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Last week, I got to the train station and realized I’d forgotten my wallet with my contactless debit cards. Fortunately, it’s now 2020 and physical cash cards are for Boomers, so I whipped out my iPhone and loaded up Google Pay. Alas, as my train approached, my screen presented me with a grid of pictures. “Click all the images where you can see road signs,” it read. I sighed, and resigned myself to the fact that I’d once again been beaten down by Big Tech.
I’m sure you, too, have been forced to complete a CAPTCHA — either a sequence of blurry, wavy A.I.-generated numbers or letters or a mathematical or (in my case) visual puzzle. They’re based on the Turing Test, which was developed in 1950 by British mathematician Alan Turing, whereby computers were given a series of mathematical challenges designed to distinguish human behavior from their machine counterparts. In the 2000s, when bots, malware and viruses polluted the internet by imitating human patterns, the CAPTCHA, or “Completely Automated Public Turing Test (to tell) Computers and Humans Apart,” was developed. By 2010, CAPTCHA had become one of the most popular tools for cybersecurity and led to Google acquiring the technology for around $27.8 million.
Valuable as it is, the tech isn’t perfect.
Today, it’s hard to do much of anything online without solving some kind of CAPTCHA. The vast majority of people complete them with gritted teeth, believing that in the long term, their privacy and security will be better. But while that might have been true in the early 2000s, that’s no longer necessarily the case.
In 2013, the A.I. research company Vicarious developed a bot that it claimed could outsmart around 70 percent of CAPTCHAs operating online, and close to 100 percent of the CAPTCHAs that involved deciphering blurred text. In a 2017 paper outlining its methodology, the researchers argued that improved predictive-modeling technology allows robots to learn how to solve CAPTCHAs more easily. Basically, Vicarious’ A.I. bots showed that it didn’t require much to build a machine capable of studying a CAPTCHA’s pixel structure in order to come up with a fairly accurate guess of its string of numbers and letters. (Meanwhile, Microsoft, eBay and Yahoo! ditched audio CAPTCHAs in 2011 when Stanford University researchers built an A.I. bot that could decipher them through language and speech patterns.)
“It’s inevitable that as machine-learning and A.I. becomes more advanced and integrated, the bar for Turing tests will get higher,” says Nick Flont, a researcher at Shape Security, an international cybersecurity firm in Santa Clara, California. He adds that as websites, social media platforms and apps demand more data from users, A.I. bots have “a much clearer idea of human behavior patterns on the internet than ever before, making it harder to detect whether someone is really a human user or an automated machine.”
That said, in a 2017 blog, Flont wrote that CAPTCHA-solving services — which employ people on low wages, usually in developing countries, to solve captcha puzzles — provide a bigger threat. Based on his analysis, Flont estimated that an average CAPTCHA solver would likely earn around $2 a day if they solved 10 CAPTCHAs, an amount that can go far in countries where local currency is either highly inflated, or where no minimum wage exists. “It’s much more profitable for criminals who treat these people as automated humans,” Flont says. “They can hire dozens of people to crack a site or a network in a brute force attack. And because there are humans behind the screen, the A.I. can’t actually recognize what’s going on.”
So if they’re so easy to crack, why then do CAPTCHAs still exist? Just to infuriate the rest of us?
The answer probably has less to do with security and privacy, and more with tech companies like Google, Facebook and Amazon pivoting to A.I.-driven automation and relying on us to train their bots for free — and without our knowledge. For example, when Google forces a user to click on dozens of images of cats in a CAPTCHA, it can feed that data to its A.I., so that it can better recognize cats and other four-legged animals.
And, of course, there’s a darker side to all of this. Last year, the Intercept’s Lee Fang discovered that hundreds of low-paid, gig-economy workers were solving CAPTCHAs on Google’s network for around $1 an hour. Unbeknownst to them, their work contributed to enhancing the accuracy of the Pentagon’s drone targeting system.
“There are lots of questions about who will own and get to use powerful machine-learning tools, and how they’ll affect everything from who gets employed in certain jobs, to who’s entitled to credit, or even healthcare,” Flont tells me. “All of that might be decided by machines rather than people who can be held accountable.”
In that case, the days of identifying how many bicycles are in a grid to prove you’re a human being won’t seem so bad after all.
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Public transport makes up a large percentage of travel within the United Kingdom as well as having a very significant influence on the number of travellers across Europe. Lets look at how important public transport is overall and why it is so popular with many.
Accessibility And Simplicity
One of the key reasons as to why public transport is so important overall is accessibility and simplicity. Public transport is highly accessible and there are provisions in place to ensure that disabled and elderly members of society are also able to use public transport.
In addition to being very accessible , there are also a number of factors that contribute to the overall simplicity of public transport. One of the main reasons why public transport is considered so simple and easy to use is the way it is organised.
Most public transport services are organised into travel hubs with a variety of different routes and prices. These can be condensed within cities and information is easily accessible on which route is best to take for you. Information about public transport routes and prices can often be found online and this helps you to plan your journeys well in advance as well as accessing important information prior to travelling.
Affordability is a big influencing factor which can lead to many people choosing to use public transport. However , depending on the geographical area of some services , prices can vary widely. For example , in some cases it may be cheaper to travel by car than to travel by train due to the annual increase in prices from train companies.
Some routes can be more expensive than others. Furthermore , peak time charges are applied during busy times such as rush hour in order to reduce congestion as well as to increase profits for travel and transport companies.
Effectiveness And Reliability
Effectiveness and reliability are further factors that have a significant overall influence on whether or not people choose to use public transport. In order for a form of public transport to be popular , it needs to be effective overall. One of the main reasons why public transport is effective is thanks to effective planning and precautionary measures.
In addition to being effective overall , it is also imperative that a public transport organisation is reliable. Reliability is key within the industry and is the main influencing force over whether people may choose to use public transport or not.
Overall to conclude it is clear that without access to public transport , many communities would struggle to be able to access major cities or transport hubs. Therefore it is important where possible that public transport remains effective and open in order for it to be used regularly and valued by society.
That being said , it is crucial that public transport companies maintain a high level of service in order to for their services to be run effectively and appreciated by the wider community. In order for this to happen it is important that the government continues to support public transport with grants as well as funding.
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Though artist John Taylor Arms was formally trained as an architect at MIT, he discovered that his passion lied not in designing buildings, but etching them. Arms uncovered his true calling after receiving an etching set for Christmas from his wife in 1913, just before he went to serve in WWI.
"She gave him an etching kit thinking it would be a fun hobby for him," says Jane Glaubinger, the exhibit curator for the Cleveland Museum of Art's Modern Gothic: The Etchings of John
Taylor Arms. "By the time he came back from WWI he decided he would rather be a full-time professional printmaker than continue a career in architecture."
When the 60-piece exhibit opens June 9, it will include prints, copperplates and drawings, which detail the laborious process Arms undertook to achieve his final product. Arms' creations are so meticulous that museum visitors will be provided magnifying glasses to view the intricate details.
"When you see the prints in the flesh there is such fine detail that I thought people would enjoy not only looking at the basic image, but enjoy seeing the fine detail," Glaubinger says.
Arms' quest for perfection was not only evident in his art — some etchings took more than 1,000 hours to complete — but also in the process that went into creating it. "Paper was important to him, the craftsmanship of picking beautiful paper, and he always mixed his own ink," Glaubinger says. "He didn't use the etching needles you could buy. Instead he set fine gauge sewing needles into wooden handles and used magnifying glasses to get the intense detail he liked."
A religious man, Arms is best known for his depictions of gothic cathedrals in France and throughout Europe.
"That really inspired him, which is why I think the etchings are so beautiful and go beyond just being copies of the architecture," Glaubinger says. "He wanted to make these prints to hopefully better mankind in his own day and age. He felt if people could enjoy looking at these prints, they would sort of catch the spirit in which they were made, and they were made in God's glory."
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India, France, UAE Trilateral Initiative
- 06 Feb 2023
- 5 min read
Why in News?
Recently, India, France, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have agreed to form a partnership to work together in the fields of nuclear and solar energy, as well as in tackling climate change and preserving biodiversity.
- The idea of this partnership was first discussed at a meeting in New York during the United Nations General Assembly in September 2022.
What Are the Major Highlights of the Trilateral Initiative?
- This trilateral initiative will serve as a forum to promote the design and execution of cooperation projects in the fields of energy, with a focus on solar and nuclear energy, as well as in the fight against climate change and the protection of biodiversity, particularly in the Indian Ocean region.
- The three countries have also agreed to work together in defence, countering infectious diseases, and promoting cooperation in global health organisations such as the World Health Organization, Gavi-the Vaccine Alliance, the Global Fund, and Unitaid.
- Further, the three countries will attempt to identify tangible cooperation on implementing the “One Health” approach, and support the development of local capacities in biomedical innovation and production within developing countries.
- The three countries also agreed to expand their cooperation through initiatives such as the Mangrove Alliance for Climate led by the UAE and the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership led by India and France.
What are the Other Areas of Cooperation between India and France?
- Defence Cooperation:
- The three services of both countries have regular defence exercises; viz.
- India entered into a contract with a French firm to build six Scorpene submarines in India’s Malegaon dockyards through a technology-transfer arrangement in 2005.
- Also, India and France had signed the inter-government agreement in 2016, under which France agreed to provide 36 Rafale fighter jets at a cost of around 60,000 crore rupees to India.
- Other Initiatives:
- India and France are in joint efforts to limit climate change and develop the International Solar Alliance.
- France has agreed to be part of India's Venus mission, scheduled for 2025.
- Also, ISRO’s Venus instrument, VIRAL (Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker) has been co-developed by French and Russian agencies.
What are the Other Areas of Cooperation between India and UAE?
- Collaboration: They both are the members of I2U2 Grouping.
- Economic Partnership: In 2022 India & UAE signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with an aim of taking bilateral trade to USD 100 billion within 5 years.
- Also, India and UAE are discussing ways to boost non-oil commerce in rupees that will promote internationalisation of rupees.
- UAE is the second largest export destination of India (after the US) with an amount of over US$ 28 billion for the year 2021-22.
- For the UAE, India is the second largest trading partner for the year 2021 with an amount of around USD 45 billion (non-oil trade).
- Defence Cooperation: With the spread of radicalism in the Gulf and South Asia, India looks to enhance security cooperation with the UAE to counter terrorist threats and combat radicalization.
- ‘Desert Eagle II’, is a joint air combat exercise, between air forces of India and UAE.
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Published in: 2015
WaterAid and SHARE (Sanitation and Applied Research for Equity consortium), UK
Velleman, Y., Pugh, I.
This short briefing note is explaining the links between undernutrition and WASH. The relationship between nutrition and WASH is complex, with multiple and overlapping pathways. Unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene are directly linked to undernutrition in children through three key pathways: diarrhoea, intestinal worms (soil-transmitted helminths) and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). Action and collaboration between the WASH and nutrition sectors are urgently needed at global, national and programmatic levels.
This brief was originally written by Yael Velleman (WaterAid) and Isabelle Pugh (SHARE) in July 2013. It was reviewed in October 2015 by Megan Wilson-Jones (WaterAid), Joanna Esteves Mills (SHARE), Alexandra Chitty (SHARE) and Alan Dangour (LSHTM).
Velleman, Y., Pugh, I. (2015). Under-nutrition and water, sanitation and hygiene. WaterAid and SHARE (Sanitation and Applied Research for Equity consortium), UK
English Recommended by SuSanA (other than SuSanA publications) WASH and nutrition (WG12)
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About This Project
Building an Excavating Martian Robot that can be used for Utilizing Resources on Extraterrestrial Locations
NASA missions to Mars have found ice water and other beneficial resources on Mars. Capturing these resources are the key to allow humans to “live off the land” or, in scientific terms, in situ resource utilization(ISRU). But first these resources must be excavated. Our team is building a robot that would be completely autonomous and would be able to traverse martian land. It would excavate resources that would be beneficial to the astronauts.
Recent Lab Notes From This Project
Browse Other Projects on Experiment
Affordable and Accessible Experimental Evolution for the Classroom
The field of biology may be advancing by leaps and bounds but the resources for students to access these...
Can we empower science students with communication skills by eliminating the barriers of time and expertise?
Science professors generally don't have the time or expertise to teach cross-cutting skills like communication...
Creating Youth Historians: How Can History Increase Urban Students' Academic Literacies?
Brilliant children in urban schools all across the country continue to achieve at low academic levels, particularly...
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>What you don’t know really can hurt you.
Libraries in Florida provide free Internet access to the public. We encourage its use, but what you don’t know can hurt you.
There is an excess of free information available on the Internet. This means that you have to be a smart consumer about information. Information can be out of date, inaccurate or misleading.
If you use the Internet as a source of information make sure that you visit a reputable site, and one that is updated frequently. You don’t want to rely on health information from a report from Mrs. Jones’ sixth grade class. Reports of all types from all people can be posted.
Libraries buy books that are authoritative. Library staff know Internet sources that are reliable. They will be happy to help you.
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Demographic & Educational Characteristics of U.S. Immigrant Student Population
The Educational Trajectories of English Language Learners in TexasMarch 1, 2012
English learners who complete language-acquisition courses—whether through an English-as-a-second-language program or bilingual education—within three years go on to have much more academic success than their peers who remain in such courses for five or more years finds a new study from researchers at the Washington-based Migration Policy Institute and Vanderbilt University in Nashville.
UP FOR GRABS: The Gains and Prospects of First- and Second-Generation Young AdultsNovember 1, 2011
The study examines the size and composition of the first and second generations and seeks to gauge whether they are on track to complete postsecondary education and obtain jobs that pay family-sustaining wages.
DO I BELONG HERE? Exploring Immigrant College Student Responses on the SERU Survey Sense of Belonging/Satisfaction FactorSeptember 1, 2010
This exploratory study addresses the questions: To what extent does sense of belonging or satisfaction of recent immigrant college students differ from non-immigrant college students?
Opening the Door to the American Dream: Increasing Higher Education Access and Success for ImmigrantsApril 1, 2007
This report describes the demographic and educational characteristics of the U.S.
Access and Achievement of Hispanics and Hispanic Immigrants in the Colleges of the City University of New YorkApril 1, 2006
To examine the extent to which CUNY provides Hispanic native-born and immigrant students with access and the opportunity for achievement, this study was conducted using 1990 and 2000 student demographic, enrollment, credit accumulation, and outcome data.
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This publication is available in an enhanced digital version and PDF.
Row crop agriculture in Virginia and other Eastern states is largely rainfed, but there is increasing interest in irrigation as a way to manage dry periods and weather variability. However, irrigation systems require substantial installation and operating costs, and it can be very difficult determine if yield improvements will be sufficient to justify these costs. This publication provides an overview on the Irrigation Financial Estimator Tool, which was recently developed to help row crop producers estimate financial aspects of supplemental irrigation. The tool estimates installation and operating costs, as well as revenues from improved yields, using user-supplied information and historic data on weather and prices for crops and fuel. It accounts for uncertainty in these estimates by presenting a range of values for each cost.
Virginia Cooperative Extension materials are available for public use, reprint, or citation without further permission, provided the use includes credit to the author and to Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, and Virginia State University.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; M. Ray McKinnie, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State University, Petersburg.
November 30, 2018
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Modern Physics (for 11th/12th graders) started with a variation of a Quarknet Data Portfolio activity to learn how to make histograms and to start thinking about how they could be useful. There were multiple parts to the activity. In one part, they found sums for pairs of dice. They made histograms for their groups, but also pooled data as a class and made one big … Continue reading Day 1: Dice, Histograms, and Buggies
In our last class (which was a week ago), the Mechanics kids had whiteboarded a problem about a student jumping (which I got from Noah Segal, who—in addition to being a great physics teacher—is also a wizard of MS Word art): The discussion (last class) was centered around the first situation. The original whiteboard showed the forces as balanced. Might be tough to see in … Continue reading Day 20: Forces and Jumping
We started Unbalanced Forces, so now we’re really doing physics! Of course, we started by doing an experiment. It was so cool to jump into our first real pre-lab with kids who’ve been there with me before. I showed them something and they exclaimed, “Observations!” and started listing them before I even really finished showing them the relativity exciting thing. They drew an FBD for the … Continue reading Day 13: Newton’s 2nd Law Experiment
Most of our class time today in Chem 9 was spent building boats and following an only slightly edited version of this activity. In the morning, many students noted wearily that they had built boats to float pennies many times (even multiple years in middle school). I promised them that this activity would be different from what they had done before, but they didn’t believe … Continue reading Day 10: Building Boats in Chemistry
Relativity (the class) made the shift from “regular old” relative motion to the beginnings of Special Relativity by thinking about the light clock. When we were trying to think about the difference in path length for the light in the stationary clock versus moving clock, one student went up to make the connection to the ball falling on the moving cart from the Frames of … Continue reading Day 6: Translating between graphs, TIPERs, and Light Clocks
We didn’t answer that question today, but we asked it a lot. Almost everyone in the class has really wondered that on their own by now. One student has proposed that it has to do with the direction of the forces, but that didn’t get much traction (yet). We will come back to that question and idea soon enough. We worked through their findings from … Continue reading Day 3: What does a negative acceleration mean?
Today was (finally!) the first day of classes. This year, I’m teaching 1 section of Advanced Mechanics (basically AP 1), 2 sections of a yearlong 9th grade Modeling Chemistry class, and 2 trimesters of other science electives (Special Relativity in the fall, Physics of Sound & Music in the winter). Advanced Mechanics is a total treat to teach. It’s an amazing group of kids who … Continue reading Day 1: Carts, Ramps, and Sensors (Oh My)
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The nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction, and heredity. How does it do this? Chromosomes, found in the nucleus, are microscopic, threadlike strands composed of the chemical DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid). In simple terms, DNA controls the production of proteins within the cell. These proteins in turn, form the structural units of cells and control all chemical processes within the cell.
Chromosomes are composed of genes. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which in turn codes for a trait. Hence you hear it commonly referred to as the gene for baldness or the gene for blue eyes. Meanwhile, DNA is the chemical that genes and chromosomes are made of. It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is called a nucleic acid because it was first found in the nucleus. We now know that DNA is also found in organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts, though it is the DNA in the nucleus that actually controls the cell's workings.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The structure is a double helix, which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose.
Color all the phosphates pink (one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyriboses (D) blue.
The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. The bases are known by their coded letters A, G, T, C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine. This is known as the Base-Pair Rule. The bases can occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code the contains the instructions. For instance ATGCACATA would code for a different gene than AATTACGGA. A strand of DNA contains millions of bases. (For simplicity, the image only contains a few.) Note that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate.
Color the bases on the DNA:
thymine = orange. adenine = green.
guanine = purple. cytosines =yellow.
The combination of a single base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate make up a nucleotide. DNA is actually a molecule of repeating nucleotides. Examine the nucleotides closer. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. Note that the pyrimidines are single ringed and the purines are double ringed. Color the nucleotides using the same colors as you colored them in the double helix.
The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. Color the hydrogen bonds gray.
So, now, we know the nucleus controls the cell's activities through the chemical DNA, but how? It is the sequence of bases that determine which protein is to be made. The sequence is like a code that we can now interpret. The sequence determines which proteins are made and the proteins determine which activities will be performed. And that is how the nucleus is the control center of the cell. The only problem is that the DNA is too big to go through the nuclear pores. So a chemical is used to to read the DNA in the nucleus. That chemical is messenger RNA. The messenger RNA (mRNA) is small enough to go through the nuclear pores. It takes the "message" of the DNA to the ribosomes and "tells them" what proteins are to be made. Recall that proteins are the body's building blocks. Imagine that the code taken to the ribosomes is telling the ribosome what is needed - like a recipe.
Messenger RNA is similar to DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has no thymine. Instead of thymine, mRNA contains the base Uracil. In addition to that difference, mRNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid.
Color the mRNA as you did the DNA.
Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown.
Every cell in your body has the same "blueprint" or the same DNA. Like the blueprints of a house tell the builders how to construct a house, the DNA "blueprint" tells the cell how to build the organism. Yet, how can a heart be so different from a brain if all the cells contain the same instructions? Although much work remains in genetics, it has become apparent that a cell has the ability to turn off most genes and only work with the genes necessary to do a job.
To build the body, the code carried on messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where three bases within the code (called a codon) specify a single amino acid. A long mRNA chain could contain thousands of these amino acids. When linked together, the amino acids form proteins, which make up many structures in the body.
In this section, color the bases and RNA chain the same as you did previously. Color the amino acids red.
Each time a new cell is made, the cell must receive an exact copy of the parent cell DNA. The new cells then receive the instructions and information needed to function. The process of copying DNA is called replication. Replication occurs in a unique way – instead of copying a complete new strand of DNA, the process “saves” or conserves one of the original strand. For this reason, replication is called semi-conservative. When the DNA is ready to copy, the molecule “unzips” itself and new nucleotides are added to each side.
The image showing replication is similar to the DNA and mRNA coloring. Note the nucleotides are shown as 2 parts – the sugar and phosphate (color blue) and one of the four bases identified by shape, color the same as you did on the other model.
1. Why is the nucleus called the "control center" of the cell?__________________________________________
2. What is a gene? __________________________________________________________________________
3. Where in the cell are chromosomes located? _____________________________________________________
4. DNA can be found in what organelles? _________________________________________________________
5. What two scientists established the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________
6. Replication is called “semi-conservative” because half of the original strand is _____________________________
7. What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? __________________________________________________
8. What three parts make up a single nucleotide: ____________________________________________________
9. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? ____________________________________
10. What sugar is found in DNA? ____________________________ In RNA? ___________________________
11. How do the bases bond together? A bonds with _____ G bonds with _______
12. Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger? _________________________________________________
13. Proteins are made where in the cell? __________________________________________________________
14. How is RNA different from DNA? (list 3 things) ____________________________________________________
15. The process of copying DNA is called ___________________________________________________
16. What is the shape of DNA? _____________________________________________
17. Proteins are made from what subunits? ______________________________________
18. Three bases found on mRNA are called a _________________________
19. How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells, when the DNA in ALL the cells is exactly the same. In other words, if the instructions are exactly the same, how does one cell become a brain cell and another a skin cell?
20. Why is DNA called the "Blueprint of Life"?
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Jasper – Colors, Shapes, and Sizes
Jasper is an extremely interesting mineral that has been known to man for thousands of years. In fact, there is even evidence of prehistoric man using jasper as weapons or tools in Ethiopia, perhaps millions of years ago.
Jasper is very common and is found throughout the world. Many ancient people knew about this mineral and used it mainly as ornamental jewelry, seals for politicians, or to create everyday items such as bowls or small cases.
Jasper comes in many sizes and can sometimes be found in big chunks usually near quartz veins. Jasper’s most common hues are red, brown, and yellow; however, it can sometimes be found with plenty of mineral inclusions such as Hematite or Goethite. When other minerals are present, Jasper takes on wild and attractive hues and attributes. For instance, Hematite can form rings or stripes throughout the Jasper similar to Agate, and spots can occur giving it a leopard type or tiger type attribute.
Today, Jasper is used as ornamental jewelry and it can be a great way to be in fashion since this mineral goes well with today’s sensibilities and styles. Many times, jasper is used in bracelets, earrings, pendants, and rings. Jasper can also be sewn onto fabrics such as handbags or even shoes. If you are looking for an attractive gemstone with plenty of styles, color, and variety, check out Jasper.
How and Where is Jasper Formed and Found?
Jasper is a mineral formed from quartz. Quartz is the most common type of mineral that makes up about 12% of the earth’s crust. While jasper is extremely common, it is also extremely beautiful and has been used since ancient times for ornamental jewelry, as well as bowls and other necessities.
Jasper is a grainy, fibrous mineral type. It is called cryptocrystalline because it is made up of very small crystals which cannot be seen with the naked eye. Jasper’s scientific composition is Si02 and its crystals are formed in a hexagonal shape. Jasper is extremely common and found pretty much in every region of the world.
Jasper is mainly known to come in three different colors, yellow, brown, and red. Besides these colors, they can also come as striped or spotted. Usually, to make these types of varieties other inclusions are needed such as Hematite and Goethite. Because of the numerous regions that Jasper is found, as well as the varieties that it is able to be formed in, many times Jasper is named after the region or its attributes.
The Uses of Jasper
Jasper is an extremely beautiful stone, while it is a very common gemstone and found throughout the world, it does come in many different varieties and colors. Jasper has been used for thousands of years and even as tools and weapons during prehistoric times. However, today Jasper is used for its beauty and wonderful varieties.
Jasper is a type of quartz and is extremely common, found in many parts of the world. Jasper is microcrystalline quartz and is made from very small grains. It is usually translucent or opaque and comes in a variety of colors such as red, brown, and yellow.
Jasper is primarily used today as ornamental jewelry; however, it comes in large enough sizes that it can also be used to create sculptures and small snuff or tobacco boxes.
Jasper can sometimes be spotted or striped. This occurs by other minerals being included in the stone including Hematite and Goethite. For the most part, the Jasper will be named either by the region that it comes from or the attributes it has, for instance, Tigerstripe.
Jasper has been used by man for thousands of years and some of the more common uses included ceramics such as bowls, seals for leaders and politicians, and amulets that were thought to protect one from evil. In fact, many amulets were found in Egypt with scripture inscribed on the amulet to protect the wearer from death.
Jasper – The History and Origins
Jasper comes in several different colors including red, brown, and yellow; besides these colors, Jasper can include bands within the stone that make it appeared striped or spotted. Many times, Jasper is named for the region and the attributes that are found in the stone. For instance, hematite and goethite are two minerals that are closely associated with Jasper. Jasper is found all over the world and was known to man since the dawn of time, there is actually evidence that man used Jasper as a tool or weapon hundreds of thousands of years ago in Ethiopia.
However, during ancient times, jasper was used mainly as ornamental jewelry, as well as seals and for bowls or boxes. Jasper is generally a hard stone and has a hardness score of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, this means for the most part that this mineral makes a very good stone for jewelry, however, it can be fractured if impacted upon.
During the Middle Ages, the stone of Jasper was used to ward off evil and to make one calm and mentally stable. It is also said to have the medicinal properties of curing kidney disease and digestive problems.
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The Need for Dark Matter
Extragalactic systems like spiral galaxies and clusters of galaxies exhibit mass discrepancies. The application of Newton's Law of Gravity to the observed stars and gas fails to explain the rapid observed motions. This leads to the inference that some form of invisible mass - dark matter - dominates the dynamics of the universe.
If asked what the dark matter is, most scientists working in the field will respond honestly that we have no idea. There are many possible candidates. Some, like MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo Objects, perhaps brown dwarfs) have essentially been ruled out. However, in our heart of hearts there is a huge odds-on favorite: the WIMP.
WIMP stands for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle. This is an entire class of new fundamental particles that emerge from supersymmetry. Supersymmetry is a theoretical notion by which known elementary particles have supersymmetric partner particles. This notion is not part of the highly successful standard model of particle physics, but might exist provided that the Higgs boson exists. In the so-called Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), which was hypothesized to explain the hierarchy problem (i.e., why do the elementary particles have the various masses that they do), the lightest stable supersymmetric particle is the neutralino. This is the WIMP that presumably makes up the dark matter.
Cosmology, meet particle physics
There is a confluence of history in the development of previously distinct fields. The need for cosmological dark matter became clear in the 1980s, the same time that MSSM was hypothesized to solve the hierarchy problem in particle physics. Moreover, it was quickly realized that the cosmological dark matter could not be normal ("baryonic") matter. New fundamental particles therefore seemed a natural fit.
The cosmic craving for CDM
There are two cosmological reason why we need non-baryonic cold dark matter (CDM):
From the astronomical perspective, all that is required is that the dark matter be non-baryonic and dynamically cold. Non-baryonic so that it does not participate in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis or interact with photons (a good way to remain invisible!), and dynamically cold (i.e., slow moving, not relativistic) so that it can clump and form gravitationally bound structures. Many things might satisfy these astronomical requirements. For example, supermassive black holes fit the bill, though they would somehow have to form in the first minute of creation in order not to impact BBN.
The WIMP Miracle
From a particle physics perspective, the early universe was a high energy place where energy and mass could switch from one form to the other freely as enshrined in Einstein's E = mc2. Pairs of particles and their antiparticles could come and go. However, as the universe expands, it cools. As it cools, it loses the energy necessary to create particle pairs. When this happens for a particular particle depends on the mass of the particle - the more mass, the more energy is required, and the earlier that particle-antiparticle pair "freeze out." After freeze-out, the remaining particle-antiparticle pairs can mutually annihilate, leaving only energy. To avoid this fate, there must either be some asymmetry (apparently there was about one extra proton for every billion proton-antiproton pairs - an asymmetry on which our existence depends even if we don't yet understand it) or the "cross section" - the probability for interacting - must be so low that particles and their antiparticles go their separate ways without meeting often enough to annihilate completely. This process leaves some relic density that depends on the properties of the particles.
If one asks what relic density is necessary to make up the cosmic dark matter, the cross section that comes out is about that of the weak nuclear force. A particle that interacts through the weak force but not the electromagnetic force will have the about the right relic density. Moreover, it won't interfere with BBN or the CMB. The WIMPs hypothesized by supersymmetry fit the bill for cosmologists' CDM. This coincidence of scales - the relic density and the weak force interaction scale - is sometimes referred to as the "WIMP miracle" and was part of the motivation to adopt the WIMP as the leading candidate for cosmological dark matter.
WIMP detection experiments
WIMPs as CDM is a well posed scientific hypothesis subject to experimental verification. From astronomical measurements, we know how much we need in the solar neighborhood - about 0.3 GeV c-2 cm-3. (That means there are a few hundred WIMPs passing through your body at any given moment, depending on the exact mass of the particle.) From particle physics, we know the weak interaction cross section, so can calculate the probability of a WIMP interacting with normal matter. In this respect, WIMPs are very much like neutrinos - they can pass right through solid matter because they do not experience the electromagnetic interactions that make ordinary matter solid. But once in a very rare while, they may come close enough to an atomic nucleus to interact with it via the weak force. This is the signature that can be sought experimentally.
There is a Nobel Prize waiting for whoever discovers the dark matter, so there are now many experiments seeking to do so. Generically, these use very pure samples of some element (like Germanium or Argon) to act as targets for the WIMPs making up the dark matter component of our Milky Way Galaxy. The sensitivity required is phenomenal, and many mundane background events (cosmic rays, natural radioactivity, clumsy colleagues dropping beer cans) that might mimic WIMPs must be screened out. For this reason, there is a strong desire to perform these experiments in deep mine shafts where the apparatus can be shielded from the cosmic rays that bombard our planet and other practical nuisances.
Searches for WIMPs are proceeding apace. The sensitivity of these experiments is increasing at an accelerating rate. They already provide important constraints - see the figure:
This plot was generated by DMTools.
This graph shows the status of searches for Weakly Interacting Massive
The abscissa is the mass of the putative
WIMP particle. For reference, the proton has a mass of about one
in these units. The ordinate is a measure of the probability for WIMPs
to interact with normal matter. Not much!
The shaded regions represent theoretical expectations for WIMPs. The light red region is the original (Ellis et al.) forecast. The blue and green regions are more recent predictions (Trotta et al. 2008).
The lines are representative experimental limits. The region above each line is excluded - if WIMPs had existed in that range of mass and interaction probability, they would have been detected already. The top line (from CDMS in 2004) excluded much of the original prediction. More recent work (colored lines, circa 2008) now approach the currently expected region.
September 2011 update: CREST-II claims a detection. Unfortunately, their positive result violates limits imposed by several other experiments, including XENON100. Somebody is doing their false event rejection wrong.
July 2012 update: XENON100 still seeing squat. Note that the "head" of the most probable (blue) region in the figure above is now excluded.
Indeed, the experiments have perhaps been too successful. The original region of cross section-mass parameter space in which WIMPs were expected to reside was excluded years ago. Not easily dissuaded, theorists waved their hands, invoked the Majorana see-saw mechanism, and reduced the interaction probability to safely non-detectable levels. This is the vertical separation of the reddish and blue-green regions in the figure.
[Or, to quote a particle physicist, "The most appealing possibility - a weak scale dark matter particle interacting with matter via Z-boson exchange - leads to the cross section of order 10^-39 cm2 which was excluded back in the 80s by the first round of dark matter experiments. There exists another natural possibility for WIMP dark matter: a particle interacting via Higgs boson exchange. This would lead to the cross section in the 10^-42-10^-46 cm2 ballpark (depending on the Higgs mass and on the coupling of dark matter to the Higgs)."]
Though set back and discouraged by this theoretical slight of hand (the WIMP "miracle" is now more of a vague coincidence, like seeing an old flame in Grand Central Station but failing to say anything because (a) s/he is way over on another platform and (b) on reflection, you're not really sure it was him or her after all), experimentalists have been gaining ground on the newly predicted region. If all goes as planned, most of the plausible parameter space will have been explored in a few more years. (I write this in 2010. I have heard it asserted that "we'll know what the dark matter is in 5 years" every 5 years for the past two decades.)
The express elevator to hell
|"We're on an express elevator to hell - going down!"|
There is a slight problem with the current predictions for WIMPs. While
there is a clear focus point where WIMPs most probably reside (the blue
blob in the figure), there is also a long tail to low interaction
cross section. If we fail to detect WIMPs when experimental sensitivity
encompasses the blob, the presumption will be that we're just unlucky and
WIMPs happen to live in the low-probability tail
that is not yet excluded. (Low probability regions tend to seem more
reasonable as higher probability regions are rejected and we forget
about them.) This is the express elevator to hell. No matter how
much time, money, and effort we invest in further experimentation,
the answer will always be right around the corner.
This process can go on forever.
Is dark matter a scientific (falsifiable) hypothesis?
The existence of dark matter is an inference, not an experimental fact. Individual candidates for the dark matter can be tested and falsified. For example, it was once reasonable to imagine that innumerable brown dwarfs could be the dark matter. That is no longer true - the brown dwarf hypothesis has been falsified. WIMPs are falsifiable dark matter candidates - provided we don't continually revise their interaction probability.
The concept of dark matter is not falsifiable. If we exclude one candidate, we are free to make up another one. After WIMPs, the next obvious candidate is axions. Should those be falsified, we invent something else. (Particle physicists love to do this. The literature is littered with half-baked dark matter candidates invented for dubious reasons, often to explain phenomena with obvious astrophysics causes. The ludicrous uproar over the ATIC and PAMELA cosmic ray experiments is a good example.)
The express elevator doesn't just go down to hell. It keeps going there over and over again.
Some perspective on scale
The inference of dark matter is based on absolute faith in the application of Newtonian dynamics to scales very different than where the they have been experimentally tested. This faith seems well placed, but the mass discrepancy occurs on scales inaccessible to laboratory experiment. The need for dark matter appears in galaxies that are 100,000,000 times larger than the solar system and on acceleration scales 100,000,000,000 times smaller than we experience on the surface of the earth. The inference of dark matter could just as well be interpreted as an indication of the failure of purely Newtonian dynamics.
Why does MOND work so well?
People have, of course, considered modifications to gravitational theory as an alternative to dark matter. It is hard to do this without breaking something else fundamental. So hard that the widespread presumption is that it is impossible. Indeed, the vast majority of modified gravity hypotheses quickly fail when confronted with astronomical data, never mind theoretical objections. For example, it is possible to exclude any modification that is simply based on changing the force law at a particular length scale.
One hypothesis to modify Newtonain dynamics, MOND, has endured for a quarter century, despite periodic claims to falsify it. (So far most, if not all, of these claims have proven to be premature or outright wrong.) More disturbing to me than the supposed failures of MOND is that it works so well. This should not happen if dark matter is the right answer. MOND has persistently had more predictive success in galaxies than have dark matter models.
The phenomenological success of MOND has some curious consequences for dark matter. Whatever the dark matter is, it has to look, smell, and act like MOND. This is no trivial feat. MOND is a simple formula connecting the observed distribution of stars and gas unique to each galaxy to the dynamics that are uniquely observed for each galaxy. There is no reference to the dark matter that is suppose to dominate the show. The baryonic tail wags the dark matter dog.
Though well established observationally, the MONDian phenomenology is widely ignored by modelers seeking to explain the pertinent data. Ignoring facts is not healthy in science.
The many failings of CDM on galaxy scales are routinely attributed to "feedback" from star formation mucking things up. On the one hand, this is legitimate: the CDM theory can accurately predict what the dark matter does, but not what the luminous matter does. Since we can only observe the latter, it is reasonable to imagine that there is more to the story than just what the CDM should do when left to itself. On the other hand, what galaxies are observed to do could hardly be less reasonable: follow the predictions of the antithesis of dark matter. In spite of enormous effort, feedback remains nothing more than a fig leaf to hide our ignorance of how things came to be so.
I have made considerable efforts to understand the observed MONDian phenomenology in terms of dark matter. I have failed. A few others have claimed to succeed. Either they are more clever than me, or more self-deluded and less intellectually honest. For some reason, I have never seen their results reproduced in the literature: the expectation for feedback keeps changing.
The problem is fundamental. We are trying to take a simple observed phenomenon, and reproduce it with a complicated feedback scheme with many free parameters. One can, of course, fit anything with such a procedure. That was the problem with epicycles. The modern situation may well be analogous: we add epicycles of feedback to make our CDM model look like MOND. But does that mean that dark matter is just the modern version of Æther? A ubiquitous, invisible substance that simply must exist...
Oh, ye seekers after dark matter, how many vain chimeras have you pursued?
Go and take your place with the alchemists.
paraphrased from Leonardo da Vinci
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Explore Oman or officially The Sultanate of Oman which is in the Middle East, on the southeastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates in the northwest, Saudi Arabia in the west, and Yemen in the southwest. Oman has two exclaves separated from it by the United Arab Emirates, the Musandam Peninsula and Madha.
Omanis are friendly people and are very helpful to tourists. In turn, tourists should respect the ways and traditions of the Omani people.
Omanis are proud of both their country’s rapid progress and their heritage as one of the great sea-faring nations. Excellent schools and hospitals, good governance, and on-going infrastructure improvement are all important characteristics of this once introverted and closed nation.
Sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan, a name thought to refer to Oman’s ancient copper mines. The present-day name of the country is believed to originate from the Arab tribes who migrated to its territory from the Uman region of Yemen. Many tribes settled in Oman making a living by fishing, herding or stock breeding and some present day Omani families are able to trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia.
Oman has one of the hottest and driest climates in the world. However, there are substantial differences between the coastal zone, the mountain regions, the arid inland desert and the southwestern region of Dhofar.
Summer day temperatures on the coast can easily exceed 40°C (104°F). Coupled to night temperatures of 30°C (88°F) or more and relatively high humidity, this makes going outside very unpleasant. Winter is much more pleasant with daytime temperatures generally between 25 and 30°C, and is therefore the preferred period of travel.
Regions of Oman
- Northern Oman (Muscat, Bahla, Buraimi, Hajar Mountains, Madha, Matrah, Musandam Peninsula, Sohar), the capital city, fertile Al-Batinah coast, majestic Hajar Mountains and the Musandam Peninsula
- Central Coastal Oman (Ibra, Masirah Island, Sur, Wahiba Sands), awe-inspiring dunes, old forts and coastal scenery fringing the Indian Ocean
- Zufar (Dhofar) (Salalah) lush coastal lowlands and mountains bordering Yemen
- Empty Quarter huge desert wilderness including much of the largely undefined border area with Saudi Arabia.
- Muscat – the historic capital and largest city
- Bahla – oasis town which is home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Buraimi – border crossing town adjacent to Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates
- Ibra – gateway to the Wahiba Sands
- Matrah – adjoining the capital city and just as historic
- Nizwa – contains one of the best-known forts in Oman
- Salalah – the south, which is almost tropical at the time of the Kareef (southeastern monsoon)
- Sohar – one of the the legendary homes of Sindbad
- Sur – where dhows are still made by hand
- Hajar Mountains – a majestic range, the highest in the Arabian Peninsula, which stretches into the United Arab Emirates.
- Madha – tiny exclave of Oman completely surrounded by the United Arab Emirates
- Masirah Island – a real desert island experience awaits on this haven for turtles and other wildlife
- Musandam Peninsula – a rocky exclave on the Straits of Hormuz with some magnificent wadis
- Wahiba Sands – massive rolling dunes as far as the eye can see
Visas are required for some countries please to official website. One must apply for a visa online. They are valid for 30 days, which is extendable once for a fee.
The fee is OMR20 and your passport should be valid for no less than 6 months from the date of arrival. Any visa fees can be paid using UAE dirhams at a rate of AED10 to OMR1. At the airports, visa fees can be paid in any Gulf States Co-operation Council (GCC) currency, euros, and US dollars.
It is prohibited to bring firearms, narcotics or pornographic publications into Oman. Non-Muslims are permitted to bring two liters of alcohol into the country at Seeb International Airport only. You are not allowed to bring alcohol into the country in private cars at land border crossings.
Virtually all international flights arrive at Muscat International Airport (MCT) in Muscat. There are also a small number of regional international flights to Salalah (SLL). Purchasing a visa on arrival in Salalah can be quite difficult, as the airport is very small and immigration officials tend not to have change for larger notes.
All taxi drivers in Oman are Omani nationals as this is a protected profession. In Muscat there are call/telephone Taxi services. Whilst safe and generally turn up when you want them to the costs are comparatively high. Look for “Hello Taxi” and “Muscat Taxi” amongst others.
The orange-badged taxis are usually owner-operated, these are unmetered with negotiated fares before departure. If you get a very cheap price, then do not be surprised if the Taxi stops to add extra passengers unless you request for it to be private. You may ask for engaged, just say ‘engaged taxi’ to the driver, and you will pay for all the seats (4) and now have the taxi to yourself. Women must always sit alone in the back.
There are also mini-buses (Baisa buses), the principle is you share the bus or car with others and pay a lower price as a result. This is how women living in Oman travel if they must use public transport. Women should sit next to other women if there are any in the bus. Men should move to other seats. If they do not move immediately, simply stand at the door, looking at them expectantly. They will take the hint and move. Although this might feel strange to foreigners, it is expected behavior for Omanis. Not sitting next to a man will avoid any unfortunate situations of mixed signals.
Believe it or not, but it’s actually illegal to drive around in a dirty car in Oman. You may get stopped by the police who can fine you OMR10, although they are more likely to just tell you to wash your ride.
Driving around Oman in your own (rented) car is quite easy. A four-lane road connects Muscat and Nizwa and a recently constructed four-lane highway goes from Muscat to Sur.
There are still large parts of the Sur – Muscat route that has no mobile phone signal. If you break down be prepared to wait it out. Or hitch a ride to the next town and find a mechanic to bring back to your vehicle.
Arabic is the national language, but most Omanis will speak good to excellent English, particularly in major tourist areas and cities. An English-speaking traveller should have no language difficulties unless really off the beaten track.
What to see. Best top attractions in Oman.
Oman is famous for its historic forts which are the country’s most striking cultural landmarks. There are over 500 forts and towers which were the traditional defense and lookout points to deter potential invaders. Some of the best examples are conveniently located in the capital, Muscat. Jalali and Mirani forts stand at the entrance to Muscat Bay and date from the early 16th century.
Bahla Fort at the base of the Djebel Akhdar highlands is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has 7 miles of walls. It was built in the 13th and 14th centuries when Bahla was a thriving oasis town.
Oman’s rugged mountains offer some stunning scenery and probably the best opportunities for driving in dry wadis anywhere in the world. Many of the wadis have made roads (often unsurfaced but decent enough) while others require serious off-roading. You can easily get well off the beaten path into remote areas.
Huge desert dunes roll for as far as the eye can see at Wahiba Sands.
Oman’s beaches are major breeding locations for various species of sea turtle. Masirah Island is the perhaps best bet where four species breed, including the largest number of leatherbacks anywhere in the world.
The country can boast not only vast expanses of desert, and hundreds of miles of uninhabited coastline, but also mountains of over 9000 feet.
The currency in Muscat is the Omani rial (OMR). One rial is made of 1000 baisa and is officially tied at 2.58 US dollars per 1 Omani rial making the Omani rial one of the most valuable currencies on the planet. Exchange rates on the streets are 1-2% lower.
There are ATMs at the airport and many other in Muscat and every main town, but not all of them take foreign cards. You can change foreign currency at the counters inside the airport and at money exchanges throughout Oman.
What to buy in Oman.
The Omani national symbol is the silver-sheathed dagger known as the khanjar. These vary widely in quality and cost, but almost every shop will stock several different models. Most of the modern ones are made by Indian or Pakistani craftsmen under Omani direction, while many are actually made in India or Pakistan. There is a large variety in quality, from the handles to the sheath. The best handles are made of silver-adorned sandlewood, while the lesser quality handles are made of resin. Look carefully at the sheath to determine the quality of the silver work. A good quality khanjar can cost upwards of OMR700. Typically, those will come in a presentation box, and include a belt.
Another reminder of the country’s tribal past is the walking stick known as arsaa. This is a cane with a concealed sword in it, which can prove quite a talking point at home. Unfortunately, in many countries, it will prove a talking point with customs officials rather than friends and family. In Musandam, the khanjar is frequently replaced by the Jerz as formal wear, a walking stick with a small axe head as the handle.
