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Dogs No Longer Allowed at Lost Valley
Contact: Karen Bradford, Chief Ranger, 870/365-2740
In 2007 Buffalo National River created three "dogs allowed" hiking trails in the park so that visitors would have the opportunity to exercise their pets while enjoying a walk. These trails were Eden Falls (Lost Valley), Mill Creek (off Highway 7 near Pruitt), and the Forest Pit Trail (Buffalo Point Campground). Despite opposition from some the decision was made to proceed on an experimental basis in order to evaluate the impacts on visitors and park resources. This appears to have been a success with the exception of the Lost Valley trail where a combination of factors has convinced park management to reverse its decision.
Lost Valley is one of the two most heavily used hiking trails in the entire park, vying with the Panther Creek/Indian Rockhouse trail near Buffalo Point in popularity. Visitor feedback has been largely negative relative to the presence of dogs here, ranging from complaints that many dog owners do not keep their pets on a leash, to congestion in the upper areas of the trail where dogs (leashed and unleashed) cause tripping hazards where the trail is steep and narrow. There has been, not unexpectedly, a noticeable increase in dog waste along the trail. There has also been one documented incident of an injury stemming from an unleashed dog when a small boy was bitten on the chest.
The Superintendent's Compendium is the vehicle by which these management decisions are implemented and can be found at http://www.nps.gov/buff/parkmgmt. This document also includes other regulations pertaining to dogs throughout the park. Visitor cooperation and adherence to these policies is greatly appreciated.
Buffalo National River continues to provide a wide variety of recreational activities for all visitors. While it is our desire to give park visitors the safest and most enjoyable opportunities to experience all the park has to offer, we must continue to evaluate uses based on the impact on resources, the compatibility to the park's purpose and mission, and visitor safety.
Did You Know?
Did you know that Buffalo National River has one of the tallest wet weather waterfalls in the Midwest? At approximately 204 feet, Hemmed-In-Hollow Falls is a pleasant surprise for visitors willing to hike.
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| 0.957851 | 459 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Improvement of energy performance and quality of indoor space can be achieved through good daylighting. We apply Radiance software through the IES dynamic simulation model to establish levels of daylight and test advanced daylighting techniques such as light-shelves, skylights and daylight harvesting. Daylight modelling takes into account external shading, blinds, different glass types and changes to building form.
We are able to produce photometric simulations using advance ray-tracing techniques to assess the impact of daylight reflecting multiple times within a space producing photo-realistic images and detailed graphics of the daylight penetration achieved. We use the model to assess daylight levels based onreal weather data to inform the design of the building form and optimise the potential savings in artificial light loads against any increase in unwanted heat gain or losses through glazing.
Solar Tracking – we can use the dynamic model to assess the impact of the sun’s path on the building exterior and interior and inform passive solar studies, solar shading decisions and enhance the accuracy of the thermal simulations by taking into account solar shading.
Climate Based Daylight Modelling
As part of the Priority Schools Building Programme, Climate Based Daylighting Modelling (CBDM) is now required to be assessed.
CBDM is an annual time-series daylighting study using sun and sky conditions derived from actual weather data for the site. It takes account of the quality and quantity of sunlight and daylight rather than the traditional daylight factor analysis which is a numerical process based on a static overcast sky condition.
This allows the analysis to provide far greater detail about the natural light distribution and intensity with early analysis driving the building design to maximise the use of daylight to the occupied spaces.
We have worked closely with IES with the development of this calculation methodology and tested various iterations in order to achieve compliance with each orientation option of a building for a variety of façade options.
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By Erika Gebel, PhD
Not so long ago, the sight of a person standing at an office desk, instead of sitting, would have raised eyebrows. Now, there seems to be a legion of dedicated standers, and science may be on their side.
Studies and news stories about the dangers of a sedentary lifestyle have proliferated lately, driving up the sales of exercise balls, standing desks, and, for the truly hard-core, treadmill desks. The evidence that sitting too long increases the risk of obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes continues to accumulate. Plus, it appears that the recommended 30 minutes of exercise, five days a week, doesn’t entirely offset those risks.
While it may seem as if people began to talk about the dangers of physical inactivity only recently, the research dates back to the 1950s, according to David Dunstan, PhD, head of the physical activity laboratory at Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Victoria, Australia. Researchers back then compared the health of London bus drivers and conductors. They found that the drivers were worse off, perhaps because they stood less. “If you turn that story the other way,” says Dunstan, “prolonged sitting may [have been] detrimental to their health.”
Americans spend a lot of time sitting. A 2008 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that children and adults in the United States spend an average of 55 percent of their waking hours seated, including driving a car, working at a desk, and sitting on the couch. In 2011, Americans over age 15 watched almost three hours of television per day on average, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
While a cause-effect relationship has yet to be proved, a number of studies have found that people who spend many hours sitting are more likely to have health issues. “Slews of studies are coming out that inactivity is a risk” for conditions including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and dementia, says Yogish Kudva, MBBS, an endocrinologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. A 2010 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that women and men who spent six or more hours sitting per day were 40 and 20 percent more likely to die, respectively, during the 14-year study than those who sat less than three hours a day. The link was strongest for death from heart disease. The increase in death risk was independent of physical activity, so sitting takes a toll even on those people who exercise regularly.
Still, exercise is important, particularly for people with diabetes, because it helps maintain a healthy weight and blood glucose control. “I’m careful not to discount the major benefits of exercise,” says Dunstan, but intense physical activity may not be the only game in town. Plus, exercising doesn’t necessarily translate into less sitting. Marc Hamilton, PhD, of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, La., studied a large group of women between the ages of 45 and 75 and found that “exercisers were not less sedentary.”
Sitting around is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and worsening blood glucose levels in people with the condition. A 2008 Australian study in the Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine of people who were getting the recommended amount of exercise found that the more television they watched, the higher their blood glucose levels and blood pressure were, and the larger their waist circumferences were. The result: an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A 2007 study showed that kids with type 1 who watched more television tended to have higher blood glucose levels.
Sitting may be bad for us simply because it burns so few calories, thus leading to weight gain. Even non-exercise activities—cooking, standing, social dancing, cleaning—all expend more energy than being parked on the couch. Over time, these little movements may help keep the pounds off.
Yet, scientists think that weight is only part of the story. Sitting all day may alter how the body works in harmful ways other than leading to weight gain. Hamilton studies the effects of inactivity on lipoprotein lipase, a human enzyme that gets fat out of the blood and into the muscles for use during activity. He found that inactivity dramatically suppresses the enzyme, leaving fat in the blood. There, the fat can increase the risk of heart disease or be stored in the body. Short bouts of exercise stimulate the enzyme slightly, but this is a small effect compared with the suppression that accompanies long periods of inactivity. That suggests that exercise is not enough to undo the negative health effects of sitting. Frequent low-level activity, such as standing and walking, seems to be the best way to keep lipoprotein lipase in good working order. “Sitting too much is not the same as exercising too little,” says Hamilton.
Take a Break
Technology has made it all too easy for people to spend their lives moving from car seat to office chair, back to car seat, and then to couch. With our jobs and commutes, it may seem impossible to switch to an active lifestyle, even if it’s healthier. Fortunately, research is showing there may be ways to get the benefits of an active lifestyle without spending all day, every day, on our feet.
Dunstan studies whether breaks in sedentary time, even short ones, can help people avoid the ill effects of sitting. In a 2008 study, Dunstan tracked the activity of a group of people who wore accelerometers for a week. He found that, no matter how much total time they spent exercising or sitting, people who had more frequent bouts of activity had slimmer waists and lower blood glucose levels than those who sat for long stretches.
To learn more about mini breaks, Dunstan studied overweight and obese adults in an office environment. Some participants sat all day, while others got up every 20 minutes to walk for two minutes, either strolling or at a moderate pace. Dunstan and colleagues reported in a 2012 article in Diabetes Care that the breaks lowered blood glucose levels after meals, no matter how brisk the walk. “The muscle contraction itself—and not intensity—is the important factor,” says Dunstan.
Now the scientist wants to find “how low you can go” and still derive a benefit. For example, if instead of walking for two minutes, study participants simply stood in place for two minutes, would the blood glucose benefits be the same? What if people took an activity break just once an hour, instead of every 20 minutes? While these questions don’t yet have answers, experts tend to agree that getting on your feet as frequently as you can throughout the day is a break worth taking.
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On This Day - 25 March 1918
Theatre definitions: Western Front comprises the Franco-German-Belgian front and any military action in Great Britain, Switzerland, Scandinavia and Holland. Eastern Front comprises the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. Southern Front comprises the Austro-Italian and Balkan (including Bulgaro-Romanian) fronts, and Dardanelles. Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres comprises Egypt, Tripoli, the Sudan, Asia Minor (including Transcaucasia), Arabia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, China, India, etc. Naval and Overseas Operations comprises operations on the seas (except where carried out in combination with troops on land) and in Colonial and Overseas theatres, America, etc. Political, etc. comprises political and internal events in all countries, including Notes, speeches, diplomatic, financial, economic and domestic matters. Source: Chronology of the War (1914-18, London; copyright expired)
Germans carry Bapaume in night attack; subsequently their advance, though less rapid than on previous two days, continues on whole front from Ervillers (north of Bapaume) to the Oise. Germans claim 45,000 prisoners since beginning of attack.
Asiatic and Egyptian Theatres
British take Es Salt.
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| 0.892371 | 284 | 3.375 | 3 |
This is a map of the battle at Danshui during the Sino-French war in 1884.
The map was probably based on one of several sold by Danshui harbor pilot, a Brit by the name of Carozzi, to the French in Hongkong, for which he received a blood money of 50,000 francs (as an annual stipend, not a lump sum payment).
The map was entitled: Entry to the port of Tamsui, Combat (Battle) of Oct 8, 1884. Let us now take you through the battle:
At the bottom of the map, you can see the River of Tamsui and immediately there is a “Barrage (i.e., dam)” line, this was where the old ships were sunk on purpose, and later reinforced by filling this location in with stones. To the right, there is the “FORT BLANC (白砲臺)” and further inland, the red markers are FORT ROGUE (紅毛城), the British Consulate, residences of Europeans, and other buildings. Then the town of Tamsui or Hobe (滬尾) itself. Near the town, the Cookshaefer was a British gun ship trapped inside the harbor. Also trapped was a Chinese transport ship 萬年清艦 (not depicted). Notice the depths are in meters, the deepest point was 7.3 m at high tide. Sandy sediments are clearly seen on the south shore.
The captions in French are quite straightforward. The names of the seven French warships need no translation. Rear Admiral Lespes, the fleet commander, was onboard flagship La Galissonniere. On active patrol was the gunship Vipere, shown in two positions; it prevented other foreign ships from entering Tamsui River. In the early morning of Oct 1, 1884, the warships moved into position, and Lespes, through flag signals, warned European residents in Danshui of the impending canon bombardment. On Oct 2, the bombardment started that destroyed three major Chinese artillery encampments. The Chinese artillery returned fire. In the thick fog, the French suffered some losses and ceased action. This was one day before 中秋節. So under the moonlight, French engineers probed the defense at the mouth of Danshui river when a mine was set off by the Chinese defense force. The French then beat a quick retreat. The battle finally started on Oct 8, first with heavy bombardments from French warships. Local commander 提督孫開華 was in charge with eight battalions of defense forces plus 100 artillery men. At 10AM, five companies of French marines (indicated by 5 small rectangles on the map) landed on the beach (see Point de debarquement – disembarking point - on the map). Captain Dehorter of the 2nd Company was hit in the chest by Chinese sniper fire and wounded (who was evacuated to Viet Nam and died there from the wounds). The French advanced through thick forests and bushes to the red line indicated on the map (line of French fire) facing the black line (the line of Chinese fire) – the Chinese positions are shown as Camp Retranche. To the north, there is another line of Chinese fire. In other words, the French forces were trapped. Chinese forces then advanced and attacked. All French companies moved to the left flank. And near a house at the converging point of the two Chinese firing lines, Lieutenant Fontaine’s company (the 1st Company) began to retreat. Others followed - shown in a zigzag line (the ligne de retraile – the line of retreat) retreating back to the beach. By that time, it was high tide, so the French must wade in seawater neck deep to re-board the landing vessels. A severely wounded Lieutenant Fontaine of La Galissonnière was escorted by two other marines and the group was lagging behind. All three were captured on the beach by Chinese soldiers and were beheaded on the spot. In all, 17 French marines were killed and 49 wounded in hand-to-hand combats. The loss on the Chinese side was 80 dead and around 200 wounded. The latter were tended to at Dr George Leslie Mackay’s Clinic (because of the hostility shown by some Taiwanese towards anything foreign, Dr Mackay's family and later himself were force to retreat to Hongkong). It was a hard-won victory and Danshui, to this day, is still grateful for the sacrifice of the Chinese soldiers.
The French then changed strategy by blockading all ports of Taiwan.
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| 0.973196 | 993 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Tests in High School vs Tests in College
Testing is frequent and covers small amounts of material. Testing is usually infrequent and may be cumulative, covering large amounts of material.
You, not the professor, need to organize the material to prepare for the test. A particular course may have only 2 or 3 tests in a semester.
Makeup tests are often available. Makeup tests are seldom an option; if they are, you need to request them.
Teachers frequently rearrange test dates to avoid conflict with school events. Professors in different courses usually schedule tests without regard to the demands of other courses or outside activities.
Teachers frequently conduct review sessions, pointing out the most important concepts. Professors rarely offer review sessions, and when they do, they expect you to be an active participant, one who comes prepared with questions.
Mastery is usually seen as the ability to reproduce what you were taught in the form in which it was presented to you, or to solve the kinds of problems you were shown how to solve. Mastery is often seen as the ability to apply what you’ve learned to new situations or to solve new kinds of problems.
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This poem came from the December 4, 2012 Poetry Fishbowl. It was inspired by a prompt from Dreamwidth user elliemurasaki. It has been sponsored by Anthony & Shirley Barrette. This poem belongs to the series Fledgling Grace, which you can explore further via the Serial Poetry page. You can read more about basketball online.
The wings made a difference.
Even without the power of flight,
it could not be denied that
the wings made a difference
in playing basketball:
they affected the balance of players running,
greatly enhanced the ability to block,
and a hard flap could grant an extra second of hang time.
The swish of the net became more common
as it became less of a challenge
to leap higher into the air
and stay there longer.
The NBA first tried
banning players with wings,
but as the Fledging progressed,
they had to readmit those or give up the game.
So then they tried
sending players onto the court
with their wings harnessed out of the way.
The audience booed.
They didn't like the look,
and the players tended to stumble.
the NBA began to explore
alterations to the rules and play
of the game itself, trying to decipher
what might restore balance.
They lengthened shooting distances,
repainted the guidelines on the floor, and
loosened the traveling rules for blocked players.
What really did the trick, though,
was the invention of the mobile basket.
Suddenly getting that swish
was a challenge again,
even with wings.
Watching basketball became satisfying once more,
and the crowds gave cheers instead of boos.
If they wished, secretly to themselves,
that the wings could give true flight,
well, you can't have everything.
In an empty gymnasium,
Michael Jordan smiled a secret smile,
spread the emerald pinions of his parrot wings,
lofted himself gently into the air, and ...
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| 0.962895 | 428 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Traveling in Slovakia (Slovak Republic)
Slovakia is a Central European country which borders with Hungary to the south, with Poland to the north, with Ukraine to the east and with Austria to the south west. The official name of this country is Slovenska Republika or Slovak Republic, although it is generally called and known by its short name, Slovakia.
The first settlements in Slovakia date from about 2400 years ago. Towards the 6th century, this country became the main area in the Empire of Samo. Later, during the 8th century, an area of Slovakia was named the Principality of Nitra and became part of the Great Moravian Empire or Great Slovak Empire. Later, between the 12th and 14th centuries, Slovakia would become part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
The history and past of Slovakia is very interesting and full of inflection points which provide it with a unique appealing. Besides this, this country has many constructions dating from antique époques and which allow visitors to almost experience the past and the country's history in the present while visiting them.
Slovakia has a president as head of state. This president is elected every five years by popular vote. The country's territory is divided in 8 kraje or regions called as the main cities. It is also interesting to know that this country is part of the European Union since the year 2004.
Interested in cheap hot
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The geography of Slovakia shows an important amount of mountains, such as per example the Carpathian Mountains which cross the northern area of the country. Due to its mountains, this country is very famous as a skiing destination, since several of them are ideal for the practice of this sport. Towards the south western area of the country there also are many low lands and rivers, in such a way that this country offers a wide variety of different landscapes and spots for tourists to choose.
The weather is template and doesn’t show important extreme temperatures most of the year since it tends to be fresh in summer time and humid in winter. The best time of the year for visiting the country and walking around meeting different spots is during spring time and autumn, although it might be nice the rest of the year as well.
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| 0.972743 | 476 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development last month finalized the federal definition of homelessness. The new definition reflects changing times. Now households that have more than one family living under the same roof are eligible for more assistance from the federally funded programs. Monty Hawver is the executive director for Kodiak’s Brother Francis Shelter. He says the change is especially beneficial for homeless children.
