zones.
The marshy grasslands in basins of rivulets are unique to Bandhavgarh and are habitat of number of species of grasses. The meadows known as bohera in local dialect support high density of population of herbivores hence popular hunting grounds for tigers.
Woody climbers Butea superba, Bauhinia vahlii, Gulheri (Spatholobus roxburghii) are present in thepark along with large numbers of herbs and shrubs. The tremendous floral diversity forms and excellent habitat for myriads of life forms not found in broken ecosystems elsewhere in central India.
Other tree species are:
Indian Ghost Tree
The preserve comprises of number of niche habitats where unique vegetaion flourishes one such example is the insectivorous plant Drosera.
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There is a growing awareness that men and boys are also victims of labor and sex trafficking and that women and girls are also subjected to forced labor. But identification and adequate service provision remains a challenge around the world for male victims.
This Report documents male forced labor victims who have been identified in a variety of countries and sectors: Central Asian men exploited in forced labor in Russia; West African boys forced to beg for corrupt religious teachers in Koranic schools; boys in forced labor in illegal drug production and transportation in the United Kingdom and Mexico. In South Asia, entire families are enslaved in debt bondage in agriculture, brick kilns, rice mills, and stone quarries. In South America and Africa, male victims of trafficking are exploited in agriculture, construction, mining and logging, among other industries. The forced labor of men and boys from Burma, and Cambodia on Asian fishing vessels has been the topic of increased press coverage over the last year.
The sex trafficking of boys is often hidden, reflecting cultural taboos in many parts of the world. In Afghanistan and coastal Sri Lanka, boys are more likely than girls to be subjected to prostitution; in Mexico and Central America, boy migrants are vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation en route to the United States; boys in Southeast Asia are exploited in prostitution; to a lesser extent, men are victims of sex trafficking; in recent years, Brazilian men were identified in forced prostitution in Spain and men were identified as sex trafficking victims in the United States.
Trafficking victim identification is a challenge across the board; however, to the degree authorities are trained to identify human trafficking at all, far too many look primarily for female victims and often miss male victims they encounter. When male victims are not identified, they risk being treated as irregular migrants instead of exploited individuals and are vulnerable to deportation or being charged with crimes committed as a result of being trafficked, such as visa violations. Likewise, cases involving male victims are often dismissed as labor infractions instead of investigated as criminal cases.
In implementing anti-trafficking programs, it is important that governments ensure medical, psychological, and legal assistance is sensitive to the needs of all victims, regardless of gender. Assistance could include shelter, medical assistance, vocational training, repatriation, and other aid. Governments may need to adapt some methodologies to better serve men, such as by creating drop-in centers. The goal is that governments ensure that all trafficking victims are adequately protected.
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Guide lines to publish about a game
Updated: May 31, 2022
Hi, members! These are guidelines that may help you in your publication. We don't want to repeat the same found anywhere else. Instead of that use your own words to present a game to a beginner. Consider a professor that wants to use something on sustainability in the class as your audience.
So, you must know the game to write about it. Even if you are the producer of the game, we don't want a simple technical presentation. We want you to expose your perception of the game from the point of view of a professor.
The game page should present it in a informal and friendly language. Choose easy words and avoid to use technical terms. Expose how you felt yourself when applying the game and what was students reactions.
The main paragraph should be how you access results with the game. Is there any kind of formal debriefing or not. How did you solve this issue? Look to expose metrics on behavior evolution instead of points and badges.
The title of the game must be cited again in a title along your text. But that should be added with a word or two about what mostly characterises the students perception about it.
As an example, "Thirsty Game" says nothing about the game. A better solution could be something like "Using soda business game to develop sustainability behavior on business students". The use of sustainability, develop and behavior terms are very good because they are related to the objective of the site. The directive to business students is interesting because we drive the post to the knowledge field where a professor teaches.
Don't forget we need to have at least 1 image of the game. Using the publication tools you can do it easily.
Give preference to images where you see people playing. Show only characteristics game pages
Don't use unclear images:
Also it is highly recommended to include at least 2 links in your page:
1) An internal link to a page inside our site.
2) An external link to a page outside the site. This is not the game link, it is a content link.
If you feel a strong need to use a technical term, include a paragraph to explain it shortly followed by a link to a page where the professor can access the concept in depth. If you don't find a page like that, propose to write a page about the topic with the same objective, e.g. a text for beginners.
Reference to the game
You need to include a full reference to the game. In the case of a social game or anyone that does not need technological issues (such as internet access), include a paper with full instructions instead of writing it in the page. The reason is that the site gains more visibility when users advance to a sequence of pages instead of a single access.
In the case of a web game or app do download, include the link to it.
After writing your text, you must classify the game. Use the categories an tags to classify. You can add as many as you need. The page will appear based on your classification and the site reliability remains on your classification.
If you have suggestions on this guide, write to one of the site administrators.
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I recently read Semicolon: The Past, Present, and Future of a Misunderstood Mark by Cecelia Watson. For such a hyped book, I wasn’t thrilled. I should’ve known better – how exciting could such a book really be?
So why the sudden focus on a punctuation mark that most people don’t use or know how to apply properly?
The book’s goals to chart the transformation of a mark designed to create clarity to a mark destined to create confusion is noble, I guess, but do we really care enough to read an entire book about ;?
The lesson learned here? The author believes grammar rules are needed – so we can violate them. Her book is more about justification for dismissing language technicalities than it is for praising the semicolon or identifying its appropriate usage. Here are select passages that may help you rethink your relationship to grammar, particularly the semicolon:
“It’s rough being a stickler for grammar these days,” sighs Lynne Truss in Eats, Shoots and Leaves, as if before “these days there was a time when everyone was committed to proper grammar and everyone agreed on what proper grammar constituted.”
Here are some interesting excerpts from Watson’s book:
1. Self-styled grammar “sticklers,” “snobs,” “nazis,” and “bitches” want so much to get back to that point in the past where the majority of people respected language and understood its nuances, and society at large shared a common understanding of grammar rules. But that place is a mirage. There was no time when everyone spoke flawless English and people punctuated “properly.” It’s important to come to grips with this historical fact, because it influences how we act in the present: after we nail down some basic punctuation history here through the story of the semicolon, I’ll show that hanging on to the old story about grammar – the mythical story – limits our relationship with language. It keeps us from seeing, describing, and creating beauty in language that rules can’t comprehend.
2. For those of you accustomed to thinking about punctuation as subject to rules, it probably sounds odd to suggest that punctuation usage could be subject to shifts in fashion. One of the virtues of rules would be to insulate us from whims and fancies. But even the originators of rule-based punctuation’s trendiness. As we saw, they were conflicted about how best to negotiate the tension between rules and actual usage. As a result of their examination of usage, grammarians became keen observers of the punctuation whims of writers.
3. The law is skeletal, a mere naked framework of words, and those words require interpretation for the law to become animate and to act in the world. Any time interpretation is involved (which really means: any time a human being gets involved in anything), there is the opportunity for our best and most beautiful qualities to inflect the material we are interpreting – but there is equally the opportunity for our cynicism, our racism, and our little hatreds and bigotries to be exercised through the application of laws that are at the end of the day inert tools that must be wielded by someone to construct a more or less merciful world. Any other vision of our laws – any vision in which they are perfect and complete and speak for themselves – is fantasy.
4. So we need another tactic, whether we think we consider ourselves beginners or advanced. How do we learn to use English in a way that sticks better and works better than an abstracted list of memorized rules? And how do we learn to develop a writing style that’s recognizable, and at the same time master the ability to be flexible with that style as the occasion requires?
5. But that reviewer of James is correct that uncertainty, ambiguity, and vagueness do put a certain burden on the reader. Or maybe it’s better to say: they highlight the fact that writing is an exchange between at least two people: writer and reader, or sometimes writer and the writer’s own future self. There is nothing wrong with trying to be as precise as possible in your writing, or with trying to be clear; those goals are often productive and have their place. But I don’t think it’s such a bad thing sometimes to be engaged in the practice of working things out in words, of having a conversation. Ambiguity can be useful and productive, and it can make some room for new ideas. It can help the reader create something out of the materials the writer providers.
6. Still, technology takes even while it gives, and it’s not unreasonable to feel that one of the things it is taking is our ability to stop occasionally, or at least to slow down. We bob along feeling helpless on a frantic current of light and noise, always on the move, our predicament best depicted in the linear leap forwards of the dash. The semicolon represents a way to slow down, to stop, and to think; it measures time more meditatively than the catchall dash, and it can’t be chucked thoughtlessly into just any sentence in place of just any other mark.
7. If rules don’t do what they set out to do for us – if rules are just idealizations of language that don’t manage either to help us learn to write well, or to describe why a piece of writing is effective or ineffective – does that mean that rules are totally worthless? Not necessarily. In fact, if we can learn to see past rules as the only framework with which we can understand and learn to use language, we might be able to see what purposes rules could really serve. That is, we can peel away the justification that “rules are really in language” and free ourselves to ask instead, “What good might rules be even if they aren’t strictly necessary or sufficient?” Rules considered as frameworks within which to work rather than as boundaries marking the outer limits of rhetorical possibility, might spur creativity, just as a poet might find it productive to work within the strictures of the sonnet form. But we would be making a big mistake to teach that the only “legal” way to write poetry is to write sonnets. The same goes for punctuation rules.
8. That love is really for the English language, or for orderliness and organization, or for tradition. None of these things is a foolish thing to love. But if we really love English or if we love the sense of structure that grammar provides, or if we love traditions and a sense of shared linguistic practices across generations, we have to look somewhere else to celebrate that devotion; rules will be, just as they always have been, inadequate to form a protective fence around English.
9. Even if they aren’t the basis by which we read and write, punctuation rules can’t just be unthought as though they never existed int eh first place. We could not (and perhaps would not want to) go back to a time before there were punctuation rules. But maybe we can think beyond them now, to develop a new, more functional, more ethical philosophy of punctuation; one that would support a richer way of learning, teaching, using, and loving language. At the very least, by reflecting on the history of the commas, colon, question marks, and semicolons that dot our written language, we can gain some of the perspective necessary to properly evaluate the virtues and vices of rules. After all, it’s impossible to confront assumptions that we can’t even see.
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New Year's Resolutions For Every Authorhttps://bookmarketingbuzzblog.blogspot.com/2019/12/new-years-resolutions-for-all-authors.html
How authors get their book marketing mojo – and avoid failure
Authors cannot succeed without the right attitude
So what is needed to be a champion book marketer?
Should You Promote Your Book By Yourself?
The Book Marketing Strategies Of Best-Sellers
How authors can sell more books
No. 1 Book Publicity Resource: 2019 Toolkit For Authors -- FREE
Brian Feinblum’s insightful views, provocative opinions, and interesting ideas expressed in this terrific blog are his alone and not that of his employer or anyone else. You can – and should -- follow him on Twitter @theprexpert and email him at firstname.lastname@example.org. He feels much more important when discussed in the third-person. This is copyrighted by BookMarketingBuzzBlog ©2019. Born and raised in Brooklyn, he now resides in Westchester. His writings are often featured in The Writer and IBPA’s Independent. This was named one of the best book marketing blogs by Book Baby http://blog.bookbaby.com/2013/09/the-best-book-marketing-blogs and recognized by Feedspot in 2018 as one of the top book marketing blogs. Also named by WinningWriters.com as a "best resource.” He recently hosted a panel on book publicity for Book Expo America.
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Birthing, also called labour is the act or process of giving birth to offspring. Every woman’s labour is different, even from first pregnancy to the next. When a difficulty in labour is suspected and a baby needs help to be born, then instrumental delivery can be used to deliver the baby. Instrumental delivery, also called operative vaginal delivery or an assisted vaginal delivery is a way of helping the women to deliver her baby vaginally. An instrument assisted vaginal birth is of help during the end stage of labour in which the cervix is dilated completely but for some reasons the baby is unable to be born spontaneously. Special instruments such as vacuum extractor and forceps are used to assist delivery with least possible risk to the baby and the mother.
Your doctor may recommend an instrumental delivery if:
Your doctor will ensure that the baby can be delivered vaginally in a safe manner before starting the procedure. A local anaesthetic injection is given inside the vagina (pudendal block) or an epidural or spinal block may be given for pain relief. Assisted delivery may be carried out with either vacuum extractor (ventouse delivery) or using forceps (forceps delivery).
In ventouse delivery, a soft plastic cup (ventouse) is placed on the top of the baby’s head. The cup is connected to a suction machine through tubing. The machine will be switched on and the plastic cup will be applied to the baby’s head by vacuum. During a contraction, your doctor will gently pull the plastic cup outwards and the cup has controlled amount of suction that helps deliver the baby. There is less pain and less damage to the mother by using a ventouse. The suction cup used may leave behind a mark on the baby’s head or bruise the baby’s head (cephalohaematoma). These will resolve over time.
Forceps delivery uses smooth metal instruments (forceps) specially designed to fit around the baby’s head. Forceps can protect the baby’s head but can be uncomfortable to the mother. An episiotomy (a cut to enlarge the opening) may be needed so that the forceps can be put round your baby’s head. The forceps are cautiously placed around the baby’s head and held together at their handles. Once the forceps are in place, your doctor will try to gently pull the forceps outwards during a contraction to help deliver the baby. Forceps delivery may also leave tiny marks on the baby’s face which will fade off within few weeks.
Both these methods are safe and effective; your doctor will select the one most appropriate for your situation.
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“Geography is the subject which holds the key to our future”
About the Department
The Geography department is led by Mrs. F Smith.
Mrs. L Ogden and Mrs. E Davison are the other subject specialists.
Geography is very relevant to help young people make sense of a complex and dynamically changing world. It is about how the world was formed, how it is changing and how we impact on it.
It is our aim that our curriculum will inspire and develop a curiosity in our students about the world around us, encouraging them to have a responsible attitude towards our world and have a love of learning. We aim to enable our learners to ‘think like a Geographer’, to be confident to understand and ask questions about the world around them and become lifelong learners.
Through their Geography studies, our students will develop a range of important and transferable skills, for example, developing an argument, mapping and numeracy, communication through presentation and interpretation skills that will support them in other curriculum areas and in later life.
Key Stage 3 Geography
In Years 7-9 in Geography, students should be building on their knowledge of the world’s major countries, including their physical and human features. Additionally they will develop an understanding of how geographical processes work to create the distinctive landscapes of our world and how they change over time.
The Geography curriculum at KS3 covers a variety of topics. These include:
Geological timescales and plate tectonics, weather and climate, glaciation, rivers and coasts.
The UK – our home region, Population and urbanisation, Asia, Africa and Global warming and climate change.
Field work (working outside the classroom) is an integral part of the learning in Geography and trips out of school extend the learning that takes place in the classroom.
The work completed by the students will be assessed in a number of ways; teacher, self and peer assessed. Work set can take many different forms including written work, presentations, model making and more.
“Geography prepares for the world of work – geographers, with their skills of analysis are highly employable!”
Key Stage 4 Geography
The GCSE course:
At Key Stage 4 the students who continue with their studies in Geography will follow the AQA GCSE Geography specification.
Studying this subject will help you to develop a range of important skills. Many of these are transferable which means the skills you use in your studies will make you of potential interest to a wide range of employers.
This linear course is assessed through 3 written exam papers:
- Paper 1: Living with the physical environment (35%) – 1 hour 30 minutes
- Paper 2: Challenges in the human environment (35 %) – 1 hour 30 minutes
- Paper 3: Geographical applications (30%) – 1 hour 15 minutes
In preparation for papers 1 and 2, students will study a range of Physical and Human Geography topics, including: Natural hazards (Tectonic, Weather, Climate), Ecosystems, Coastal and River landscapes, Urban environments and their challenges, Food/Energy/Water Resource Management, Global Development Gap, Economic Development and Quality of Life Issues.
Paper 3 is a combination of issue evaluations and the examination of geographical skills and fieldwork.
Fieldwork is a compulsory element of the GCSE course and the data collected, techniques and methods used will be examined.
Pre-release resources will be made available 12 weeks prior to the examination for the issue evaluation section.
In lessons students are assessed through the work they produce. This can be teacher, self and peer assessed. Homework and classwork can take many forms including written work, group work and presentations. End of topic examinations are carried out to assess progress against the GCSE criteria.
Geographers enjoying Iceland!
The Geography Department aspires to make sure that the curriculum experienced across the key stages is engaging, relevant and has a positive impact on every student. We hope that our students will continue to have a sense of awe and wonder about the world in which they live and continue their learning journey.
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Digital sketchnoting offers a creative way for students and educators to express their ideas and thinking about learning. But educator Manuel S. Herrera has tapped into a non-digital version of the movement to inspire collaboration in the design space he runs.
Herrera, coordinator of 1:1 programming for Affton School District in St. Louis, Missouri, says drawing is a rapid-fire way for students to get ideas out, experience hands-on collaboration and determine work flow.
That’s why he provides all sorts of tools and surfaces where students can draw it out, including table tops, small whiteboards, an 8-foot-by-12-foot writable wall, paper and sticky notes.
The idea came to him after watching students at his 1:1 school work in isolation his classroom.
“I found that we were missing something. When I would bring kids into work, they would grab the technology and start typing in a Google Doc. What was missing was the kids interacting with each other,” Herrera said.
More than just collaboration
Sure, Google Docs allow for collaboration, but Herrera finds students understand each other better when they draw their ideas as they work in teams, especially when they’re asked to come up with a biomedical innovation like high-tech shoes or an air filtration system, two projects his students have worked on.
The collaborative drawing begins at the brainstorming stage. Students who were designing a high-tech shoe sketched out their ideas – what would go in the arch, the heal, the toe – using simple shapes and arrows.
That drawing might lead to another sketch that narrows down the best ideas. At design stage, another quick drawing helps them envision work flow, providing a visual to-do list and creating the structure for where their invention is headed.
“Now everyone in the group can see it and contribute to it,” Herrera explains. And students who miss class still have that visual representation of the project and its work flow in their mind’s eye.
Drawings can also help students see when they get off track in their project management. Say students’ visual flow chart has everyone working on the right side of the drawing when they need to be on the left. That’s their cue to adjust.
A different way of thinking
Herrera refined his drawing approach by having students use the “seven basic building-block shapes” referenced in Draw to Win: A Crash Course on How To Lead, Sell and Innovate With Your Visual Mind by Dan Roam.
The seven shapes students can draw with are: dot, line, arrow, square, triangle, circle and a blob. Hererra explained how the marks might be used by showing them the basic shapes needed to draw an animal. He also pointed out to students that this type of drawing is not used to show off artistic ability, but rather to convey ideas.
“You have to stop seeing drawing as an artistic process and see it as a thinking process,” Herrera says. “It’s a different way of thinking about sketchnoting that teachers can do tomorrow with their kids. We used to do this in the past, but we moved away from it. Now we’re back to showing our thinking.”
Next, Herrera plans to work with teachers on using basic drawings to communicate content to students. Rather than using bullet points or text to explain abstract concepts, he points to drawings as another way to see relationships.
Let’s say you’re using slides in history class to talk about events in sequential order. Perhaps somewhere else in the classroom a sketched out timeline would help students visualize what happened and how one event relates to another. In science class, drawings might illustrate the steps to an experiment.
“If you want to show your ideas to help students learn and grow, this is going to be your jam,” he says.
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Call it systems biology -- it's a revolutionary idea with a clunky label / Determining why some people get sick and others don't points to preventive health care
Published 4:00 am, Sunday, April 3, 2005
I'm sneezing and feeling miserable with the first flu I've had in years. My muscles throb, and I have a fever that's caused a bead of sweat to trickle down my forehead into my left eye.
Exactly what happens at the molecular level when my body becomes sick with flu has been as much a mystery to science as why people contract certain cancers when others don't, and why some never get sick at all.
Figuring all this out is what Seattle biologist and molecular pioneer Leroy Hood has dubbed systems biology, the study of how systems interact in a human, rat or bacterium. It's not a great name, with all the verve of a name for something eye-glazing to do with computer software or a corporate organizational chart emanating from HR.
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Yet the idea behind the term is revolutionizing the way scientists think about biology and treatment of disease, just as studying how entire galaxies and the universe as a whole system has transformed astrophysics.
New tools have made possible not only completion of the human genome and powerful new sequencers and gene analysis chips for biology but also new space probes and advanced satellites for the study of the stars.
Both sciences are also aided by potent new computers and algorithms that can process fantastic heaps of data pouring in from the micro-realm of the cell and the macro-realm of outer space.
Medical science has long known about the symptoms and basic physiology of what happens during the flu -- how the virus is transmitted, how it latches onto a cell and enters it to wreak various levels of mayhem with the cell's machinery and genes as the body battles to rid itself of the invader.
Until recently, researchers have tended to focus on specialized areas of the cell or bodily processes. They lacked the tools or the imagination to conceive of studying the systemwide impact of something like a virus on a complex, multi-cellular creature such as a human.
Understanding every reaction of a perturbation such as a virus, bacterium or pollution in even simple, one-celled critters like bacteria was beyond the ability of science until now.
"If you wanted to understand how a car worked," explains Hood, "you wouldn't just study its brakes or its carburetor. You'd study all of the elements and the interactions and put them in the context of how the car actually functions.
"With biological systems exactly the same is true. In the past, you studied one gene or one protein at a time, and now as a result of the human genome project, we have the wherewithal to do global, comprehensive analysis," Hood says.
"The essence of systems biology is the realization that the proteins that actually carry out the functions of the body almost never act alone. They almost always interact, very much like the Internet interacts to let us all communicate, so the cells interact to carry out their functions.
"We can take a dramatic new view of health care -- networks -- so the focus of disease is on how networks have been perturbed," Hood says.
"Networks when perturbed alter the patterns of genes and protein expression," he says. Even more important, "many of these proteins get secreted into the blood, and these altered patterns in the blood constitute a molecular signature that will allow us to distinguish different states of health and disease."
Hood predicts that in the next 10 to 20 years, systems biology will provide two breakthroughs: First, it will allow physicians to predict an individual's health makeup -- his genetic predispositions and other key indicators that might make him healthy or sick. Second, it will provide powerful new tools for preventing disease.
"We'll move from a mode of medicine that's largely reactive to one that's predictive and preventive," he says.
I visited Hood's newish Systems Biology Institute on a typically wet day in Seattle. One of the leading molecular biologists in the world and a pioneer in gene sequencing and genetics, Hood is a Montana-born maverick who founded his institute after quitting prestigious positions at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and the University of Washington in Seattle because his radical ideas didn't mesh with accepted dogma.
In both cases, superiors and colleagues tried to get Hood to fit his ideas into the accepted academic pigeonholes of biology, chemistry, engineering and physics, when he says his concepts embrace all of these disciplines at once in an organizational version of his systems philosophy.
"New ideas need new organizations," he tells me. And he doesn't just mean academia. Hood believes that a shake-up must occur at all levels of the biology and health care enterprise, from how physicians are trained to how drug companies make drugs.
He proselytizes that nanotechnology will allow doctors to launch fleets of nano-sized machines that would measure, say, levels of 1,000 proteins and chemicals throughout the body.
They would sequence your genome and constantly monitor minute changes that might signal the onset of a disease, providing a forecast of what might afflict you in the future. "You could fit 100 of those little machines across the width of a hair," Hood says.
"We will have handheld machines that will discern molecular fingerprints, " he says. For instance, his institute and others are already developing a test based on systems biology ideas to detect subtle changes in the expression of proteins that differentiate among three types of prostate cancer.
Prediction is great, he says, but ethically you also want prevention -- using the information collected by nanobots and other methods to design specific drugs to perturb or prevent disease networks. These custom-made drugs, long a promise of biotech, would weed out side effects and would offer a highly personalized medicine. "In the future, physicians will have to treat us as individuals," Hood says.
Hood is a visionary whose vision may sound too good to be true, but as he points out, he has frequently been criticized for being overly optimistic. Yet he has frequently been right. For example, in the mid-1980s he advocated sequencing the human genome when many prominent biologists thought it was impossible or a waste of money and resources.
Hood has also been a leader in helping to found or influence companies ranging from Applied Biosystems to Amgen, so his ideas are beginning to catch on in several companies, mostly small biotech startups that have the nimbleness to try out his ideas.
"People can't always see when a revolution is coming," says Hood, who, if he is right, is about to usher in a world where little bots would be swarming around in me to sense the appearance of a virus that could then be zapped before I ever start to sniffle.
Setting aside Michael Crichton images of nanobots running amuck for another column, it seems that Hood's vision will cause significant changes in our lives -- in how we interact with physicians, in our ability to stave off disease, in who gets access to our personalized health information, in how we pay for health care, and in whose systems get access to the new technology.
But these perturbations to society are exactly what Hood hopes to accomplish, this man who delights in creating revolutions in every system he touches.