Omani silver is also a popular souvenir, often made into rosewater shakers and small “Nizwa boxes” (named for the town from which they first came). Silver “message holders” (known as hurz, or herz), often referred to in souks as “old time fax machines” are often for sale as well. Many silver products will be stamped with “Oman” on them, which is a guarantee of authenticity. Only new silver items may be so stamped. There is a large quantity of ‘old’ silver available which will not be stamped. Although it may be authentic, stamping it would destroy its antique value. Caveat Emptor are the watch words. Stick to reputable shops if you are contemplating buying antique Omani silver of any sort.
There is a wonderful selection of Omani silver available as jewelry as well. Items for sale in the Muttrah souk may not be genuine Omani items. Instead visit Shatti Al Qurm just outside of Muscat or the Nizwa Fort.
The distinctive hats worn by Omani men, called “kuma” , are also commonly sold, particularly in the Muttrah Souk in Muscat. Genuine kumas cost from 80 OMR.
Frankincense is a popular purchase in the Dhofar region as the region has historically been a centre for production of this item. Myrrh can also be purchased quite cheaply in Oman.
As one might expect, Oman also sells many perfumes made from a great number of traditional ingredients. Indeed, the most expensive perfume in the world (Amouage) is made in Oman from frankincense and other ingredients, and costs around OMR50. You can also find sandalwood, myrrh and jasmine perfumes.
Opening hours during the holy month of Ramadan are very restricted. Supermarkets are less strict, but don’t rely on being able to buy anything after iftar. At noon, most shops are closed anyway but this is not specific to Ramadan.
Using credit cards in shops is hit or miss. It is better to get cash at an ATM. Small denomination notes are hard to come by but necessary for bargaining. Unless you are in a supermarket, restaurant or mall bargaining is recommended, and this should be conducted politely.
What to eat
The food is mainly Arabic, East African, Lebanese, Turkish, and Indian. Many Omanis make a distinction between “Arabic” food and “Omani” food, with the former being the description of the standard dishes found throughout the Arabian Peninsula.
Omani food tends to be less spicy and served in quite large portions – whole fish are not uncommon at lunch in some local restaurants (sticking to local food, it is quite easy to eat a substantial meal for less than OMR2). As befits a country with a long coastline, seafood is quite a common dish, particularly shark, which is surprisingly tasty. True traditional Omani food is hard to find in restaurants.
Omani sweets are well-known throughout the region, with the most popular being “halwa”. This is a hot, semi-solid substance which behaves a little like honey and is eaten with a spoon. The taste is similar to Turkish Delight. Omani dates are among the best in the world and can be found at every social place and at offices.
American fast food chains, especially KFC, McDonalds, and Burger King, are not hard to find in the bigger cities, especially Muscat and Salalah.
In Khaboora you can get Pakistani Porotta. They are double the size of Indian Porottas and look like pappadams. But they taste like porottas and are much thinner and delicious. Three porottas are available for the equivalent of Rs11. Traditional Omani Khubz (bread) is hard to find outside of an Omani home, but for an experience one should try hard not to miss. This traditional bread is made of flour, salt and water cooked over a fire (or gas stove) on a large metal plate. The bread is paper-thin and crispy. It is eaten with almost any Omani food, including hot milk or chai (tea) for breakfast– “Omani cornflakes”.
In Sohar you may get an excellent lunch with Ayla curry, Ayla fry and Payarupperi. Expect to pay only 400 baisa (OMR0.40) which is considered a very low lunch price here.
A good bet for budget travellers are the many ‘coffee shops’ which are usually run by people from the Indian sub-continent and sell a mixture of Pakistani/Indian and Arabic food, dishes mostly cost one rial or less, especially ‘sandwiches’ which can be around 200 or 300 baisa. They usually sell falafel, which is a good and cheap vegetarian option. Their actual coffee is often uninspiring Nescafe but their tea reflects their sub-continental management in being masala chai.
Food & Hospitality Oman is an annual international exhibition that focuses on Oman’s food and hospitality industry. It showcases food and beverage, hotel equipment and supplies, kitchen and catering equipment, food packaging products, and food processing technologies, and other related products and services.
What to drink
The legal drinking and purchasing age of alcoholic beverages is 21.
Bottled drinking (mineral) water is easily available at most stores. Tap water is generally safe; however, most Omanis drink bottled water and to be safe, you should too.
Alcohol is available only in select restaurants and large hotels and is usually very expensive (ranging from OMR1.5 for a 500mL Carlsberg to 4 rials). Drinking alcohol in public is prohibited, but you can get your own drinks and enjoy at public areas but in privacy such as camping by beaches, sands, mountains, or actually in any remote areas. Only foreign residents can buy alcohol from alcohol shops and with certain limits. Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residence(s). But an alcohol black market is widely spread around the cities and alcohol can be found easily.
Foreigner travellers are allowed 2 liters of spirits as duty free baggage allowance. Travellers can pick up spirits at the duty free shop in the arrival lounge.
During Ramadan, drinking anything in public is prohibited during daytime (i.e., sunrise to sunset), even for foreigners. Take care to drink in the privacy of your room.
Where to sleep
Oman has the full spectrum of accommodation – from ultra-luxurious hotels to extremely rustic huts in the desert constructed from date palm leaves.
In recent years, Oman has been attempting to turn itself into something of a five-star destination for well-heeled travellers. This does not pose a problem to the budget-minded in Muscat, and even outside of the capital there is still a range of budget options. In some parts of the country, however, accommodation may be limited to higher-end hotels and resorts.
Camping is allowed pretty much anywhere, and it is generally easy to find a spot to pitch a tent once outside of big cities. Small dirt tracks constantly branch off from main roads, and following those for a few minutes usually leads to a good spot. Camping in wadis is also possible, but can be dangerous in case of rain (when the wadi turns into a river).
Oman is a relatively safe country and serious crime is rare. The Royal Oman Police is notably efficient and honest.
Driving in Muscat can sometimes be a problem, although this is due more to congestion than bad driving on the part of the locals. Outside of the major cities, a common driving risk is falling asleep at the wheel due to the long stretches of featureless desert. Driving in Oman calls for attention to the unexpected. It has the second highest death rate from traffic accidents in the world (surpassed only by Saudi, followed closely by the UAE). Omani drivers outside of the cities tend to drive very fast and pass with impunity. Driving at night is especially hazardous as many drivers fail to turn their headlights on. Camels will walk into the road even if they see cars approaching, and collisions are often fatal for both camel and driver.
As with most other Islamic countries, prostitution is illegal.
Oman isn’t as severe as neighboring Saudi Arabia with the LGBT community, but the Omani government doesn’t condone any form of LGBT activity. Punishments include fines, and up to 3 years in prison.
Oman is warm year-round and summers can be extremely hot. Always carry drinking water with you and be wary of dehydration in high temperatures. If you’re not used to the heat it can sneak up on you and cause serious health problems.
Several people have tried to cross stretches of the Omani desert on their own in a rented 4WD. Some of these people have died or got rescued just in time.
Travelling through a desert requires proper preparation. It looks easy from a modern air-conditioned 4WD, but if that fails you are suddenly back to basics.
Never go off-road alone. A minimum of two to three cars (of the same make) is the rule. Leave your itinerary with a friend with clear instructions if you do not return in time. Take at least: – recovery tools: spades, rope (and attachments), sand mats or ladders – two spare tires and all required equipment – a good air pump (high capacity) – sufficient water (at least 25 liters more than you think you will need for drinking) – sufficient petrol: there are no petrol stations in middle of nowhere.
If you have – or can get – a satellite phone, take it. (Mobiles work only in limited areas.) Check your car before embarking on such a trip.
What to respect
The Omanis are generally very humble and down-to-earth people. The usual rules of respect when travelling in a Muslim country should be followed in Oman, even when locals appear to be a little less uptight than their neighbors.
Stay quiet about the sultan, who has done more to develop the nation in recent history. He is expected to be held in extreme respect.
Staring is quite common in Oman. Children, men and women are likely to stare at you simply for being a foreigner, especially if you travel off-season and in out-of-the-way places. This is not meant as an insult but shows an interest, and a friendly smile will leave the kids giggling and showing off and the adults happily trying out their few English phrases.
Outside of Muscat and Salalah, do not smile at the opposite gender, as nearly any interaction with the opposite gender can be considered flirting. The highly segregated society makes any chance people have to speak to the opposite gender to be viewed as having at least semi-sexual overtones.
It must be understood that under Omani law, an Omani can take or be taken to court for insulting another person, like calling them an insulting name (“donkey”, “dog”, “pig”, “sheep” etc.). Omanis, though “humble” are extremely sensitive to anything they perceive as criticism, whether personal, national, or anything they perceive as being directed at the Gulf. Though Saudi Arabia is usually a fair target for jokes in the Arab world (especially in the Levant), Omanis don’t take well to it. What Westerners would usually consider “ridiculous” levels of sensitivity, are fairly normal in Oman and are due largely to the fact that Omanis have grown up in an environment in which criticism and name calling is more or less outlawed.
Official tourism websites of Oman
For more information please visit the official government website:
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Today Dr Sara tells us of about a mineral she was suspicious of to begin with:
What does it look like?
What is it?
Upon first encountering chalcopyrite, I was convinced it had to be a weird autocorrect rather than an actual mineral name. But after a bit of internet sleuthing, I learned that it’s a real, and very useful material. Also that it’s probably pronounced “calko-pyrite” rather than “cal-copyrite”, since it comes from the Greek words “chalkos” meaning “copper” and “pyrites” which means “striking fire”. This stems from the fact that chalcopyrite, or CuFeS2, is a bright yellow semiconducting material with a metallic lustre and is often confused with gold or pyrite. However, it is much softer than pyrite and more brittle than gold. It has long been a primary source for copper and has contributed to technology in both Bronze Age societies and in the modern era.
Where did this structure come from?
The chalcopyrite structure was first reported in 1931 by none other than Linus Pauling and graduate student Lawrence Brockway. While a previous study of the chalcopyrite structure was published in 1917, Pauling and Brockway demonstrated that it wasn’t quite right. You can find evidence of Pauling’s study in his lab notebook, although the data was put into Brockway’s notebook. A brief post on the history of this discovery can be found at The Pauling Blog.
Bonus: Crystal structure rebus!
Put your answers in the comments!
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I want to give you a better idea of what we’re doing when we train. You notice we do a lot of “Circuit Training” or “Interval Training.” We do short bursts of intense exercise followed by rest periods. What it’s known as is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).
What is HIIT? – High intensity or Maximal training is generally 80% – 90% of your maximum heart rate. Humans can only do extreme high intensity, 90% of MHR, for about 20 seconds and less intense exercises for longer. It depends on the individual and their conditioning.
Before I tell you the benefits of HIIT, let’s get some terms squared away:
- Maximum Heart Rate – Typically calculated by 220 – Age. So if you’re 30 years old, your MHR is 190 beats per minute.
- SubMaximal Training – Heart rate between 60%-70%. This is basically jogging or doing something that you can do for an extended period of time while still talking.
- Maximal Training – 80%-90% of MHR. This is something that you can only do for around 20 to 30 seconds.
With HIIT, there is no specific formula for how long the work should be or how long the rest should be (30 seconds on with 30 seconds off, 45 seconds on with a minute off, etc.) Many different researchers have done studies with different periods of work and rest. All the studies I’ve read have shown one thing: HIIT is way better than long endurance training for many reasons. Granted, long runs are needed for athletes training to do long events like marathons, triathlons, and even MMA, but for the normal person, HIIT, in my opinion, should be their main focus of exercise.
So let me give you some Science behind what we’re doing.
* The main difference between submaximal training (jogging for long periods of time) and HIIT (shorter and more intense workouts) is that with jogging your body burns calories while you’re working out, but not so much after. With HIIT, your body is working way harder AFTER the workout.
- Science – Your body continues to burn calories up to 36 hours after your workout with HIIT.
- Science – HIIT boosts metabolism significantly longer after the workout than a submaximal workout of even longer duration.
- Studies show that HIIT for 27 minutes, 3 times a week produces the same anaerobic and aerobic benefits as submaximal training for 60 minutes, 5 times a week.
Source – http://greatist.com/fitness/complete-guide-interval-training-infographic
Source – “The Scientific Basis for High- Intensity Interval Training”. Paul B. Larsen and David G. Jenkins. Sports Med, 2002 .
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I was discussing the words that make up the acronym PaRDeS, and I had already reviewed the word peshat. Today we'll look at the word remez רמז, meaning "hint".
Klein says the verb רמז means "to wink, beckon, hint, allude, make signs", and is related to the Arabic ramaza - "he winked with the eyes". Stahl points out that the Arabic name Ramzi, meaning "symbol" derives from this root. In Modern Hebrew we have the word ramzor רמזור, "traffic light", which is a compound of רמז - "he made a sign" and אור or - "light".
Remez only appears in post-Biblical Hebrew. However, many feel that a metathesized form of the word appears in the Tanach. The problem is it only found once, in Iyov 15:12
מַה-יִּקָּחֲךָ לִבֶּךָ; וּמַה-יִּרְזְמוּן עֵינֶיךָ.
This is in the section where Eliphaz is criticizing Iyov's attitude toward God. The classic commentaries (Rashi, Ibn Ezra) as well as Klein in his dictionary say that the root רזם here means wink, and is a form of רמז. They would therefore translate the verse as:
"How your heart has carried you away, and what do your eyes wink / hint at."This article says that perhaps the Talmudic name murzema, cognate to the Arabic mirzam, meaning "flamingo", might derive its name from remez as "hint", as a euphemism for the bird's loud call.
Kaddari, however, thinks that the two roots are not necessarily related. He says that רמז is borrowed from Aramaic and Syriac, but רזם appears in the Lachish letters.
Ben Yehuda also claims the roots are not related, but he goes further, and says that the root רזם means "to weaken", and only in the Middle Ages was the root used as a synonym for רמז. It would seem that if רזם means "weak", it might be related to the root רזה, meaning "thin, lean". This is the New JPS Translation as well, "how your eyes have failed you", although they do note that "meaning of Hebrew uncertain".
In the footnote for Ben Yehuda's entry on רזם, he refers us to the commentary of Tur-Sinai on Iyov (actually it was probably Tur-Sinai himself doing the referring, since he was the editor of the volume.) Tur-Sinai disagrees with Shadal, who emends the verse in Iyov to read ירומון instead of ירזמון. (See footnote 25 here, and here for a full discussion of Shadal and textual emendation. Tur-Sinai was no stranger to emendation - his Biblical commentary seems to suggest one for every difficult verse.)
Shadal's suggestion of ירומון - "how you have raised your eyes" or "why are your eyes lifted up" does make sense in the context. "Raised eyes" - עינים רמות - enayim ramot, is a common biblical image for pride (see Mishlei 6:17, 21:4, Tehillim 18:28, 101:5). Eliphaz is criticizing Iyov for excessive pride. He asks him, "Were you the first man born ... Have you sole possession of wisdom ... What do you know that we do not know?" So certainly it would make sense that he was accusing Iyov of pride - perhaps more so than winking or failing eyes.
However, in this case, I think Shadal might have relied on something more than the contextual meaning. The Septuagint translates ירזמון as ephnegkan - επηνεγκαν, which means "carry, lift up." The root of this word is pherein - "to carry", and is the source of the words infer, aquifer and fertile (and we've also seen it in the Hebrew word apiryon אפריון).
But if Shadal's emendation was based on the Septuagint, I might have a suggestion that would not require changing the text. We've mentioned the theory that רזם might mean "weak" based on an Arabic root. But רזם in Arabic can also refer to a "bundle or package". Maybe "carrying (a bundle)" was the meaning of רזם that the Septuagint was trying to convey?
Stahl writes that the word ruzmeh (or rizmah) went from the general meaning of "bundle" to the specific meaning of "bundle of paper". From here we get the English word "ream (of paper)":
from O.Fr. reyme, from Sp. resma, from Arabic rizmah "bundle" (of paper), from rasama "collect into a bundle." The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain. Early variant rym (1470s) suggests a Du. influence (cf. Du. riem), probably during the time of Spanish Hapsburg control of Holland.The American Heritage Dictionary has a similar entry for the Semitic root rzm:
Arabic root, to bundle. ream, from Arabic rizma, bundle, from razama, to bundle.In the end, with the word ירזמון only appearing once in the Tanach, we may never really know. But these kinds of words leave a lot open to interpretation, which is why the Tanach has so many levels - one of which is remez (allegory)...
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Cupid with the Butterfly, after 1805
Brown gouache and carbonpencil heightened with white. Inscription in pencil. 376 x 290 mm
Inventory number: C813
For thousands of years the butterfly has been seen as an image of the soul and its immortality. In the Hellenistic period Cupid was portrayed as the one who pursues – and at times torments – the soul in the shape of a butterfly. In Greek the original meaning of psyche is life, later also spirit or soul; and it is also the name of a butterfly. Thorvaldsen used the motifs several times. He was for example familiar with it from his fine collection of antique gems.
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Peter Carl Fabergé's was born on this day, 166 years ago (as noted by today's Google Doodle) . To mark the occasion, here is a short history of his most famous creations:
The Fabergé Eggs - A Brief History
From their beginnings in Imperial Russia, where their fate was inextricably linked to that of the doomed Romanov family, to their ignominous off-loading in Depression-era America, the story of the Fabergé Eggs provides an interesting snapshot of early 20th century European and American history.
The tale begins in 1885 when the penultimate Russian Emperor, Czar Alexander III, took the Easter tradition of decorating eggs to an entirely different level by commissioning the renowned goldsmith and jeweler, Peter Carl Fabergé, to create an extravagantly ornamental egg as a present for his wife, Empress Maria. It is believed that the idea for this ostentatious gift was borne out of Maria’s admiration for a similar egg owned by her aunt.
|Hen Egg, 1885|
Maria was so delighted with the present, her husband decided to have one made for her every Easter, with subsequent offerings becoming increasingly decadent and larger in size. Thus, the giving of lavishly decorated Fabergé Eggs became an Easter tradition for the Romanov family, which continued when Nicholas II succeeded his father in 1894, right up until the overthrow of the monarchy during the Russian Revolution in 1917 (by which time a total of 50 Imperial Eggs had been made).
Post-revolutionary Russia, however, was a very different place to that which existed under the House of Romanov. With Nicholas II and his immediate family ruthlessly executed, the country was now in the grip of the Bolshevik’s Communist regime. Where did the Fabergé Eggs fit in this strange new world?
|Coronation Egg, 1897|
The Imperial Eggs came to prominence once again in the late 1920s under the Stalinist regime, when they were resurrected from their ignominious hiding place. Desperate for western currency, Stalin sold many of the eggs to overseas buyers, scattering the collection to all four corners of the globe. Indeed, between 1930 and 1933 alone, fourteen Imperial Eggs left Russia for foreign shores.
|Rosebud Egg, 1895|
There can be no doubt, however, that Hammer went to great lengths to sell the treasures in America in the early 1930s. Despite an extensive promotional tour which took him from the East to the West coast of the United States, the Great Depression ensured that buyers were few and far between. Eventually, he did succeed in off-loading the eggs, but at bargain basement prices. The majority fetched only a few hundred dollars each.
But while the Fabergé Eggs now inspire fascination and admiration around the world, as much for their intricate craftsmanship as for their tragic and blighted history, few have found their way back to Russia. At present, only ten can be found at the Kremlin, while a further nine have been bought by the Russian oligarch Viktor Vekselberg. The rest (apart from the eight whose whereabouts remain unknown) are strewn all over the globe, with Her Majesty’s Royal Collection boasting three of the miniature treasures. It is indeed a sad fact that by selling the eggs, Stalin significantly diluted Russia’s artistic and cultural legacy.
If you fancy getting your hands on a Fabergé egg for a loved one and don’t have millions of dollars to spend, don’t despair - there is a raft of authorised reproductions and unofficial fakes on the market with somewhat more affordable price-tags. And even if these are outside your price-range, there’s always the Kinder Surprise …
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There are several types of Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS): some is caused by misshaped bones (vertebra) in the spine, this is called congenital; some patients have a neuromuscular disease like muscular dystrophy where the muscles cannot hold the spine straight; other patients have a diagnosed syndrome (a disease with effects on more than one part of the body) that causes scoliosis; and a very small number of patients have EOS with no identified reason and are called idiopathic .
A small number of patients have genetic or inherited EOS (idiopathic, some syndromes), meaning one or both parents had a gene causing scoliosis that is present in their child. If this is true for your family your doctor will inform you of the details and you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in genetics.
Most types of EOS have a known cause (misshaped bones in the spine, or muscular problems such as muscular dystrophy), however some types of scoliosis have no clear cause and are diagnosed as idiopathic (meaning we do not know what the cause is). Not drinking enough milk or wearing a heavy backpack does not cause EOS.
EOS may be picked up when you or someone else may notice your child’s back is curved. Some children with EOS have uneven waists, shoulders and/or shoulder blades, and a “hump” where the ribs stick out more on one side than the other. Sometimes the scoliosis is noticed when a child goes to the doctor for something else (like pneumonia or RSV) and an x-ray of the chest is done.
A pediatrician, pediatric orthopaedist and/or spine surgeon can diagnose the scoliosis. Doctors use an x-ray of your child’s spine to confirm the diagnosis. If your doctor finds that your child has EOS, he/she may recommend additional testing and refer your child to other medical specialists.
Patients with mild to moderate scoliosis do not have more back pain than people without scoliosis; however, scoliosis that is severe or caused by an abnormality in the spinal cord can cause back pain.
Your doctor may or may not recommend avoiding contact sports such as football; otherwise a child with scoliosis is usually treated no differently than one who does not have scoliosis.
The most common test doctors use are x-rays of the spine: one view is back to front and a second view is from the side, these images are used to see how many curves are there and what size they are . Your doctor may also get a special view of the spinal cord or the lungs on an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine. A MRI study of the spine takes around an hour to obtain and a patient has to lie very still the whole time, for young patients this test is usually done under general anesthesia.
Testing may also be done using a CT (Computed Tomography) scan to give more detail of how the spine looks in very severe scoliosis. During treatment your child may also have testing to show how well they are breathing, this can be examined by a fingerprick blood test, a pulmonary function test (PFT) where a patient breathes in and out into a machine, and counting the number of breaths in a minute.
There is a wide range of treatments for EOS, and each patient’s treatment is unique to the child and their doctor. Some patients may only need to be checked during times when the child is rapidly growing. Patients with small to moderate size curves may wear a plastic body brace. Young patients with flexible curves may be put into a series of molded casts. Braces and casts are normally used to prevent the curve from getting worse and are very effective in some patients.
Patients with more severe curves may require surgical correction of their scoliosis. There are several surgical options that allow the spine to grow while controlling the curve; these options include Traditional Growing Rods (TGR), Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods (MAGEC™), Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR®), Growth Guided Devices (Shilla® or Luque Trolley), Tension-based devices (Tether or Staples) or a spinal fusion. Some patients may need to be treated with halo gravity traction in preparation for their surgery.
Some children never need surgery and may simply be observed, or treated with a brace or body casting. Unfortunately there is no way to predict this for any patient.
Most patients see the doctor 2-4 times a year, however it can range from once a year to monthly visits. Your doctor will decide whether an x-ray is needed each time, but if your child is not in an active growth cycle and the curve has not gotten bigger, an x-ray may not be needed with every visit.
Most braces are custom made for the patient. A plaster or foam copy of the patient’s body is made and the brace is made specifically for their body and curve. Some braces are soft and ready made and fitted by straps to the patient.
The more your child wears the brace the better it works - most doctors ask that families try to keep the brace on 18 to 22 hours a day. However it is ok for the brace to come off for organized activities where wearing it would interfere (gymnastics, swimming, soccer, music lessons etc.…).
A brace will not correct or cure scoliosis. When worn most of a 24-hour day, a brace can slow down the growth of a curve. The purpose of a brace is to prevent scoliosis from rapidly worsening in a patient and delaying, or at best, avoiding surgery.
It can take some time to get used to the brace, your doctor and the person who made the brace can help with this. It is very important that if your child is not wearing the brace for more than a few days that you contact your doctor and let them know. Your child’s doctor understands the challenge of brace wear in this age group; you should be able to discuss these challenges with them openly.
Each cast is custom made specifically to the patient’s body and curve. The patient is asleep under general anesthesia and the doctor decreases the curve and then holds it in place with the cast.
Body casts are not removable and are designed to be on the patient 24/7. Your doctor will give you instructions on keeping your child clean while in the cast.
Casts are usually in a series and can be from 2 to 5 or more, each cast can be in place from 3 weeks to 12 weeks. The number of casts needed and how long each cast is worn will be decided by your doctor based on how the scoliosis changes in each cast.
If your child is under the age of three and does not have a severe curve, it is possible that the casts will completely correct or cure the scoliosis. If your child is over the age of three and/or has a severe curve, the goal of casting is often to delay surgery. Your child’s specific case and the goals for casting will be discussed by your doctor.
Cast vacations will vary by patient and doctor. Many patients will take a planned break during the summer, or for some other planned activity (vacation at a water park or beach).
The goals of halo gravity traction are:
This is placed in the operating room. While the patient is asleep under general anesthesia, several pins attach the halo ring to the patient’s skull. The next day the halo ring is attached to a walker or wheelchair and a small amount of weight (a few pounds) pulls the patient’s body upward. As the patient is comfortable with the weight, a little more is added each day or so until the maximum amount is reached (usually somewhere close to half the patient’s body weight).
Patients may have a headache the first day or two, otherwise it is not painful. In fact, many patients feel more comfortable once in traction, as breathing and eating can be easier.
Complications such as nerve damage are rare. Hospital staff will teach the family how to check for any nerve damage on a regular basis, and what to do if they see any.
Patients may be in traction for 4 weeks and up to 12 weeks typically. There is special equipment that attaches to the bed frame and allows the patient to be in traction while sleeping.
The length of time in the hospital after surgery depends on the type of the surgery and the health of the patient. For the very first or initial surgery most patients will stay for 2-5 days. For patients with a device that is lengthened during a surgery a 1-2 day stay may be required but they may be able to go home the same day. For patients with a device that is lengthened magnetically they can go home the same day.
Some patients may need to wear a brace for 3 to 6 months after the very first surgery. This is to make sure that the bone heals around the spinal anchors. For devices that are lengthened, patients are not typically braced for lengthening procedures.
The first surgery can take from 2-6 hours depending on the patient’s spine and general health.
For surgical lengthenings (on devices like Growing Rods and VEPTR®) without complications, surgery with general anesthesia usually takes about 1 hour.
At the very first, or initial, surgery, we encourage our families to limit the patient to mild forms of exercise (walking, running, calm play with other children) for the 4-12 weeks after surgery. When your doctor advises they can return to normal activities outside of contact sports (football). However, this may vary by patient and doctor, so please ask your doctor for specific instructions for your child.
Surgery for EOS can be challenging to treat effectively and safely due to the age and size of patients. Minor complications like slow or poor healing of the wound, or anchors that move or break can occur but they usually be corrected with minimal treatment.
Major complications can include injury to the spinal cord, deep infection in the area of surgery, and failure of the first surgery to control the scoliosis. These complications are less common but do need more intensive treatment. Every effort is taken to avoid all of the above, but complications can and do occur, so you should discuss the risks for your child with their doctor.
Growing Rods are two rods on either side of the spine 16 attached to the spinal vertebrae above and below a curve with spine anchors (hooks, screws or wires). The anchors and rods are used to correct some of the scoliosis and help the spine grow straighter and longer. The rods are extendable to make them longer as a child grows, using a child’s natural periods of growth to both straighten and lengthen the spine over time.
Growing Rods may be either traditional (requiring a small surgical incision for manual lengthening under general anesthesia) or magnetic (no incision is required for the lengthening procedures) where a medical magnet is placed on the skin over the spine by the doctor to lengthen the rod(s) in the doctor’s office with the child awake.
Frequency of lengthenings will vary by patient and doctor; most patients will have an average of 2 lengthenings a year. Once a patient is close to the end of spinal growth, the doctor will discuss options.
MAGEC is a magnetically controlled growing rod that after the first surgery can be lengthened with an external set of strong magnets without surgery. The system has been approved by the FDA and examined in both animals and humans and shown to be safe and effective. Your child can now undergo the MCGR (Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod) procedure in the United States.
Frequency of lengthenings will vary by patient and doctor; most patients can have an average of 4-12 lengthenings a year. Once a patient is close to the end of spinal growth, the doctor will discuss options, which may include a final surgery to correct any remaining scoliosis, or no further surgery at all.
While there is no acute pain felt with the lengthening, patients may feel some anxiety and mild discomfort during a magnetic lengthening.
The lengthening device your doctor uses to extend the rods contains medical grade magnets that are much stronger than those used in public spaces or in the home.
VEPTR® can be one or more curved bars that can attach to the ribs or spine by anchors (clamps, hooks, or screws) 1above and below a curve. The anchors and bars are used to correct some of the scoliosis and help the spine grow straighter and longer and they can be used to treat chest and rib abnormalities that are found in some types of scoliosis. The bars are extendable to make them longer as a child grows, using a child’s natural periods of growth to both straighten and lengthen the spine.
Frequency of lengthenings will vary by patient and doctor; most patients will have an average of 2 lengthenings a year. Once a patient is close to the end of spinal growth, the doctor will discuss options, which may include a final surgery to correct any remaining scoliosis, or no further surgery at all.
Definitive spinal fusion is when a curve in the spine has been corrected and will not grow any more. In EOS, definitive fusions are usually part of the treatment for patients with congenital curves where normal growth would not happen if left alone. Definitive spinal fusion in congenital patients is usually a small part of the patient’s total spine. Definitive fusion may also be used along with a growing rod to help control a severe scoliosis; again this would be a small part of the patient’s total spine. Most patients will require a definitive fusion at the end of their treatment for EOS if they have been treated with growing rods, VEPTR® or other devices.
In some patients the definitive fusion may be the only surgery they ever need, but this will vary by patient and curve. Your doctor will discuss your child’s case specifically.
Growth guided devices have fixed anchor points (screws) at the top, middle and bottom of the spine, two rods are attached to the anchors but adjust to the spine’s height as the patient grows. The anchors and rods make a scoliosis smaller while making the spine taller.
Growth guided device patients only have one surgery to place the device and no further surgery is needed unless there are complications or the patient has reached the end of spinal growth and needs a final surgery.
The two most common devices are the Shilla and Luque Trolley devices.
Tension based devices have fixed anchor points (screws or staples) along the curve on the convex side; as the child grows the anchors straighten the side of the spine. The anchors make a scoliosis smaller while making the spine taller as the patient grows.
Tension based device patients only have one surgery to place the device and may need a second to remove part of the device when a curve is corrected. No further surgery is needed unless there are complications or the patient has reached the end of spinal growth and needs a final surgery.
The two most common devices are the Tether and Vertebral Body Stapling devices.
Dr. Huang is an active member of the Scoliosis Research Society.
Orthopaedic Institute of Northwest Florida
4700 Bayou Blvd., 1C
Copyright © 2021 Children's Orthopaedic Institute of Northwest Florida, LLC /dba Orthopaedic Institute of Northwest Florida - All Rights Reserved.
Children's Orthopaedic and Scoliosis Surgery
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- Buyers Guide
Achieving reliability and high performance from a PCB material is not simply about selecting the optimum dielectric material for an application—the copper on that material also plays a critical role. The quality of the copper on a PCB, including its surface roughness, and how the copper is joined with the dielectric material, can go a long way towards determining the performance possible with that PCB material, particularly at RF and microwave frequencies.
Copper provides the signal pathways on a PCB, but those circuit patterns must be formed with precision and that starts with the quality of the copper and how well it is attached to the PCB’s dielectric material. The melding of copper and dielectric is critical to the performance and reliability of a high-frequency PCB, since the way those two materials combine can influence performance over different operating conditions. For example, copper has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 17 ppm/°C, which is a measure of the amount of expansion and contraction that the material undergoes with changes in temperature. Ideally, a PCB’s dielectric material has an in-plane CTE closely matched to that of copper so that both materials will expand and contract similarly with changes in temperature.
While much has been posted in previous blogs concerning PCB dielectric materials, a circuit board’s copper is also critical to reaching and maintaining desired performance levels. Two types of commercial copper foils are typically used with PCBs: electrodeposited (ED) and rolled-annealed (RA) copper. The copper foils are formed in different ways and given different types of treatments to improve and preserve adhesion to various circuit dielectric materials. For example, ED copper is formed using a copper-sulfate solution, by electrolytic deposition onto a slowly rotating polished stainless-steel drum, and removing the copper in a continuous coil. The side against the drum provides the smoother finish. RA copper foils come from successively passing an ingot of solid copper through a rolling mill.
The different types of copper lend different qualities to PCB material. In quickly comparing circuit materials with ED and RA copper types, for example, PCBs with ED copper have shown good success when used in applications where mechanical stress may be critical, while circuit materials with RA copper are a good fit for applications where thermal shock might be a concern. PCBs with ED copper are very robust mechanically, although rapid thermal cycling can cause thermal stress cracks in narrow conductors formed with ED copper. Over similarly challenging thermal cycling conditions, PCBs with RA copper have shown improved resistance to conductor cracking from thermal stress.
Both copper foil types used for PCBs are generally treated with a passivation process that leaves a protective layer on the copper that is typically only a few Angstroms thick. This passivation treatment layer, which protects the copper from tarnishing for a certain period (as long as six months), can be easily removed by means of simple exposure to a weak acid, such as 10% hydrochloric (HCl) acid or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which does no harm to the PCB material. Still, it is important to realize that this protective passivation treatment should not be ignored, since at higher temperatures, such as those used to process polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) laminates, modifications can occur to the passivation treatment layer. These modifications, which include conversion to different alloys, can make the passivation treatment much more difficult to remove than with a simple light acid bath. A light micro-etch treatment may even be needed to remove a passivation layer converted by exposure to high temperatures prior to circuit fabrication.
The two types of PCB copper can have very different grain structures, with grain structures also offering insight into the copper surface profile. ED copper foils used with PCB materials typically are available with coarse, moderate and fine grain structures. The copper with coarse grain structures provide the roughest copper surfaces while the copper with fine grain structures also have the smoothest copper surfaces. The surface roughness of a PCB copper foil can also be affected by additional treatments given to the copper to typically improve adhesion and compatibility with a target dielectric material.
These different copper surface profiles can have advantages and disadvantages. A copper foil with rougher surface profile typically enables a stronger bond between the copper foil and the dielectric laminate than a copper foil with a smoother surface profile. But the rougher copper surface profile also typically exhibits worse insertion-loss performance and greater phase variations than a PCB with otherwise similar materials but smoother copper surface profile, possibly due to the increased inductance of the rougher copper surface profile. PCB materials with smoother copper surface profiles tend to enable improved etch definition for fine-featured, high-frequency circuits.
At higher frequencies (and smaller wavelengths), smaller portions of the copper conductor surface in a PCB are used for transmission of signals, so that the effects of rougher copper surface profiles can be much more significant at higher frequencies. For thinner circuits in particular, increases in copper conductor surface roughness for a PCB material have been linked to increases in phase constant or effective dielectric constant for some PCB designs. This can cause complications when attempting to use computer models to predict the performance of circuits fabricated on those materials, if not accounting for the effects of rough copper surface profiles.
To aid circuit designers, Rogers PCB materials are available with different types of copper, including ED and RA copper, with different weights or thicknesses, such as 1 oz. (35 μm), 0.5 oz. (18 μm), and 0.25 oz. (8.5 μm) copper. These different types of copper are also available with different surface roughness profiles, to enable a designer to meet different application needs, such as with the rugged mechanical capabilities of circuit materials with ED copper or the flexible thermal-cycling capabilities of circuit materials with RA copper. Understanding these differences in copper foils for PCBs can help guide the process of selecting the best circuit material for a particular application. More details on those differences can be found by downloading a free PDF copy of the white paper, “Copper Foils for High Frequency Materials,” from the Rogers site at: http://www.rogerscorp.com/search/index.aspx?q=Copper%20Foils.
Do you have a design or fabrication question? John Coonrod and Joe Davis are available to help. Log in to the Rogers Technology Support Hub and “Ask an Engineer” today.
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British newspapers have employed this phrase frequently, as well as variations such as fiscal phobia, ever since a report from researchers at Cambridge University appeared at the end of January. The researchers claim to have identified a psychological condition in which some nine million people in Britain have a morbid fear of coping with their financial affairs, to the extent of never reading their bank statements or replying to letters about their personal finances. The researchers argue they’re not feckless spendthrifts, but otherwise sane and rational people who have got themselves into a state in which they can’t deal with such matters sensibly. The cause often seems to be some financial upset outside the person’s control that triggers a complete aversion to everything connected with money. A person who is suffering from the state is said to be a financial phobe.
The highest levels of financial phobia are found among younger age groups, with 30 per cent of 16 to 24-year-olds suffering from the condition and 26 per cent of 25 to 34-year-olds. Women are more likely to suffer from the condition than men.
Birmingham Post, Feb. 2003
I’m talking financial phobia. It’s official. Researchers at the Social and Political Science faculty at Cambridge University have discovered that 20 per cent of the population is affected with FP. Yes, about 10 million people greet the appearance of a bank statement on the doormat as they might react to a hand grenade: they’d like to get rid of it, but they’d rather not touch it, so they just ignore it.
Independent, Jan. 2003
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College football is surely one of the defining aspects of southern culture, and few contests embody the social, cultural, and economic importance of the game more than the Iron Bowl, the annual meeting of Auburn University's Tigers and the University of Alabama's Crimson Tide. Since its initiation in the modern era, the Iron Bowl has served as a public outlet for the long-standing and complex rivalry between the two universities and their fans. As some observers have noted, the University of Alabama has tended to represent the state's elites, graduating lawyers and future politicians, whereas Auburn University was founded as an agricultural school, although it is now, like Alabama, a comprehensive research university.
Once a season, Alabama and Auburn meet on the gridiron. Alabama leads the overall rivalry with 41 wins to Auburn's 34, with one tie, and the modern series, which began in 1948, 35 to 27. The teams tied once, in 1907. The term "Iron Bowl" was coined in the early 1950s by Auburn coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan, yet many observers, writers, sports announcers, and publications refer to the rivalry since 1893 as the "Iron Bowl." In actuality, the term did not become popular until the mid-1960s. The game is typically played in late November, often with Southeastern Conference and national championship titles at stake. Since 1981, the game has been nationally televised except for 1993, when Auburn was on probation.
Many of the other great college rivalries, such as Michigan versus Ohio State, Oklahoma versus Texas, and Army versus Navy, cross state lines. The Auburn versus Alabama contest, however, is one of those intense intrastate rivalries—along with Texas A&M and Texas, and Florida and Florida State—that divides communities, families, and friendships. In a state where football attains the status of a religion, the Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn Tigers attract some of the most fanatical followers. The programs are most closely identified with coaches Paul "Bear" Bryant, who coached the Crimson Tide from 1958 to 1982, and "Shug" Jordan, who coached the Tigers from 1951 to 1975. Each man was chosen his school's coach of the century.
The Alabama-Auburn rivalry stretches back more than a century to February 22, 1893, when the teams first met at Lakeview Park in Birmingham, a game that Auburn won 32-22. Alabama regarded the match as its final game of the 1892 season, whereas Auburn considered it as the first game of its 1893 season, so the rivalry was marked by disagreement at the outset. Both schools fielded their first football teams in 1892, after Auburn history professor George Petrie promoted the sport he initially saw played while at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. W. G. Little of Livingston is considered the father of Alabama football. Little attended prep school in Massachusetts, where he discovered football and organized Alabama's first squad and served as its captain. (The oldest rivalry in the Deep South exists between the Auburn Tigers and the University of Georgia Bulldogs, dating from February 20, 1892.)
Auburn and Alabama stopped playing each other after 1907. Over the years, a myth grew that a huge fight among players and fans had led to the severing of relations between Auburn and Alabama. The truth, however, was decidedly less dramatic. The schools' officials simply could not agree on contractual details, such as per diem pay rates for the players, and thus there was no game in 1908. Another myth has persisted that the state legislature mandated resumption of the series, but a resolution approved by the legislature on August 15, 1947, merely officially requested that the schools resume the annual contest. In 1948, Auburn president Ralph Draughon and Alabama president John Galalee simply agreed that the schools should play, and the rivalry was renewed in the modern era.
The term "Iron Bowl" was coined by Jordan in the early 1950s when he remarked that his Auburn football team should concentrate on the more immediate "Iron Bowl" against Alabama in Birmingham, instead of a possible berth in a bowl game after the regular season. The nickname, a reference to the city's chief industry, stuck, and the game was played annually at Birmingham's Legion Field from 1948 until 1989.
Alabama won the first game of the renewed series 55-0, played on December 4, when Ed Salem threw three touchdown passes, ran for another, and kicked seven extra points for the Crimson Tide. The following year, Auburn achieved one of the most noteworthy upsets in the series. Alabama brought a record of six wins, two losses, and one tie and a five-game winning streak to Birmingham, in stark contrast to Auburn's dismal showing of 1-4-3. Alabama was favored to win by three touchdowns, but the Tigers shocked the Crimson Tide with a 14-13 win when Bill Tucker, who later would be stricken by polio, kicked the decisive extra point in the fourth period.
Since that second game in the modern era, the series has often been characterized by back-and-forth winning streaks. Alabama dominated the games from 1950 to 1953, but the Tigers won five straight games from 1954 through 1958. One game in the streak was a 40-0 Auburn rout that propelled the Tigers to the national title in 1957. Auburn's run of victories was followed by Crimson Tide wins in nine of the next 10 games between 1959 and 1968, with the Tigers scoreless in five of those matches.
In 1971, both teams entered the big game undefeated for the first time, with Alabama ranked number two in the nation and Auburn
ranked number five. In that contest, the Tide's Johnny Musso ran for 167 yards in a 31-7 rout. The most bizarre Auburn-Alabama
match occurred the next year, with the 10-0 Crimson Tide heavily favored. Trailing Alabama 16-3 with less than 10 minutes
left in the game, Auburn's Bill Newton blocked an Alabama punt that Tiger David Langner scooped up and ran in for a touchdown.
With a minute and a half remaining, Auburn again forced an Alabama punt, which was again blocked by Newton and picked out
of the air by Langner, who returned the ball for a touchdown, leading the underdog Tigers to a 17-16 victory. The contest
became known as the "Punt Bama Punt" game. For years afterward, the chant was popular with Tiger fans, and 35 years later
it is still possible to see the occasional "Punt Bama Punt" bumper sticker in Auburn.
From 1973 to 1981, Alabama thoroughly dominated the series, winning nine straight games under Bryant and gaining national titles in 1973 and 1978. He recorded his 315th victory in 1981, beating Auburn 28-17 and thereby becoming the winningest coach in college football before he retired in 1982. One of Alabama's most exciting wins came when former Tide star Ray Perkins's squad beat Auburn coach Pat Dye and the seventh-ranked Tigers 25-23 in 1985. In that game, Auburn great Vincent "Bo" Jackson, playing with two broken ribs, rushed for 142 yards. During the fourth quarter, the lead changed hands four times. With Auburn ahead 23-22 and only 57 seconds remaining, Alabama moved from its own 12-yard line to the Auburn 35 in just a handful of plays, stopping the clock with just six seconds to play. Van Tiffin then kicked perhaps the most dramatic field goal in Crimson Tide history, a 52-yard game winner.
In 1986, the Tigers went on a four-game streak, beginning with their own avenging last-second 21-17 victory, followed by a three-game streak by the Tide. Between 1993 and 2001, the teams traded victories and defeats, except for 1998 and 1999, when Alabama won back-to-back games. Adding fuel to the rivalry, the Crimson Tide and coach Gene Stallings ended the Tigers' 20-game unbeaten streak under coach Terry Bowden in 1994 with a 21-14 win. Auburn then moved its 1989 game with Alabama to Jordan-Hare Stadium after the schools agreed to alternate sites. In 1998, the final game at Legion Field, Auburn quickly racked up 17 points, but Alabama came back to win 31-17. Beginning in 2000, Alabama moved its home game from Birmingham to Tuscaloosa. Auburn's 28-18 victory in 2005 was notable for the 11 sacks inflicted on Tide quarterback Brodie Croyle. Auburn's streak of six Iron Bowl victories ended in 2008 with a 36-0 loss to Alabama. Auburn regained the title in 2010 with a 29-27 victory over Alabama but lost the next two match-ups 42-14 in 2011 and 49-0 in 2012. Alabama went on to win the national championship after winning the Iron Bowl in 2009, 2011, and 2012, and Auburn went on to win it in 2010. In 2009, 2011, and 2012, Alabama went on to win the national championship after winning the Iron Bowl; Auburn went on to win the championship after winning the 2010 Iron Bowl.
The Omicron Delta Kappa Cup, otherwise known as the Iron Bowl trophy, was first sponsored in 1948 by the Omicron Delta Kappa
Honor Society, which has a chapter at both schools. In 1978, it was dedicated to James E. Foy V, an Alabama graduate and former
dean of student affairs at both institutions. The trophy is presented at halftime at the schools' yearly basketball game that
occurs at the winner's coliseum. After the trophy presentation, the student government association president of the losing
school must sing the winner's fight song.
Brown, Scott and Will Collier. The Uncivil War: Alabama vs. Auburn, 1981-1994. Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 1995.