However, other changes aren’t as favorable. Hawver says now a family must be living at 30 percent or less of the federal poverty level to qualify for emergency assistance. Before, a family qualified at 50 percent of the poverty level. Also, the Fair Market Rent for Kodiak went down, despite increasing rents on the island. Hawver says both of these changes will make it more difficult for the Brother Francis Shelter to help struggling families.
Hawver estimates about 25 percent of the families that the shelter serves will become ineligible for emergency assistance because of these changes. Still, he’s hopeful that another source of funding will come through to fill in the gap. The money is certainly needed as more families slip into financial uncertainty.
A report released last week by the National Center on Family Homelessness shows an increase from about 5,500 homeless Alaskan children in 2006 to nearly 7,300 in 2010. That’s a 30 percent increase in just four years.
Listen for the full story
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This scenario provides the basis for chapter 5 in this volume, by Leon Fuerth, on severe consequences of climate change for national and international security over the next thirty years. It assumes that the AR4 projections of both warming and attendant impacts are systematically biased low. Multiple lines of evidence support this assumption, and it is therefore important to consider from a risk perspective.9 For instance, the models used to project future warming either omit or do not account for uncertainty in potentially important positive feedbacks that could amplify warming (for example, release of greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost, reduced ocean and terrestrial CO2 removal from the atmosphere), and there is some evidence that such feedbacks may already be occurring in response to the present warming trend.10 Hence, climate models may underestimate the degree of warming from a given amount of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere by human activities alone. Additionally, recent observations of climate system responses to warming (for example, changes in global ice cover, sea level rise, tropical storm activity, average annual precipitation) suggest that IPCC models underestimate the responsiveness of some aspects of the climate system to a given amount of warming.11 On these premises, the second scenario assumes that omitted positive feedbacks occur quickly and amplify warming to double that projected for emissions scenario SRES A1B, and that the climate system components respond more strongly to warming than predicted (see table 3-1).
According to our current understanding of physical inertia in the climate system, warming of 2.6°C (4.5°F) seems highly unlikely on the thirty-year time scale. Bearing in mind, however, that the IPCC projections show only average change with a smooth evolution over time and have tended to underestimate climate system response to warming already realized, a combination of underestimated change and abrupt episodes could plausibly result in an unexpectedly large and rapid warming with larger than expected impacts in a matter of a few decades. Moreover, a recent study aimed at quantifying the uncertainty surrounding model projections of future temperature found a greater than one-in-twenty chance that by 2040, warming could exceed 2°C (3.6°F) relative to 1990 for the highest SRES emissions scenario in the absence of strong positive feedbacks and abrupt change.12
Was this article helpful?
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| 0.924636 | 461 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A Thousand Fibers Connect Us — Wikipedia's Global Reach
In June 2011, Wikipedia had a total of 17.6 million page views per hour to its 280 languages. From April 2010 to March 2011, Wikipedia had visits from more than 200 countries and territories. While Wikipedia has grown tremendously in 10 years, much of the global population still has limited internet access. This is a tool for exploring the global connections between Wikipedia's pages and its users.
Low Views | High Access is 25 countries with less than 1.9 page views per person (58th percentile) and greater than 25% access (50th percentile).
High Views | Low Access is 24 countries with greater than 0.7 page views per person (40th percentile) and less than 25% access (50th percentile).
- Page views per language per month, Raw Data, including Mobile and Non-Mobile traffic (retrieved July 31, 2011).
- Page views per country 04/10 – 03/11 (retrieved July 31, 2011).
- Page views per Wikipedia language – breakdown by country (retrieved July 31, 2011).
- Internet Users (per 100 people) from the World Bank (retrieved July 31, 2011).
For slightly more information, visit the Notebook.
Processing (v1.5) code and data files: wikiviz.zip.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
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| 0.898698 | 299 | 2.65625 | 3 |
San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy
Suspended Sediment Concentration in the San Francisco Bay, USGS. Click here for a larger version of the image.
Much of the gold extracted from the Sierra foothills during the Gold Rush was in placer deposits. That is, it was mixed with the rest of the sediment naturally eroding from the mountainside. Flecks of gold have a greater density than almost all the other particles and, thus, can be concentrated through natural water movement. A similar process is seen when you go to the beach. When the mixture of minerals and waves are just right you might notice darker grains of sand creating streaks or patches in the wet sand.
Miners had to devise ways to extract the gold because it was still a minor component even in rich placer deposits. Methods like panning and simple equipment like sluice boxes were used with moving water to enhance the natural mineral separation process.
When all this relatively easy-to-get gold was extracted from the streams and rivers prospectors turned to hydraulic mining to obtain the riches. Hydraulic mining was the process of using high-powered water canons to artificially erode gold-bearing hills made of sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary deposits were ancient stream beds that contained gold in placer deposits much like the modern streams did. Essentially, hydraulic mining eroded ancient river sediment from the hillside and diverted the material into the modern river where miners then extracted the gold.
Unsurprisingly, the activity of hydraulic mining devastated the local environment. The landscape was scarred and the mountain streams choked with gravel and sediment. And the effects weren't just local. These rivers and streams flowed into the San Joaquin River and Sacramento River and deposited some of this sediment in the Central Valley causing flooding and navigation problems. Some of the finer sediment was transported even further, to the San Francisco Bay.
The effects of hydraulic mining practices are still measurable in the Bay today. Geologists from the USGS are studying the amount of sediment the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta delivers to the Bay and are finding that the Gold Rush-induced sediment levels might be diminishing:
"[USGS geologist David Schoellhamer] says all the extra sediment has finally worked its way past the Golden Gate. The bay's water is about 30 percent clearer than it was 10 years ago."
It is taken many decades for this complex sediment delivery system to reach a new equilibrium. However, the readjustment of the estuary to these 'new' conditions might create new problems:
"Less sediment in the bay could spell trouble if scientists' predictions about rising sea levels come to pass. These delicate tidal marshes could be inundated over the next century."
What I find fascinating, yet also extremely challenging, is how the choices we've made as a civilization over the decades and centuries combine and sum to create the issues we face right now. There are no simple answers. Regardless of how well-intentioned some environmental programs may be there will always be some uncertainty about how natural systems respond. Continuing scientific research of these systems will reduce that uncertainty and inform policy decisions of the future.
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A Simple Key For What Causes Diabetes Insipidus UnveiledUnderstand all about diabetes, a lifelong metabolism dysfunction that causes higher blood sugar ranges. Learn about the causes, signs prognosis and treatment plans.
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Various HLA complexes can cause the event of other autoimmune Problems, for example rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Like People ailments, type 1 diabetes must be activated by a thing—usually a viral an infection.
How am i able to find out if I have diabetes? From time to time a schedule exam by an eye fixed medical professional or foot health care provider will expose diabetes. Diabetes influences the circulation in your feet and also the very small blood vessels in the eyes.
Yessica Ramos, MD., claimed "The recurrence price was generally affected by a longstanding background of Type two diabetes before the surgical procedures. This suggests that early surgical intervention during the obese, diabetic inhabitants will strengthen the durability of remission of Type 2 diabetes." (Connection to article)
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Listed here’s The full process of what comes about by using a viral infection: When a virus invades the human body, the immune process starts off to create antibodies that combat the an infection. T cells are in control of producing the antibodies, then Additionally they assist in combating the virus.
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What a Waste: Trash, Recycling, and Protecting Our Planet
This environmental book will teach young ecologists about how our actions affect planet Earth. Discover shocking facts about the waste we produce and where it goes. Did you know that every single plastic toothbrush ever made still exists? Or that there's a floating mass of garbage twice the size of Texas drifting around the Pacific Ocean?
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Non-genuine software is a cybersecurity risk
Software piracy is a widespread global problem. Cybercriminals are exploiting non-genuine software to spread malware, and users are exposing themselves to multiple security risks.
The Reach and Risk of Counterfeit Goods
39 percent of inadvertent purchases of counterfeit goods were bought through legitimage, online third-party marketplaces.*
Half a trillion US dollars-worth of imports across the world are counterfeit products.*
20 percent more malware was found on machines when users doubled their time on piracy sites.*
*Source: Combating Trafficking in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Us Department of Homeland Security, January 2020 .
“Source: Piracy and Malware: There’s No Free Lunch: Technology Policy Institute, March 2018
Buy Microsoft genuine software
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Avoid the many risks of digital downloads with these tips for safer shopping.
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Places like Arizona are home to countless different types of butterflies, each unique in color and shape. Some are easy to spot, while others can be pretty difficult to find if you know where or when to look for them.
If you’re interested in seeing all the different types of butterflies in Arizona, check out this list of 40 species below to get started!
1. Queen Butterfly
The Queen butterfly is a beautiful creature with a wingspan of 2 inches and is often seen at the top of trees drinking nectar. These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found from California to Texas and through Mexico.
The Queen butterfly is known for being one of the most common butterflies in North America. These types of butterflies in Arizona have brown bodies, usually orange or yellow on their wings, with black spots at the edges and along their body.
2. American Snout
The American Snout, also known as an Agaristinae skipped, is a medium-sized butterfly with dark brown spots on the upper side. It has a long snout which it uses to suck nectar from flowers, which is how it gets its name.
The American Snout’s underside has orange-brown wings with blue or white spots and yellow-brown tips. These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found all over North America, but you will mainly find them in the southern regions where there are more flowers for them to feed.
3. Pipevine Swallowtail
The Pipevine Swallowtail, also known as the American Swallowtail, is one of Arizona’s most common types of butterflies.
These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found flying near pipevines and bamboo plants and are typically a type of black with yellow or blue stripes.
The Pipevine Swallowtail has a long probosnouth they use for sucking nectar from flowers. These beauties are effortless to spot and make an excellent addition to any butterfly garden.
4. Marine Blue
Marine Blue is a gorgeous blue butterfly, but it doesn’t often have the chance to show off its colors. This is because the Marine Blue spends most of its life underground as a caterpillar, only coming out after it has completely changed into an adult butterfly.
This makes it difficult for people looking for them, so you should be careful when you’re going on your quest.
But if you find one, then you’re lucky! The Marine Blue is unique because it has wings with different colors on each side – one side is blue, and the other is brown and yellow.
5. Painted Lady
The Painted Lady butterfly is seen worldwide but can be found throughout the warmer months in Arizona. These types of butterflies in Arizona are not as common as other species but are hardy and have a long lifespan.
This delicate-looking creature has a wingspan that ranges from 1.5-2 inches, making it one of the giant butterflies native to North America.
Although their numbers have been declining over recent years due to habitat loss and insecticide use, this beautiful creature is still a sight for sore eyes when you’re lucky enough to spot one!
6. Empress Leila
This beautiful butterfly is a part of the brush-footed family and is found throughout much of North America. It can be found from Canada to Mexico, but it’s especially prevalent in the Southwest.
The Empress Leilia butterfly has wings with a purple tint with black markings and a wide, black margin on its hindwings.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are often attracted to water sources like creeks or ponds, laying their eggs on plants that grow near the water’s edge.
7. Sleepy Orange
The Sleepy Orange is a rare butterfly seen primarily in the Sonoran Desert. It was first discovered in 1951, and less than 100 sightings have been made.
The Sleepy Orange’s wingspan is about 1 inch, and its color ranges from orange to yellow with brown spots on the hindwings.
The name comes from its tendency to rest during the day and fly at night, making it more difficult for people to spot it.
8. Echo Azure
Echo Azure butterflies are found in the North Western region of North America. These types of butterflies in Arizona have a wingspan of 2 inches and are light blue with brown stripes.
These types of butterflies in Arizona fly at an elevation between 2,000 and 4,000 feet above sea level. Therefore, it is essential not to confuse them with their close cousin, the Queen Butterfly,y which is also light blue but has no brown stripes.
9. Arizona Sister
Arizona sisters are relatively small, measuring only 2.5cm from the head to the tip of the abdomen. These types of butterflies in Arizona have black wings with a white band across the top, and their bodies are brown with black bars on their undersides.
These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found throughout the year but are most active during summer.
When it is time for mating, males fly close to females and emit a high-pitched sound called an ejaculate call. Then, females will thy into bushes, where they mate with one or two males. These butterflies can live up to three weeks after mating and laying eggs.
10. Gray Hairstreak
The Gray Hairstreak is a small butterfly that flies high up into the air. This species can be found flying near cacti and along rivers.
These types of butterflies in Arizona have a wingspan of 1.5 inches and are light gray with black markings on their wings.
Females are smaller than males, and females also have more white markings on their wings than males do. The Gray Hairstreak’s eggs are laid on the leaves of plants, where they will hatch three days later and go through metamorphosis into larvae without ever eating anything!
The larvae will then pupate for about ten days before emerging as adults that live for only one week or so.
11. Dainty Sulphur
The Dainty Sulphur is a medium-sized butterfly with orange and black wing markings. These types of butterflies in Arizona have an average wingspan of about two inches and are found only in the southwestern United States.
The Dainty Sulphur’s natural habitat includes desert scrub habitats, where it lays its eggs on the underside of leaves.
It is often seen during midday or early afternoon hours but can be seen anytime during spring and fall months.
Common names for this butterfly include Dainty Fellow and Dainty Drone. It also goes by the scientific name Colias Macedonia.
12. Checkered White
The Checkered White is a small butterfly with a wingspan between 4.5 and 5.5 centimeters long. These types of butterflies in Arizona are known for their checkered pattern on their wings, but they can also have light brown, tan, or even orange markings on their wings.
The female Checkered White will lay eggs on various plants, whereas the male likes to perch on flowers and wait for females to fly.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are not very active during the winter but can still be found if you go out looking for them!
13. Reakirt’s Blue
Reakirt’s Blue butterflies are mainly found in the Sonoran Desert. However, these types of butterflies in Arizona are often seen on saguaro cacti, Palo Verde, and Acacia trees.
Reakirt’s Blue butterflies can be very hard to spot because they blend well into their surroundings. If you find a Reakirt’s Blue butterfly, it is best not to disturb it as that could stress the butterfly out and cause it to stop feeding or flying for long periods.
14. Ceraunus Blue
The Ceraunus Blue butterfly is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan that ranges from 3.5-4.0 inches across.
It’s typically found in the western US and is most active between May and June but can be seen as early as March and as late as November. Males are blue, while females are brown.
These types of butterflies in Arizona lays eggs on the underside of leaves or host plants, such as lupine, vetch, and false indigo.
The larvae that hatch from the eggs feed on these plants before pupating and emerging from their cocoons as adults.
15. Texan Crescent
The Texan Crescent is a medium-sized butterfly found throughout the southwestern United States. Their dark color typically identifies them with white stripes and crescent-shaped wing patterns.
The female can lay up to 200 eggs, turning into larvae that feed on plants such as clover, dandelion, and milkweed.
In adulthood, they feed on nectar from flowers such as columbine and Queen Anne’s lace, preferring sunflower and blackberry blossoms.
16. Fiery Skipper
Learn about the Fiery Skipper and other types of butterflies that make their home in Arizona. The Fiery Skipper is a colorful butterfly found only in the Sonoran Desert.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are usually orange or red, with yellow on their wings. Males display these bright colors to attract mates while flapping their wings rapidly.
Females will choose a mate based on these displays and lay eggs on the flowers they have chosen as host plants for their larvae. The larvae eat flowers before transforming into adults and joining the cycle again.
The Monarch butterfly is one of the most recognizable butterflies. These types of butterflies in Arizona migrate over 2,500 miles yearly to spend their winter months in central Mexico.
The Monarch butterfly is known for its bright orange wings with black spots and a white dot at the end of each wing.
Monarchs are also unique because they have six legs instead of four like other butterflies. The coloration and unique features make it easy for people to identify them as Monarchs!
18. Gray Buckeye
The Gray Buckeye is a medium-sized butterfly with an orange-brown body and dark wings. There are multiple species, but the Gray Buckeye is only around Arizona.
This species has a long snout and prefers to feed on flowers with tubular-shaped blossoms like violet, honeysuckle, and passionflower.
These beautiful types of butterflies in Arizona can be seen all year round, but it’s most prevalent during late summer because of their larval host plant,s which are native throughout the region.
Then, in addition, the Buckeye is one of the few butterflies that overwinter as adults; they will often congregate near cracks or crevices where they have protection from wind and rain while they wait out the winter months.
19. Western Pygmy-Blue
The Western Pygmy-Blue is a small found throughout the southwestern US and Mexico. These types of butterflies in Arizona live on alkaline lakes, dry lake beds, and salt flats, often around the edges of streams.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are also commonly found on dunes and along field margins; butterflies have brownish-gray wings with a bright blue underside.
The Western Pygmy-Blue is common throughout most of its range, but it’s listed as endangered in California due to habitat loss from urban development.
These types of butterflies in Arizona have been spotted in the following states: California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.
20. Cloudless Sulphur
The Cloudless Sulphur butterfly is yellow with a black border. It is found in the southeastern United States and Central America. The caterpillar’s host plants are usually prickly pear cacti.
The Cloudless Sulphur has two broods, one that emerges from early June until September and another that emerges from late March until July. The Cloudless Sulphur is often seen with the Common Buckeye butterfly.