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Cosmic rays are high speed sub-atomic particles from outer space, mostly from our Milky Way galaxy, and affect cloud formation, which in turn affect climate.
Clouds are formed by the condensation of supersaturated water vapor in the atmosphere into water droplets. Water is introduced to the atmosphere mainly form the oceans, predominantly the tropics (warmer water). As water vapor rises in the atmosphere and cools, it often becomes supersaturated: its vapor pressure is above that necessary for condensation.
The mechanism of condensation is complex, but one thing known to promote condensation, and thus cloud formation, is high speed sub-atomic particles. This was observed and used as an early technique of studying nuclear reactions – the Wilson Cloud Chamber, depicted below:
The short, thick traces (mini-clouds) are alpha particles (helium nuclei). The thin traces are beta particles (electrons).
The figure below represents the cosmic ray – cloud correlation in recent times.
Effect of Sunspots on Cosmic Rays.
Our sun has a magnetic field strong enough to affect nature on earth. Our sun also emits protons and electrons to space at a somewhat constant rate, known as the Solar Wind, which also effects the earth. One visible effect of the solar wind is the Aurora Borealis. The Van Allen Belt consists of solar wind and cosmic rays entrapped by earth’s magnetic field. Occasionally there are storms on the surface of the sun, called sun spots, that create surges in the magnetic field and solar wind. Sunspots are cyclical, in an approximate 11 year period. Sunspots have been found to affect cosmic rays striking earth, which also affects cloud formation.
Effect of Cosmic Rays on Earth’s Surface Temperature
The figure below is a correlation over the phanerozoic period (525 million years) between cosmic rays and global temperature. Source: Adapted from N.J. Shaviv, and J. Veizer, 2003. “Celestial Driver of Phanerozoic Climate?” GSA Today (July), pp. 4-10
Temperature & Cosmic Rays, Millions of Years from Present
The “Phanerozoic Period” begins with the appearance of animal (zoological) life up to the present.
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If we talk about one of the worst kinds of viruses that can harm you in different ways, it should be spyware! Spyware is not just like the common viruses that could encrypt your files and corrupt them in different ways. But it is worse than that! Spyware is usually created so that it can spy on the users and record the credentials they use all over the internet. Not only that, but it also tries to steal the user data, identity, essential documents, and much more that can cause serious problems. That is why it is imperative to detect it in your computer and remove it as soon as possible.
Ways to detect spyware on your computer!
You can try and check all the things mentioned below to know if there is spyware on your computer or not!
- Laggy Browsers
One of the most common signs of having spyware on your computer is that your browsers will start lagging a lot. As spyware usually gets into your browser to collect all the essential data, they slow down the browser during the process. You will feel that your browser is not functioning correctly, and it is lagging more than average. That is where you will have to use TotalAV or any other excellent antivirus service that can remove the spyware from your computer. It is essential to get it removed, or you can also lose your money.
- Addition of suspicious extensions
Most people add extensions in their browsers to make downloading or any other thing easy to use. But if you see an extension added in your browser that you did not add, it is most probably spyware. The spyware extensions work just like the usual extensions, except they start working as soon as you start your browser. That is why it is better to buy a service or device that can offer you good security features for your privacy. You might have to look out for those services on Suomiarvostelut and see which service is the best in today’s era. You can also search for a new laptop or computer with added security features to help you avoid Spywares at all costs.
- Various processes in task manager
Another great way to check if your computer has spyware or not is to open the task manager and check what background processes are running. If you see some processes that seem challenging to read or do not make any sense, you can try to end them through the task manager. If they are not ending through the task manager, you should check their directory and see an OS program. If not, it is probably spyware or different types of viruses integrated into your PC to steal the data from the whole computer.
If these easy methods do not work for you and you still think there is spyware inside your computer, you will have to buy good antivirus software to detect it and remove it for you. But indeed, it is also possible to detect spyware through the methods mentioned above!
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The basic needs of the learner must be satisfied before he or
she is ready or capable of learning (see Chapter 1, Human
Behavior). The instructor can do little to motivate the learner
if these needs have not been met. This means the learner must
want to learn the task being presented and must possess the
requisite knowledge and skill. In SBT, the instructor attempts
to make the task as meaningful as possible and to keep it
within the learner’s capabilities.
Students best acquire new knowledge when they see a clear
reason for doing so, often show a strong interest in learning
what they believe they need to know next, and tend to set
aside things for which they see no immediate need. For
example, beginning flight students commonly ignore the
flight instructor’s suggestion to use the trim control. These
students believe the control yoke is an adequate way to
manipulate the aircraft’s control surfaces. Later in training,
when they must divert their attention away from the controls
to other tasks, they realize the importance of trim.
Instructors can take two steps to keep their students in a state
of readiness to learn. First, instructors should communicate a
clear set of learning objectives to the student and relate each new topic to those objectives. Second, instructors should
introduce topics in a logical order and leave students with a
need to learn the next topic. The development and use of a
well-designed curriculum accomplish this goal.
Readiness to learn also involves what is called the “teachable
moment” or a moment of educational opportunity when a
person is particularly responsive to being taught something.
One of the most important skills to develop as an instructor
is the ability to recognize and capitalize on “teachable
moments” in aviation training. An instructor can find or
create teachable moments in flight training activity: pattern
work, air work in the local practice area, cross-country, flight
review, or instrument proficiency check.
Teachable moments present opportunities to convey
information in a way that is relevant, effective, and memorable
to the student. They occur when a learner can clearly see how
specific information or skills can be used in the real world.
For example, while on final approach several deer cross the
runway. Bill capitalizes on this teachable moment to stress the
importance of always being ready to perform a go-around.
All learning involves the formation of connections and
connections are strengthened or weakened according to
the law of effect. Responses to a situation that are followed
by satisfaction are strengthened; responses followed by
discomfort are weakened, either strengthening or weakening
the connection of learning. Thus, learning is strengthened
when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and
weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling.
Experiences that produce feelings of defeat, frustration,
anger, confusion, or futility are unpleasant for the student.
For example, if Bill teaches landings to Beverly during the
first flight, she is likely to feel inferior and be frustrated,
which weakens the learning connection.
The learner needs to have success in order to have more
success in the future. It is important for the instructor to create
situations designed to promote success. Positive training
experiences are more apt to lead to success and motivate the
learner, while negative training experiences might stimulate
forgetfulness or avoidance. When presented correctly, SBT
provides immediate positive experiences in terms of real
To keep learning pleasant and to maintain student motivation,
an instructor should make positive comments about the
student’s progress before discussing areas that need
improving. Flight instructors have an opportunity to do this
during the flight debriefing. For example, Bill praises Beverly on her aircraft control during all phases of flight, but offers
constructive comments on how to better maintain the runway
centerline during landings.
Connections are strengthened with practice and weakened
when practice is discontinued, which reflects the adage “use
it or lose it.” The learner needs to practice what has been
learned in order to understand and remember the learning.
Practice strengthens the learning connection; disuse weakens
it. Exercise is most meaningful and effective when a skill is
learned within the context of a real world application.
Primacy, the state of being first, often creates a strong, almost
unshakable impression and underlies the reason an instructor
must teach correctly the first time and the student must learn
correctly the first time. For example, a maintenance student
learns a faulty riveting technique. Now the instructor must
correct the bad habit and reteach the correct technique.
Relearning is more difficult than initial learning.
Also, if the task is learned in isolation, it is not initially
applied to the overall performance, or if it must be relearned,
the process can be confusing and time consuming. The
first experience should be positive, functional, and lay the
foundation for all that is to follow.
Immediate, exciting, or dramatic learning connected to
a real situation teaches a learner more than a routine or
boring experience. Real world applications (scenarios)
that integrate procedures and tasks the learner is capable
of learning make a vivid impression and he or she is least
likely to forget the experience. For example, using realistic
scenarios has been shown to be effective in the development
of proficiency in flight maneuvers, tasks, and single-pilot
resource management (SRM) skills.
The principle of recency states that things most recently
learned are best remembered. Conversely, the further a
learner is removed in time from a new fact or understanding,
the more difficult it is to remember. For example, it is easy for
a learner to recall a torque value used a few minutes earlier,
but it is more difficult or even impossible to remember an
unfamiliar one used a week earlier.
Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW stated in 2002:
In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 PM.
On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon. It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.
The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol. The concert is broadcast on PBS and NPR. Music is performed, and respect is paid to the men and women who gave their lives for their country.
Across the United States, the central event is attending one of the thousands of parades held on Memorial Day in large and small cities. Most of these feature marching bands and an overall military theme with the Active Duty, Reserve, National Guard and Veteran service members participating along with military vehicles from various wars.
During World War II, more airmen died in combat than Marines.
Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) based in Libya and Southern Italy on nine oil refineries around Ploiești, Romania on 1 August 1943, during World War II. It was a strategic bombing mission and part of the "oil campaign" to deny petroleum-based fuel to the Axis. The mission resulted in "no curtailment of overall product output."
This mission was one of the costliest for the USAAF in the European Theater, with 53 aircraft and 660 air crewmen lost. It was proportionally the most costly major Allied air raid of the war and its date was later referred to as "Black Sunday". Five Medals of Honor and 56 Distinguished Service Crosses along with numerous others awards were awarded to Operation Tidal Wave crew members.
Here is the story of John C. Waldron:
June 4, 1942. The 15 Douglas TBD-1 Devastators of VT-8 launched from Hornet's flight deck in search of the enemy. Before takeoff, LCDR Waldron had a dispute with the Hornet's Commander, Air Group, Stanhope C. Ring, and Hornet CO Marc Mitscher about where the Japanese carriers would be found. Despite having a contact report showing the Japanese southwest of Hornet, Mitscher and Ring ordered the flight to take a course due west, in the hopes of spotting a possible trailing group of carriers. Waldron argued for a course based on the contact report, but was overruled. Once in the air, Waldron attempted to take control of the Hornet strike group by radio. Failing that, he soon split his squadron off and led his unit directly to the Japanese carrier group. Waldron, leading the first carrier planes to approach the Japanese carriers (somewhat after 9:00AM local time, over an hour before the American dive bombers would arrive), was grimly aware of the lack of fighter protection, but true to his plan of attack committed Torpedo 8 to battle. Without fighter escort, underpowered, with limited defensive armament, and forced by the unreliability of their own torpedoes to fly low and slow directly at their targets, the Hornet torpedo planes received the undivided attention of the enemy's combat air patrol of Mitsubishi Zero fighters. All 15 planes were shot down. Of the 30 men who set out that morning, only one—Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., USNR—survived. Their sacrifice, however, had not been in vain. Torpedo 8 had forced the Japanese carriers to maneuver radically, delaying the launching of the planned strike against the American carriers. After further separate attacks by the remaining two torpedo squadrons over the next hour, Japanese fighter cover and air defense coordination had become focused on low-altitude defense. This left the Japanese carriers exposed to the late-arriving SBD Dauntless dive bombers from Yorktown and Enterprise, which attacked from high altitude. The dive bombers fatally damaged three of the four Japanese carriers, changing the course of the battle.
The document that specifies the requirements of a Flight Review is AC 61-98B. From 61-98B:
Under § 61.56(c) no person may act as PIC of an aircraft unless within the preceding 24 calendar-months that person has accomplished a satisfactory flight review in an aircraft for which that pilot is appropriately rated. An appropriately-rated instructor or other designated person must conduct the flight review. The purpose of the flight review is to provide for a regular evaluation of pilot skills and aeronautical
Pilots and CFIs should be aware that, under § 61.56(d), there is no requirement for pilots who have completed certain proficiency checks and ratings within the preceding 24 calendar-months to accomplish a separate flight review. These accomplishments include satisfactory completion of pilot proficiency checks conducted by the FAA, an approved pilot check airman, a Designated Pilot Examiner (DPE), or a U.S. Armed Force for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege. However, the FAA recommends that pilots consider also accomplishing a review under some of the following circumstances. For example, a pilot with an Airplane Single-Engine Land (ASEL) rating may have recently obtained a glider rating, but may still wish to consider obtaining a flight review in a single-engine airplane if the appropriate 24-month period has nearly expired.
Review of Maneuvers and Procedures:
(1) The maneuvers and procedures covered during the review are those which, in the opinion of the CFI conducting the review, are necessary for the pilot to perform in order to demonstrate that he or she can safely exercise the privileges of his or her pilot certificate.
Accordingly, the CFI should evaluate the pilot’s skills and knowledge to the extent necessary to ensure that he or she can safely operate within regulatory requirements throughout a wide range of conditions. The CFI should always include abnormal and emergency procedures applicable to
the aircraft flown in the flight review.
(2) The CFI may wish to prepare a preliminary plan for the flight review based on an interview or other assessment of the pilot’s qualifications and skills. The CFI should outline a sequence of maneuvers to the pilot taking the review. For example, this may include a cross-country flight to another airport with maneuvers accomplished while en route. It could also include a period of simulated instrument flight time. The CFI should request that the pilot conduct whatever preflight preparation is necessary to complete the planned flight. This preparation should include all items required in part 91, § 91.103, such as checking weather, calculating required runway lengths, calculating Weight and Balance (W&B), completing a flight log, filing a flight plan, and conducting the preflight inspection.
(3) Before beginning the flight portion of the review, the CFI should discuss various operational areas with the pilot. This oral review should include, but not be limited to, areas such as aircraft systems, speeds, performance, meteorological and other hazards (e.g., windshear and wake turbulence), operations in controlled airspace, and abnormal and emergency procedures.
The emphasis during this discussion should be on practical knowledge of recommended procedures and regulatory requirements.
(4) Regardless of the pilot’s experience, the CFI may wish to review at least those maneuvers considered critical to safe flight, such as stalls, slow flight, and takeoffs and landings. Based on his or her in-flight assessment of the pilot’s skills, the CFI may wish to add other maneuvers from the PTS appropriate to the pilot’s grade of certificate. All reviews should include those areas within the PTS identified as “Special Emphasis.” Appendix 5 includes a list of suggested maneuvers. The FAA does not intend this list to be all-inclusive, nor does it limit a CFI’s discretion in selecting other appropriate maneuvers and procedures. To the greatest possible extent, the CFI should organize and sequence the selected maneuvers in a realistic
scenario appropriate to the kind of flying normally done by the pilot.
(5) The role of the CFI during the review is to provide an evaluation. However, the instructor is not limited to this role and may provide specific instruction to an airman on any areas the instructor notes as being weak. This additional instruction does not preclude the pilot’s successful completion of the review as long as the deficiencies are corrected. If the additional instruction does not correct the deficiencies, and/or it becomes apparent to the instructor that additional flights will be necessary, the CFI should discuss the situation with the pilot and proceed accordingly.
Gregory Poole is a former Coast Guard flight engineer, based in Southern California. When he was a teenager, he saw a poster of a military helicopter, and that was his inspiration to enlist.
His training was in North Carolina, learning avionics, electrical, mechanical and rescue. He cross-trained in numerous fields.
As an early flight engineer, he performed a rescue at the bottom of a cliff where a car had gone off the road, and he had to conduct the rescue with the rotor blades inches from the face of the cliff. His rescue helicopter was the HH-52, similar to the Sea King helicopter.
As flight engineer, he performed all preflight and post-flight inspections, with special attention to hydraulics. During actual missions, he operated the night spotlight and forward-looking infra-red (FLIR), which was essential in night rescue missions.
Greg also participated in law enforcement missions.
Greg is also an experienced martial artist instructor. He started in Philippines martial arts, then branched in to aikido, tae kwan do, hapkido, jeet kun do and salat. He has developed his own system, and now trains youngsters.
In May of last year I was accepted into the Writers Guild Foundation Veterans Writing Project. The program accepts 50 veterans each year (I was turned down the previous year) and holds a 3-day Retreat to launch the year's activities.
We were divided into groups of about 8 veterans and paired with working screen writing professionals to brainstorm our topics and refine our writing process. Then we were mentored throughout the year by more professional writers, with meetings twice each month. those of us who did not live in the Los Angeles area were able to participate via Facebook video and telephone conferences.
I based my script on my Hamfist novel series. I quickly discovered that a screenplay is totally different from a novel, and my script evolved dramatically, mostly due to the feedback of my mentor, Sabrina Almeida. With her help and guidance, my script went from not-ready-for-prime-time to pretty darned good.
And now the yearlong program, for me, is over, and I was invited to "pitch" my script to industry heavyweights. So, two days ago, I went to Los Angeles for the pitch-fest.
Here’s the pitch:
I'm Major George Nolly of the US Air Force
Author of the Hamfist Novel Series, with multiple Best-sellers that have been ranked #1 Fiction in the Vietnam War - History category with over 151,000 units downloaded and paperback sales on Amazon.
I teach Aviation at Metro State University, and I'm a Flight Instructor at United Airlines, where I flew for 26 years after active duty.
I have two masters, and a doctorate in Homeland Security, but before that, I was a cadet at the US Air Force Academy because I wanted to be a pilot, just like my father.
I did two tours in Vietnam with 198 combat missions flying an F-4 fighter jet, and let me tell you, there is nothing in this world that compares to being strapped to two J79 engines pushing 36,000 foot pounds of thrust at Mach 1 while a SAM is closing in on your ass.
It was everything I hoped for and more.
But before I got into my first dogfight, I had to get through my first combat tour.
After pilot training, I went over as a FAC, a Forward Air Controller, in an O-2, which was a tiny, twin-prop Cessna used to fly low to the ground, and spot high-value targets in enemy territory.
It was NOT what I signed up for.
He's sent to Vietnam in an O-2, one of the slowest planes in the service, where he meets SPEEDBRAKE, fellow pilot and mentor, who shows him what a FAC really does:
He loiters in the area long enough to direct fighters in for an air strike. The way you do this is at night is by GOING CHRISTMAS TREE, where we would turn on all our exterior lights and light up like a christmas tree to attract enemy ground fire, so that Charlie would reveal himself to our fighters for an air strike.
It's on a close call going Christmas Tree where our hero earns the call sign HAMFIST.
When the Base Commander offers winner's choice of aircraft for the pilot with the highest kill ratio, Hamfist sees a way into an F-4, that is, if he can beat his nemesis, Tank, the squadron Top Dog.
However, Hamfist's relentless pursuit leads him to fly fast and loose. When his flying puts others in jeopardy, he is deemed reckless, and sent on mandatory R&R.
While on R&R in Tokyo, he meets SAMANTHA - SAM, a recent Harvard Law Grad. Samantha has just signed up to join the Air Force as a JAG, and has a thing for fighter pilots. For the first time, Hamfist has dreams of something big in his life, other than flying fast.
That dream is interrupted when Hamfist gets word that his Mentor SPEEDBRAKE is shot down, and Hamfist must return to Vietnam to pack up Speedbrake's things for his family.
On his first mission back, distracted by how he left things with Sam, Hamfist gets shot down over the trail, and injured during his rescue.
After he's patched up, he persuades the doc to clear him to fly, even though the full extent of his injuries are not yet known.
The deadline arrives for the competition, and he has just enough time for one more sortie to secure his lead over TANK.
However, when as he enters the target area, he hears a distress call from a downed F-4. Hamfist forfeits his target to rescue the pilot.
Hamfist returns to base as a hero, however, he loses the competition to Tank, and along with that, his dreams of piloting an F-4.
A medical exam reveals that his injuries were more severe than previously thought, and he also loses his Air Force Flight Clearance.
Hamfist is overcome by the failure in his pursuit to follow in his father's footsteps.
Unable to turn to Sam, for fear that her affections will change, now that he will never be a fighter pilot, he severs his relationship with her while she is still in Officer Training.
Hamfist is given the option to leave the service at the end of his tour with an Honorable Discharge, or remain grounded for the rest of his career.
When word of his heroism reaches the private sector, however, Hamfist is offered a job as a civilian test pilot... in an F-4.
Assigned as the Interim Squadron Intel Officer until a replacement arrives, he witnesses the dedication of the men left behind on base while pilots flew their combat missions.
- The maintenance crews that perform 20 man-hours to every one hour he was in the air.
He sees how each person's contribution to the war effort is critical.
Hamfist understands that the War Effort comes before his personal desires, and extends his tour in Vietnam as a Ground officer.
That's when his replacement Intel Officer arrives on base, and Hamilton walks in to brief... Samantha, freshly graduated from Intel School.
Tom Cappelletti wanted to be a pilot ever since he was a child, but his first Air Force assignment was as an engineer. Yom spent three years at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base as a Test Program Manager before getting an assignment to Undergraduate Pilot Training in the Reserves.
After earning his wings, Tom flew the C-9 aeromedical evacuation aircraft, flying patients and their families to medical facilities all over the united States. He has landed virtually everywhere that has 5000 feet of concrete in the aeromedical evacuation role.
Tom participated in the commissioning of a painting of the C-9 to hang at Scott Air Force Base to commemorate the aircraft.
Tom became an airline pilot with a major carrier, and now flies the B737NG. His routes include Hawaii, Canada, and South America. Like every other pilot at his airline tom is ETOPS (Extended Twin Engine Operations) qualified.
Tom has an eclectic collection of aviation memorabilia, books and prints, and has had many of the items personally signed.
Normalization of deviance is a term first coined by sociologist Diane Vaughan when reviewing the Challenger disaster. Vaughan noted that the root cause of the Challenger disaster was related to the repeated choice of NASA officials to fly the space shuttle despite a dangerous design flaw with the O-rings. Vaughan describes this phenomenon as occurring when people within an organization become so insensitive to deviant practice that it no longer feels wrong. Insensitivity occurs insidiously and sometimes over years because disaster does not happen until other critical factors line up. In clinical practice, failing to do time outs before procedures, shutting off alarms, and breaches of infection control are deviances from evidence-based practice. As in other industries, health care workers do not make these choices intending to set into motion a cascade toward disaster and harm. Deviation occurs because of barriers to using the correct process or drivers such as time, cost, and peer pressure. As in other industries, operators will often adamantly defend their actions as necessary and justified. Although many other high-risk industries have embraced the normalization of deviance concept, it is relatively new to health care. It is urgent that we explore the impact of this concept on patient harm. We can borrow this concept from other industries and also the steps these other high-risk organizations have found to prevent it.
From the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge:
The stability of the atmosphere depends on its ability to
resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical
movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen
out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, small vertical air
movements tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow
and convective activity. Instability can lead to significant
turbulence, extensive vertical clouds, and severe weather.
Rising air expands and cools due to the decrease in air
pressure as altitude increases. The opposite is true of
descending air; as atmospheric pressure increases, the
temperature of descending air increases as it is compressed.
Adiabatic heating and adiabatic cooling are terms used to
describe this temperature change.
The adiabatic process takes place in all upward and
downward moving air. When air rises into an area of lower
pressure, it expands to a larger volume. As the molecules
of air expand, the temperature of the air lowers. As a result,
when a parcel of air rises, pressure decreases, volume
increases, and temperature decreases. When air descends,
the opposite is true. The rate at which temperature decreases
with an increase in altitude is referred to as its lapse rate.
As air ascends through the atmosphere, the average rate of
temperature change is 2 °C (3.5 °F) per 1,000 feet.
Since water vapor is lighter than air, moisture decreases air
density, causing it to rise. Conversely, as moisture decreases,
air becomes denser and tends to sink. Since moist air cools
at a slower rate, it is generally less stable than dry air since
the moist air must rise higher before its temperature cools
to that of the surrounding air. The dry adiabatic lapse rate
(unsaturated air) is 3 °C (5.4 °F) per 1,000 feet. The moist
adiabatic lapse rate varies from 1.1 °C to 2.8 °C (2 °F to
5 °F) per 1,000 feet.
The combination of moisture and temperature determine the
stability of the air and the resulting weather. Cool, dry air
is very stable and resists vertical movement, which leads to
good and generally clear weather. The greatest instability
occurs when the air is moist and warm, as it is in the tropical
regions in the summer. Typically, thunderstorms appear on
a daily basis in these regions due to the instability of the
As air rises and expands in the atmosphere, the temperature
decreases. There is an atmospheric anomaly that can occur;
however, that changes this typical pattern of atmospheric
behavior. When the temperature of the air rises with altitude, a
temperature inversion exists. Inversion layers are commonly
shallow layers of smooth, stable air close to the ground. The
temperature of the air increases with altitude to a certain
point, which is the top of the inversion. The air at the top
of the layer acts as a lid, keeping weather and pollutants
trapped below. If the relative humidity of the air is high, it
can contribute to the formation of clouds, fog, haze, or smoke
resulting in diminished visibility in the inversion layer.