Griffin, John Chandler. Alabama vs. Auburn: Gridiron Grudge Since 1893. Athens, Ga.: Hill Street Press, 2001.
Hester, Wayne. Century of Champions: The Centennial History of Alabama Football. Birmingham: Seacoast Publishing/ The Birmingham News, 1991.
Thomas, Landon. The SEC Team of the '80s: Auburn Football 1980-1989. Woodstock, Ga.: Tigers Publishing, 2004.
Published September 29, 2008
Last updated January 9, 2013
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From the many and quite recent bullying related suicide reports from every part of the world, It has become quite clear that the connection between suicide and bullying is getting stronger. While bullying may seem like a minor and childish behavior to many, it has gradually risen into one of the leading causes of suicide and other very negative effects among teenagers. To put it more clearly, many victims of bullying are turning to suicide as the way out of the terror, humiliation and pain caused by bullies. Learn about the link between Bullying and Suicide!
According to a recent study that took place in Britain, half of the teenage suicides were discovered to be related to bullying. This same study showed that the teenagers who were more at risk were girls between the ages of 10 and 14. Another study suggested that 30% of all students are either bullies or victims of bullying. It was also discovered that a significant number of students avoid school everyday for fear of getting bullied.
Each type of bullying has a likelihood of causing suicide be it cyber-bullying, sexting, physical bullying, and emotional bullying and so on. The regions and schools that have an extreme problem with bullying will also have a higher rate of suicides which is only made worse by the sad fact that students who are exposed to regular suicide may consider the same option too.
Bullying and Suicide – Warning Signs
- A teen who may be considering suicide will exhibit signs of severe depression. The signs of depression include sadness, withdrawal from others and activities that once brought them pleasure, sleeplessness and a lost appetite.
- A sudden interest in death whereby they constantly talk about death, some may even express a wish to die.
- Taking part in life-threatening activities, reckless behaviour, self-injury, drugs, alcohol and other substance abuse.
- Saying goodbye to loved ones and giving out their treasured possessions.
- Crying out that they cannot handle things any more.
- Suggesting that the world would be a better place without them.
Every parent who notices all or any of the above symptoms in their child has every reason to sense danger and should therefore talk to the child about it and get help as soon as possible.
There are some cases though where the teenager will not display any of the above signs. This is especially true when the teenager is undergoing a very bad episode of bullying. In other cases, the bullies will even suggest suicide to their victims by either making the suggestion directly to by telling them that they are of no worth to the world.
Bullying and Suicide – Helping a Victim Who Might Be Considering Suicide
- Never at any time or circumstances ignore any suicide threats. In such a situation, do not waste precious time trying to talk to the victim, get help as fast as possible instead.
- When this person happens to be your child or someone who lives in your house, get rid of any weapons, medications and poisons as soon as possible or lock them away beyond their reach.
- Whereas it is really embarrassing for children to talk about being bullied or bullying to their parents, every parent should keep the lines of communication open, this will make it easier for the children to talk freely about any topic and this includes bullying. If your child is the victim here, talk to them and point out that it is not their fault, this will make them feel loved and supported by you as the parent. Should you suspect even slightly that the bullying is serious, do not hesitate to get professional help for your child.
- All parents should do everything possible to get closer to their teenagers. This will make it easier for them to know more about their friends especially where social networking is involved. This will make it possible to check out their online friends and also try to spot any mean posts and messages.
When the bullying is serious, no parent out there should hesitate speaking to the school authorities and to the bully’s parents or guardians too. If the school administration can’t seem to control the bully, then its time to let the police handle matters before your teenager takes his or her own life.
Teenagers and other victims of bullying are also advised to talk to someone as soon as thoughts of suicides cross their minds. Nothing can be as painful as losing a child as a result of one or more cruel kids out to have a little fun. Parents, friends and relatives of suicide victims need professional help since they are likely to develop suicide thoughts too.
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What happens when you have a pilot in a space suit try to land a plane that has only two sets of landing gear? The result: you need a really fast car to guide the pilot down safely.
The Lockheed U-2 spy plane is one of the most unique airplanes ever created. Its mission is to gather information. To do this safely, the U-2 flies at extremely high altitudes—70,000 feet—essentially in space. In order for a plane to reach this altitude, it has to be as lightweight as possible and when Lockheed was designing the plane, it surprisingly cut out a set of landing gear to save weight.
Scott Evans from Motor Trend recently got to ride in one of the Chevrolet Camaro chase cars that help the U-2 land and shared his experience in a recent article.
To help the U-2 pilot down, the Camaro driver has to literally drive just yards behind the rapidly descending plane and tell the pilot how far off the ground he is. When the plane reaches 2 feet above the ground, the pilot can finally touch the ground and land the plane. He then has to balance the plane on the two sets of landing gear until coming to a complete stop.
Watch this video to see the amazing teamwork in action.
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Technology is quickly becoming one of the most important tools in today’s society. It is used for communication, entertainment, finance, and even some of the most information-sensitive purposes such as banking and personal storage. Considering these uses, the importance of protection on the internet and through computer systems is at an all-time high. Take a moment to consider the result if hackers or other malicious sources were able to break through computer systems such as the Social Security Administration or even your own personal bank.
These hackers would quickly gain access to the personal information of the greater population of the United States. In a short amount of time, your own personal security could be compromised, changing the course of your life for an undetermined amount of time. With this being said, the security and encryption of large-scale computer systems is necessary to ensure that the personal information of all people is protected at all times.
A Day As A Cryptographer
As a cryptographer or cryptoanalyst, you could play a leading role in the fight against cyberattacks and cyberwarfare. Cryptographers are the experts behind the encryption of sensitive data and the creation of algorithms and ciphers that assist in building the integrity of security systems.
If you are interested in cryptography as a potential career field, you could find yourself using mathematics and statistics to develop innovative solutions to issues surrounding security, encoding and decoding cryptic messages for various purposes, or even testing computers for weaknesses or reliability. Cryptographers are a huge factor in creating safe methods for communicating data across internet systems, providing a secure environment for financial transactions, and ensuring the creation of safe systems for all purposes.
If it is a challenging and influential field in computer science that you choose, this is definitely a field that will test your expertise and contribute to a more efficient use of technology throughout the life of your career. Our team has decades of experience researching educational programs and has provided a guide below to assist you on your path to finding the right college program.
Expected Degree Requirements
There are numerous fields found within the computer science discipline that go further than what the degree itself promotes. Cryptography and cryptoanalysis are two fields that can be obtained through education that focuses on security systems as well as experiences that sharpens skills in detection and monitoring of secure network systems. The educational path to this career consists of a few steps – beginning at the bachelors level. Take a look at what our team has provided below.
The bachelor’s degree is the most standard level for those interested in computer science fields. Cryptographers and cryptoanalysts alike may choose to pursue a degree in computer science, information technology, computer engineering, or even bachelor’s degrees that are specific to cybersecurity. Since some of the work involved with encryption also uses statistics and mathematics, a bachelor’s program that focuses on mathematics could even be useful for those that plan on pursuing graduate degrees in a computer science discipline.
While it is important to consider master’s level education to spice up your resume, it is not required for most entry-level positions in computer science. However, in fields such as cryptography and cryptoanalysis, the importance of precision and expertise are high. Master’s programs that focus on crytography provide for a more central curriculum that includes the important components of computer science, cybersecurity, and mathematics. These topics are extremely important to developing the skills needed for accurate encryption, decoding, and analysis of computer network systems. Other master’s programs in computer science, engineering, or technology could also be useful – if paired with an appropriate program in mathematics.
While in educational programs that focus on cybersecurity and cryptography, you may see courses that are specific to the utilization of encryption a encoding necessary for computer security. Courses that teach students how to properly analyze computer systems for weaknesses or even probe network systems for compromises to encryption authenticity can also be found within these degree programs. You may also see a heavy focus on mathematics and statistics throughout the duration of your program, since these are key skills that are relevant to efficient use of cryptography and cryptoanalysis. Courses that focus on the different types of hacking, forensics, and overall network security are also common.
The use of electronics and technology in this age has brought about the need for educated professions. The importance of safety through the use of such devices as well as the implementation of secure encryption and data protection has encouraged many like-minded people to pursue degrees in computer science and engineering. Over the next few years, this field may exhibit a need for more dedicated professionals, which makes pursuing a degree even more valuable.
If you have a knack for computers and a profound interest in mathematics and coding, becoming a cryptographer/cryptoanalyst may be exactly the right fit for you. Secure financial transactions, communications, and overall networks relies on the precision of cryptographers as well as the insight and direction of those focusing more on the analysis of systems.
Since many people with expertise in mathematics find a great fit in this field, it is common to find dual degree holders and those with complementary degrees in this field. The overall growth for this and related fields is expected to be 21% over the next 10 years (BLS; 2015). In addition to the much larger than average growth, the salary expectations are around $105,810 per year on average (BLS; 2015). Since cryptography and cryptoanalysis are relatively new fields, the data pulled for this research is specific to mathematicians.
Job Growth Information
The blend of both computer science/engineering and mathematics is what can ultimately define this field. The figures that our team has provided show what is expected for those in positions that are labeled as mathematicians. This is not exactly reflective of cryptography as a whole, but the relationship between the two fields is one that is becoming more apparent – making these figures closely related to the undefined national averages of cryptography.
Over time, you may see the blend of both computer science and mathematics in a more define manner. As you move forward into your degree program, you should feel confident in knowing that professionals of your level can potentially be in high demand over the next decade and bring much needed services to individuals and businesses that wish to provide the most secure networks.
Hard Skills/Soft Skills For A Cryptographer
Cryptography is a field that includes some important aspects from computer science, mathematics, and computer engineering. When planning for this creative and intriguing career, you should maintain a level of expertise in different areas within these subjects in order to be an efficient part of a network security team. Our team has worked hard to provide you with some of the most important skills required in this field so that you can better prepare for your career prior to entry.
Most computer science fields have standard requirements for their professionals. Having skills in computer programming languages such as C++, Java, and Python is a major requirement, as well as the understanding of complex computer network processes and components. Having the knowledge and skills to properly create and maintain computer network systems is also required, due to the analytic nature of this career field. Skills in mathematics are required, including key components such as algebra and other advanced aspects of discrete mathematics. On the more concrete side of cryptography, you should have experience or education in symmetrical/asymmetrical encryption, coding, and key exchange.
The field of cryptography requires that professionals have a natural knack for investigation. It is important to you as a cryptographer/cryptoanalyst to look past what is apparent and identify solutions that can help prevent widespread attacks and compromises. Since some of the requirements of this career field including creating new encryptions and programs, professionals should also have originality and creativity in their work. If you are inventive, logical, systematic, and determined you may also be a great fit for this highly innovative field.
So Is Cryptographer A Career For Me?
You now have an in-depth idea around the type and level of degrees it will take to try and enter the cryptographer career field. If you combine that with the expected job growth and career opportunities in your current (or future) geographic area, start a new career path today!
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://cybersecuritydegrees.org/police-and-law-enforcement-careers/cryptographer-cryptoanalyst-career/
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en
| 0.955794 | 1,642 | 3.125 | 3 |
|Length||8 feet - 3,000,000,000 Meters|
|Weight||78 pounds - 1 Trillion Tons|
|Enemies||Mecha-Cobra, Mecha Tyranno-Zilla, Queen Quirus, Godzilla, Mecha-Anaconda|
Coberreans, or Correbeans are Anaconda test subjects experimented on by the Vortaak. The two, only known Coberreans are Cobronda and Belinda, which were left on a deserted planet later dubbed "Berrenda" for 10 years as part of the experiment. The species has been given the number 00778. There are only one male and one female.
There were two anacondas in Brazil who were shot and killed for sport by some hunters. The Vortaak spotted the anacondas with no humans around and abducted them. They were tested on heavily and revived, making them radioactive. They were fused with belts, given the ability to breathe in space and underwater, the ability to grow up to 37500000 times their regular size outside any atmosphere (in space), ability to speak telepathically, and to fire a beam called the "Correa Beam".
Exposure to Berrendian PainiteEdit
Berrenda is full of Painite, which if exposed to anything dead or not supposed-to-be alive, it will grow and make it mad with power. But this was an exception, because they are already radioactive, the Painite worked even though they are naturally alive. The Painite made it able to grow faster, plus it strengthened their powers and made them mad. When the Vortaak came back, the two Coberreans killed all of them easily and quickly. Afterward, they went off exploring the universe.
Here are (4) pictures of Coberreans!
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://titanollante.wikia.com/wiki/Correbean
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822221214-20170823001214-00449.warc.gz
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en
| 0.960592 | 386 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When the traffic lights permit, there is an eerie silence.
Maybe its the X's on Elm Street. Maybe its the worn down facade of a concrete structure atop a hill.
It also might be the ominous window that is made to look like its open from the red brick building that rises six floors above.
American history was made on the corner of Elm and Houston in Dallas and on the stretch of road that leads to the rest.
Its just one that people and the city to which Dealey Plaza sits would like to forget.
On November 22, 1963 in this small corner of big "D", president John F. Kennedy was killed when he was shot in the neck and then the head. It was six seconds that helped to change the course of American politics for years to come, and remains the last leader of the United States to die in office.
Thanks to photography, various investigations, a full-length feature film by Oliver Stone, and other forms of attention, the sites around Dealey Plaza are familiar even to those stepping foot into North Texas for the first time during this Super Bowl week.
There is of course the Texas School Book Depository Building, where on the sixth floor in the corner window closest to Houston and Elm that Lee Harvey Oswald fired the shots that killed Kennedy. Various conspiracy theorists believe the evidence proves otherwise, as some insist that there were more gunman who took part in the crime.
A popular belief is that a gunman was on the Grassy Knoll, a small hill that is green in the spring and summers that has a concrete canopy at the top. Second to the red brick building, its the second most famous place in the plaza.
While the negative effects of the assassination still linger to this day, Dallas has tried to make peace with what happened by creating the Sixth Floor Museum in the old book depository building. Inside it has a number of tributes to Kennedy and information on the day in which he lost his life on a simple drive near Houston and Elm.
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<urn:uuid:85922c6d-54b9-4ebf-ac93-d0739f7f97b7>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.courant.com/sports/wxin-20110203-bigd-destinations-dealey-plaza,0,3729026.story
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830323.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00305-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.977623 | 407 | 2.65625 | 3 |
CHICAGO—With the start of the New Year, eyecare groups including Prevent Blindness America (PBA), the Glaucoma Research Foundation and American Optometric Association (AOA) are working to build awareness during January’s National Glaucoma Awareness Month.
PBA is reminding adults to schedule an eye exam in the New Year. More specifically, the organization said that the damaging effects of glaucoma may be detected through an eye exam before a patient notices any symptoms: “Patients in the early stages of glaucoma usually have no symptoms, no noticeable vision loss and no pain, which is why it is called the ‘sneak thief of sight.’ By the time symptoms start to appear, some permanent damage to the eye has usually occurred.”
“Our key message is that, unfortunately, there is no cure for glaucoma. But the good news is that if detected and treated early, the effects of vision loss can be diminished,” said Hugh R. Parry, PBA’s president and CEO. “We hope everyone has a happy and healthy 2011 and that it includes a visit to the eye doctor.”
According to the study “Vision Problems in the U.S.” by PBA and the National Eye Institute (NEI), there are nearly 2.3 million Americans ages 40 and older who have glaucoma with the disease being listed as the second leading cause of blindness in the world and the leading cause of blindness in African American and Hispanic populations in the U.S. “Many may not be aware that an eye exam cannot only help to protect vision, it can uncover evidence of other diseases including diabetes or hypertension,” the organization said.
For more information visit preventblindness.org/glaucoma or call (800) 331-2020.
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<urn:uuid:88cc1d92-d552-49af-b241-9d9e6e32ea70>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://blog.eyesurf.info/?p=1742
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en
| 0.946176 | 393 | 2.671875 | 3 |
THIS year’s theme for the International Day of Peace, observed on Sept 21, is ‘Education for Peace’.
The UN General Assembly declared this day devoted to strengthening peace, both within and among nations and peoples. Special activities and celebrations include festivals, concerts, a global Peace wave with silence observed at noon in every time zone, and public as well as private gatherings.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on his 100-day countdown message to the International Day of Peace said: “It is not enough to teach children how to read, write and count. Education has to cultivate mutual respect for others and the World in which we live, and help people forge more just, inclusive and peaceful societies.”
Painting for Peace (Pakistan-India-Afghanistan), organised by Devika Mittal, a young Indian peace activist, is a one-day painting programme to spread love between Pakistan, India and Afghanistan.
The one-day painting competition, she said, is being organised simultaneously in New Delhi and Islamabad as a part of a larger initiative, ‘Tree for Harmony’, to create posters which spread the message of peace and love between Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. The aim is to strengthen the strained relations between the countries.
A detailed analysis conducted by McKinsey and Company on the Peace One Day 2012 report found that approximately 280 million people in 198 countries across the world were aware of Peace Day 2012 -- 4pc of the world’s population.
The report further estimates that approximately 2pc of those people (5.6 million) behaved more peacefully as a result. Peace One Day expects to double those figures for this year, creating a solid foundation for informing three billion people about Peace Day by 2016.
Let us show our children that we demand a better future for them. Let us stand united as one human race and demand that our leaders start living up to their word for our children. I hope the fellow beings will participate in the activities for the day and make them more meaningful.
HAROON JANJUA Rawalpindi
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<urn:uuid:7ac19593-ff04-487d-9b4c-a0256b734762>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.dawn.com/news/1044287/international-day-of-peace
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909040458-00449-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.952733 | 428 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Since 2008, tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMSs) have been mandatory in passenger cars, which include SUVs. As early as 2006, however, 30 percent of new passenger cars were already equipped with TPMSs. A TPMS alerts the driver if a tire is underinflated. A “telltale” or “lantern” activates on the vehicle’s dashboard display indicating that one of the tires is underinflated.
Underinflation is bad for the tire and can lead to a potentially dangerous situation. It can stress a tire beyond what it was designed to withstand, which can negatively impact the tire’s performance and lead to tire failure.
The American driving public is surprisingly ignorant concerning proper tire inflation. According to a Rubber Manufacturers Association 2016 survey, half of 1,000 people surveyed believe the maximum inflation pressure, which is listed on a tire’s sidewall, is the proper inflation pressure regardless of the vehicle that is using the tire. Proper inflation is listed on a placard located on the driver’s-side doorframe of the vehicle. The same survey indicates that 40 percent of people think visual examination of a tire is enough to determine if the tire is underinflated. Another recent study shows that only one in ten drivers ignores a TPMS telltale. So TPMS is a helpful tool to avoid underinflation.
Without question, America’s roads have been made safer through the auto manufacturers’ implementation of TPMSs in their vehicles. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, vehicles with TPMSs, when properly used, are less likely to be involved in tire-failure-related crashes. Moreover, vehicles equipped with a TPMS system get better gas mileage and longer tire life.
However, with the added protection afforded through the implementation of a TPMS, the manufacturers are now faced with a legacy cost, and potentially greater risk exposure to product liability.
The direct TPMS, which is a sensor component inside the tire and rim assembly, has an average battery life of seven to ten years. Another indicator of whether a direct TPMS should be replaced is if the TPMS has seen between 80,000 and 100,000 miles of use. Accordingly, industry experts estimate there are 108 million vehicles in the United States closing in on the TPMS replacement “sweet spot.”
Failure to replace these first-generation direct TPMSs could result in a slew of claims and potential liability at various levels across the vehicle and tire industry. For example, a “dead” TPMS could allow for an underinflated tire to go undetected, which could lead to a vehicle crash and injuries. The vehicle-service and tire-service entity could be hit with negligence claims for failure to replace the TPMS. Vehicle, TPMS and tire manufacturers could find themselves involved in a product liability suit.
In view of this risk potential, industry players should take a proactive approach – if they haven’t already done so – to best position themselves against such claims and reduce their potential exposure. Industry players and related industry groups and associations should proactively undertake efforts to educate the driving public. The vehicle-service and tire-service industry should adopt best practices intended to determine whether their customers’ vehicles are due for TPMS replacements.
We will continue to track the run-out of first-generation TPMS. So be sure to check back for updates.
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<urn:uuid:36ca0452-9a04-40c5-804c-0ea822c66589>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.productliabilityadvocate.com/2016/07/tire-pressure-monitoring-systems-when-the-bubble-bursts/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00575.warc.gz
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en
| 0.953564 | 710 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What it is:
How it works/Example:
In certain cases where an investor invests his money with a company or partnership, this investor will not be liable for any financial risk beyond what he has invested in the business entity. These types of entities are normally limited liability partnership arrangements and limited liability companies.
For example, if an investor enters into an agreement to join a LLC, his investment of $100,000 is his total liability. In other words, he can potentially lose all of this and no more. He won't be liable for any liability beyond this initial $100,000. If he were to invest additional sums, this limited liability would then match his total contribution.
Sole proprietorships and general partners in general partnerships, on the other hand, have unlimited liability.
Why it Matters:
This concept of limited liability enters into the decision making equation of businesses and investors when forming a business entity, otherwise known as choice of entity. Depending on the risks and investments of all the participants, the decision may be made to organize a business with limited liability due to many factors, including but not limited to, taxes, dividends, risk, , profession and control.
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<urn:uuid:affe3092-8ff0-48f0-a062-053da85c61f0>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/limited-liability-1731
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en
| 0.964413 | 240 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Young women outnumber men in most university science classes, yet the number of tenured female professors remains far below that of men. The potential causes — discrimination, biological differences, personal preferences, societal pressures, or simply the time-lags associated with long careers — have been hotly debated.
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Princeton researchers modeled academic careers to disentangle time lags from gender-based differences. Although the research does not reveal exactly why women leave science, the study does indicate when they do so.
The investigators found that the slow progression of the typical science career – with years spent in undergraduate and graduate education, postdoctoral research, and untenured professorships — accounts for much of the current underrepresentation of women.
In other words, demographic inertia – the fact that it takes both women and men many years to get to the top of the scientific career ladder – plays a large role in the lack of tenured female professors in science.
The researchers used data collected over the past three decades by the United States National Science Foundation to compare a simulated “gender-difference free” situation to the actual numbers.
The model results demonstrated that the time lags in academic careers are indeed an important factor limiting the number of female faculty, and that it is unfair to expect a 50-50 ratio at present.
However, once this time lag was factored in, there were still considerably fewer female scientists than would be expected if there were no gender differences. The pattern held for all scientific disciplines considered, although the extent varied by discipline.
Researchers found that in most disciplines, the biggest loss of women came between their PhD and faculty positions.
In a handful of disciplines, however, the lack of females in senior positions stems from the fact that very few women enter the field as undergraduates in the first place. These fields include mathematics, computer sciences, physics, and engineering. Those that do are more likely to continue to graduate school than their male peers.
Although the model could not pinpoint specific causes for the observed gender differences, the researchers noted that the fact that these differences are still shrinking. As these differences seem to be absent at selective career transitions (such as the granting of tenure), the researchers suggest that innate gender differences are not likely to be responsible for the lack of women in senior faculty positions.
The work was conducted by Allison Shaw and Daniel Stanton. Shaw is a graduate student in the laboratory of Simon Levin, the Moffett Professor of Biology in the Department of Ecology and Evolution, and Iain Couzin, assistant professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University. Daniel Stanton earned his Ph.D. in the laboratories of Henry Horn, emeritus professor, and Lars Hedin, professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University. Stanton is now a postdoctoral researcher at Australian National University.
Shaw, AK and Stanton, DE. Leaks in the pipeline: separating demographic inertia from ongoing gender differences in academia. Proc. R. Soc. B. Published online before print June 20, 2012, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0822
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<urn:uuid:ebc58786-56a1-4c39-8259-98ee81c4972e>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://blogs.princeton.edu/research/2012/06/25/leaks-in-the-pipeline-when-women-leave-science/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00694.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951725 | 678 | 3.46875 | 3 |
1. All Dayak are bumiputera but not all bumiputera are Dayak. Somehow almost all Dayak are Chinese and Indian or even immigrants.
2. Bidayuh is Dayak, Dayak is Bumiputera. But not all Bumiputera and Dayak are Bidayuh. The best term for Bidayuh is Aborigines ( land owner). Somehow, almost all Bidayuh are Chinese and Indians. Some are still immigrants like Penan.
3. Bidayuh has ministers in both federal and state representative. So do the other Bumiputeras, Chines and Indians. But, their voice are ignored although that have the right and privileges as a Bumiputera.
4. Some Bidayuh area are represented by Malay or Chinese. That is why Bidayuh speak chinese but never understand it. Some speak Tamil but really understand it better than they understand Malay.
5. Bidayuh is dark so they are Indian. Some are darker and they are Malay and no more Bidayuh.
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<urn:uuid:7d49b9ec-3298-4629-8cc5-23ed01702c8a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://tbsbidayuh.blogspot.com/2010/11/dayak-and-bumiputera.html
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en
| 0.953936 | 227 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Middle school students from Baraga and L’Anse will be attending an Engineering Exploration summer camp at Michigan Tech this week. It is the second of three week-long science camps requested by the Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College STEM Outreach Department and funded by a 4-year US Department of Education STEM education grant.
Engineering Exploration will cover “What is Engineering,” chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, civil engineering and bridge building, transportation engineering, environmental engineering and materials engineering. It will run from 10 am to 3:30 p.m. Monday through Friday at the Great Lakes Research Center Room 104.
A summer camp called Mathematica and Computer Applications will be held July 10-14 in the Forestry computer lab. Students will learn about geographic information systems (GIS), data collection and processing, base maps, importing and adding data from the world, making and editing a web map, mathematics and the Wolfram language, defining functions, Raspberry Pi, basic circuits and using sensors.
The camp will wind up with a Quiz Bowl. For more information, contact Joan Chadde, email@example.com.
By Jenn Donovan.
Keweenaw Bay area middle school students explore engineering in MTU summer camp
In partnership with Michigan Tech, the Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College STEM Outreach Department is going above and beyond for your typical summer camp. Today is part of a three week-long series of summer camps requested by the KBOCC. STEM, which stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, encourages students to be exposed to those respective fields at an early age.
They’re getting exposed to a lot of different disciplines and a lot of possible career paths that they could choose
Engineering Exposure: STEM learning wrapped in summer fun for middle schoolers
HOUGHTON — Some middle school students from Baraga and L’Anse spent the week at Michigan Technological University learning everything from the logistics of running railroads to how to handle a remotely operated vehicle.
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<urn:uuid:4d83007a-6365-4bc3-abaa-07a46ad4761c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://blogs.mtu.edu/cseo/2017/06/26/engineering-computer-summer-camps-for-kbic-middle-schoolers/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819012514-20170819032514-00173.warc.gz
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en
| 0.923495 | 427 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cisco 200-125 Exam
What two things will a router do when running a distance vector routing protocol? (Choose two.)
- A. Send periodic updates regardless of topology changes.
- B. Send entire routing table to all routers in the routing domain.
- C. Use the shortest-path algorithm to the determine best path.
- D. Update the routing table based on updates from their neighbors.
- E. Maintain the topology of the entire network in its database.
Answer: Option A. D.
No answer description available for this question
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<urn:uuid:a5a63407-af72-4347-9e90-199e920e85ae>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://certificationsolution.com/what-two-things-will-a-router-do-when-running-a-distance-vector-routing-protocol-choose-two-2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00087.warc.gz
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en
| 0.751055 | 124 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Your keyboard layout (“keymap”) is the map between your thoughts and the physical movements of your hands and fingers — whether it be on a touch screen or actual keycap-buttons — to the symbols, letters, and words you write out in digital formats.
I’d like to discuss the shortcomings of the default keyboard layouts in Windows compared to Linux and MacOS. It’s something you use everyday but you rarely think about.
The default U.S. English keyboard layout on MacOS can produce 213 different symbols compared to just 105 symbols on Windows. The layout on Windows doesn’t have any diacritical marks and is limited to ASCII punctuation marks.
The alternative U.S. International (Int’l) keyboard layout is better with 206 different characters including a wide range of diacritical marks and some additional punctuation marks. On Linux, there are a lot of different keyboard layouts with varying capabilities to choose from.
You can’t easily type dashes of varying lengths or typographic quotation marks with the U.S. English keyboard layout. The U.S. Int’l keyboard lets you type double angled quotation marks and single curved quotation marks, but not single angled- or double curved quotation marks.
The US-Int’l layout is a great improvement over the default keyboard layout, but it’s full of compromises and omissions. The default layout on MacOS and many layouts installed by default in most Linux distributions let you type out half a dozen different types of quotation marks, horizontal ellipsis, and dashes and a myriad of other punctuation marks.
The tools we have available to us for writing makes a difference in how we express ourselves. Rich punctuation may not ever have been important to the masses, but we’re all exposed to it every day through everything we read that has a little more thought put into it than a quick personal message.
For example, longer dashes are called “Gedankenstrich” (a though-stroke) in German and North Germanic languages. It’s used to mark a thought break or a subordinate clause in a sentence, in addition to the uses it has in English. Neither the German nor US-Int’l keyboard layouts include any dashes other than the hyphen-minus (or ASCII hyphen) on Windows, but there are at least two more dashes available on MacOS and Linux layouts.
I sometimes feel like signing off on whatever message I’m typing to someone with “Sent from Windows” — drawing on the association from default mobile email client signatures, who all implicitly also apologize for and excuses typos and brevity. However, that wouldn’t be entirely fair. Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10 shell on PC in tablet mode has an excellent touch keyboard which is as capable as the iOS and Android keyboards.
Native input methods
Even when the symbols aren’t available right there on your keyboard layout, you still have some other tools available for inputting symbols that are missing from your keyboard layout.
The Windows software/touch keyboard layout is much better than its physical counterparts when it comes to the availability of rich punctuation marks. I’m a slow typer with software keyboards, and I find it uncomfortable to repeatedly tap on glass surfaces to type out a long text.
I just can’t seem to get touch-typing right without the physical knobs denoting the touch-typing starting positions. I much prefer typing on my mechanical Logitech G810 with actual tactile feedback. It’s a fairly quiet mechanical keyboard with some shiny rainbow light-effects, and I can type fast and accurate on it.
I’ve enabled the Touch keyboard button on the Windows taskbar, and sometimes use it to access punctuation marks using the mouse. It’s inefficient, but it’s a portable skill; that’s to say: a tool I can get to quickly on all Windows computers without administrative privileges and installing additional software.
The only other built-in option is to use Unicode composition mode. This mode only works in some programs and it doesn’t even work reliably in Microsoft’s own programs. You can hold the Alt key pressed, and type out the four-character UTF-16 hexadecimal sequences representing the various characters you need.
I’ve tried using this method but had trouble memorizing which letter–number combinations produced which symbols. I also got frustrated with how unreliably it works across first-party and third-party programs.
You can technically rely on Smart Quotes and other assistive typing technologies that substitutes your ASCII quotation marks and ASCII hyphens with quotation marks and hyphens where it thinks it’s appropriate. These tools aren’t universally available in all programs and different implementations behave quite differently from program to program. They’re also mostly limited to dealing with quotation marks and dashes. I find these “smart” assistive tools to be so dumb as to be nothing but a distraction.
Third-party keyboard layouts
You can create custom keyboard layouts for Windows using the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator tool. It’s a legacy program that “works” on modern day Windows as long as you don’t install it too deeply nested in your directory structure or include a space in its installation path. These issues aren’t signs of low quality but rather emphasizes the tool’s advanced age.
Smashing Magazine commissioned Russian designer Ilya Birman to create a typography-friendly keyboard layout for Windows in . Since then others have attempted to recreate the MacOS keyboard layout for Windows but only for English layouts.
I’m using a Norwegian keyboard with extra keys for some extra vowels, so none of the US-centric keyboard layouts work well for me. I’ve created my own Norwegian extended keyboard layout which has all the vowels, accent marks, and punctuation I need. It’s a cross between the two MacOS and Linux keyboard layouts I use the most.
However, you can’t install third-party keyboard layouts in Windows 10 S edition. You also can’t persistently set a third-party keyboard layout as the default if you synchronize your Windows settings with other Windows PCs using OneDrive and Microsoft Account.
The keyboard layout isn’t in the default list of available keyboards, so Windows will unset your custom keyboard and use another keyboard layout instead. You can work around the issue, but it adds up to extra work. You also can’t use a custom or even choose the keyboard layout used in BitLocker. These problems just highlight how little Microsoft cares about third-party keyboard layouts.
An interesting aside is that I found several more alternative keyboard layouts on the web for MacOS than Windows. Even though the MacOS layout offers more options by default than the Windows keyboard. I believe that having more symbols on the keyboard means MacOS users are more aware of alternative keyboard layouts. It also raises questions about what the lack of exposure to rich sets of symbols does to how Windows users express themselves through their keyboards.
I don’t expect that Microsoft will make any changes to their keyboard layouts any time soon. Doing so would could change behavior and expectations regarding how and when keyboard shortcuts are triggered. Microsoft doesn’t like disrupting their ecosystem of or compatibility with legacy programs.
That all being said, I still wish that Windows would include extended keyboard layouts with more compositing and punctuation options available. They don’t need to be the default to preserve compatibility with long-since discontinued software, but these writing tools shouldn’t be limited to people who use touch-based keyboards only.
This text was typed out as-is on a keyboard with the actual characters you see on screen. No assistive writing or typing tool — besides spelling and grammar aids — were used to produce this text. The ability to do just that was also what this whole text was all about. I couldn’t have written this text on Windows without third-party software or specialist touch-friendly hardware; whereas both MacOS and Linux include all the symbols and punctuation marks used in this text by default.
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Invasive snakehead fish that can live out of water found near Annapolis
ANNAPOLIS, Md. (AP) - Scientists have discovered a northern snakehead - a toothy invasive fish that can live out of water - in Anne Arundel County.
Biologists from the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center were taking annual fish samples last week when they found the 23-inch egg-bearing snakehead in the Rhode River. The center reported the catch to the Department of Natural Resources and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The fish, which are native to Asia, first received local attention in 2002 when they were found in a Crofton pond. The snakehead is a top-level predator and can crowd out native fish. It can breathe air, survive on land and adapt and thrive in foreign environments.
Scientists are exploring whether low salinity levels in the Chesapeake Bay allowed the snakehead to travel to Rhode River.
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There is need to encourage alternative sources of fuel and business enterprises so as to maintain an acceptable forest cover at the Coast region.
Kenya Forest Service head of Coast Conservancy, Dedan Nderitu, said charcoal burning in Kwale and other parts of the region is a threat to forest resources.
"Apart from using charcoal, there are other nature based enterprises which can also help them. In this region, for example, there is honey production," said Nderitu.
He said a large portion of Coast is arid or semi-arid and over-reliance on charcoal as a source of fuel and income is a major threat to the environment.
Nderitu said the conservancy has embarked on a drive to discourage logging for charcoal burning. The conservancy has asked locals to form charcoal producers associations which can be used to raise awareness to residents.
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Getting well from waterBMJ 2004; 329 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1417 (Published 16 December 2004) Cite this as: BMJ 2004;329:1417
- Keith J Petrie, professor (, )
- Simon Wessely, professor ()
- Health Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
- Academic Department of Psychological Medicine, Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF
Water is now everywhere. It has become a modern fashion and health accessory, as ubiquitous as the mobile phone. Students have a bottle in their bags or in front of them during lectures, people are jogging with water, and office workers have a bottle within easy reach of their desk. The rise of water as a health product is underpinned by people's worries about modern life. Bottled water is seen as a natural antidote to what the consumer sees wrong with modernity and bad for their health—chemicals and technologies full of risk and hazard, genetically engineered food, low level radiation, harmful medications, and sinister viruses.1
Sales figures confirm that bottled water is the world's fastest selling drink. In the United Kingdom, consumers spent £1bn ($1.9bn; €1.4bn) on bottled water last year, a 70-fold increase from 20 years ago. In the United States, consumption of bottled water has risen from 2.5bn gallons (9.5bn litres) in 1992 to almost 6bn gallons in 2002. Advertisers conjure up a thousand variations on the same theme—the theme of pure, clean, fresh, and unspoiled water. Drinking “pure” water restores energy and ensures health. Samuel Hahneman, the inventor of homoeopathy, knew this well. His product was also nothing but the purest of pure water, in which the deliberately added substances had been diluted away beyond Avogadro's number, leaving nothing behind but their memory. The homoeopathic version of bottled water, which has had negative memories removed and replaced with beneficial energy patterns, is called “Blue Water” and sells for £11 a litre.
But consumers can only take so much purity. Bottled water has also become an “aquaceutical,” the ultimate health food. It is now fortified with additives and produced using special processes claimed to improve health. Nestlé, the maker of Contrex bottled water, says its product contains traces of calcium and magnesium that help reduce weight, eliminate toxins, and reduce fatigue. Penta H2O is claimed to have a unique structure with smaller clusters of H2O molecules that ensures more efficient absorption of its health giving properties. Superoxygenated waters claim to increase energy levels and concentration by increasing the concentration of oxygen in the blood. Lakeland Willow Spring water, voted best designer water in 2003, contains traces of salicin, which is claimed by the company to be useful for “eliminating toxins.” In California, a company is now selling chemical-free bottled water specifically designed for pets.
Water can also make people feel very vulnerable when they think it has been tampered with. Water contamination incidents are associated with particular disruption and morbidity, which cannot be explained on toxicological grounds.2 General Jack Ripper, who believed that fluoridation was a communist plot to poison our “vital body fluids,” was a product of Stanley Kubrick's imagination, but his views are only an exaggeration of a widespread concern. The continuing fluoridation controversy confirms that adding anything to public supplies of water causes anxiety.
The public is particularly unforgiving when companies produce water that is less than pure. When high concentrations of benzene were found in Perrier, sales plummeted and the company has struggled to regain its market share. The example of Coca Cola is instructive. Bottled Coca Cola was associated with a health scare in Belgium, which was almost certainly an example of mass hysteria.3 The brand was temporarily withdrawn, but sales eventually recovered and the company has not been affected in the long term. On the other hand, when Coca Cola's Dansani water, produced through a process labelled as reverse osmosis developed by NASA, was found to contain concentrations of bromate above the legal limit, the company faced hostility from consumers. Despite the multi-million pound marketing campaign, the company withdrew the product completely from the market.
Bottled water is another of the modern paradoxes of health—a product born out of our success at reducing waterborne disease. In the developing world such diseases cause over two million deaths a year, most of them among children aged under 5.4 In these countries, adding chlorine to water is viewed as a health intervention with the potential to save a huge number of lives. In the developed world, bottled water owes part of its popularity to the view that tap water is impure, contaminated, and hence risky. Bottled water is seen as natural, clean, fat-free, and with traces of health giving minerals. In fact tap water is as safe as bottled water and about 1000 times cheaper. The marketing of bottled water exploits people's worries about what affects their health in the modern world. There is a message in that bottle.
Competing interests None declared.
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Drought. Wildfires. Wind. Hail. Tornadoes. Flooding.
April 2011 was a month defined by extreme weather conditions, particularly in the United States. Texas followed its driest March in over 100 years with its fifth driest April. Higher temperatures and absent rainfall were blamed for power outages at refineries, a spike in rabies reports, and wheat crop losses. By month’s end, 94% of the state was experiencing severe to exceptional drought conditions. The state has received a mere 1.68 inches of rain since February 1, easily besting its driest February-April period in history by nearly an inch. The deepening, months-long drought was accompanied by over 6,000 new wildfires that burned a record 1.79 million acres across the country during April and 2.2 million acres since January in Texas alone. The extreme conditions lead Texas governor Rick Perry to proclaim three days in April as “Days of Prayer for Rain”.The month also witnessed violent storm fronts that brought record precipitation, severe wind, and hail the size of golf balls and larger. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and West Virginia all reported their wettest April in history. Kentucky received an average of 11.88 inches of precipitation — nearly three times its long-term average for the month — breaking the state’s previous record by more than four inches. Up to 20 inches of rain, nearly half the normal annual amount, fell in some areas resulting in record flooding in the Ohio valley, and the Red River in Minnesota reached major flood stage for the third straight spring. The previous one-day record for severe wind reports of 455 was broken twice during the month. The storms of April 19 generated 575 severe wind reports, but even that number paled in comparison to the staggering 1,318 preliminary severe wind reports resulting from the storms of April 4.
But it was the tornadoes of April that truly made history. The 30-year-average for April tornadoes nationwide is 135. The monthly record was 542.
The preliminary number of tornadoes reported in April 2011 is 875.Single day events saw Wisconsin experience its largest monthly April tornado outbreak in history on April 9, and an EF-4 twister ripped a 21-mile path across the city of St. Louis on April 22. But it was the multi-day outbreaks that generated the most devastation. From April 14 to April 16, there were 329 preliminary tornado reports across 16 states with the final tally expected to be around 155, making it one of the largest outbreaks of any month in history. States of emergency were declared in Alabama, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and North Carolina. North Carolina bore the brunt with at least 30 confirmed tornadoes destroying hundreds of homes and businesses and resulting in at least 24 deaths, marking the three days as the largest tornado outbreak to ever hit the state, and the second deadliest outbreak on record for North Carolina.
April 25th through the 28th saw another massive amount of tornadic activity. An estimated 305 tornadoes hit from Texas to New York during the 4-day period, with 190 of them touching down over just 24 hours on the 27th and 28th. The outbreak included three EF-5, 12 EF-4, and 21 EF-3 tornadoes and killed nearly 350 people, mostly in the state of Alabama, making it the deadliest tornado outbreak since 1936. A strong EF-4 tornado packing winds of 190 mph devastated the cities of Tuscaloosa and Birmingham. This single cyclone tore a path as much as 1.5 miles wide and was on the ground for more than 80 miles causing an estimated 65 fatalities and over a thousand injuries.Allstate, the nation’s largest publicly held personal lines insurer, announced $1.4 billion in estimated catastrophe losses for the month with over 100,000 claims reported to date in the affected areas. Risk-modeling company AIR Worldwide estimated the tornadoes caused $3.7 billion to $5.5 billion in insured losses industrywide. The years 2008 through 2010 were already the industry’s costliest for thunderstorm damage—which includes hail, tornadoes and other severe storms—with a total tab of $30 billion, said Robert Hartwig, president of trade group Insurance Information Institute, via a Wall Street Journal report, but 2011 is on track to exceed any of those three.
Meanwhile, half way around the world, Thailand experienced massive flooding that impacted nearly a million people. In what is normally the dry season, some areas received more than 50 inches of rain bringing mudslides and widespread damage to crops.
Observational research from the scientific community continued to explore the ongoing reaction of natural environments and processes to changing conditions. Under a warming climate, Antarctica is becoming greener as grasses are finding better conditions under which to take root while warming waters and declining krill populations are resulting in declining penguin populations. An analysis of glaciers in the southern half of South America finds them melting at the fastest pace in the last 350 years. And earlier spring blooms are impacting the timing of ecological cycles while changes in rainfall patterns are influencing the migratory habits of some bird species.Separate studies focused on different global carbon sinks with researchers at Duke University concluding an 18-year study and finding the growth and seed-production abilities of several species of trees to be considerably more sensitive than previously thought to climatic changes such as earlier springs and summer droughts. The U.S. Forest Service found that coastal mangrove forests, which have been the targets of heavy deforestation, store more carbon than almost any other forest on Earth. And the longevity of underwater kelp forests was determined to be hindered by wave damage accompanying increased storm strength and frequency. Lastly, satellite data from NASA revealed lowered plant productivity in several of Earth’s larger ocean currents.
In the political arena, carbon pricing remained a contentious subject in Australia while the U.S. Supreme Court signaled a likely rejection of a lawsuit brought by six states attempting to limit greenhouse gas emissions by a myriad of power companies around the nation. The court indicated a preference for such regulations to be handed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an organization facing its own challenges.The Republican party in the United States continued its multi-pronged attack on the EPA throughout the month. A bill aimed at blocking the EPA from using the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gas emissions easily passed in the House of Representatives, but a companion bill failed in the U.S. Senate. And, in a budget deal compromise to avoid a government shutdown, the Republicans won significant environmental provisions that reduce the EPA’s budget by $1.6 billion, remove gray wolves in the northern Rockies from the endangered-species list, and defund the Interior Department’s Wild Lands initiative, which would have inventoried federal lands for their wilderness characteristics.
Meanwhile a study focusing on methane releases from hydraulic fracturing, an increasingly controversial process used in the drilling extraction of natural gas, found that such releases may contribute as much or more than coal to global warming. Natural gas has been gaining widespread favor amongst politicians in both parties in the U.S. considering its large natural stores in the country, relatively easy access, minimal regulation, and lower costs particularly when compared against rising oil prices.