21. Gulf Fritillary
The Gulf Fritillary is a beautiful butterfly that’s easy to spot, with its bright orange and black wings. Found throughout US, this butterfly can be found throughout the US, from eastern Texas up to Canada. It flies from late April through September and is most common in May and June.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are like open areas with flowers, such as meadows or fields. These butterflies are often seen drinking nectar from flowers like clovers or violets.
However, this species has also been known to attack other insects, such as sphinx moths, so they should not be disturbed if you see one near your yard or garden.
22. Variegated Fritillary
The variegated fritillary is a small butterfly with a wingspan that ranges from 1.5 to 2 inches. These types of butterflies in Arizona are most common in the southern United States but can be found along the entire East coast and as far West as Texas.
The variegated fritillary is so called because its forewings are white or cream with dark brown markings. Its hind wings are pale brown or yellowish-brown with black markings on them.
Variegated fritillaries have three distinct generations per year, and ma lives for up to five months in the warmer months and only about one month during the cooler months.
23. Tiny Checkerspot
Tiny Checkerspots can be found from March through October, and they’re one of the most common butterflies in Arizona.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are about 2.5 inches long with black wings with white or yellow spots outlined in black, making them look like they’re wearing a checkered pattern on their backs. They also have a small tow dot on each forewing near the body.
The Tiny Checkerspot isn’t one of the more showy types of the butterfly because it’s not bright and flashy; it prefers to blend into its surroundings by looking like dead leaves or tree bark.
24. Funereal Duskywing
The Funereal Duskywing (Erynnis funeralis) is a small brown butterfly with an angular wing shape. As its name suggests, this species has a blue coloration reminiscent of death, which may have made it mistaken for the Black Swallowtail.
These types of butterflies in Arizona have one eye spot on each wing, and the underside of its wings is dark brown with lighter brown bands. The males are more commonly seen than females and have a dorsal wing patterning that looks like eyespots.
25. Mexican Yellow
The Mexican Yellow is a small butterfly often confused with the Mournful Duskywing. This butterfly has a wingspan that ranges from 1.5 to 2 inches and yellow-brown markings on its underside.
These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found between March and October, during the warmer months, and is most active when it’s warm outside.
The Mexican Yellow is primarily found in desert regions and can be spotted near water sources such as creeks or streams.
26. Orange Skipperling
The orange skipperling is a small butterfly that spends time climbing on flowers and drinking nectar. These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found from the Mexican border up into Canada. This butterfly has a wingspan of about one inch, much smaller than many other butterflies.
Orange skippers are known for their bright orange wings with black spots and white borders. The males have an extra row of black dots on their lower wing.
Females tend to be larger than males and often have a wide range of colors on their bodies instead of just orange or yellow.
27. Two-Tailed Swallowtail
The two-tailed swallowtail is a medium-sized butterfly at elevations of up to 10,000 feet. Adults have a yellow body with dark black spots on the forewing and a red band across the hind wing.
This species has an unusual life cycle: the caterpillar overwinters as an egg, then starts feeding on plants upon hatching from its egg.
These butterflies in Arizona pupate in late summer or early fall and emerge as adult butterflies by late October or early November.
The two-tailed swallowtail is common throughout southern Arizona, with occasional records north into New Mexico and southern Utah.
28. Fatal Metalmark
The Fatal Metalmark, scientific name Brenthis daphne (or Daphne’s Flag), is a rare butterfly native to the Southwest United States and Mexico.
The wingspan ranges from 1.5 inches to 2.25 inches, and they are typically found in mountainous areas at elevations between 8,000 and 11,000 feet.
These types of butterflies in Arizona are like open meadows where they can feed on flowers such as Penstemon, Indian Paintbrush, or Lupine.
Fatal Metalmarks are most easily seen around mid-April through mid-May when their population reaches its peak during the breeding season.
29. Western Giant Swallowtail
The Western Giant Swallowtail is one of the largest butterfly species in North America. Its body is black with yellow and white stripes. The tail has two rows of blue spots with a row of red spots.
Males are darker than females and have more extensive black markings on the wings. These types of butterflies in Arizona lay their eggs on milkweed plants and can be found throughout much of the United States, including Arizona.
30. Bordered Patch
The Bordered Patch is one of the most common butterflies found across North America. These butterflies in Arizona are particularly abundant in the Sonoran desert but can be found anywhere from coastal California to Canada.
The Bordered Patch looks like a miniature version of the Monarch with its black wings and orange patches on its forewings.
Males have blue spots on their hindwings, and females have orange spots on theirs, although it’s hard to distinguish between genders unless you’re looking for them.
31. Southern Dogface
The Southern dogface butterfly can be found in Texas and Florida. These types of butterflies in Arizona are also known as the gulf fritillary. The caterpillars feed on plants such as pawpaw, passion flower, sassafras, and wild coffee.
As an adult, it feeds on nectar from different flowers such as milkweed, lantana, and bougainvillea. It takes about two weeks for the caterpillar’s body to turn into a pupa and an adult butterfly.
32. Orange Sulphur
Orange Sulphur (Colias eurytheme) is a member of the family Pieridae and is found in the Southwest. The male has bright orange wings with black spots, while the female has yellow wings with black dots. This butterfly can be seen from April-October, but it’s most common between May-September.
These types of butterflies in Arizona prefer habitats such as fields, meadows, deserts, and chaparral lands. Sometimes you will find them at higher elevations, like Ponderosa Pine forests or Juniper Woodlands.
The Orange Sulphur feeds on flower nectar and pollen from plants such as lantana, yucca flowers, prickly pear cactus flowers, ocean spray blossoms, baby blue eyes flowers, honeysuckle flowers, and more.
33. Tailed Orange
The Tailed Orange is an orange and brown butterfly with black stripes on the tips. These types of butterflies in Arizona are found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The Tailed Orange butterflies have a wingspan of about six inches.
This butterfly can be found from March through October, usually around deserts, chaparral, foothills, and oak forests.
The female Tailed Orange will lay its eggs on plants like sagebrush or yarrow that grow near water sources, where they stay until they are big enough to fly as adults.
34. Arizona Checkerspot
The Arizona Checkerspot is one of the most familiar butterflies in the state. These types of butterflies in Arizona are typically found on the edges of woodland patches and other plants and flowers that provide nectar.
The checkerspot part of their name comes from the black-and-white pattern on their wings that resembles a checkerboard.
Sometimes these types of butterflies in Arizona can be mistaken for American Ladies because they also have similar coloration and pattern, but keep them from getting too close; it can be hard to tell them apart when they’re this close!
35. Leda Ministreak
The Leda Ministreak is a small butterfly with a wingspan of 1.5 inches. It has a black body with orange and white bands on its abdomen.
The forewings are light brown, and the hindwings have alternating brown, light green, and white stripes.
This butterfly is mainly found in the desert regions of southern Arizona, including the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan Desert.
It flies from March through October during the day and at night during cooler weather when it’s warmer outside than inside trees or shrubs that provide shelter from predators like birds or raccoons.
36. Mourning Cloak
The Mourning Cloak is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of 2.5 inches. It’s dark brown on top, with four white spots on each forewing and pale brown underneath. These types of butterflies in Arizona are found throughout the US and Canada.
These types of butterflies in Arizona can be seen in open grassy areas, meadows, brushy areas, and along streamsides where they like the thicker vegetation.
The Mourning Cloak hibernates over winter and emerges around March or April when it lays eggs on types of plants, including thistles, dandelions, clover, and goldenrod.
37. Red-Spotted Admiral
The Red-Spotted Admiral is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan between 3.5-4 inches. It has large, red, and white spots on its underside and usually has a row of six blue spots along the outer margin of the hind wing.
This butterfly can be found throughout North America but is most common in the eastern United States and south-central Canada. The larva feeds primarily on Milkweed plants.
38. Red Satyr
The red satyr is a common butterfly. These types of butterflies in Arizona are usually seen near flowers as they feed on nectar.
The male’s wings are reddish-orange and black with white spots, while the female’s wings are brown with white spots.
Red satyrs are found in several North American habitats, including deserts, meadows, streamsides, oak woodlands, and suburbs. It is also found southwards into Central America and southwards into South America.
39. Golden-Headed Scallopwing
If you want to see some beautiful butterflies, you should visit Golden-Headed Scallopwing. These tiny types of butterflies in Arizona are found throughout the state and only live for about a week.
The Golden-headed Scallopwing belongs to the family Hesperiidae, known as skippers because their flight pattern resembles that of a skipping stone.
This species is also known by other names, including the Golden-headed Eversman Skipper, Yellow-striped Eversman Skipper, and the Southern Eversman Skipper.
These types of butterflies in Arizona have long golden hair on their heads and yellow stripes across their backside.
40. Palmer’s Metalmarke
The Palmer’s Metalmark butterfly is the most widespread species in the state. It’s a small butterfly with a wingspan of up to 1.5 inches.
The males have dark metallic blue wings, and the females have white wings with brownish spots or patches.
These types of butterflies in Arizona can be found on milkweed, aster, goldenrod flowers, and other plants like composites, clovers, dandelions, and thistles.
In conclusion! we have about 40 different types of butterflies in Arizona; some will be easier to find than others.
Don’t be discouraged! Some people may find them more straightforward, and some may be challenging. So if you’re looking for a specific type, it’s best to research it before you go out on your journey.
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There are many ways throughout the year the Y responds to its call to action to be socially responsible.
The movement looks to help meet the needs of society in many different areas.
In many ways, as Social Responsibility is an area of focus, the Y's other areas of focus Healthy Living and Youth Development feed Social Responsibility. As the Y endeavors to engage youth in swim lessons (drowning being the second cause of death in children) to obesity intervention and diabetes education, the Y becomes socially responsible while tackling these issues that our community and most times our whole country faces.
There are other times in where the Y will have specific programs that fall under Social Responsibility for example hosting a Red Cross Blood Drive, hosting free community events that engage children and families in healthy, fun and educational ways to hosting seminars for seniors with their changing needs for medical insurance to health screenings. This is where historically the movement from many became misunderstood. The vast array of programs and activities almost made the Y seem like a service oriented movement with no goal, mission or organization.
Since the re-branding in July of 2010 most of that has changed. The Y movement today is focused, organized and communicates what the Y does, and how we do it. The reason for being, the reason why the Y does what it does is to build the foundation of community. When there is an issue in the community, the Y responds. This is why not every Y is the same-every community is different and has different needs. This is also why you'll see different programs in different Y's. This lends itself to Social Responsibility.
This section of our website should be checked often. The activities that are part of Social Responsibility will always be in other areas of our website (like our programs or news events) but most often we find the fuzzy, feel good activities or the "thank goodness I really needed that" type of activities that make participants feel really good about themselves, their families, their children, or relieved etc..are found here.
Salsa Sabor Y Salud
Developed by the National Latino Children’s Institute (NLCI) and Kraft Foods, Salsa, Sabor y Salud is designed to raise awareness of the importance of good nutrition, increase levels of physical activity and encourage healthy lifestyle habits for the whole family.
The eight-week interactive, bi-lingual course promotes healthy living while celebrating Hispanic/Latino tradition and culture. The curriculum is based on four messages:
- Eat from all food groups every day
- Be sensible about portions
- Be physically active every day
- Take small steps for success
Fridays 6:00 p.m. 8 week session. Starts 4/19 Free for all. No children are permitted without adult participation. Held at 33 Outwater Lane. No fee for the program, but prior registration is necessary. Register by calling 973-772-7450. Download the event flier here
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The Northern California Earthquake Data Center, a joint project of the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) and the U.S. Geological Survey at Menlo Park, serves as an online archive and distribution center for various types of digital data relating to earthquakes in Central and Northern California. The NCEDC is located at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, and has been accessible to users via the Internet since mid-1992.
The primary goal of the NCEDC is to provide a stable and permanent archival and distribution center of digital geophysical data for networks in Northern and Central California. These data include seismic waveforms, electromagnetic data, GPS data, strain, creep, and earthquake parameters. The seismic data comes principally from the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) operated by the Seismological Laboratory, the Northern California Seismic Network (NCSN) operated by the USGS, the Berkeley High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN) at Parkfield, the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array stations in Northern California, the various Geysers networks, and selected stations from adjacent networks such as the University of Reno, Nevada network and the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). GPS data are primarily from the Bay Area Regional Deformation (BARD) GPS network and the USGS/Menlo Park GPS surveys. The collection of NCSN digital waveforms dates from 1984 to the present, the BDSN digital waveforms date from 1987 to the present, and the BARD GPS data date from 1993 to the present. The BDSN includes stations that form the specialized Northern Hayward Fault Network (NHFN) and the MiniPBO (MPBO) borehole seismic and strain stations in the SF Bay Region. Additional seismic and strain data from the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) are also archived at the NCEDC. Figure 3.23 shows the total data volume by year, as itemized in table 3.12.
The NCEDC also provides support for earthquake processing and archiving activities of the Northern California Earthquake Management Center (NCEMC), a component of the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). The CISN is the California regional organization of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS).
Figure 3.22 shows the location of stations archived at the NCEDC (excluding EarthScope stations located outside of CA).
By its nature, data archiving is an ongoing activity. In 2008-2009, the NCEDC continued to expand its data holdings and enhance access to the data. Projects and activities of particular note include:
Archiving current BDSN (Section 1), NHFN (Section 3), and Mini-PBO (Section 3) (all stations using the network code BK) seismic data is an ongoing task. These data are telemetered from 48 seismic data loggers in real-time to the BSL, where they are written to disk files, used for CISN real-time earthquake processing and earthquake early warning (EEW) development, and delivered in real-time to the DART (Data Available in Real Time) system on the NCEDC, where they are immediately available to anyone on the Internet. In September 2004, the NCEDC began to archive continuous high frequency data (80 Hz and 100 Hz) from all of the BDSN broadband, strong motion, and strainmeter sensors. Previously, 20 Hz and lower rate data channels were archived continuously, and high frequency data was archived only for events. In early 2006, the NCEDC started to receive all of the BK stations in real-time and make them available to users through the DART. All timeseries data from the Berkeley networks continue to be processed and archived by an NCEDC analyst using calqc in order to provide the highest quality and most complete data stream to the NCEDC.
NCSN continuous waveform data are sent in real-time to the NCEDC via the internet, and are made available to users in real-time through the NCEDC DART. NCSN event waveform data, as well as data from all other real-time BSL and collaborating networks, are automatically collected by the NCEMC waveform archiver and stored at the NCEDC for event review and analysis and for distribution to users. All NCSN and NCEMC data are archived in MiniSEED format.
The NCEDC also maintains a list of historic teleseismic events recorded by the NCSN, since these events do not appear in the NCSN catalog.
A description of the successive improvements in the acquisition of NCSN data, leading to the acquisition of complete NCSN waveform data in early 2006, can be found in the 2005-06 BSL Annual Report. We have finished the first phase of the NCSN continuous waveform archiving project by reading, converting and archiving NCSN seismograms from all available NCSN tapes for mid-2001 through early 2006. Figure 3.23 shows the total data volume by year.
The history of upgrades to the acquisition and archival of HRSN data can be found in the 2005-06 BSL Annual Report.
In early 2006, the NCEDC started to receive the HRSN 20 Hz data and a subset of the 250 Hz data in real-time for distribution through the DART. The NCEDC continued to archive continuous 250 Hz and 20 Hz data streams from the HRSN tapes written in Parkfield and processed at the NCEDC. In early 2007, the BSL established a radio telemetry link from the HRSN recording center at the California Department of Forestry (CDF) in Parkfield to Carr Hill, and started to telemeter all HRSN continuously to UCB. These data are fed into the NCSN backup Earthworm system at Carr Hill, and are also routed through the USGS Parkfield T1 circuit to USGS/MP and through the NCEMC T1 circuit to the BSL for real-time processing by the NCEMC earthquake processing system. The data are also made available to users through the NCEDC DART and are continuously archived at the NCEDC. In 2008-2009, the NCEDC completed its archive of continuous HRSN data by reading from tapes and archiving all continuous 250 Hz HRSN data from early 2003 through late 2004. The NCEDC now has all of the continuous data from the HRSN from its upgrade in 2001 to the present.
The NCEDC is one of two funded archives for PBO EarthScope borehole and laser strain data. Strain data are collected from all of the PBO strain sites and are processed by UNAVCO. MiniSEED data are delivered to the NCEDC using SeedLink, and raw and XML processed data are delivered to the NCEDC using Unidata's Local Data Manager (LDM). The MiniSEED data are inserted into the NCEDC DART and are subsequently archived from the DART. UNAVCO provides EarthScope funding to the NCEDC to help cover the processing, archiving, and distribution costs for these data.