Surface-based temperature inversions occur on clear, cool
nights when the air close to the ground is cooled by the
lowering temperature of the ground. The air within a few
hundred feet of the surface becomes cooler than the air above
it. Frontal inversions occur when warm air spreads over a
layer of cooler air, or cooler air is forced under a layer of
From AC 006B:
Vertical Motion Effects on an Unsaturated Air Parcel. As a bubble or parcel of air ascends (rises), it moves into an area of lower pressure (pressure decreases with height). As this occurs, the parcel expands. This requires energy, or work, which takes heat away from the parcel, so the air cools as it rises. This is called an adiabatic process. The term adiabatic means that no heat transfer occurs into, or out of, the parcel. Air has low thermal conductivity, so transfer of heat by conduction is negligibly small.
The rate at which the parcel cools as it is lifted is called the lapse rate. The lapse rate of a rising, unsaturated parcel (air with relative humidity less than 100 percent) is approximately 3 °C per 1,000 feet (9.8 °C per kilometer). This is called the dry adiabatic lapse rate. This means for each 1,000-foot increase in elevation, the parcel’s temperature decreases by 3 °C. Concurrently, the dewpoint decreases approximately 0.5 °C per 1,000 feet (1.8 °C per kilometer). The parcel’s temperature-dewpoint spread decreases, while its relative humidity increases.
This process is reversible if the parcel remains unsaturated and, thus, does not lose any water vapor. A descending (subsiding) air parcel compresses as it moves into an area of higher pressure. The atmosphere surrounding the parcel does work on the parcel, and energy is added to the compressed parcel, which warms it. Thus, the temperature of a descending air parcel increases approximately 3 °C per 1,000 feet (9.8 °C per kilometer). Concurrently, the dewpoint increases approximately 0.5 °C per 1,000 feet (1.8 °C per kilometer). The parcel’s temperature-dewpoint spread increases, while its relative humidity decreases.
The parcel and the surrounding environmental air temperatures are then compared. If the lifted parcel is colder than the surrounding air, it will be denser (heavier) and sink back to its original level. In this case, the parcel is stable because it resists upward displacement. If the lifted parcel is the same temperature as the surrounding air, it will be the same density and remain at the same level. In this case, the parcel is neutrally stable. If the lifted parcel is warmer and, therefore, less dense (lighter) than the surrounding air, it will continue to rise on its own until it reaches the same temperature as its environment. This final case is an example of an unstable parcel. Greater temperature differences result in greater rates of vertical motion.
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Metal fabrication is a procedure of transforming basic materials right into machines, structures, and also other products. This process entails reducing, shaping, and also welding steel products right into the wanted form or form. From small things like fashion jewelry to large scale items like bridges, steel construction has come to be an indispensable component of modern-day society. In this short article, we will explore the numerous aspects of metal manufacture, from the types of metals utilized to the strategies associated with the procedure.
When it concerns metal manufacture, there are a number of sorts of metals that are frequently used. A few of the most popular steels utilized in the market are stainless-steel, aluminum, copper, brass, and carbon steel. Each kind of steel has its unique attributes that make it suitable for details applications. For example, stainless steel is known for its corrosion-resistant residential properties, making it ideal for usage in outside structures. Light weight aluminum, on the various other hand, is lightweight as well as has exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, making it a preferred selection for aerospace applications.
Steel manufacture includes several methods, consisting of cutting, flexing, as well as welding. Among one of the most frequently used strategies in metal construction is CNC machining. CNC equipments are computer-controlled makers that utilize accuracy tools to cut as well as shape metal parts with high precision and also uniformity. One more popular strategy is welding, which entails melting steel materials with each other to create a solid bond.
There are various approaches of welding used in the metal fabrication sector. Several of one of the most typically made use of welding strategies are TIG welding, MIG welding, and stick welding. TIG welding involves using an electric arc to heat the steel materials as well as develop a weld pool. MIG welding, on the other hand, includes utilizing a wire feed to supply the filler steel into the weld swimming pool. Stick welding is a process that uses an electrode to produce an arc to melt the steel materials and also create a bond.
To conclude, metal manufacture is an essential procedure in the manufacturing of a vast array of items, from small challenge large-scale structures. The market employs numerous techniques to cut, form as well as weld metal materials to produce personalized products that are designed to meet certain demands. With the versatility of metals and the innovative technology made use of in modern metal manufacture techniques, the possibilities for advancement and creative thinking are endless.
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Mobile Emissions Testing Company in Toronto, GTA
One of the most important components of a state car inspection is the emissions test. This is very important because if your vehicle had failed to pass the emissions test, all other inspections will be forfeited, meaning, you’ll not be able to pass the overall of inspection, and will not be legally permitted to drive your vehicle off the road. Driving a vehicle with a failed inspection grade may result to a very heavy fine or worst, impediment of your vehicle. This article will show you on how this “emission test” works, and why it’s very important.
Importance of Emissions Testing - Drive Clean Emissions Testing - 416-725-2863
Both diesel and gasoline contain a compound called “hydrocarbon compounds”. In an ideal engine of a car, the oxygen will be combined with the hydrogen in order make the carbon and water to result carbon dioxide. However, the combustion process is very far from perfection. As a result, the engines were created with emission control systems that were designed in order to reduce the total amount of very harmful pollutants released by the cars in the air.
- Trucks Emission Testing
- Buses Emission Testing
- Motorhomes Emission Testing
There are some air pollutants that don’t only damage our environment, but can also lead to cause very serious problems to health. For example, the nitrogen oxide forms smog when being exposed to direct sunlight. Smog can cause substantial damage to eyes through irritation, and can aggravate any lung problems or existing respiratory issues. Another thing is the carbon monoxide which can reduce the oxygen amount in blood and can be very critical when inhaled by people with serious heart disease. In addition to that, the diesel engines sometimes produce soot in large amounts that can eventually cause serious health issues to skin and when inhaled. Typically, soot is comprised of large amount of very tiny particles that move or travel in very long distances, damage plants, property, and animals.
Because of this, the Canadian Environmental Protection Agency had set national standards concerning the maximum allowable pollutant level. The annual inspection of cars identifies the vehicles that pollute the environment and air due to the malfunctioning systems of emissions control, which also allows the drivers to fix their cars and help environment.
The Mobile Emissions Testing services in Toronto
Driving clean with crisp is nowadays essential for every car owners, and this can be achieved through the mandatory inspection of vehicle emissions, maintenance, as well as testing program that are offered by service providers in Toronto e-testing centers. This kind of service is very beneficial and can help minimize the vehicle emissions of engine-causing pollutants. The technicians can easily observe the main cause of problems as well as detect the emissions problems to get repaired immediately for a proper and better functioning of vehicle’s internal parts. The expert mechanics and technicians also highly recommend that the entire imported cars that are over 5 years old should take the testing on mandatory basis in order to help them keep their vehicles well balanced, up-to-date and run at its best for a lifetime.
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Perimenopause means "around menopause" and refers to the time during which your body makes the natural transition to menopause, marking the end of the reproductive years. Perimenopause is also called the menopausal transition.
Women start perimenopause at different ages. You may notice signs of progression toward menopause, such as menstrual irregularity, sometime in your 40s. But some women notice changes as early as their mid-30s.
The level of estrogen — the main female hormone — in your body rises and falls unevenly during perimenopause. Your menstrual cycles may lengthen or shorten, and you may begin having menstrual cycles in which your ovaries don't release an egg (ovulate). You may also experience menopause-like symptoms, such as hot flashes, sleep problems and vaginal dryness. Treatments are available to help ease these symptoms.
Once you've gone through 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period, you've officially reached menopause, and the perimenopause period is over.
Oct. 21, 2016
- Lentz GM, et al. Menopause and care of the mature women. In: Comprehensive Gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2012. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 18, 2016.
- Casper RF. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 18, 2016.
- McNamara M, et al. In the Clinic. Perimenopause. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;162:ITC1.
- AskMayoExpert. Menopausal hormone therapy. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2016.
- North American Menopause Society. The Menopause Guidebook. 8th ed. Mayfield Heights, Ohio: North American Menopause Society; 2015.
- Menopause and menopause treatments. Office on Women's Health. http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menopause-treatment.html. Accessed Aug. 25, 2016.
- Ferri FF. Menopause. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 24, 2016.
- Welt CK. Ovarian development and failure (menopause) in normal women. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 18, 2016.
- Zacur HA. Managing an episode of severe or prolonged uterine bleeding. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 30, 2016.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Practice Bulletins — Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 128. Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Reproductive-Aged Women. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012;120:197.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Practice Bulletins — Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141. Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014;123:202.
- Longo DL, et al., eds. The menopause transition and postmenopausal hormone therapy. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. http://accessmedicine.com. Accessed Aug. 30, 2016.
- Santen RJ, et al. Menopausal hot flashes. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 30, 2016.
- Leach MJ, et al. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2/abstract. Accessed Aug. 30, 2016.
- Bedell S, et al. The pros and cons of plant estrogens for menopause. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2014;139:225.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee. Committee Opinion No. 532: Compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012;120:411.
- Sood R, et al. Paced breathing compared with usual breathing for hot flashes. Menopause. 2013;20:179.
- Fisher TE, et al. Lifestyle alterations for the amelioration of hot flashes. Maturitas. 2012;71:217.
- Rosen HN, et al. Overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 31, 2016.
- Chen YP, et al. Acupuncture for hot flashes in women with breast cancer: A systematic review. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2016;12:535.
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Come across any photographs of Greek windmills and they will almost certainly include the windmills of Mykonos. These iconic features of the Cyclades set above the island's main port are a byword for romantic Greek holidays.
They can be seen from almost every corner of Mykonos Town, staggered along the hillside ridge above the port and are the first sight to greet visitors arriving on the island by boat.
The seven windmills that grace the port town are the most famous but Mykonos actually has 16 of them, mostly erected by the Venetians in the 16th century when Mykonos lay on the important trade route between the great city state of Venice and the eastern Mediterranean.
Today they are little more than a tourist attraction but they were once vital to the island's economy. Ships carrying grain would unload their cargo here for the windmills to turn the grain into flour.
The inland windmills of Mykonos at Ano Mera mainly served the needs of Mykonos islanders while the windmills located above Mykonos Town in the area known as the Chora were traditionally used to grind the corn that was brought in by ships and along with lower windmills that run along the shore.
The powerful northerly meltemi winds provided enough power to drive the 28 windmills that once dotted the island landscape. They continued to grind corn through the 18th and 19th centuries before the industry went into decline.
Similar windmills are found throughout the Cyclades islands but Mykonos was the centre of trade. The windmills of Mykonos are all built to much the same design. Cylindrical in shape with cone roofs, small windows and whitewashed walls, they are the epitome of Greek rural vernacular architecture.
The cone straw roofs on top of the triple storied buildings were rotated to catch the wind and stand alone as housebuilding nearby was banned. Nearby buildings might have disturbed the airflow around the delicate cloth sails that drove the windmill and slowed down the grinding process.
Mykonos is fortunate in having so many surviving windmills. Those on many other islands fell into disrepair and ruin. Today a good number of windmills on Mykonos have been restored as tourist attractions or converted to other uses such as homes.
One of the most important is Boni's Mill located on the road connecting Chora with Ano Mera and which now houses the island's Agriculture Museum. Nearby is the Miller's House (To Spiti tou Mylona) which has a small threshing floor and the oven where bread was baked.
Today, the windmills of Mykonos are one of the most distinctive sights in not only the Cyclades but the Greek islands in general. Visitors looking for the best views should hop on a ferry as the sight of windmills along the skyline is best viewed from the sea.
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USU Researchers Creating State Fire Atlas For Prevention Efforts
May 27, 2020, 9:41 PM | Updated: 9:51 pm
LOGAN, Utah – There have been 200 wildfires so far in 2020, including the Saddle Fire in Wasatch County that investigators said was started by a child and the Anderson Junction Fire in Washington County that was started by a vehicle dragging a sparking chain.
Those fires burn in Utah’s many types of unique brush, climate and terrain conditions and there is no single best approach for managing it all.
That is why a team at Utah State University’s Forestry Institute is turning to the past to create the state’s first fire atlas.
— Utah Fire Info (@UtahWildfire) May 27, 2020
“What we want to do is help steward our landscapes,” said USU associate professor Jim Lutz.
He is sorting through about forty years of satellite images for the project.
Lutz and Megan Nasto are among those at the institute who are looking at what can be learned from all those previous wildfires.
“We are really interested in analyzing and understanding small fires in the state of Utah because many prescribed burns that managers like to put on their landscape are small in size,” said Nasto, a manager at the Utah Forest Institute.
While the big raging fires need to be contained quickly, Lutz said looking at the more frequent small fires can help understand how to manage Utah’s wildlands better.
“We want to help managers understand how these smaller fires are likely to burn and to help them plan more prescribed burns.”
They are putting an extra focus on forests which is where the most brush is burned.
“We have enough fires, if we look at the whole state, to be able to say definitive things about different forest types,” Lutz added.
The hope is the mountains of data can make fire managers more proactive in knowing where prescribed burns might be needed and ultimately resulting in fewer of those big, raging forest fires.
“We want to give them more tools to help them steward our lands even better in the future,” Lutz said.
The institute plans to send out undergraduate researchers to burn scars across the state for closer study this summer.
Lutz said the fire atlas will be available online once it’s completed.
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Roadrunners may be more recognized as a cartoon than as a large, sleek bird that cruises through the shrubs of the desert southwest. The state bird of New Mexico, roadrunners stand 10-12 inches tall and, fully grown, can be 20-24 inches long. Roadrunners can fly, but prefer to run because they cannot keep their body airborne for more than a few seconds. Roadrunners can attain speeds of 17 mph through harsh scrub land where few can follow, so they usually do not need to fly.
Roadrunners are ideally suited to the desert habitat. They get most of the water they need from their food so providing water will not attract them.
Allow natural desert scrub land or chaparral to grow. According to Desert USA, the roadrunner "inhabits open, flat or rolling terrain with scattered cover of dry brush, chaparral or other desert scrub." If you cut back the scrub and leave wide open spaces, the roadrunners will migrate to places with more cover. They rely on patches of scrub to hide from predators, slow down pursuing predators, and to hide from prey. They can run almost full speed through thickets while larger predators such as bobcats and coyotes have to slow down to avoid them. The birds will also build their nest on platforms in the thickets. If thickets are left to grow it could attract a mating pair.
Provide food which the roadrunners prey on. The Avian Web tells us roadrunners are "omnivores and are opportunistic," which means they eat what is available. In the desert southwest, where they roam, this includes insects like crickets and grasshoppers, tarantulas, rodents, scorpions, centipedes, small birds, eggs, and fruit. They can even chase down and kill rattlesnakes. Many of the animals on this list are not favorites to humans, so killing or removing snakes, mice, and spiders will chase away roadrunners. Place several rocks in the area to attract scorpions and centipedes and allow vegetation to grow.
Learn and imitate the road runner call. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology provides audio of the roadrunner cooing sound. Roadrunners are monogamous and they mate for life. However, If the sound is learned and imitated by humans, it could lure a solitary roadrunner in to the vicinity. You can also record the call and play it outside to try and attract the bird.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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HOUSTON, Oct. 5 (Xinhua) -- A new technique was developed in the United States which allows researchers to quickly probe atom-thick materials to measure hydrogen production, and which may accelerate the development of 2-D materials for energy applications, such as fuel cells.
According to a news release issued by the Rice University in the southern U.S. state of Texas on Thursday, the Rice lab of materials scientist Jun Lou, with colleagues at Los Alamos National Laboratory of the State of New Mexico, developed a technique to probe through tiny "windows" created by an electron beam and measure the catalytic activity of molybdenum disulfide, a two-dimensional material that shows promise for applications that use electrocatalysis to extract hydrogen from water.
Initial tests on two variations of the material proved that most production is coming from the thin sheets' edges. Researchers already knew the edges of 2-D materials are where the catalytic action is, so any information that helps maximize it is valuable, Lou said.
"We're using this new technology to identify the active sites that have been long-predicted by theory," he said. "There was some indirect proof that the edge sites are always more active than the basal planes, but now we have direct proof."
The probe-bearing microchips developed at Los Alamos and the method created by Lou and lead author Jing Zhang, a Rice postdoctoral researcher, open a pathway to fast screening of potential hydrogen evolution reaction candidates among two-dimensional materials.
The researchers reported their results this month in Advanced Materials.
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Nine Fundamental Approaches To Enhance Your Style in Academic Composing
1. Utilize ACTIVE VOICE
Do not say: “The stepmother’s household had been washed by Cinderella." (Passive.)
Say alternatively: “Cinderella washed the stepmother’s home." (Active sound.)
Passive sound construction (“was cleaned") is reserved for those of you occasions where the" that is"do-er of action is unknown.
Instance: “Prince Charming saw the cup slipper that has been put aside."
2. Mix it in terms of PUNCTUATION
Below are a few commonly misused punctuation markings that a complete great deal of men and women aren’t sure about:
The semi-colon (;) separates two complete sentences that are complementary.
Instance: “She had been constantly covered in cinders from cleansing the fireplace; she was called by them Cinderella."
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A new educational action plan focusing on ensuring Pacific learners and families reach their full potential was released in New Zealand this week.
The Action Plan for Pacific Education 2020-2030 responds to the feedback of Pacific communities from across the country and outlines the shifts they want to see in the education system.
Associate Minister for Education Jenny Salesa led a series of fono over the last 18 months and connected with just over 3,000 people to develop the plan.
"This action plan is a blueprint for transforming outcomes for Pacific learners and families and is a key part of our wellbeing programme.
"It will drive systemic change in and across the education system to support the education and wellbeing of our Pacific children and young people," Salesa said.
"Pacific students, educators, teachers and parents discussed experiences of racism and bullying and challenges to their wellbeing being impediments to their educational success."
The action plan guides education agencies to work collaboratively with Pacific communities over the next 10 years, and signals how early learning services, schools and tertiary providers can achieve change for Pacific learners and families.
There were five key shifts that were recognised by the Pacific communities in New Zealand:
1. Working reciprocally with diverse Pacific communities to respond to unmet needs, with an initial focus on needs arising from the Covid-19 pandemic;
2. Confronting systematic racism and discrimination in education;
3. Enabling every teacher, leader, and education professional to take co-ordinated action to become culturally competent with diverse Pacific learners;
4. Partnering with families to design education opportunities together with teachers, leaders and educational professionals so aspirations for learning and employment can be met; and
5. Growing, retaining, and valuing highly competent teachers, leaders, and educational professionals of diverse Pacific heritages.
The action plan was supported by a government investment of $NZ27.4 million in last year's budget and a further $80.2 million in Budget 2020 to support Pacific learners and families.
Salesa said there had been work done towards addressing racism and discrimination such as using some of the $27.4 million to invest in a programme called 'Developing Mathematical Inquiry Communities'.
"This programme utilises various ways of teaching mathematics to our students with things they know for example fala, ngatu, navigational things that they see and recognise for themselves," she said.
"It's actually a way of saying to our students that there are things from their culture that makes them good mathematicians."
Salesa said that in one of her consultations she had a year 10 Tongan student share her feedback on culture within schools.
"The student from South Auckland said to me, Minister, every year we celebrate Tongan language week, but what I would like is to celebrate my culture, who I am as a Tongan student, throughout the year. Can we have an education system that reflects that?"
The Ministry of Education currently have a cultural competencies framework for teachers of Pacific learners called Tapasā.
Tapasā is a tool designed to help improve the way teachers and leaders engage with Pacific learners, and to an extent parents, families and their communities.
Salesa said this was another example of helping address discrimination in education environments and teach teachers to be culturally competent.
The action plan is said to be a key pillar of a 30-year vision for education in New Zealand.
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We can describe fundamental trends as being overall economy movements in the world or in one country. These help the consumer trends and the financial markets to be shaped. The fundamental trends are currently analyzed by governments, business owners and all investment dealers with the purpose of predicting consumer preferences and future corporate growth.
When you incorrectly interpret a trend or you miss the fundamental trend, market volatility appears and inflated commodity prices and/or inflated stocks will appear.
Fundamental Trend Definition
Financial markets are influenced by many different factors. Most of those are temporary like wards, cost spikes and political instability. The short term modifications will bring in a dramatic impact on market liquidity and share prices. Various investment tools are presented on sites like Financial Tipsor and have been developed to help investors take advantage of these as soon as they appear.
The fundamental trends can be described as having a more permanent nature. These are influenced by shifts in technology, knowledge and even underlying views. A fundamental trend will slowly move the market but will have an enduring effect.
As a simple example, we can look at China. The country sees a growth in demand for goods from Western countries and lifestyle standards are rising. When a country rises its living standard, consumer spending patterns are changed forever. Thus, we have a fundamental trend.
In order to quickly identify a fundamental trend, we need to understand trend drivers. Some of the best examples include:
- Innovation leaps
- Resource scarcity
- Consumer taste changes
- Economic advancements
A trend that is highly unlikely to be reversed will become a driver and will bring forth a fundamental trend.
Financial Markets And Fundamental Trends
Many believe that a fundamental trend is just positive as the country is influenced by ongoing change. That is not the case. Most of the fundamental trends will be noticed by the forecasters and changes can appear when there is a need to adapt. If there are negative fundamental trends that appear, the financial market will be negatively affected.
According to efficient market theory, fundamental trends are always public knowledge. Because of this, they can be incorporated into future and current pricing. This is usually achieved and correct but we have to understand that there are also other factors that appear and that have an influence. Financial markets are never going to move fluidly and smoothly. Market influences constantly appear. We have sudden pulls and pushes of pricing. Fundamental trends can thus be dampened or amplified.
Not Thinking About Fundamental Trends
Commodity traders, individual investors and stock brokers are practically forced to always be aware of all fundamental trends that appear in a market. These have to be followed in order to predict valuations. We have trends that will impact some industries and trends that will impact the entire market of a country.
Certain industry trends are hard to predict and take advantage of but you should never limit your growth as a financial startup at a psychological level. For instance, when a technological breakthrough appears in processing or manufacturing, growth appears overnight. However, when thinking about the fundamental trends that appear at a large scale, they bring in really good long-term investment opportunities.
Fundamental trends are crucial in investment as they have an impact on both demand and supply. Supply is increased as the trend will improve distribution or production efficiency. Demand will be impacted when the fundamental trend is connected to consumer preferences.
We can say that you make money by simply knowing the fundamental trends that have an impact on the investments you have or you consider since you have a knowledge of what market moves should be done while understanding what market moves have to be avoided. Financial markets are driven by fundamental trends and have an impact on large scale future consumption. As an investor, you simply cannot afford not to know them!
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Yoga is a belief system that promotes mindfulness through a mix of movement and meditation. As yoga's popularity has grown around the world, there's been a shift in focus on yoga as simply asanas (poses and movement).
But that's not all there is to yoga.
In my yoga philosophy class on myYogaTeacher, we'll explore the Patanjali Yoga Sutras. I encourage you to sign up for a free two-week trial of myYogaTeacher and join me! In addition to the yoga philosophy class, you'll get access to more than 35 live, online yoga classes with a variety of styles and teachers.
Here, we'll be taking a brief look at who Patanjali was, what the Yoga Sutras are, and why it's so important to know about this side of yoga.
Patanjali (also known as Gonardiya or Gonikaputra) was the author of the Yoga Sutras. These works first gained prominence in the 2nd century BCE and again in the 5th century CE. In addition to the Yoga Sutras, which we'll look at in this article, Patanjali is also credited as being the author, or one of the authors, of Mahabhashya, a defense of grammarian Panini against his main critic Katyayana.
Written by Patanjali, the Yoga Sutras is one of the classic yoga texts and introduced Patanjali's understanding of the Eight Limbs of Yoga. It was originally written in Sanskrit and, despite not even covering the asanas we've learned to associate with yoga, is the most popular and well-recognized techniques for training your body and expanding your mind.
The entire book is a collection of 196 aphorisms that cover everything from art to science to the philosophy of life. It consists of four chapters:
Each attempt to learn the meaning of the Yoga Sutras is said to bring you a step closer to true enlightenment.
Let's look at each of the four chapters more closely.
The first chapter of the Yoga Sutras is Samadhi. It includes 51 sutras and teaches you the foundation of what you need to know about yoga, obstacles to overcome, the importance of abhyasa (constant practice), and vairagya (the detachment from material experiences and worldly pleasures).
Samadhi gets into how the mind works as well as how you can bring peace and calm to your mind with an understanding of mental activities such as:
Patanjali tells us that we can restrict these mental activities through abhyasa and vairagya.
The second chapter of the Yoga Sutras is Sadhana. In this chapter, Patanjali introduces the principles of Ashtanga yoga, Kriya yoga, and Karma as well as the Eight Limbs of Yoga:
The third chapter of the Yoga Sutras is Vibhuti. In this chapter, Patanjali discusses how Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi are all connected and pays particular attention to Dhyana and Samadhi.
Dharana means fixing your focus on a single object. Then, focusing and concentrating your mind on the object becomes Dhyana. When the object, and only the object, fills your consciousness entirely, that's Samadhi.