“Whereas, throughout our history, both as a state and as individuals, Texans have been strengthened, assured and lifted up through prayer; it seems right and fitting that the people of Texas should join together in prayer to humbly seek an end to this devastating drought and these dangerous wildfires”
– Rick Perry, Governor, State of Texas
Proclamation for Days of Prayer for Rain
April 21, 2011
- CNN: Fires tear across Texas
- Twister outbreak is 2nd deadliest in US history
- Tornadoes Blast Property Insurers
- Thailand Flooding Impacts Nearly One Million
- Cracked reactor leaking radioactive water
- Scientists: Arctic ozone depletion ‘unprecedented’
- Sea rising ‘at upper end of forecast’
- Rising seas scariest climate impact: Nauru’s Moses
- New York set to be big loser as sea levels rise
- Climate change to mean fewer cyclones and smaller waves, says CSIRO research
- Plant Strife: Satellite measurements show declining phytoplankton in ocean currents
- amednews: Editorial – Confronting health issues of climate change
- Risk of Malaria, Other Diseases May Rise With Global Temperatures as Climate Changes
- CSIRO boss backs carbon price
- House votes to kill EPA climate regulations
- Senate rejects efforts to block EPA climate regulations
- GOP Wins Deep Cuts in Environment Spending
- U.S. Supreme Court Signals Rejection of State Climate-Emissions Lawsuits
- No binding climate deal at Durban, warn US, EU
- Expert warns of reef climate change deadline
- U.S., China Energy Use Predicted to Flatten in Coming Decades
- Multitude of Species Face Climate Threat
- Climate ‘technical fix’ may yield warming, not cooling
- Smithsonian scientists find declining rainfall is a major influence for migrating birds
- Duke Study Finds Trees More Sensitive to Climate Change
- Antarctica Growing Green With Grass
- Glaciers in Chile ‘melt at fastest rate in 350 years’
- Two of Earth’s Ocean Carbon Sinks Shrinking, Studies Show
- Mangroves Among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics
- Responses of wind erosion to climate-induced vegetation changes on the Colorado Plateau
- Arctic fresh water could affect Europe’s climate
- Plants’ earlier bloom times hurting some creatures
- Study: Gas from ‘fracking’ worse than coal on climate
- West Antarctic warming triggered by warmer sea surface in tropical Pacific
- Fewer penguins survive warming Antarctic climate
- National microalgae biofuel production potential and resource demand
- PLoS ONE: Climatic Factors Driving Invasion of the Tiger Mosquito into New Areas of Trentino, Northern Italy
- The economics (or lack thereof) of aerosol geoengineering
- The effects of boreal forest expansion on the summer Arctic frontal zone
- Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006
- Climate change threatens European conservation areas
- Rings Reveal Extensive Yearly Climate Record
- Could a Leaking Ocean Current Keep Europe Toasty?
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Mammal watching has never achieved the popularity of bird watching for at least one reason: most mammals are nocturnal. Not only are most of them small and brown, but you can’t even see them! Mammalogists survey mammals by trapping them, netting them, looking for their tracks and scat, etc. Their survey methods don’t usually include walking around with a pair of binoculars on a nice, sunny day in spring.
But there are exceptions. Some mammals are much more visible than others, primarily because they are diurnal. These include many of the large grazing and browsing hoofed mammals (ungulates), the cute pikas of western mountains, and the squirrels. The Pacific Northwest is abundantly provided with squirrels, encompassing the taxonomic range of the squirrel family: flying squirrels, tree squirrels, ground squirrels, marmots, and chipmunks.
Chipmunks come close to being birdwatchers’ mammals. They are active during the day, with an emphasis on the “active,” they are brightly marked, they are territorial, they vocalize frequently, and they come readily to bird feeders. They vary from very shy to very inquisitive, even tame where they encounter people regularly. They are still basically brown, but their conspicuous stripes make them easily recognizable as chipmunks.
These small squirrels are usually associated with rock piles and fallen logs, where they nest. They forage on the ground and in shrubs, sometimes ascending well up into the trees. Hyperactivity describes them best, as they move jerkily along with tail cocked up into the air. When disturbed, they dart into cover, appearing some distance away for another look at the disturbance.
Most western states have several species of chipmunks; Washington has four. The most common and widespread species in Washington is the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (Tamias amoenus), so named because it is common in the ponderosa (or yellow) pine zone east of the Cascade Mountains crest. Absent from the dense forest of the western lowlands and mid elevations in the mountains, it is again common in the subalpine-alpine zone of the Cascades and Olympics. It is easily seen by hikers in the high country and drivers through almost any of the interior national forests. It is at home in trees, ascending high into pines to forage for the seeds.
The Red-tailed Chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus) looks about like the Yellow-pine but is slightly larger and longer tailed, and the tail is more intense reddish below. It occurs in the mountains of far northeastern Washington, in Stevens, Pend Oreille, and northern Spokane counties. Its habitat zone is the montane conifer forest and open subalpine zone above that, mostly above the elevation range of the Yellow-pine.
This species would not have been separated from the Yellow-pine but for its copulatory organ. Rodents have a bony structure in the penis called the baculum, and this structure differs among different species of chipmunks. That of the Red-tailed is distinctly longer than that of the Yellow-pine. I have not read of any structural characteristics that differentiated the females!
Finally, the Least Chipmunk (Tamias minimus) is restricted to sagebrush habitats in the southern part of the Columbia Basin. It is a smaller species, generally paler and grayer than the others, with the back stripes brown instead of blackish and very little reddish or brown color anywhere. It overlaps with Yellow-pine where sagebrush, grassland, and ponderosa pine come together. Least Chipmunks occur at higher densities than the other species, and one place to see this is at the Ryegrass rest stop east of Ellensburg on eastbound I-90. It is full of Least Chipmunks most of the year, gathering by the dozens at the feast of sunflower seeds put out by DOT employees.
There is also a pair of chipmunk lookalikes in Washington. The Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus saturatus) is found throughout the Cascades, in both semiopen conifer forest and alpine meadows. The Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) occurs in similar habitats in the Blue Mountains and, less commonly, the mountain ranges east of the Okanogan River. Both are larger than chipmunks, with an unstriped golden-orange head. Most ground squirrels eat leaves rather than seeds, but these species are more chipmunk-like in their diet.
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Community organizing is one component in a comprehensive approach to creating a shift in community norms and standards through environmental prevention strategies.
Community organizing is used to actively engage community leaders, enforcement officials/agencies, grassroots community members, youth and other organizations or groups in advancing the goals of the Policy Panel in communities throughout the county.
Community organizing efforts are not focused on getting as many community members as possible to participate in coalition meetings. While it is desirable to include representation from diverse segments of the community, it is important to focus community organizing efforts on engaging individuals and groups that are willing to take an active role in advancing the goals of a project: individuals and groups that are willing to publicly advocate for change.
This approach may be different for projects where prevention coalition meetings consist primarily of representatives from social services, public health, substance abuse treatment and prevention agencies. Strategic community organizing does not preclude these individuals from being involved, but the objective is to get a broader representation of key segments of the general population with people who demonstrate a willingness to do more than attend networking meetings or act as advisers for a project.
The Policy Panel places a high priority on engaging youth in project activities, and therefore the Binge and Underage Drinking Initiative has formed the San Diego County Youth Advocates. This Team of young adults from around the county is actively engaged in efforts that support the goals and objectives of the Binge and Underage Drinking Initiative set by the Policy Panel.
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Are you interested in growing strawberries in your garden? There are some useful tips that you can use to successfully plant your own strawberries.
Life Cycle of Strawberries
You need to understand their life cycle if you want to successfully grow them. They usually grow in the spring under some warm soils and die back during the winter. When your plants are already bearing fruits, most strawberries fruits tend to grow some runners along with the baby plants on their tips. You need to cut the runners if you want your strawberries to grow more fruits.
After producing the strawberries’ fruits and offspring, these plants will take some time to rest. They usually take rest during the half of the summer season. When you find that the plants are resting, you need to keep them weeded and watered. Why? it is because they will grow again in the fall.
You can choose the ideal containers to grow them. Use some planters, terracotta pots or hanging baskets that are special designed for strawberries. However, you can also use the old vegetable craters or wooden wine craters for growing them. You can lift them to the direct sun easily. You also don’t need lots of energy to put them back under the shady place afterwards.
Growing Strawberries in Pots
If you want to grow the strawberries in the pots, you need to make sure that you have prepared perfect media for them to grow. You need to fill the pots with some well drained soils along with the fertilizers. You need to water the pots if you see that the soils are dry as strawberries love to grow in moist environment.
For your information, strawberries require 8 hours of the direct sunlight every day. They also need to have some acidic soils with the balanced pH around 5.5 up to 6.8. If you happen to have the naturally alkaline soils in your garden, you can place the strawberries trees in the container and you can fill half of the soils with some high quality soils.
Some varieties of strawberries trees can be planted in some clay pots. Make sure to mix the soils with some compost before filling the pots with the soils. If the soils are sandy, you need to cultivate them to get rid of the weeds. Then cover the soils with some manure or compost.
Make sure to space each tree for about 18 inches from each other. As mentioned before, strawberries trees tend to grow some runners along the parent trees. Make sure to bury the plants well so that their roots are completely covered by soils.
You have to be aware that slugs have the tendency to eat the fruits of your strawberries trees when they are just about to ripen. You can cover your trees with some plastic mulch. In summer, you will find some fungal diseases which bring some spots on the leaves. You can cut the foliage and then rake them can be the best way to keep the disease away.
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I recently promised that I would discuss the latter half of chapter 4 of Daniel Fairbanks’ 2010 book, Relics of Eden, in which Fairbanks attempts to demonstrate common ancestry based on considerations of maternally-inherited mitochondrial and paternally-inherited Y-chromosomal DNA sequences. Or, put more accurately, Fairbanks attempts to demonstrate that humans and chimpanzees are more closely related than either is to gorillas. Fairbanks’ methodology here, however, presupposes (and does not demonstrate) that indeed there is such a hereditary relationship linking humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. If one chooses to interpret mere genetic similarities as evidence for common descent then, indeed, within the framework of that paradigm, Fairbanks’ conclusions may be allowed to stand. But given that modern Darwinians are not even close to articulating a plausible — or even viable — naturalistic mechanism which can account for such evolution from a common ancestor, are we not justified in, at the very least, reserving our judgment until such a mechanistic basis is forthcoming?
The majority of Fairbanks’ arguments for common ancestry (such as shared mobile element or intron inserts, and shared “mistakes”) can be readily accounted for in terms of a common mechanism (i.e. constraints on integration, or similar genetic instabilities or mutation “hotspots”). And there is no decisive way to distinguish common ancestry from common design with regards to unqualified appeals to “similarity”. Does it not stand to reason that a designer might use similar genes and tools to perform similar functions in different organisms?
In fact, if we are going to let all the evidence speak, then why not take into account the evidence against common ancestry? Since we’re on the topic of the Y-chromosome, what about this study published in Nature just last year, which yielded evidence that the male-specific portions of the human and chimp Y chromosome “differ radically in sequence structure and gene content,” suggesting “wholesale renovation,”? The Nature News report noted that,
The common chimp (Pan troglodytes) and human Y chromosomes are “horrendously different from each other”, says David Page of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who led the work. “It looks like there’s been a dramatic renovation or reinvention of the Y chromosome in the chimpanzee and human lineages.”
Fairbanks does make note that some studies suggest that chimpanzees and gorillas were more closely related, with some even suggesting the highest similarity between humans and gorillas. But he largely dismisses this as “analogous to the signal-to-noise problem in broadcast television and radio.” He notes,
Because random variation and the laws of probability govern inheritance of DNA, we expect to see some random fluctuations, like the television noise, in DNA comparisons. A single isolated study is not always representative of an overall pattern. Although most studies may support a particular pattern, a few studies here and there might seem to contradict it because of the noise. Others might oversupport the real pattern and suggest a closer relationship than what actually exists. In other words, the noise varies in both directions.
But are these dis-concordant phylogenies simply anomalous data? Are they simply “noise”? Just how many of these loci are non-congruent? I submit that the problem extends somewhat deeper than Fairbanks is willing to let on. Indeed, one paper published in the year 2000 suggested that,
60% of the loci and approximately the same proportion of phylogenetically informative sites support the human-chimpanzee clade. The remaining 40% of loci and sites support the two alternatives equally. [emphasis added]
Now, in fairness, some studies (such as this one from 2007) have obtained a somewhat smaller figure for the loci which do not support chimpanzees as being our closest genetic relatives when a larger data set was analysed. In the case of the cited 2007 paper, the authors note that “for about 23% of our data set chimpanzees are not the closest genetic relatives to humans.” 23% is no small percentage. That’s almost a quarter of the data which is non-congruent. In addition, Patterson et al. (2006) suggest a range of 18-29%.
Now, this is not to say that there is not a possible — indeed, perhaps plausible — explanation for this non-congruence (such as random sorting of allelic lineages, and the joint effect of recombination and genetic drift). But just as there may be plausible explanations for the lack of support for common ancestry with respect to the fossil record, one needs to be careful that one not think a rationalisation of non-phylogenetic-congruence constitutes evidence for Darwinian Theory. Given the sheer lack of evidence for the causal sufficiency of any given naturalistic mechanism, one ought to treat such grand propositions with a rational skepticism until one is offered some truly spectacular evidence for common ancestry. To date, no such spectacular confirmatory evidence has been forthcoming.
4 Replies to “A False Trichotomy”
Thanks once again Jonathan;
It is interesting to note, besides the huge problems you noted, that Dr. Rana, using peer-reviewed research, from ‘considerations of maternally-inherited mitochondrial and paternally-inherited Y-chromosomal DNA sequences’, shows that the evidence ‘surprisingly’ supports ‘Genetic Adam and Genetic Eve’
Human Evolution? – The Compelling Genetic Evidence For Adam and Eve – Dr. Fazale Rana
Evolution of the Genus Homo – Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences – Tattersall, Schwartz, May 2009
Excerpt: “Definition of the genus Homo is almost as fraught as the definition of Homo sapiens. We look at the evidence for “early Homo,” finding little morphological basis for extending our genus to any of the 2.5–1.6-myr-old fossil forms assigned to “early Homo” or Homo habilis/rudolfensis.” http://arjournals.annualreview.....208.100202
I’ve been enjoying your posts Jonathan.
No naturalistic explanation for common ancestry doesn’t mean common descent isn’t true. There could be a non-naturalistic explanation for common descent. I was under the impression that most ID theorists believed this in some way or another.
You are correct. But the absence of such a mechanistic basis certainly does throw common ancestry significantly into question, and gives good reason for one to be cautious about prematurely accepting such a proposition in the absence of very good reason for doing so.
In case you missed it, Arthur Hunt has posted a response on your AXE 2004 post:
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| 0.937277 | 1,503 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Pick a path, any path
By darcy on Jul 21, 2009
Today the full logical classpath available to an application or used in
javac is actually a
twisty little maze of concatenated sub-paths, starting with the bootclasspath, followed by the extension directories, and finally the classpath setting itself.
The endorsed standards override mechanism is used to selectively update various components logically included on the bootclasspath as part of the JDK, either components for standards that evolve outside of the JCP, like Corba, or standalone JSRs also shipped with the JDK,
The extension mechanism can be used to support technologies not shipped with the JDK, such as an independent JSR or even a site-wide library.
The table below shows the different command line options to
javac that can be used to configure the sub-paths.
These options have evolved over time. The bootclasspath and extension directories were added in JDK 1.2, the ability to prepend to the bootclasspath was added in JDK 1.3, endorsed standards were added in JDK 1.4, JDK 5
harmonized the path options on the
javac command lines, and JDK 6 allowed classpath wildcards, but only for the strict classpath component and not for bootclasspath or the
Class-Path Jar manifest attribute.
Check the documentation for the JDK release in question for matching configuration information.
There is certainly plenty of opportunity for modularity in JDK 7 to simplify the configuration options needed to resolve dependencies!
|bootclasspath/p:||Endorsed standards||bootclasspath[/a:]||Extension Directories||classpath|
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| 0.788393 | 362 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Spelling can be tricky, but that doesn't mean it has to be hard. Our handy spelling tips & tricks can make spelling easier!
We’ve rounded up a series of three posters that will help make some important spelling rules easy to remember and fun for your children. Hang these colorful posters on your classroom wall for a quick reference that you'll want to leave up even after you've mastered the rules!
You will discover...
- The Kids' Club Rule: when to use a C and when to use a K for the /k/ sound
- The Floss Rule: how to know when to double a consonant at the end of a one-syllable word and when to leave it single
- Making Words Plural: six simple guidelines for making words plural
Tips and tricks like this one are taught throughout the All About Spelling program. If you have any questions as you work through these rules, we would love to hear from you. You can email us at firstname.lastname@example.org, or call us at 715-477-1976. No question is too big or too small—we’re here to help!
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| 0.923415 | 240 | 3.46875 | 3 |
by Joana Estrela (Author)
Small children are often asked to choose between a gendered binary-"boy" or "girl", "pink" or "blue". This colorful picture book smashes these stereotypes and encourages the reader to follow their own way!
"Girl or Boy?"
What brings you joy?
"Pink or blue?"
It's up to you.
With vibrant illustrations and concise, poetic text, this powerful book teaches young children that there are no limits in what you can do and who you can be. You are unique!
Translated from the original Portuguese by award-winning transgender poet Jay Hulme, My Own Way is an important, timely, and beautiful celebration of identity, difference, and respect.
WorldCat is the world's largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online.
Estrela's simple rhyming text reminds readers that "everyone has their own way" when considering personal identity, indicating that the most significant part of oneself is not appearance-based at all: "Boy or girl? None or both?// It's your heart that matters most." Snappy lines in an all-capitalized font bookend dynamic images of characters with mostly surreal skin colors partaking in everyday activities against textured monochrome backgrounds: eating ice cream, playing soccer, and more, all rendered in wax crayon and digitally in an eye-catching, contemporary art-reminiscent palette. "You can see the different faces, // but the rest is theirs to say," one spread reads, portraying a grid of stamp-like faces with minimalist features and doodle-like hairstyles. Though the book largely uses binary pronouns when referencing individual figures, it's a broadly encouraging guide to considering gender identity. Ages 3-6. (Mar.)Copyright 2022 Publishers Weekly, LLC Used with permission.
PreS-Gr 1--Estrela's first book aims to dismantle stereotypical pat answers to the question, "What is gender?" Many of the sentiments here can be universally endorsed ("It's your heart that matters most"), while others ("Boy or girl doesn't cover everyone. You might be both ... You might be none!") may feel too easy or facile for proper discussion. Simple digital and wax crayon illustrations resemble a child's drawings, with settings that are familiar--beach, stage, playing field--and colorful, as the emphasis on pink and blue gives way to yellow, green, and purple. Hulme, who is transgender, translated the very short text in rhyme; it focuses on enthusiastic assurances like, "You'll find your way." Although the admonition to "Be yourself, free and brave," might not be so easy in some circumstances, this book will be embraced by those who find support in its views. VERDICT Purchase where more titles are needed to expand collections about gender. An encouraging, cheerful introduction for younger children.--Patricia D. LothropCopyright 2022 School Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.
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| 0.917218 | 616 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Homeschool parents are saddled with the often onerous task of teaching their children some difficult subjects, such as science. Understanding how your kids learn and make cognitive connections with a variety of subjects will make it easier to educate them in a way that helps them comprehend, extrapolate and retain knowledge.
A Deeper Understanding of Learning
Learning is an information obtaining process. All of us want to get more information and use it. We come to education with our own prior knowledge, skills, and beliefs that affect the way we learn. We all know different things and that affects how we learn and process the information presented to us.
When speaking about pre-existing knowledge, the book, How People Learn, states that “people construct new knowledge and understanding based on what they already know and believe.” As we teach, it is important to realize what our students already know, where they have gaps, and tailor our teaching from there. If we ignore our students’ initial beliefs and ideas, they may come away with understanding that is very far from what we intended.
Learning is a process of transfer. We start with our previous experiences and build from there. When we first learn something, we still use our previous experiences as a filter for the new knowledge. Students do not always make the proper connections with prior experience and new knowledge. As teachers, we need to be aware of where our students are coming from and build bridges to the new information we are trying to teach.
As an example of how our pre-existing knowledge affects our understanding of new information, we can look at Leo Lionni’s book Fish is Fish. This story is about a fish who lives in water but wants to know what it is like to live on land. He asks a tadpole friend to let him know what he finds out when he leaves the water to live on the land. The now frog friend comes back and shares what he found, describing the things he saw – cows, people, birds. In the fish’s mind, each one is a variation of a fish. That is all he knows and he does not make connections beyond what he has seen personally.
From this example, it is easy to see that the fish did not have the pre-existing knowledge necessary to create in his mind a true picture of a cow, a bird, or a human. Students are the same. Their prior knowledge is going to affect the way they understand new information and apply it in various situations.
Making Correct Connections
As we understand the pre-existing knowledge inside our students, we can develop lessons that allow them to explore new ideas. It is important that we do not just tell students information. We need to allow them to do inquiry-based investigations of information so they can obtain a deeper and more correct understanding of what they are learning.
In science, for example, this means getting beyond telling students what happens and, instead, letting them discover for themselves the scientific concepts being explored. Various studies have shown that using an inquiry-based learning model helps even young students to understand difficult concepts. We design these lessons so that as they explore, their pre-existing knowledge is connected to the new discoveries and then becomes an understanding of the concept we are teaching.
Homeschool parents need to listen to their students as they teach. In this way it is possible to discover where their thinking is now and then you can build lessons that take them to where you want them to be in the future.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1The lowest point of a ridge or saddle between two peaks, typically affording a pass from one side of a mountain range to another.
route, way, road, narrow road, passage, cut, gap, gorge, canyon, ravine, gully, defile, couloirView synonyms
- ‘It then continues below the N face of the hill before finally climbing to a col on the summit ridge.’
- ‘Beyond the scree we turned the side of the saddle and there, ahead of us, in a col surrounded by the white flanks of the Kedarnath peaks, stood the temple, one of the most sacred structures in India.’
- ‘In decent weather and with the longer daylight hours of summer you could continue on the ridge as far as the col before Benshaw Hill where a footpath drops down directly to Kingledoors.’
- ‘Head NE from the summit cairn to pick up the bulldozed track called Morton's Way and follow this along the NE ridge and down to a col below the Hill of Glenroads.’
- ‘While hauling your gear and food from hut to hut, you'll be learning to negotiate crevasses, ice falls, and high cols - skills you'll need for future, unguided trips.’
- ‘Some of the cols must indeed mark formerly active valleys that led westwards and southwards out of the basin prior to active infill, but we have found no evidence that Panorama gorge was shut off by footwall uplift during fault propagation.’
- ‘The route included Col De Vars and Col de la Bonnette, plus numerous other cols.’
- ‘From the col, the ridge climbs and then levels out again into a tight area of mossy grass before it steepens appreciably into its final fling.’
- ‘Although it will be cool in the evenings on the cols and ridges, the days should be mild.’
- ‘Through brief windows in the clouds we could see the ridge dropping to a col and rising again to two higher summits.’
- ‘Above us, waterfalls tumbled down the mountainside from glaciers that hung over the lip of high cols.’
- ‘We cut down into a rocky col and started up the second peak.’
- ‘Return to the col and walk along to centre peak: a steady nerve is required to reach the summit.’
- ‘Take an ascending NE line round the S slopes of Firthhope Rig to the col between it and White Coomb.’
- ‘Continuing steadily upwards now, the route leads to a small col which overlooks the dark and brooding Loch Enoch, complete with its reflections of Mullwharchar which rises beyond.’
- ‘Over the wall, the path gently falls to a col with the rock face of Side Pike ahead.’
- ‘For the next few days we based ourselves at the hut as we made forays up the valley, wading through deep fresh snow to explore some of the cols, ridges and side valleys.’
- ‘They can often encounter all on the same special stage as the route climbs and descends mountain cols, switching from southern facing roads sheltered from the extreme weather to exposed northern ones.’
- ‘There are several factors that determine how hard it is to climb a col and it can be much easier up one side than another.’
- ‘Anticipating a windscoured ridge, we left our crampons and axes in the col at the top of the chute.’
- 1.1Meteorology A region of slightly elevated pressure between two anticyclones.
- ‘Thereafter the major system, which was present in the mid-Atlantic, weakened considerably and became little more than a col between the two anticyclones, one receding as the new one advanced.’
Mid 19th century: from French, literally ‘neck’, from Latin collum.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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| 0.945452 | 907 | 3.046875 | 3 |
We are dedicating our project to the study of the Durmersheim gravel pit, as it is a major biological feature due to the lack of fish population.
In our study, we will look at the aquatic fauna and thereby investigate the effects of missing fish populations. We will use the nearby Epplesee, which has a fish population, as a comparator. This makes it a suitable object of comparison to determine how coexistence with fish affects the amphibians and the macrozoobenthos of a water body. The latter is defined as the bottom-bound invertebrate fauna, including for example snails, mussels, crustaceans and insects. This is an important bioindicator as well as a basis for the occurrence of birds and other higher vertebrates. Exploratory surveys showed evidence of the presence of unusual animals, such as paedomorphic pond newts and the rare mud swimmer beetle Hygrobia hermanni.
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Qi (Life Force) - Vital Substances in TCM
It has been translated as "vital energy", "life force", or "Breath" but no single English word will suffice.
This is because of the nature of Qi. It can have different manifestations in different situations.
Qi can even be material and is said to "condense" into matter. This is what occurs according to TCM, when a child is conceived and a human being develops. Qi condenses to form a material being. In pathology, when Qi flow slows down and stagnates, masses, lumps or tumors can appear.
The concept of Qi representing a continuum between immaterial and material is not so far from the concepts of matter and energy in modern physics. Matter is not "solid", but its particles are vibrating at various speeds; the faster they vibrate, the more rarefied the matter becomes. In the same way, the manifestations of Qi cover the continuum of matter-energy.
Characters for Qi mean "vapor" or "steam" and "uncooked rice".
This illustrates that Qi can appear in different states ranging from more immaterial like steam to dense and material like rice.
It also illustrates a CENTRAL IDEA in TCM, that the major source of Qi is transformed from the FOOD that we put into our bodies.
Overview of Qi in Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Ancient philosophers saw human Qi as the result of the interaction between the Qi of Heaven (Yang) and Earth (Yin). They stressed the interaction between a human being's Qi and the forces of nature.
TCM, following these ancient philosophies, stresses the relationship between human beings and natural forces, both cosmic and local (the environment).
- We are under the influence of natural rhythms and cycles, (lunar, circadian and solar cycles) with which we should strive to stay in balance in order to maintain health.
- We are susceptible to pathological conditions resulting from attack by pathological climatological energies (wind, cold, damp, heat, summer heat and dryness).
- Qi manifests both on the physical an spiritual/psychological level.
- Qi is in a constant state of flux and its immaterial/material state constantly varies. When Qi condenses, it accumulates to form physical shape.
Example: Poor circulation of Qi in the body can result in condensation of Qi to form lumps, masses or tumors.
- Although there are many types of Qi in human beings, all these types are ultimately one Qi, manifesting in different forms.
- Qi changes form according to its locality and function.
Two Major Uses of the Word Qi in Chinese Medicine (TCM)
1. Qi is a refined substance produced by the internal Organs, to nourish the body, mind and spirit (its form varies according to its location and function).
2. The word Qi is also used to mean the complex of functional activities of a given internal organ.
Example: When we say Spleen Qi, we mean the complex of the functional activities of the Spleen.
Example: Defensive Qi circulates primarily in the Exterior to protect the body. Nutritive Qi circulates in the Interior, to nourish the Organs. These two are different manifestations of Qi. When either is unable to perform its functions, specific pathological symptoms will result.
The various forms of Qi are discussed below. However, it is first important to understand another vital substance: JING.
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Using ASP.NET With SQL Server
If you want to develop web sites with dynamic contents (eCommerce, bulletin boards, etc.), one of the options is to MS SQL Server to store, modify, and get your data. Data access to SQL Servers is provided in ASP.NET by ADO.NET. There are five steps in this area below.
How To Describe Connection to SQL Server
We will use the System.Data.SqlClient and the System.Data namespaces of ADO.NET. The System.Data contains basic enumerations and classes, which we will use below. The System.Data.SqlClient provides data access to SQL servers such as MS SQL Server 2000 and higher. Add the next snippet to the beginning of your code page in order to get easy access to their classes:
To begin "communications" with our server we should define the SqlConnection class, initialize a new instance and set its connection string parameters. There is an example of a connection string below:
string Connection = "server=ALDAN; uid=sa; pwd=sa; database=GAZCAD; Connect Timeout=10000";
Let's understand what each parameter means:
Pay attention: letters' case of the keywords has no matter.
We are ready to create an instance of the SQLConnection class:
SqlConnection DataConnection = new SqlConnection(Connection);
The connection is described; we will use it at next steps.
Execute "non-SELECT" statements
T-SQL "non-SELECT" statements begin with such keywords: INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE. For example, there is a table, called "myTable", in our database:
Let's insert a row into it. We will use the SQLCommand class. Initialize a new instance of it with a string of a T-SQL statement and our SQLConnection instance. Open the connection, execute the statement with the ExecuteNonQuery method, which is used for "non-Select" statements and procedures, and close the connection. Here is the code snippet for that:
string with T-SQL statement, pay attention: no semicolon at the end of //the
The "I" variable contains the number of affected rows. You will find out how to execute stored procedures at the next step.
Execute stored procedures
For example, we have a stored procedure, called "myProc", which does something, and it has a list of parameters:
You can execute it very easy, using the SQLCommand class. There are several differences between executing "non-Select" statements and stored procedures. The command string contains the procedure's name now. The CommandType Property has to be set as StoredProcedure (use the CommandType enumeration), because the default is Text (T-SQL statement). To create the parameter list we use the SQLParameter class. To set a type of parameters, we use the SQLDbType enumeration. To set a direction of a parameter we use the ParameterDirection enumeration. There is the snippet with comments below:
create the SQLCommand instance with the name of the procedure and the //SQLConnection
You will find out how to execute "SELECT" statements at the next step.
Execute "SELECT" statements
When we execute "SELECT" statements we get data tables from SQL Server. To provide this process, we should use the DataSet class. It represents data tables which we will get from a server. The filling of the DataSet is provided by the SQLDataAdapter class with using its Fill method. A constructor of this class takes same arguments as the SQLCommand does. There is the snippet with comments below:
the DataSet instance
Pay attention: it is not necessary to open connection "manually". The Fill method provides it automatically.
The "ds" contains findings now. You will find out how to process them at the next step.
We have got the "ds" instance of the Dataset with findings at the previous step. So, we should process them to display at our web site. The Dataset contains the Tables property. It is the collection of tables. Findings are written to a zero-indexed table. We use two loops to seek all data. The first loop seeks all rows in a table (DataRow instances); the embedded loop seeks all columns in a row (DataColumn instances). You can get each element as DataRow[Datacolumn]. There is the snippet with comments below:
main “foreach†loop seeks all rows in the table
There are a lot of subjects when developing ASP.NET websites with using SQL Servers. Some of them are introducted in this tutorial. I hope it was useful for you. Good Luck!
This tutorial is written by LStudio.
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| 0.813119 | 1,107 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Relevance of Physics to Music
sound waves: Music is an artistic expression in the form of organized vibrations. Vibrating strings in string instruments and columns of air in wind instruments generate sound by vibrating at fundamental frequencies or multiples of these frequencies known as harmonics. An octave is a harmonic that is double or one half the frequency of a given note. Sound travels as longitudinal, compression waves, the frequency of which determines the pitch, and the amplitude of which determines the volume.
law or strings: The fist law of strings states that the frequency at which a string vibrates is inversely proportional to its length : f/f'=l'/l; where f = original frequency, f'= new frequency, l = original length, and l' = new length. Thus, one can play a higher note on a guitar, banjo, violin, or other stringed instrument by shortening the length of the string. To facilitate this, such instruments are equipped with narrow lateral ridges underneath the strings known as frets. The musician presses the wire against these frets to shorten the length of the string that is plucked. A second law of strings states that the frequency of a string is directly proportional to the square root of its tension : f/f'=/, where T represents tension. Thus, if the tension on a string is quadrupled, the frequency of the string is doubled (f'=(f)/). All string instruments are tuned by adjusting the tension of the strings.
Relevance of Physics to Art
frequency, wavelength, color: Red, green and blue are the fundamental colors of light, and by mixing them in different ratios, you can obtain any desired color. Stage lights, televisions, and monitors mix red, green and blue to get the desired colors by addition of lights. This is known as additive mixing. The mixing of red, green, and blue light produces white light. By contrast, cyan, yellow, and magenta are the three fundamental pigments that can be combined in different ratios to produce a wide variety of colors of paint, dye or ink. Pigments reflect light, and therefore, the more pigments present, the less light reflected. When pigments are mixed, colors are subtracted, The mixing of cyan, yellow and magenta pigments produces a black pigment that reflects no light. Artists who understand the properties of light and pigments can achieve the desired effects for their artwork.
center of mass: The center of mass is a point representing the mean position of the matter in a body or system. Many works of art rely upon the principle that an object will return to stable equilibrium as long as its center of mass passes within the base of support or below the pivot point. Ancient sculptors used this principle to insure stability of sculptures, and more recent art such as Alexander Calder’s kinetic sculptures or mobiles (figure 4.4) are dramatic illustrations of this principle.
Relevance of Physics to Literature
physics terms: Physics terms are frequently used in literature to explain events in everyday life. For example, authors may use terms such as quantum leap, free fall, light years, black holes, leverage, force, power, inertia, energy, work, resonance, and phrases such as “on the same wavelength,” “magnetic attraction,” “gaining momentum,” and the “gravity of the situation” to explain by analogy to physics concepts.
physics authors: Great physics literature has had a profound influence on science and literature. Nicholas Copernicus (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres, 1543), Johannes Kepler (A new astronomy, 1609), and Isaac Newton (Principia – Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) are a few of the physics authors who popularized scientific writing as an acceptable literary form.
Relevance of Physics to Political Science
bosons / atomic structure - The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle. To test for the existence of this particle and to further studies in the basic nature of matter, Congress approved the development of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a multi-billion dollar facility. Various congressmen argued to have it in their district because of the prestige and jobs it would create, and eventually construction was started on an 87 km circumference underground collider in Texas. Debate again erupted in Congress, and in 1993 the project was canceled when it was decided the government did not have the funds build the SSC and the International Space Station simultaneously, leaving a 2 billion dollar hole in Texas.
nuclear x-ray laser - A nuclear X-ray laser was designed at Lawrence Livermore laboratories in California, and President Ronald Reagan was told of its potential for destroying enemy missiles. In his famous “Star Wars” speech, Reagan said:, "I call upon the scientific community who gave us nuclear weapons to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace: to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete." Reagan initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a multi-billion dollar program to develop this technology. There was much criticism of the program and it failed to achieve its goals before being abandon by the Clinton administration. The George W. Bush administration revived the program and the National Missile Defense, and in 2005 a test missile was intercepted using the physics principles discovered and the technology developed in the program.
Relevance of Physics to History
special relativity & nuclear fission: In 1905 Albert Einstein published his theory of Special Relativity, suggesting that a small amount of mass could be converted into a huge amount of energy (E=mc2). Further discoveries by physicists Ernst Rutherford, James Chadwick, Enrico Fermi, and Leo Szilárd produced further information about the nature of matter and the potential to develop a nuclear bomb. Albert Einstein warned President Roosevelt of the danger that the Nazis might develop a nuclear weapon, and the president decided to initiate the Manhattan Project that resulted in the design, production and detonation of three atomic bombs in 1945. The bombs hastened the end of World War II and opened the nuclear arms race of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States.
levers & torque: The principle of leverage has been applied for thousands of years in the building of civilizations. The ancient Egyptians used levers to upright obelisks weighing in excess of 100 tons. In the third century BC, Archimedes wrote “Give me the place to stand, and I shall move the earth,” illustrating his understanding that levers can be used to multiply force (when the effort is farther from the fulcrum than the load). Alternatively, levers magnify speed if the effort is inside the fulcrum. First class levers (where the effort and load are on opposite sides of the fulcrum) are found in oars (used to move ancient galleys and modern row boats), trebuchets (medieval siege engines), and in many tools such as wrenches and pliers. Second class levers (where the effort is beyond the load on same side of fulcrum) are found in wheelbarrows and nutcrackers, and third class levers (where the effort is before the load on the same side of the fulcrum) are found in hoes, scythes, brooms, and catapults to amplify speed. Imagine how different the world would be if these tools were not developed.
Relevance of Physics to Sports
inertia: Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. Newton’s first law describes inertia: An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an outside force. This principle is very important in contact sports such as football, and boxing. Football coaches recruit heavier players to serve as linemen, knowing that their greater mass will mean greater inertia and make it more difficult for the opposing team to penetrate the line. Boxers only compete against others in their weight class (bantamweight, featherweight, lightweight, middleweight and heavy weight) knowing that unequal weights would create uneven matches due to differences in inertia. Rotational inertia is useful in sports such as bicycling and ice-skating. Bicyclists maintain their upright position due to the rotational inertia of the wheels, and ice skaters adjust the rate of their spin by changing the moment of inertia as they move their arms or legs.
impulse and momentum. Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity (p=mv). Impulse (I) is the product of force and time (I=FDt, for constant force) and changes momentum FDt=mv. Baseball players want to increase the time of contact with the bat (Dt) to increase the velocity (v) imparted to the ball. When catching a ball, baseball players recoil to increase the time (Dt) of the impulse, and thereby decrease the force (F) necessary to stop the ball. Football running backs that have large mass (m) and are fast (v) will have greater momentum and be more difficult to stop.
Relevance of Physics to Home Economics
convection, conduction, radiation: Thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and the effect of energy on movement. Thermodynamics helps us understand how conventional ovens, convection ovens, and microwave ovens work. Conventional ovens transfer heat to food by radiation (radiant energy from the flame or heating element reaches the food), convection (warm air in the oven moves past the food, transferring energy to it), or conduction (metal racks or pans conduct heat to the food. Convection ovens are more effective because they have fans that move air past the food. Microwave ovens send microwave radiation (2450 MHz) through food. Water, sugar, and fat molecules absorb energy through dielectric heating as they vibrate in the alternating electric field induced by the oven.
thermal conductivity: Thermal conductivity is an intensive property of matter that describes the tendency to conduct heat. Copper has a thermal conductivity of 386 W·m-1·K-1 while iron has a conductivity of only 80 W·m-1·K-1. To increase the transfer of heat to food, manufacturers coat the bottoms of pots and pans with copper. To increase the speed of cooking turkeys or other large items, cooks use aluminum cooking pins that conduct heat into the food.
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April 15, 2013
La Jolla Institute’s Surprising Finding Could Alter The Face Of Dengue Vaccine Development
New data on T cells' protective role suggests need for new approach to dengue vaccine design
As efforts to create a strong and effective vaccine for the dreaded dengue virus continue to hit snags, a new study from researchers at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology offers surprising evidence that suggests the need for a revamped approach to dengue vaccine design. The finding runs counter to current scientific understanding of the key cells that need to be induced to develop a successful dengue vaccine.La Jolla Institute scientist Alessandro Sette, Dr.Biol.Sci., and his team found that T cells, which are key disease-fighting cells of the immune system, play an important protective role in controlling dengue virus infection, rather than creating an aberrant response that can ultimately worsen the disease as is the prevailing belief in the scientific community. "The current thinking in the field is that the goal of a dengue vaccine should be the induction of antibodies and not T cells," says Dr. Sette, an internationally recognized vaccine biologist and director of the Institute's Center for Infectious Disease. "But our results suggest that both cell types are needed to produce a strong immune response against dengue infection."
Scott B. Halstead, M.D., a leading authority on dengue virus and senior scientific advisor to the international Dengue Vaccine Initiative, says the findings provide new insights that should be considered in future dengue vaccine efforts. "Their study of T cell responses in a large group of HLA-defined Sri Lankan adults naturally infected by dengue viruses found that T cell immunity contributed to host protection rather than to vascular permeability (which occurs in severe cases)," says Dr. Halstead. "This suggests that T cell immunity may be an important element of the strong cross-protection that occurs in humans infected with two or more dengue viruses."
UC Berkeley professor Eva Harris, Ph.D., an internationally recognized dengue expert, praised the study as providing "a refreshing view" of the role of T cells in human dengue infection. "Dr. Sette's work provides important evidence of the protective role of CD8+ T cells through their work with Sri Lankan blood donors," says Dr. Harris, who heads the University's Center for Global Public Health.
Dengue virus causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, the most significant mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world today in terms of illness, death and economic cost. Dengue exists as four distinct viral strains and infects 50 to 100 million people worldwide each year, predominantly in Southeast Asia and Latin America, but also produced a small outbreak in Florida in 2010. Now categorized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control as an emerging disease threat, 500,000 cases of dengue's severest form are reported annually worldwide, and it is possible that cases will become even more widespread as a result of climate change.
Dr. Sette said his T cell data may help to explain the results of a dengue vaccine trial announced in September. The trial, conducted by Sanofi-Aventis, was the most highly anticipated vaccine effort in the field, but didn't produce strong protection against all four dengue virus strains as had been hoped. The vaccine candidate, structured to trigger protective antibodies as is typical in vaccine design, was only 30 percent effective overall and provided no protection against DENV2, which was the predominant strain circulating in the trial area.
"Some people have been kind of perplexed by the results," says Dr. Sette, noting that the vaccine candidate produced antibodies in the trial participants, usually an indicator of a good response. "Despite this, the dengue vaccine did not provide significant protection. We think that the added fire power of the T cells would have been needed to make the vaccine more effective."
Major efforts are underway to create a first-ever vaccine, but have been hampered by the existence of the four different dengue virus strains. People who get the severest forms of the disease are those infected by one dengue strain that later get re-infected by a different strain of the virus. In contrast to most viral infections where T cells are considered a normal part of the body's protective response, many scientists in the dengue field have theorized that T cells raised against an individual's first dengue infection dominate the body's immune reaction upon infection with a second dengue strain and mount an altered immune response. This phenomenon termed "original antigenic sin" was believed to result in the T cells playing a pathogenic role during a subsequent dengue infection, causing some people to get more seriously ill. Dr. Sette says his findings do not support this theory.
The T cell finding was published April 11th in a paper "Comprehensive analysis of dengue virus-specific responses supports an HLA-linked protective role for CD8+ T cells" in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Sette was senior author on the paper and Daniela Weiskopf, Ph.D., who works with Dr. Sette, was first author. Sujan Shresta, Ph.D., and Bjoern Peters, Ph.D. were significant contributors. They both head research labs at the La Jolla Institute.
In the study, researchers analyzed blood samples from 250 people in Sri Lanka, an island in the Indian Ocean, where dengue virus is endemic, screening the blood for exposure to all four dengue virus serotypes. "We found that the participant's T cells recognized and responded to all dengue virus proteins and we also identified the specific virus pieces that trigger the strongest T cell attack," says Dr. Weiskopf. "People knew that some of the virus proteins were targeted by T cells, but we have created the most comprehensive picture to date, which could be very useful in creating a vaccine or treatment."
The researchers also showed that genetic differences impact how people will react to dengue infection. "We tested people's HLA molecules, which determine tissue type, and found that certain HLA types produce a strong T cell response that is associated with resistance to the disease, while other genetic variants are associated with a weaker T cell response, which led to poor protection," says Dr. Sette. These findings further confirmed his belief of the T cell's protective role in dengue infection.
La Jolla Institute scientist Sujan Shresta, Ph.D., an international expert on dengue virus infection, notes that the study results confirm in humans what her lab studies found in mice in 2009. "We showed that CD8 positive T cells play a very important role in controlling dengue infection in mouse models," she says. "I am not saying that antibodies are not important, but rather that T cells are also needed to induce strong protection against dengue."
The mouse study was one of several major dengue findings by Dr. Shresta, who is also credited, along with another lab, with proving the controversial theory — first put forth by dengue research leader Scott Halstead, M.D. -- that antibodies can, under certain circumstances, enhance rather than protect from dengue infection. Those results, announced in 2009, have figured prominently in the worldwide landscape of dengue vaccine development, and led to the conclusion that any successful vaccine must protect against all four serotypes.
"This latest paper from our research institute provides more vital data that will move the field closer to developing a safe and effective dengue vaccine," adds Dr. Shresta.
On the Net:
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Power of Our Words
Teacher Language that Helps Children Learn
Learn how teachers can use language—words, tone, and pace—to increase student engagement, build a positive classroom community, and more effectively manage behavior by helping children develop confidence, competence, and self-control.
In this warm and thought-provoking guide, Paula Denton offers practical tips, real-life anecdotes, and concrete examples, including specific suggestions about language to adopt and language to avoid. Topics include:
- Using language to help children envision success
- Open-ended questions that stretch children’s thinking
- Listening and using silence skillfully
- The 3 Rs of teaching language: reinforcing, reminding, and redirecting
- Saying what you mean and meaning what you say giving brief, concrete instructions offering meaningful, specific encouragement
The Power of Our Words advocates a sensible approach to teacher language that is backed by research and proven through decades of successful practice in elementary classrooms nationwide. It offers ideas beginners can try immediately and a wealth of guidance and support for those already engaged in the process of rethinking their practice.
The Power of Our Words is the core text in the Teacher Language Professional Development Kit.
Free discussion questions now available! These chapter-by-chapter questions will deepen your learning and help you apply the book’s strategies to your own setting.
When we polled Responsive Classroom teachers, they named The Power of Our Words one of four books every elementary teacher should have.
5+ copies: $21.60 each
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> [Y]ou do it yourself from scratch....
> C/C++ people will generally view software written in scripting/high/app
> level languages - outside of the web browser - as cr*p software.
May I respectfully suggest that you please consider that you may be
working with what some might call a prejudice?
When I started writing in C using the Whitesmiths compiler, circa '85, it
had its share of bugs, which forced me to learn Motorola 680x0 Assembler,
as well as many details about how the compiler itself worked. This, in turn,
opened my eyes to how the same tasks could be written with different levels
of efficiency, saving one or two or more instructions here or there.