The NCEDC is an archive center for the SAFOD event data and will also process the continuous SAFOD data. Starting in July 2002, scientists from Duke University successfully installed a three component 32 level downhole-seismic array in the pilot hole at the EarthScope SAFOD site in collaboration with Steve Hickman (USGS), Mark Zoback (Stanford University), and the Oyo Geospace Engineering Resources International (GERI) Corporation. High frequency event recordings from this array have been provided by Duke University for archiving at the NCEDC. We converted data from the original SEG-2 format data files to MiniSEED, and have developed the SEED instrument responses for this data set. Continuous 4 KHz data from SAFOD are written to tape at SAFOD and are periodically sent to the BSL to be converted, archived, and forwarded to the IRIS DMC. SAFOD EarthScope funding to the NCEDC is to cover the processing, archiving, and distribution costs for these data. A small subset of the continuous SAFOD data channels are also incorporated into the NCSN, are available in real-time from the NCEDC DART, are archived at the NCEDC, and are forwarded to the IRIS DMC. From March 2008 through April 2009, SAFOD installed a Guralp broadband and accelerometer package in the Pilot Hole, which sent continuous data for 6 channels at 200 samples-per-second to the NCEDC.
The University of Reno in Nevada (UNR) operates several broadband stations in western Nevada and eastern California that are important for Northern California earthquake processing and analysis. Starting in August 2000, the NCEDC has been receiving and archiving continuous broadband data from four UNR stations. The data are transmitted in real-time from UNR to UC Berkeley, where they are made available for CISN real-time earthquake processing and for archiving. Initially, some of the stations were sampled at 20 Hz, but all stations are now sampled and archived continuously at 100 Hz.
The NCEDC installed Simple Wave Server (SWS) software at UNR, which provides an interface to UNR's recent collection of waveforms. The SWS is used by the NCEDC to retrieve waveforms from UNR that were missing at the NCEDC due to real-time telemetry outages between UNR and UC Berkeley.
In early 2006, the NCEDC started to archive continuous data from the UNR short-period stations that are contributed to the NCSN. Both the broadband and short-period UNR stations contributed to the CISN are available in real-time through the NCEDC DART.
The NCEDC continues to archive and process electric and magnetic field data acquired at several UC Berkeley sites. The BSL operates both magnetic and electric field sensors at PKD and SAO. However, most of these channels have been down for repair during the 2008-2009 year. Through a collaboration with Dr. Simon Klemperer at Standord University, we acquire magnetic and electric field channels at BSL sites JRSC and BRIB, and magnetic field channels at site MHDL. The three magnetic field channels and either two or four electric field channels are digitized at 40 Hz, 1 Hz, and 0.1 Hz, and are telemetered in real-time along with seismic data to the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, where they are processed and archived at the NCEDC in a similar fashion to the seismic data.
The NCEDC continues to archive GPS data through the BARD (Bay Area Regional Deformation) network of continuously monitored GPS receivers in Northern California (Section 5). The NCEDC GPS archive now includes 67 continuous sites in Northern California. There are approximately 50 core BARD sites owned and operated by UC Berkeley, USGS (Menlo Park and Cascade Volcano Observatory), LLNL, UC Davis, UC Santa Cruz, Trimble Navigation, and Stanford. Data are also archived from sites operated by other agencies including East Bay Municipal Utilities District, the City of Modesto, the National Geodetic Survey, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
In addition to the standard 15 second or 30 second continuous GPS datastream, the NCEDC is now privately archiving high-rate 1 Hz continuous GPS data from most of the BSL-operated BARD stations. In collaboration with UCSD/SIO and USGS/MP, the BSL is now streaming real-time 1 Hz continuous data from the 13 PBO stations in Parkfield through the USGS Parkfield T1 and NCSS T1 circuits to the BSL, where it makes the data available to researchers in real-time through an Ntripcaster.
The NCEDC also archives non-continuous survey GPS data. The initial dataset archived is the survey GPS data collected by the USGS Menlo Park for Northern California and other locations. The NCEDC is the principal archive for this dataset. Significant quality control efforts were implemented by the NCEDC to ensure that the raw data, scanned site log sheets, and RINEX data are archived for each survey.
The Calpine Corporation operated a micro-seismic monitoring network in the Geysers region of Northern California. Prior to 1999 this network was operated by Unocal. Through various agreements, both Unocal and Calpine have released triggered event waveform data from 1989 through 2000 along with preliminary event catalogs for the same time period for archiving and distribution through the NCEDC. This dataset represents over 296,000 events that were recorded by Calpine/Unocal Geysers network and are available via research accounts at the NCEDC.
The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), with funding from the California Energy Commission, currently operates a 22 station network in the Geysers region with an emphasis on monitoring seismicity related to well water injection. The earthquake locations and waveforms from this network are sent to the NCEDC, and the locations are forwarded to the NCSN so that they can be merged into the NCSN earthquake catalog. In August 2007, the NCSN installed an Earthworm system at the Geysers to receive continuous LBL Geysers data, and this system provides event waveforms in real-time for the NCEMC earthquake procssing and the NCEDC event archives. The event data from LBL Geysers event waveforms collected from April 2004 to August 2007 will be associated with events from the NCSN catalog and will be included with the existing waveforms for these events.
Over the last 30 years, the USGS at Menlo Park, in collaboration with other principal investigators, has collected an extensive low-frequency geophysical data set that contains over 1300 channels of tilt, tensor strain, dilatational strain, creep, magnetic field, and water level as well as auxiliary channels such as temperature, pore pressure, rain and snow accumulation, and wind speed. In collaboration with the USGS, we assembled the requisite information for the hardware representation of the stations and the instrument responses for many channels of this diverse dataset, and developed the required programs to populate and update the hardware database and generate the instrument responses. We developed the programs and procedures to automate the process of importing the raw waveform data and converting it to MiniSEED format. Since these data are delivered to the NCEDC on a daily basis and immediately archived, these data are not inserted into the NCEDC DART.
We have currently archived timeseries data from 887 data channels from 167 sites, and have instrument response information for 542 channels at 139 sites. The waveform archive is updated on a daily basis with data from 350 currently operating data channels. We will augment the raw data archive as additional instrument response information is assembled by the USGS for the channels and will work with the USGS to clearly define the attributes of the ``processed'' data channels.
In 2004, the NCEDC started to archive broadband and strong motion data from 15 SCSN (network CI) stations that are telemetered to the Northern California Management Center (NCEMC) of the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). These data are used in the prototype real-time state-wide earthquake processing system and also provide increased coverage for Northern California events. Since the data are telemetered directly from the stations in real-time to both the SCSN and to the NCEMC, the NCEDC archives the NCEMC's copy of the data to ensure that at least one copy of the data will be preserved.
In early 2006, the NCEDC started to continuously archive all of the selected SCSN short-period stations that are contributed to the NCSN. All of these data are also available in real-time from the NCEDC DART.
Northern California: The NCEDC provides searchable access to both the USGS and BSL earthquake catalogs for Northern and Central California. The ``official'' UC Berkeley earthquake catalog begins in 1910 and runs through 2003, and the ``official'' USGS catalog begins in 1966. Both of these catalogs are archived and available through the NCEDC, but the existence of 2 catalogs has caused confusion among both researchers and the public.
In late 2006, the NCEMC begun to archive and distribute a single unified Northern California earthquake catalog in real-time to the NCEDC through database replication from the NCEMC's real-time systems. The NCEDC developed and tested the required programs used to enter all previous NCSN catalog data into the NCEDC database. In 2008, we migrated all of the historic NCSN catalog, phase, and amplitude data from 1967 - 2006 into the NCEMC catalog. In addition, we spent considerable effort addressing the mapping of phase data in the BSL catalog to SEED channel names. We plan to merge the BSL catalog with the NCEMC catalog to form a single unified Northern California catalog from 1910 to the present. The BSL and the USGS have spent considerable effort over the past years to define procedures for merging the data from the two catalogs into a single Northern and Central California earthquake catalog in order to present a unified view of Northern California seismicity. The differences in time period, variations in data availability, and mismatches in regions of coverage all complicate the task.
Worldwide: The NCEDC, in conjunction with the Council of the National Seismic System (CNSS), produced and distributed a world-wide composite catalog of earthquakes based on the catalogs of the national and various U.S. regional networks for several years. Each network updates their earthquake catalog on a daily basis at the NCEDC, and the NCEDC constructs a composite world-wide earthquake catalog by combining the data, removing duplicate entries that may occur from multiple networks recording an event, and giving priority to the data from each network's authoritative region. The catalog, which includes data from 14 regional and national networks, is searchable using a Web interface at the NCEDC. The catalog is also freely available to anyone via ftp over the Internet.
With the demise of the CNSS and the development of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), the NCEDC was asked to update its Web pages to present the composite catalog as a product of the ANSS. This conversion was completed in the fall of 2002. We continue to create, house, distribute, and provide a searchable web interface to the ANSS composite catalog, and to aid the regional networks in submitting data to the catalog.
In 2005, the NCEDC relocated its archive and distribution system from McCone Hall to a new state-of-the-art computer facility in a new seismically braced building on the Berkeley campus. The facility provides seismically braced equipment racks, gigabit ethernet network, air conditioning, and power conditioning. The entire facility is powered by a UPS with generator backup.
The currently installed NCEDC facilities consist of a mass storage environment hosted by a Sun X4150 host computer, a 100 slot LTO3 tape library with two tape drives and a 20 TByte capacity, and 60 TBytes of RAID storage, all managed with the SAM-FS hierarchical storage management (HSM) software. In 2008-2009, the tape library was upgraded from LTO2 to LTO3 drives, and all online tape data was re-archived on LTO3 tapes. DART data are collected and distributed on a Sun 280R computer and RAID storage. A Sun x4150 system provides Web services for the NCEDC, a dual Sun 280R processor provides data import and export services, and a Sun V20Z computer is used for quality control procedures. Two AIT tape libraries are used to read NCSN continuous data tapes. Two 64-bit Linux system hosts redundant Oracle databases. Two Sun X64 processors provide additional data processing support for the NCEDC.
The SAMFS hierarchical storage management (HSM) software used by the NCEDC is configured to automatically create multiple copies of each data file in the archive. The NCEDC creates one copy of each file on an online RAID, a second copy on LTO2 tape which is stored online in the tape library, and a third copy on LTO2 tape which is stored offline and offsite. All NCEDC data are stored online and rapidly accessible by users.
The NCEDC operates two instances of its Oracle database, one for internal operations and one for external use for user data queries and data distribution programs. The databases are synchronized using multi-master replication.
The NCEDC developed a GUI-based state-driven system calqc to facilitate the quality control processing that is applied to the continuously archived data sets at the NCEDC.
The quality control procedures for these datasets include the following tasks:
Calqc uses previously developed programs to perform each function, but it provides a graphical point-and-click interface to automate these procedures, and to provide the analyst with a record of when each process was started, whether it executed correctly, and whether the analyst has indicated that a step has been completed. Calqc is used to process all data from the BDSN network, and all continuous broadband data from the NCSN, UNR, SCSN, and HRSN networks that are archived by the NCEDC. The remainder of the continuously archived data are automatically archived without any analyst interaction.
The NCEDC is developing programs and procedures to replace waveforms collected for event analysis in near real-time with QC-ed waveforms from the UCB QC-ed waveform archive. This procedure will also be used to augment the NCSN event-based waveform collection from 1991 - 2006 with the appropriate waveforms from the UCB seismic networks.
The NCEDC continues to support the Northern California Earthquake Management Center (NCEMC) by providing information and resources vital to the NCEMC's role of rapid earthquake analysis and data dissemination. The NCEDC receives earthquake parametric data in real-time from the NCEMC real-time systems and provides real-time access to the NCEDC database for jiggle, the CISN event analysis tool. The NCEMC continues to support the maintenance and distribution of the hardware configurations and instrument responses of the UCB, USGS/MP NCSN, and other seismic stations used by the NCEMC. During 2002-2004, the NCEDC and NCSN jointly developed a system consisting of an extensive spreadsheet containing per-channel information that describes the hardware of each NCSN data channel and provides each channel with a SEED-compliant channel name. This spreadsheet, combined with a limited number of files that describe the central-site analog digitizer, FIR decimation filters, and general characteristics of digital acquisition systems, allows the NCSN to assemble its station history in a format that the NCEDC can use to populate the hardware tracking and instrument response database tables for the NCSN. BSL staff currently chairs the CISN Schema Change working group, which coordinates all databaser schema changes and enhancements within the CISN.
The NCEDC instrument response schema represents full multi-stage instrument responses (including filter coefficients) for the broadband data loggers. The hardware tracking schema represents the interconnection of instruments, amplifiers, filters, and data loggers over time, and is used to describe all of the UC Berkeley and USGS stations and channels archived at the NCEDC.
The NCEDC has developed XML import and export procedures to provide better maintenance of the hardware tracking information and resulting instrument responses for stations in our database. When changes are made to either existing hardware or to station configurations, we export the current view in XML format, use a GUI-based XML editor to easily update the information, and import the changes back into the database. When adding new stations or hardware, we can easily use information from existing hardware or stations as templates for the new information. This allows us to treat the database as the authoritative source of information, and to use off-the-shelf tools such as the XML editor and XML differencing programs as part of our database maintenance procedures.
All NCSN event waveforms originally collected with the USGS CUSP processing system have been converted to MiniSEED, and are available along with the UC Berkeley data and data from the other networks archived at the NCEDC in full SEED format.
Additional details on the joint catalog effort and database schema development may be found at http://www.ncedc.org/db
The NCEDC continues to use the World Wide Web as a principal interface for users to request, search for, and receive data from the NCEDC. In fall 2005, the NCEDC acquired the domain name ncedc.org. The NCEDC's Web address is now http://www.ncedc.org/In the 12 months from July 2008 through June 2009, the NCEDC distributed over 1644 GB of waveform data to external users.
The NCEDC provides users with searchable access to Northern California earthquake catalogs and to the ANSS world-wide catalog via the web. Users can search the catalogs by time, magnitude, and geographic region, and can retrieve either hypocenter and magnitude information or a full set of earthquake parameters including phase readings, amplitudes, and codas. Moment tensor results are now being added to the NCEMC California earthquake catalog.
In addition to the metadata returned through the various data request methods, the NCECD provides dataless SEED volumes and SEED RESP files for all data channels archived at the NCEDC. The NCEDC currently has full SEED instrument responses for 12,989 data channels from 1,909 stations in 20 networks. This includes stations from the California Geological Survey (CGS) strong motion network that will contribute seismic waveform data for significant earthquakes to the NCEDC and SCEDC.
We ported and installed the IRIS SeismiQuery program at the NCEDC, which provides a common interface to query network, station, and channel attributes and query the availability of archived timeseries data.
The DART (Data Available in Real Time) represents the first step in NCEDC's effort to make current and recent timeseries data from all networks, stations, and channels available to users in real-time. The NCEDC developed DART in December 2005 to provide a mechanism for users to obtain access to real-time data from the NCEDC. All real-time timeseries data streams delivered to the NCEDC are placed in MiniSEED files in a Web-accessible directory structure. The DART waveforms can be accessed by Web browsers or http command-line programs such as wget, a FISSURES waveform server, and a Berkelely-developed Simple Wave Server (SWS) which provides programmatic access to the DART data by specified SEED channel and time interval. We will be providing users with a client program to retrieve data from the SWS in the near future. The DART currently provide assess to the most recent 35 days of data.
We are using the Freeorb software, an enhanced version of the open-source orb software developed by the IRIS-funded Joint Seismic Project (JSP), as the primary method for delivering real-time data to the NCEDC and into the DART. The freeorb package implements an object ring buffer (ORB) and orbserver, which provides a reliable storage ring buffer and an interface for orb client programs to read, write, and query the orbserver. Orbserver clients running at the NCEDC computer connect to remote orbservers at the BSL and USGS/Menlo Park, retrieve the MiniSEED timeseries data records, and write them to daily channel files in the NCEDC DART. Strain data from the EarthScope PBO network are delivered to the NCEDC using SeedLink and are inserted into the DART using a similar SeedLink client program.
The NCEDC developed an automated data archiving system to archive data from the DART on a daily basis. It allows us to specify which stations should be automatically archived, and which stations should be handled by the NCEDC's Quality Control program calqc, which allows an analyst to review the waveforms, retrieve missing data from stations or waveservers that may have late-arriving, out-of-order data, and perform timing corrections on the waveform data. The majority of data channels are currently archived automatically from the DART.
In a collaborative project with the IRIS DMC and other worldwide datacenters, the NCEDC helped develop and implement NetDC, a protocol which will provide a seamless user interface to multiple datacenters for geophysical network and station inventory, instrument responses, and data retrieval requests. The NetDC builds upon the foundation and concepts of the IRIS BREQ_FAST data request system. The NetDC system was put into production in January 2000 and is currently operational at several datacenters worldwide, including NCEDC, IRIS DMC, ORFEUS, Geoscope, and SCEDC. The NetDC system receives user requests via email, automatically routes the appropriate portion of the requests to the appropriate datacenter, optionally aggregates the responses from the various datacenters, and delivers the data (or ftp pointers to the data) to the users via email.
In 2002, the NCEDC wrote a collaborative proposal with the SCEDC to the Southern California Earthquake Center, with the goal of unifying data access between the two data centers. As part of this project, the NCEDC and SCEDC are working to support a common set of 3 tools for accessing waveform and parametric data: SeismiQuery, NetDC, and STP.