You'll notice that this sounds a lot like meditation. Many times, Dhyana is misinterpreted as "meditation," but it's not exactly the meditation we're familiar with these days. Dhyana is what happens when you can't separate a sense of self from the act of meditation or really even perceive it.
Dharana is actually closer to what we understand modern meditation to be. Through the practice of Dharana, we can better understand our minds, their patterns, and notice the thoughts that interrupt us.
The final chapter of the Yoga Sutras is Kaivalya. In this chapter, Patanjali reflects on the mind's achievements and prepares you for moksha (complete liberation). This liberation comes from the separation of the soul (Purusha) from the source (Prakriti). While separation is often seen as a bad or scary thing, in this case, the soul no longer experiences the misery that comes from this connection.
Now you know a bit more about yoga philosophy and you may be wondering if it really matters? Does knowing more about yoga philosophy really make a difference to your practice?
The answer, as with most things, is "it depends."
Here are three key reasons I think it's important to study Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.
In Western culture, yoga has been distilled into a simple practice of poses and meditation, but yoga is so much more than that. When you learn about the roots of yoga, you can develop a more authentic practice that will not only improve your physical, mental, and emotional health but can transform your life.
I hope you enjoyed this quick look at Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. Don't forget to sign up for a free two-week trial of myYogaTeacher to join me for the next yoga philosophy class or, if you're interested in what else we have to offer, check out 35+ live, online yoga classes every single day.
Online Yoga Classes – Live & Interactive
Get 2 free private yoga sessions and 2 weeks of unlimited group classes with authentic yoga teachers. No credit card required when you sign up today!
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& Tornado Alley
The Japanese Financial System
1. City Banks (12 commercial banks of the large cities)
City banks collect savings and use it to provide medium-term financing for business, industry and agriculture. These banks dominate business finance because they provide three-month loans that leave businss financially vulnerable. City banks are not permitted to manage trusts or pension funds.
The city banks were established after the Meiji Restoration. Dai-Ichi Kangyo, the world's largest bank with assets of $241 billion in the late 1980s, was established in 1872 as Dai-Ichi Kokuristu (First National Bank). Most of the other city banks were created by zaibatsu; e.g. Mitsui Bank (1876), Fuji Bank (1880), Mitsubishi Bank (1880) and Sumitomo Bank (1895).
2. Regional Banks (63 local banks)
About two thirds of the lending of these banks is done within the prefecture (state) in which they are located.
3. Savings and Loan Institutions (71)
These lend primarily to small retail, wholesale and construction firms.
4. Industrial Banks (3)
The Industrial Bank of Japan was created by the Meiji government in 1902 to provide long term financing to heavy industry. It raised its funds by selling five-year debentures. After World War II it became a private bank. Two competiting banks were created at that time, the Long Term Credit Bank of Japan and the Nippon Credit Bank.
5. Trust Banks (7)
It is only trust banks that are permitted to manage trusts, pension funds and such. Trust banks raise about half of their funds by selling two to five year trust certificates. The rest comes from depositors and the income from managing trusts. The biggest trust banks are Mitsubishi Trust & Banking and Sumitomo Trust & Banking. Both had assets of substantially more than $200 billion in the late 1980s.
6. Postal Savings Bureau
This is a savings bank operated by the postal service through its 23,000 post offices. In the late 1980s it had more than $500 billion in deposits and was the world's largest savings institution.
7. Norinchukin Bank
This is the bank owned by farm and fishery cooperatives employees. It is a major supplier of funds to city banks.
8. The Bank of Japan
The central bank of Japan was established in 1882 to control the money supply and to be the lender of last resort to the banking system. It controls the money supply primarily through its control of the discount rate, the interest rate for loans from the Bank of Japan to banks. The government owns 55 percent of the Bank of Japan and the private investors own the rest. There is an uneasy relationship between the Bank of Japan and the Ministry of Finance.
9. Bank of Tokyo
In 1880 the Meiji government granted a monopoly for foreign exchange and trade financing to the Yokohama Specie Bank. The government supplied one third of its capital and gave it a special relationship with the central bank, the Bank of Japan. Later the name was changed to the Bank of Tokyo.
10. Insurance Companies
Japan has the world's largest life insurance market because Japanese buy significantly more life insurance per person than Americans do. Life insurance companies are prohibited from providing non-life insurance such as fire and marine. Insurance companies in these are fields are not allowed to provide life insurance.
11. Security Firms
The Big Four security firms in the late 1980's were Nomura, Daiwa, Nikko and Yamaichi. The market values of these firms were greater than most banks. Nomura had a market value greater than any bank. Their valuations were significantly larger in valuation than American security firms such as Merrill Lynch. The security firm of Yamaichi collapsed in November of 1997 and filed for bankruptcy in June of 1999. In 1998 Nikko Securities was acquired by Citigroup and subsequently became part of Nikko Salomon Smith Barney.
12. The Ministry of Finance
This is the most powerful agency in the Japanese government. It combines the powers held in the U.S. government held by the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve, the Internal Revenue Service, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Commerce. In addition it drafts the national budget for the legislature to approve.
HOME PAGE OF Thayer Watkins
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Breathe Well Now, You May Need It Later
You could survive for three weeks without food and three days without water. Three minutes without oxygen would probably kill you.
Fortunately, few of us ever face a situation where there is no oxygen to breathe.
But millions of us do regularly face the problem of getting less oxygen than we should. We’re not breathing deeply and efficiently for several reasons.
Sixteen to 24 million Americans have chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), which includes bronchitis and emphysema. COPD does not include asthma, which another 25 million of us have.
In addition to those diseases, air pollution and smoking afflict millions more. And simply aging plays a role, too, as years of shallow breathing can lead to weak diaphragm muscle tone.
All of these respiratory problems significantly raise the danger of serious results from contracting Covid-19. They also increase the likelihood of pneumonia in regular flu.
You can do something to make your lungs fitter, though—exercise to strengthen your diaphragm.
The diaphragm is a dome of muscles that lies beneath your lungs, just above your liver and stomach. It is the diaphragm that enlarges or squeezes your thoracic cavity to control breathing.
Breathing practice goes beyond merely learning to breathe correctly. It gives the muscles under your lungs a real workout and can markedly improve your lung capacity. Here are two of the best exercises:
You’ve probably seen an incentive spirometer like the one pictured above. Patients often receive them in the hospital after abdominal surgery. You can buy your own online.
A spirometer helps you train yourself to breath in slowly and fully open your lungs for as much air as possible.
This tool is easy to use, but there is some room for error.
If you pick up the tube and put it in your mouth, then breathe in deeply, you may think you are doing quite well. The plunger bangs right up to the top of the machine with a clang. Congratulations!
Not so fast. The idea is to reach the top with a slow, steady breath. There’s a smaller tube, and that’s the key to regulating your breath properly.
So, here’s the drill: Training your lungs requires regular practice. Do this every two to three hours during the day.
- Sit straight. Hold the inspirator level.
- Breathe out fully, and then put the tube in your mouth with your lips closing around the end piece.
- Breathe in steadily. Try to keep the smaller ball in the “better” or “best” range. On the Voldyne, that’s the left chamber. It will be hard for most people.
- The plunger in the right chamber will rise as you breathe in. Your goal is to reach the correct level for your age, or better. You can use the slider to mark your highest position and work to improve over time.
- After you’ve breathed in fully, hold your breath for 10 seconds. Keep the tube in your mouth. The ball will sink.
- Finally, loosen your grip on the tube for a bit and finish breathing out.
- That’s one count. Repeat 10-15 times.
- After you are done, make yourself cough three times to help clear your lungs.
The inspirator will help you pull in a full breath, but the problem with COPD or any congestion is difficulty breathing out.
This next exercise strengthens the diaphragm muscles so you can exhale strongly, too. It is called “loaded” breathing.
- You need a sandbag, or something similar that weighs about 6-7 pounds (3 kg). If you are stronger or larger, 10 pounds will be OK.
- Lie on your back, with a pillow under your head for comfort if you need it.
- Place the sandbag over your diaphragm area, just below your rib cage.
- Breathe normally for a bit and soften the diaphragm.
- Now, breathe in slowly, fully, watch the sandbag rise as you do. Don’t use your stomach muscles to push the bag up. It will rise naturally as you expand your chest cavity to breathe.
- Hold your breath to the count of 4 or longer.
- Breathe out, letting your diaphragm fall. Again, don’t use your stomach muscles to force this. You are training the diaphragm muscle beneath your lungs to do the work.
You can’t change your lung “architecture.” If your lungs have fibers or old scar tissue, that will remain the same. But you can increase lung capacity significantly.
These exercises will help you do that.
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Constant password breaches and Snowden revelations about Government Surveillance have raised many questions that why don’t cloud and email Services encrypt the data stored on their server?
Revelations forced the popular Internet Giants such as Google and Yahoo to contemplate on the privacy and security issues and in response companies started enhancing their encryption standard by enabling HTTPS by default and removed the option to turn it off.
A few days back, Google admitted that their automated systems read your content, including incoming and outgoing emails to provide you personally relevant advertisements. That means Internet giants generally do encrypt your data, but they have the key so they can decrypt it any time they want.
Encryption is mandatory in Modern Internet and web services should consider Encrypting and decrypting your data locally, so that no one can snoop on. Such cryptographic mechanism is called End-to-End Encryption, that means content of your messages would be known to you and your browser, but not to Google itself.
GMAIL END-to-END ENCRYPTION
Well, According to Unknown Sources from Google confirmed that company is finally planning to take another step to ensure its users Privacy by implementing more complex encryption tools such as the very secure PGP (Pretty Good Privacy).
PGP is an open source end-to-end encryption standard for almost 20 years, used to encrypt e-mail over the Internet providing cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication, which makes it very difficult to break. So, bringing PGP to the Gmail service will result in a much stronger end-to-end encryption for emails.
The Sources acknowledged that the end-to-end encryption is best from a security standpoint and also compatible with Gmail, but implementing it on the end-user requires significant efforts.
End-to-End Encryption to the email service basically implies that only the sender and receiver can read the contents of a message and nobody else, so it offers stronger protection than SSL/TLS.
ISSUES WITH ENCRYPTION IMPLEMENTATION
Well, there could be some issues in such encryption implementation and right now we don’t know that exactly what measures Google will take, but there are two major issues, which we and Google will deal at the same time:
- How would the Crypto Keys be managed? PGP protected emails would require decryption keys that only the sender and recipient would have to read the content transmitted between the two, and ideally Google won’t have access to the messages.
- What about the features of Gmail that rely on Email Content? This means that the adoption of PGP encryption could be problematic for Google as it won’t allow them to scan your emails to serve its spam filtering feature, content-based advertisements and even the search option.
Stronger end-to-end encryption will certainly be appreciated by Gmail users, but meanwhile you should know that major Desktop Email clients such as Microsoft Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird with the Enigmail plugin can be configured manually to work smoothly with PGP encryption software, making it a simple matter of clicking a button to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt email messages. Learn How to use PGP to Secure your Email Communication.
We hope that Google will soon shed more light on their end-to-end encryption initiatives. Stay Tuned.
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"Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark", is a Canadian wikt:statesman/statesman, businessman, writer, and university professor, and former journalist and politician. He served as the List of Prime Ministers of Canada/16th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980.
Despite his relative inexperience, Clark rose quickly in federal politics, entering the House of Commons in the Canadian federal election, 1972/1972 election and winning the Progressive Conservative leadership election, 1976/leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1976. He came to power in the Canadian federal election, 1979/1979 election, defeating the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau and ending sixteen continuous years of Liberal rule. Taking office the day before his 40th birthday, Clark is the youngest person to become Prime Minister. His tenure was brief as he only won a minority government, and it was defeated on a Motion of no confidence/motion of non-confidence. Clark's Progressive Conservative Party subsequently lost the Canadian federal election, 1980/1980 election and Clark the Progressive Conservative leadership election, 1983/leadership of the party in 1983.If you enjoy these quotes, be sure to check out other famous scientists! More Joe Clark on Wikipedia.
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Mortar is an excellent for holding masonry in place. If you are planning work around your home and need to purchase mortar, you will find that it actually comes in a variety of types. Keep in mind when ordering mortar that the types are based on compressive strength. The mortar serves to create a bond that is both flexible and strong. The mortar works with both these elements to keep the masonry secure while also being flexible enough to allow for any expansion or contraction of the masonry when temperatures change.
Mortar is made from sand, cement, hydrated lime, and plain water. Depending on how the mortar is cured, some will have less water retention that can actually cause shrinkage cracks. For the lime ingredient, although it produces a lower compressive strength, the overall flexibility and strength is greater. The sand is used to add volume and help minimize shrinkage that happens as the cement begins to dry. The water is what allows the entire mixture to be workable and manageable. The water also is what activates the hydration, which is the chemical reaction needed for the cement to harden.
The various types of mortar include the following:
Type M � This is the highest compression strength and is made using 3 parts of cement, 1 part of lime, and 12 parts of sand. The strength of this type of mortar is at minimum, 2,500 psi. Generally, Type M mortar is recommended for any heavy load-bearing wall because it is durable, especially for any masonry work below grade or that would come in direct contact with earth such as retaining walls, sidewalks, foundations, and driveways.
Type S � This mortar is known for its compression and tensile strength. With a high compressive strength of around 1,800 psi and its high tensile bond, it is generally used for masonry at or below grade. To make this type of mortar, 2 parts of cement, 1 part of hydrated lime, and 9 parts of sand are used. The result is a maximum, flexural strength that is ideal for earthquakes, high winds, or pressure from the soil.
Type N � For this type of mortar, it would be used for exterior purposes on above-grade walls. The compressive strength of this type is 750 psi and made form 1 part cement, 1 part lime, and 6 parts sand. This type of mortar is used for most exterior, above-grade walls that will be exposed to all types of weather. One of the most common aspects of a home that uses Type N mortar is the chimney.
Type O � You would use this type of mortar for non-load-bearing or interior use. The compressive strength is only around 350 psi and made from 1 part cement, 2 parts lime, and 9 parts sand.
As you get ready to plan your project, you can use the guidelines to choose the type or mortar that will work for your project.
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Dishwashing mathmatical help needed!
Hey, I'm new here, because I dont no where else to go with my bemusing problem...
I'm taking part in a Science Technology Engineering and Mathmatics course, but this problem which I came across is something I haven't covered within my skillset yet...
Firstly, the basic problem is about Re-usable cups vs Disposable cups, but I'm having problems doing a certian energy calculation.
I worked out that the energy cost for a re-usable cup would be:
n/x + x(r) with x being number of uses/washes, r being the energy to wash a cup in a dishwasher in joules (total dishwasher energy/total number of cups) and n being the production energy, also in joules. However, I know some of these values, making the problem:
6,300,000/x + x(64,800) = the total energy (which I will call T)
Now what I got stuck on is this...
I know it takes 310,000 joules of energy to make a plastic disposable cup. I want to find out how many times I need to use and wash the cup to get a payback time on my re-using.
So I got T=6,300,000/x + x(64,800)
But with T being 310,000
310,000 = 6,300,000/x + 64800x
But how do I find x?
I end up with:
6,300,000/x + x(64,800) = 310,000
6,300,000/x + 64,800x = 310,000
64,800x + 6,300,000/x = 310,000
64,800x = 310,000 - 6,300,000/x
and I just stop...
Have I gone wrong somewhere?
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This quarter in my studies in Digital Education Leadership at Seattle Pacific University, I am studying the practice of peer coaching. I have arrived to the table unsure of this role and ready to explore the model alongside my cohort of peers who come from rich and diverse educational environments. So, I am starting with the basics.
What is peer coaching?
While I have not worked in a school with peer coaches before, I have heard the term used in the past. Unfortunately, I have been disinterested because of my perception that it was a form evaluation. In an age when teachers are often blamed for educational malpractice, it is easy to be defensive. Additionally, while the practice of observation is often highlighted as a helpful component of coaching, it is closely tied with evaluation. Since I might not be alone in this perception, perhaps perception is an important consideration when implementing a peer coaching model. In order to address perception, it is best to start with the what before the how. According to Foltos (2013), “A Peer Coach is a teacher leader who assists a peer to improve standards-based instruction by supporting the peer’s efforts to actively engage students in 21st century learning activities” (p. 3). Integral to this process is a coach’s ability to guide a peer towards autonomy (Foltos, 2013). It is also a collaborative process between two peers, not a hierarchy of superiority. Transparency in these goals can also perhaps go a long way in establishing an effective practice.
What is essential for successful coaching?
Based upon the work of Foltos (2013) and my own experiences, the following themes have become apparent.
A coaching relationship needs to consist of willing participants, who are open to building trust with one another (Foltos, 2013). This trust is the foundation of a working relationship that encourages risk-taking and growth.
It is important to set goals and norms collaboratively. While it can begin with a school or district goal, it can also stem from goals set by the coaching partnership (Foltos, 2013).
Establishing modes of respect is a separate consideration from participation. It is important to address time as a factor in a coaching relationship, and recognizing certification hours and/or compensation for work being done outside of the school day can properly value the process.
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Fish, Fisheries and Queryomics
Fugu, a dish prepared from the pufferfish shows up in the news from time to time, as in the recent article, “How the puffer fish gets you high, zombifies you, and kills you.” Woo hoo, says Beel.
Of course, the reason for the recurring interest in pufferfish is that poorly-prepared fugu is toxic and, on occasion, someone dies form eating it. Remember, the news maxim, if it bleeds, it leads.
Fugu, prepared from pufferfish, is a delicacy in Japan. The real interest in fugu is kind of like Russian Roulette- you can literally die from eating fugu, so you must be a stud. Or something.
Pufferfishes belong to a family of fish called the Tetraodontidae, which means four teeth, and many species host bacteria that produce a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin, which has no cure. The flesh of the pufferfish is safe to eat, but the skin, liver, and ovaries may contain sufficiently high contentrations of tetrodotoxin, that even a small amount of contamination can result in a fatal poisoning.
Tetrodotoxin is among the most potent toxins known and is about 100 times as toxic by weight as potassium cyanide. The poison inhibits electrical signaling in the nerves and paralyzes the body muscles while the victim stays fully conscious, and eventually dies from asphyxiation.
Sushi chefs in Japan must be specially trained and licensed to prepare fugu for consumption, with only 30% passing an extremely rigorous test. Beel says, if you’re going to eat raw fish…
But pufferfish get a bad rap. Almost all Google searches for puffer fish relate to fugu poisioning. Let Beel present results of a Google Insights for Search analysis of pufferfish and fugu: there’s not much difference. It seems people are only interested in pufferfish if someone dies from eating one.
Fishbase reports there are 188 species of pufferfish. Most marine species are toxic. However, 33 species of pufferfish are found in inland waters of Asia, 6 in Africa, 2 in South America, and 2 in Oceania. Most inland species are reported by Fishbase as being harmless to humans, although the Japanese pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and African freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon mbu are toxic. But, Beel says, you shouldn’t be eating freshwater pufferfish.
Freshwater pufferfish range in size from the diminutive Malabar pufferfish Carinotetraodon travancoricus, which is rumored to reach a whopping 1.5 inches in length, to the larger Japanese pufferfish, which reaches 31.5 inches in length.
Many pufferfish, such as the freshwater golden pufferfish, Auriglobus modestus, are popular in the aquarium trade. It seems there are fewer deaths associated with watching pufferfish than eating them. Coincidence, or what?
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Australia, formally the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign nation including the territory of the Australian landmass, the island of Tasmania, and various littler islands. Miniature Schnauzer America face mask It is the biggest nation in Oceania and the world’s 6th biggest nation by complete region. The neighboring nations are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor toward the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu toward the north-east; and New Zealand toward the south-east. The number of inhabitants in 26 million is profoundly urbanized and vigorously focused on the eastern seaboard. Australia’s capital is Canberra, and its biggest city is Sydney.
Miniature Schnauzer America face mask
It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi). Miniature Schnauzer A megadiverse nation, its size gives it a wide assortment of scenes, with deserts in the middle, tropical rainforests in the north-east and mountain goes in the south-east. Its populace thickness, 2.8 occupants per square kilometer, stays among the most minimal on the planet. Australia produces its pay from different sources including mining-related fares, media communications, banking, and assembling. Until the mid nineteenth century, Australia was most popular as “New Holland”, a name initially applied by the Dutch adventurer Abel Tasman in 1644 Miniature Schnauzer (as Nieuw-Holland) and accordingly anglicized. Land Australis still observed infrequent utilization, for example, in logical texts.[N 6] The name Australia was advanced by the voyager Matthew Flinders, who said it was “progressively pleasing to the ear, and an osmosis to the names of the other extraordinary parts of the earth”. A few well known early cartographers additionally utilized the word Australia on maps. Gerard Mercator (1512–1594) utilized the expression climata australia on his twofold cordiform guide of the universe of 1538, as did Gemma Frisius (1508–1555), Miniature Schnauzer who was Mercator’s instructor and colleague, all alone cordiform divider map in 1540. Australia shows up in a book on space science by Cyriaco Jacob zum Barth distributed in Frankfurt-am-Main in 1545.
What an amazing mask!
The nation’s other significant metropolitan territories are Melbourne, Miniature Schnauzer Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Indigenous Australians possessed the landmass for around 65,000 years before European disclosure with the appearance of Dutch voyagers in the mid seventeenth century, who named it New Holland. In 1770, Australia’s eastern half was asserted by Great Britain and at first settled through corrective transportation to the province of New South Wales from 26 January 1788, a date which turned into Australia’s national day. The populace Miniature Schnauzer developed relentlessly in resulting decades, and when of a 1850s dash for unheard of wealth, the vast majority of the landmass had been investigated and an extra five self-overseeing crown states set up.
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Much information has been disseminated in publications and across the internet regarding the History, foundation and definition of Soul Food. Most scholars and publications are merely touching the surface on such a vital topic. The prevailing information on the subject is unfinished. There is much work to be done. This subject matter is far too historically significant to get it wrong. Even Wikipedia has it wrong. I’ve tried to contribute to the definition of Soul Food but my file was deleted by an administrator at Wikipedia. Go Figure! Apparently someone at Wikipedia doesn’t want you to hear the truth. Allowing a low level administrator with little or no subject knowledge to have control over the course of History is a very dangerous thing. Well that’s too bad. Here it is anyway!
“History cannot afford to finance inaccuracies and misrepresentation”
Soul Food and the Civil Rights Era by Chef Emanuel Washington
During the 1950’s -1960’s civil rights movement, America had reached its boiling point. This was a most difficult period in our Nation’s History. America was a Nation divided. African Americans played a very integral role in not only the foundation of America, but they were the dominant driving force behind building and establishing America as the most powerful Nation on Earth. Yet, most still lived in social isolation and economic destitution. As such, they decided to go it alone. In an effort to put a stamp on the litany of contributions made to America; designations like Soul Food, Soul music, Soul Brother, Soul Sister and everything else Soul were adopted.
Soul brands were espoused by African Americans as a means of identifying, claiming, and protecting their rich cultural heritage. The core objective of this cultural rescue effort was to preserve and protect that which was created by their ancestors and to re-install Hope, Pride, Family and Togetherness in the African American Community. This sociological solidarity would embrace all aspects of the African American cultural experience. The Arts were a central focal point. This historic and concerted effort incorporated food, music, dance, etc.
This momentous preservation campaign was very successful. The word ‘Soul’ is a cultural symbol that identifies everything African American. “Soul was a movement” “The Soul Movement is the first cousin of The Civil Rights Movement”
Science: For several decades scientists have deliberated and debated over the history of the Foods and cultures of African Americans, Colonists and Native Americans at the dawn of Colonial American society. Many notable scientists have been contemplating this dilemma for decades. Over the years a good deal of progress has been made in the neighborhood of archaeological research. However, most recently scientists have made many groundbreaking discoveries. Current pioneering research provides indisputable evidence of life in America during the early 1600’s. This clear and precise scientific data challenges previous theories regarding life in Colonial America during this extraordinary era.
During the slave trade, ships were stocked with familiar foods from Africa. These crops were brought on board for the express purpose of feeding the slaves during the passage. Foods such as rice, okra, Green varieties, Sugar, Tania, black eye peas, fish, bread, yams, kidney beans and lima beans were brought directly from Africa to North America. Other provisions were brought along as well. These included but are not limited to peanuts, liquorices’, watermelon, coffee, (Fufu) pancakes, (Hominy) grits, Sorghum, (millet) Grain, limes, pepper varieties, eggplant, flour varieties, sesame and wine. What Americans dotingly refer to as ‘sweet potatoes’; are the ‘Yams’ of yesterday! Highly skilled cooks in the ‘Big House, would eventually introduce all of these foods to European planters.