Here's the thing: It usually didn't matter one bit. The computers almost
always are running far more quickly than the humans who need them, and
this of course is far more true now, 30 years later. (i.e., Moore's Law)
The way to approach this is as a scientist: In the few times where it does
matter, carefully measure your environment, and empirically determine where
code needs to be tightened. The answer will almost always surprise you.
High-level libraries help reduce development time and bugs because they
free you from having to think about all of the details. Sure, they can be
inefficient, but that can be addressed if it later proves to be an issue.
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“Keeping Step with the Union” (1921)
The inspiration for this march probably came from an 1855 address by the American congressman and raconteur Rufus Choate. This excerpt from the address is printed on the sheet music: “We join ourselves to no party that does not carry the flag and keep step to the music of the Union.” The composition was dedicated to Mrs. Warren G. Harding, wife of the President, and Sousa added his own patriotic verses.
Paul E. Bierley, The Works of John Philip Sousa (Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1984), 66. Used by permission.
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To fully understand what continuum of care means in addiction treatment, one must first understand what is meant by continuum.
A continuum is a collection, a whole set, that has a progressive sequence. Each point in the progression varies only slightly from the prior point. For example, we provide a continuum of care to a baby when we first teach her to roll over, then push up, then crawl, and finally walk.
What Does Continuum of Care Mean?
Continuum is used widely in other areas of the medical community. Patients with severe illnesses don’t receive a single course of treatment; rather, they have a team of doctors with varying specialties who treat the whole person.
This is because any health issue – be it mental or physical – is itself a spectrum of severity. For someone who is battling addiction, the same is true. Each phase of recovery is a step in the continuum of care.
Partial Treatment Can Be Harmful
In the United States, we don’t often think of healing as a process – you are either suffering from addiction or you are healthy – but that is far from the truth. If you or someone you know has struggled with dependency, you’re likely already aware that there’s no magic cure.
There are partial treatment programs available, but we should think of them as a piece of the recovery process. Generally, these types of programs provide referrals for additional support, but they don’t provide that support themselves.
This leaves people on their own during a time that they are particularly fragile and vulnerable. It’s like explaining to someone why they are in critical need of surgery and then leaving them alone with a phone and a list of surgeons to call.
Partial treatment can do more harm than good, particularly if the person relapses and loses hope and respect for themselves. Their support system may lose patience and blame the person for the relapse. A vicious cycle of treatment and relapse can occur until, ultimately, a person may give up entirely, with devastating consequences.
Continuum of care programs see that addiction recovery is a process, and success in each stage is crucial to the success of the next one.
Do Bridge Programs Help?
A bridge program is one that collaborates with different treatment programs to try to create something closer to a continuum of care program. With this model of care, the patient starts with one program and then transitions to a different, loosely affiliated program.
This is certainly better than partial treatment; however, it lacks the continuity of a single full continuum of care program approach and increases the probability that a person will fall through the cracks.
Single Continuum of Care Program Approach
The definition of continuum care as it relates to addiction is “a single holistic care program with an individualized service plan developed so the client can move seamlessly through the program from before treatment starts and throughout the lifecycle of recovery.”
The timeline for treatment is based on the client, not the calendar. Rather than being referred to various external resources, the tools needed are provided and a single team of professionals is there to teach, guide and support the recovery work – before, during and after.
What Are the Different Levels of Care Within the Full Continuum?
The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) has outlined the various levels of care that make up the full continuum of addiction treatment. From the highest intensity of care to the lowest, those levels are as follows:
Detox and Inpatient Services
Within the realm of inpatient addiction treatment, there are actually various levels of intensity, according to ASAM. The most intensive level is “medically managed intensive inpatient services.” In other words, this means detox treatment that involves medication. Detox services almost always require an inpatient stay, usually anywhere from three to 14 days.
On the lowest level of intensity in residential/inpatient treatment is “clinically managed low-intensity residential services.” This basically means the client is still staying overnight in the rehab facility but is past the detox phase – and that the main form of treatment is clinical therapy, predominantly in the form of individual and group counseling.
Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Services
Partial hospitalization programs (PHPs) and intensive outpatient services both allow the patient to live at home or a temporary offsite residence in between receiving treatment at an outpatient facility. Some people with less-severe addictions may start at one of two these levels of care, rather than inpatient.
PHPs usually require the patient to spend 20 or more hours each week in treatment, while intensive outpatient programs (IOPs) generally consist of nine or more hours of therapy per week.
Outpatient programs usually follow a patient’s time in an inpatient and/or partial hospitalization program. Standard outpatient programs feature fewer than nine hours of therapy each week. They usually serve as bridge between an inpatient stay and the return to everyday life (aka aftercare). An outpatient program is a good choice for someone who wants to maintain a job or their school studies while in treatment.
Although interventions are lowest on ASAM’s scale of intensity, they actually tend to be the very first step in the treatment process for many individuals. An intervention is low on the ASAM scale because it doesn’t really involve any formal treatment; instead, the intervention’s objective is to get the individual into treatment.
Not every individual needs an intervention to be coaxed into entering rehab, but it is an important and readily available first step for many families. If a family is considering an intervention on behalf of a loved one, it’s important to reach out to a professional to facilitate the process – and to not attempt to do any intervention on one’s own.
Also Worth Mentioning: Aftercare
Although not featured on the ASAM-identified continuum of care, aftercare services are a very important consideration, too. Aftercare programs generally provide access to a counselor as needed, as well as alumni activities and other resources to help prevent relapse. Make sure the rehab facility you choose offers robust aftercare services for the post-treatment phase of your recovery.
Taking It a Step Further
Harmony Place in Los Angeles, California offers a full continuum of care when it comes to addiction treatment. By bringing together all of the components necessary for a true continuum of care program and complementing it with a holistic, whole-person approach, Harmony Place takes it a step further.
Our inpatient residential program provides evidence-based, holistic methods of treatment. The program has a concurrent focus on physical wellness, psychological, spiritual and emotional needs. Our top-notch treatment continues through the following services:
- Transitional Living
- Discharge Planning
- Aftercare and Alumni Services
At Harmony Place, we, you and your family share the same goal: full recovery that lasts a lifetime.
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Effects of salinity and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (edta) on the germination of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds
In this study, the effects of the combined treatment of salinity and ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on the germination of tomato seeds in Petri-dishes were compared to sole salinity. The treatments consisted of seven concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCL): 0 (control), 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mM. The results from this study showed that percentage germination decreased from 86.7% in the control to 73.3% in 10 mM, 70 % in 50 mM and 23.3 % in 100 mM. Seeds treated with 250, 500 and 1 000 mM sodium chloride did not germinate. The addition of EDTA at concentration of 1.0 mM significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the salinity effect and enhanced germination of tomato seeds except for concentrations between 250 – 1000 mM where the effect of EDTA had no effect on the germination. Similarly, plumule and radicle lengths were significantly reduced with increase in concentration of NaCl. The results showed that higher concentration of NaCl significantly reduced the germination potential of tomato seeds and this can be reversed with the addition of EDTA when the concentration of NaCl was not above 100 mM.
Keywords: Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, Germination, Sodium Chloride, Tomato seeds
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Wuhan may not be a well-known Chinese mega-city like Beijing or Shanghai.
But the place where the coronavirus outbreak emerged is, in fact, a teeming metropolis with connections to every part of the globe.
According to UN data from 2018, 8.1 million people live in the central Chinese city – making it slightly smaller than London, but much bigger than Washington DC.
One estimate makes it the 42nd biggest city in the world, and the seventh biggest in China.
And it’s the size – and economic clout – of Wuhan that explains why the virus has travelled quickly across Asia, and even to the US.
In short, the virus has spread so widely because lots of people visit Wuhan and take the virus home with them.
Wuhan international airport handled 20 million passengers in 2016, and offers direct flights to London, Paris, Dubai, and other cities around the world.
The city is built along the Yangtze river and, according to its website, it is a “foundation of in both hi-tech manufacturing and traditional manufacturing”.
It has a series of industrial zones, 52 “institutions of higher learning”, and claims more than 700,000 students – including, reportedly, the largest number of undergraduates in the country.
Some 230 of the world’s 500 biggest companies (as measured by the Fortune Global list) have invested there.
There is also notable investment from France – which had a foreign concession in Hankou, in today’s Wuhan, between 1886 and 1943. More than 100 French firms have invested in the city and Peugeot-Citroen has a Chinese joint-venture plant there.
Wuhan can also serve as a gateway to the Three Gorges – a tourist region and home to a huge hydroelectric dam.
So, although the coronavirus originated in a local seafood market, the flow of people in and out of Wuhan has ensured its spread.
The US patient, for example, had recently visited Wuhan, as had both Japanese patients. The Korean patient lived there. The case in Thailand is a Chinese tourist from Wuhan.
The huge flow of people in and out of Wuhan will only increase as Chinese New Year approaches, and millions of people return home to celebrate.
China’s National Health Commission said travellers should avoid Wuhan, and that Wuhan residents should not leave the city.
But Wuhan’s status as one of the biggest – and most connected – places in the world means international cases will almost certainly continue to emerge.
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In a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, multiple devices are used to overwhelm a targeted server with requests and take web applications offline. Some of the biggest DDoS attacks have made major tech headlines.
After reading this article you will be able to:
Copy article link
The biggest DDoS attack to date took place in September of 2017. The attack targeted Google services and reached a size of 2.54 Tbps. Google Cloud disclosed the attack in October 2020.
The attackers sent spoofed packets to 180,000 web servers, which in turn sent responses to Google. The attack was not an isolated incident: the attackers had directed multiple DDoS attacks at Google's infrastructure over the previous six months.
AWS reported mitigating a massive DDoS attack in February of 2020. At its peak, this attack saw incoming traffic at a rate of 2.3 terabits per second (Tbps). AWS did not disclose which customer was targeted by the attack.
The attackers responsible used hijacked Connection-less Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (CLDAP) web servers. CLDAP is a protocol for user directories. It is an alternative to LDAP, an older version of the protocol. CLDAP has been used in multiple DDoS attacks in recent years.
One of the largest verifiable DDoS attacks on record targeted GitHub, a popular online code management service used by millions of developers. This attack reached 1.3 Tbps, sending packets at a rate of 126.9 million per second.
The GitHub attack was a memcached DDoS attack, so there were no botnets involved. Instead the attackers leveraged the amplification effect of a popular database caching system known as memcached. By flooding memcached servers with spoofed requests, the attackers were able to amplify their attack by a magnitude of about 50,000x.
Luckily, GitHub was using a DDoS protection service, which was automatically alerted within 10 minutes of the start of the attack. This alert triggered the process of mitigation and GitHub was able to stop the attack quickly. The massive DDoS attack only ended up lasting about 20 minutes.
Another massive DDoS attack was directed at Dyn, a major DNS provider, in October of 2016. This attack was devastating and created disruption for many major sites, including Airbnb, Netflix, PayPal, Visa, Amazon, The New York Times, Reddit, and GitHub. This was done using malware called Mirai. Mirai creates a botnet out of compromised Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as cameras, smart TVs, radios, printers, and even baby monitors. To create the attack traffic, these compromised devices are all programmed to send requests to a single victim.
Fortunately Dyn was able to resolve the attack within one day, but the motive for the attack was never discovered. Hacktivist groups claimed responsibility for the attack as a response to WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange being denied Internet access in Ecuador, but there was no proof to back up this claim. There are also suspicions that the attack was carried out by a disgruntled gamer.
The largest DDoS attack ever at the time, this one also happened to target GitHub. This politically motivated attack lasted several days and adapted itself around implemented DDoS mitigation strategies. The DDoS traffic originated in China and specifically targeted the URLs of two GitHub projects aimed at circumventing Chinese state censorship. It is speculated that the intent of the attack was to try and pressure GitHub into eliminating those projects.
Another largest-ever-at-the-time attack was the 2013 attack directed at Spamhaus, an organization that helps combat spam emails and spam-related activity. Spamhaus is responsible for filtering as much as 80% of all spam, which makes them a popular target for people who would like to see spam emails reach their intended recipients.
The attack drove traffic to Spamhaus at a rate of 300 Gbps. Once the attack began, Spamhaus signed up for Cloudflare. Cloudflare’s DDoS protection mitigated the attack. The attackers responded to this by going after certain Internet exchanges and bandwidth providers in an attempt to bring down Cloudflare. This attack did not achieve its goal, but it did cause major issues for LINX, the London Internet exchange. The main culprit of the attack turned out to be a teenage hacker-for-hire in Britain who was paid to launch this DDoS attack.
Read more about this attack and how it was mitigated on the Cloudflare blog.
In 2000, a 15-year-old hacker known as ‘Mafiaboy’ took down several major websites including CNN, Dell, E-Trade, eBay, and Yahoo!, the last of which at the time was the most popular search engine in the world. This attack had devastating consequences, including creating chaos in the stock market.
Mafiaboy, who was later revealed to be a high schooler named Michael Calce, coordinated the attack by compromising the networks of several universities and using their servers to conduct the DDoS attack. The aftermath of this attack directly led to the creation of many of today’s cybercrime laws.
In April 2007 the nation of Estonia was hit with a massive DDoS attack targeting government services, financial institutions, and media outlets. This had a crushing effect since Estonia’s government was an early adopter of online government and was practically paperless at the time; even national elections were conducted online.
The attack, considered by many to be the first act of cyber warfare, came in response to a political conflict with Russia over the relocation of the ‘Bronze Soldier of Tallinn’, a World War II monument. The Russian government was suspected of involvement and an Estonian national from Russia was arrested as the result, but the Russian government has not let Estonian law enforcement do any further investigation in Russia. This ordeal led to the creation of international laws for cyber warfare.
It depends on their network capacity: whether or not they can absorb the amount of traffic that the DDoS attack in question is generating, while still providing service. Many DDoS protection and mitigation vendors today have enough network capacity to do so.
Although the largest DDoS attack Cloudflare has mitigated in terms of volume was 1.2 Tbps, Cloudflare features 209 Tbps of network capacity, which is much larger than the largest DDoS attacks ever recorded. Cloudflare has also mitigated DDoS attacks that featured extremely high packet rates and HTTP request rates. In June 2020, Cloudflare mitigated a 754 million packet-per-second DDoS attack. And in August 2021, Cloudflare mitigated a 17.2 million request-per-second attack.
It is important to keep in mind that the vast majority of DDoS attacks are not as big as the attacks chronicled in this article. Cloudflare's research shows that most DDoS attacks do not exceed 10 Gbps. However, even these smaller DDoS attacks can knock websites or applications offline for long periods of time if they do not have DDoS mitigation in place.
About DDoS attacks
DDoS attack tools
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Global challenges to food security
02 July 2019, 5:30 pm–7:30 pm
G01Central House14 Upper Woburn PlaceLondonWC1H0NNUnited Kingdom
Healthy and fertile soils are the foundation of the food system. Soils provide the essential nutrients, water, oxygen and root support that crops need to grow. Despite this, human activities have contributed to and intensified land degradation across the world’s ecosystems and agricultural lands, in both developing and industrialised economies. Land degradation has become a global problem, it is estimated that a quarter of the global land area is degraded. Although there is a good understanding about the process, status and impacts of land degradation, less is known about how land degradation is going to interact with climate change–one of the greatest challenges of our time. Climate change is already harming people and threatening ecosystems around the globe. Future climate change is expected to affect food production and availability, exacerbating food security and increasing the pressure on economic, political and social systems around the world. The global food system will not only need to deal with the above pressures, but it will also need to provide food for an increasing number of people. It is estimated that global food production needs to increase by 70% by 2050 to satisfy the expected food and feed demand.
This seminar aims to provide a better understanding of these challenges. It will explore the complex interdependencies between climate change, land degradation and food security. The seminar will discuss food sustainability issues in the context of population growth and resource constraints.
This seminar is part of the project “The impact of climate change and global food production” funded by The Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment.
This seminar will be followed by a networking reception.
For accessibility information please follow this link: https://www.accessable.co.uk/venues/central-house
About the speakers
Professor Chris Rapley CBE is Professor of Climate Science at University College London. He is a Fellow of St Edmund's College Cambridge, a member of the Academia Europaea, Chairman of the London Climate Change Partnership, and a member of the Science Museum, London’s Advisory Board. He has honorary DSc’s from the University of Bristol and the University of east Anglia, and an Honorary Professorship from Imperial College London.
Professor David Norse initially trained as an agricultural scientist and then worked on agricultural development problems in Africa and the Caribbean for 8 years before holding senior appointments with the UK Department of the Environment, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in Paris, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation in Rome, and finally at UCL as Pro-Provost for China.
Peter Hazell trained as an agriculturalist in England before completing his Ph. D. in agricultural economics at Cornell University and a post-doctoral assignment at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. From 1972 to 2005 he held various research positions at the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), including serving as director of the environment and production technology division (1992-2003) and the development strategy and governance division (2003-2005) at IFPRI. Returning to the UK in 2005, he became a Visiting Professor at the Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London and a Professorial Research Associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.
Dr. Jason Neff is a Professor in the Environmental Studies program at CU Boulder where he also the founding director of the Sustainability Innovation Lab at Colorado (SILC); a centre created to accelerate innovative new approaches to sustainable development. Neff received his PhD in Biology from Stanford University (1999) and has been a professor at CU Boulder since 2003. He is the author of over 100 scientific publications and an introductory environmental science textbook titled ‘A Changing Planet’. After many years in academic research Neff is now is mostly focused on technology innovation and translation into real world impacts. These efforts include programs developing mobile applications for land planning and agricultural development, cloud-based modelling tools for mobile agronomic decision support and working on new ways to connect research to market-oriented innovation for sustainability.
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Altered brain structure in pathological narcissism
A far-reaching disorder of the self-esteem is denoted as a narcissistic personality disorder. Persons with pathological narcissism on the one hand suffer from feelings of inferiority, while on the other hand projecting themselves to the world as arrogant, disparaging and self-absorbed. One of the key features of a narcissistic personality disorder is the lack of empathy. Although patients suffering from such a disorder are well able to recognize what other persons feel, think and intent, they display little compassion.
View full story
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Convert acre foot per year (acre-ft/yr) versus gallons U.K. per hour (gal/hr)
in swapped opposite direction
from gallons U.K. per hour to acre feet per year
Or use utilized converter page with the
flow multi-units converter
|conversion result for two |
|From unit |
|Equals Result||To unit |
|1 acre foot per year acre-ft/yr||= 30.97||gallons U.K. per hour gal/hr|
Prefix or symbol for acre foot per year is: acre-ft/yr
Prefix or symbol for gallon U.K. per hour is: gal/hr
Technical units conversion tool for flow measures. Exchange reading in acre feet per year unit acre-ft/yr into gallons U.K. per hour unit gal/hr as in an equivalent measurement result (two different units but the same identical physical total value, which is also equal to their proportional parts when divided or multiplied).
How many gallons U.K. per hour are contained in one acre foot per year? To link to this flow - acre foot per year to gallons U.K. per hour units converter, only cut and paste the following code into your html.
The link will appear on your page as: on the web units converter from acre foot per year (acre-ft/yr) to gallons U.K. per hour (gal/hr)
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Fight Osteoporosis With HGH Treatment
Many factors influence bone growth, development, and repair. These factors include sunlight exposure, exercise, nutrition, and hormonal secretions. The thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, ovaries, testes and pituitary gland all secrete hormones for bone development and growth. The pituitary gland, often referred to as the “master gland,” actually produces hormones that regulate and control other glands and their functions. Hormones are simply substances that are produced by organs and gland within the body. They are typically produced in very small quantities and then travel to a target site or organ for use. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone. Growth hormone’s main function is facilitating the growth of bone and muscle tissue. As people age and become older, levels of hormone secretions decline. As this happens, it may begin to take longer for bones to heal and repair if incidents happen.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by porous bones. In osteoporosis, bone mineral density, or BMD is decreased. This happens as a result of an altered amount of non-collagenous proteins within the bone. This lack of new proteins within the bone structure slows down the bone’s ability to reinforce itself. This results in fragile, porous bones that are highly susceptible to fractures and breaks. Individuals with osteoporosis may also experience severe pain from spinal fractures, which can lead to pain with movement and immobility. Osteoporosis is often found in postmenopausal women who have seen an abrupt decline of hormone secretion. Men can also develop osteoporosis, as well as some younger women who have yet to experience menopause. Individuals who have hormonal disorders or hormonal imbalances, or those who have chronic diseases, who smoke, or who have been on high doses of steroids for long periods of time may also be at increased risk for developing osteoporosis.
Around age 30, bones reach their peak in density and mass and begin to decline with time. All humans are at risk for some bone degeneration with age, and unfortunately there is no cure to stop this erosion from happening. However, there are ways to help slow down the process or prevent it from getting worse. Adding human growth hormone can be used to prevent and possibly slow down osteoporosis. Human growth hormone has been proven to help build up bone mineral density or BMD. Stabilized bone mineral density results in stabilized bone proteins, which supports and reinforces bone structure, making bones firmer but still flexible. Bone flexibility is an important key to preventing fractures. Firm bone structure reduces the risk of bones being easily broken. Bones tend to break much more easily when they are porous and brittle. For example, an elderly woman who endures a fall is much more likely to break a bone, such as a hipbone, than a much younger person who also has sustained a fall because the elderly woman’s bones are typically much more porous and weak.
Growth hormone deficiency results in a bone mass decrease. For example, a child who is growth hormone deficient may be much smaller or shorter in nature because an insufficient amount of growth hormone is being produced by the pituitary gland. To treat this deficiency, human growth hormone is supplemented. Growth hormone works in much the same way when given to adults. As levels of growth hormone naturally decline with age, hormone supplementation may be needed to continue to stimulate bone formation and prevent bone loss. Breaking a bone is a painful experience. And unfortunately, for someone who has osteoporosis, the healing process may be much longer and much more painful.
In conclusion, human growth hormone is a crucial hormone needed for bone strength. Reintroducing growth hormone into the body and therefore increasing bone mineral density may be the first step in speeding up the healing time of bone breaks and fractures and possibly preventing them from happening in the future. Get more information on HGH Therapy.
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Peanuts, peanut butter may hold key to preventing obesity
Hispanic middle school children, at high risk for being overweight or obese, reduced their Body Mass Index (BMI) when they adhered to a nutrition intervention that included a snack of peanuts, compared to those children who did not.
The 12-week study was conducted by researchers at the University of Houston Department of Health and Human Performance (HHP), Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Woman's University. Their findings are published in the Journal of Applied Research on Children.
"Obesity is the most pressing health issue facing us today," said Craig Johnston, HHP assistant professor. "We'd like to think it's preventable, but from where I sit right now, there hasn't been a lot shown to be very effective on a large scale."
The study acknowledged that snacking is more common during the adolescent years and that the unhealthy eating habit can lead to an unhealthy weight. This is especially true if a student doesn't have access to other meals during the school day.
"We have a lot of kids skipping meals for a whole bunch of reasons," he said. "What we found is that kids get home from school around 4 p.m. There's less supervision by parents and less structure. Kids are sitting down at the TV and eating, eating, eating because they really didn't eat at school."
Instructors guided 257 Latino adolescents from three Houston-area charter schools through a program of physical activity and nutrition education. About half the students received a snack of peanuts or peanut butter three to four times a week, while the rest received the snack fewer than once a week. The snack was administered after school as students were boarding the school bus to go home. Peanuts were chosen because nuts are nutrient-dense snacks that promote a feeling of being full.
Following the 12-week intervention, students spent 12 more weeks maintaining the healthy snacking habit. At the end of the period, those students who received the snack more regularly experienced a decrease in their overall BMI (-.7kg/m2) compared to those who did not receive the regular peanut snack (-.3kg/m2). The researchers conclude that afterschool programs and schools can replace energy dense, unhealthy snacks with peanuts to provide a healthier alternative for children (researchers in the study ensured students did not suffer from nut allergies).
Johnston says the fight against obesity needs creative solutions that help people manage their weight, appetite and hunger by offering socially acceptable food choices.
"Schools are doing a great job of teaching kids, getting them workforce ready, and a whole bunch of other things. We've just got to make sure that our kids are going to live long, happy lives with that kind of education," he said.
Participants in the study were part of a larger longitudinal study on a school-based obesity intervention program. The Family Lifestyle Overweight (FLOW) Prevention Program is a school-based pediatric intervention for urban, low-income, minority students.
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adjective names, aristocratic names, banned names, celebrity baby names, Celtic names, english names, ethnonyms, famous namesakes, fictional namesakes, Gaelic names, historical records, locational names, name history, name meaning, name popularity, names of ships, nicknames, Old English names, Old Gaelic names, Old Norse names, Scottish names, surname names, unisex names, vocabulary names
Cheviot Beach is on Melbourne’s Mornington Peninsula, and will forever be remembered in Australian history as the place where our seventeenth Prime Minister, Harold Holt, disappeared without trace on December 17 1967, presumed drowned. To the best of my knowledge, we are the only country to have had a national leader disappear in modern times. The beach is named after the SS Cheviot, which was wrecked here in 1887, 35 people losing their lives. Not surprisingly, the public is not permitted access to Cheviot Beach, because the seas are far too dangerous – Harold Holt was only allowed to swim here because he was the Prime Minister, and as we see, it wasn’t a good idea. The SS Cheviot was named after the Cheviot Hills on the border between England and Scotland. They feature in The Ballad of Chevy Chase, which tells of a medieval battle between the English and the Scottish here. The name Cheviot is almost certainly Celtic, but the meaning is not known. This seems like an interesting way to get the nickname Chevy – which I’ve seen several times on baby boys.
Elliott Heads is a small town in Queensland, set amongst farmland and sugarcane fields. The beach at Elliott Heads is family friendly, popular for swimming, fishing, sailboarding and jet skiing. The town is at the mouth of the Elliott River, with the river supposedly named after Gilbert Eliott, who was the first Speaker of the Queensland Parliament. If so, I’m not sure why it is spelled differently. Eliott came from a long line of Scottish barons and baronets, and being calm, courteous and dignified, avoided nearly all political controversy, and was extremely popular. The surname Elliott can be derived from a number of different personal names. One is Ellis, a medieval English form of the name Elijah. It can be from the Old English Athelgeat, a male name meaning “noble Geat” (the Geats were a tribe who inhabited what is now Sweden). Another source is Old English Athelgyth, a female name meaning “noble battle”. It can be from Old English Aelfwald, meaning “elf ruler”. Finally, in Scotland it can be from the Gaelic surname Elloch, meaning “dweller by the mound”. Elliott has never charted in Australia, with parents preferring the spelling Elliot for their sons, currently #181.
Henley Beach is a pleasant suburb of Adelaide, and its white sandy beach has gentle water for swimming and a jetty for fishing. The public square next to the beach is lined with shops, hotels and restaurants. A well-established older suburb, it was first advertised in 1860 as being “free of noxious smells”, but as you can see, it’s got a lot more going for it than that. Henley was named after Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, a famous centre for rowing, with the Henley Royal Regatta held each summer. Sir Ninian Stephen, former Governor-General of Australia, was born in Henley, and came to Australia during his childhood. The name Henley means “high wood” in Old English, because the town is in the Chiltern Hills. Henley was in use as a boy’s name in the 19th century, and it is found in some rather aristocratic-sounding name combinations in Australian records (and the less inspired Henry Henley). It was a classy name choice 150 years ago – could it be again?
Kingston is a commuter town just south of Hobart in Tasmania; Kingston Beach is one of its suburbs. The area was settled in the 19th century by a family who were evacuated from Norfolk Island. Norfolk Island was at first a convict settlement like Sydney, but it ran into such difficulties that settlers were eventually forced to relocate to Tasmania. Being sent from a balmy subtropical island to freezing Tasmania must have come as a shock, but the pioneers obviously flourished. After World War II, many Dutch immigrants moved to Kingston, and it is a sister city to Grootegast in The Netherlands. Kingston Beach is the first swimming beach south of Hobart. Kingston was nostalgically named after the capital of Norfolk Island, which gained its appellation from its founder, Lieutenant Philip King. As we know, it’s not possible to name your child King in Australia, but you can call a baby Kingston, and it’s reasonably well-used in the records – one girl from Tasmania was even named Revie Josephine Kingston Beach. Quite common as a middle name for girls, only boys seem to have received it as a first name, including Kingston Rainbow, who managed to get two beachy names from my lists.
Lennox Head is a village in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales near the town of Ballina. Lennox Head Beach is more popularly known as Seven Mile Beach, although technically it’s only 5.3 miles long. The head, often called Lennox Point, provides panoramic views and a world-class point break, which makes this a famous surfing destination. Young surfers can look forward to the Rusty Gromfest in Lennox Head, known as the original and best youth surfing event in the country, and boasting alumni such as Stephanie Gilmore and Joel Parkinson. People also use Lennox Point for hang-gliding, and dolphin and whale watching. Lennox Head was named after Charles Gordon-Lennox, Duke of Lennox and Richmond, a soldier and politician. The dukedom is named for the district of Lennox in Scotland, near Glasgow; its name comes from the Old Gaelic for “field of elm trees”. Lennox is a very cool name for boys at the moment, which not only has the fashionable X, but also gives the trendy nickname Lenny; it was chosen as a baby name by racing driver Jason Bright. Handsome and aristocratic, it’s a great choice, and one I’m sure we’ll be seeing more of in the future.
Lorne is a seaside town on the stunning Great Ocean Road in Victoria. Settled in the mid 19th century, it was visited by Rudyard Kipling in 1891, who mentions it in his poem The Flowers. Kipling was obviously ahead of the trends, because the town only opened up to tourists in the 1930s. Lorne is one of Victoria’s most popular tourist destinations, and its beach one of the main attractions, offering good swimming, surfing and fishing. In January, the town holds the Pier to Pub swim, which, with a 1.2 km course, attracts thousands of entrants, and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest organised ocean swim in the world (Kieren Perkins won in 1992). Lorne is named in honour of the Marquess of Lorne, to commemorate his marriage to Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria. The Marquess became a very popular Governor-General of Canada; the Candian press feared he and his princess bride would be horribly snooty, but the young couple turned out to be sociable, relaxed, and flatteringly enchanted by Canada’s natural beauty. The district of Lorne in Scotland may have gained its name from Loarn mac Eirc, a Dark Ages ruler of a kingdom in Argyllshire. The Celtic name Loarn is said to mean “fox”, a clan totem animal. Lorne is a name comparatively well-used in Canada, which has close ties to the Marquess, and probably best known for many years as the screen name of Canadian actor, Lorne Greene. Others may remember it as Andy Hallett’s character’s name on the TV series, Angel – the joke is that his demonic face is green.
Lucky Bay is in Cape Le Grand National Park, not far from Esperance on the Southern Ocean coast of Western Australia. Australia has more than its fair share of beautiful beaches, but Lucky Bay must be one of the most magnificent – over five kilometres long, it is a perfect crescent of white sand lapped by clear, sparkling turquoise water. Surrounded by bushland inhabited by pygmy possums and bandicoots, you may have to share the beach with kangaroos, who enjoy lazing on the sands. Lucky Bay received its name from the navigator Matthew Flinders, who discovered it in 1802. He had been sailing in the hazardous Archipelago of the Recherche, the place where Australia’s only pirate operated from, in the 1830s. Although Flinders didn’t have to negotiate wth pirates, he had trouble enough to deal with. Sailing through the labyrinth of islets and rocks, and with night falling, Flinders took the risky step of sailing straight to the coast, in the hope that he could find safe anchorage on a beach. All was well, and he dubbed his welcome haven Lucky Bay. Most explorers in Australia haven’t been as fortunate, and therefore it is littered with forbidding place names such as Mount Disappointment, Misery Creek, Mount Hopeless, Miserable Island, Starvation Lake, Point Torment, Dismal Swamp, and Mount Destruction. Lucky Bay is unusually upbeat for an Australian place name chosen by an explorer. Lucky is a rare unisex name, and a very happy one – well suited to a baby whose birth circumstances seem particularly auspicious.
Preston Beach is a hamlet in the south of Western Australia, between Mandurah and Bunbury. It was developed in the late 1950s as a private estate, and its beach is known locally for being a good fishing spot. It was named after nearby Lake Preston, in Yalgorup National Park; the lake is named after Lieutenant William Preston, who discovered it in 1829. The surname Preston is from a very common place name in England, and means “priest town”. It may have either denoted a village which had its own priest, or one which belonged to the Church. Preston is well-known in Ireland as an aristocratic surname, and it is fairly common in Australian records from the 19th and early 20th centuries. It strikes me as a rather sleek, understated surname name for boys, in a similar mould to Parker and Spencer.
Tallow Beach is near Byron Bay in northern New South Wales. Once a hard-working and rather environment-destroying centre for logging, sand-mining, dairying, slaughtering, fishing and whaling, in the 1960s Byron began attracting surfers to its beaches. This began its new life as a tourist destination, and in the early 1970s the counter-culture Aquarius Festival was held in nearby Nimbin. From then on, it was known as a hippy, alternative town. Today in Byron, barely a weekend goes by when they are not holding a yoga or meditation retreat, pagan gathering, music festival, film festival, writers festival, surf festival, triathlon, underwater photo festival or art fair. Tallow Beach, in Bouddi National Park is a long stretch of wild, windswept shoreline with huge waves. It got its name when the Volunteer was wrecked there in 1864, and 120 casks of tallow were washed ashore. Tallow is rendered meat fat, once used to make candles, and still used today for biodiesel, soap and skincare products. I have occasionally seen Tallow used as a unisex name – it has the fashionable -oh sound ending with homespun appeal, and is similar to names such as Talon, Tallis, Talia and Tully. Because Tallow was used for candles, it seems like another name with an association of “light”.
Trigg is a northern suburb of Perth in Western Australia, and Trigg Beach one of the city’s most popular beaches for surfing and bodyboarding. The suburb is named after Henry Trigg, who was the Superintendent of Public Works in the 1830-1850s. A wealthy builder, Henry was able to emigrate to Australia and take up a large land grant. His son, also named Henry, was his partner in the building trade, and an architect who designed many of the buildings in Perth city. The surname Trigg is from the Old Norse surname Triggr, meaning “trustworthy, faithful, true”, and the personal name Trig has been used in England since medieval times. The American politician Sarah Palin has a son named Trig, which brought this very old name to new public attention. It has an attractive meaning, and is part of Western Australian history. I think it might appeal to people who like short, unusual names for boys, such as Kip, Dex or Zed.
(Picture shows kangaroo relaxing on the beach at Lucky Bay)
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versión On-line ISSN 0718-1043
JACKSON, Donald y BENAVENTE, Antonia. Complejización de los cazadores y recolectores en chiu chiu, río Loa medio (norte de Chile). Estud. atacam. [online]. 2010, n.39, pp. 5-20. ISSN 0718-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432010000100002.
The occupational sequence of Chiu Chiu's microbasin (Northern Chile) demonstrates that the area experienced significant changes in settlement patterns and artifact complexes, in a period of intense desertification, around 6000 years BP. One of the local responses to climate change was to settle more permanently near stable lake environments. This process reflect the economic changes that mark the initial social complexity of hunter-gatherer societies in the region.
Palabras llave : environmental change; social complexity; hunter gatherers; north Chile.
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n the past, strong leadership has been associated with such characteristics as directness, aggression, and confidence. While these associations are not necessarily incorrect or invaluable, they leave out a large part of the story. The problem with these traits is that they are not always focused toward egalitarian practices, teamwork or even efficiency. Most importantly, studies have shown that employees have a tendency to value far different traits in their leaders, including the following.
Communicating clearly is one of those elusive practices - everyone knows it's important, but no one knows exactly how to go about it. A common cause of disappointment, among both bosses and employees, is a lack of clarity in what is expected. Employees often assume that leaders will manage projects and communicate in a particular way that makes sense to them. Similarly, those in management positions expect tasks to be completed the way that seems most efficient to them.
Both viewpoints are subjective and rarely communicated effectively to the other party. Communication can be made clearer by barring one dangerous practice: assumptions. Instead of assuming something is understood, leaders should spell out their expectations and plans in detail.
Nothing kills employee morale faster than the feeling of being shielded from the full truth or, in worse cases, lied to. In a poll of 500 U.S employees, honesty ranked No.1 among desired traits for leaders, beating out responsiveness, cheerfulness, genuineness and even respect. This is particularly eye-opening because many of the other traits listed in the study were also crucial, yet employees chose honesty as the deal breaker.
While your leadership practices may not include lying, they may not incorporate transparency and up-front behavior either. When minimal information about decision-making is provided, employees are often left to fill in the blanks. Unfortunately, this can breed assumptions of dishonesty.
A telling 2012 study revealed that the primary reason employees fail to take initiative is that leaders simply aren't listening. Sixty-four percent of those polled in the U.S and Canada cited decision-making without employee input as the No. 1 problem. This isn't to say leaders are always careless or closed off to employee ideas, but it's likely they haven't implemented strong enough procedures for collecting feedback.
However, even if intentions are good, data shows that employees tend to interpret this negatively, claiming "employees are not rewarded for taking initiative" and "leadership dismisses ideas without considering them." Thus, asking for more input during meetings or scheduling additional time to meet with employees about their projects certainly merits more attention.
In addition to communicating and listening more, leaders would make groundbreaking strides in gaining employee trust by simply recognizing their achievements more often. Research has shown that appreciation from supervisors is an incredibly high priority for employees - even higher than money. A whopping 83 percent of participants claimed, "recognition for contributions was more fulfilling than any rewards or gifts."
Luckily, this is one of the simplest practices for leaders to implement. Achievement recognition doesn't have to come in the form of a raise or bonus. In fact, it would be more effective as a simple, personalized statement to each individual.
We now know the dire impact that leadership has on employee engagement and retention. In working to construct a clearer definition of what a strong leader looks like, we need to continue examining examples of both strong and weak leadership in order to determine best practices for leadership training. With honest input from both sides of an organization, leaders can work with their team to ensure trust is won and strong relationships are forged.
About the Author: Michele Thompson Rosario, CEO of Bright Effects, helping entrepreneurs get clients, get traffic, and get results.
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Holocaust heroism took various forms: historian
Jewish heroism during the Holocaust was expressed not only through armed resistance to the Nazis, but through non-violent means as well, says an Israeli historian.
Heroism manifested itself through the preservation of human dignity among oppressed Jews and through acts of rescue on the part of non-Jews, noted Robert Rozett, the co-author of a forthcoming book with Avraham Milgrom on the subject, and the director of the Yad Vashem Library in Jerusalem.
Rozett’s book – which he describes as a “documentary reader” – is based on letters and diaries produced by Jews during the Holocaust.
It will be the first volume of its kind, said Rozett, who was in Toronto recently at the invitation of the Canadian Society for Yad Vashem.
“Heroism is not just armed resistance,” said Rozett, the son of Holocaust survivors from Hungary who was born in the United States and made aliyah in 1978. “Heroism is also the spiritual courage that enabled Jews to wear the [Nazi] yellow star and Jewish women to keep their families together against all odds. It’s a different kind of heroism.”
Rozett’s still untitled book, which will be published in 2013 by Yad Vashem and Israel’s Knesset, will at first appear in Hebrew and then, possibly, in English.
Among the rescuers he discusses is Raoul Wallenberg, the legendary Swede who is credited with having saved 100,000 Jews in Nazi-occupied Budapest from 1944 onward.
In fact, Wallenberg acted in conjunction with a host of other rescuers, said Rozett, who, under the supervision of eminent scholar Yehuda Bauer, wrote his PhD thesis on Jewish rescue and revolt in Slovakia and Hungary.
“About a dozen or more people were involved in the rescue of Hungarian Jews in Budapest, including the Swiss consul, the Vatican representative, the honorary Spanish consul, and the Red Cross.”
As for armed resistance, Rozett said that revolts broke out in about 12 cities in Poland and Lithuania, including Warsaw, Vilna and Bialystok.
Revolts were planned in other localities, but were not carried out, he added.
Jewish resistance was only effective when it was connected to a larger non-Jewish revolt, he said, citing the 1944 Slovak rebellion. Rozett – a graduate of Hebrew University’s Institute for Contemporary Jewry – said that Holocaust denial is all the more serious when it is linked to a campaign delegitimizing Israel.
In his estimation, Holocaust denial has become a mainstream concept in the Muslim and Arab worlds, with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad being one of its most outspoken proponents.
Israeli politicians who evoke the Holocaust for political ends feed into criticism that Israel exploits the Holocaust, he said.
“We’d like people in the public domain to be careful about what they say. But it’s germane to talk about Jewish history. The Holocaust belongs in public, but it depends how it is used.”
Yad Vashem’s library is probably the biggest of its kind, containing 130,000 titles in 54 languages, primarily in English and German, said Rozett, who has been its director for the past 18 years.
Among the publications are 1,300 yizkor books from Jewish communities destroyed by the Nazis and 9,000 memoirs written by Holocaust survivors.
Each year, about 4,000 titles, some on Jewish life and identity, are added to the collection. In the interests of comprehensiveness, the library collects Holocaust denial literature, too. “Not all suppliers want to deal with that material,” he said.
The library also stocks German publications from the Nazi era and Jewish newspapers and journals from the Holocaust period.
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In a recent study conducted by researchers at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, the impact of financial inclusion on climate risk management for rural households in low- and middle-income people was investigated.
The study published in the journal Scientific Reports revealed that access to formal financial institutions plays a crucial role in enabling rural households to address climate risks effectively.
Rural households in the semi-arid tropics face significant challenges due to climate change, including unpredictable weather events and income crises. To mitigate these risks, households often resort to keeping a fraction of their assets in liquid forms, such as cash, gold, silver, and financial investments, to quickly access funds during negative income shocks.
Banking Reduces Rural Climate Risks
The research results showed that financial inclusion, defined by indicators of access, use and barriers to formal financial institutions, has a positive impact on the ability of rural households to manage climate risks. The study examined data from 1,082 households in 30 villages in the semi-arid tropics of India, covering the period from 2010 to 2014.
The study found that 59% of households experienced weather shocks at least once during the five-year period, and 13% faced them in more than two years. Of the households affected by weather shocks, 57% relied on their own savings to manage the impacts. However, without access to liquid assets, rural households often resort to high-interest loans from informal sources.
The survey also revealed the hierarchy of sources of financial assistance during crises, with households primarily relying on family and relatives for support, followed by friends, village communities, moneylenders, and banks.
On average, households had 15.6% of their assets in liquid form. However, households with bank accounts had 1 to 13 percentage points less liquid assets when facing higher weather risks compared to those without bank accounts. In regions with higher risks of rain and temperature, economically excluded households were predicted to keep almost 50% of their assets in liquid form, while banked households only had 20%.
Financial inclusion reduces weather vulnerability
Households with access to formal financial institutions were found to have a lower proportion of their assets in liquid form compared to those without such access. This indicates that financial inclusion reduces the need for households to rely on holding liquid assets as a hedge against weather risks. Consequently, resources are available for investments in adaptation to climate change, improving long-term resilience and reducing vulnerability.
In regions with high climate variability, where the risk of weather-related shocks is more pronounced, the study found that households are more likely to hold a higher proportion of their assets in liquid form. The availability of formal financial institutions mitigates this need by offering alternative avenues for risk management.
A significant finding was that households facing climate shocks mainly rely on their own savings as the main coping mechanism. However, when formal financial institutions, such as banks, are considered among the top three reliable sources of assistance during crises, households are less reliant on lenders.
This indicates that access to formal financial institutions strengthens the economic resilience of households and reduces their reliance on high-interest, informal loans, which can exacerbate vulnerability.
The study emphasized the importance of expanding financial inclusion efforts in rural areas, mainly through the establishment of bank accounts.
India, for example, has made significant progress in expanding rural banking over the years, supported by policies to provide subsidized credit and other financial products to the agricultural sector.
Savings products offered through formal financial institutions provide security, better cash management, and enable more productive investments, ultimately helping to increase agricultural production.
- From tourist hotspot to polluted wasteland: Sad fate of Anchar Lake
- Malnutrition, Unemployment, Migration: Jhabua’s Deepening Water Crisis
- Asia’s risk of humid heat waves rises 30 times with climate change
You can connect with Ground Report on Facebook, Twitter, Koo App, Instagram, and Whatsapp and Subscribe to our YouTube channel. For suggestions and writeups mail us at email@example.com
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2.-Phrasal verbs:are two-word phrases consisting on verb+adverb or verb+preposition.
Some of the most common phrasal verbs are:Away with,Off with,Up for,Up with,Out of,On with,Put with,Up to and Down on.
Examples: I went out with my girlfriend for three years, then we broke up.
3.-Participles:Is a form of verb use to modify the noun or a verb, and is similar to an adjective.
Most of the participles ends with -ed or -ing
Examples: screaming babies, disturbing images, unexpected visit,satisfied customer.
4.- Prepositions:are used to connect nouns,pronouns or phrases.
Most of the prepositions are: Of,For,With,From,About,In,Down.......
Examples:Are you afraid of the dark?
Canterbury is famous for its catedral.
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Frequently Asked Questions
How does the Hydrosense Legionella Rapid Test work?
The Hydrosense test uses Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay (LFICA) technology. The test is designed to detect Legionella antigen, using antibodies tagged with red nanoparticles, which bind to any Legionella pneumophila sg1 bacteria found in a sample and make them visible as a line on the device. In simple terms, the test works just like a pregnancy test, except it detects Legionella antigen rather than pregnancy markers.