The Seismogram Transfer Program or STP is a simple client-server program, developed at the SCEDC. Access to STP is either through a simple direct interface that is available for Sun or Linux platforms, or through a GUI Web interface. With the direct interface, the data are placed directly on a user's computer in several possible formats, with the byte-swap conversion performed automatically. With the Web interface, the selected and converted data are retrieved with a single ftp command. The STP interface also allows rapid access to parametric data such as hypocenters and phases.
The NCEDC has continued work on STP, working with the SCEDC on extensions and needed additions. We added support for the full SEED channel name (Station, Network, Channel, and Location), and are now able to return event-associated waveforms from the NCSN waveform archive.
In order to provide Web access to the NCSN waveform before the SEED conversion and instrument response for the NCSN has been completed, the NCEDC implemented EVT_FAST, an interim email-based waveform request system similar to the BREQ_FAST email request system. Users email EVT_FAST requests to the NCEDC and request NCSN waveform data based on the NCSN event ID. Initially, the NCSN waveform data was converted to either SAC ASCII, SAC binary, or AH format, and placed in the anonymous ftp directory for retrieval by the users. EVT_FAST event waveforms can now also be provided in MiniSEED format and are now named with their SEED channel names.
The FISSURES project developed from an initiative by IRIS to improve earth scientists' efficiency by developing a unified environment that can provide interactive or programmatic access to waveform data and the corresponding metadata for instrument response, as well as station and channel inventory information. FISSURES was developed using CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) as the architecture to implement a system-independent method for the exchange of this binary data. The IRIS DMC developed a series of services, referred to as the Data Handling Interface (DHI), using the FISSURES architecture to provide waveform and metadata from the IRIS DMC.
The NCEDC has implemented the FISSURES Data Handling Interface (DHI) services at the NCEDC, which involves interfacing the DHI servers with the NCEDC database schema. These services interact with the NCEDC database and data storage system and can deliver NCEDC channel metadata as well as waveforms using the FISSURES interfaces. We have separate FISSURES DHI waveform servers to serve archived and DART data streams. Our FISSURES servers are registed with the IRIS FISSURES naming services, which ensures that all FISSURES users have transparent access to data from the NCEDC.
Since 1997, the NCEDC has collaborated with UNAVCO and other members of the GPS community on the development of the GPS Seamless Archive Centers (GSAC) project. This project allows a user to access the most current version of GPS data and metadata from distributed archive locations. The NCEDC is participating at several levels in the GSAC project: as a primary provider of data collected from core BARD stations and USGS MP surveys, and as a wholesale collection point for other data collected in Northern California. We helped to define database schema and file formats for the GSAC project and have produced complete and incremental monumentation and data holdings files describing the data sets that are produced by the BARD project or archived at the NCEDC so that other members of the GSAC community can provide up-to-date information about our holdings. Currently, the NCEDC is the primary provider for over 138,000 data files from over 1400 continuous and survey-mode monuments. The data holdings records for these data have been incorporated into the GSAC retailer system, which became publicly available in late 2002.
In addition, the NCEDC is archiving and distributing high-rate 1 Hz GPS data from most BSL-operated BARD stations in addition to the normally sampled 15 second or 30 second data. These high-rate data are now publicly available to the entire community.
The NCEDC is a joint project of the BSL and the USGS Menlo Park and is funded primarily by the BSL and the USGS Cooperative Agreement 07HQAG0013. Additional funding for the processing and archiving of the EarthScope PBO and SAFOD data were provided by EarthScope subawards EAR0732947-07-06 through UNAVCO.
Doug Neuhauser is the manager of the NCEDC. Stephane Zuzlewski, Rick McKenzie, Mario Aranha, Nicolas Houlie, Bob Uhrhammer, Jennifer Taggart,and Peggy Hellweg of the BSL and David Oppenheimer, Hal Macbeth, Lynn Dietz, and Fred Klein of the USGS Menlo Park contribute to the operation of the NCEDC. Doug Neuhauser and Peggy Hellweg contributed to the preparation of this section.
Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
215 McCone Hall, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-4760
Questions or comments? Send e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
© 2007, The Regents of the University of California
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Some tips on refurbishing stone floors
With the development of the economy, the use of stone is becoming more and more widespread, especially in various public places. Stone is popular with people for its grace and luxury, and its use will age and become contaminated over time. And other issues, this can be initially resolved by cleaning, but sometimes it must be refurbished by grinding. The following is an introduction to abrasives and grinding tools to give everyone a preliminary understanding of this.
Introduction of abrasives and grinding tools for stone floor renovation
Abrasives are materials used for grinding and processing, and are generally divided into two categories: ordinary abrasives and super-hard abrasives.
Ordinary abrasives mainly include corundum (brown corundum, white corundum, etc.). Its main chemical composition is Al2O3 (aluminum dioxide), silicon carbide (black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide), and its main chemical composition is SiC (silicon carbide). ).
Corundum abrasives are brown corundum with a micro hardness of 2000-2200 kgf / mm2; white corundum with a micro hardness of 2200-2300kgf / mm2; black silicon carbide with a micro hardness of 3100-3300kgf / mm2 2; green silicon carbide, micro hardness 3200-3400 kgf / mm2; particle size from 4 #-micro powder W0.5 (even finer).
According to the order of abrasive hardness, we can sort out granite processing green silicon carbide, black silicon carbide, marble processing white corundum (soft), black, green silicon carbide (hard). In terms of material cost, green silicon carbide, black silicon carbide, and white corundum are in turn. Around these abrasives, inorganic grinding tools can be made, including magnetite and ceramics. Organic grinding tools, including phenol, are Saturated resins, epoxy resins, etc. (this also includes emery cloth sandpaper).
Super hard abrasive
Super hard abrasive mainly refers to diamond abrasive. Although its processing history is relatively long, but as more uses, it is a large amount of industrialized production in the past thirty years. Its micro hardness is 8000-10000 kgf / mm2, the hardness is the highest, and it is the micro-cutting mechanism when processing materials, so it is the first choice cutting tool. In recent years, there has been a large-scale increase in production and a reduction in industrial costs, high processing efficiency (more than 5 times that of ordinary), and good processing results (which can polish highly demanding materials), so its applications have become increasingly widespread.
Diamond grinding tools
Diamond grinding tools are mainly metal, resin, ceramic, etc., which are classified according to the type of bonding agent.
Metal-based grinding tools mainly include iron-based, copper-based, and cobalt-based types, which determine the processing costs of different types of materials. As a grinding tool, its particle size ranges from the coarsest (20 #), often to as fine as 400 #. Its characteristic is long life, but the cost will be higher.
Resin-based grinding tools have a relatively low production cost and relatively more applications. They are also currently used for rough grinding to polishing, which is their greatest advantage in fine-grain grinding and polishing.
Ceramic diamond grinding tools are the fastest growing tools in recent years. In terms of processing performance, they take the advantages of metal processing and avoid the short of resin processing. They have good technical advantages, but they have not been seen because of their cost Used in stone renovation.
Steps in the stone renovation process
The renovation of stone flooring generally involves the following steps:
The coarse-grained grinding tool is used to “level” the damaged surface and “cut”, or “level” the uneven part that has been laid. Generally, this process must be removed to a certain extent. Pay attention to overall flatness during construction.
Use coarser-grained tools to grind the stone to remove rough lines during processing, while maintaining the flatness of the construction surface.
In the fine grinding process, the removal amount is relatively small. Through 4-5 particle size numbers, the stone finish can be polished. Finally, the polishing process is required to achieve the stone renovation.
Selection of grinding tools for stone renovation
Bitter soil abrasive
Bitter soil abrasives are made by polymerizing silicon carbide abrasive with magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride. For the use of silicon carbide, green silicon carbide is better. Black silicon carbide is relatively cheaper. The particle size number is generally from 16 # to 1200 #. The hardness of the manufactured abrasive tool is also from hard to soft. It is characterized by low cost, good self-sharpness, and strong processing adaptability. It can process granite, marble, artificial stone, ceramic tiles, etc., but the processing efficiency is relatively low, the production cycle is relatively long, and the grinding head requires a large amount of work. Pressure is a conventional grinding tool. After the storage period of this abrasive tool exceeds one year, various properties will change, such as self-sharpness and soft hardness.
Silicon carbide resin grinding tools
Silicon carbide resin grinding tools are formed by mixing and consolidating silicon carbide abrasives and resins. They are pressed with phenolic resins, and after mixing with liquid resins, they are cast. It is mainly used for precision grinding. The characteristics of pressing are good durability and good wettability during grinding. Especially when processing marble, the lightness of grinding is good and the efficiency is relatively high, but the cost is relatively high. Particle size number, phenolic abrasives are easy to color when grinding and polishing light-colored stones, which is the main reason why they cannot be widely used. Grinding tools made of very fine silicon carbide powder and other materials mixed with resin are the main means for polishing granite, terrazzo, and concrete.
Ceramic abrasive tools
Ceramic abrasive tools are made of silicon carbide abrasive and glassy material and sintered at high temperature. It is characterized by good durability, but it is easy to be blocked, the phenomenon of grinding and slipping occurs, and the cost is high. It is now used less.
Metal bond grinding tool
Metal bond grinding tool, sintered from diamond and metal powder. It is characterized by high processing efficiency and good processing effect. Generally starting from 50 #, it is necessary to choose carefully for coarse grain size 20 #, otherwise, it will be difficult to process after the coarse scratches. In addition, the finest granularity used does not exceed 400 #. This tool is used to trim rough surfaces. It is the most effective tool. It can process a satisfactory plane. The cost is higher than the previous one, but its processing efficiency is high. Sex is unmatched by ordinary abrasives.
Resin bond grinding disc
Resin bond grinding disc, made of diamond single crystal, fine powder and resin consolidated. It is characterized by lower cost than metal and high processing efficiency. It is mainly used for fine grinding and polishing of stone. It is a continuous grinding and polishing tool after the metal grinding disc is smoothed. The cost is moderate.
Diamond soft abrasive pad
Diamond soft abrasive pad is a new tool for ground renovation in recent years. Its lightness and unique flexibility make it have good adhesion to the processed surface, and can provide particle sizes from 20 # to 3000 #, and BUFF black and white (polished). This type of abrasive uses diamond as the abrasive, which is light in weight and can effectively protect the soft part of the stone surface during grinding. The processed product has high gloss; it is connected with a nylon hook and loop method and is easy to operate.
Selection of grinding tools for different machines during refurbishment
It is our goal to refurbish the stone floor to achieve a good finish. At the same time, the actual cost must also be taken into account. According to the requirements of the engineering party, the grinding tools must be reasonably configured for the different conditions of the grinding and polishing machine to achieve the intended purpose.
First of all, there is an estimate of the project cost. If it is considered that the cost is relatively low, the construction period is allowed, and the acceptance work is loose, you can consider using ordinary grinding tools.
The requirements for the construction period are relatively strict. It is best to use diamond-type grinding tools and select them appropriately according to the conditions of the machine. If the machine is heavy and the working speed is high, durable tools can be used; if the machine is light and the working speed is low, sharp tools can be used. In addition, during the grinding process, processing efficiency can be achieved by changing the amount of water.
Sometimes, when “leveling” the ground, using coarse-grained diamond resin abrasive discs (or diamond soft abrasive discs), you will not feel able to grind them; you can use less water, increase pressure, and improve the machine under the same conditions. Rotational speed, the fastest way to get the blade out of the cutting edge, the best method is to use metal cutting blades, or metal abrasive blades for preliminary work,
In order to ensure the flatness of the ground, before the 500 # processing, try to use a good flatness abrasive sheet, and then use a diamond soft abrasive sheet to grind. Its good adhesion can effectively improve the grinding efficiency and obtain good gloss.
In order to overcome the scratch on the stone when polishing, it is better that the hardness of the grinding tool is softer, which is good for glazing. At the same time, in order to improve the gloss, the method of reducing the amount of water, increasing the rotation speed of the machine, and increasing the surface temperature , Will also promote the improvement of gloss. In short, the polishing of stone is a complicated physico-chemical process. It has both the physical micro-plowing effect and the pure chemical reaction on the surface. It depends on the situation, and it is by no means the same.
- What is the difference and benefits of diamond wear-resistant floor and terrazzo floor?
- How To Grind Concrete Floor?
- HW-G4 220V 380V Planetary Head Concrete Grinder
- What Does A Concrete Scarifier Do?
- Scarifier Cutters
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Crustaceans are a kind of arthropod characterized by a hard exoskeleton shell, segmented head and body, and typically, antennae. A tremendous variety of crustaceans make their homes in Florida's shoreline and sea, and even in its freshwater lakes and ponds. Crustaceans include hundreds of types of shrimp, lobster, crab, crayfish, barnacles and even plankton, and there are more species of these creatures in the waters in and around Florida than any other state. Although Florida is home to several endangered species, a great deal of its crustaceans are highly sought seafoods.
A longtime staple on seafood restaurant menus everywhere, the waters off the coast of Florida — especially Florida's Gulf Shore — are teeming with diverse shrimp populations. One of the most significant varieties is the mantis shrimp, so named for its resemblance to a praying mantis. Mantis shrimp come in a variety of colors, from brown, cream and pink, to bold mixes of neon colors. Another prevalent species is the Florida cave shrimp, also called the Squirrel Chimney Cave shrimp. A cave-dwelling crustacean, this shrimp lacks a pigmented shell, so only its colorful internal organs are visible. The Stone Mountain fairy shrimp and the Florida fairy shrimp are a bit harder to find, as they are currently listed as endangered.
A staple of the state's seafood industry, Florida is home to several species of lobster. The largest and most common is the Caribbean spiny lobster, which can grow to more than 2 feet in length. Spiny lobsters inhabit most of the state's coastline, and the Florida Keys also boast a strong population. Rock lobsters are also fairly prevalent, as are shovelnose lobsters. According to the American Sportsman website, the shovelnose, most often found in the Panhandle region, lacks the antennae typical to most crustaceans, and also uses camouflage to lurk about caves and rock ledges. The spotted lobster is also native to Florida's waters, but is a bit harder to find, as they rarely grow large enough to catch.
Crabs of Florida
A particularly feisty crustacean, crabs are virtually everywhere in Florida — both on land and in salt and freshwater. The two most common marine crabs are the blue crab and the Florida stone crab. Blue crabs are the smaller of the two, and are primarily fished from the sea, although they can be found in some brackish tributaries or bays. The Florida stone crab, found in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico, is best known for its ability to regrow its claws. When harvesting these crabs, although the body meat is edible, fishermen will most often remove its primary claws and then return it to the water where its claws can regenerate over time. Some common terrestrial crabs include fiddler and hermit crabs, although they generally aren't consumed by humans.
By far the most diversified species of crustacean to inhabit Florida, there are more than 50 species of crayfish recognized as indigenous to the state, all of which are edible. Crayfish can be found both in the sea surrounding Florida and in freshwater rivers, lakes, streams and ponds. However, in spite of the tremendous variety of crayfish throughout the state, the Florida Nature website indicates that a number of these crustaceans are currently endangered, and are therefore protected by the state. One such protected crayfish is the Panama City species, which only inhabits a small portion of Florida's Bay County. Their decreasing numbers are due to land development. The black creek crayfish, also considered endangered, is a medium-sized nocturnal crustacean marked with white or even yellow spots on a black or brown body. This crayfish prefers life in the streams of the northeastern area of the state. Another particularly unique crayfish also listed as endangered is the Sims Sink crayfish, also known as the Santa Fe cave crayfish. This albino, sightless crustacean is perfectly suited for its rare habitats, which are primarily the darkened sinkholes, aquifers and springs in the northern portion of the state.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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After studying global data from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a research team led by Northwestern University has discovered a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates.
The theory was put forth after a statistical analysis of data from hospitals and clinics across China, France, Germany, Italy, Iran, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States.
The researchers noted that patients from countries with high COVID-19 mortality rates, such as Italy, Spain and the UK, had lower levels of vitamin D compared to patients in countries that were not as severely affected.
Though Vadim Backman, who led the research said that the results needed further study. “While I think it is important for people to know that vitamin D deficiency might play a role in mortality, we don’t need to push vitamin D on everybody,” he said.
Backman and his team were inspired to examine vitamin D levels after noticing unexplained differences in COVID-19 mortality rates from country to country.
By analyzing publicly available patient data from around the globe, Backman and his team discovered a strong correlation between vitamin D levels and cytokine storm — a hyperinflammatory condition caused by an overactive immune system — as well as a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and mortality.
“Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients,” Daneshkhah said. “This is what seems to kill a majority of COVID-19 patients, not the destruction of the lungs by the virus itself. It is the complications from the misdirected fire from the immune system.”
This is exactly where Backman believes vitamin D plays a major role. Not only does vitamin D enhance our innate immune systems, it also prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. This means that having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.
Backman is the Walter Dill Scott Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. Ali Daneshkhah, a postdoctoral research associate in Backman’s laboratory, is the paper’s first author.
The research is available on medRxiv, a preprint server for health sciences.
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Eating simple carbohydrates like processed sugar is not only a surefire way to increase your waistline, but research also now shows that they might be bad for your heart as well. According to research done at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, consuming too much of the stuff at once can have some pretty bad side effects.