Note: Every State, Colony, Region, Country or province in the World has its own identifiable agricultural characteristics and distinctions that are unique to their relevant cultures and geography. Food has a DNA. History and Science provides evidence of its origin. It does not matter who that people is or where they came from. If you follow the food, you will learn the History of that people. “Food tells the History of a people” Science proves that the birth of Soul Food occurred right here in America over 400 years ago.
The Definition: “Soul Food is American Food in it’s purest form”. The term Soul Food denotes America. Although many of the food stuffs have African origin, it is quite different from the foods of Africa. Food is regional. Even within the continents of Africa and North America, foods vary significantly from province to province, region to region and state to state.
What is Soul Food exactly?
* Soul Food is a combination of some traditional foods from the main house
* Fish and crustaceans caught in North American waterways
* Foods hunted and trapped in Americas woods and forests
* Local and regionally grown herbs and spices
* Foods cultivated and harvested from American soil
* Foods introduced to African Americans by Europeans
* Grains and spices introduced by Native Americans
* Proverbial provisions from Africa
* Cooking styles and techniques from Africa
* Cooking styles and techniques formed in the Americas
* New Foods and new cuts of meats
* Herbs and Spices from around the World
Collectively, all of these components have fashioned what the World reverences today as Soul Food. Soul Food is a combination of all these things. These combinations of food stuffs were taken and artistically modified to meet the specifications of a more urbane African American pallet. For over three Hundred years these compilations of foods, herbs and spices were taken into the Planters kitchens and prepared by African Americans. In these very kitchens is where miracles happened and where America’s priceless culinary masterpieces were created. Over this 400+ year episode in American History, Soul Food has evolved into a World class Food which is revered around the World.
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There are two times when a healthy woman experiences breast growth. The first time is when she enters puberty. The release of female hormones at this time cause the breasts to develop. The second time is when she becomes pregnant and the breasts begin to produce milk. Breast growth causes the breasts, nipples and sometime the surrounding tissue to become sensitive to the touch. The area may itch and develop stretch marks as the breasts expand, and the nipples can hurt.
The onset of puberty can begin as early as age 7 or 8. The development of breast buds is one of the first signs of impending puberty. The tissue in the breasts begin to swell, and the nipples begin to expand. This can cause the nipples to become tender to the touch, and they may ache. A good bra can help to prevent rubbing and chafing of the tender nipples.
Breast development will continue through out puberty until full maturity is reached at around age 17 or 18. The itching, aching and painful nipples associated with puberty usually only last for the first year.
Pregnancy causes the breasts to grow as they begin to prepare for milk production. This can result in an increase in breast size by up to two cup sizes along with burning, tingling or throbbing pain in the breasts and nipples. First-time mothers tend to have more pronounced nipple and breast pain than women having subsequent pregnancies.
Nipple pain due to pregnancy is typically most pronounced during the first trimester and typically disappears during the second or third trimester. Although it is unusual, some pregnant women experience engorgement of the drainage ducts that lead from the milk glands to the nipple. This can cause the nipples to remain painfully erect.
The best way to treat sore or aching nipples due to breast growth is to wear proper-fitting bras. This will help to support the breasts and prevent painful chafing of the nipple against your outer clothing. Some women find relief by soaking in a warm tub or by applying a warm washcloth over their nipples.
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It may just be in a few cases, but in the case of a flute, a higher pitch appears to come with a perceived higher volume. Is this simply because you need to put more energy into the flute to get a ...
I understand that when you pluck a guitar string, then a bunch of harmonic frequencies are produced rather than just the frequency of the desired note. If this is true, why does C2 sound so different ...
Close ended instruments have twice the wavelength, because the wave must travel twice the distance to repeat itself. Why must a wave reach a lower density medium (air in this case) to repeat? When ...
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An eraser, called a rubber in some places, is an item used to remove the marks left by pencils and some types of pens. Modern erasers come in all colors, and may be made of rubber, vinyl, plastic, gum, or similar materials.
A Little Eraser History
Before the eraser was invented, you could use a rolled up piece of white bread (crusts cut off) to remove pencil marks (some artists still use bread to lighten charcoal or pastel marks).
Edward Naime, an English engineer, is credited with the invention of the eraser (1770). The story goes that he picked up a piece of rubber rather than the usual wad of bread and discovered its properties. Naime began selling rubber erasers, the first practical application of the substance, which gets its name from its ability to rub out pencil marks.
Rubber, like bread, was perishable and would go bad over time. Charles Goodyear's invention of the process of vulcanization (1839) led to widespread use of rubber. Erasers became commonplace.
In 1858, Hymen Lipman received a patent for attaching erasers to the ends of pencils, though the patent was later invalidated since it combined two products rather than invented a new one.
How Do Erasers Work?
Erasers pick up graphite particles, thus removing them from the surface of the paper. Basically, the molecules in erasers are 'stickier' than the paper, so when the eraser is rubbed onto the pencil mark, the graphite sticks to the eraser preferentially over the paper. Some erasers damage the top layer of the paper and remove it as well. Erasers attached to pencils absorb the graphite particles and leave a residue which needs to be brushed away. This type of eraser can remove the surface of the paper. Soft vinyl erasers are softer than the erasers attached to pencils, but are otherwise similar.
Art gum erasers are made of soft, coarse rubber and are used to remove large areas of pencil marks without damaging paper. These erasers leave a lot of residue behind.
Kneaded erasers resemble putty. These pliable erasers absorb graphite and charcoal without wearing away. Kneaded erasers may stick to the paper if they are too warm. They eventually pick up enough graphite or charcoal that they leave marks rather than pick them up, and need to be replaced.
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Let's get this out of our systems right away: Betelgeuse! Betelgeuse! Betelgeuse!
Hmmmm, nothing. Maybe I'm spelling it wrong?
Nope. In this case I'm talking about the star, bright and red, that marks Orion's right shoulder (his right, but we see it on his left), a massive and massively luminous red supergiant nearing the end of its life, and that will one day explode as a titanic supernova.
But recently it's been not so bright. Betelgeuse has faded. A lot. It's dropped in brightness by around a factor of two, and it happened fairly rapidly. According to reports, it began dimming in October 2019, and to anyone familiar with Orion it's noticeably dimmer right now even by eye. That's been getting a lot of attention online, in part because people are familiar with the star (thanks in part to the movie), and also because Orion is above the eastern horizon shortly after it gets dark this time of year. And, of course, Betelgeuse is one of the brightest stars in the sky, easily spotted, so lots of people have been able to see its shenanigans.
So should we panic? Is this dimming a precursor to it going kablooie?
No, and no.
First, take a deep breath. Second, reread the title of this article. No, Betelgeuse isn't about to explode. While unusual, this behavior isn't unprecedented. Also, it probably won't go bang for a long, long time.
Here are the particulars: Betelgeuse is indeed a monster, a red supergiant with about 20 times the Sun's mass. That makes it huge, so big it crushes our puny sense of scale: Its radius is something like 600 million kilometers. Replace the Sun with Betelgeuse and it would stretch out to the orbit of Jupiter. Needless to say, Earth would be inside it. Not a prime spot to be in.
Despite its heft it's chewing through its nuclear fuel at an extremely rapid rate, far faster than the Sun does, making its lifetime far shorter. It's already used up all the hydrogen in its core and is currently fusing helium. But even at the prodigious rates it's going through helium, it'll probably be about 100,000 years before it explodes. That's not a guarantee, but it's where the science points right now. Even if that's off by a lot, the odds of Betelgeuse going supernova in the next century are extremely low.
The distance to the star is difficult to measure but most calculations put it at roughly 650 light years away. For a star to explode and do actually physical damage to Earth (mostly through the production of high-energy X-rays and gamma rays screwing with our atmosphere) it has to be much closer, more like 300 light years before we'd even notice anything.
It'll get bright for sure when it does blow, about as bright as the full Moon! That'll be a blessing and a curse for astronomers, since we'll be very excited about a relatively nearby supernova, but it'll ruin the night sky for any other observations for months. It might also cause some circadian issues with some animals, but is unlikely in the extreme to be catastrophic. So even if Betelgeuse shuffles off this mortal coil, we won't be joining it.
On top of all this, and pertinent to the news, Betelgeuse is a known variable star: It dims and brightens over time. Lots of stars do this, and there are a lot of reasons they do. In the case of Betelgeuse it literally pulses, expanding and contracting over time. A star's brightness depends on a few factors, but one of them is size: A larger star has more surface area, so there are more square centimeters of it giving off energy, so it's more luminous. When Betelgeuse expands it gets brighter, and when it contracts it gets fainter. This variation has a period of very roughly 400 days. But there are other complicated things going on in its atmosphere as well; other periodicities have been seen in its brightness, too — one is over 2,000 days long, another just a few months long.
Not only that, the upper layers of Betelgeuse are convective: Hot gas from deep inside rises, gets to the surface, cools off, and sinks again. Hotter gas is brighter, so this can change the brightness of the star as well. Betelgeuse is thought to have enormous convection towers in its upper layers, and these can profoundly change its brightness over time. It can even blow off huge plumes of gas as big as our entire solar system!
Astronomers have watched Betelgeuse pretty carefully over the past century or so, and there are tons of observations that go back farther than that, including from indigenous populations, and it has brightened and dimmed quite a bit over history. While this new dimming is obvious, some measurements made it out as being even dimmer in the 1980s for a while. Still, Betelgeuse doesn't dim this much every day, and astronomers are excited about it. It doesn't happen all that often, and also now we have modern instruments that can measure its brightness (and spectrum and other characteristics) much more accurately, giving us a better idea of what this ridiculously enormous star is doing!
So yeah, don't panic. Betelgeuse is doing what it's doing, and there's no danger from it. In fact, if you are able I encourage you to go outside and look! Face east after sunset once the sky is dark and Orion will be there; it can be seen from essentially everywhere on Earth. Modern cameras have pretty good night capture capabilities, too, so you could even try getting a picture.
In a thousand centuries or so you can use that photo to brag that you were around before Betelgeuse exploded. Until that time though, well, it'll just a really cool picture of a star that's doing the weird stuff it always does.
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Beautiful ‘flowers’ self-assemble in a beaker
With the hand of nature trained on a beaker of chemical fluid, the most delicate flower structures have been formed in a Harvard laboratory—and not at the scale of inches, but microns.
These minuscule sculptures, curved and delicate, don’t resemble the cubic or jagged forms normally associated with crystals, though that’s what they are. Rather, fields of carnations and marigolds seem to bloom from the surface of a submerged glass slide, assembling themselves a molecule at a time.
By simply manipulating chemical gradients in a beaker of fluid, Wim L. Noorduin, a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and lead author of a paper appearing on the cover of the May 17 issue of Science, has found that he can control the growth behavior of these crystals to create precisely tailored structures.
“For at least 200 years, people have been intrigued by how complex shapes could have evolved in nature. This work helps to demonstrate what’s possible just through environmental, chemical changes,” says Noorduin.
What’s that in the sky? It is a rarely seen form of lightning confirmed only about 25 years ago: a red sprite.
Recent research has shown that following a powerful positive cloud-to-ground lightning strike, red sprites may start as 100-meter balls of ionized air that shoot down from about 80-km high at 10 percent the speed of light and are quickly followed by a group of upward streaking ionized balls.
The above image, taken a few days ago above central South Dakota, USA, captured a bright red sprite, and is a candidate for the first color image ever recorded of a sprite and aurora together.
Distant storm clouds cross the bottom of the image, while streaks of colorful aurora are visible in the background. Red sprites take only a fraction of a second to occur and are best seen when powerful thunderstorms are visible from the side.
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Get the complete project »
- The Complete Research Material is averagely 85 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters.
- Major Attributes are Abstract, All Chapters, Figures, Appendix, References.
- Study Level: BTech, BSc, BEng, BA, HND, ND or NCE.
- Full Access Fee: ₦4,000
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The United States (US) relation with the African continent began in 1565 when the first set of slaves landed in Florida. Between 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were brought to America. At the other end, private missionaries and educators immigrated to Africa to offer support services and advance the cause of their faith to Africans. It was not until 1808 that the US officially outlawed the slave trade. Indeed, several attempts were made by African Americans through the American Colonization Society to return Africans to Africa notably in 1816, 1819 and extend some form of liberty to African Americans in 1865. These movements contributed largely to the founding of Liberia in 1822 as an American colony. The colony became independent in 1847 and in 1862, the United States established diplomatic relations with Liberia. The 1941 declaration of the Atlantic Charter calling for the freedom of nations was equally seized upon by Africans to kick-start liberation movements across Africa against their colonial overlords. In 1914, Marcus Garvey, created the Universal Negro Improvement Association to agitate for improved conditions of African American and the momentum was extended to cover addressing the plights of blacks globally. Other notable figures included W.E.B. DuBois, Kwame Nkrumah who championed the Pan-African movements through continental and international congresses especially in the 1940s, 50s and 60s.
U.S Africa policies from the founding of the republic in 1776 have been marked by indifference and neglect (Lawson, 2007). The year 1958 was the year marking official recognition of Africa through the creation of the state‘s department Africa Bureau serving as a convenient starting point. Prior to this period, the relationship between the US and Africa was characterized by slave trade and slave relationships. However, since The Cold War
period is the period of ideological tussle between the two power blocs in the international system which were the United States with the ideology of capitalism on the one hand, and the USSR, the ideologies of these superpowers dominated international politics for the period from 1945-1990.There have been relations between the United States and Africa during the Cold War and even after it. As African countries became independent from the 1950‘s the U.S deemed it fit to rethink its foreign policy towards them. This, among other factors is as a result of the struggle for ideological supremacy at that time, between them (the United States) and the Soviet Union. The US leaders at that time were deeply concerned on whether the newly independent African states will turn to the west (Washington) or East(Moscow) for sympathy and assistance in finding their place in the international system. In order to prevent what was seen as the decline of U.S prestige in Africa, Senator F. Kennedy advised that the US had better embark on a bold and imaginative programme that would aid development in Africa. (Kennedy, 1950 cited in Lawson 2007)
During the cold war, the U.S foreign policy towards Africa had little to do with Africa. African countries were pawns in the global chess game. Republican and democratic governments‘ alike supported American clients and sought to undermine soviet ones. Economic and military assistance was rendered to the allies such as Mobutu Sesse Seko of Zaire as well as Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and anti-communist rebel organization such as Janas Savimbo‘s UNITA (Uniao Nacuonal para a Indepndence Total de Angola) in Angola. Due to the little interest perceived by the U.S, the relationship between the U.S and Africa was mainly characterized by cold war logic from the 1950‘s to the 1980‘s.
Post-Cold War Relations
As the cold war came to an end, with the U.S assuming victory due to the collapse of the defunct Soviet Union, African watchers, researchers as well as scholars began to ponder the future of U.S relations with the African continent.
Idealists hoped that the United States would now be free to pursue policies that would address Africa's own problems, most of which were traced to the failure of economic development, authoritarian governance, and/or ongoing conflicts, while realists feared that Africa would become even more marginalized (Lawson, 2007). Indeed, the end of the Cold War eroded the strategic importance of African countries within US foreign policy. Geographic areas elsewhere, perceived as more critical to US economic and security interests, became more central to US foreign policy engagement, i.e. the Middle East, Central America and South East Asia became more critical foreign policy priorities.
Summarily, the United States policies towards Africa, with the end of the cold war, have been more clearly defined along five subsisting pillars. These are to: strengthen democratic institutions; spur economic growth, trade, and investment; advance peace and security; and promote opportunity and development. Across these broad objectives, the US seek to deepen it‘s engagement with Africa‘s young leaders; empower marginalized populations and women; address the unique needs of fragile and post-conflict states; and work closely with the U.N. and other multilateral actors to achieve its objectives on the continent. (Obama, 2014)
1.2 Statement of problem
Historically, the relationship between the African continent and the United States did not take any basic stance until the cold war era in which the US and Soviet Union tried to foster relationship with the newly emerging African states in order to form alliances with them. It was during the Cold War that the relationship grew as the African countries were used as
tools in the hands of the super powers hence, the U.S sought the cooperation of African states to settle its cold war politics. African issues were never really considered. After the Cold War, the need to proffer solution to African problems could not be over-emphasized. There were policies embedded in US-Africa relations that promote cordial and beneficial interests of the two parties, there were also policies that severed relations and restrained the U.S relationship with some African states for example; U.S-Libya, US-South Africa, U.S-Nigeria.
This research examines the areas in which there have been continuity as well as changes in the U.S – Africa policy since the end of the Cold War as well as other issues relating to human and state security.
1.3 Objective of study
The main objectives of this study are
1. To identify the areas of continuity and the areas of change in the U.S and Africa relation, examining the various post-cold war administrations.
2. To examine the factors responsible for the continuities and changes in the U.S – Africa policies
1.4 Research hypothesis
The US-Africa relations has been characterized by continuities and changes during and after the cold war.
1.5 Research questions
a. What constitutes continuities and changes in U.S-Africa relations/policies since the end of the cold war?
b. What factors are responsible for changes and continuity in U.S-Africa relations?
1.6 Significance of the study
The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the United States and Africa in the Post-Cold War. Such relationship has been characterized by ambivalent and commitment. It is important to examine and analyse the rationale for changes and continuity in US-Africa policies. It is by examining the fluctuations in this bilateral relationship that scholarship can come to terms with holistic explanation of the changes and continuity.
1.7 Scope and Limitations to the study
Within the Post- Cold War era, this study will focus on the period between 1990 and 2014.
1.8 Organization of study
This study will be organized in 5 chapters.
Chapter one will contain the background to the study, the statement of problem, objective of study, hypothesis, scope and limitation of study, among others thereby giving the reader an overview of the long essay.
Chapter 2 is the literature review which consists of conceptual clarification and theoretical framework in line with the study. Two theories will be used for this study and three concepts will be clarified.
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What's Tested on the SAT Reading and Writing Section?
The SAT tests reading and writing and language skills in the context of passages. This means that all of the answers to the reading questions will have support in the passage—no outside knowledge is necessary. For the Writing & Language questions, you’ll need to not only identify and correct grammar issues but also correct issues related to transitions and relevancy.
The SAT Reading test is 65 minutes and has 52 multiple-choice questions, each of which has 4 answer choices. There are 5 passages total: 4 single passages and 1 set of paired passages, with 500–750 words per passage or passage set.
SAT Reading Passages will draw from U.S. and World Literature, History/Social Studies, and Science. One set of History/Social Studies or Science passages will be paired. History/Social Studies and Science passages can also be accompanied by graphical representations of data such as charts, graphs, or tables.
|Reading Test Passage Types|
|U.S. and World Literature||1 passage with 10 questions|
|History/Social Studies||2 passages or 1 passage and 1 paired-passage set with 10-11 questions each|
|Science||2 passages or 1 passage and 1 paired-passage set with 10-11 questions each|
The multiple-choice questions for each SAT Reading passage will be arranged in order from the more general to the more specific so that you can actively engage with the entire passage before answering questions about details.
|Skills Tested by Reading Test Questions|
|Information and Ideas||Close reading, citing textual evidence, determining central ideas and themes|
|Summarizing||Understanding relationships, interpreting words and phrases in context|
|Rhetoric||Analyzing word choice, assessing overall text structure, assessing part-whole relationships, analyzing point of view, determining purpose, analyzing arguments|
|Synthesis||Analyzing multiple texts, analyzing quantitative information|
[ RELATED: What is tested on the SAT Math section ]
Prepare for the SAT Reading and Writing Sections with some reading passages
Follow along with these videos, take notes, and answer each question with an SAT teacher. For more practice like this, check out Kaplan’s SAT® On Demand.
The SAT Writing & Language test is 35 minutes and has 44 multiple-choice questions, each of which has 4 answer choices. There are 4 passages total, each of which has 11 questions.
The passages range from arguments to nonfiction narratives and will be about careers, history, social studies, the humanities, and science, with 400-450 words per passage.
Some passages and/or questions will refer to one or more informational graphics that represent data. SAT Writing Questions associated with these graphical representations will ask you to revise and edit the passage based on the data presented in the graphic.
The most prevalent question format on the SAT Writing & Language Test will ask you to choose the best of three alternatives to an underlined portion of the passage or to decide that the current version is the best option. You will be asked to improve the development, organization, and diction in the passages to ensure they conform to conventional standards of English grammar, usage, and style.
|Skills Tested by Writing & Language Test Questions|
|Expression of Ideas (24 questions)||Development, organization, and effective language use|
|Standard English Conventions (20 questions)||Sentence structure, conventions of usage, and conventions of punctuation|
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Love ‘em or hate ‘em, emojis have gone from being a cute tween novelty to becoming the language of the internet. The rise of the emoji in the digital world happened so quickly that marketers have struggled to keep up. How can these simple, little images be so pervasive and yet so challenging to understand? One thing is clear: emojis aren’t just for kids.
Big brands have had huge successes in recent years by building marketing campaigns around emojis. These deceptively playful images resonate with people of all ages, so although they may seem like mere digital fads, emojis can be powerful marketing tools in the right hands. Facebook recently made big news when it launched a new series of emoji “Reactions” buttons designed to allow readers to give a more nuanced response to the content in their news feed. Going way beyond the trademark “Like” button, these emojis allow Facebookers to express a gamut of emotions. (Of course the speculation is that they will also be used to gather more data on Facebook user behavior.)
So what’s an emoji and how do you use them to engage an audience?
What is an Emoji?
An emoji is a small image in PNG format that can be incorporated directly into a line of text. The emoji has its origins in the classic emoticon which uses standard keystrokes to imply an image.
For example, the smiley face looks like this,
:-) in emoticon. But like this as an emoji,
The yellow smiley face remains the most iconic emoji, but there are now thousands of universally recognized emojis that appear on Web and mobile platforms every day.
Can Anything Be an Emoji?
Technically, any image can be shrunk down and linked to emoji code, but the image needs to be readable by any device. Believe it or not, the legitimacy of an emoji is governed by a serious nonprofit organization called the Unicode Consortium. The UC is an organization that essentially controls software code universalization — especially Unicode, which is what basically all text code is based on. An individual or organization can petition the UC to include an emoji in the universal list. At the very least, the UC’s standards are a good resource for understanding how to make and implement a new emoji.
There are many advantages to using emojis as part of a brand message, not the least of which is their appeal to a younger demographic. However, emojis are surprisingly popular across a broad demographic.
- More than 94 percent of teens and young adults use emojis on a regular basis, and the over-30 crowd isn’t far behind at 92 percent.
- “Frequent use” of emojis means daily to weekly for 64 percent of users.
- A majority of users believe that emojis actually help them express their feelings more effectively than text.
Just like email, text messaging and social networking, emojis have now found a permanent place in the lexicon of the digital generation.
Emojis in Action
A number of high-profile marketing campaigns have proven the potential of emojis as effective marketing tools.
- Taco Bell managed to successfully petition the Unicode Consortium to get a taco emoji made universal. A Change.org campaign gathered 33,000 supporters in 7 months, a serious amount of opt-in for a little digital taco.
- Domino’s used the standard pizza emoji in conjunction with the tag @Domino’s to enable people to order a pizza by text or tweet. It was so successful that the prestigious Cannes Titanium Grand Prix recognized the campaign.
- An interactive, emoji-based Oreo campaign in China got 1.9 billion impressions across all leading social networks within a space of 3 months and generated 99 million emojis by users.
The value of the emoji is pretty basic: The little images let people express joy, anger, sadness, humor, and many other emotions with a single picture. That gives marketers a big opportunity to easily connect with users on an emotional level.
All of the examples above have one thing in common: they all involve some degree of opt-in for user engagement. It’s important to remember that emojis don’t exist as standalone images. They live in a text line because they’re meant to be a part of text communication. With one pizza, one taco, or one smiley face, a user can quickly say “yes” to a conversation.
The emotional component of emojis makes them ideal for nonprofit stakeholder engagement. The World Wildlife Fund successfully used emojis to raise awareness about endangered animals in 2015.
The WWF #EndangeredEmoji Twitter campaign encouraged users to tweet out any of the existing emoji representing 17 endangered animals to support the organization’s conservation efforts.
It was an emotional call-to-action that was hard to resist. The campaign became a viral success with thousands of people involved.
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WASHINGTON, D.C. (WUSA) -- Scientists may have hit the jackpot. According to a new study, a combination of small gold particles and compounds found in tea could be more effective at fighting cancer than chemotherapy.
The study, which was published in the July 16 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that scientists from the University of Missouri have figured out a way to target prostate tumors by using both radioactive gold nanoparticles and a compound found in tea leaves, called Epigallocatechin (EGCG).
Researchers followed mice with human prostate cells and found that tumors shrunk by 80% within 28 days of treatment.
The injected gold nanoparticles are smaller than typical chemotherapy. It travels directly to the tumor source and hits them with radiation without causing harm to other ares, according to the study.