What is a Lateral Flow Test? (LFT)
The Hydrosense test uses Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay (LFICA) technology. The test is designed to detect Legionella antigen, using antibodies tagged with red nanoparticles, which bind to any Legionella pneumophila sg1 bacteria found in a sample and make them visible as a line on the device.
In simple terms, the test works just like a pregnancy test, except it detects Legionella antigen rather than pregnancy markers.
Does the Hydrosense Legionella Test detect all species of Legionella?
The test is specific to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1(SG1). Legionella pneumophila is responsible for 97% of Legionnaries’ disease and SG1 causes 91% of the Legionnaires’ disease caused by pneumophila*. L. pneumophila SG1 is by far the most prevalent, virulent and deadly type of Legionella and the most important to detect quickly to mitigate risk.
The ability to detect L. pneumophila SG1 rapidly is extremely useful in preventing outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease, and the Hydrosense Legionella field test provides “early warning” information on the presence of this high-risk organism. This means that steps can be taken to control Legionella bacteria quickly, thereby reducing the threat to human life, days before the laboratory could even provide a preliminary positive result.
Does Hydrosense Legionella Test have any validations?
The Hydrosense method has been recognised and independently validated by both commercial and research institutions around the world. The Dutch Water Research Institution (KWR), compared the test with lab culture and PCR methods and stated that the Hydrosense test is a useful addition to the set of instruments for the daily management of cooling water systems. It also mentioned that its speed and simplicity make it exceptionally interesting for monitoring in emergencies.
A world leader in the water treatment industry also carried out an independent validation, which was presented at the International Water Conference. Likewise, the Centers for Disease Control of China has validated and endorsed the Hydrosense legionella Field test. The Hydrosense Test was also approved by DAKKS, the national accreditation body for the Federal Republic of Germany. DAKKS approved the test for the 14-day self-control and classified it as sufficient device for Legionella testing (based on 42.BimschV)
UKAS Accreditation– UKAS accreditation is only available to laboratories. It is possible that a UKAS accredited lab could carry out the Hydrosense Legionella field test. In fact, many of them do. However, since the rapid testing is carried out on-site, which is, of course, one of its biggest advantages, UKAS accreditation is not applicable.
CE MARKING– Many products sold in the EU carry a CE mark which indicates that the product is in compliance with European Directives. At present, there is no EU directive on any Legionella water tests. As a result, CE marking is not applicable.
Can several samples be analysed at the same time?
Yes, the Hydrosense Legionella Test is highly efficient for testing multiple samples in parallel and takes only 25 minutes to provide results. The filtration process typically takes well under 5 minutes. Several samples can be collected, and multiple different tests can be performed simultaneously.
Can the Hydrosense Legionella Test replace the laboratory culture method?
Almost every regulatory framework in the world recommends the use of the Laboratory Culture method. This is principally due to the fact that technique has been around for a long time so is well understood.
However, the latest version of the ISO Water quality — Enumeration of LegionellaLab Culture standard (11731:2017) states that recovery rate of the laboratory test is “ > 64%”. Meaning that up to 35 out of every 100 samples tested even in an ISO accredited lab could produce a false negative result. In non-accredited labs this number is likely to be much higher. Hydrosense’s recovery rate is over 80%, 15% higher than that stated in the ISO document.
Additionally, the Lab Culture method is unable to detect Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) forms of Legionella bacteria which can still infect human lung cells. Hydrosense detects VBNC bacteria.
A positive Lab Culture result is a positive result two weeks too late – by the time the result is received people have been at risk of infection for two weeks. Conversely, a negative Lab Culture result provides a false sense of security as Legionella populations can double in 24 hours or less. A result from two weeks ago is a view of the past which holds little, if any, meaning for today. Hydrosense can provide results in 25 minutes, in fact, a positive result is sometimes visible much faster than that.
If your local regulatory compliance framework or water system circumstances dictate that lab testing is required, then you must carry out a lab test, in which case the Hydrosense test should not be used as a replacement. However, considering the factors mentioned above, it is unwise to use the lab culture method in isolation. Hydrosense recommends that more than one test method should be used (whether Lab Culture, Hydrosense or PCR) in order to effectively protect businesses, their employees, customers, and the general public from the risk of Legionnaires’ disease.
Our customers often use the Hydrosense test in addition to periodic lab culture tests and as a part of an overall risk assessment to minimise the risks of Legionella exposure.
What business sectors use the Hydrosense Legionella Test?
Legionnaires’ disease presents a significant risk to public health and as such, in many industries, the control of Legionella bacteria is carefully regulated by specific health and safety law.
However, some businesses and sectors have a much higher risk when it comes to Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease than others. The main risk areas that encourage the rapid growth and spread of Legionella include cooling towers, potable water systems, showers, sinks, spas/Hot Tubs, swimming pools, water tanks, car washes, decorative fountains and others. Read more about risk factors in different sectors
Can I do the Legionella test myself?
Yes, The Hydrosense Legionella Test is very easy to conduct and with the help of the instructions included in the kit, and instructional videos available online, everyone can perform the test.
Interpretation of the test results is also very straightforward. One line indicates a negative result and two lines indicate a positive result. The test can be read and recorded using the Smartphone reader app, available to download for free from the App Store.
When to test for Legionella with the Hydrosense Test Kits?
The Hydrosense test is particularly useful in 5 situations:
- Routine monitoring of water systems –If a water system is infected, then the faster this is identified, the faster corrective action can be taken. Many guidelines rely heavily on the risk assessment procedure, which requires that testing regimes are tailored to specific circumstances of the water system.
- Checking systems where control measures have gone out of conformance – When cold water is not sufficiently cold, and hot water is not hot enough to prevent Legionella growth, or when biocide levels are too low, a system may become rapidly compromised. The real-time water safety checks can allow for quick identification of risk and instant remedial action.
- Checking after a disinfection treatment– Once an infected water system has been treated, the faster it can be confirmed that the treatment has been effective, the faster everyone can get back to work. It also allows service providers to show their customer that the treatment has worked, offering them a peace of mind.
- Identifying the source of an outbreak –If there is an outbreak it is important for both public health and for legal reasons to establish the source as soon as possible. The Hydrosense test can provide immediate detection and allows duty holders to take immediate remedial action. A positive with Hydrosense can ensure people are protected from a source of infection in minutes rather than continued exposure while water management professionals are waiting for Lab Culture or PCR results from a Lab.
- In any environment without easy access to a lab –For many sites with critical water supplies, it is difficult, if not impossible, to send samples to a lab for testing. For example, on ships and offshore facilities like oil rigs, on-site testing provides easy and invaluable results that cannot be obtained from the lab.
How often should I test for Legionella?
Legionella testing frequency will depend on regulations in your industry and region, your company specific water safety plan and the level of risk facing your organisation/ facility. For instance, hotels and medical facilities will have a much higher risk than office blocks because of more complex water systems and, in the case of medical facilities, the presence of more vulnerable people.
Where should I take a sample from?
Any water system with either a recirculating water system or water reservoirs where water can reach temperatures between 20°C-55°C (68°F-131°F) must be considered potential sources for the growth of Legionella bacteria. Sampling sites should be chosen to be representative of all the identified risk areas where Legionella can reside and grow. It is important to remember that sampling procedure follows a tailored Water Safety Plan that is specific to the organisation, country and industry. If you are unsure what areas should be tested in specific countries, please see recommendations below:
- The UK- Public Health England Guidelines
- The EU- European Technical Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Investigation, of Infections Caused byLegionella species
- Australia- Guidelines for Legionella Control
- The USA– Legionella: Guidelines, Standards, and Laws
- You can also visit our Legionella high-risk sectors page for more information.
Do I need to wear protective equipment when performing the test?
You should follow Water Safety Plan recommendations for the collection of water samples for Legionella. However, when using the Hydrosense test no particular precautions are required. The filtration step in some kits captures any bacteria in the sample thus reducing risk while taking the test. When collecting a water sample, you should avoid being near or creating aerosols (showers and spray).
Do I need any special equipment to perform the test?
All of the equipment you need to carry out a test is included in the kit provided.
How to store the Hydrosense Legionella Test ?
The tests should be stored at room temperature, preferably below 30°C (86°F). The tests can be exposed to slightly higher temperatures for short periods of time but should be returned to room temperature as soon as possible. The test should not be frozen. The tests come packed in a waterproof foil wrapper, which must be undamaged. Damaged wrappers mean that the test may have been compromised and must not be used.
How to dispose the Hydrosense Legionella Test ?
Used tests can be disposed of in normal waste procedures. The tests, even when exposed to Legionella, does not pose a risk of infection as sprays or aerosols cannot be created. On the instruction leaflet that you receive with each test kit, you will find a full list of components that can and cannot be recycled.
Do I need any special training to use the Hydrosense Legionella test?
No. The tests are simple to use and no special training is required. Please see the video clips on the website which take you through the execution of the different types of tests.
What does a negative result mean?
A negative test result indicates that LpSG1 antigen has not been detected in your water system or that the concentration was below the limit of detection.
What does a positive result mean?
A positive Hydrosense Legionella test means that Legionella pneumophila SG 1 (LpSG1) antigen has been detected in your water system above the limit of detection for the test kit used.
As a result, your employees, clients and the general public are at risk. You should follow your Water Safety Plan recommendations, contact your water management specialist or clean your water system immediately.
What should I do if Legionella has been detected?
If Legionella has been detected in your water system, your staff, customers and the general public are at risk of contracting Legionnaires’ disease. This can have very serious consequences for you and your business. It is recommended to follow your Water Safety Plan recommendations, contact your water management specialist or clean your water system immediately.
What is the shelf life of the Hydrosense Legionella Test ?
The shelf life is 18 months from the date of manufacture when stored at below 30°C. If you are concerned about the shelf life of the product, please discuss your requirements with the Hydrosense team member, before placing an order.
How can I buy the Hydrosense Products?
To purchase Hydrosense test kits please get in touch with a Hydrosense team member or one of our global partners
Can I resell the Hydrosense Legionella Test Kits?
The Hydrosense Partner Program offers attractive benefits and rewards to all our distributors. Please find out more here
What support will I get to obtain local accreditation?
We are committed to make our technology more relevant to businesses and customers worldwide. Therefore, we would be happy to offer technical expertise and other support in order to obtain local accreditations and/or validate the performance of the test by an independent laboratory
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America and the Palestinians, from Balfour to Trump
A critical examination of the history of US-Palestinian relations
The United States has invested billions of dollars and countless diplomatic hours in the pursuit of Israeli-Palestinian peace and a two-state solution. Yet American attempts to broker an end to the conflict have repeatedly come up short. At the center of these failures lay two critical factors: Israeli power and Palestinian politics.
While both Israelis and Palestinians undoubtedly share much of the blame, one also cannot escape the role of the United States, as the sole mediator in the process, in these repeated failures. American peacemaking efforts ultimately ran aground as a result of Washington’s unwillingness to confront Israel’s ever-deepening occupation or to come to grips with the realities of internal Palestinian politics. In particular, the book looks at the interplay between the U.S.-led peace process and internal Palestinian politics—namely, how a badly flawed peace process helped to weaken Palestinian leaders and institutions and how an increasingly dysfunctional Palestinian leadership, in turn, hindered prospects for a diplomatic resolution. Thus, while the peace process was not necessarily doomed to fail, Washington’s management of the process, with its built-in blind spot to Israeli power and Palestinian politics, made failure far more likely than a negotiated breakthrough.
Shaped by the pressures of American domestic politics and the special relationship with Israel, Washington’s distinctive “blind spot” to Israeli power and Palestinian politics has deep historical roots, dating back to the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate. The size of the blind spot has varied over the years and from one administration to another, but it is always present.
Praise for Blind Spot
“Elgindy, a former adviser to the Palestinian leadership on negotiations with Israel, presents a balanced and thorough interpretation of more than a century of U.S. policy on Palestinian issues.”
—John Waterbury, Foreign Affairs
“The book is rich in perfectly coined phrases deftly encapsulating a particular time period. . . Blind Spot offers a remarkable approach to the Palestinian search for historical agency, a fundamental quest of any colonized people. It examines in painstaking detail how Palestinians as the far weaker party have lacked agency and have been shortchanged at every step of the conflict.”
—José S. Vericat, Journal of Palestine Studies
“Unquestionably the best book ever on US relations with the Palestinians.”
—Bruce Riedel, director of the Intelligence Project at the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in the Center for Middle East Studies
“Khaled Elgindy shines a bright light on the complicated and often dysfunctional power dynamics that have to a great extent shaped the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. The persistent failure of Washington policymakers to take seriously Palestinian internal politics played a key role in the failures of that peace process. Elgindy’s book offers a powerful corrective and should be required reading for anyone who aspires to engage in genuine Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking in the future.”
—Lara Friedman, president, Foundation for Middle East Peace
“Blind Spot is an important contribution to our understanding of American policy and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. Khaled Elgindy, a serious scholar and analyst, documents what he calls the pervasive blindness of American policymakers to the power disparities between Israel and the Palestinians, and American ignorance of and inattentiveness to Palestinian politics. This book is a timely corrective to the prevailing focus of American
policy solely on Israeli politics, views, and requirements.”
—Daniel Kurtzer, S. Daniel Abraham Professor of Middle East Policy Studies, Princeton University
“American diplomats dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict have always paid close attention to domestic politics within Israel. But, as Khaled Elgindy shows us in his deeply researched book, the same is hardly the case when it comes to the Palestinians. Indeed, it is as if the weaker party has so few real choices to make that its concerns hardly matter. The Trump administration has taken this to the extreme of acting as if Israeli-Palestinian peace could
be achieved without even dealing with the Palestinians at all. Such willful ignorance assures that Trump will be unable to clinch the so-called ‘deal of the century.’ He and his advisers would be well advised to read this book and then to pay attention to the intricate politics that influence the moves of all parties to this conflict: our own.”
—William B. Quandt, professor emeritus, University of Virginia
“Surprisingly, there has not been a book detailing the history of American-Palestinian relations over the years, and certainly not one sensitive to Palestinian interests. Thanks to Khaled Elgindy, now there is. Reviewing U.S. policy over the past century, Elgindy concludes that, despite some variation across administrations, a constant ‘blind spot’ has undermined American efforts to mediate the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The book is very much worth reading.”
—Shibley Telhami, professor of government and politics, University of Maryland; nonresident senior fellow, the Brookings Institution
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What Karma Is
Karma is simply a ‘mental action.’ It is a ‘volitional action.’ It is ‘willful action.’
Since volition is a mental phenomenon, karma is also a mental phenomenon. It is through-in and through-out a mental (non-material) phenomenon and nothing else. It is not a storehouse of ‘things’ or ‘deeds’ possessed or owned by an entity. It does not belong to a person or a being. It is simply a phenomenon of ‘volitional action.’
Volition is not exactly karma but the most important factor responsible for generating karma. It is like the seed of karma. Without volition, there cannot be any action through mind, speech, and body. The element of Volition generates action (karma) when it conjoins with unwholesome or wholesome mental elements. In other words, pure volition is not karma but the unwholesome or wholesome volition is. So, basically, unwholesome or wholesome volition generates karma.
Generated karma accumulates to form ‘Stored-up karma’ or ‘volitional formations.’ The seed of karma (volition), generated karma (volitional action), and stored-up karma (volitional formations) give rise to the ‘Karma-Result- the fruit of karma.’ In other words, we can say that the fruition of karma results from the sum total of volition, volitional action, and volitional formation. The difference between these three mental phenomena lies in the difference in their potency to generate mental action.
An artist cannot paint a picture unless there is an artistic-volition, "will" to paint. Once there is this volition, he starts creating a mental image of what he wants to paint. He then physically starts painting this mental picture that has come to his mind. He continues the painting until it is completed.
In this example, seed of karma is the ‘artistic volition’ or ‘will’ to paint. The mental image of the picture is the ‘mental action’ which results from the artistic volition. The bodily action of painting is the ‘physical action’ which results from mental action. This mental and physical action is ‘generated karma.’ So, while an artist is imagining and painting the picture, he is generating karma. This generated karma accumulates and forms the volitional formations. They are like the sum total of the generated karma. These volitional formations are the ‘stored-up karma’ which further leads to artistic-volition. These volitional formations are what ultimately behind the artistic mind of an artist.
Once the painting is completed, what we get is an impression of all the karmas, which is called the fruit of karma or ‘karma-results.’ The finished painting is like an outward expression of the karma-results. It is the fruit (karma-result) of the sum total of all karmas (artistic volition, actions, and volitional formations).
Just like the painting, our embodiment (body-mind-consciousness) is an expression of the fruit of our karma or karma-results.
The word ‘karma’ is used loosely to sometimes denote just the qualitative volition (karma) or just action (generated karma) or just volitional formations (stored-up karma) or a combination thereof. These various karmas are basically the same because they are all mental phenomena. As I mentioned earlier, they only differ in their ‘potency’ to create or generate fruits.
For example, volition itself does not have enough potency to cause re-birth or death. For the fruit of rebirth or death or such significant result, we need the potency of stored-up karma or an equally powerful karma.
As long as we understand that karma is a mental phenomenon, it really does not matter how the word is used. As long as we understand that all actions (wholesome or unwholesome), all deeds, all creations, all happenings are rooted in karma, we can say that we understand karma. When we have such understanding, we begin to look at this world, this existence, as an expression of the phenomenon of karma. This becomes quite clear once we understand the four laws of Karma.
The First Law of Karma
The Law of Perfect Accountability of Action
Volition when combines with wholesome mental elements (such as Non-greed, Non-Hatred and Non-Delusion) results in wholesome mental, physical, and verbal actions. These actions produce wholesome results (fruits) in accordance with the quality of volition. In other words, wholesome karma produces wholesome karma-results. Similarly, unwholesome karma produces unwholesome karma-results. This is the first law of karma.
A seed of mango will only generate a mango tree which will bear sweet mango fruits. A seed of lemon will only generate a lemon tree which will bear sour lemon fruit. A seed of lemon cannot generate a mango tree. A seed of mango cannot generate a lemon tree.
Similarly, wholesome karma of ‘service’ or ‘meditation’ produces wholesome karma-results. What are the wholesome karma-results? Fundamentally, they are wholesome volitional formations which eventually generate states of wholesome consciousness or wholesome mental patterns such as contentment, generosity, loving-kindness, faith, tranquility, merit, happiness, peace, and egolessness.
Unwholesome karma of ‘ill will’ or ‘covetousness’ produce unwholesome karma-results. These are fundamentally the unwholesome volitional formations which eventually generate states of unwholesome consciousness or unwholesome mental patterns such as craving, aversion, stupidity, vanity, pride, pain, suffering, misery and ego. This is how the first law of karma functions.
The wholesome or unwholesome volitional formations (stored-up karma) give rise to volitional seeds which bear fruits (karma-results) when favorable conditions are present. Just as a newly produced mango seed cannot generate a new mango tree unless there are favorable nutrition and temperature conditions (soil, water, minerals, warmth, etc); the newly produced volitional seeds cannot produce consciousness-mind-matter unless favorable conditions exist. This is the law of conditionality which sustains and maintains the law of karma.
It is obvious from the mango-lemon example that the law of karma is fixed. It cannot be changed. It rules its own operation. It sustains itself. There is no outside power or inside power ensuring its efficacy. The law itself is supreme. Therefore, it is unintelligent and unwise to credit some Overlord or some Fixed-Entity for this supremacy, especially when the law is so obviously expressing itself in all aspects of our existence.
Volitional formations (or stored-up karma) are somewhat similar to memory, impressions, reactions, etc. The phenomenon of formation or accumulation is not to be confused with the formation of some subtle entity or ‘being.’ It simply forms; therefore, it is called the phenomenon of formation. It simply accumulates; therefore it is called the phenomenon of accumulation.
These are mental phenomena. They are responsible for generating mental patterns or mental/ethical qualities. Wholesomeness or unwholesomeness is a mental pattern, a particular mould. They are a bending. They bend the pure mental phenomenon on its object by imparting their qualities.
A seed of mango does not take its form instantly. It acquires a particular form due to accumulation of matter. Similarly, a wholesome or unwholesome mental pattern is formed due to accumulation of karma. A mental pattern of ‘greed’ is formed due to accumulation of greedy actions/reactions over a vast period of time. A mental pattern of ‘faith’ is formed due to accumulation of faithful actions/reaction over a vast period of time. A mental pattern of ‘mindfulness’ is formed due to accumulation of mindful actions (such as meditation) over a vast period of time. Such understanding leads us to the second law of karma.
The Second Law of Karma
The Law of Mental Action-Reaction
Karma generates karma-results, which, in turn generate further karma bearing the same qualities. This is the second law of karma. It is the law of the ‘round’ of karma.
A seed of mango generates a mango tree. This newly generated tree will only produce mango fruits containing only the mango seed.
Similarly, volition of greed or hatred will only generate greedy or hateful actions, respectively. These actions (the karma) will result in states of wholesome or unwholesome consciousness (the fruit of karma) which will again cause the volition of greed or hatred to arise. Thus, unwholesome karma will always beget unwholesome karma and wholesome karma will always beget wholesome karma.
We cannot perform unwholesome deeds such as killing, stealing, lying, slandering, etc and get away with it because such actions will always lead to misery and suffering even though it may not be obvious or may not show up right away. Similarly, we need not stop from performing wholesome deeds such as meditating, serving, giving, reverence, virtuosity, etc even if we do not see immediate results because such actions will always lead to merit and happiness. The phenomenon of karma runs on a perfect accounting system; therefore, we should develop fearfulness for wrong-doing and faith in right-doing.
In the advanced stages of mental development, one realizes that, whether it is wrong-doing or right-doing, it is still karma. This karma will beget more karma. This round of karma is the imprisonment we all live in. It is the self-imprisonment. The round of karma must be broken to begin the process of spiritual evolution, which ultimately leads to liberation. This round of karma can be broken by not generating karma, thereby stopping the accumulation of karma. When accumulation stops, the stored-up karma arises to the surface and fuels the existence until the entire stock is exhausted. When this happens, there is no more becoming and associated suffering. Such understanding leads us to the third and the fourth law of karma.
The Third Law of Karma
The Law of Perfect Action
Karma generates results only when it is rooted in delusion (Sense of self, I-ness or the Ego). Egoless action does not generate karma or karma-results. This is the third law of karma.
Not generating karma does not mean that there is no volition or action. It means that the volition or action is not rooted in craving or aversion. It means that the volition or action is not rooted in the ‘self’ or ‘I’ or ego (the manifestations of ignorance or delusion). Any volition or action without the root of ego does not generate fruits or karma-results that bound us to the round of suffering or imperfections.
Actions rooted in ego are actually ‘reactions’ because they invariably generate karma-results that eventually form mental patterns responsible for reactions. Actions rooted in egolessness do not generate reactions or volitional formations or karma-results. Such actions which do not generate karma-results are the ‘perfect’ actions. Thus, egolessness (selflessness) is the necessary condition for achieving ‘Perfection in Action.’
Such realization is extremely important. Otherwise, our actions continue to be driven by our ego, which takes us deeper and deeper into the misery. Our ego-driven actions make the walls of the prison (that we live in) thicker and thicker.
The enlightened masters perform various activities, however, they do not generate karma-results because their volition is rooted in Egolessness; their volition is rooted in non-delusion or wisdom. Enlightened masters are egoless functionaries. They perform action-less action. Their actions are "non-actions" and not inactions.
If we help someone thinking that ‘we’ are helping, then our action is rooted in ego. If we help someone thinking that a pure volition has arisen to perform a particular action, then our action is rooted in egolessness.
Whenever there is no sense of doer, performer, achiever, executor, etc in our actions, the actions become effortless, easy-flowing, smooth, impeccable, flawless, immaculate, pure, and perfect. Majority of extraordinary work in art, science, and humanities has resulted from such actions.
The Fourth Law of Karma
The Law of Emptiness
There is no fruit (karma-result) inside the karma. There is no karma inside the fruit (karma-result). The fruit and karma are devoid of each other. They are totally different from each other. They are separate phenomena altogether. And yet, the fruit cannot occur without the karma. Its occurrence depends wholly on the karma. This is the fourth law of karma, which is subtle.
As we all know, milk can be made into curd and curd can be made into butter. Without milk, we cannot make curd and without curd, we cannot make butter. In this milk-curd-butter relationship, there is no milk inside the curd or inside the butter. Similarly, there is no curd inside the milk or butter. Milk, curd, and butter are all devoid of each other. They are distinctly different. And yet, curd or butter cannot be made without the milk, or, butter cannot be made without the curd.
When milk changes to curd, there is no milk left in the curd. When curd changes to butter, there is no milk or curd left in the butter. Thus, neither milk (the beginning cause in this case), nor anything else such as a fixed or permanent entity underlies the milk-curd-butter phenomenon. There is no unchanging substance that transmigrates from milk to curd to butter.
Thus, milk-curd-butter is just a phenomenon which goes on by itself depending upon the laws of karma, the law of conditionality, and the law of interdependence.
Similarly, childhood-younghood-adulthood-old age-death-rebirth…...death……rebirth is just a phenomenon driven by the laws of karma, the law of conditionality, and the law of interdependence. There is no single fixed ‘being’ or ‘I’ or an ‘individual-soul’ that is aging, dying, taking re-birth, aging and dying again. At the same time, there is no aging and death without the birth, and there is no rebirth without the death. Thus, birth-aging-death-rebirth…..death…..rebirth…..death….is just an interdependent phenomenon and the phenomenon goes on by itself.
Whether it is a birth of our body or a thought or an emotion or a circumstance or a situation, whatever it may be, it is all empty of ‘self’ or ‘I’ or any fixed being. It is all empty of an owner or a carrier (such as an individual-soul). Everything that happens in creation is only a phenomenon of karma which works within the law of cause and effect.
There is nothing fixed or permanent that moves from past to present to future. At the same time, there is no present without the past and no future without the present. What this means is that the ‘Past’ is simply a term used for ‘conditions’ that existed before the present. Present is simply a term used for ‘conditions’ that currently exist. And, ‘future’ is simply a term used for the ‘probability of conditions’ based on the present. The phenomenon of Karma binds these conditions, thereby creating the illusion of past-present-future, the continuity of our existence. The truth of ‘phenomenon’ underlies everything in existence. Phenomena alone flow on….
Understanding this, we should perform all actions. If we do that, we will notice how our actions start becoming more and more effortless. We will then notice how our activities become more and more playful and delightful. We will then notice how the word ‘work’ begins to fade away from our dictionary.
What this means is that, even when we are working, we don’t feel that we are working.
For example, I am writing for this website. I don’t feel it is me who is writing. I honestly feel that there are these volitions and there are these words that are being put on the website. I feel that the mental and physical ‘phenomena of making this website is simply going on.
You might be wondering that, unless I choose to make this website, how can it happen or come about?
The reality is that, I am not choosing to do this! Quite honestly, it is really just happening!
Let me discuss the ‘phenomenon of choice’ in order make myself more clear.
The Phenomenon of ‘Choice.’
Earlier, during our discussion on the cognitive processes, we defined ‘choice’ as none other than the wholesome or unwholesome consciousness that arises at the climax of the cognitive process.
This wholesome or unwholesome consciousness is basically what karma is. So, we can now say that ‘choice-making’ is basically a karmic activity. However, as implied by the four laws of karma, there is no choice-maker behind the choice.
Choice-making is simply a mental phenomenon.
Choice is an action or reaction. It is primarily a ‘reaction’ when unwholesome consciousness arises at the climax of the cognitive process; but, because of ego (delusion), we feel ‘we’ have made a choice. What actually happens is just a reaction to the event.
Similarly, choice is primarily an ‘action’ when wholesome consciousness arises at the climax of the cognitive process; but, because of ego (delusion), we feel ‘we’ have made a choice. What actually happens is just an ‘action’ which is wholesome. The quality of this action depends upon the quality of the present karma at the moment. In both cases, whether action or reaction, it is the ripening of stored-up karma (the impulsions) coupled with the present karma (volition) that conditions the phenomenon of choice. (See example below)
Let us say, you are extremely hungry and you are asked to choose between salad and a double cheese pizza. You ignore pizza and choose the salad. In this case, what happens is as follows: The moment you see food, there is a desire to eat. This desire is nothing but the arising of sense-consciousness rooted in greed. This sense-consciousness is the manifestation of stored-up karma (the impulsions) and it arises at the climax of the cognitive process. Now, because you are mindful and non-reactive (due to your meditative practice), there is a volition for nourishment and health. It is this wholesome volition which counteracts the unwholesome sensual greed, reduces its strength and overcomes it. So, you end up ignoring pizza and choosing the salad. Thus, instead of reacting, you act. If the wholesome volition does not arise, then you simply react, which means, you choose to eat pizza.
In this example, the impulsion of unwholesome consciousness (desire to eat pizza) is related to the stored-up karma and the wholesome volition (choice of salad) is related to the present karma. This present karma or volition is called the ‘choice’ in common language.
Similarly, the impulsion to eat pizza is also called the choice in common language, even though you are really not choosing but simply succumbing to the impulsions.
Choice is thus a mental phenomena rooted in impulsions or volition. It is not the act of some hidden choice-maker.
Broadly speaking, the contents of this website revolves around how to develop the wholesome volition of ‘meditativity’ so that more and more wholesome choices are made and unwholesome impulsions are eradicated. I am confident that, if various teachings discussed in this website are practiced ardently and consistently, a stage will come in the practitioner’s life when there will be no unwholesome impulsions during the cognitive process. There will be no more reactions.
We all know how harmful and detrimental it is to live in a reactive mode of life. We all want to be taking ‘action’ in our life. In order to do that, we need to develop the volition of meditativity so that we become mindful of unwholesome impulsions, non-react to them, and be able to take wholesome action.
Therefore, the most important and profitable volition is the volition of ‘meditativity.’ It is the real beneficial action. Or, you can say that it is the best choice.
The volition of meditativity facilitates the development of mindfulness, non-reaction, wise-attention, and concentration. Without these four wholesome qualities, it is utterly impossible to not react to majority of unwholesome impulsions, because, these impulsions have formidable power and their power comes from the roots of greed-hatred-delusion (the makers of ego).
Meditativity can only bring ‘perfection’ in all actions. The action may be as trivial as plucking a flower or as significant as saving someone’s life.
We should perform all actions with meditativity. In other words, we should do everything as a ‘meditation.’ This is the best ‘choice’- if you want to call it that.
Right Choices and Wrong Choices
It is very clear from our discussion of cognitive process, that, there is really no choice-maker. There is only ‘volition,’ which is mistaken as the ‘choice.’ So, in general, if there is wholesome volition, then it is a right choice. If there is unwholesome volition, then it is a wrong choice.
Wholesome volition comes from wholesome mind (non-greed, non-hatred, equanimity, mindfulness, faith, wisdom, compassion, sympathy, empathy, etc). Unwholesome volition comes from unwholesome mind (Greed, hatred, delusion, sloth, torpor, doubt, worry, etc).
When right choices are made, they may not bring immediate benefits. When this happens, we are disappointed and discouraged because of our habit of expecting ‘quick’ results. This impatience is a huge hindrance for the continuation of spiritual practice. Therefore, it is very important to remain patient. It is important to develop faith in the Laws of Karma which is a perfect accounting system. It will not allow the wholesome efforts to go waste. The wholesome efforts will always generate merit.
The more merit we generate by performing wholesome deeds, the more impulsion there is for the arising of the volition of meditativity. Merit increases exponentially with the practice of meditation. Ultimately, merit is the stored-up karma of wholesomeness (non-greed, non-hatred, equanimity, mindfulness, faith, wisdom, compassion, sympathy, empathy, etc) and, the fruition of merit is ‘egolessness’ – the ultimate reward.
The word "choice" has a sense of ego hidden in it. In common language, we say that ‘we have made a choice.’ We think it is ‘us’ who is making choices. In order to remove this illusion, it was necessary to discuss the phenomenon of choice. Otherwise, karma and choice are one and the same thing.
Now, let us talk about desire which is also related to karma.
The Phenomenon of Desire
There is Bare-Desire and then there is wholesome-Desire and unwholesome-Desire.
Bare-Desire means a desire to act or to perform an action. As we have discussed earlier, Bare-Desire is a special mental element (see chart of mental elements) – a unique mental phenomenon. If mind were a monkey-cartoon, then Bare-Desire would be a ‘stretched’ monkey-cartoon ‘searching’ for something. This ‘stretching and searching’ are key features of the mental phenomenon of Bare-Desire. The phenomena of "Inclination" or "Intention" are somewhat like Bare-Desire.
Bare-Desire is a mental element just as Volition is. In this sense, bare-desire is similar to volition. However, Volition is an essential mental element which is always present in all mental phenomena. Bare-Desire, on the other hand, may or may not be present in all mental phenomena. Without volition, mental phenomenon cannot occur. But, without Bare-desire, mental phenomenon can occur.
When the element of Bare-desire is present along with wholesome elements, then it becomes a wholesome-Desire. When it is present along with unwholesome mental elements, then it becomes an unwholesome-Desire. A desire to give (or being generous) means there is ‘Bare-Desire’ and there is ‘Non-Greed’ combined. A desire to acquire more means there is ‘Bare-Desire’ and there is ‘Greed’ combined. Thus, Bare-Desire, in itself, is neither wholesome nor unwholesome. It is ethically neutral. On the other hand, karma is either wholesome (volition) or unwholesome (volition).
Pure water is colorless. When you add blue color to it, it becomes blue in color. When you add red color to it, it becomes red in color. Pure water is like the Bare-Desire. Blue and red water are like the good and bad desires.
You might ask, aren't desires generally considered bad from a spiritual perspective?
Like the word ‘karma’, ‘desire’ is another word that is used very loosely. Desires which you are mentioning are the unwholesome desires, especially the sensual desires rooted in greed, hatred, and delusion. These desires are always bad for spiritual evolution because they strengthen the ego instead of weakening and eradicating it.
Nothing great is possible without arousing the element of Bare-Desire or without having an inclination or intention. However, it is called ‘Bare-Desire (intention or inclination)’ only if, it is neither craving nor wanting.
Enlightenment or anything else that is great, is not possible without desiring for it ‘wholesomely.’ The desire for enlightenment is a supra-wholesome desire because it is predominantly governed by non-delusion (wisdom or egolessness). It is not a desire of a deluded ‘person’ who is striving for or craving enlightenment. It is a bare-desire conjoined with all the wholesome qualities including the dominant faculty of wisdom.
How to Find the "Real Purpose" of Life
When we do something as a hobby, we don’t have any craving in it. I mean, we don’t have a desire to achieve anything, even though we may spend hours pursuing it. We just do it as a hobby. We just play guitar, or just paint, or just make clay pots. There is no wanting there. Bare-Desire is kind of like that. So, we should have "Bare-desire" and not a desire.
In traditional language, I would say, action should be driven by ‘Chhanda’ (Bare-desire) and not ‘Iccha’ (ego’s desire). Chhanda or Bare-desire is commonly termed as the ‘Real Purpose’ of life. So, we should find out this ‘real purpose.’ It can change our life from misery to mastery.
A simple practical way to find out the ‘real purpose of life is to start minimizing unwholesome mental actions (Bad Karma) and maximizing wholesome mental actions (Good Karma). Whenever there is a sense of greed or hatred, we should abandon the action. Whenever there is a sense of ego, we should abandon the action.
Following are some examples of actions that need to be abandoned:
Unwholesome actions rooted predominantly in greed: Dishonesty, stealing, corruption, bribing, fraud, hoaxing, scamming, coning, bating, gambling, sexual misconduct, sexual overindulgence, lust, passion, possessing, womanizing, illicit-ing, extra-marital affairs, pornography, stalking, pestering, acquiring, gathering, craving, attaching, accumulating, longing, yearning, wanting, exhibiting, showing-off, lying, flattering, intoxicating, excessive partying, excessive entertaining, excessive consuming, excessive fun, excessive, cheering, dominating, and creating anything greedily.
Unwholesome actions rooted predominantly in hatred: Killing, violence, anger, fighting, antagonizing, punishing, malice, competing, frustration, irritation, wining, complaining, slandering, criticizing, condemning, accusing, arguing, resenting, becoming jealous, envying, repenting, regretting, enslaving, poisoning, weaponizing, etc.
Unwholesome actions rooted predominantly in delusion: Worrying, feeling restless, behaving shamelessly, lazing out, manipulating, self-satisfying, showing over-confidence, overreaching or holding back, showing arrogance, self-aggrandizing, self-mortifying, taking pride in one’s deeds, doubting, believing without understanding, performing rituals without understanding, worshipping without understanding, dogmatizing, indoctrinating, systemizing, traditionalizing, standardizing, politicizing, opinionating, judging, justifying, validating, proving, forgetting, sorrowing, crying, celebrating, fearing, bewildering, mystifying.
Following are some examples of wholesome actions that need to be repeated, practiced and maximized:
Helping, serving, rejoicing, giving, gifting, caring, respecting, admiring, wondering, observing silence, listening, smiling, honoring, devoting, establishing faith with understanding, worshipping with understanding, neither believing nor non-believing, moderate acts of consumption, sexual piety, developing pure understanding, fearing wrongdoing, equanimous observing, concentrating, studying and learning spiritual disciplines, meditation, healing, detaching, renouncing, non-adhering, guarding mindfulness, non-resisting, non-opposing, agreeing, befriending, promoting welfare, trusting, resolving, non-wobbling, non-forgetting, remembering, balancing, neutralizing, non-discriminating, equalizing, non-disturbing, cooling, resting, lightening-up, non-hindering, wielding, enabling, promoting virtue, appreciating, thanking, forgiving, gladdening, enjoying, removing other’s suffering, attending wisely, concentrating, simplifying, penetrating, investigating, contemplating, discovering, co-operating, sympathizing, empathizing, just being.
We should abandon all unwholesome actions and perform only wholesome actions. Most importantly, we should perform all actions with mindfulness, non-reaction, wise attention, and concentration. If we do that, eventually, a stage automatically come when our actions are driven by ‘Bare-Desire’ or by the real purpose of our life. This stage always comes in lives of those few people who consistently strive for self-improvement and self-realization.
Most often, this stage comes during the mid-life period (age of 35-45 yrs). It is commonly and mistakenly known as a mid-life crisis. It is actually not a crisis but a blessing in disguise. We can see the blessing in it if we develop meditativity. Majority of people miss this golden opportunity and end up living the same rut for the rest of their lives.
Once we find out our ‘real purpose,’ and act on it, then our creativity unfolds. Our newly-found work becomes tireless and delightful. There is joy in what you do. There is bliss in action. Eventually, through such actions, wise people establish themselves in the purity of non-self. This is the way of purification by action.
Some people wonder whether they can really find a ‘real purpose’ and live it? These people believe that they really dont have a chance because they feel that they are driven by their Fate or Destiny.
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noun (plural winceys)[mass noun] British
- A strong, lightweight twilled fabric, typically made of a mixture of wool with cotton or linen.More example sentences
- Among the manufactures woollens, especially winceys, linen and cotton goods hold an important place.
- In 1867 with Hugh Morton he began power loom manufacture of winceys in a factory in Greenholm and acquired the ownership of the clipping mill.
- The principal manufactures are winceys, ginghams, woollen shirtings, flannels, linen thread, linen yarn, ropes, and fishing nets; and there are engineering and ironfounding works.
early 19th century: apparently an alteration of woolsey in linsey-woolsey.
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Scope and Contents
The main bulk of the files are survey records. These document stations occupied, data, bearings, field sketches, and often include catalogues of specimens, localities, and photographs. These were written on 8x10” paper.
The series also includes field notebooks (approx. 500) kept by each member of the party. They document occupied stations, observed points (triangular), specimens collected, and those locations/specimens which were photographed. Brian Harland explained in a number of expedition bulletins, that these field notes would form the basis of the survey records.
Log books record the times and dates of stopping and starting, compass bearings, include sketch maps, gradients of snow surfaces, the number of photographs or specimens taken, and include weather records.
Photograph albums (often) include indexes/contents lists. They depict personnel, accommodation, food, specimens, panoramas, and wildlife.
The series also includes loose letters, maps, and ephemera.
Conditions Governing Access
Some of these records are fragile -access may only be possible with support from specialist staff. Please seek guidance.
Biographical / Historical
The files in this series form the main part of the Svalbard archive. They document the scientific work undertaken by members of each expedition group, from 1938 until 1992.
The principles for field-work notetaking were devised in 1949. These included a distinct system for station numbers (ringed) in notebook and in (round parenthesis) in typescript. Specimen numbers were always underlined and photograph numbers identified in a rectangle in a notebook and [square brackets] in typescript.
According to Brian "Different members were made responsible for the writing of diaries and reports, and for the curating of records and specimens in different departments of work, so that (current) results were readily available during the expedition". (Ref: E16, 1949 Expedition notes)
Each member each year was allocated a letter of the alphabet. This was used both as identification of personal baggage and as a prefix for station, specimen, and photo numbers. Each year the starting number of these was given to the member. This system was maintained throughout the expeditions.
500 banker's box(es) (The series includes archive boxes and twinlock crown binders. )
Language of Materials
This series was in good order and arranged chronologically by Brian Harland. Therefore this system has been maintained.
Other Finding Aids
Detailed spreadsheets of the expedition files are available at the Collections Research Centre.
NB: Lists of those who took part in each expedition during each season are available as are lists of the letters used to identify individuals notebooks/specimens/localities.
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At the Prairie School, art is both a body of knowledge and a studio experience in which we organize art activities related to specific goals. The sequence and depth of these experiences are determined by nature of the discipline, the objectives desired, and the interests, abilities, and needs of the students to a balance of art experiences, including drawing, painting, photography, hand-and wheel-thrown pottery, sculpture, collage, puppetry, printmaking, fiber-art, metals, papermaking, and glassblowing. Art activities teach students about different cultures and nurture students’ creative and imaginative capabilities. The objective is to create a curriculum that values the originality and joy of creating and develops a spirit of inquiry and adventure in the search for a personal expression.
We help students to grow in the appreciation of their own art and in the art of others by positive critiques, field trips to museums, and exposing them to professional artists through the Art Department’s visiting artist program. Various artists and cultures are studied to open the student’s eyes to a works of beauty and art around them.
How the Visual Arts Come Alive at Prairie
“A Vital Component of the Student Experience at Prairie.”
- The Main Art Studio (Lower Level) is where art classes for grades 2 through 8 are taught. In the Lower Level we have a wet photography studio, a ceramic room with two electric kilns, a video viewing room, and storage.
- Bill Reid, our artist-in-residence, works in the Lower Level. For more information on Bill and his creations click here.
- The Upper Level is primarily used by Upper School.
- The Kindergarten and first grade classes use the art annex in the Primary School wing.
- The David Drewek Glass Studio houses the Jess Chapman Hot Glass Program.
- Prairie is one of two high schools that have a hot glass studio in the US. We are the only school to offer hot glass to Middle School students.
- Explore the art of glassblowing at Prairie here.
Links of Interest
We strive to expose students to a balance
of art experiences including:
- Hand and wheel-thrown pottery
- Paper making
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The term "Self-Taught Art" simply refers to any object or set of objects in either two or three dimensions which was not initially intended to be art but was made for another purpose whether utilitarian or spiritual, whether public or private. The terms Folk Art and Art Brut are both subsets of this phenomenon.
In the United States, by the early 20th century, the term Folk Art began to be used to identify those items produced in earlier periods, made without the benefit of academy, which were perceived, by an audience to have become works of art based on aesthetic merit as perceived by that audience. That this work became considered Art was neither intentional nor understood by the person who made it. Sometimes, these objects initially marketed as craft such as weather vanes, trade-signs, duck decoys, whirligigs, or any hand made artifact of ordinary life and sometimes they were made for personal, decorative, commemorative purposes such as the portraiture of "limners," the private murals in homes or things like memory jugs or mourning pictures.
The primary impetus for the marketability of these items rests with the intense excitement created by some very rich and uncommon ladies (Abbey Aldrich Rockefeller as an example of the best known of the bunch) chasing after the detritis of the common folk in America as their parents were acquiring Impressionists from Europe.
Such momentum did this interest have that it spread rapidly, first amongst the wealthier folks whose interest eventuated in the spiraling of prices and the ever continuing interest in the acquisition of these things today whether in antiques shops or auctions.
By 1961, a Museum of American Folk Art was founded and only thirteen years later Twentieth-Century American Folk Art written by one of its founders, Herbert W. Hemphill Jr., was published.
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Learning how to think in Portuguese is a big challenge for a lot of people. It’s not something that’s going to happen overnight, but it will happen if you put in consistent effort towards it.
Here’s a video with a quick tip about the approach you should take to learning how to think in Portuguese.
The most important thing you can do to start learning how to think in Portuguese is to die. You have to kill your American [or British, Australian, German, etc] identity to make room for your Brazilian identity.
You have all sorts of assumptions and preconceived notions about the world around you based on the country that you came from. You need to kill the identity where all of those come from and make room for your Brazilian identity.
Imagine yourself as a Brazilian child. A Brazilian child doesn’t know anything about the world. They just go through the world and discover things piece by piece. That is what you have to do when you’re learning Portuguese.