The study was published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and used 33 participants who were both men and women. Before they started testing the participants the researchers got everyone on a standard diet to make sure that they were bascially on the same page. Then they served the participants a glucose drink that contained 294 calories, 75.9g carbs (which all came from the sugar), .01 gram fat, and 2.1 grams of protein.
At first glance that probably seems like a crazy amount of sugar, but the average person who isn’t watching what they eat or drink truly consumes some crazy amount so sugar. Even so called healthy drinks like smoothies and juices can contain around 1oo grams of sugar, not to mention things like coffee drinks, fast food, and actual sweets and desserts.
For the next step of the study they then monitored the blood levels of the participants for the next six hours to see if they could pinpoint some changes in the way their heart was responding to the excess sugar in the body.
They did this by looking at the production of a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps to reduce the blood pressure and get rid of excess salt in the body. The researchers found that the shake caused the levels of ANP to drop by 25 percent in just a couple hours.
This is an important finding, since past research has shown that people who are overweight make less of the ANP in general, which is part of the reason why weight gain can be linked with retaining salt and high blood pressure. In the case where someone is already producing less ANP because of their weight and then continuing to eat high carb and high sugar diets, it could put excess strain onto the heart.
It is important to note that this study was only taking into account simple carbs, so this does not mean that all carbs are bad. In fact we need carbohydrates for our energy.
According to the lead study author Thomas Wang, M.D.:
“Because the rise in blood sugar occurs much more rapidly with simple carbohydrates, it’s possible the more gradual rise in blood sugar seen with complex carbohydrates might reduce the negative effects [a.k.a. the drop in ANP], but this hasn’t been tested yet.”
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The most important characteristic of the Act of 1935 was the establishment of provincial autonomy. This was in accordance with the August Declaration of 1917. The Act of 1919 had given little control over the administration of the provinces to the Indian control over the administration of the provinces to the Indian ministers. Provincial autonomy was a definite improvement on diarchy in the provinces under the Government of India Act 1919
. However, that does not mean that The Government of India Act of 1935
established full-fledged responsible Government in the provinces. Ordinarily, a Governor was required to act according to the advice of the ministers and when he did so he acted as a Constitutional head. However, he was also authorised to act in his individual judgement. While doing so, he listened to the advice of the ministers but he might or might not act upon their advice.
History records that the Governor acted in his individual judgement while performing the following special responsibilities:
1. Prevention of any grave menace to peace and tranquillity of the province or any part of it
2. Safeguarding of the rights and legitimate interests of the public servants and their dependants
3. Safeguarding of the rights and interests of the Indian states and the dignity of their rulers
4. Safeguarding of the legitimate interests of the minorities
5. Administration of partially-excluded areas
6. Prevention of commercial discrimination against Englishmen and their goods
7. Execution of the orders and directions of the Governor General issued by him in his discretion
8. It was the duty of the Governor of the Central Provinces to see that a reasonable share of the provincial revenues was spent for the benefit of the people of Berar
9. It was the duty of the Governor of Sindh to secure the proper administration of the Lloyd Barrage and the Canals` Scheme
In the following cases, the Governor acted in his discretion and while doing so he did not even consult the ministers:
1. He could appoint and dismiss ministers. This was not a very substantial power. In the case of Bengal and the North-West Frontier Province, the power was used by the Governors to exclude a certain party and keep the other party in power. The Governor presided over the meetings of the Council of Ministers. By doing so, he could influence the deliberations and conclusions of the ministers. His great administrative experience must have been an asset to him while dealing with the ministers
2. The Governor could issue two kinds of ordinances. One kind of ordinance could be issued by him at any time and that lasted for 6 months. The other kind of ordinance was issued by him when the provincial legislature was not sitting. He could issue what are known as Governor`s Acts. In certain cases, the previous sanction was required for the introduction of certain bills in the provincial legislatures. He could not stop the further discussion of any bill in the legislature at any time. Even when a bill was passed he could veto the same or send the same back for reconsideration by the legislature. He could also reserve the same for the assent of the Governor General
3. The Governor appointed members of the Provincial Public Service Commission. He was given large powers regarding the police force and the authority to suppress terrorists
4. The Governor decided what items of expenditure were to be regarded as "expenditure charged upon revenues of the province". These items were taken out of the control of the legislature. The non-votable items formed about 40 percent of the budget. If the whole of the budget was rejected, the Governor had the authority to restore the same
5. Under Section 93 of the Act, the Governor was given the authority to suspend the Constitution and take over the administration in his own hands
But at the same time it should be mentioned that the Governors enjoyed substantial power under the Act of 1935. The powers given to them were not merely in theory. They were intended to be exercised and were actually exercised. However the extent to which these powers were exercised depended upon the character of the individual Governor and the position and prestige enjoyed by the provincial autonomy.
About Provincial Autonomy it can be said that it was definitely an improvement on the diarchy but it was not intended to establish responsible Government in the province.
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Global health is not a discipline; it is, rather, a collection of problems. Some scholars have defined global health as the field of study and practice concerned with improving the health of all people and achieving health equity worldwide, with an emphasis on addressing transnational problems. No single review can do much more than identify the leading problems in applying evidence-based medicine in settings of great poverty or across national boundaries. However, this is a moment of opportunity: only recently, persistent epidemics, improved metrics, and growing interest have been matched by an unprecedented investment in addressing the health problems of poor people in the developing world. To ensure that this opportunity is not wasted, the facts need to be laid out for specialists and laypeople alike. This chapter introduces the major international bodies that address health problems; identifies the more significant barriers to improving the health of people who to date have not, by and large, had access to modern medicine; and summarizes population-based data on the most common health problems faced by people living in poverty. Examining specific problems—notably HIV/AIDS (Chap. 226) but also tuberculosis (TB, Chap. 202), malaria (Chap. 248), and key "noncommunicable" chronic diseases (NCDs)—helps sharpen the discussion of barriers to prevention, diagnosis, and care as well as the means of overcoming them. This chapter closes by discussing global health equity, drawing on notions of social justice that once were central to international public health but had fallen out of favor during the last decades of the twentieth century.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBAL HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Concern about health across national boundaries dates back many centuries, predating the Black Plague and other pandemics. One of the first organizations founded explicitly to tackle cross-border health issues was the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, which was formed in 1902 by 11 countries in the Americas. The primary goal of what later became the Pan American Health Organization was the control of infectious diseases across the Americas. Of special concern was yellow fever, which had been running a deadly course through much of South and Central America and halted the construction of the Panama Canal. In 1948, the United Nations formed the first truly global health institution: the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1958, under the aegis of the WHO and in line with a long-standing focus on communicable diseases that cross borders, leaders in global health initiated the effort that led to what some see as the greatest success in international health: the eradication of smallpox. Naysayers were surprised when the smallpox eradication campaign, which engaged public health officials throughout the world, proved successful in 1979 despite the ongoing Cold War.
At the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata (in what is now Kazakhstan) in 1978, public health officials from around the world agreed on a commitment to "Health for All by ...
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This article is about Machine Learning
What is Unsupervised Learning?
By NIIT Editorial
Published on 01/03/2021
Unsupervised learning refers to the procedure of training a machine learning algorithm with unlabelled data. The algorithm is given a free hand at understanding the key characteristics of the training data and then define the chief specifications of the same, its own. The code is supposed to do the heavy lifting of identifying patterns in the data.
This exercise often churns surprising, and often intriguing results from the code. For instance, the machine could be served a picture of cats and dogs and asked to identify each. If it comes down to facial physiognomy, the code can identify that both the cats and the dogs have whiskers, two eyes and a mouth. However, if enough images populate the training set, the code would learn to draw the line between the two animals based on their skin patterns, canine size, ears so on and so forth.
Just like supervised learning, unsupervised learning can be divided into two parts:
Clustering - As the name suggests, this refers to such business cases where you want to cluster the training data according to a mutual characteristic. For example, a database of thousands of customers can be grouped as per the purchasing needs of each demographic. Clustering can further be divided into the following sub-categories:
- Exclusive (partitioning)
Association - This is more complicated than clustering in that it goes a step forward and relates two sets of clusters with one another. For instance, customers who belong to a particular age group, purchase more of product A than product B. Association can be divided into the following types:
- Hierarchical learning
- K-means clustering
- Principal component analysis
- Singular value decomposition
- Independent component analysis
Since we are on the Topic
Machine learning is fun, it is also extremely rewarding in terms of remuneration. The data science labour market is flooded with vacancies with not enough takers due to a shortage of credible talent. NIIT can help you get there.
Doesn’t matter whether you lack programming experience or have not had prior training in data science. These programs serve both the beginner-level as well as the advanced-level bracket of learners:
- Advanced Post Graduate Program in Data Science and Machine Learning (Full Time)
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The longer you wait, the farther you will push the opportunity to become a qualified data scientist. Apply now!
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Become an industry-ready StackRoute Certified Data Science professional through immersive learning of Data Analysis and Visualization, ML models, Forecasting & Predicting Models, NLP, Deep Learning etc. with this Job-Assured Program*. This program is created in collaboration with Fraunhofer Institute, Germany. The program is for Data Science Level 1, 2 and 3 only.
Curated for working professionals
Fraunhofer Certified Program
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Putting Grades in Context
Concerns over grade inflation and disparities in grading practices have led institutions of higher education in the United States to adopt various grading reforms. An element common to several reforms is providing information on the distribution of grades in different courses. The main aims of such "grades in context" policies are to make grades more informative to transcript readers and to curb grade inflation. We provide a simple model to demonstrate that such policies can have complex effects on patterns of student course enrollment. These effects may lower the informativeness of some transcripts, increase the average grade, and lower welfare.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it.
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- William Chan & Li Hao & Wing Suen, 2007.
"A Signaling Theory Of Grade Inflation,"
International Economic Review,
Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 48(3), pages 1065-1090, 08.
- William Chan & Hao Li & Wing Suen, 2005. "A Signaling Theory of Grade Inflation," Working Papers tecipa-222, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
- Alexandra C. Achen & Paul N. Courant, 2009. "What Are Grades Made Of?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 23(3), pages 77-92, Summer.
- Talia Bar & Vrinda Kadiyali & Asaf Zussman, 2009. "Grade Information and Grade Inflation: The Cornell Experiment," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 23(3), pages 93-108, Summer.
- Gary M. Fournier & Tim R. Sass, 2000. "Take My Course, Please : The Effects of the Principles Experience on Student Curriculum Choice," The Journal of Economic Education, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(4), pages 323-339, December. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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Motivational Strategies in the Workplace
The work performances and the productivity of employees who work for organizations are crucial to the success of these corporations. Although acknowledging this statement seems to be simply established by relying on the ability of the human capital, the entire situation is not as simple as it is on the exterior. Drawing out the quality performance and productivity of workers for organizations requires the implementation of various strategies and techniques that will necessitate the management’s time and efforts In particular, work performances and productivity are highly dependent on motivational strategies which seek to present a working environment that is pleasing or satisfying, as well as enriching, to drive the human capital to work or perform for the organization as best they can. (Li, 2003) With this in mind, organizations should realize the importance of designing and implementing motivational strategies within the work environment if they expect their human capital to fulfill the goals and objectives of the organization.In general, motivation refers to the process of setting up the environment and presenting stimuli to individuals that will prompt them to submit to the requirements or necessities that are requested of them to fulfill particular goals and objectives, most especially within the organizations that they work for.
Carrying out motivation is manifested through the existence of various motivational strategies and techniques that target the involvement of individuals to accomplishing goals and objectives that are presented to them. Reviewing the role of motivation, the remainder of this text will discuss the role of motivation strategies to worker performances and productivity under the dimensions of a particular organization – Toyota – in order to establish information on the necessity of exerting time and effort in improving performance, the function of motivation in diminishing employee resistance to organizational changes and requirements, and such.The experiences of Toyota through the years have led the management to realize that motivation is an important contributor to success. The ultimate goal or purpose of Toyota was to fully implement Lean through the employment of various motivational strategies.
(Bodek, 2008) Lean is a kind of business scheme or process that allows organizations to organize and manage various business processes and operations that constitute the foundations or various organizations. For instance, Lean tools facilitate the project planning process through the organization and systematization of the various steps that lead through the accomplishment of plans and projects for implementation, the carrying out of practical or technical processes or operations, considerations regarding customer concerns and demands and the strategies or approaches to address them, and other aspects of the organizational structure and dimension that contribute to its overall success. The Lean system was introduced by Henry Ford of Ford Motors, and since its introduction to the corporate arena, various organizations have started to adapt the particular system to their organizations, including Toyota. (“What is Lean?,” 2008)During the initial phases of the implementation of the Lean system, Toyota only harbored minimal results from it. It was through in depth research and frequent observation that Toyota realized the need to couple the implementation of Lean tools with employee motivation in order to achieve the most exceptional results from the entire process.
(Bodek, 2008) Since then, Toyota has employed various motivational strategies within the organization under the context of people management. This is because Toyota regards the full attention and engagement of its human capital to the company’s desire to accomplish goals and objectives as highly instrumental and significant. (Karlsberg & Adler, 2008)The evaluation and assessment of Toyota of the effects and outcomes of the various motivational strategies that it implemented resulted to the increase in productivity and quality of work performances of its human capital. The various strategies that Toyota implemented – both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature – include the tangible motivational strategies pertaining to the benefits and compensation received by its employees, the nature of tasks and requirements specifically making them challenging and worthwhile for the employees, the conditions within the working environment that eliminates stress and pressure that discourages worker productivity and efficiency in accomplishing tasks and responsibilities, and such. The combination of various intrinsic and extrinsic motivational strategies has led to the success of Toyota in driving its human capital to perform better not only for the sake of their positions or occupations but also for the benefit and advantage of the organization.
(Karlsberg & Adler, 2008)The underlying psychological principles and concepts believed to be true by Toyota have mapped out how important motivational strategies are for the organization. For instance, Toyota attributes that motivation is supported by the feeling of satisfaction to one’s own person, the working environment, and the work itself. That is, if an individual feels content or satisfied with everything that has something to do with his work, then the organization is rest assured of his enthusiasm to work for the organization. In addition, another concept that contributed to the design of the organization’s motivational strategies has something to do with the theory of the basic needs of man. If the organization is successful enough to provide the basic needs of man (i.
e. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs), it will be able to create a sense of security for its employees that will lead them to believe that they need to give back to the organization the pleasure and satisfaction that is granted to them. (Karlsberg ; Adler, 2008)From this perspective, we realize the kind of relationship that exists between organizations and human capitals. Organizations and its employees establish a kind of give-and-take relationship which facilitates the reciprocity of contributions that benefit them both. Perhaps, this is the main reason why Toyota has utilized much of its time and exerted so much effort in establishing the implementation of motivational strategies within the workplace as it regards the importance of its employees in its success. During the entire process, Toyota has made its employees feel important to the company which made them feel attached to the organization as well.
With this in mind, the company believes that it will cease to exist and experience success if not for its workers, enabling it to formulate organizational philosophies that overlook the needs and demands of its human capital which is its major contributor of organizational successes. (Karlsberg ; Adler, 2008)Even without looking through valid and reliable sources, we all perceive the importance of motivation in eliminating the resistance or protests of employees to some changes and added tasks or challenges that may be presented to them by the organization. In this case, the implementation of the Lean system is a major change that the employees realize they have to adjust to. Sometimes, unfamiliar conditions presented in the working environment threaten the workforce because it is primarily unknown and new to them, and the expectations, perceptions, results, and outcomes are not recognizable to them. From this situation, employees become fearful of what might happen as uncertainty is certainly the predecessor of fear. The effect of this fear will lead employees to resist the planned implementation of the Lean system within Toyota.
To address this issue, the process of motivation comes in. In fact, motivation helped Toyota in effortlessly facilitating the changes and the introduction of the Lean system or program within the organization. Through motivation, the human capital was assured of their strengths and capabilities of handling unfamiliar situations eliminating anxiety, stress, and pressure that usually interfere with worker performance and productivity. (Bodek, 2008)Although from the aforementioned information, Toyota seems to be highly successful, there is still a need to consider reinforcing the motivational strategies that it currently implements with other kinds of strategies and techniques. For instance, utilizing training and knowledge management principles as motivational strategies will improve the management philosophies and styles employed by the organization. First, providing training on how the Lean tools should be used will result to self-confidence and courage within employees, leaving them self-assured of their strengths and abilities to handle the upcoming changes and unfamiliar situations.
Second, involving employees on the formulation and development of knowledge for the benefit of the organization further fortifies the current motivational strategy of Toyota which results to the employee’s feeling of self-importance and pride to the organization which consequently increases worker performance and productivity. However, these two recommended motivational strategies require the professionalism and expertise of the management as well as the full involvement and cooperation of employees. Overall, the efficiency of motivational strategies and the success of the organization are highly dependent on the kind and quality of relationship and collaboration that exists between the organization and its human capital.