The study shows that because the radioactivity from the gold last for three weeks, scientist were able to treat the cancer more effectively and with a dose that was thousands of times less than what is given with chemo.
With chemotherapy, large amounts of chemo passes through the body to help eradicate cancer cells by shrinking tumors, but unlike the gold and tea combination, chemo destroys healthy areas in the path.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that around 215,000 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in the U.S. and over 28,000 men in the US died from prostate cancer. These numbers were reported in 2008 and are the most recent.
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World Kidney Day is a global awareness campaign aimed at raising awareness of the importance of our kidneys. World Kidney Day comes back every year. All across the globe many hundred events take place from public screenings in Argentina to Zumba marathons in Malaysia. At Makhzoumi Foundation, we do it also to create awareness. Awareness about preventive behaviors, awareness about risk factors, and awareness about how to live with a kidney disease. We do this because we want kidney health for all.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in kidney function over a period of months or years. Each of your kidneys has about a million tiny filters, called nephrons. If nephrons are damaged, they stop working. For a while, healthy nephrons can take on the extra work. But if the damage continues, more and more nephrons shut down. After a certain point, the nephrons that are left cannot filter blood well enough to keep us healthy.
Therefore to increase awareness, Makhzoumi Foundation Healthcare team and the interns of the Lebanese American University (LAU) from the nutrition and pharmacy schools implemented a Kidney day at Spinneys Jnah. The team measured the blood pressure of visitors and provided health and nutrition tips and information about the kidneys.
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Approximately 30% of all patients suffering from gout are experiencing kidney trouble. Unfortunately, most of these patients accept the doctor’s diagnosis that their kidney problems are caused by gout for which no cure exists just like in the case of their kidneys.
The majority of patients then receive hemo-dialysis which is a tormenting procedure. Eventually these patients became dependent on the external filtering machine. This just result in the kidneys becoming weaker and lazier. This usually leads to a phase where they are unable to pass even a few drops of urine!
Kidney stones which develop in the ureters of your kidneys are the most frequent kidney disorder. When the level of uric acid rises in your body, signals will be send from the hypothalamus via hormones that the kidneys have to increase their secretion of uric acid from the bloodstream to maintain the osmotic pressure. Should an ample quantity of water be secreted simultaneously, to flush away or dilute these uric acids, almost no chance exist that urate crystal stones could form in your ureters.
Approximately 90% of patients suffering from kidney stones don’t consume enough water on a daily basis. Most of these patients won’t admit that their bodies are actually craving more water. Usually they state that they do consume ample water daily. The water to which they refer is tea, beer, soft drinks, milk, coffee and juices.
The above-mentioned types of drinks will actually increase your thirst for more water. Should you drink a beer instead you will feel even thirstier in a period of 30 minutes. Drinking a sweet syrup, coke or juice will lead to the same outcome!
These unnatural drinks are filled with superabundant ingredients, particularly artificial sweeteners, preservatives and sugar. The intake of such drinks will lead to your blood becoming thicker or hyper-tonic. Then water will be absorbed from your body cells or interstitial fluids. This will result in the body cells becoming dryer.
Under these circumstances, the secretion of water flowing to the urine will be reduced by the kidneys, with the purpose of keeping sufficient water to sustain the concentration of your blood. This will lead to highly saturated and thick urine slowly flowing via the ureters. The condition of hyper saturation is absolutely perfect for crystallization to set in. In time, should this condition continues, a little crystal will grow bigger.
This can lead to a phase where it obstructs the passing of urine. This will lead to a build-up of pressure in your kidney, causing the kidney to force to press the muscle of the ureter in an effort to force your urine via the small tube. At this stage the patient will start to experience pain.
Should you experience pain in the lower back just above the hips, you should consult your doctor. The doctor will recommend a blood test checking your level of uric acid. Should it appear that the level of uric acid in your blood is far above a healthy level, the chances are good that crystal stones already formed in the kidneys. However, at this stage it may still be too small to detect through X-ray. Take early action if you experience such pain. Cultivate the habit of drinking enough water on a daily basis as prevention. In this case the proverb: prevention is better than cure is absolutely applicable!
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Factories and industries are some of the most complex and complicated places you can visit. These places are home to several intricate machines designed to build key materials and items you use in your day-to-day life. Each item in a factory needs to be of the top quality to reach you in its prime state. Here in this article, we shall talk about the Hot Induction Bending Machine.
What are Hot Induction Machines?
Hot Induction Bending machines are fashioned with the aid of using passing pipes via an induction bending system. This system makes use of an induction coil to warm a slim band of the pipe cloth.
As the pipe is driven via the system, a bend with the favored radius of curvature is produced. The heated cloth simply past the induction coil is quenched with a water spray at the out of doors floor of the pipe. Thermal growth of the narrowly heated phase of pipe is confined because of the unheated pipe on both sides, which reasons diameter shrinkage upon cooling.
This intricate system additionally reasons and results in wall thinning at the exterior part of the pipes and thickening at the interior part.
The intensity of this corroding of the pipes relies upon the temperature presented to it, the rate at which the pipe is driven via the induction coil, the location of the induction coil relative to the pipe toward the interior and exterior, and lots of different factors.
There are several inspection guidelines that these hot induction bending machines have to follow. This section will point out a few of these key guidelines.
- If the pipe walls tend to get enlarged in some cases in regards to the circumference, then the enlarged segment ought to shape the bend via the exterior.
- In any scenario, the entire process of bending should not be stopped once the procedure has started.
- The most temperatures at positions a hundred and eighty tiers apart, the bending pace, and the glide quantity or strain of the cooling medium must be constantly indicated and noted.
- The accuracy for temperature size of the hot induction bending
- machine must be + 10 oF; for pace must be + 0.02 in. (+ 0.5 mm) in keeping with
- minute, and for glide must be + 2% of glide detailed withinside the Manufacturer’s Bending Procedure.
- It is a great exercise to have the most pace of bending among 25 – 50 mm/min, until in any other case justified with the aid of the manufacturer.
- Also, the cooling procedure has to take location without delay in the back of the induction; these consequences in a quick time Austenitizing cycle and a quenched metallurgical structure.
Factories are run by large intricate machines used to make the items you use in your daily life. One such machine is the hot induction bending machine & Seamless Pipe Bending Machine. This is a very popular and commonly seen machine used in factories. Here in this article, we talked about what work this machine does and some of the key inspection guidelines.
Leave A Comment
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Educational Technology and Curricular Innovation
Faculty Development Workshop 2011
- Why bother with multimedia in teaching and learning?
- Speaker Presentation materials
- Participant movies
- Resources (copyright free music, sample files, etc.)
Working with audio:
- Working with Audacity
- Audacity Exercise
- Adobe Audio Primer(PDF)
- How to make a podcast using Garageband (Apple)
- How to voice annotate your PowerPoint presentation
Working with digital video:
- Apple iLife how-tos
- Digital Video Portfolio Project
- Why use a storyboard?
- Digital video steps - in a nutshell
- Top 10 videography rules
- Use MovieMaker 2.6 for Windows users
- How to work with Movie Maker 2
- How to use the a Sony Webbie HD Video Camera
- How to use an ultraHD Flip Video Camera
- How to use the Kodak Zi8 HD Video Camera
Rights and Rules
- Copyright Multimedia Quick Guide
- Linfield's Copyright Policy page
- Recut, Reframe, Recycle
- Author rights
- ARL's "Know Your Copy Rights" - tips for faculty & teaching assistants in higher education
- Copyright term and public domain in the US
- Twitter - and other backchannels
- Chunking your course content
- Why use visual learning, audio learning or digital video?
- Why should I use a wiki?
- Why should I use a blog?
- Using Twitter and other backchannels
If you have any needs or questions, please contact Jo Meyertons at 503-883-2715 or email@example.com
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Infestation: Treatment, Procedure, Cost and Side Effects
Last Updated: Sep 20, 2023
What is the treatment?
There are no synonyms applicable.
How is the treatment done?
Infestation refers to the interference of flies through larvae by an open wound in the body, or through a clothing. The insects feed on the wound or enter the body via clothes, further feeding on the blood. They are most likely to infect the brain, arms, legs and pubic areas.
Infestation by any form of insect creates a huge risk for an individual, causing rashes or blood clots to form in different parts of the body. If not treated immediately, the area infested by the insect is susceptible to more damage since that area remains exposed. The insect can further lay eggs which gives freedom to more insects to form and spread throughout the body. These insects are invisible to the naked eye but percolate instantly if in contact with the skin.
It is characterised by intense itching, rashes on the skin, red bumps and thickened or darkened skin in the affected area.
Infestation can also be spread through contact with other people having infestations. It is to be noted that human infestation is different from animal infestation, hence the spread can only taken place from one human being to another, and not through animals. This kind of infestation takes place in unhygienic conditions.
Who is eligible for the treatment? (When is the treatment done?)
The treatment of infestation differs from person to person. The doctor has to identify the type of infestation by taking a sample of the skin. This can be done by scraping of the skin to test for the exact kind of lice or insect.
In mild cases, skin infestations can be treated by improving the condition of hygiene. Healthy habits like taking regular baths, washing hands and staying away from unhygienic conditions can improve the condition of the infestation by manifolds.
Skin or intestinal infestations can also be treated by improving the way you eat and sleep. Changing bed linens often or dusting them off every once in a while helps in keeping fleas or insects at bay. To clean an already infested bed linen or cover, the cloth should be soaked in hot water and tumble dried to get rid of the insects.
In case of rashes or bumps in the skin caused by infestations, medications like pediculicides can be used to treat the infected area. The instructions for the ointment have to be read carefully before applying as these products are generally averse for the human skin. This can also be prevented by cleaning linens in the first place.
Who is not eligible for the treatment?
Every human individual affected by infestation is eligible for the treatment as a basic ointment is required to heal the affected area. In case of children, the doctor's advice should be taken into consideration.
If clothes or linens are properly washed to avoid the same, treatment would be smoothly done via the same.
Are there any side effects?
There are no such barriers for this treatment. In the case of children, advice from the doctor should be taken to determine the mode of treatment.
What are the post-treatment guidelines?
Infestations can lead to secondary skin symptoms like rashes, burns or dead skin even after the treatment. Since the affected area takes time to heal, it remains susceptible to further symptoms which need to be taken care of.
If the infestation is prolonged, dark patches and marks can form on the skin.
In rare cases, infestation can lead to the spread of other skin or intestinal diseases or infection. The adversity of the same would be determined by the doctor itself.
Rashes are a common side effect of the treatment. The treated area can form a scab as well which should not be touched or scratched as it may create an open wound which would make it home for further infections.
How long does it take to recover?
The affected individual should ensure to stay in hygienic areas only to avoid further infestations.
The affected area should not be touched or irritated as it can lead to an open wound which would attract more bacteria.
A healthy lifestyle should be maintained by all means.
Clothes and linens should be thoroughly washed since fleas or insects percolate through the body via these. Maintenance should be done on a weekly basis to reduce the number of fleas or insects that might affect these areas. Further, a proper cleaning should be done of the bedroom or the entire house if it has been previously infested. It is only possible to remove the insects to a maximum through this process.
What is the price of the treatment in India?
The severity of the infestation determines the time for recovery. It generally takes about 2 or 3 weeks for the infestation to heal.
Are the results of the treatment permanent?
In India, the cost for treatment of infestation is generally around Rs. 1000 for mild cases and goes upto Rs. 2000 in adverse conditions.
What are the alternatives to the treatment?
The results of the treatment for infestation are not permanent, as the individual has to maintain thorough care to avoid further cases. Infestation can take place again if the affected area is tampered with, leading to a further opening.
Infestation can also take place again if the individual comes in contact with another infected individual, or is exposed to unhygienic living conditions.
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You are here
May 14, 2019
Biomarker identifies children who eat before blood tests
At a Glance
- Researchers showed that levels of free fatty acids in the blood can help identify children who have eaten too close to a blood test.
- Using this biomarker could potentially reduce the number of false-positive blood tests for type 2 diabetes in children.
More than 18% of children in the United States are considered obese. Children with obesity face many of the same health risks as adults with obesity, including high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. Guidelines recommend that doctors screen children with obesity for type 2 diabetes so the condition can be caught and treated early.
A common blood test for diabetes requires that people fast overnight beforehand. Eating before such a test can cause blood sugar (glucose) levels to rise. Increased blood glucose levels can falsely suggest diabetes, leading to follow-up testing and uncertainty.
Children who come in for blood tests for diabetes may sometimes eat before the test, despite instructions to the contrary. No laboratory method currently exists to tell whether or not a child has eaten before a blood test.
Researchers led by Dr. Jack Yanovski from NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) examined whether measuring substances in the blood called free fatty acids (FFAs) could detect whether a child had eaten before a blood test. FFAs are produced when the body burns fat. After a meal, blood glucose levels go up and FFAs are stored in fat cells, so FFA levels should be lower if a child has eaten than if they’d fasted all night.
The team used blood samples from more than 1,000 children at the NIH Clinical Center. About a third of the children had samples taken after fasting while they were staying in the hospital (inpatients). Another third had samples taken both during fasting and then 2 hours after being given glucose. A final third had been instructed to fast the night before and came in the morning for testing as outpatients.
The researchers measured blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels in all samples. They then looked for a cut-off point for FFAs that could potentially distinguish samples taken while fasting from samples taken after eating. The study was funded by NICHD and others. Results were published on May 3, 2019, in Pediatrics.
As expected, blood glucose levels in samples rose after the children drank the sugar, while FFA levels fell. Blood FFA levels could identify 99% of the blood samples taken after glucose intake. FFA levels could also identify 98% of samples taken when the children were fasting. This was true whether the children were overweight, obese, or normal weight.
The researchers determined a cut-off point for FFAs that could separate blood samples taken after fasting from those taken after eating. By this measurement, 9.7% of children who came in as outpatients to have blood drawn had eaten in the morning despite instructions not to. In contrast, less than 1.6% of the inpatients had samples suggesting they ate before their test.
“A test that could lower the number of false positives for diabetes could reduce the need for re-testing, spare families unnecessary worry, and lower the costs of screening for diabetes in children,” Yanovski says.
- Diabetes Increasing in Youths
- Improving Blood Sugar Estimates
- Treating Type 2 Diabetes in Youth
- Blood Test May Predict Diabetes Risk
- National Diabetes Education Program
References: Free Fatty Acids as an Indicator of the Nonfasted State in Children. Collins SM, Broadney MM, Ghane N, Davis EK, Jaramillo M, Shank LM, Brady SM, Yanovski JA. Pediatrics. 2019 May 3. pii: e20183896. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-3896. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 31053621.
Funding: NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Clinical Center Bench to Bedside Program, Office of Research on Women’s Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Medical Research Scholars Program, and Foundation for the NIH.
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Evidence for Climate Change and Empowering Students to Action
This activity engages students in looking at the evidence for climate change and provides opportunities for them to then consider what they can do in their own lives to make a change in their carbon footprint.
Students should be able to recognize that there are natural and human forces driving climate change, and the bigger cause of recent climate change is due to human activity. In addition, students can reflect on what they can do to make a difference in their own personal life practices.
- Students should be able to describe what the natural cycle of climate change is.
- Students should be able to explain the relationship between greenhouse gases and global temperature
- Students should be able to differentiate between individual storm/weather events and bigger system climatic changes and describe how climate change is related to each.
- Students should be able to determine their own carbon footprint and compare and contrast different websites and the value of the number provided.
- Students should reflect on changes they can make in their own lives to reduce their carbon footprint.
Context for Use
Description and Teaching Materials
Pre-teaching activity: Students take a survey, do a pre-class reading and reflect on their learning
- Students take the "Six America's" survey: [http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/sassy/] and reflect on their results
- The reading assignment includes both a reading about the carbon cycle and watching 2 videos about greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect: http://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Earth-Science/6/The-Carbon-Cycle/95, https://youtu.be/3JX-ioSmNW8?list=PL38EB9C0BC54A9EE2 and, https://youtu.be/nlu21CNd34Q?list=PL38EB9C0BC54A9EE2
- Answer the following reading reflection questions: google form
- All of this is done prior to coming to class (ideally by the night before so as an instructor, you can look at the results going into the classroom.
- When students come into class, they are asked to ask any question they have about climate change/global warming. They put their question on a piece of paper, without their names and hand it in.
- Students are then provided a choice of four different groups in which to assemble into working groups around the International Panel on Climate Change Frequently Asked Questions (IPCC FAQ's) document (https://web.archive.org/web/20181103183733/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-faqs.pdf)
- General Overview (topics 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
- Extreme Events (topics 3.3, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2)
- General Processes (topics 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1)
- Human vs. Natural (topics 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.2)
- Each student in the working groups has their own FAQ to analyze and take notes on, and then as a group, they synthesize their information onto a class "white board". Students then share out their general findings to the class. If there is more than one topic working group, I ask the 2nd group to add/enhance what the first group presented.
- I then distribute the questions students handed out at the beginning of class (that I have sorted while students are working in their groups based on themes that pertain to the different topics—some are more obvious than others, some don't fit at all, and I take those on). Students are then asked to figure out how to answer their own classmates' questions.
- I then provide visuals and overview of some of the key ideas in a powerpoint (PowerPoint 8.7MB Mar31 16) to summarize the main ideas. This includes showing two clips/segments from Earth the Operator's Manual: http://earththeoperatorsmanual.com/main-video/earth-the-operators-manual ("formation of fossil fuels" and "it's us")
- Lastly, I ask students to reflect (in writing) on their initial survey results, do they think their rating would change, why or why not?
Homework Assignment follow up:
- Students are then asked to find two different websites that allow them to calculate their own carbon foot print and answer the following questions:
- What are the two measures of your carbon footprint? From where did you obtain these values?
- If they are different, why do you think that is?
- Which do you think is more accurate and why? (or if the same, how accurate in general do you think these calculators are and why?)
- What are ways to reduce your carbon footprint? Do you think this is reasonable?
- If there is one thing you could change in behavior among your spheres of influence (peers and family), which one thing do you think would have the greatest impact on reducing a larger carbon footprint?
- How does your footprint compare to the average American? To the rest of the world? Why do you think that is?
- Any other thoughts or reflections?
Teaching Notes and Tips
- The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international organization that seeks to provide information written by scientists for the general public to better understand how to make informed policy decisions, without making policy-recommendations in their work. The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's) are written by experts in climate research and go through multiple iterations of review prior to being available for the general public. They are well written and very digestible for a non-expert. For more detail on the IPCC and other important publications, visit their website: http://www.ipcc.ch/
- The reading reflection assignment is based on work done by Karl Wirth, described in more detail here: http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/metacognition/activities/27560.html
- Before I begin class, I try to make it very clear that because this is a science class, we're not talking about the politics of climate change, we're just looking at the evidence around what it says. I emphasize that I'm not trying to force someone to change their ideas, I just want them to understand the science. While that doesn't guarantee students will hear it, I've found it helps students to have language to tie their reflections to later if they still don't feel comfortable with confronting their beliefs.
- An alternate presentation format would be for groups to re-configure (in a jigsaw style manner) that allows smaller groups to share out their findings. The challenge is that since the FAQ's are not the same number within a group, it doesn't make for automatically re-grouped numbers, but you could have teams of some groups present to other smaller groups.
- I use a notebook system that helps record and keep all of their notes/activities in one place (described here: https://serc.carleton.edu/sage2yc/self_regulated/kraft3.html)
- "Ticket in" of the reading rubric and survey provides context for where they are currently thinking, and also requires them to start to formulate a description of the carbon cycle and how greenhouse gases play a role in that process.
- Presentations help to determine how well they understand their own content
- Answer one another's questions requires them to dig deeper into their own understanding of their assigned topic.
- During ppt presentation there is a think-pair-share checking in on understanding of greenhouse effect "applying the concept of the greenhouse effect, why does your car get hot in the summer?")
- A "ticket out" of a reflection on what their own thoughts are on climate change
- Homework assignment assesses their understanding of their own actions in relations to the larger picture.
- Quiz questions have included:
- What is one of the strongest pieces of evidence that the additional CO2 in the atmosphere is from human activity and not natural sources?
- Because the majority of Carbon is C-12 (old dead things)
- Because the majority of Carbon is C-13 (carbon cycle output)
- Because the majority of Carbon is C-14 (recent dead things)
- Because it's a blend of C-12, C-13 and C-14
- Describe the difference between climate and weather and why that's an important distinction when talking about climate change.
References and Resources
- International Panel on Climate Change Frequently Asked Questions (IPCC FAQ's): https://web.archive.org/web/20181103183733/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-faqs.pdf
- The PowerPoint for this lesson is in the section above within the lesson itself.
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A 3-D View of Modern Engineering Materials
The human brain is highly capable of interpreting the 3-D world in which we live. Not only do we continuously navigate 3-D spaces, but we can visualize in our mind what an object would look like as we spin it around. This advanced 3-D perception ability has evolved over eons out of the need to be able to function in the complex world around us.
It has only recently become possible to look at the internal structure of engineering materials in a way that is “natural” to our brain (i.e., in 3-D).
Looking inside a material to determine its microstructure – or the arrangement and shapes of phases and grains and the underlying structure of defects – requires some rather advanced characterization tools, but the basic principles are straightforward.
There are two main approaches: one nondestructive and the other destructive. Imagine having a complex but transparent object. Its transparency allows us to look inside to see how things are organized so that we can figure out how the object functions (think of plastic models of combustion engines or the human body). Metals are not transparent to visible light, but we can use high-power X-ray beams to penetrate through the material and thus reveal its interior structure. This is commonly known as X-ray computed tomography, or XCT.
The word tomography has a Greek origin and loosely means “to image by cutting or slicing.” By recording images of a material sample as we rotate the sample around an axis, we obtain a series of projections known as a sonogram. Using advanced mathematical techniques, one can convert those projections into a 3-D object representing the material’s internal microstructure.
The process is very similar to a medical XCT scan. In our labs at Carnegie Mellon, we have the ability to perform XCT experiments with a spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers on samples with a volume of only a few thousand cubic micrometers. For larger samples, we often make use of the beam line facilities at national laboratories. The sample is not damaged during a scan, so we can repeat the measurements while changing the external conditions (e.g., heating, cooling, deforming).
Another way to look at the internal structure of an object is to cut into it and see what’s there. If we want to know the shapes and sizes of the holes in a block of Swiss cheese, we could take a sharp knife and cut parallel slices from the block; if we take a picture of each slice and put those pictures together using an image-editing program, we can then reconstruct what the internal structure of the block of cheese looks like. It is then only a small additional step to determine statistical distributions of hole sizes and densities, or the spatial correlations of the holes.
This type of serial sectioning is obviously destructive, but it allows us to obtain very high-quality 3-D reconstructions of complex microstructures. Typically, we use a focused ion-beam instrument, like a scanning electron microscope equipped with a high-energy ion gun that provides the “knife” to cut through the material.
In our facility at Carnegie Mellon, we have two such instruments: one with a Gallium ion beam and the other using Xenon ions. They are in almost continuous use for the study of 3-D microstructures in both metallic (magnesium alloys, superalloys) and ceramic (strontium titanate, solid-oxide fuel-cell components) systems.
A Deeper Dive into Professor De Graef’s Research
Over the past two decades, Prof. De Graef’s research group has been at the forefront of developing the numerical tools that allow us to convert raw experimental data from serial sectioning experiments into accurate 3-D reconstructions. This requires algorithms to align individual slices and to extract from each slice the different microstructural components, a process known as segmentation.
'The figure shows a typical two-phase microstructure in a Ni-Cr-Al superalloy, in which ordered intermetallic precipitates are densely packed inside a disordered matrix. It is this dense packing that gives rise to the outstanding creep resistance at elevated temperature, enabling the use of these materials in the extreme conditions encountered in modern jet engines.
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AN OVERVIEW OF SCLERODERMA
Skin cancer is not the only defect of the human skin that can be deadly. Other skin problems can be disastrous, even to the point of disfiguring one’s features. A good example is a scleroderma.
Scleroderma means hard skin. Scleroderma is a skin condition whereby the body produces too much collagen. This causes the skin to harden and become tight. Collagen is the substance that holds the body together.
When someone has scleroderma, their skin becomes hard and tight. The joints, muscles and internal organs can be affected as well.
We know how uncomfortable this skin condition can be, which is why Clearskin London is here to offer you our professional assistance for your skin conditions and dermatology concerns. We recommend that you visit our dermatology clinic once you notice such signs on any area of your skin.
Do call us right away for more information and to begin treatment.
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Mysterious sub-atomic particles from another galaxy could be raining down on planet Earth, according to a collaboration of astronomers.
Earth would be sitting in this stream of Wimps (Image by David Low)
If so, it could explain controversial results from a particle-detection experiment deep inside mountains to the east of Rome.