Start by imitating little words here and there. Star
Learn To Speak Portuguese in A Week
Ready to have your first conversation in Brazilian Portuguese?
Take the FREE e-mail course that get's you ready to have your first conversation in 1-week.
Sign up with your name and e-mail and I'll send you the first lesson.
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‘Trends and future challenges in inhaled drug delivery” is the most recent article written by Sandy Munro, Vectura’s SVP – Pharmaceutical Development, published by Life Sciences Knowledge Hub. Sandy explains how inhaled drug delivery offers many advantages for the treatment of many diseases, and its use is far wider than just for respiratory conditions.
He adds “Over the past 20 years, the potential of inhaled delivery to treat a much broader range of respiratory and non-respiratory diseases has begun to gain traction. Inhaled biologics are being developed to treat a range of diseases; not just severe asthma and COPD, and there are a larger range of more niche diseases where inhalation therapy may prove to be beneficial.”
You can read the full article, here.
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What Did Jesus Mean When He Said “I Am the Light of the World” (John 8:12)?
“When Jesus spoke to the people for the second time, he said, ‘I am the light of the world.’ I promise you that whomever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will always have the light of life with them.” -John 8:12 (KJV) A central theme in Jesus’ teachings is his relationship with His Father. “I am the light of the world,” he says. According to John Piper, “Jesus speaks from God, for God, and in the name of God.” We are in a state of darkness until we have faith in Jesus. We have just a limited ability to comprehend who we are and what we perceive in the world around us.
We were all made with a desire for our Creator, our Father, and it is only through a connection with our Savior Jesus that the dark aspects of our hearts may be illuminated and transformed into light.
On the cross, the Light of the World paid the price for our freedom.
The Biblical Context of the Verse “I Am the Light of the World”
Jesus was relentless in his efforts to establish a connection between Himself and the Father. The Greek word for light in this verse is phos, which is defined as “the light; anything emitting light; light, i.e. brightness.” The word for light in this verse isphos. “I am,” God declares emphatically. He is a being of light in many ways. Subtle, yet quite effective. Every day, the sun rises to warm, light, and promote development on the surface of the planet. The moon and stars shine brightly in the night sky, acting as navigational aids even before cellphones were invented.
- Light pervades every crack and pore of our lives and souls, whether it is visible, palpable in the form of warmth, or symbolically enlightened in its effects.
- It is believed that Christ was present throughout the creation of the world.
- Jesus’ declaration that He is the Light of the World is an outward awareness of His Father’s creation and presence, as well as an internal dwelling of the Holy Spirit, through which we get to know our Father and walk with Jesus.
- Jesus is Light in the same way that God is all-pervasive.
- Christ is the source of all illumination.
- One sun illuminates the entire planet; one Christ illuminates the entire world; and there is no need for any other.
- Light helps to keep you from floating aimlessly.
- While GPS coordinates are now used to direct ships, the Captain and his crew must still be able to navigate by the stars, buoys, and lights in the event of an electrical failure or other unforeseen event.
- Just as ships navigate by lights to guarantee a safe route, we rely on the Light to guide us.
- God’s Word, illuminated by the Holy Spirit, aids us in understanding and remembering when we require His guidance and direction.
Prayer acts as both a lifeboat and a beacon in our everyday lives. Beginning from the beginning of the book of Genesis and continuing through the Gospel of John, we discover that Jesus was present and that He is the Word. He is a part of everything that is touched by the light.
“While I am in the world, I am the light of the world.”- John 9:5
The Greek term kotia is used to express ignorance of divine things in John 8:12. It is described as darkness caused by a lack of light and is found in the Bible’s verse on darkness. It is connected with evil and the ensuing torment in hell as a result. “God saw that the light was good, and he divided the light from the darkness,” according to Genesis 1:4. The Light of the world is Jesus Christ, and those who are separated from Him or far away from Him dwell in darkness. Being apart from, ignorant of, or unconscious of the dark puts us in need of something we cannot make on our own, which is the dark.
We have the total fullness of life because of Christ in us.
What Happened Before and After?
On this planet, John was Jesus’ greatest buddy, and he referred to himself as “the one Jesus loved,” which means “the one Jesus cherished.” He was the only one of the twelve apostles who was there at the time of Jesus’ death. The way we begin our stories reveals a great deal about what we understand and think the most about the world. John was unquestionably aware of who Jesus was, both as a friend and as God manifested in the flesh while on earth. “The actual light, which illuminates everyone, was about to enter the globe.
As a result of this string of preaching, miracles, and conversions, the Jewish officials strengthened their persecution of the Christians.
After that, Jesus cures a blind man, who is subsequently scrutinized by the Pharisees, initiating a discourse not just about physical blindness, but also about spiritual blindness.
Who is Jesus Talking To?
Jesus was speaking to a group of Jewish officials known as the Pharisees, who were well-known in their community. It is believed that the title is derived from a Hebrew word that means “apart” or “separated.” They distanced themselves from anything and everything that did not conform to their interpretation of Levitical (Old Testament covenant) Law. As Jesus talked, more and more people began to believe in Him. His confidence was not diminished by their assertions. “Take note that God utilized Jesus’ words to bring about the establishment of faith.
He was expressing himself.
And as people listened to him speak, they began to believe him. “Faith comes through hearing, and hearing comes through the word of Christ (Romans 10:17).” -“I Am the Light of the Word,” says the speaker. John Piper is a well-known author.
More Bible References about Light
- “In him was life, and that life was the light of all people,” says John 1:14 (NIV). 1. The word we have received from him and are proclaiming to you is as follows: God is light, and in him there is no darkness at all. Jesus said in Matthew 5:14, “You are the light of the world.” “A city perched on a hill cannot be concealed.” For God, who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” has shone his light within us, allowing us to see God’s glory as it is reflected in the face of Christ. 2 Corinthians 4:6 says, “For God, who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” has shone his light within us, allowing us to see God’s glory as it is reflected in the face of Christ.” Daniel 12:9 “He said, ‘Go your way, Daniel, for these words are concealed and sealed up until the end time,'” says Paul, “so that you will prove yourselves to be blameless and innocent, children of God above reproach in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation, among whom you appear as lights in the world,” says Paul. One of the most important verses in the Bible is 1 Thessalonians 5:5. “You are all children of light and children of the day.” “We are neither of the night or of the darkness,” says the author. • Psalm 119:105- “Your word is a lamp for my feet, and your word shines on my path.” • 1 John 1:7- “But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, cleanses us from all sin.”
Please see this link for additional light-related poetry.
How Jesus is the Light of the World
According to Owen Strachan, “For all of the optimistic thinking that is going on around us, there is a lot of struggle and misery.” We have direct connection to the Father because of Christ. When we are exposed to light, our perception becomes brighter. We are able to hold on to the sliver of light that pierces through the darkness because we have been illuminated by the Creator. “Jesus’ works made it very evident who he was,” writes Jon Bloom. “His works shined, and they continue to shine now.” Jesus sends a light into the gaps in our souls where sin has taken up residence.
We gain wisdom when He purifies our souls so that they may reflect His light.
What was Jesus Trying to Get Across to His Listeners?
“An entire system of spiritual darkness – spearheaded by Satan himself, carried out by hordes of demons, and influencing every corner of the earth – rages right beneath the surface of our everyday lives,” writes Marshal Legal in God’s Not Afraid of the Dark, a book published by Zondervan. “God’s Not Afraid of the Dark is a book written by Marshal Legal and published by Zondervan. “How can we maintain any kind of optimism while we are drowning in all of this darkness?” We are self-centered and self-driven if we do not have Jesus in our lives.
We are defeated.
Jesus came to earth so that we might be able to experience the power of the Holy Spirit.
Segal says, “One of the reasons we find the darkness so terrible is that we see so much of ourselves in it: our flaws, worries, brokenness, and sin.” For many of us, no darkness is more intimidating than our own, he adds.
What Does it Mean for Christians to View Jesus as the Light of the World?
“When you’re in Adam, things get better. “However, in Christ, the future appears to be unimaginably bright.” Owen Strachan is a Scottish author and poet. Jesus provides us the ability to see ourselves as we truly are in Him. Only the light of the world can reveal who we are and how we should conduct ourselves properly throughout our lives. ” Following Jesus entails more than just following in his footsteps. It entails accepting him for who he truly is. “You become so enamored with him that you decide to connect yourself to Him.” – John Piper et al.
When we walk with our Creator, we are completely open to the rest of the world.
Consider how He knows everything about us even before we take our first breath on this planet.
The Light of the World is aware of things that we are unaware of.
‘His light doesn’t make the darkness any less black; rather, it just overcomes every shade with something even more powerful.’ Marshall Segal is a writer who lives in New York City.
Are Christians Also Called to Be the Light of World?
“What is it that makes us shine?” asks Jon Bloom. What we do on the outside, what is visible, what is public, makes it plain who we are and whose we are clearly evident.” Jesus shines a light into the most inaccessible nooks of our communities and the entire globe. “You are the light of the world,” Jesus declares in Matthew 5:14. When a city is built on a hill, it cannot be disguised. When we conduct our lives in a way that reflects the Light, we allow others to perceive His love for themselves.
“It’s not just what the shining people do, but why they do it and how they do it,” writes Bloom, “and we’ve found ourselves drawn totem and unnerved by them, because the light of their humble, word-and-deed love has both warmed our hearts and exposed our selfishness and pride.” “We’ve found ourselves drawn totem and unnerved by them, because the light of their humble, word-and-deed love has both warmed our hearts and For some of the most powerful quotations about sanctification, go here.
Everything is affected by light.
It’s real love on the surface of the planet.
“Thank you, God!
In his writing, Charles Swindoll says, “You are a light in the darkness – a servant of God who is being observed, who emits light.a very definite message with scarcely a word being uttered.” Meg Bucher, a freelance writer and blogger at Sunny 80, is the author of “Friends with Everyone, Friendship within the Love of Christ,” and “Surface, Unlocking the Gift of Sensitivity.” She writes about everyday life within the love of Christ in her books “Friends with Everyone, Friendship within the Love of Christ” and “Surface, Unlocking the Gift of Sensitivity.” Meg graduated from Ashland University with a degree in marketing and public relations, but she chose to remain at home with her two girls instead, which inspired her to follow her lifelong dream of being a writer.
She has served as a Bible Study leader for women and as a Youth Ministry leader in her town.
Meg, a Cleveland native and lifelong Browns fan, currently resides near the shores of Lake Erie in Northern Ohio with her husband, two children, and golden doodle, who she adopted from a shelter.
What did Jesus mean when He said, “I am the Light of the World” (John 8:12)?
QuestionAnswer It is the second of Jesus’ seven “I AM” declarations, all of which are found in John’s gospel, that point to His unique divine identity and purpose. “I am the Light of the world,” Jesus says in John 8:12, is the second of seven “I AM” declarations that point to His unique divine identity and purpose. When Jesus declared Himself to be the Light of the world, He was asserting that He is the only source of spiritual illumination. There is no other source of spiritual knowledge available to mankind at this time.
We have the ability to perceive one or both, or neither!
When we die, we perceive physical light again.
When Jesus spoke to the people for the second time, the Bible says, “He said, ‘I am the Light of the World.'” Nobody will ever walk in darkness again, but they will always have the light of life with them.'” In this passage, the Lord uses an allegory to talk of the light of His Truth, the light of His Word, and the light of eternal Life, which is represented by the sun.
- We light a candle and place it in a dark room to alleviate the gloom.
- That is the prerequisite for possessing this Light—that we must follow Him in all things.
- Physical light is required for the continuation of physical life.
- There is virtually little plant life on the ground in a forest full of trees with extremely thick canopies of leaves far above, with the exception of moss and lichen, which require minimal sunshine.
- In the same manner, spiritual light is required for spiritual life, and this may serve as a helpful litmus test for our spiritual maturity and position in Christ.
- As John 1:5 and 3:19–20 point us, the unbeliever constantly acts the polar opposite because light reveals his wickedness, and he despises the light.
- Two promises in John 8:12 are conditional on the believer’s obedience to Jesus.
- Those who are truly followers of the Light will never follow in sin’s footsteps or continue to sin continuously (see 1 John 1:5–7; 2 Corinthians 6:14–15).
- Second, we have promised to radiate the Light of Life to others around us.
- As described in Matthew 5:14–16, believers are referred to as “the light of the world.” Believers are called to reflect Christ’s Light in order for others to perceive it in us in the same way that the moon does not have its own light, but rather reflects the light of the sun.
- We are the Light to others.
Aside from that, we should constantly be prepared to give an account of the hope that we have (1 Peter 3:15), for the gospel Light that we have is not to be hidden, but should be made plain for all to see and benefit from, in order for others to be drawn out of darkness and into the Light as well.
Questions about John (return to top of page) What did Jesus mean when He declared, “I am the Light of the World,” as recorded in John 8:12, was “I am the Light of the World.”
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What Does “Light of the World” Mean in the Bible?
In Jesus Christ’s ” Sermon on the Mount,” he first teaches to His people the Beatitudes, which describe the characteristics of those who would be rewarded by God, and then the virtues of salt and light (Matthew 5). Christ tells them this in this passage “You are the brightest light on the face of the planet. A city built on a hill can’t be concealed from view. Permit your light to shine before others so that they may see your good actions and give praise to your heavenly Father who is watching over you.” (5:14-16) Matthew 5:14-16
Light of the World in Scripture
“You are the salt of the earth,” says the author. But, if the salt has lost its saltiness, how can it be restored to its saltiness? It can no longer be used for anything other than to be thrown out and trodden underfoot anymore. You are a beacon of hope for the entire globe. When a city is constructed on a hill, it is impossible to hide. Nor do they light a lamp and place it beneath a basin of water. Instead, they place it on a stand, and it illuminates the entire home, illuminating everyone.
But what exactly does this mean?
Salinity refers to the Christian’s internal nature, which is represented by salt.
The light speaks of the witness of a disciple of Christ, exposing and illuminating the truth as it shines through them.
You Are the Light of the World
Jesus was speaking to a group of people who were just like them. But Christ told them, “You are the light of the world” (Matthew 5:14). (Matthew 5:14). Even now, you continue to be a beacon of hope for the entire globe. That is exactly how God plans to do his work on our planet today: via you! Not alone are pastors and missionaries lights in the world; everyone who loves the Lord may be a light in their own lives.
How to Be the Light of the World
1. Express Your Belief in Jesus Christ God takes an average individual and utilizes them to spread His word to others who were in desperate need of hearing it from Him. When we share our faith with others, we help to spread His light. You were saved so that you may shine! Don’t be ashamed to share your testimony or to bring your Bible to work with you. Don’t be hesitant to say a prayer during your lunch break at school. Make it known to people that you adore the Lord Jesus. 2. Shine a Light Where There Is No Light In this text, Jesus outlines what we are – the light of the world, not the light of the church – and what we should be.
- A glow is thrown over the sky by each house in a metropolis that has its lights turned on.
- We shine brightest when we work together as a group.
- Live Surrendered to the Lord How can we shine for God?
- (Matthew 5:16).
- We live for God.
Christ says we are to “let” our lights shine. In other words, when you get right with God and are filled with the Holy Spirit, He will simply shine through you. Taken from “Bright Lights in a Dark World” by Love Worth Finding Ministries/Adrian Rogers (used by permission) (used by permission).
What Did Jesus Mean When He Said, “I Am the Light of the World”?
God is the light that shines inside and through His church, and through His church, God is the light that spreads across the globe. The same term that the Bible employs to describe Christ’s Church in Matthew 5 is also used to describe Christ Himself in John 8:12: “Light,” the Bible says. According to the Bible, “Then Jesus spoke to them once more, saying, ‘I am the Light of the world; he who follows Me will not walk in darkness, but shall have the Light of life.'”
Biblical Context of “I Am the Light of the World”
It is a Greek term that literally translates as “to shine or make visible,” and it implies “to shine or make evident, the light, brightness.” These statements were said in the Temple Treasury, according to John 8:20, which records Jesus’ words. In this commentary, it is stated that this location was close to the Court of Women, “which was the most public area of the temple.” The Feast of Tabernacles had been going on for a few days when we visited. During this ceremony, four gold candelabra were lit, casting a warm glow across the whole court.
Light as a Metaphor
For Christians, the concept of light driving out darkness is fundamental to their view of Jesus. Baby Jesus was described as “a light of revelation” by one of the very first Jews to identify him as the awaited Messiah (Luke 2:32). It is only against a backdrop of darkness that this metaphor of light makes any sense. 1. Darkness serves as a reminder of the universal truth of human stupidity. Individuals who are “in the dark” are those who do not possess sufficient knowledge. This metaphor had particular significance to the Jewish thinking because it applied specifically to the Gentile world – a world that had not yet experienced God’s favor via the revelation of the Torah, the prophets, and the written revelation from God.
This goes above and beyond the plain reality of being ignorant.
According to the explanation in John 1:10-11, “He was present in the world, and despite the fact that the world was created through him, the world did not acknowledge him.
Light in Messianic Prophecy
Another prominent depiction of the Messiah in prophesy is that he will be like light:
- The LORD has summoned you in justice, and I will take hold of your hand.” “I will keep you and will make you a covenant for the people and a light for the Gentiles,” says the Lord. It is a modest thing for you to be my servant to restore the tribes of Jacob and bring back those of Israel who have been preserved,’ he says in Isaiah 42:6. As a result, I will make you a light for the Gentiles, so that my salvation may be seen all throughout the world.” “Arise, shine,” says the prophet Isaiah, “because your light has arrived, and the brightness of the LORD has risen upon you.” “But for those who love my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its rays,” says the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 60:1). “And you will cavort around like well-fed calves,” says the author. “For I have seen Your deliverance, which You have prepared in the face of all peoples, A LIGHT OF REVELATION TO THE GENTILES, AND THE GLORY OF YOUR PEOPLE ISRAEL,” says Malachi 4:2. (See Luke 2:30-32.)
” Bible Verses regarding Light.” Photograph courtesy of Unsplash/Fachy Marin
Why is Jesus Christ called the Light of the World?
During the Feast of the Tabernacles, Jesus went to the Temple in Jerusalem. The temple was illuminated by four enormous candles, the light from which could be seen for a long way around the outside. Here, He saved a lady who was about to be stoned for adultery and then said to those present, “I am the light of the world.” “Whoever follows Me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life” (John 8:12). (John 8:12NKJV). In a spiritual sense, darkness is typically associated with sin or with a lack of clarity about what is true.
- It has the potential to distort reality and make it difficult to see or grasp reality.
- He wants us to live our lives in the light, and the light that we need comes from the Lord Jesus Christ.
- The gospel was preached by him, and he assisted those who “had(d) ears to hear” (Mark 4:23NKJV) in seeing beyond the Law of Moses to the new and higher laws of love.
- Whoever just observed Him would have an understanding of the sort of Being God Himself was, as well as the kind of person each of us should try to be.
- However, rather than informing the men that the rule was unjust, as they had hoped, He simply stated that the first stone should be hurled by the one in the group who was not guilty of a transgression.
- He just asked her to repent and put her transgression behind her.
- He refused to turn away children when He was exhausted and gave up everything to dedicate His entire life to preaching the gospel during His brief ministry.
He triumphed over death and sin, so overcoming the two most difficult aspects of our life.
Keeping our feet on the road of his light, which is one of love, will keep us safe.
Following Jesus’ crucifixion, the disciples were given the gift of the Holy Spirit to assist them.
It was taught by Christ: “(t)he Holy Spirit, whom the Father shall send in My name, will teach you all things and bring all that I have spoken to you to your recollection” (John 14:26NKJV).
Some individuals are concerned that if they pray, they may not be able to comprehend the instructions given by the Holy Spirit.
The fact that God never makes a promise that He cannot keep, as well as the fact that He promised to answer us, gives us reason to be hopeful.
Christians believe that as they increase the quality of their prayers and their capacity to receive answers, the light within them develops, allowing them to be surrounded by peace, joy, and truth no matter how gloomy the day or how difficult the circumstances in their lives may appear to be.
Christians also have faith in the resurrection of their own bodies. Death and sin were defeated by Jesus. The reason Jesus is called the light of the world is because his light is the only source of the joy God has promised to us, and it is only through his light that we may experience this joy.
What does it mean that Jesus is the ‘Light of the World’ (John 8:12)?
There are two sorts of light in our universe: physical light and spiritual light. Physical light is required for the survival of all living things. When we look at plants, we can see that they require light to survive. Plants are believed to be positively phototropic, which means that they are attracted to light. All plants can survive for a short length of time without light, such as during the night, but no plant can survive in complete darkness for an extended period of time. Yes, some plants can live and even thrive in low light or artificial light, but all plants will eventually perish if they are not exposed to some form of light at all.
Individuals, regardless of their religious views, are intrinsically drawn to spiritual light, which has the characteristics of compassion, kindness, and love in its manifestation.
Yes, our wicked impulses frequently compel us to flee from the light for fear of being revealed, which is understandable (John 3:19-20).
Jesus is the Spiritual Light
The sorts of light in our cosmos are physical and spiritual, respectively. Life necessitates the use of physical light. We can see this requirement for light when we look at plants. A plant’s phototropism, or attraction to light, is defined as follows: Even while all plants can survive for a short length of time without light, such as during the night, no plant can survive in complete darkness for an extended period of time at any time. Certainly, certain plants may live or even thrive in low light conditions or with artificial lighting, but all plants will eventually perish if they do not get some form of light.
Someone who does not believe in God might recognize the importance of being loved and appreciated.
However, we cannot continue to dwell in darkness indefinitely.
We Reflect Jesus’ Spiritual Light
“This is the word we have received from him and are proclaiming to you: that God is light, and that there is no darkness in him at any time. If we claim to have communion with him while walking in darkness, we are deceiving ourselves and are not practicing the truth. However, if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus Christ, his Son, purifies us from every sin.” 5–7 (I John 1:5-7) “I am the light of the world,” Jesus says, and he urges us to beam our reflected light into the dark places we dwell in, giving glory to God in the process.
All humans require spiritual illumination, and we may play a role in providing God’s illumination to those who have chosen to remain hidden from Him.
According to Ephesians 5:8, “Because you were once darkness, but you have now been transformed into light in the Lord.
As long as we are alive, we will continue to struggle with sin.
Afterwards, we must decide whether or not to continue our efforts toward modifying harmful habits and behaviors, striving for personal growth, and prospering in God’s spiritual light.
- What is Jesus’ identity? What exactly is salvation? What does it mean to say that Jesus is the one way, the truth, and the life mean to you
When Jesus said, “I am the Light of the world,” he announced himself to be the exclusive source of spiritual illumination for all people on the face of the earth. There is no other spiritual truth or light available to humans; all spiritual light emanates from the One who created it (John 8:12). The moment we choose to follow Jesus, His light shines into the depths of our sinful souls, illuminating them with His love, mercy, truth, AND LIGHT in every nook and cranny of our lives (John 6:37). Then, no matter where we travel, God’s spiritual light will accompany us (John 1:5; John 6:37).
Writer/Editor: Catiana N.K.
Cat is the web producer and editor for 412teens.org. She has a background in journalism. She enjoys listening to audiobooks, cooking for the people she cares about, and illuminating a place with Christmas lights. Catiana likes spending time with her two teenage children, five socially awkward cats, and her incredible friend-family when she is not writing, cooking, or sketching.
Why is Jesus referred to as the “Light of the World” and how does that relate to Christmas?
The Light breaks through the darkness. When Jesus was born, it was pitch black outside, and the darkness was at its deepest and most intense (Lk 2:8). He is referred to as “the true light” (Jn 1:9), the “Light of the World” (Jn 8:12; 9:5; 12:46), and he was born during the night watch (Lk 2:8), at midnight, when it was pitch black outside, and the darkness was at its deepest and most intense. That first Christmas night, light dawned in the darkness (Jn 1:5a), the glory of the Lord showed (Lk 2:9), the darkness could not overpower it (Jn 1:5b), and it continues to shine today, illuminating those who come into contact with it (Jn 1:9).
- When the Christ child was born, it fulfilled the old promise of Isaiah: “The people who wandered in darkness have seen a great light; upon them who dwelled in the region of obscurity, a light has shined” (Is 9:1).
- The Symbolism of the Color White.
- There are many different meanings for this symbol.
- It can also represent perfection; purity; innocence; grandeur; majesty; magnificence; greatness; intelligence; divinity; the presence of God; joy; and truth.
- Symbols of light.
- A candle of this type can either stand alone or be included into the Advent Wreath.
- One or more white votive candles placed in prominent spots about the house, or a single white light or an array of white lights strung together on a Christmas tree, a wreath, or any other holiday decoration, are all excellent ways to emphasize the presence of Jesus as Light.
A Christmas Meditation, if you will.
Please consider the following as an alternative method of prayer.
Allow yourself to be alone.
It’s time to light it.
Turn off any lighting you might be using.
Make the candle the only source of illumination.
Relax and take a deep breath.
Allow the flickering flame and bright rays to absorb all of your thoughts and attention.
Allow the light to stream in.
Allow Jesus to bring joy into your life.
Allow God’s Word to illuminate your thoughts and direct your steps.
Bartholomew Catholic Church.
He is now a homilist, Bible study leader, retreat director, pilgrimage guide, and author of various publications, and he continues to share his faith with others. Rev. Michael A. Van Sloun was ordained in 2006. With permission, this image has been used.
Jesus the Light of the World
Consider a spectacular sunrise or sunset that you have witnessed. It’s no surprise that some people consider the sun to be a deity. We, the more “educated,” understand that the one, real God is not the sun, but rather the One who created the sun. Light, on the other hand, is associated with God, much as our Jewish forefathers did in their faith. A pillar of fire, a burning bush, and a pillar of bright clouds were all indications of God’s presence for the Israelites. In Psalm 27:1, the singer refers to God as “my light and my salvation,” while the prophet promises that “the LORD shall be your light forever” (Jeremiah 29:11).
God’s grandeur was symbolized by the light.
And the prophet Simeon praised the child Jesus as “a light for revelation to the Gentiles,” referring to him as “a light for revelation to the Gentiles.” In commemoration of God’s presence, one of the ceremonies held at the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles was the lighting of four large lamps in the Court of Women.
- Following me will not be in the dark, but will have the light of life shining in their hearts” (John 8:12).
- Immediately before curing the blind man, Jesus reiterated his assertion (John 9:5).
- It is a single color, although it may be divided into several different hues.
- Furthermore, light serves a variety of tasks, making it an appropriate emblem for Jesus.
- Jesus reveals the truth about God, about life, about our origins, and about our ultimate destiny.
- As we journey through life, Jesus will ensure that we arrive safely at our heavenly home.
- Jesus is the only one who can give us everlasting life.
Jesus extends a warm welcome and provides comfort.
Jesus is the epitome of goodness.
Jesus breaks through the darkness of sin and death and triumphs over them.
Evil will not be able to defeat Jesus.
Jesus is referred to as “Light from Light” in the Nicene Creed.
“Lead, gentle Light, amid the encircling gloom,/Lead thou me on,” starts the first line of a classic poem by Cardinal John Henry Newman.
Our hopes are based on their lights, and we look forward to perpetual light in God’s kingdom where, for all of God’s holy ones, “no more night will fall, nor will they want light from a lamp or the sun, but the Lord God shall give them light” (Revelation 22:5).
Jesus, the Light of the World
1st of November, 2020 Article to be saved It doesn’t matter where you look in God’s Word; you’ll discover that Christmas is all about light, since Jesus is known as the Light of the World. Despite the fact that we love to sing “Silent Night, Holy Night,” this wonderful hymn is not about night or darkness at all. It all comes down to lighting. “You are the Son of God, the pure light of love. “With the dawn of redeeming grace, radiant rays from Thy heavenly face.” Whenever we sing “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing,” we are essentially saying, “Hail, the Son of Righteous!
- Light has been brought into this dark planet, and we will never have to stroll about in the dark again.
- Beginning with a statement of who Jesus is, the apostle John starts his narrative of the life of the Lord Jesus Christ—not only from the manger onward, but also from the beginning of time itself.
- It is He who is referred to as “the Word” in the following passage: “In the beginning was, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” He was there with God from the beginning.
- The life was in Him, and the life was the light that shone on all people.
- That was the genuine Light, and it is this Light that illuminates every man that enters the earth.
- God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit have always existed in eternity before.
- He does not have a beginning or an end.
(See Isaiah 9:2-3) That light is represented by the child Isaiah speaks about in the same chapter: “For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government will be upon His shoulder.” (Isaiah 7:14) And His name will be Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, and Prince of Peace, among other titles.
God bless the fact that light shone into the world at Bethlehem, since we are in urgent need of it right now.
A faithful old man called Simeon is described in Luke 2:25-32 as someone whom God had promised would not die until he had seen the Messiah.
In his arms, Simeon cradled the Lord Jesus and declared, “.my eyes have seen Your salvation.
Gentiles will see the light, and Your people Israel will be glorified as a result of this light” (Luke 2:30-32). Christmas is a celebration of light. In the Bible, Jesus is known as the Light of the World.
Jesus is the pure light.
The infant born in Bethlehem was the “real Light” (John 1:9), the pure light of the universe. Whenever the Bible refers to Jesus as “the light of the world,” it is making a statement about his spotless, immaculate purity as the Son of God. However, Jesus was never harmed by sin because He was never infected by it. He had the ability to touch sinners, yet He was never affected by sin. He had not been soiled. He was “in the world,” yet he was not of the world (John 1:10). The fact that Jesus did not have His origins in this place makes Him pure and incorruptible Light.
No matter what it travels through or what it comes into contact with, light can never be contaminated or corrupted.
Light reveals sin, yet it is unaffected by sin in any way.
Jesus is the constant light.
In the natural world, the speed of light remains constant at any given point in time. It doesn’t alter in any way. In his renowned Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein stated that the only constant in the universe is the speed of light, which allowed him to develop his famous theory. Everything else is a matter of perspective. In the spiritual sphere, Jesus is our constant companion. “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever,” the Bible declares in Hebrews 13:8. He is a man who will not be changed under any circumstances.
The sun does not exist in perpetuity; its energy is slowly depleted.
Jesus is the source of light.
“The city did not require the light of the sun or the moon to enlighten it, since the glory of God lighted it. The Lamb is the source of light ” (Revelation 21:23, emphasis added). Jesus will be our source of illumination when we are at the Holy City. We will bask in the direct beams of His illuminating light for the rest of our lives.
Jesus is the vital light.
He was “the source of life, and the source of life was the light of humanity” (John 1:4). The intertwining of light and life is unavoidable. It is impossible to have life without light. Plants create food as a result of photosynthesis, which is caused by light. When God created order out of chaos in Genesis 1:1-2, He declared, “Let there be light.” He then added, “Let there be light.” Afterwards, He created oceans, which soon started to teem with life. The seeds of Earth began to grow and blossom as the year progressed.
Our world would become gloomy and dead if we didn’t have it.
When Jesus arrived on Earth in Bethlehem, He did so in order to offer us new life.
According to him, “I have come that they may have life, and that they may have it more abundantly” (John 10:10).
(See also John 10:10) When the Holy Spirit sent the light of the Gospel into our souls, divine photosynthesis occurred, bringing life to a place where there had previously been nothing but dead.
Jesus is the victorious light.
It is light that triumphs over darkness, not the other way around. It is said that “the light shines in the darkness,” but that “the darkness cannot grasp it” (John 1:5). Some versions use the word “comprehend” instead of “understand.” Those who believe in the power of darkness claim that it cannot overwhelm, stifle, overpower, extinguish, or snuff out the light. This represents the triumph of light over darkness. The tale of mankind is the story of a struggle between light and darkness throughout history.
- Lucifer, the son of the dawn, has been transformed into Satan, the father of the night.
- That is the one who has to win?
- Simply turning on the light will cause the darkness to dissipate.
- According to the Bible, our Lord is “King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone possesses immortality, and who dwells in unapproachable brightness” (1 Timothy 6:16).
- Rather of spending so much time praying against the forces of evil, we must recognize the strength of the light.
- One day, we will be transformed into the image of the Lord Jesus.
- We’ll be converted into His likeness in the process.
Let Jesus bring His light and life into your Christmas.
God be praised for the unchanging, unwavering light that is Jesus Christ! When the wonderful light of the Son of God penetrates into your heart, no matter how cold and gloomy your world appears to be, it may be restored back to life. When Adam sinned in the Garden of Eden, the light and life of the human race were extinguished. Jesus, on the other hand, is the Light of the world. We bring Jesus into our lives as both Lord and Savior, and the One who entered time and space as a baby in Bethlehem comes in, turns on the light, and life starts for us at that moment.
- In case you aren’t sure whether or not you are saved, I’d like to walk you through a prayer right now, during which you can ask Christ to come into your heart.
- I’m aware that You care about me and wish to save me.
- I am certain that God resurrected You from the grave.
- Lord Jesus, please come into my heart and pardon my sins so that I may be saved.
I pray in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen. If you said that prayer, please allow us to assist you with the next steps. For free downloading resources, please visit this page, or contact us if you would want us to send you materials by mail to assist you in getting started.
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After reading John 8:12–30, we arrive to the conclusion where we observe the response of a large number of people in verse 30: “While he was speaking these things, many believed in him.” This is encouraging news. The reason for this is that Jesus stated in verse 24, “Unless you believe that I am he, you will die in your sins.” Consequently, we have a photograph of humans transitioning from death to life. They will not perish as a result of their misdeeds. They will be forgiven, I assure you. Their sins will not be counted against them in any way.
- It was for this reason that Jesus came into the world.
- And it is for this reason that I am delivering this message.
- At this time, he wasn’t doing miracles.
- In actuality, he was arguing back and forth with the Pharisees and with the people in the audience, who were completely oblivious to what he was actually saying.
- Hearing — specifically, hearing the word of Christ — is the beginning of faith (Romans 10:17).
- As an unbeliever, you may begin to hear this message for the first time.
- It actually occurred to them.
- So I’m going to make an effort to allow Jesus to speak through me as I walk with him through this passage in the sequence in which it appears.
A Detour That’s Not a Detour
Nonetheless, it could be beneficial to state something about the passage’s overall message. The text opens with Jesus declaring, “I am the light of the world,” in verse 12 of the Bible. “Jesus spoke to them once more, proclaiming, ‘I am the light of the world.’ Following me will not be in the dark, but will have the light of life shining in their hearts.'” He never mentions light once more in this entire chapter, which is rather remarkable. Perhaps he deviates from his original course in response to a criticism raised by them.
In the past, we have seen that when Jesus allows someone to lead him on a detour, he manages the detour in a way that really illuminates both the beginning point and the goal (for example, John 4:16–21). As a result, it turns out that the detour was not necessary after all.
The Focus: Jesus’s Relationship with the Father
The major theme of the apparent detour in verses 13–29 – the apparent diversion away from “I am the light of the world” — is that the testimony and judgements of Jesus are accurate because of his connection with God the Father, which is revealed in the gospel of John. There are at least seven instances in this chapter where Jesus emphasizes the fact that he is from the Father, that he speaks on the Father’s authority, that he is on his way to the Father, and that he does nothing on his own initiative.
- The reason for this is because of his relationship with God the Father.
- His relationship with the Father is the source of his strength.” Now imagine the most powerful human authority you can imagine stating to you: “I don’t claim to have that.” What I assert is that I speak from God, for God, and in the name of God.
- My claim is that “I am,” and this is reflected in and under all of my words and actions.
- “Unless you believe that I am, you will perish in your sins,” says verse 24.
Because Jesus’s relationship with the Father is the source of his light, I believe that this emphasis on Jesus’s relationship with the Father is not really a detour from verse 12 (which says, “I am the light of the world.”) It is precisely by being one with the Father that Jesus is able to be that light for the world.
As a result, while these words of interaction with the Jews appear to be a diversion from the statement “I am the light of the world,” they are actually constantly pointing to the way he is the light of the world — by coming from the Father, going to the Father, and being one with the Father — and thus pointing to the Father.
As we listen to him, we pray that the Lord would do this for you.
When We Follow Him, We Have Him
Consequently, let’s start with the point made in verse 12: “Jesus spoke to them once more, proclaiming, ‘I am the light of the world.’ Following me will not be in the dark, but will have the light of life shining in their hearts.'” If you look at it for what it is — if you look at him for who he is — this is a life-changing verse. It asserts that following Jesus entails more than simply following in his footsteps. It entails accepting him for who he truly is. Being so taken with him that you decide to become one with him.
- The light shines from inside me.
- will get the light.” He tells you that you will have me as your light.
- I am completely yours.
- I am all of these things and more.
- It reads, “You will have the light of life.” What exactly is the relationship between light and life?
- The life that Jesus has lived and the life that he shares with those who follow him provides them with illumination.
Our hearts’ eyes are opened, and divine light streams into our living spirits, illuminating them. As a result, we have access to the light of life. The light that comes from new, spiritual, eye-opening life — the life that gives sight to the blind soul, eternal life giving eternal sight.
The Light of the World
Hence, let’s start with the point made in verse 12: ” I am the light of the world.'” “Jesus spoke to them once again, proclaiming, “I am the light of the world.” Following me will not be in the dark, but will have the light of life shining in their hearts.” See this verse for what it is – see him for who he is — and you will find it to be a life-changing passage. In it, it is said that following Jesus entails more than simply following in his footsteps. To do so means accepting him as he is. As a result of your feelings for him, you decide to join him.
- The light shines from inside me.
- will be illuminated.” He tells you that you will have me as your light source.
- That I am, I give to you.
- I am all of these things and so many more.
- As evidenced by John 1:14, “In him was life, and the life was the light of mankind.” Lighting comes from the source of life itself.
- That is, until the life of Jesus is communicated to us by the Holy Spirit, we are dead and blind to the light.
- Our hearts’ eyes are opened, and heavenly light pours into our living souls, illuminating them and transforming them.
- The light that comes from a new, spiritual, eye-opening existence — the life that restores sight to a blind soul, the everlasting life that restores eternal sight — is described as follows:
- Because Jesus is referred to as “the light of the world,” the world has no other source of illumination but him. In the event that there is to be a light for the world, that light will be Jesus. It’s either Jesus or the darkness. There isn’t a third option to consider. There is no other light
- This implies that the entire world, and everyone who lives in it, requires Jesus as their light
- This implies that the world was created for the presence of this light. This is not a strange light at all. This is the light that emanates from the creator of the universe. Not only does this light reveal sin as foreign and unsightly, but it also reveals everything good in the world in all of its full and real beauty when it appears. This planet was created so that it may be illuminated by this light. This light of Christ is inherent in the earth
- It is not imported. Final point: The fact that Jesus is “the light of the world” implies that one day, just as the rivers cover the sea, this world will be completely enveloped in light, and that every trace of darkness, including all the works of darkness, and every son of darkness will be expelled. It is for this reason that Jesus referred to hell as “outer darkness” (Matthew 8:12
- 25:30). Everything will be illuminated on that day. When Jesus, the brilliance of the Father, is fully shown in the world, all things will be made lovely by the light of Christ.
Jesus’s Offer of Light to All
Jesus is the light of the world in all of these magnificent ways. If you follow him now, he will serve as a beacon for you in the days leading up to that momentous day. True, he will bring your misdeeds to light. Which is a priceless gift, much like receiving a life-saving cancer diagnosis at an early stage. But, perhaps more importantly, he will unveil all that is wonderful. Ultimately, Jesus will be the light through which you see God — the light through which you view God’s redemptive history and the act of salvation.
- When you have him as your guiding light, nothing will ever be the same again.
- Even earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as misery and death, are acceptable.
- The soothing glow will provide consolation in your lonely room after experiencing such a tragic loss.
- God’s wise and loving face will be shown behind every frowning providence as a result of this process.
- You have been adopted into the light-bearing family.
- The light of paradise will shine upon you at the moment of death, when everyone else believes that “all the lights have gone out.” “Jesus speaks from God, for God, and in the name of God.” As a result, Jesus begins in verse 12 with this.
He makes all of this available to them and to us. And what an incredible deal it is! I hope you will accept it.
Detour to Contradiction
However, this appears to be the beginning of a diversion. According to verse 13, “So the Pharisees confronted him, saying, ‘You are giving witness against yourself; your testimony is false.'” Who or what is responsible for this? It is derived from John 5:31, in which Jesus stated, interpreting his words literally, “If I bear witness to myself, my testimony is not true.” “See, you are contradicting yourself, and your testimony is incorrect because you are giving witness against yourself,” the Pharisees point out in response to his severe language.
- These terms serve as a definition for the detour.
- And he makes use of it to direct all of his attention on his relationship with the Father.
- Is it possible that they have caught Jesus in a contradiction?
- If my testimony comes from myself, if it begins in my own mind, if I am a witness to myself who is separated from the Father, then I am a liar, and I must repent.
- They only heard it once, and now they exploit it to deflect attention away from the awful reality that when Jesus proclaims, “I am the light of the world,” they do not perceive any light at all.
Seeing, They Did Not See
Here’s a visual representation of what’s going on. It’s like if you were listening in on a chat with a British buddy the other day and heard me remark, “I don’t use the wordtorch.” And then today I come across you, completely disoriented and in a perilous tunnel. And I’m bringing you a brilliant, glowing torch that will help you find your way out of this mess. And I tell them, “I have a flame for you. ” That’s the way to go. “Follow it all the way to freedom.” Afterwards, you move your gaze away from the flame and add, “I heard you mention yesterday that you don’t use the word torch.
- “Flashlights are referred to as torches in the United Kingdom,” I might explain.
- You were unable to comprehend the situation.
- Take advantage of the opportunity.
- The torch was directly in front of me when I arrived.
- And standing in front of them stood Jesus, the light of the world — the divine, self-authenticating light of the world — who was the source of all illumination.
- They were seeing, yet they were not seeing.
In contrast to inferences from premises, the light of Christ is absolute. It is the radiance of God illuminating the retina of the human spirit. No argument can convince you that it is there; instead, it is visible to you via the eyes of your heart, which is the only way to know it is there.
What It Means to Be The Light of the World
According to verse 14, Jesus responds to the Pharisees, “Even if I bear witness about myself, my testimony is true, for I know where I came from and where I am going, but you do not know where I came from or where I am going.” “Even if I bear witness about myself, my testimony is true, for I know where I came from and where I am going,” Jesus says. In other words, “I am a gift from the Almighty.” I’m making my way to God. And you have no knowledge of God. As a result, you are unable to recognize me as the light of God.
- The difference between what is born of the flesh and what is born of the Spirit is that what is born of the flesh is flesh.
- To have the light of life, you must first have life.
- Your spirit is no longer alive.
- I don’t make decisions on my own.
- He goes into detail.
- In regard to myself, I am the one who bears testimony, and the Father who sent me is the one who bears witness in regard to me.”
When His Hour Comes — And Not Before
“As a result, they asked him, ‘Where has your father gone?'” says verse 19. ‘Neither you nor my Father are familiar with me,’ Jesus responded. It is likely that you are familiar with my Father as well.'” Instead, Jesus states that if you knew and loved any of us, you would also know and love the other. “I and the Father are so linked that if you knew and loved either of us, you would know and love the other.” According to the apostle Paul, “the brightness of God beaming on the retinal cells of the human soul” is the light of Christ.
John takes a moment to reflect on how incredible it is that no one is stoning him or arresting him in verse 20, saying, “These words he delivered in the treasure chamber, while he was teaching in the temple; yet no one arrested him because his hour had not yet arrived.” He will depart when the time is right, not sooner.
He Warns Them with Hell
Now he explains one of the ramifications of their blindness in greater detail. Verse 21 through 24: “So he told them once more, ‘I am leaving, and you will pursue me, and you will perish in your wickedness.’ You are not permitted to accompany me where I am going.’ So the Jews speculated, ‘Will he commit suicide since he has stated, “Where I am going, you cannot come”?’ ‘You are from below, and I am from above,’ he explained to them. You are a creature of this world; I am not a creature of this world.
They will “die in their sins,” and they will not be able to follow him to where he is going, which implies that when they die, they will not be able to go to the Father.
The Lord is admonishing them, telling them that if they continue in their blind rejection of him as the light of the world, they will perish away from God in hell for all of eternity.
But He Offers Hope
However, he provides them hope — and he also offers you hope — by his actions. “Unless you believe that I am.you will perish in your sins,” says Verse 24, in part. You will not believe if you don’t believe. “Believe that I am — that I am sent by the Father. ” And that I and the Father are one in the same way. Open your eyes and realize that I am the light of the world, and allow me to be your light by accepting me as such. And you will not perish as a result.” The Father’s voice is repeated again and over again by Jesus throughout this text, indicating that he is from God and that he says what the Father speaks.
“So Jesus responded to them, ‘When you have hoisted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am who I say I am.'”
See and Believe
That does not imply that they all converted to Christianity at the time of Jesus’ crucifixion. The implication is that you, unintentionally, are going to assist me in completing my mission as the light of the world. You’re going to help me get back on my feet. You’re going to put me on the cross. And when I am crucified, my position as the world’s rescuing, redeeming, and creation-filling light will be assured. And I shall continue to ascend, reign, and shine in perpetuity. And the day will come when you will realize what I am talking about.
Alternately, you can be the ones who crucify me, allowing you to die in your sins and only later discover the truth, when it is too late.
Alternatively, we might die in our sins and realize it only when it is too late.