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Eating large amounts of highly processed foods may increase your risk for weight gain, according to a study published in "Health Economics" in February 2011. One way to limit the amount of processed foods you eat -- and generally eat healthier -- is to try the No White Foods Diet. By keeping most white foods out of your diet, you eliminate many processed foods that often contain high amounts of sugar or white flour.
Fruits and Vegetables
You can eat all fruits and vegetables except for potatoes and white beans on this diet. Other white vegetables, such as parsnips and cauliflower, are exceptions to the "no white" rule, because they don't have the same effect on your blood sugar levels as potatoes. Replace potatoes and white beans with more brightly colored vegetables, such as sweet potatoes or kidney beans. Some proponents of this diet also say to avoid fruit juice.
Protein and Dairy
Most protein-rich foods are included on the No White Diet, even white fish and white meat chicken. Nuts and non-white legumes can be part of this diet, as can eggs, including egg whites. Dairy products are a bit controversial, with some versions of the diet allowing skim milk but not cheese or butter, and others not allowing milk at all.
Grains and Cereals
Whole grains are allowed on this diet, but not white rice, regular pasta or anything made with white flour. This eliminates most commercially produced baked goods. Oatmeal and brown rice are nutritious grain choices available to people following the No White Foods Diet. Whole grain breads and whole wheat pasta are included as well, as long as they don't contain any added sugar.
Some versions of this diet allow artificial sweeteners and agave nectar, while others recommend avoiding artificial sweeteners to help you limit sugar cravings and make sticking to the diet easier. You can't have many solid fats, which are white, but you can consume olive oil.
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Given the samurai origins of Ken-bu, the performer is usually dressed in Japanese costume consisting of crested kimono and hakama. Performers in recitation contests held by the Nippon Ginkenshibu Foundation are expected to wear Japanese costume including crested kimono, or training costume and hakama.
Although the content of the poem is not physically reflected in the costume, headbands or sashes are sometimes used in fight scenes to express the intensity of the scene.
As the name Ken-bu (“sword-dance”) suggests, the sword is the most important of the hand props used. Of the two swords (long and short) carried by samurai in the Edo period, only the large uchigatana sword is actually held in Ken-bu. The smaller wakizashi sword is worn inside the waist sash.
Other hand props may include a fan, a naginata long sword or others, depending on the staging.
The origins of Ken-bu (in the broad sense) are ancient, dating from the Nara and Heian periods (8th to 12th centuries). That was when the Bugaku dance form and the Kagura music played at Shinto shrines started to evolve, while dancing with swords is also said to have existed in Han Dynasty China.
The established theory is that today’s Ken-bu, performed as an accompaniment to Gin-ei, was started by a swordsman named Kenkichi Sakakibara after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. At the time, martial arts practitioners would hold swordfighting matches, and the story is that Ken-bu proved popular when performed as a sideshow to that.
Some time later, Shokichi Hibino of Kagoshima and Chikashi Chosokabe of Kochi perfected Ken-bu as a performing art, after which various different schools sprang up.
The artistic nature of Ken-bu as a stage performance art was pursued after the war, leading to the excellent theatrical skill displayed in contemporary Ken-bu.
Shi-bu performers in recitation contests held by the Nippon Ginkenshibu Foundation are expected to wear Japanese costume with hakama. Costumes that match the content of the poem and enliven the intentions of the choreography are used. For example, if reciting a poem in the guise of a historical character, that person is realistically represented in the costume; or if reciting a poem in appreciation of a landscape, the spirit of the poem is expressed more abstractly, and so on.
The fan used in Shi-bu is the same reinforced type as used in Nihon Buyo (Japanese dance) and others. Rather than relying on large stage props as in theatrical performance, the fan is used to represent a sword, flute or other object, or as a hand prop expressing the person’s status or role.
In China, poems written 3,000 years ago and describing the scene of dancing while a poem was recited still survive today. When many aspects of Chinese culture were introduced to Japan in the Nara and Heian periods, Shi-bu was among them.
Contemporary Shi-bu started with the birth of Ken-bu after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. It is said that, when female Ken-bu performers appeared and became popular, the idea was hatched to have them use a fan instead of a sword.
Today, we maintain the dignified style of Ken-bu while developing it as a fully rounded stage performance art.
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Access and equity
The 1990 Jomtien Declaration for Education for All stated that learning begins at birth. A decade later, the 2000 Dakar Framework for Action reaffirmed the importance of early childhood by including the development of early childhood care and education as the first of its six main goals.
Participating countries committed themselves to “expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children.” Governments were particularly urged to expand equitable access to quality early childhood services underscoring the importance of instituting policy in favour of the poor.
Countries often promote alternative services for poor children with limited or no access to mainstream early childhood services which can be cost-effective and pedagogically innovative, but often raise concerns about sustainability and quality. In cases where the government has limited resources, a pro-poor policy can redistribute resources by reducing state support for the more privileged.
Central governments must ensure an equitable distribution of resources among different populations and especially those who live in the most disadvantaged regions. This approach aims to expand access without creating serious regional inequities. However, where there is universal provision for a certain age group while the overall enrolment in other age groups is low, this policy can create inequity.
Privileged children of the target age group benefit from state investment, while poor children of non-target ages receive scant government attention. A policy of universalisation with targeting can minimise inequity where governments aim for universal access among the target age group, but simultaneously prioritise the poor.
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All patients have certain rights under New York Law. Specifically, New York Public Health Law sections 2803 and 2805-d address what these rights are and mandate medical providers to aid patients in understanding their rights.
There exist upwards of 19 statutorily designated rights afforded to patients. All are not listed here, but they include receiving treatment without discrimination; receiving care in a clean and safe environment; the right to emergency care; access to non-smoking facilities; the right to refuse treatment; the right to privacy; access to your medical records; etc.
For purposes of this post, we focus in on the right to give informed consent to any treatment proposed by your treating medical professional. Experienced medical malpractice attorneys know that a claim founded in medical malpractice can and has been based on deficient informed consent.
Informed consent involves the following. Patients must receive full disclosure as to the risks of a proposed procedure, the benefits there from, and even alternative treatments available to patients. Informed consent typically comes from many discussions with a medical provider and will even be in writing.
The benchmark between adequate consent and deficient informed consent is typically phrased like this: if a similarly situated patient would not have undergone the procedure underwent by the plaintiff had consent been fully formed, then there is all likelihood that consent was deficient.
The concept of informed consent is not new; in fact prior to statutory codification, the right was recognized by the common law from the seminal case, Mohr v. Williams. The reason it is so fundamental is because every person is sovereign over his/her body; only the possessor has control of his/her own body.
Of course, emergency situations may not require informed consent. The patient’s body must have been physically invaded by the medical professional. Consent may be unnecessary when the patient refused to receive consent. If a procedure’s risks are commonly known by lay people, informed consent might not be necessary. Additionally, if receiving informed consent may cause adverse effects upon the patient, a medical professional may dispense with the requirement.
You might have read in our other posts that several important elements must be satisfied if a plaintiff-patient seeks civil recovery based on medical malpractice. These same elements apply to medical malpractice cases founded in lack of informed consent.
Remember, in order to state a claim for medical malpractice, there must have been a doctor-patient relationship that which gave rise to a duty owed to the patient. Once there is a duty, the medical professional must adhere to the duty. If the duty is breached and the breach caused the patient’s injury, the plaintiff may recover any and all actual damages.
But what do you think? I would love to hear from you! Leave a comment or I also welcome your phone call on my toll-free cell at 1-866-889-6882 or you can drop me an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org. You are always welcome to request my FREE book, The Seven Deadly Mistakes of Malpractice Victims, at the home page of my website at www.protectingpatientrights.com.
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10 Causes of Necrotizing Fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis, also known as flesh-eating disease, occurs due to an infection that leads to death in parts of the body’s soft tissue. It is a severe disease that begins suddenly and spreads rapidly. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis will experience fever, severe pain, vomiting, and purplish-red skin in the affected area.
The most common sites that are affected are the perineum and limbs. The infection usually begins when the pathogen enters the body through a wound or cut. The risk of necrotizing fasciitis is higher if the individual has poor immune function due to cancer or diabetes, intravenous drug use, peripheral vascular disease, and alcoholism. It does not usually spread between people. This disease can be divided into four types based on the organism responsible for the infection. It has been estimated that 55 to 80 percent of cases involves more than one bacterium. Approximately 33 percent of cases involve methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Prevention includes handwashing and proper wound care. Treatment involves surgery to remove infected tissue and intravenous antibiotics. Combinations of antibiotics such as vancomycin, penicillin G, gentamicin, and clindamycin can be used. When surgery is delayed, it has been associated with a higher risk of death. Despite quality treatment, the risk of death from necrotizing fasciitis has been estimated to be between 25 to 35 percent. It occurs in approximately 0.4 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. While both sexes are equally affected, it is more common among older individuals and rarely seen in children. This article discusses 10 causes of necrotizing fasciitis.
Cause #1: Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy is a treatment for cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents are given with an aim to cure, reduce symptoms, or prolong life. Generally, chemotherapy can be thought of as a method to damage cells, which can result in cell death. Radiotherapy refers to therapy given using ionizing radiation. It is most often used for cancer treatment to kill or control malignant cells. It can be used with an aim to cure or as part of adjuvant therapy.
Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy weaken the immune system and patients will have a higher risk of various infections such as from the naturally occurring microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. It also increases the likelihood of necrotizing fasciitis.
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Join for FREE!
Use our English forums to learn English. The message boards are great for English questions and English answers. The more you contribute, the more all members can practice English!
Ask Ebaby! Teachers
Let's play a game
1.Conjugate the active voice into passive voice.
2. After you conjugate the sentence from active voice into passive voice give an example it should be in an active voice form to be answered by other english baby members.
Let 's start!
Centoir posts new forum
01:44 AM Dec 11 2008 |
Go Super to Ask Ebaby! teachers your questions!
Practice TOEFL Vocabulary >
01:48 AM Dec 11 2008 |
1. Many beautiful houses in our city were built by workers every year.
2. The jury was making a decision.
02:27 AM Dec 11 2008 |
I am sorry, Bert, but you should have used "are built" instead of "were built", because my sentence is in Present Simple:
Many beautiful houses are built every year.
07:15 AM Dec 11 2008 |
Thanks ekaterina for correcting me.
05:22 PM Dec 11 2008 |
1. This kind of sport was excluded from the olympic games by the olympic committee.
2. The professor teaches the students.
05:40 PM Dec 11 2008 |
1. The students are taught by the professor.
2. They often tell me I am lazy.
11:39 PM Dec 11 2008 |
01:17 AM Dec 12 2008 |
1.A very interesting book to read was given me by my friend
2. The reporter given an outstanding award due to his documentaries.
02:33 AM Dec 12 2008 |
1.An outstanding award was given to Reporter due to his documentaries.
2.singers are singing songs.
02:40 AM Dec 12 2008 |
centoir, if you allow me:
it should be
a very interesting book was given to me
i was given a very interesting book
now my answer to the last:
1. songs are being sung (by the singers)
2. they don't consider graffiti to be art.
02:51 AM Dec 12 2008 |
Log in to Reply
For information on products for educational institutions, please visit Versation.
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A charge of 1 nanoC is uniformly distributed along the line connecting two points: (x=0 m, y=-1.0 m) and (x=0 m, y=1.0 m). Find the vector of electric field at (x=0 m, y= 100.0 m) AND at (x=100m, y=0 m).
Which of the two fields is stronger? Explain why. Don’t forget to specify the direction and the units of the field.
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Posted on July 25, 2019
"In a study of open-label Truvada as daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV among 427 young African women and adolescent girls, 95% initiated the HIV prevention strategy, and most used PrEP for the first three months. However, PrEP use fell among participants in this critical population during a year of follow-up clinic visits, although HIV incidence at 12 months was low. The preliminary results suggest that tailored, evidence-based adherence support strategies may be needed to durably engage young African women in consistent PrEP use. The study, known as HPTN 082, was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), both parts of the National Institutes of Health. The data were presented at the 10th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science.
"Young women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa account for 3 million of the 4 million people aged 15-26 with HIV in the region. The NIH-sponsored HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) reports that recent clinical trials had unacceptably high HIV incidence rates of 5-6% per year among young African women in this age group.
“'Young women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa must be empowered to make informed choices about HIV prevention methods, including PrEP, that have the potential to protect individuals’ health as well as turn the tide of the HIV epidemic,” said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. “The new data suggest that we need to do more to help this population use PrEP every day as prescribed to effectively prevent HIV acquisition.'”
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Friends, Society of
FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF, the name adopted by a body of Christians, who, in law and general usage, are commonly called Quakers. Though small in number, the Society occupies a position of singular interest. To the student of ecclesiastical history it is remarkable as exhibiting a form of Christianity widely divergent from the prevalent types, being a religious fellowship which has no formulated creed demanding definite subscription, and no liturgy, priesthood or outward sacrament, and which gives to women an equal place with men in church organization. The student of English constitutional history will observe the success with which Friends have, by the mere force of passive resistance, obtained, from the legislature and the courts, indulgence for all their scruples and a legal recognition of their customs. In American history they occupy an important place because of the very prominent part which they played in the colonization of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
The history of Quakerism in England may be divided into three periods: — (1) from the first preaching of George Fox in 1647 to the Toleration Act 1689; (2) from 1689 to the evangelical movement in 1835; (3) from 1835 to the present time.
1. Period 1647-1689. — George Fox (1624-1691), the son of a weaver of Drayton-in-the-Clay (now called Fenny Drayton) in George Fox. Leicestershire, was the founder of the Society. He began his public ministry in 1647, but there is no evidence to show that he set out to form a separate religious body. Impressed by the formalism and deadness of contemporary Christianity (of which there is much evidence in the confessions of the Puritan writers themselves) he emphasized the importance of repentance and personal striving after the truth. When, however, his preaching attracted followers, a community began to be formed, and traces of organization and discipline may be noted in very early times. In 1652 a number of people in Westmorland and north Lancashire who had separated from the common national worship, came under the influence of Fox, and it was this community (if it can be so called) at Preston Patrick which formed the nucleus of the Quaker church. For two years the movement spread rapidly throughout the north of England, and in 1654 more than sixty ministers went to Norwich, London, Bristol, the Midlands, Wales and other parts. Fox and his fellow-preachers spoke whenever opportunity offered, — sometimes in churches (declining, for the most part, to occupy the pulpit), sometimes in barns, sometimes at market crosses. The insistence on an inward spiritual experience was the great contribution made by Friends to the religious life of the time, and to thousands it came as a new revelation. There is evidence to show that the arrangement for this “publishing of Truth” rested mainly with Fox, and that the expenses of it and of the foreign missions were borne out of a common fund. Margaret Fell (1614-1702), wife of Thomas Fell (1598-1658), vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and afterwards of George Fox, opened her house, Swarthmore Hall near Ulverston, to these preachers and probably contributed largely to this fund.
Their insistence on the personal aspect of religious experience made it impossible for Friends to countenance the setting apart of any man or building for the purpose of divine worship to the exclusion of all others. The operation of the Spirit was in no way limited to time, or individual or place. The great stress which they laid upon this aspect of Christian truth caused them to be charged with unbelief in the current orthodox views as to the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the person and work of Christ, a charge which they always denied. Contrary to the Puritan teaching of the time, they insisted on the possibility, in this life, of complete victory over sin. Robert Barclay, writing some twenty years later, admits of degrees of perfection, and the possibility of a fall from it (Apology, Prop. viii.). Such teaching necessarily brought Fox and his friends into conflict with all the religious bodies of England, and they were continually engaged in strife with the Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Episcopalians and the wilder sectaries, such as the Ranters and the Muggletonians. The strife was often conducted on both sides with a zeal and bitterness of language which were characteristic of the period. Although there was little or no stress laid on either the joys or the terrors of a future life, the movement was not infrequently accompanied by most of those physical symptoms which usually go with vehement appeals to the conscience and emotions of a rude multitude. It was owing to these physical manifestations that the name “Quaker” was either first given or was regarded as appropriate when given for another reason (see Fox's Journal concerning Justice Bennet at Derby in 1650 and Barclay's Apology, Prop. 11, § 8). The early Friends definitely asserted that those who did not know quaking and trembling were strangers to the experience of Moses, David and other saints.
Some of the earliest adherents indulged in extravagances of no measured kind. Some of them imitated the Hebrew prophets in the performance of symbolic acts of denunciation, foretelling or warning, going barefoot, or in sackcloth or undress, and, in a few cases, for brief periods, altogether naked; even women in some cases distinguished themselves by extravagance of conduct. The case of James Nayler (1617?-1660), who, in spite of Fox's grave warning, allowed Messianic homage to be paid to him, is the best known of these instances; they are to be explained partly by mental disturbance, resulting from the undue prominence of a single idea, and partly by the general religious excitement of the time and the rudeness of manners prevailing in the classes of society from which many of these individuals came. It must be remembered that at this time, and for long after, there was no definite or formal membership or system of admission to the society, and it was open to any one by attending the meetings to gain the reputation of being a Quaker.