The story concerns Wimps - standing for weakly interacting massive particles - which astronomers think may make up the bulk of the Universe.
For every kg of material made up from atoms like the ones we have in our bodies, or which make up the stars, there are up to 20kg of something completely different, whose principal quality is that it has never been actually observed directly by scientists.
Which is why they call it dark matter. But they know it is there because its effect on the movements of galaxies can be weighed.
If Wimps exist, they would fill the spaces between the stars, and would interact with normal matter so weakly that they would pass right the way through the Earth.
The Dama (DArk MAtter) experiment, at the underground Gran Sasso facility in Italy, is one of several around the world hoping to spot the tell-tale signs of rare collisions between Wimps and ordinary atoms.
Dama has been reporting possible detections, and what is more, it is seeing more events in summer than in winter.
This seasonal variation has been a particular puzzle. Should cosmic particles obey the cycles of the Earth? The solution could come from a completely different branch of science.
In 1994, UK astronomers discovered a small galaxy just on the other side of our Milky Way galaxy, about to swallowed up by its larger neighbour.
Since then it has become clear that this Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, as it is been called, is actually orbiting over the poles of our own galaxy, with long streams of stars preceding and trailing the main body.
It was when dark matter expert Katherine Freese, from the University of Michigan, heard astronomer Heidi Jo Newberg, from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, talk about these so-called tidal streams that an explanation for the puzzling seasonal Dama Wimp result started to crystallise.
"Part of this stream of stars is coming past our part of the galaxy, close to the Solar System," explains Heidi Newberg.
And this is what excited Katherine Freese. "Along with the stars being ripped out of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, there would be a large amount of dark matter and that would provide a Wimp highway that's coming right down on to the Earth," she said.
The argument is that we are stuck in the middle of a fast-moving stream of Wimps, billions passing through every square metre of the Earth (and our bodies) each second at speeds of over a million km/h.
The seasonal variation in detection would then depend on whether the Earth's orbit around the Sun is taking us upstream or downstream in this flow of extragalactic debris.
Writing in the journal Physical Review Letters, the scientists say their theory should be provable, if dark-matter detectors could see a variation in the energy of atom-Wimp collisions from winter to summer.
But confirming that Wimps exist would only be the start of a bigger search - for the identity of what they are actually made from.
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Water activity? And why would I want to measure it? Food always contains a certain amount of 'free' or unbound water. The more unbound water is present, the easier it is for micro-organisms like fungi to grow. Hence, the shelf life of food products is shortened by the presence of unbound water. Water activity is a physical quantity that describes the amount of unbound water in a product. Therefore, by measuring the water activity, you can estimate the shelf life of food. Only problem is the incredible amount of money you have to pay for a commercial water activity meter. In this article I describe an easy and cheap water activity meter on the basis of a humidity sensor, an NTC, and an Arduino Pro Mini.
Principles of water activity
For those not interested in the physics of water activity, skip to the sensor part.
Water activity aw is a thermodynamic quantity defined as the vapor pressure of water (p) in the substance and the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature (p0):
This is a value between 0 and 1, 0 meaning there is no free water in the substance and 1 meaning there is so much that the substance resembles pure water. Expressed as a percentage, water activity is also known as the equilibrium relative humidity. So, measuring the water activity of a substance is actually quite easy: it's just a matter of measuring the relative humidity of the air above the substance.
Professional water activity meters are very expensive and usually based on a dew point measurement. The temperature of a mirror above the sample is slowly lowered until moisture condenses on it. The temperature at which this takes place is the dew point. Psychrometric charts are used to calculate the water activity from the dew point.
A much simpler solution uses either a capacitive or a resistive relative humidity sensor. This offers a direct way of determining the water activity and it is a much cheaper solution. But, since nothing is ever for free, lower price goes at the expense of accuracy and reproducibility. Nevertheless, for a rough estimate of shelf life, such a sensor will do just fine.
The aw meter has two sensors, a TS-NTC-232 temperature sensor and a Hygrosens EFS-10 humidity sensor. The temperature sensor is a quick response (15s) NTC with a 0. 5% accuracy. The humidity sensor is a resistive type with 2% hysteresis. It needs an alternating signal to read it out, probably to prevent drift from messing up the signal.
Water activity is strongly temperature dependent, so the measured water activity needs to be accompanied by a temperature value.
It is even possible to correct for measurement errors as a function of temperature, but that would mean that the aw meter be calibrated for different temperatures. I did not go that far just yet, for now all values need to be measured around 16 to 18°C. This is enough, since the meter will be used in a laboratory that is constantly kept at this temperature.
OK, let's look at the central part of the electronics, the readout unit of the humidity sensor. The data sheet of the sensor explains that an alternating signal should be put on the sensor to read it. Looking around on the Internet I found a nice example of the use of EFS-10 on http:// www.sjmp.de/java/feuchtigkeitssensor-und-rs-232-mit-java/ (see the scheme). An oscillator is formed around the humidity sensor (Feuchtigkeitssensor), R1, C1, R2 , R7, and an opamp. The frequency of the oscillator signal depends on the resistance of the humidity sensor. This is the hart of the readout unit. R4, R5, C2, and the BAT43 diode are purely for transforming the signal in a nice block wave, at least, that's what I found out by trial and error. R6, R9, R10 and the 'Komparator' I don't use in my scheme, since all of this is solved by Arduino. The connection of IC2A seems a bit weird, but this is done to prevent noise on the inputs.
At this point, open the PDF file of the aw-meter schematics at the bottom of this page and follow along in the text. Connected to digital pin 2 of the Arduino Pro Mini there is the humidity sensor readout unit I just discussed. The temperature readout section is far easier, it just consists of the NTC in a resistance divider connected to analog pin 0.
The fan is controlled by digital pin 11. Since the DC motor (floppy drive motor, Mitsumi M25E-4) draws a bit more power than Arduino can provide, it is connected via a transistor switch. R6 and R11 are current limiters and D1 is a protection diode against inductive kick as a result of the motor switching on and off. The remaining digital pins are used to control a 16x2 line dot-matrix LCD display with nice blue backlighting (Conrad 181651).
In addition to the control PCB, there is a separate PCB for the control buttons. I found some really nice surface mount buttons with blue LEDs in them (Marquardt SMD tact switch blue, Conrad 703124) and decided they would go very nicely with my blue backlit LCD. However, I had to create my own library for the buttons in Eagle, since there was none (they are included in the Eagle files in the download section). The scheme of the panel shows the buttons with the current limiting resistors for the LEDs and pull-down resistors for the buttons.
I needed a robust case, so I bought an anodized aluminum box (168x103x42mm, Conrad 523224) and made sure that the control PCB perfectly fit the sliding rails inside the box. That way, it can easily be inserted and extracted when assembling the case. One of the shorter side walls is fitted with a power switch and a hole for the power cable. Holes were drilled in the bottom plate to fit the sensors (both temperature and humidity) and the axle of the fan motor.
The sample needs to be contained in a small closed volume to have an accurate and fast reading. I have been looking all over the place for a box that met the demands (not to high, not to wide, but wide enough to facilitate the sensors and the fan, flat cap, etc.). Finally I settled on a small container for hair gel. After cleaning it a few times thoroughly, I drilled holes at the positions corresponding to the holes in the bottom plate and mounted it. In the figure below you see the green cap mounted to the bottom plate. The white cylindrical protrusion is a special foam protector for the temperature and humidity sensors to protect against dirt and liquid spills. The other strange object can be recognized as a cross-shaped servo horn. Though not a propeller, this thing provides enough airflow to bring the humidity of the sample in equilibrium with the air in the container.
Finally, the panel and the LCD display were mounted in the top plate of the box. To this end, I used my hobby milling machine to make a nice square hole for the LCD display and mounted it using nuts & bolts. For the buttons I drilled four holes and milled a beveled edge on each hole. This was necessary, because the SMD buttons were not that high; they only protruded a few tenths of a millimeter. By beveling the edges, there was a little more room to push the buttons. The panel was glued to the back of the top plate with a two component epoxy kit.
Before I could actually write the firmware, I had to think of what functionalities I wanted my aw-meter to have. You should at least be able to control the fan speed, choose the measurement time, and do a measurement (obviously). I made a diagram of the menu structure with all possible actions (timeout, button presses) and their consequences. The diagram can be found in the downloads section. The menu is in Dutch (sorry about that) for a better user experience (at least for native Dutch..). From that, I created a finite state machine (FSM) and the control structure was done.
Retrieving the signal for the temperature sensor is easy; just readout analog pin 0 and convert the value to a temperature using a linear correlation. I calibrated the sensor with hot water and a calibrated digital food thermometer. The humidity sensor is a little harder to read, since the circuitry around it produces a signal with variable frequency as a function of humidity. The sensor was calibrated by registering the signals during humidity measurements of saturated solutions of KCl, NaCl, K2CO3, and NaOH. The real water activities of these solutions was found in tables of different sources on the internet. The signal is corrected for a slight variation in temperature, but only in the range of 16-18 °C. Finally, the fan speed can be controlled by PWM signals simply by writing a value (analogWrite) between 0 and 255 to the datapin it is connected to.
Currently, the aw-meter is in use in the flavors & fragrances lab of my brother's chocolaterie (http://www.huizegeers.nl).
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A colony of Adélie penguins on the West Antarctic Peninsula.
Credit: Sue & Wayne Trivelpiece
A new "critter cam" has captured the speedy dives of Antarctic penguins as they hunt for prey.
The videos, captured by cameras attached to the birds, reveal that when going for fish, penguins use shallow dives, but may plunge deep into the frigid Antarctic waters to capture their favorite food, tiny shrimplike crustaceans called krill.
While studies of penguins' stomach contents have revealed fish and krill, exactly how the best-dressed animals capture them has remained a mystery.
Yuuki Watanabe and Akinori Takahashi of the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo wanted to understand exactly how penguins hunt. To do so, they attached critter cams to 11 Adélie penguins that live in Lützow-Holm Bay, Antarctica. The critter cams recorded about 85 minutes of activity from each animal as they held their breath and dived for prey. The findings were published today (Jan. 21) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
While dives for fish produced a steady supply of food, dives for krill were more unreliable. [Image Gallery: Private Sex Lives of Penguins]
"This difference indicates that the success of penguins feeding on krill during a foraging trip depends on a small number of very successful dives, rather than a number of typical dives."
All in all, the penguins were impressive hunters, with no divers coming up empty-beaked. During about 88 minutes of diving (many individual dives), the Antarctic birds devoured 244 krill and 33 Arctic fish. The cameras also revealed that the penguins turned their heads quickly to engulf prey.
"Our movies showed that the foraging behavior of Adélie penguins is remarkably fast and efficient," the researchers wrote.
The findings could help explain why the population of a penguin colony of Adélies doesn't seem to change with the amount of time the birds hunt.
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There are some parts of school that kids may not enjoy, but, typically, most kids can’t wait for the chance to see their classmates and learn. Especially at very young ages, children's minds are like sponges and they are eager to learn about the world that they live in. However, not every child learns in the same manner. Most schools teach from a standardized curriculum, but many neglect to teach children in a way that is catered to each individual. For instance, some kids excel as visual learners, while others excel when having a hands-on experience. If a student doesn’t understand something, it doesn't necessarily mean that he or she is less intelligent. Rather, it could be a sign that they just need to be taught in a different way.
For some children around the world, it is unfortunate that the greatest hurdle to learning is the journey to school rather than the lesson plan. Schools aren't easily accessible in every region, and kids often risk their lives in trying to receive an education. This is a way of life for them, and it's something too many of us have taken for granted.
It takes five hours to get to one of the most remote schools in the world. The school is located in the mountains of Gulu, China.
The narrow pathway through the mountains goes right up against the edge.
Hopefully, the steep cliffs don’t spook the animals.
In the forests of Zhang Jiawan Village, Southern China, students have to use ladders to climb the steep hills.
Can you imagine ascending this to get to class?
Going to boarding school in the Indian Himalayas involves traversing mini icebergs.
In Lebak, Indonesia, students often rely on a damaged suspension bridge to get across the river.
After the story spread, Indonesia’s largest steel producer, PT Krakatau Steel, built a new bridge so that children could cross the river safely.
It’s normal for students to use steel cables as a means of transportation when crossing the Rio Negro River in Colombia.
Would you trust that cable? It’s a long way down.
Pupils often use canoes to get to school in Riau, Indonesia.
This fallen tree root in India functions as a natural bridge.
This girl from Myanmar rides a bull to school.
Auto rickshaws are used as the standard mode of transportation for these students in Beldanga, India.
Students in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province in China have to cross a broken bridge in the snow to get to school.
Children cross the waters in Pangururan, Indonesia on the roof of a wooden boat.
A plank on the wall of the 16th century Galle Fort in Sri Lanka serves as a platform for these schoolgirls to walk on.
Pupils use boats to get to school in Kerala, India.
A horse cart in Delhi, India helps these children get back from school.
These students resort to using makeshift bamboo rafts to get to their school in the remote Cilangkap Village in Indonesia.
In the mountains of Pili Village in China, a 125-mile journey to boarding school is the norm.
30 feet above a river in Padang, Indonesia, a student hangs on to a tightrope as he tries to get himself to the other side.
No child should have to deal with conditions like this.
Elementary school students use inflated tire tubes to cross the rivers of Rizal Province in the Philippines.
Hopefully, nothing important falls into the river.
Don't forget to SHARE these brave students with your friends and family.
H/T: Bored Panda
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Common uses and applications
Lodgepole pine is part of the SPF (spruce-pine-fir) species group. Kiln-dried SPF lumber is used as a structural framing material in all types of residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. It is used exclusively in the manufacture of prefabricated housing, trusses, and other structural components.
Lodgepole pine can be made into composite boards because of its suitable wood density, tendency to plasticize when compressed at high temperatures, gluing ease, and uniform ring density. It is also a first-class joinery wood for furniture, windows, doors and shutters, panelling, edge-glued shelving, siding, mouldings and other architectural millwork and joinery items.
Lodgepole pine is used for telephone poles, fence posts and corral rails because of its small diameter and lack of taper. It is also used for mine timbers, railway ties and fuel. Additionally, it is mixed with spruce and fir to produce 100 percent bleached Kraft pulp and chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP).
Indigenous peoples use lodgepole pine for a variety of purposes, including as poles for lodges, homes and other buildings. In the spring, they strip off long ribbons of the sweet, succulent inner bark (cambium layer) to eat fresh or store for later. They use the pitch as the base of many medicines, including chewing it to relieve sore throats, or boiling it and mixing it with animal fat to use as a poultice for rheumatic pain or aches and soreness in muscles and joints.
Richmond Olympic Oval
Photo credit: KK Law
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Eat More Plant-based Foods For Better Heart Health
New York: Eating more plant-based foods and fewer animal-based foods may be linked to better heart health and a lower risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases, a new study suggests.
“Eating a larger proportion of plant-based foods and a smaller proportion of animal-based foods may help reduce your risk of having a heart attack, stroke or other type of cardiovascular disease,” said study lead researcher, Casey M. Rebholz, Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the US.
Published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the researchers reviewed a database of food intake information from more than 10,000 middle-aged US adults who were monitored from 1987 through 2016 and did not have cardiovascular disease at the start of the study.
Those who ate the most plant-based foods overall had a 16 per cent lower risk of having a cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, stroke, heart failure and other conditions; 32 per cent lower risk of dying from a cardiovascular disease and 25 per cent lower risk of dying from any cause compared to those who ate the least amount of plant-based foods.
“Our findings underscore the importance of focusing on your diet. There might be some variability in terms of individual foods but to reduce cardiovascular disease risk people should eat more vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fruits, legumes and fewer animal-based foods,” Rebholz said.
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Kolkata, October 25 (IANS) A team of Indian researchers has stumbled upon a potential new drug target for treating diabetes while on the path to unravel the mystery behind the spurt in levels of a protein linked to the disease.
The team from Kolkata’s CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Republic of Korea’s Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Kolkata’s Vidyasagar College and the Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER) here has in a recent study answered a long standing question as to why diabetics have more amount of an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4 or DPP4 in their blood.
To rein in the levels, diabetics take a group of pills called DPP4 inhibitors: sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin etc.
But why diabetic patients start accumulating DPP4 in the blood is still an enigma.
The team led by CSIR-IICB’s Partha Chakrabarti identified the contribution of a particular class of white blood cells called T lymphocytes (Th17) behind the aberrant abundance of DPP4 in diabetics.
“Diabetics have abundant DPP4 in blood (we first time showed it for Indian patients), but its tissue source was not known. We found that certain immune cells (Th17 cells) shed DPP4 at enhanced rate. This process needs another enzyme KLK5. This is a new finding that answers a long standing question as to why diabetics have more DPP4,” Chakrabarti told IANS.
Kallikrein-related peptidase 5 or KLK5 cleaves off the DPP4 present on the surface of Th17 cells and the freely circulating DPP4 starts piling up in blood.
DPP4 destroys the hormone incretin that stimulates insulin secretion in response to meals. Incretin assists the body in producing more insulin only when it is needed and reduces the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when it is not needed.
“This new discovery points to KLK5 as another interesting target for antidiabetic therapy,” Chakrabarti said.
The results were published in the journal Molecular Metabolism in September.
The study was carried out by Titli Nargis, a senior research fellow in Chakrabarti’s lab.
The interdisciplinary work had contributions from research fellows Krishna Kumar and Amrit Raj Ghosh and scientists Dipyaman Ganguly and Saikat Chakrabarti – all from CSIR-IICB.
Dipayan Rudra and Amit Sharma from IBS, Korea, also joined hands with the Kolkata team for this study.
IPGMER’s Satinath Mukhopadhyay from the Department of Endocrinology was the clinical collaborator in the work.
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The Durbin Amendment is named after its author, Illinois Senator Dick Durbin. Durbin crafted the amendment that eventually was incorporated into the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. After a lengthy stay in Congress, the Amendment was finally passed and was put into effect on October 1, 2011.
The Durbin Amendment takes aim at banking and credit card lenders who charge excessively high fees for credit card transactions. It’s estimated that before the Durbin Amendment was put into effect, retailers paid upwards of 44 cents for every successful credit or debit card transactions. This amendment reduces the amount that a lender can charge by almost 50 percent.
This reduction in fees means changes for almost everyone involved. For consumers, it may encourage them to use their credit cards more often. This can lead to higher consumer debt which only benefits the banks and the credit card companies. By using credit cards less it reduces the overall fees that are charged, keeping prices and fees to a minimum.
Retailers, even though they are now being charged less in credit card transaction fees, may have other charges through their banks increased. Their service fees may increase as well as the charges they pay for other bank services. In some cases, the retailers may not pass savings onto the customer to compensate for other increases that may be put into place.
For banks and credit card companies, they are scrambling to find ways to recoup their losses. Many are turning fees back onto customers and retailers. By increasing fees for services that retailers and consumers use, they can regain their losses quite fast. Some banks are eliminating many of the perks they offer their customers. Free checking has been one of the first things to go. Many banks have imposed higher charges on checking accounts that fall under a certain amount.
It has been the hope of those who supported the Durbin Amendment, that by changing the amount of fees that were charged, would somehow reflect on the amount the customers were asked to pay.
It will take some time to determine what the actual affects of the Durbin Amendment will be. By monitoring the prices retailers’ charge, customer’s spending habits and their method of payment and the fee schedules set out by credit card companies, analysts will be able to understand exactly how efficient the Durbin Amendment was in achieving its goals.
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No matter what design solutions engineers and construction contractors devise to contend with the growing number of water and air pollution regulations, they can't do very much without pumps. Gravity sometimes may play a role in water and wastewater systems, but pumps are without a doubt the prime movers in the business of fluid handling. And as water pollution control technology continues to develop to meet the needs, it is becoming more evident that non-metallic pumps are particularly suitable for many applications in the field.
Unfortunately, the quantity of published information covering the design features, materials of construction, and applied experience of non-metallic pumps used for water pollution control purposes is meager compared with what is available in published form on metallic pumps and other equipment. Plastic pumps have been around for decades (our company developed thermoplastic pumps in 1950), but the bulk of experience with them has been acquired in the chemical and other process industries, where they have been applied in numerous cases for handling corrosive and hazardous fluids.
As a result of government regulations affecting water quality and waste disposal, municipal facilities now are seen as chemical operations requiring the same degree of knowledge and sophistication associated with manufacturing and processing plants. With this in mind, a review of significant information on plastic pumps, and their design and application, should be of interest and value. Three important aspects are covered.
An additional area of increasing importance to engineers and managers in the water/wastewater field is the control of undesirable atmospheric emissions. The incorporation of thermoplastic pumps and other components in the design of scrubbing and odor control systems has solved a number of problems, and will be the subject of a future article in WEM.
Materials of Construction
Let's look first at materials of construction. Several years ago a study aimed at knowledgeable engineers and others involved with wastewater treatment revealed that a large majority had used non-metallic pumps for some purpose. But generally they were unaware of the range of potential applications for them, and the specific reasons for selecting non-metallic rather than metallic pumps.
Corrosion resistance was identified as the major attribute of non-metallic pumps. But their abrasion resistance and ability to avoid metallic contamination of the product they are pumping, thus preserving its purity, also are important characteristics. Of even greater significance is the inert chemical nature of the thermoplastics, which are suitable for use over the full pH range. This property simplifies the choice of the specific material, and extends the usefulness and service life of a given pump in a variety of applications.
Several other attributes of plastic pumps, in addition to their being chemically inert and resistant to abrasion, are worth taking into account. For instance, they are light, being 25 to 50 percent the weight of the metallic items they can replace. Since the plastic parts will not rust or seize, they are easy to service, and their initial cost is lower than pumps fabricated with exotic alloys.
The plastic materials of construction for rigid wet end components such as casings and impellers, which received the most mentions in the study were
Clearly, choosing a material of construction for specialized water or wastewater treatment pumping applications should be based on checking the corrosion resistance of the material in terms of the fluids to be handled and the anticipated temperatures. In many cases, a pump manufacturer may have experience in dealing with identical or similar service conditions. When it comes to handling waste streams containing unknown or varying chemicals and concentrations, engineering and operating personnel can be confident in the ability of thermoplastic pumps to be up to the task because the wetted parts are so chemically inert.
Spotlight on Pump Design
Some so-called plastic pumps on the market are misnamed. They are basically metallic pumps with non-metallic casings and impellers. For best results, plastic pumps should be designed to take maximum advantage of the unique properties of the plastic material. If the application requires non-metallic parts to be in contact with the fluids being pumped, the following points are important:
Non-Metallic Pump/Tank Systems
The traditional below-grade concrete sump with a mounted pump of some style is no longer the best way to contain and deal with hazardous liquid wastes. Regulations now require these to be lined with corrosion-resistant coatings to prevent chemicals, oils and other materials from leaching into adjacent groundwater. But concrete sumps are difficult to seal completely, and keep sealed. Coatings are typically 125 mils thick since sump service is considered immersion service, and anything less might not last long and also be inadequate. Regular inspections are necessary to ensure continued integrity of the coating. When chemicals penetrate it through constant immersion, patching is possible but difficult, and seldom acceptable. In many cases the coating must be completely stripped off and the concrete surfaces recoated.
Packaged non-metallic pump-tank units now available often can provide economical solutions to some of the problems described above. These are standard or customer-engineered self-contained tanks containing not only pumps, but level controls, control panels and related piping as well. Wetted parts machined or fabricated from a number of thermoplastic or thermosetting materials, for instance the five families of plastic compounds discussed earlier, make the systems suitable for handling a broad range of corrosive or otherwise hazardous materials up to temperatures of 275 F. Installation usually involves only electrical and influent/effluent connections. In most cases they are free-standing and require only a concrete pad, but some have been installed in existing concrete basins.
To sum up, plastic pumps and plastic sump systems have established a dependable service record over the last few decades that points to their suitability for many fluid handling duties. They are particularly capable where corrosive and hazardous liquid wastes or chemicals have to be contained and pumped. As a result they are being applied increasingly for such tasks in the water/wastewater field. Their development continues.
A thermoplastic resin will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled. Decomposition occurs only at higher temperatures.
A thermosetting resin cannot be melted or remolded without changing its chemical structure.
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Thought you weather watchers might be interested in this NOAA site:
as well as in the following news story, gleaned from the /S.F.
Chronicle/ today by Darth Cheezer.
Warning On Impact Of Global Warming
Scientists forecast economic disruption
David Perlman, Chronicle Science Editor
Friday, January 29, 1999
``Greenhouse gases'' rising into the atmosphere from burning fossil
fuels and other pollutants will increase the pace of global warming
and disrupt many regions of the world, leaders of a prestigious
scientific organization warned yesterday.