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Add a File Extension to a Group of Files from the Command Line in Mac OS X
The quickest way to add a file extension to a group of files that don’t currently have one is by using the command line in Mac OS X. In the example below, we’ll add a “.txt” extension to all files in a single directory, but subbing .txt in the command string will add a different extension instead. Before beginning, it’s a good idea to do the following:
- Be sure to have file extensions visible on all files in Mac OS X, that way the extension change will be visible in the Finder in addition to the command line
- Place all files that need the extension added into a single and separate directory
How to Batch Add File Extensions in Mac OS Command Line
Assuming you met the prior requirements, launch Terminal (found in /Applications/Utilities/) and do the following:
- Change to the directory containing the files by typing:
- Once inside the directory, use the following command:
- Confirm the change by typing “ls” to list the directory contents
for i in *; do mv "$i" "$i.txt"; done
You can also drag and drop a directory from the Finder into the terminal window to print out it’s path, rather than manually entering it.
Below is a complete example showing a change to the directory, listing the original contents, executing the appropriate command to add the extension, and finally another listing showing the original files with the new .txt extension added.
$ mkdir ~/Desktop/FilesThatNeedExtensionsAdded/
$ mv tes* ~/Desktop/FilesThatNeedExtensionsAdded/
$ cd ~/Desktop/FilesThatNeedExtensionsAdded/
test test1 test2 test3 test4
$ for i in *; do mv “$i” “$i.txt”; done
test.txt test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test4.txt
As mentioned before, to add a different file extension just replace the “.txt” with something else, like “.jpg” or “.rtf”. The wildcards can also be adjusted to match file name commonalities.
Thanks to Thom for the tip idea
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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| 0.828198 | 504 | 2.578125 | 3 |
There is this thing called “value-fact distinction”; it points out to the difference between “what is” and “what ought to be” (in Persian: «باید و نباید» vs. «هست و نیست»).
* * *
1. As a child I was not aware of this distinction. I think it is quite natural (a default setting) to experience the reality based on emotions and values and judge the world based on how it benefits us, as opposed to objective investigation out of mere curiousity.
That is, morality is – wrongfully and as a default mindset – assumed to be as objective as rationality.
* * *
2. As I grew up I started to spot relativity in our ethics and morals. I was convinced that factual statements are objective and can be evaulated as true or false, but ethical statements are subjective and right vs wrong is a matter of taste or perspective.
True/False and Right/Wrong duality may “feel” alike, and we apply both to our decision-makings in life. But we should not mix them while investigating the world: If we set out to inspect the objective reality, we should stick to the facts staying away from the subjectivity of ethics. Mistaking right or wrong for true or false is a trap.
Or facts are objective; values are not.
* * *
3. The weird thing is that the distinction between facts and values is fading again for me. They are coming together like when I was a child, but this time in a different way.
I ask what if facts and values are both a matter of perspective, in a fundamental way. That both rationality and morality are subjective?
Kids may know some things better, prior to their culturally biased upbringing.
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| 0.957529 | 388 | 2.515625 | 3 |
My Mango Is About A Month Old And I Want It To Start Branching So It Can Have A Nice Shape And Be Fruitful?
What is pinching a mango plant and what does it do?
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
It is far too young to pinch without knowledge on how to care for a low branching tree! Pinching now will make branching start too low to the soil level, which will invite pests, and disease.
Pinching, or cutting off the very tip of a plant can help structure, but you will want to do this at least 3 or 4 feet off of the ground to make sure that it has enough airflow close to the root zone.
Topping should occur after the first or second year when grown to its full potential. If it doesn't reach 3 or 4 feet by next year, then you may want to look into lighting the tree with horticultural lighting, as it will mean that the tree does not have enough light to grow to its potential.
Pinching this young will be reserved for Bonsai specimens, and will require quite a bit of knowledge on caring for this type of container grown tree, so it isn't recommended if you only have one tree to experiment on.
Here is an article that will help you to care for Mango in container: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/mango/mango-trees-in-pots.htm
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https://questions.gardeningknowhow.com/my-mango-is-about-a-month-old-and-i-want-it-to-start-branching-so-it-can-have-a-nice-shape-and-be-fruitful/
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West Caucasian tur
|West Caucasian tur|
Güldenstädt and Pallas, 1783
West Caucasian turs stand up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall at the shoulder and weigh around 65 kg (143 lb). They have large but narrow bodies and short legs. West Caucasian turs have a chestnut coat with a yellow underbelly and darker legs. Their horns are scimitar-shaped and heavily ridged. In males, these horns are around 70 cm (28 in), while in females they are much smaller.
West Caucasian turs live in rough mountainous terrain between 800 and 4,000 m (2,600 and 13,100 ft) above sea level, where they eat mainly grasses and leaves and are preyed upon by wolves and lynxes. They are nocturnal, eating in the open at night and sheltering during the day. Females live in herds of around 10 individuals, while males are solitary.
The wild population is estimated to be between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.
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By Colin Allen, published on October 9, 2003 - last reviewed on June 9, 2016
Bipolar disorder seems to slip under the radar of public awareness. Respondents to a telephone survey about mood disorders rarely thought of it: Almost four out of five Americans did not name it as a disorder.
The survey, sponsored by the National Alliance of the Mentally Ill, found that women age 35 to 54 and college-age students were the most aware of the disease. Adults over 55 knew least about it. Almost four out of ten people could not think of any symptoms related to bipolar disorder or manic depression, as it is also known.
The survey respondents who could name some of the symptoms of the disorder had only a cursory sense of them. Some 38 percent mentioned mood swings and 15 percent knew that sufferers often experience bouts of depression.
Bipolar disorder, which usually appears in late adolescence, is marked by extreme shifts in mood, energy and ability to function. Bouts of euphoria or depression can last days or months. Common symptoms include irritability, lethargy and anxiety as well as changes in sleep patterns and appetite.
The disorder affects 2.3 million people, or 1.2 percent of the nation. Without treatment, half of those with the disorder develop problems with drug or alcohol abuse. And about 20 percent commit suicide.
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https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200310/bipolar-disorder-is-it-ignored
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Increasing racial and ethnic diversity has long been apparent at the national level in the United States and in the nation's largest metropolitan gateways. Since 1980 over nine-tenths of all cities, suburbs and small towns have become more diverse. And rural communities are following the lead of their urban counterparts, according to a U.S. 2010 policy brief.
"What really stands out is the near-universal nature of the trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity at the local level," said Barry Lee, professor of sociology and demography, Penn State, and co-author of the brief.
Another significant finding is the decline in white-dominant places, where whites make up 90 percent or more of the population. Three decades ago these places represented two-thirds of the total. Today, they are down to only one-third of the total. In their stead are a growing number of communities where minorities are a significant share of the population and often where no group is a majority.
Despite the general upward trend in diversity, dramatic contrasts are still apparent between communities. At the high end of the diversity scale, places such as Oakland and Jersey City now have roughly equal proportions of white, black, Hispanic and Asian residents. At the low end, the most homogeneous communities tend to remain all white or all Hispanic.
A unique feature of this study is that it included micropolitan areas where the largest community has a population under 50,000, as well as rural areas.
"We feel that studying these areas is important because they form the core of small-town America," said Lee. "One of the surprises is that even small towns now have to adapt to newcomers who are from different backgrounds than their longtime residents."
The full report may be downloaded at http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/Data/Report/report08292012.pdf
Other Penn State researchers on the study were John Iceland, professor of sociology and demography, and Gregory Sharp, recent Ph.D. graduate, sociology and demography.
The Russell Sage Foundation and Brown University funds the US 2010 research project.
Cite This Page:
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/09/120907131642.htm
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| 0.955379 | 437 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The People’s Liberation Army has proved to be an effective tool by which to change perceptions about China’s role in the world.
China aspires for global leadership, but its intentions have often been undercut by its own reputation. Mercantilist, free-rider and, more recently, aggressive are a few of the labels that have been accurately used to describe Chinese foreign policy. Beijing, however, is doing all it can to counter these descriptors by using its power to reshape perceptions. One method used by the Chinese state to increasing effect is the deployment of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) units for missions relating to peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HADR) and noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO). Such operations, sometimes referred to under the term Military Operations Other than War (MOOTW), present the PLA, and by extension China itself, as a responsible global actor. In truth, the criticisms of China’s foreign policy remain accurate, but the PLA has proven to be an effective tool by which to change perceptions about China’s role in the world.
According to a United States Institute for Peace report, China contributes more troops to UN peacekeeping missions than any other Security Council member state and is a leading financier of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO). The same report detailed that China finds UN PKO operations a useful means to enhance the operational capacity of PLA units while also indirectly protecting Chinese national interests within and in proximity to conflict zones. PKO participation assisted in spreading China’s influence within the United Nations and enhancing its reputation among the other primary contributors to PKO around the world. These operations also have helped to improve China’s overall reputation throughout the world, particularly in developing states.
In 2014, the PLA sent a battalion of the troops to South Sudan for civilian protection-related missions. This was a progression from a major contribution of peacekeepers to Mali in 2013, which was Beijing’s most wide-ranging contribution ever. China’s interests in the Sudanese crisis stems back over a decade to the time when Darfur human rights violations were gaining international attention and the civil conflict between Khartoum and southern-based rebels was intensifying. A deal between the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation and the Sudanese government brought Khartoum and Beijing closer together and tied China’s national interests to the stability of Sudan.
According to an International Crisis Group report, China’s engagement with Sudan created a complication for its long-standing principle of non-interference in the affairs of other sovereign states. Negative international attention regarding the actions of the Sudanese government undercut Beijing’s messaging and the overall instability of the country put portions of China’s economic interests at risk. Partially because of instability in Sudan, the Chinese state decided on an adjustment to its long standing policy that declares foreign interference acceptable in cases where national interests are at stake, paving an easier rode for PKO going forward.
China’s military is also intensifying its capability to conduct HADR operations, which present an impactful way by which a country can gain international goodwill and, as such, it is a focus area around which military cooperation has matured. The PLA has invested in joint training operations on HADR with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Australia and the United States, among others. The PLA has stood up training units for quick deployment under emergency situations, similar to units used by the United States military during natural disasters or humanitarian crises. PLA’s humanitarian operations have had increasing impact in the Asia Pacific. PLA troops, viewed by many countries in the Asia Pacific as the face of China’s increasingly aggressive regional policy, can be easily portrayed throughout the media as an institution committed to stability and humanitarian relief.
China’s soon to be active dual use military facility in Djibouti — its first overseas military base — will be a transit point for HADR operations throughout Africa and the Middle East. The base’s primary function is to facilitate People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) vessels operating in the Western Indian Ocean, but Beijing consistently points out that the base is intended to serve multilateral and humanitarian aims. As such, China argues that the base is not evidence of China’s growing military strength and a tool to reshape the regional security order. Of course, the western Indian Ocean region, encompassing both the Gulf and East Africa, is important for China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative.
The project is a major vision for connecting Eurasia and much of Africa to China, and such intensive investment will inevitably have security dimensions. A base in the region can assist China’s future security dilemmas, but that is not the frame that Beijing wants to become solidified.
PLA evacuation capabilities were proven in Libya and Yemen, where thousands of Chinese nationals working in both countries were evacuated because of emerging warzones. In Libya, it was the start of the civil war in March 2011 that required the PLA to evacuate approximately 35,000 Chinese nationals. It was the largest PLA-conducted NEO in history. A significant amount of sea, air and land military assets were used to conduct the overseas operation, including the contracting of private ships to ease evacuee overflow. In 2015, the PLAN evacuated about 800 Chinese citizens out of Yemen shortly after conflict arose. The Yemen evacuation was not anywhere near the size and scope of the Libyan operation, but the PLA, with assistance from other government agencies, was able to quickly direct aircraft to Yemen with little strain on the PLA and not complicate the international effort to evacuate other foreign nationals.
The PLA’s success in evacuating Chinese nationals out of Libya and Yemen was rightfully praised by Chinese citizens and many throughout the international community. These operations proved that the PLA is capable of conducting evacuations far from China’s shores, but it should be remembered that this ability has value beyond evacuation operations. The PLA, long a force capable of only homeland defense, had achieved the operational sophistication and tactical capability to engage in rapid deployment on a global scale. Observers around the world took note that the PLA’s abilities had become rough equivalents of leading militaries in North America and Europe.
The PLA’s capabilities in peacekeeping, humanitarian and disaster relief and noncombatant evacuation have clearly matured over the past decade. Countries around the world now have evidence of how China can effectively contribute to humanitarian efforts that require the use of military units. Images of Chinese soldiers keeping the peace in warzones, providing relief during crises and evacuating its citizens when they are in danger have provided a narrative that shows China in a positive light.
Fewer people in the developing world are fearful of China’s foreign policy objectives, and the PLA’s efforts have contributed to this changed perception. Yet, despite its humanitarian contributions, China’s foreign policy remains problematic. Humanitarian concerns, regardless of the narrative they create, are not a priority for the PLA. These missions always have a public relations component attached to them. Given the changing reputation of China and PLA globally, it seems the PR campaign is working.
*[Note: The views expressed in this article are the authors’ alone and do not represent the official policy or position of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense or the US government.]
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.
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| 0.949673 | 1,551 | 2.765625 | 3 |
by The Editor
SERIES: Are you wise? Or do you simply seek out cliches and promote them as if you have discovered great truth? In other words, do you believe by repeating other people’s wisdom, you might seem wise yourself? And is a cliche actually an example of wisdom? What is true wisdom’s nature and how might we recognise it? In an age of ‘instant wisdom’ – exaggerated by social media – these are questions worth considering.
Wisdom, a relatively complex idea, enjoys an overly-simple reputation.
Often we are told there is much wisdom in a platitude or cliché, and it is eagerly promoted by those who believe its ostensible profundity says as much about them as it does the idea itself. That is: that such people are seemingly wise themselves because they recognise wise things – ‘wisdom’ by association.
But a cliché rarely contains inherent wisdom. Its great trick – that it appears universally applicable – masks its great weakness – that its worth is only ever particular to a specific circumstance. Thus, by advocating for one in an absolute fashion, as if it constitutes some fundamental and common truth, ironically, one often reveals little more than ignorance as to the ambiguity and difference that defines the human condition.
Wisdom is the product of three things: experience (and so it usually come with time and age); knowledge (understanding and insight); and, importantly, judgement (the sound application of experience and knowledge to circumstance).
Each element on its own, although valuable, does not constitute wisdom. It might be wise to cross the road today; tomorrow it might be equally unwise. And so, if anything, wisdom is a rational response to uncertainty: an ability to distinguish one moment from another and to use precedent and understanding to plot the best course of action in response to different conditions.
There is a risk, then, that wisdom lends itself to pragmatic, as opposed to principled decisions; for self-interest is often pursued as the ultimate good. And so what constitutes the collective wisdom of the day is well worth interrogating; and to what degree each of these three component parts are emphasised, worth some serious consideration.
Knowledge without experience engenders understanding devoid of compassion; experience without knowledge encourages conviction without principle; and experience and knowledge without judgement provokes expediency, at the expense of any noble vision or purpose.
The line between wisdom and moralising is a fine one indeed, beware those that walk it.
An abbreviated version of this column first appeared in the Business Day. For more columns from The Thing About series, click here.
To follow Inside Politics by e-mail simply go to the bottom of the page and fill in your address. When you confirm it, you will receive an e-mail the moment any new post is loaded to the site.
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Structural racism and poverty correlate with a higher incidence of obesity among African Americans (49%). Social drivers of health, which affect a disproportionate number of nonwhite Americans living below the poverty line, account for up to 90% of people's health outcomes.
These are just two examples of data that highlight the need for fairness.
Health plans are well aware that it is possible to change this dynamic and improve clinical outcomes through better and more personalized member engagement. But overall, the health care system is not properly configured to engage the people who need help the most, including the 133 million Americans living with at least one preventable chronic disease. Most health care interventions designed to motivate or engage members to improve their health do not match members' day-to-day needs.
Note: - find more information raising clinical outcomes and engagement through healthcare equity you could try this out.
In other words, most health system interventions lack equity.
Equity from a Health Care Lens
One of the best ways to understand equity and how it differs from equality is to look at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's 2017 graph of people who cycle.
In the first image, people of different physique (a disabled woman, a child, a tall man and an adult woman) attempt to ride the same type of bicycle with varying degrees of success. In the second image, the same people ride different bikes suited to their individual physique. The second image shows that everyone can travel with ease because everyone has a solution adapted to their needs.
When we consider these principles of fairness, it is clear why our institutions are failing so many Americans. By providing "equal" (same) care to everyone, we are not accommodating people with a higher (or different) level of need.
To provide care equitably, health plans must think critically about what will motivate high-risk and underserved people to participate, and avoid applying the same solution to different cohorts of members.
For example, non-white Americans consume less alcohol than their white counterparts, but experience higher levels of negative consequences due to higher levels of poverty, unfair medical treatment, and racial/ethnic stigma. Healthcare organizations that want to address alcohol consumption to improve health outcomes need to think critically about what would motivate those most at risk to reduce their alcohol consumption.
Too often payers and employers offer incentive programs that don't support behavior change, such as smoking cessation programs that offer rewards like a free t-shirt for reaching a goal, but few offer the opportunity to consult. a program administrator to celebrate progress.
A program with a simple goal and a rewards structure might work for people who are ready to make a change (and have access to nutritious food, time and exercise, etc.). But for many, especially those with fewer resources, there is little external motivation at play.
Engagement in practice
On the other hand, the right incentives provided at the right time, developed with equity as a central goal, can drive change.
A recent study of Arizona Medicaid plan members with severe mental illness compounded by other co-occurring conditions illustrates this. For the 2021 study, Arizona's plan aimed to reduce hospital emergency department use through a program in which patients checked in daily with a mobile app. As long as they completed the 12-month program, participants were eligible to receive up to $250 in cash rewards that they could use for groceries, transportation and other essentials.
Members checked in daily, using the app to log completion of basic daily and weekly health-related tasks, such as eating healthy meals, checking blood sugar and blood pressure, and taking prescribed medications. weather. Every day, they received reminders and praise for their positive behavior, such as posting a photo of a healthy meal or entering a numerical value.
At the end of the 12-month study, medication adherence improved by 43% among participants and inpatient use decreased by 69%. The plan also saw a net promoter score.
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Ear infections can be very discomforting for a baby and it may cause the baby to behave in such a way that the parents would feel more distressed than the babies in most instances. Due to their inability to express feelings and sensations, the babies would not indicate to an observer what is actually going on and thus it is the observer that needs to be aware and search for clues as to solve the riddle. Thus, this article expects to shed light on to some of the common manifestations of ear infections in a baby which would be useful to make an early diagnosis and therefore make life less distressing for the baby as well as for the parents alike.
Let us now see some of the presentations of ear infections in your baby.
-Excessive cry and irritability
When a child is inconsolable in his or her cry and behaves irritated, it can be a sign of an infection somewhere in the body and one probable place would be the ear. Therefore, it is necessary for the observer to search for other signs which may indicate a probable locus of infection in the child.
When a baby develops an ear infection, it is possible that they refuse feeds due to pain in swallowing and chewing, as well as due to abdominal discomfort pertaining to that particular infection.
-Pulling and grabbing of the ear
In most instances, a child with ear infections would pull on the ear from time to time although they would do the same without any reason at all. As such, it is always better to be observant when it comes to such situations, especially in case there are other signs related to ear infections.
-Discharge from the ear
A sure sign of ear infection would be the appearance of a yellowish or colorless ear discharge from the babies ear and in such instances, measures should be taken to seek medical advice even if the child looks ok when seen from outside.
It is common for the organism or the virus causing the ear infection to also cause a gastro-intestinal disturbance and therefore it is rather common to see a baby with ear infection developing a diarrhea as well.
Another sign that will accompany these manifestations would be the fever and it can vary from a mild fever to a high fever with chills in severe ear infections with or without a discharge.
Thus, it is evident that, a diagnosis of an ear infection in a baby would require the observant to be extra vigilant and any of the above indications should be taken seriously in order to detect an ear infection early.
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| 0.962594 | 502 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A new investigative report conducted by Consumer Reports has just revealed that many commercial fruit juices* still contain “concerning levels” of heavy metals arsenic, cadmium and lead. For infants and children who typically consume a lot of juice and have still-developing brains and immune systems the findings are a red flag for parents to reduce their children’s consumption of commercial fruit juices testing high in heavy metals**. The same holds true for pregnant women. As for other adults, this is just one more source among many that add to the body burden toxic chemicals building up from food, food packaging, drinking water, personal care and home care products and the general environment. Electing for fruit juices that did not test in the “concerning levels” category would be a prudent choice.
*Investigators examined 45 juices in four flavors: apple (22), fruit juice blends (13), grape (7), and pear (3).
**The harmful effects of heavy metals are well-documented. Depending on how long children are exposed to these toxins and how much they are exposed to, they may be at risk for lowered IQ, behavioral problems (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), type 2 diabetes, and cancer, among other health issues. source
The consumer-advocacy organization Consumer Reports tested 45 fruit juices, including apple, grape and juice blends, and found that 21 of them had “concerning levels” of cadmium, arsenic and/or lead, according to a new report. Juice samples came from 24 national and private-label brands.
For instance, two Welch’s products contained levels of lead that exceed the standard for bottled water set by the Food and Drug Administration. And a sample of Trader Joe’s Fresh Pressed Apple Juice exceeded a 10 parts-per-billion threshold for arsenic that has been recommended as an allowable level…
Where is the FDA in all of this?
Several years back, the FDA proposed a 10 parts-per-billion limit on arsenic in apple juice, but the agency has yet to issue a guideline.
In response to the new report, an FDA spokesperson said in an email,
“We welcome the data provided by Consumer Reports and will review it in its entirety as part of our larger, comprehensive effort to reduce toxic element exposure…
“We know there is more work to be done to reduce these elements in our food supply and we place a high priority on reducing exposure among infants and children, as the very young are more susceptible to their potential adverse health effects.”
Arsenic can be found in other food sources so minimizing exposure when possible is always a good thing…
Metals can be naturally present in the soil. Past use of pesticides can also leave metal residues. Metals can also be present in the water used to irrigate crops, or they can be in water sprayed directly onto trees and plants, in countries outside the U.S.
And as the FDA points out, these heavy metals enter the food supply when plants take them up as they grow. source
What do scientists say about the new findings?
“Research from Dartmouth and other institutions has shown that arsenic at levels below 10 parts per billion may have health effects on people and children. Ultimately, reducing exposure to all sources of arsenic is important to keep exposure levels as low as possible and if you have a private well with arsenic in your water, eat a lot of rice and drink a lot of juice, it is recommended that you reduce or change those exposure sources.” –Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program
“Arsenic is potentially harmful to human health in multiple ways. Higher exposures are related to increased risks of certain cancers and heart disease, and may impact growth, brain development and immune function. Scientists are learning that health effects may occur even at low levels of exposure.”
-Dr. Margaret Karagas, epidemiologist at Dartmouth College who focuses on children’s health
Advice to consumers:
“Take action to reduce arsenic if you’re a pregnant woman, or have kids. Arsenic is harmful to child growth, development and brain function. Kids consume more food and water per pound of body weight, so they are more likely than other age groups to be exposed to too much arsenic.”
See the report here.
Arsenic and Lead Are in Your Fruit Juice: What You Need to Know
CR finds concerning levels of heavy metals in almost half of tested juices. Here’s how to protect yourself and your family.
Download a PDF of CR’s test protocol for heavy metals in fruit juices
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://chemical-free-life.org/2019/01/30/concerning-levels-of-heavy-metals-arsenic-lead-in-some-fruit-juices/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00679.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945459 | 968 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Frequent ear infections in children: Signs for parents with concerns about speech and language development.
Ear tube surgery – it is one of the most common childhood surgeries.
According to the New York Times, nearly seven-hundred thousand children a year in the United States have tiny plastic tubes inserted into their eardrums.
“No one wants to see a child in pain,” said renowned pediatrician and parenting expert Dr. Jen Trachtenberg. “The main reason to get the tubes is that it helps with hearing loss. When you have the tubes, all that fluid and pus comes out of the ear, therefore, you don’t have the pressure and the temporary hearing loss.”
Although ear tube surgery may be among the most common surgeries for children, Trachtenberg says the number of such procedures being performed is excessive (“doctors are doing too many,” she says) and that parents should think twice before they “jump the gun” and opt for ear tubes.
“I never take it lightly,” says Trachtenberg. “I would never jump to just doing tubes surgery on a child. That said, not all infections need to be treated with antibiotics.”
Doctors say that ear infections are one of the most common childhood ailments, with eighty percent of kids experiencing at least one instance of infection by they time they turn three years of age. Ear infections also account for more than 30 million doctor visits a year, so the potential for excessive use of the ear tube procedure would seem to be possible.
What, then, should a conscientious parent do if he or she is considering ear tube surgery for his or her child?
First, remember that, if left untreated, otitis media (the common ear infection) can lead to loss of hearing in your child and delays in terms of speech development. Dr. Trachtenberg says it’s more important to focus on the length of a child’s ear infection, in terms of how long the fluid remains in the ear rather than just the number of ear infections that may occur. “This is why continuity of care and having a primary pediatrician is so helpful,” she says.
According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology (A.A.O.), parents should not opt for ear tube surgery in otherwise healthy children who have had just one episode of ear fluid lasting less than three months. On its website, the A.A.O. says that infections of “short duration” will probably go away on their own.
However, if there is evidence of speech delay, then opting for ear tube surgery could be the right decision for your child. As for how much hearing loss is required before parents should consider themselves to have reached this point, some physicians say that early ear tube surgery can be considered in kids who register a hearing loss of forty or more decibels.
As for signs of what parents should look for, Trachtenberg says that persistent fluid and persistent hearing loss would mean that parents or caregivers should ask their pediatricians about referring them to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctor, who specializes in the ear tube procedure.
If it does come to getting the surgery, doctors say parents should be aware that the procedure involves general anesthetic, but is also generally an easy one to carry out.
“About fifteen minutes,” says Tranchtenberg, when asked how long the surgery lasts. “Kids in general tolerate it very well. Not much pain. Your child may get antibiotic drops for the ear. Generally they do really well.”
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<urn:uuid:563210ce-82a5-4e59-bf15-144c0a828d1f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://www.speechbuddy.com/blog/category/hearing-loss/
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| 0.965217 | 754 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The diagram at right shows the main routine linking to subroutine A, which links to subroutine B, which links to subroutine C. The subroutines link together like beads on a double string. Control is passed from the call to prolog, and from epilog back to the caller. All subroutines in a calling chain (except the one at the bottom) have all five sections (call, prolog, body, epilog, and regaining control).
Each time another subroutine is added to the chain, more data is pushed onto the run-time stack. At the end of the chain of calls the run-time stack has a section of data (saved register values) from each of the subroutines (including main). The currently active subroutine is the one whose data is at the top of the stack (subroutine C, in our upside-down stack).
As each subroutine returns to its caller, its section of data is popped from the stack.
A subroutine does not "know" anything about the stack other than its own section. It pushes its data onto the stack, and later on pops exactly that data back into registers. It does not look at any other data in the stack. It does not even know how deep the stack is.
Sometimes instead of saying "calling a subroutine" people say "activating a subroutine." Each bead in the picture and each section of the stack corresponds to one subroutine activation.
After subroutine B returns control to subroutine A, might subroutine A call another subroutine (say subroutine X)?
|
<urn:uuid:10028342-a504-4e08-8dd0-b3ec548b15a6>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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http://programmedlessons.org/AssemblyTutorial/Chapter-27/ass27_8.html
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|
en
| 0.934591 | 349 | 3.46875 | 3 |
It is the most beautiful and inspiring thing that has ever been my privilege to witness during my entire membership in the Church.
–Walter Stover, president of the East German Mission
The consequences of war did not end for the Dutch Saints with the closing of World War II – they faced additional months of near-starvation, as recounted in part 1. Some of the first organized aid to reach them came from the Saints of the United States, who mailed parcels to the Saints throughout Europe as soon as the mail system was again operational and before larger-scale shipments could be made. In Holland, a group of local missionaries and members was called, serving for 18 months and working out of The Hague, to receive and store and distribute the relief.
By the spring of 1947, the Dutch Saints were sufficiently organized, their most basic needs for food and shelter and clothing being met, that they could turn their minds and hands to producing food for themselves. The church’s Welfare Plan – so new that it had not yet been widely taught in Europe before the war – was presented to the Saints in Holland, and the people accepted the idea that by working together, they could produce a crop – potatoes, it was determined, would be best, along without whatever green vegetables could be added – that could be shared with all the Saints in Holland. Cooperative effort, they agreed, was better than a hundred scattered and individual projects.
Organized by priesthood quorums, Saints throughout the country found suitable parcels for raising crops. Parcels were generally small – back yards, strips of land along roadways and canals, larger plots on former farms that were not being worked due to a shortage of labor. When the Saints, both men and women, had prepared the soil, whole branches gathered for the planting: hymns were sung, prayers were offered for the safety and abundance of the crop, and the potatoes and beans and cabbages were planted.
Mormon crops were flourishing all over Holland later that year when Walter Stover, president of the East German Mission, visited Holland and met with Dutch Mission President Cornelius Zappey. These men, and President J. Wunderlich of the West German Mission, as well as other leaders in the former war zones, had been in touch by letter and knew something of the hardships faced in each country. Hearing tales directly from President Stover, however, moved President Zappey beyond what letters had done.
If we – if we could only give our potatoes to the members of our Church in Germany. What a beautiful lesson could be learned from this; but what would they say if we should ask them for the food for which they had worked so hard to give to the people who had caused them such suffering and depredations – the people who had ruthlessly confiscated the last bit of their food and exposed their little children to starvation. And if they should approve of the idea, how would we be able to export the potatoes, for the exportation of food to Germany is strictly forbidden by the Dutch government, because the Dutch people doesn’t possess sufficient food for their own use.
Despite his apprehensions, both about the reaction of his Saints and the legal problems involved, President Zappey presented his idea.
The result was startling. The Saints thought it a wonderful plan. The word “enemy” was not heard. The progress of the potato project was now watched with double interest and proudly came the reports, “We have so many potatoes for Germany,” and “We have so much.”
The Saints, both men and women, worked on the land all summer long, and the crop – especially the potatoes – was a good one. The Saints harvested their potatoes and began trucking them to a warehouse in The Hague, although they still had no idea how they were going to get their potatoes out of Holland and into Germany.
Besides growing their own contribution to the effort, the Saints in The Hague had the additional labor of unloading and storing shipments, and then reloading the potatoes into transports. They met their task. One group of Saints had just concluded choir practice at the Mission Home when word came at 10:00 p.m. that a truck had arrived. Without a pause, the male members of the choir climbed aboard the truck, rode to the warehouse, and worked late into the night muscling heavy sacks of produce into the warehouse.
No one at home will ever realize, I think, the victory and the joy it has been for us. It will take about four railroad cars to transport all these potatoes. When I think of the suffering and the privations the people of Holland, as well as our Saints, suffered at the hands of the Germans, and how our Saints have labored long and diligently to raise all this food with only one goal in view – to send it to our Saints in Germany – I thank my Heavenly Father for the spirit of the welfare work at home and in this mission.
– Dutch Mission President Cornelius Zappey
It was decided that the crop was so bountiful that each branch president would be allotted a share of the food to distribute to the widows and other especially needy people in their areas. Those branch presidents weren’t always successful. One widow, given a sack of potatoes, learned that her gift had come from the crop grown for the Saints in Germany. She returned her sack to the branch president, insisting “My potatoes must go with them.”
This is one of the greatest acts of true Christian conduct ever brought to my attention. the Dutch Saints are to be congratulated that they can perform this act of welfare service to members of the Church who live in a country which has caused them so much suffering and hardship during recent years.
– David O. McKay
President Zappey, meanwhile, had been endeavoring to cut through the red tape to permit the Dutch Saints to ship their crop to their brothers and sisters in Germany. Finally he received his answer from the Minister of Agriculture and Food Supply: “The exporting of food is absolutely not permitted, and under no circumstances can or will there be an exception made.”
But the Minister of Agriculture and Food Supply hadn’t counted on a chance meeting at the London airport. While Presidents Zappey and Alma Sonne (president of the European Mission) stood chatting at the customs desk in the airport there, a passenger in the line ahead turned in surprise and greeted President Sonne. He was Dr. P. Vincent Cardon, formerly of Logan, and then in Europe working with the United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. Cardon had just attended a conference in Amsterdam, but unable to get a flight to New York from there, he had unexpectedly gone to London, where he recognized the voice of his childhood friend in the customs line.
The three men hastily conferred in the few minutes before their separate flights departed, and within a few days, Dr. Cardon had sent to President Zappey letters of introduction to the government officials who controlled shipping between European countries. With his letters opening the doors, he was able to present his case in person to the various department directors, and he sought permission to export 15 tons (the expected harvest total) to Germany.
Officials praised the selflessness of the plan, and told President Zappey he and his people were to be respected – but under no circumstances would such a permit be issued. It was simply impossible. The best hope – his last chance – was a promise sought by President Zappey that the directors would bring his appeal to the personal attention of Holland’s Minister of Agriculture.
The next day, a phone call to the Mission Home told President Zappey that his impossible plea had been granted.
But then an unexpected problem arose. Instead of the expected 15 tons of potatoes, for which he had obtained export permission, the Dutch Saints brought in a crop five times that size. With mingled joy and fear, President Zappey again returned to the Agricultural Ministry … and the minister himself approved the increased export.
As the harvest was brought in and trucked to The Hague, and as the Dutch Saints – men and women – gathered at the warehouse to sew loose potatoes securely into burlap sacks, unexpected obstacles were thrown in the path of the Saints. Shipping companies to carry the freight to Germany were hard to find. President Zappey discovered that not only was there a Ministry of Agriculture, there was a specialized Bureau of Potato Directorate who arrogantly notified him that the Ministry could give all the permission it cared to give; the Potato Directorate would under no circumstances allow the export. For a full week, President Zappey haunted the offices of the Potato Directorate, once informing the astonished men that “these potatoes belonged to the Lord,” and he would find a way to deliver them where the Lord wanted them to be. At the end of the week, the required signatures were given.
This is an achievement which is little short of miraculous. I am sure the Saints in the Netherlands Mission will experience a sense of great satisfaction in this overture of good will to the German Saints. Back of it is the unselfishness engendered by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. This will go down in the history of the welfare program as an outstanding achievement and as an example of the true love which characterizes the work of the Lord.
– Alma Sonne, president of the European Mission
Immediately, trying to avoid the possibility of further obstacles, the Saints loaded 67 tons of sacked potatoes onto the trucks they had engaged, and on the night of November 6-7, 1947, those heavily laden trucks, in convoy, pulled away from the mission warehouse and headed east where, a few days later, they reached Presidents Stover and Wunderlich, and the Saints of Germany who faced another cold, hungry winter.
Next: The Dutch continue their assistance to the German Saints in 1948. (This four-part series has grown to five parts.)
The Dutch Saints pray for an adequate harvest before they plant their seed potatoes.
Representative of the Dutch Saints is J.H.F. Luttmer, who waits for a truck to carry
him and fellow Saints to the fields for another work shift after finishing his day job.
There’s no time for him to go home first, so he eats his dinner on the run.
Father of 15, he could have used the hours given to the Welfare Program to meet the needs of his own family.
Newly dug potatoes being bagged and hauled from the fields to the warehouse.
Local (Dutch) Church leaders note the harvest begin to pile up in the warehouse.
Saints working in the warehouse at The Hague securely sew every sack closed.
The ten trucks carrying the LDS potato crop arrive at the border for inspection and paperwork.
All goes well, and the trucks carry on to Hamburg, Hanover, and Dusseldorf.
|
<urn:uuid:9afe8e62-edcd-4b36-bd45-53725b198a05>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.keepapitchinin.org/2011/05/10/%E2%80%9Cthe-gospel-unites-us-all%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-part-2/
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|
en
| 0.982561 | 2,242 | 2.765625 | 3 |
by William Gregozeski, CFA
China is the world’s largest producer of electricity, surpassing the United States in 2011, with demand increasing alongside its strong, sustained growth in GDP. Electricity generation in China has increased 9.6% annually, from 2005 to 2013, reaching 5,425.1TWh of electricity. Coal-fired plants currently make up over two-thirds of power generation, which is partly the result of an abundance of coal in China. Despite this growth, the country expects demand to continue to increase at a rapid pace, reaching 7.295TWh of demand in 2020 and 11,595TWh in 2040.
However, the growth in electricity production from coal-fired plants has resulted in an increase in air pollution and general lack of efficiency. China is now moving aggressively to curb pollution and increase the supply of renewable power. The central government has prohibited new coal-fired plants to be built around Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing, which is currently in the midst of having all of its coal plants being converted to natural gas. Its 12th Five Year Plan, running through 2015, targeted non-fossil fuel energy to account for 15% of total energy consumption. One of the key industries expected to help meet these goals is wind power.
China is the world’s largest wind energy producer, with over 90GW of installed capacity as of the end of 2013. Despite this large figure, the country added 16.1GW of capacity in 2013, up from 13.0GW of new capacity in 2012, and is aiming to add 18.0GW of new capacity in 2014. By comparison, China added roughly 3.0GW of solar power in 2013, reaching 10.0GW of installed capacity. In 2013, wind power contributed 137.1TWh of electricity generation, which equates to just 2.5% of total power generation in China. Based on 90GW of installed capacity at the end of the year and the average wind farm in China operating for 2,000 hours in 2013, up from 1,900 hours in 2012, China’s installed wind capacity was operating at a run rate of 180.0TWh of power generation.
While 15% is the near term renewable target, the potential of wind in China is much greater. In 2009, researchers from Harvard and Tsinghua University found China could generate all of its power profitably from wind alone, making wind power an attractive alternative to coal power, especially as the government moves to reduce pollution. While the potential for 100% wind power exists, there are a number of practical issues that must be resolved first, including the country’s power grid. Roughly 15% to 20% of all of the country’s installed wind capacity is not grid connected, due to the lack of transmission infrastructure.
Like other industries in China, the central government plays a key role in the power industry, controlling the power grid and electricity prices. The power grid in China is tightly controlled by three State Owned Enterprises, led by the State Grid Corporation of China, which provides power to 88% of China and is the seventh largest company in the world, according to Forbes. The other two grid companies in China are China Southern Power Grid and Inner Mongolia Electric Power Transmission. Investment in the Chinese power grid has grown 11.4% annually over the last five years. This growth should accelerate as the State Grid announced in January it plans to increase power grid construction by nearly 20%, with investments that include constructing ultra-high voltage transmission lines and cross-region grids, which should help spur demand for wind energy and enable off-grid wind capacity to be brought online.
The role of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) on the power production industry is also favorable to wind power. The NDRC not only sets power prices, but also has the role of pushing for increases in renewable power production through measures such as legally requiring the power grid to purchase all renewable power and establishing a subsidy to spur investment in the industry. Prices set by the NDRC are generally not based on market dynamics, but rather set based on the greater good of the country. The price of coal has been volatile in recent years. This, coupled with the constant electricity purchase price has led to large swings between profitability and losses for these producers. On the other hand, wind is well suited to thrive in this environment due to its lack of a commodity feedstock and small ongoing operating expenses.
William Gregozeski, CFA is the Director of Research at Greenridge Global, a provider of institutional-based sell-side services to underfollowed Asian-based companies and special situation stocks. The author of this article, Greenridge Global and its affiliates do not have a beneficial ownership in the companies mentioned herein or any other disclosable conflicts of interest.
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<urn:uuid:74963a67-21c8-44bd-9247-1ea48613be6c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2014/07/china_poised_for_significant_expansion_in_wind_power_generation/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648635.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602104352-20230602134352-00689.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958765 | 984 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Studying is one of the most important parts of succeeding at school, but it can also be one of the biggest and most consistent sources of school pressures. So how can you lower stress when it’s time to hit the books? Here are some healthy study habits that help me when I have to do intensive research for a project.
#1: Take Care of Your Body
Your brain and your body are inseparable. So caring for your physical health can only help your study time be more effective and more productive. This includes things like:
- Not drinking too much caffeine, which can make you feel more anxious
- Drinking plenty of water
- Replacing sugary snacks with more nutritious, protein-rich snacks (veggies, mixed nuts, hummus, etc.)
I like to keep a bottle of water nearby while working so I can stay hydrated. Caring for our bodies is a great way to keep our minds sharp.
#2: Take Mindful Breaks
Taking breaks during studying can be beneficial, and can help you sustain your focus better when it’s time to get back to work. Time your breaks for between 5 and 10 minutes for each hour of study time. During this time, you might:
- Pray or meditate: If your study time is particularly stressful, or for a high-stakes test, it is a good idea to still yourself with some deep breathing, so you can remind yourself that God can handle anything. No matter what you’re facing, it will not overwhelm God.
- Move: Healthy movement, like walking around the room or doing some light stretching, keeps the blood flowing. That makes you feel better, and can give you a little energy boost during a long evening of studying.
Pairing regular, short breaks with a mindful attitude is a great way to build healthy study habits that make you feel better, not worse.
#3: Study Every Day
Even if you don’t have an assignment due the next day, regularly reviewing what you learned is more effective than just cramming the night before a big exam or project due date.
Like practicing a musical instrument, the more you familiarize yourself with what you’re studying, the more comfortable you’ll become with the material.
#4: Have a Support System
According to the American Psychological Association, respondents in a stress study who had a support system reported they had a significantly lower stress level than people without a support system. Just knowing someone is there for you, or there with you, can make a big difference. This can mean:
- Studying with a group: If you’re all committed to doing well, a study group can be a great means of support. You can divide up the study materials, so it is not all on one person’s plate. And instead of having to rely only on your memory, you get the benefit of what others remember, too.
- Tutoring: Getting a tutor can turn things around if you are struggling in a class. Your instructor can recommend a tutor, or you can find a friend you trust who is doing well in a difficult subject and ask if they are willing to help.
Sometimes, no matter what you try, it feels like school pressures are overwhelming. You don’t have to face them alone. Chat with a HopeCoach from TheHopeLine today. Make a plan to lower stress, build healthier study habits, and succeed this school year. We are here for you.
If you’re feeling stressed from school, there are ways to cope. Read my blog, School Pressure: How to Cope with Stress in a Healthier Way.
Photo by Kyle Gregory Devaras
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<urn:uuid:97d07075-5a22-4c26-aabb-007717a042bf>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.thehopeline.com/4-study-habits-to-lower-stress/
|
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|
en
| 0.947518 | 766 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Butting Buffalo Bank
An animal that played a very important part in the founding of the Western part of our country is the subject of our choice as the 75th mechanical bank in the numerical classification. The animal is the buffalo and as a provider of meat for the Pioneer, as well as the Indian, he was unsurpassed. As a matter of fact the buffalo was the main source of meat for the Indians and then at a later date the buffalo hunters came along and over a period of time they slaughtered so many that the buffalo almost became extinct. The bank chosen as No. 75 is the Butting Buffalo Bank and the figure of the buffalo thereon well represents this former roamer of the western plains.
The bank pictured was obtained by the writer a number of years ago from a New England antique dealer. It is in excellent condition and completely original. The bank was patented March 20, 1888 by Alfred C. Rex of Philadelphia, Pa., and manufactured by Kyser & Rex of the same city. It represents the figure of a buffalo in the act of butting a boy who is climbing a tree in order to reach an animal in the top of the stump. For some years the animal in the top of the stump was thought to be a small bear, however, the patent papers clarify this as follows: "In the bank illustrated in the drawing I (Rex) have shown the casing in the form of a piece of ground and the stump of a tree, from the top of which is pivoted the representation of a raccoon, and to the side of the tree is pivoted the representation of a boy in the act of climbing up the tree after the raccoon. In the rear of the boy is a horned animal (buffalo) in the act of butting the boy and assisting him up the tree as shown." This quote from the original patent papers leaves no doubt but that the figure of the animal in the stump definitely represents a raccoon.
The paint on the bank shown is in fine condition and the colors are as follows: The base or ground-like section is an overall green with highlightings of red and yellow. The tree stump is brown and green with bronze color vine-like leaves going up the sides. The buffalo is an overall brown with highlights done in silver, and his horns are also silver. The boy has yellow trousers, a red shirt, and a blue hat. The raccoon is black with silver highlights.
To operate the bank a coin is first placed in the provided slot in the top of the tree trunk to the rear of the raccoon. The coin stays in position until the bank is operated. The lever shown is then depressed and in so doing the buffalo raises his head butting the boy. The boy moves up the trunk and as he does so the raccoon withdraws back into the stump and the coin drops inside the stump and on into the base. Upon releasing the lever the figures automatically return to the positions shown in the picture. It might be well to point out that the coin rests on a small lug which blocks the coin slot inside the stump. This lug is part of and fastened to the raccoon. As the raccoon withdraws the lug moves down and forward allowing the coin to fall into the bank. As has been mentioned in past articles, this type of action where the coin is automatically deposited by the operation of the mechanism is a desirable feature.
The Butting Buffalo Bank is a very attractive mechanical bank with interesting action. It makes a nice addition to a collection and is somewhat difficult to find in completely original state.
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<urn:uuid:f9fdecf3-65b9-4b86-8789-70dd705b5c26>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.mechanicalbanks.org/scrapbook/1950s/griffith_pages/59-07-griffith.htm
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|
en
| 0.97372 | 728 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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