Those gases could persist in the atmosphere for thousands of years,
and despite many uncertainties about just how high worldwide
temperatures might go and how to combat the climate changes, new
strategies must be developed to deal with the problem, the scientists
The warning was issued yesterday by the 26-member council of the
American Geophysical Union, an international organization of
scientists whose 35,000 members include most of the foremost
specialists who study the atmosphere, the oceans, the record of
Earth's rising temperatures, and the evidence of global climates from
past ice ages to today's forests and deserts.
AVAILABLE EVIDENCE RESEARCHED
More than a year ago, the American Geophysical Union named a panel of
six climate experts to study all the available evidence on what has
been happening to temperatures over the past 150 years compared with
the global climate of the distant past.
Like other researchers, the panel concluded that Earth's average
temperature has risen by at least 1 degree Fahrenheit since the
Industrial Revolution began. Although the scientists cannot tell how
much of that increase is due to human activity, it is certainly
``unusual in the context of the past few centuries,'' the AGU leaders
declared in a public statement.
Only a few scientists continue to insist that any current increase in
global temperatures is primarily due to natural fluctuations, but the
geophysicists maintained that no natural phenomenon can compare to the
burning of fossil fuels as a cause.
The AGU never injects itself into political controversies, and the
organization did not recommend solutions to the global warming
problem. Nor did its leaders comment on the Clinton administration's
commitment to the international agreement to curb global warming
negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, two years ago. The agreement would pledge
industrial nations to cut back greenhouse gas emissions sharply over
the next dozen years, and Congress has yet to support it.
The most the AGU leaders would do yesterday was to warn that rising
temperatures could disrupt regional economies and lives as the globe
warms, while declaring that the warming problem ``provides a
compelling basis for legitimate public concern over future global and
regional-scale changes resulting from increased concentrations of
``It is important that public debate take into account the extent of
scientific knowledge and the uncertainties,'' the AGU statement said,
and it urged scientists around the world to pursue both research and
policy discussions on coping with the complex issues that global
c1999 San Francisco Chronicle Page A3
Michele Gale-Sinex, communications manager
Center for Integrated Ag Systems
UW-Madison College of Ag and Life Sciences
Voice: (608) 262-8018 FAX: (608) 265-3020
Dennis: Anarcho-syndicalism is a way of *preserving* freedom!
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All messages to sanet-mg are archived at:
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Converting your “less than exciting” linear equation worksheet activities to puzzles is possible with a small investment in some supplies and a slightly larger investment in time. To get started, find some sturdy, colorful cardboard, a ruler, black marker, a pair of scissors, self-adhesive lamination plastic, an elastic band, and a set of solved linear equations. Dark colored card tends to be difficult to read equations from, so avoid dark colors unless you are working with white or silver metallic markers. While I prefer working with black markers, any colored pens that create contrast with the background card color will work.
Your puzzle can take any form, but simple shapes are the easiest to work with. For beginners, I recommend a square puzzle with no more than 9 pieces. Use the ruler to mark out a square on the card, and divide the square into a table with 3 equally spaced columns and 3 equally spaced rows. If you are feeling less ambitious, start with a 2×2 table. Make sure the lines and boundaries of the puzzle are drawn in bold ink. Neatly insert an equation along a side of a cell that has an adjacent cell. The solution to this equation is filled in across the boundary line in the neighboring cell. Try not to choose equations that will generate the same solution as this may cause confusion for learners who are new to this type of puzzle building. Duplicate solutions can be intentionally incorporated into more challenging puzzles, but should be avoided when first introducing these puzzles to a class or student. Complete the puzzle with equations and solutions, laminate the card for durability, and cut the puzzle into its individual pieces. Use the elastic band to keep the puzzle pieces together.
If you are new to putting the pieces back together, or want to know how to explain the process to your students, read “How to Solve a Linear Equation Jigsaw Puzzle“.
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With five megapixels and up, today’s digital cameras have more than enough resolution to take photos that can be enlarged to poster size. Yet, to meet demand from customers, manufacturers are racing to cram more and more megapixels onto cameras’ image sensors. But they’re also beginning to consider other ways to distinguish their products.
Now Dalsa, an image sensor maker based in Eindhoven, Netherlands, has developed technology that uses excess pixels to take pictures that look clear and bright – even when there’s just one-quarter as much natural light. Ordinarily, increasing a camera sensor’s light sensitivity introduces more “noise” into an image, in the form of random specks of color. But Dalsa’s technology, described at this week’s meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Washington, DC, increases sensitivity without adding noise.
Dalsa’s sensor, which is designed for professional photographers, has a capacity of 28 megapixels – or more than five times that of a typical consumer digital camera. But this impressive figure isn’t noteworthy in itself. This fall, Kodak announced 31- and 39-megapixel sensors, for example, and Dalsa has made its own 66-megapixel sensor, although not for mass production.
“At this point everybody knows how to put many pixels on a piece of silicon,” says Albert Theuwissen, Dalsa’s chief technology officer. “Differentiation comes through features.”
What’s new is what photographers can do with Dalsa’s technology. For one thing, they can record from each pixel separately, creating a gargantuan image with enough information to produce sharp, wall-sized ads. Or they can combine signals from clusters of neighboring pixels, in effect amplifying the signal while averaging out the random noise.
This latter technique, called “charge binning,” because the electronic charge from multiple pixels accumulated as if in bins, has been used in the past for black and white photography. But adjacent cells in a color sensor alternate between green, red, and blue, in a checkerboard pattern, so that simply adding up the light readings from these neighboring cells would blur the colors together. Dalsa’s innovation is a system that combines signals only from the same-colored pixels, keeping the colors distinct. Theuwissen claims that Dalsa is the first to have accomplished this.
In addition to increasing light sensitivity, combining the pixels has the benefit of improving what’s called “dynamic range,” a camera’s ability to capture images that have both bright and dark areas, without losing detail. As sensor makers have stuffed more and more pixels into small point-and-shoot cameras, they’ve also made each individual pixel smaller, actually limiting the range of light levels they can distinguish. In effect, charge binning makes the pixels larger, creating “virtual pixels” that are able to absorb more photons and distinguish a greater range of light levels.
Achieving this greater dynamic range and sensitivity does come at the cost of some resolution. Since the Dalsa sensor adds up information from groups of four like-colored pixels, its output resolution is only seven megapixels, instead of 28. But seven megapixels is still enough for pictures that run in print magazines, according to Christopher Harting, a long-time professional photographer (and an occasional contributor to Technology Review).
Theuwissen says the extra light sensitivity provided by charge binning would be useful in situations such as sports photography, where high shutter speeds are needed to freeze the action. (The faster the shutter speed, the less light that reaches the sensor.) A photographer using the sensor would have the option of switching between modes in different situations.
But Harting points out that medium-format cameras, like those the Dalsa sensor is designed for, are typically used in situations where photographers have control of the lighting anyway, such as in studios, and where there isn’t a need for high light sensitivity. In contrast, sports photographers tend to use more smaller-format, portable cameras, he says. Dalsa’s success with its new sensor, therefore, may depend on whether medium-format camera users find applications for the switchable sensor.
Other companies are also looking at ways to distinguish their cameras by improving low-light sensitivity. Fujifilm, for instance, has developed computational methods for cleaning up the noise in an image.
Theuwissen says Dalsa plans to keep working on highly-sensitive, low-noise sensors, while looking for other tasks to accomplish with extra pixels. Such technology could eventually be used in consumer cameras – giving them a better reason to be so musclebound in megapixels.
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When a blood vessel on the surface or inside the brain leaks or bursts, tissues can be damaged.
Strokes happen when a clot blocks an artery in your brain or when a blood vessel breaks. A stroke prevents your brain from getting the blood and oxygen it needs.
If you experience the symptoms of a stroke, you should seek medical care immediately by calling 911. It’s important to stop any bleeding or remove a blood clot right away to minimize brain damage.
Signs and symptoms
Quick treatment is crucial
Knowing the signs and symptoms of a stroke is the best way to ensure you get the care you need. For every minute a stroke goes untreated, nearly 2 million neurons in your brain die. This can affect speech, movement, memory and more. Quick treatments save lives or prevent disabilities. Even if symptoms lessen or go away, you should get help right away.
There are two main types of stroke:
When a clot blocks a blood vessel, the brain does not get the blood it needs to work as it should.
Stroke symptoms strike suddenly. If you think someone is having a stroke, BE FAST:
B – Balance. Is there a sudden loss of balance or coordination? To check, ask the person to walk in a straight line or touch their finger to their nose.
E – Eyes. Are there sudden vision changes? To check, ask if the person has double vision or cannot see out of one eye.
F – Face. Does one side of the face droop? To check, ask the person to smile.
A – Arm. Is there arm weakness or numbness? To check, ask the person to raise both arms.
S – Speech. Is speech slurred? Does the person have trouble speaking? To check, ask the person to repeat a sentence.
T – Terrible headache. Is there a sudden onset of a terrible headache?
Care and treatment
Enhanced, breakthrough stroke care and treatment
When you come to UW Health, we do everything we can to stop or slow the effects of a brain blockage or bleed. We provide ultra-rapid initial diagnosis and treatment.
Our Comprehensive Stroke Center provides acute treatment for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. The vascular surgeons, neurologists, neuro-interventionalists, neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons on the stroke team quickly assess your condition and provide the right treatment.
Stroke treatments might include:
We use CT, CT angiography, CT perfusions, MRI, MRA, functional MRI, transcranial Doppler and ultrasound to identify brain regions at risk of damage. We follow comprehensive CT and MRI stroke imaging guidelines for stroke management.
Our stroke team provides 24/7 bedside administration of alteplase, a drug that breaks down blood clots.
Certain types of brain blood clots can be removed in a procedure called a thrombectomy. UW Health has two state-of-the-art OR hybrid operating rooms for these types of surgery.
Our stroke team repairs ruptured intracranial aneurysms in hemorrhagic strokes. This stops blood from leaking into brain tissue and returns blood flow to the brain.
Expert nurses with critical care and neuroscience training care for and monitor stroke patients.
We perform carotid surgery, extracranial to intracranial bypass, aneurysm clipping and arteriovenous malformation removal to treat carotid artery stenosis, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm.
Complete rehabilitation care
If a stroke causes a loss of speech, movement or other disability, you will begin rehabilitation. Once you are medically ready, you will do physical, occupational and speech therapy as needed.
We provide rehabilitation programs for patients staying at the hospital and those well enough to return home. At UW Health, we do everything we can to help you recover as completely as possible.
Stroke quality data
Diagnostic cerebral catheter angiography
The Comprehensive Stroke Program at UW Health in Madison, Wis., is dedicated to the philosophy that the impact of stroke can be minimized by a combination of aggressive prevention, rapid and intensive acute stroke management and a positive attitude toward rehabilitation.
A diagnostic cerebral catheter angiography is a procedure that allows physicians to see how blood flows in the brain and the vessels leading to the brain. The procedure may identify vessel blockages and aneurysms, and detect abnormal blood vessels.
The UW Health Stroke Program results are significantly better than The Joint Commission's quality benchmarks when performing cerebral catheter angiography, as seen below.
Programs and research
Lifesaving cerebrovascular care
The stroke program at UW Health offers expert care and a wide range of services.
We are a Comprehensive Stroke Program certified by The Joint Commission. This means we meet the highest levels of care to speed recovery and reduce the risk of death. The UW Health Stroke Program also received the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award.
Our Emergency Department and medical flight teams are trained to provide immediate care for stroke to stop brain damage. We provide access to lifesaving services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Patients receive education on managing their health and schedule a follow-up visit before leaving the hospital.
Our specialized care programs
Doctors who need guidance for patients with stroke symptoms can call the UW Health Access Center 24 hours a day. Our nurses can help coordinate consultations with neurologists and neurosurgeons, secure hospital beds and help arrange patient transport.
The UW Health Stroke Clinic assesses non-urgent patients at risk for stroke and those who want to prevent a second one. You can take steps to reduce your risk for stroke by talking with your doctor about your risk and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
The UW Health stroke team provides telehealth care for stroke patients at hospitals in the region.
If you go to one of these hospitals with stroke symptoms, you’ll communicate with a UW Health neurologist through a computer monitor. A nurse will be by your side to explain things as they happen. Your UW Health neurologist can order more tests or transfer you to our Comprehensive Stroke Center, based on your exam and test results.
Improving stroke outcomes through research and clinical trials
UW Health is part of NIH StrokeNet. This is a stroke trials network funded by the National Institutes of Health. The group includes more than 200 hospitals that are researching and testing new treatments. Their work is aimed at preventing and treating strokes and helping patients achieve the best possible recovery.
We also take part in clinical trials. As a UW Health patient, you might be able to take part in important stroke and aneurysm research.
Our comprehensive stroke team provides public and professional stroke education sessions. If you are interested in this opportunity, please fill out this form.
Good news from stroke recoveries
Meet some of our patients
A highly accomplished product manager for a scientific instrument company, Mike Bradley of Fitchburg, Wis. remembers the day he went back to work in January 2019, just after the winter holidays. To say the day did not go as planned would be a huge understatement.
A 50th wedding anniversary is a highly momentous occasion for any couple, but for Jim and Michelle Schmaling of Whitewater, Wis., reaching their golden anniversary on April 13, 2021, was extraordinarily meaningful.
After a stroke at age 28, Emily Miller learned she had a hole in her heart. Doctors fixed her heart and once she had fully recovered, Emily raised funds to give 48 comfort kits to the Neuro ICU at UW Health to help other patient families.
While driving her grandchildren home from a summer visit, Barbara Ellingson-Raisbeck had a medical emergency. She was able to pull the car over safely and dial 911. At University Hospital, she had surgery for a brain aneurysm. Today, Barbara shows little sign of slowing down. Her takeaway: Always listen to your body and take necessary action right away.
If you think you're having a stroke, don’t Google your symptoms, just call 911. That’s Jennifer Gardner’s advice after surviving a stroke while at work. Lucky for her, a co-worker saw something was off and got Jennifer the help she needed.
Patient and support services
You’re never alone
We provide a wide range of support services for you, your family and the community. We teach children and adults how to recognize the signs of stroke and when to get immediate medical help. We also offer support groups for survivors and our preventive programs help you reduce your risk for aneurysm and stroke.
Our support groups include:
Hosted by UnityPoint Health-Meriter and UW Health
This support group is a way for people to connect with each other after having a stroke or aneurysm. Family, friends and caregivers are welcome to join. Open and honest discussions about recovery issues, roadblocks and solutions are the goal. UW Health and UnityPoint Health - Meriter staff facilitate and answer questions, but the group belongs to the participants.
Location: Webex (online) and in person
Dates: The first Wednesday of each month
Online-only: July 5, September 6, November 1
In person with virtual option: June 7, August 2, October 4, December 6
Stay up to date: Subscribe to our monthly email reminder and receive the virtual meeting link.
UW Health partners with Retreat and Refresh Stroke Camp to help survivors and their caregivers improve their quality of life through relaxation, fun activities, laughter, music, games, crafts and more.
Meet our team
Your stroke team
The stroke team at UW Health includes experts in neurology and neurosurgery. All UW Health doctors and nurses know the signs of stroke and are committed to providing immediate care.
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If algae produce oxygen in a pond, how can having too much algae cause an oxygen depletion?
Like all green plants, algae produce oxygen during the daylight hours as a by-product of
photosynthesis. This is usually a major source of oxygen in fish ponds. In darkness, however, all plants consume oxygen, including algae. Algae blooms in natural water bodies or fish ponds normally produce much more oxygen in the daylight than they consume during the night, but some situations reduce the amount of oxygen a bloom produces without reducing its nighttime oxygen consumption. Trace minerals or nutrients needed by the algae are occasionally used up, causing some or even all, of the bloom to die back temporarily. The resulting bacterial decomposition and loss of normal oxygen production can lead to oxygen depletions and fish kills. Pond water generally changes from a deep green to black, gray, brown or clear after a phytoplankton die-off.
An additional problem caused by dense blooms, especially in excessively deep ponds, is stratification. As mentioned elsewhere, stratification involves layering of the pond water into warm, oxygen-producing upper zones and cool, oxygen-consuming bottom waters. Shading caused by dense blooms limits photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen levels at the pond bottom, resulting in a buildup of potentially toxic compounds, even in aerated ponds. This situation can lead to physiological stress, reduced fish growth, and even fish kills if bottom waters are mixed too rapidly with the rest of the pond. This type of mixing, referred to as a turnover, occurs when cool rain water or heavy wind on the pond surface breaks down layering patterns. Turnovers are often observed in natural waters and ponds in the fall or spring after severe weather disturbances. The potential for a turnover can be detected by an increasing temperature difference between a pond’s bottom layers and its surface waters. If a turnover is likely, prepare for aeration when necessary.
Algae blooms also respond to changes in the weather, and the denser the bloom, the more severe the response can be. Photosynthesis slows down under cloudy conditions, and, as a result, oxygen production decreases. Extremely calm days may also reduce photosynthesis and oxygen production, even under sunny conditions, by preventing phytoplankton in the middle layers of the pond from mixing near the brighter surface. In summer, oxygen problems may arise because of a simple physical property of water. The warmer the water, the less dissolved oxygen it can hold. When a dense bloom produces a surplus of oxygen on a summer afternoon, the oxygen will not stay in solution and escapes into the atmosphere. During the night, the bloom attempts to take more oxygen out of the water than what remains from daytime photosynthesis. When this occurs, dissolved oxygen levels approach zero.
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Daughter of Sancho the Wise of Navarre, Berengaria was related to the royalty of Spain, England and France.
She was brought from Navarre to Sicily by her future mother-in-law, Eleanor of Aquitaine, in 1190 to marry King Richard I of England. She was in her twenties at the time.
Richard was in Sicily on his way to the Holy Land to join with the Third Crusade having taken the cross in 1187. He had been prevented from fulfilling his vow because of a Plantagenet power struggle with his father King Henry II and younger brother Prince John over control of Aquitaine. His ally in his rebellion against his father was the French King Philip but by the time Berengaria arrived on the scene relations were souring between the two monarchs, not least because Philip expected Richard to marry the french princess Alys, a bride-to-be of some twenty years. Unfortunately, Philip’s half-sister was an unsuitable match in Richard’s eye – not least because she had been Henry II’s mistress, not that this stopped Philip from pocketing some 10,000 marks in compensation.
Berengaria accompanied Richard and Richard’s widowed sister Queen Joanna of Sicily to the Holy Land. Before their ship could reach Outremer it was separated from the main fleet and the royal women were ship wrecked off Cyprus. The ruler of Cyprus, Isaac Comnenus, whose only redeeming feature seems to have been the love he bore his daughter, attempted to take them hostage. This resulted in Richard leading an attack on Cyprus and capturing the island in less than a month. As well as demonstrating his prowess in battle, Richard also captured a useful staging post. Berengaria and Richard were married in May 1191 at Limassol. Berengaria was also crowned at this time and Richard gave her dower rights to all territories in Gascony south of the River Garonne. The marriage had been delayed thus far because of it being Lent.
Why marry Berengaria? Richard was the Duke of Aquitaine before he became King of England. An alliance with Navarre went some way to off setting the expanding power of Castille and Count Raymond of Toulouse who was undoubtedly a thorn in Richard’s side. It could also be that Berengaria’s reputation was spotless, a direct contrast to Alys. Chroniclers of the time were generous in their praise of a queen who never came to England. William of Newburgh described her as prudent and beautiful.
Both royal women accompanied Richard to the Holy Land. They were at the Siege of Acre and remained there while the crusaders pushed in land and it was from here that they sailed when Richard and Saladin agreed their truce in 1191. Berengaria and Joanna sailed to Brindisi and from there they travelled to Rome while Richard travelled home a different route and found himself a captive of the Duke of Austria.
Following his release, Berengaria did not join her husband. The estrangement between husband and wife was never fully reconciled. Perhaps because Richard needed to secure his empire from the machinations of Philip of France or possibly because Berengaria’s father was now dead and her brother, Sancho VII, had succeeded to the throne. The Navarre alliance served Richard well during his crusading years. Certainly he’d never bothered to demand the two castles that were Berengaria’s dowry. Now however, Richard set about gaining what the marriage treaty guaranteed. He even involved Pope Innocent III. The couple remained childless and spent very little time in one another’s company. As he lay dying he sent for his mother, not his wife. Berengaria did not attend Richard’s funeral and remained in a small castle near Angers -in effect a penniless princess having failed to provide Richard with an heir.
Berengaria now entered into a long struggle with King John for her dower lands which were all in France. In addition to her own dower lands in Gascony she was supposed to receive Eleanor’s lands in England, Normandy and Poitou after Eleanor’s death. John, once named Lackland, was not forthcoming. Fortunately, her sister, Blanche of Champagne took in the widowed queen and later King Philip gave her the city of Le Mans to rule. It was only in 1214 that John said he would settle the claim. This was, in part, due to Magna Carta and the fact that the Pope had excommunicated him but he never did pay what was owed. King Henry III settled Berengaria’s claim when he came to the throne.
Berengaria lived in Le Mans and ruled there from 1204 until her death in 1230. She ruled well and with determination, even tackling corrupt clerics. The Bishop of Le Man once closed the door of the cathedral in her face as she arrived for a Palm Sunday service. She also founded the abbey of L’Epau
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| 0.988323 | 1,046 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Fire Management Plan
Yosemite National Park Fire Management Plan - 2004
The Yosemite 2004 Fire Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement guides the implementation of a complex fire management program. The program includes wildland fire suppression, wildland fire used to achieve natural and cultural resource benefits, fire prevention, prescribed fire, fire ecology research, and the use of mechanical methods to reduce and thin vegetation in and around communities.
One goal of the program is to reduce the threat of wildland fire to public safety, to the park's wildland urban interface communities, and to its natural and cultural resources. Another management goal is to return the influence of natural fire to park ecosystems so they are restored to as natural a condition as possible. Since 2004, Yosemite has completed annual updates to its fire management plan. View the 2009 operational Fire Management Plan [683 kb PDF], for example.
The Fire Management Plan /Environmental Impact Statement proposes to reduce risk to park wildland urban interface communities within six to eight years, and to restore park ecosystems within 15 to 20 years. Some of the work which will be done to reduce the risk of unwanted wildland fire in and adjacent to wildland urban interface communities will involve mechanical methods. The primary methods to reduce wildland fire risk and to restore park ecosystems, however, will be prescribed and wildland fire.
This 2004 plan has been separated out into a number of PDF documents. You may also download the entire plan [100 MB PDF].
To download in PDF format, click the chapter title below. (Download the free Adobe Reader if you don't already have it.)
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need (276kb)
Chapter 2: Alternatives (737kb)
Chapter 3: Affected Environment (711kb)
Alternative A: No Action (630kb)
Alternative B: Aggressive Action (671kb)
Alternative C: Passive Action (471kb)
Alternative D: Multiple Action (489kb)
Chapter 7: List of Preparers (72kb)
Appendix 2 - Glossary (105kb)
Did You Know?
Riparian communities are adjacent to the river channel and tributaries; they are the interface between the river and surrounding meadow and upland communities. They provide specialized habitat and important nutrients to the meadow and river systems.
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| 0.892251 | 470 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Also referred to as the Anti-Clintonians, the Bucktails, lead by Martin Van Buren, became a potent political force in New York arising in the Hudson River Valley in the late 1810's and early 1820's. The Bucktails would coalesce around the candidacy of William Crawford as a presidential candidate in 1824.
"The Clinton-[New York Chief Justice]-Spencer alliance held together, but over the next three years the tenuous peace within the New York Republican Party dissolved. Two elements fully emerged, each hoping to dominate the politics of New York in the name of true republicanism. Martin Van Buren stood out as the leader of a "Bucktail" opposition that increasingly emphasized the virtue of party regularity, while the Clintonians increasingly emphasized the iniquity of party as a potential vessel of conspiracy and oppression that would enhance the power of government at the expense of social harmony. (fn: Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1850, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969, 219-23).
Against the Bolingbrokean essence of Clintonianism, which centred on the magistrate as the artificer of social and political harmony and of prosperity, the regulars pitted the notion of harmonious party order. The Van Burenite regulars, the organizing force within Bucktailisim worked to articulate systematic party processes that reached out from three engines of power: the legislative caucus, the junto of managers that became known as the Albany Regency, and the Albany Argus, the newspaper that stood at the centre of an extensive press network. Commending 'regular nominations' and defining which local nominations were regular, the Bucktail press eroded Clinton's Republican following and ultimately his hold on patronage, including the many judicial office holders whom Ambrose Spencer oversaw." (Hanyan, p 10-11)
- The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Lee Benson. Atheneum. New York. 1967.
- De Witt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men. Craig Hanyan with Mary L. Hanyan. McGill-Queen's University Press. Montreal and Kingston. 1996.
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| 0.921278 | 461 | 2.875 | 3 |
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