The activity of the early Friends was not confined to England or even to the British Isles. Fox and others travelled in America and the West India Islands; another reached Jerusalem and preached against the superstition of the monks; Mary Fisher (fl. 1652-1697), “a religious maiden,” visited Smyrna, the Morea and the court of Mahommed IV. at Adrianople; Alexander Parker (1628-1689) went to Africa; others made their way to Rome; two women were imprisoned by the Inquisition at Malta; two men passed into Austria and Hungary; and William Penn, George Fox and several others preached in Holland and Germany.
It was only gradually that the Quaker community clothed itself with an organization. The beginning of this appears to be due to William Dewsbury (1621-1688) and George Fox; it was not until 1666 that a complete system of church organization was established. The introduction of an ordered system and discipline was, naturally, viewed with some suspicion by people taught to believe that the inward light of each individual man was the only true guide for his conduct. The project met with determined opposition for about twenty years (1675-1695) from persons of considerable repute in the body. John Wilkinson and John Story of Westmorland, together with William Rogers of Bristol, raised a party against Fox concerning the management of the affairs of the society, regarding with suspicion any fixed arrangement for meetings for conducting church business, and in fact hardly finding a place for such meetings at all. They stood for the principle of Independency against the Presbyterian form of church government which Fox had recently established in the “Monthly Meetings” (see below). They opposed all arrangement for the orderly distribution of travelling ministers to different localities, and even for the payment of their expenses (see above); they also strongly objected to any disciplinary power being entrusted to the women's separate meetings for business, which had become of considerable importance after the Plague (1665) and the Fire of London (1666) in consequence of the need for poor relief. They also claimed the right to meet secretly for worship in time of persecution (see below). They drew a considerable following away with them and set up a rival organization, but before long a number returned to their original leader. William Rogers set forth his views in The Christian Quaker, 1680; the story of the dissension is told, to some extent, in The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, by R. Barclay (not the “Apologist”); the best account is given in a pamphlet entitled Micah's Mother by John S. Rowntree.
Robert Barclay (q.v.), a descendant of an ancient Scottish family, who had received a liberal education, principally in Paris, at the Scots College, of which his uncle was rector, joined the Quakers about 1666, and William Penn (q.v.) came to them about two years later. The Quakers had always been active controversialists, and a great body of tracts and papers was issued by them; but hitherto these had been of small account from a literary point of view. Now, however, a more logical and scholarly aspect was given to their literature by the writings of Barclay, especially his Apology for the True Christian Divinity published in Latin (1676) and in English (1678), and by the works of Penn, amongst which No Cross No Crown and the Maxims or Fruits of Solitude are the best known.
During the whole time between their rise and the passing of the Toleration Act 1689, the Quakers were the object of almost Persecution. continuous persecution which they endured with extraordinary constancy and patience; they insisted on the duty of meeting openly in time of persecution, declining to hold secret assemblies for worship as other Nonconformists were doing. The number who died in prison approached 400, and at least 100 more perished from violence and ill-usage. A petition to the first parliament of Charles II. stated that 3179 had been imprisoned; the number rose to 4500 in 1662, the Fifth Monarchy outbreak, in which Friends were in no way concerned, being largely responsible for this increase. There is no evidence to show that they were in any way connected with any of the plots of the Commonwealth or Restoration periods. A petition to James II. in 1685 stated that 1460 were then in prison. Under the Quaker Act of 1662 and the Conventicle Act of 1664 a number were transported out of England, and under the last-named act and that of 1670 (the second Conventicle Act) hundreds of households were despoiled of all their goods. The penal laws under which Friends suffered may be divided chronologically into those of the Commonwealth and the Restoration periods. Under the former there were a few charges of plotting against the government. Several imprisonments, including that of George Fox at Derby in 1650-1651, were brought about under the Blasphemy Act of 1650, which inflicted penalties on any one who asserted himself to be very God or equal with God, a charge to which the Friends were peculiarly liable owing to their doctrine of perfection. After a royalist insurrection in 1655, a proclamation was issued announcing that persons suspected of Roman Catholicism would be required to take an oath abjuring the papal authority and transubstantiation. The Quakers, accused as they were of being Jesuits, and refusing to take the oath, suffered under this proclamation and under the more stringent act of 1656. A considerable number were flogged under the Vagrancy Acts (39 Eliz. c. 4; 7 Jac. I. c. 4), which were strained to cover the case of itinerant Quaker preachers. They also came under the provisions of the acts of 1644, 1650 and 1656 directed against travelling on the Lord's day. The interruption of preachers when celebrating divine service rendered the offender liable to three months' imprisonment under a statute of the first year of Mary, but Friends generally waited to speak till the service was over. The Lord's Day Act 1656 also enacted penalties against any one disturbing the service, but apart from statute many Friends were imprisoned for open contempt of ministers and magistrates. At the Restoration 700 Friends, imprisoned for contempt and some minor offences, were set at liberty. After the Restoration there began a persecution of Friends and other Nonconformists as such, notwithstanding the king's Declaration of Breda which had proclaimed liberty for tender consciences as long as no disturbance of the peace was caused. Among the most common causes of imprisonment was the practice adopted by judges and magistrates of tendering to Friends (particularly when no other charge could be proved against them) the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance (5 Eliz. c. 1 & 7 Jac. I. c. 6). The refusal in any circumstance to take an oath led to much suffering. The Act 3 Jac. I. c. 4, passed in consequence of the Gunpowder Plot, against Roman Catholics for not attending church, was put in force against Friends, and under it enormous fines were levied. The Quaker Act 1662 and the Conventicle Acts of 1664 and 1670, designed to enforce attendance at church, and inflicting severe penalties on those attending other religious gatherings, were responsible for the most severe persecution of all. The act of 1670 gave to informers a pecuniary interest (they were to have one-third of the fine imposed) in hunting down Nonconformists who broke the law, and this and other statutes were unduly strained to secure convictions. A somewhat similar act of 35 Eliz. c. 1., enacting even more severe penalties, had never been repealed, and was sometimes put in force against Friends. The Militia Act 1663 (14 Car. II. c. 3), enacting fines against those who refused to find a man for the militia, was occasionally put in force. The refusal to pay tithes and other ecclesiastical demands led to continuous and heavy distraints, under the various laws made in that behalf. This state of things continued to some extent into the 19th century. For further information see “The Penal Laws affecting Early Friends in England” (from which the foregoing summary is taken) by Wm. Chas. Braithwaite in The First Publishers of Truth. On the 15th of March 1672 Charles II. issued his declaration suspending the penal laws in ecclesiastical matters, and shortly afterwards, by pardon under the great seal, he released nearly 500 Quakers from prison, remitted their fines and released such of their estates as were forfeited by praemunire. It is of interest to note that, although John Bunyan was bitterly opposed to Quakers, his friends, on hearing of the petition contemplated by them, requested them to insert his name on the list, and in this way he gained his freedom. The dissatisfaction which this exercise of the royal prerogative aroused induced the king, in the following year, to withdraw his proclamation, and, notwithstanding appeals to him, the persecution continued intermittently throughout his reign. On the accession of James II. the Quakers addressed him (see above) with some hope on account of his known friendship for William Penn, and the king not long afterwards directed a stay of proceedings in all matters pending in the exchequer against Quakers on the ground of non-attendance at the national worship. In 1687 came his declaration for liberty of conscience, and, after the Revolution of 1688, the Toleration Act 1689 put an end to the persecution of Quakers (along with other Dissenters) for non-attendance at church. For many years after this they were liable to imprisonment for non-payment of tithes, and, together with other Dissenters, they remained under various civil disabilities, the gradual removal of which is part of the general history of England. In the years succeeding the Toleration Act at least twelve of their number were prosecuted (often more than once in the spiritual and other courts) for keeping school without a bishop's licence. It is coming to be recognized that the growth of religious toleration owed much to the early Quakers who, with the exception of a few Baptists at the first, stood almost alone among Dissenters in holding their public meetings openly and regularly.
The Toleration Act was not the only law of William and Mary which benefited Quakers. The legislature has continually had regard to their refusal to take oaths, and not only the said act but also another of the same reign, and numerous others, subsequently passed, have respected the peculiar scruples of Friends (see Davis's Digest of Legislative Enactments relating to Friends, Bristol, 1820).
2. Period 1689-1835. — From the beginning of the 18th century the zeal of the Quaker body abated. Although many Period of Decline. “General” and other meetings were held in different parts of the country for the purpose of setting forth Quakerism, the notion that the whole Christian church would be absorbed in it, and that the Quakers were, in fact, the church, gave place to the conception that they were “a peculiar people” to whom, more than to others, had been given an understanding of the will of God. The Quakerism of this period was largely of a traditional kind; it dwelt with increasing emphasis on the peculiarities of its dress and language; it rested much upon discipline, which developed and hardened into rigorous forms; and the correction or exclusion of its members occupied more attention than did the winning of converts.
Excluded from political and municipal life by the laws which required either the taking of an oath or joining in the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the Established Church, excluding themselves not only from the frivolous pursuits of pleasure, but from music and art in general, attaining no high average level of literary culture (though producing some men of eminence in science and medicine), the Quakers occupied themselves mainly with trade, the business of their Society, and the calls of philanthropy. From early times George Fox and many others had taken a keen interest in education, and in 1779 there was founded at Ackworth, near Pontefract, a school for boys and girls; this was followed by the reconstitution, in 1808, of a school at Sidcot in the Mendips, and in 1811, of one in Islington Road, London; it was afterwards removed to Croydon, and, later, to Saffron Walden. Others have since been established at York and in other parts of England and Ireland. None of them are now reserved exclusively for the children of Friends.
During this period Quakerism was sketched from the outside by two very different men. Voltaire (Dictionnaire Philosophique, “Quaker,” “Toleration”) described the body, which attracted his curiosity, his sympathy and his sneers, with all his brilliance. Thomas Garkson (Portraiture of Quakerism) has given an elaborate and sympathetic account of the Quakers as he knew them when be travelled amongst them from house to house on his crusade against the slave trade.
3. From 1835. — During the 18th century the doctrine of the Inward Light acquired such exclusive prominence as to bring about a tendency to disparage, or, at least, to neglect, the written word (the Scriptures) as being “outward” and non-essential. In the early part of the 19th century an American Friend, Elias Hicks, pressed this doctrine to its furthest limits, and, in doing so, be laid stress on “Christ within” in such a way as practically to take little account of the person and work of the “outward,” i.e. the historic Christ. The result was a separation of the Society in America into two divisions which persist to the present day ( below, “Quakerism in America”). This led to a counter movement in England, known as the Beacon Controversy, from the name of a warning publication issued by Isaac Crewdson of Manchester in 1835, advocating views of a pronounced “evangelical” type. Much controversy ensued, and a certain number of Friends (Beaconites as they are sometimes called) departed from the parent stock. They left behind them, however, many influential members, who may be described as a middle party, and who strove to give a more “evangelical” tone to Quaker doctrine. Joseph John Gurney of Norwich, a brother of Elizabeth Fry, by means of his high social position and his various writings (some published before 1835), was the most prominent actor in this movement. Those who quitted the Society maintained, for some little time, a separate organization of their own, but sooner or later most of them joined the Evangelical Church or the Plymouth Brethren.
Other causes have been at work modifying the Quaker society. The repeal of the Test Act, the admission of Quakers to Parliament in consequence of their being allowed to affirm instead of taking the oath (1832, when Joseph Pease was elected for South Durham), the establishment of the University of London, and, more recently, the opening of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge to Nonconformists, have all had their effect upon the body. It has abandoned its peculiarities of dress and language, as well as its hostility to music and art, and it has cultivated a wider taste in literature. In fact, the number of men, either Quakers or of Quaker origin and proclivities, who occupy positions of influence in English life is large in proportion to the small body with which they are connected. During the 19th century the interests of Friends became widened and they are no longer a close community.
Doctrine. — It is not easy to state with certainty the doctrines of a body which (in England at least) has never demanded subscription to any creed, and whose views have undoubtedly undergone more or less definite changes. There is not now the sharp distinction which formerly existed between Friends and other non-sacerdotal evangelical bodies; these have, in theory at least, largely accepted the spiritual message of Quakerism. By their special insistence on the fact of immediate communion between God and man, Friends have been led into those views and practices which still mark them off from their fellow-Christians.
Nearly all their distinctive views (e.g. their refusal to take oaths, their testimony against war, their disuse of a professional ministry, and their recognition of women's ministry) were being put forward in England, by various individuals or sects, in the strife which raged during the intense religious excitement of the middle of the 17th century. Nevertheless, before the rise of the Quakers, these views were nowhere found in conjunction as held by any one set of people; still less were they regarded as the outcome of any one central belief or principle. It is rather in their emphasis on this thought of Divine communion, in their insistence on its reasonable consequences (as it seems to them), that Friends constitute a separate community. The appointment of one man to preach, to the exclusion of others, whether he feels a divine call so to do or not, is regarded as a limitation of the work of the Spirit and an undue concentration of that responsibility which ought to be shared by a wider circle. For the same reason they refuse to occupy the time of worship with an arranged programme of vocal service; they meet in silence, Public worship. desiring that the service of the meeting shall depend on spiritual guidance. Thus it is left to any man or woman to offer vocal prayer, to read the Scriptures, or to utter such exhortation or teaching as may seem to be called for. Of late years, in certain of their meetings on Sunday evening, it has become customary for part of the time to be occupied with set addresses for the purpose of instructing the members of the congregation, or of conveying the Quaker message to others who may be present, all their meetings for worship being freely open to the public. In a few meetings hymns are occasionally sung, very rarely as part of any arrangement, but almost always upon the request of some individual for a particular hymn appropriate to the need of the congregation. The periods of silence are regarded as times of worship equally with those occupied with vocal service, inasmuch as Friends hold that robustness of spiritual life is best promoted by earnest striving on the part of each one to know the will of God for himself, and to be drawn into Christian fellowship with the other worshippers. The points on which special stress is laid are: — (1) the share of responsibility resting on each individual, whether called to vocal service or not, for the right spiritual atmosphere of the Meeting, and for the welfare of the congregation; (2) the privilege which may be enjoyed by each worshipper of waiting upon the Lord without relying on spoken words, however helpful, or on other outward matters; (3) freedom for each individual (whether a Friend or not) to speak, for the help of others, such message as he or she may feel called to utter; (4) a fresh sense of a divine call to deliver the message on that particular occasion, whether previous thought has been given to it or not. The idea which ought to underlie a Friends' meeting is thus set forth by Robert Barclay: “When I came into the silent assemblies of God's people, I felt a secret power among them, which touched my heart, and as I gave way unto it, I found the evil weakening in me and the good raised up” (Apology, xi. 7). In many places Friends have felt the need of bringing spiritual help to those who are unable to profit by the somewhat severe discipline of their ordinary manner of worship. To meet this need they hold (chiefly on Sunday evenings) meetings which are not professedly “Friends' meetings for worship,” but which are services conducted on lines similar to those of other religious bodies, with, in some cases, a portion of time set apart for silent worship, and freedom for any one of the congregation to utter words of exhortation or prayer.
From the beginning Friends have not practised the outward ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, even in a non-sacerdotal spirit. They attach, however, supreme value to the realities of which the observances are reminders or types on the Baptism which is more than putting away the filth of the flesh, and on the vital union with Christ which is behind any outward ceremony. Their testimony is not primarily against these outward observances; their disuse of them is due to a sense of the danger of substituting the shadow for the reality. They believe that an experience of more than 250 years gives ample warrant for the belief that Christ did not command them as a perpetual outward ordinance; on the contrary, they hold that it was alien to His method to lay down minute, outward rules for all time, but that He enunciated principles which His Church should, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, apply to the varying needs of the day. Their contention that every event of life may be turned into a sacrament, a means of grace, is summed up in the words of Stephen Grellet: “I very much doubt whether, since the Lord by His grace brought me into the faith of His dear Son, I have ever broken bread or drunk wine, even in the ordinary course of life, without the remembrance of, and some devout feeling regarding, the broken body and the blood-shedding of my dear Lord and Saviour.”
When the ministry of any man or woman has been found to be helpful to the congregation, the Monthly Meeting (see below) Ministers. may, after solemn consideration, record the fact that it believes the individual to have a divine call to the ministry, and that it encourages him or her to be faithful to the gift. Such ministers are said to be “acknowledged” or “recorded”; they are emphatically not appointed to preach, and the fact of their acknowledgment is not regarded as conferring any special status upon them. The various Monthly Meetings appoint Elders, or some body of Friends, to give advice of encouragement or restraint as may be needed, and, generally, to take the ministry under their care.
With regard to the ministry of women, Friends hold that there is no evidence that the gifts of prophecy and teaching are Women. confined to one sex. On the contrary, they see that a manifest blessing has rested on women's preaching, and they regard its almost universal prohibition as a relic of the seclusion of women which was customary in the countries where Christianity took its rise. The particular prohibition of Paul (1 Cor. xiv. 34, 35) they regard as due to the special circumstances of time and place.
Friends have always held that war is contrary to the precepts and spirit of the Gospel, believing that it springs from the lower impulses of human nature, and not from the seed of divine life with its infinite capacity of response to the Spirit of God. Their War. testimony is not based primarily on any objection to the use of force in itself, or even on the fact that war involves suffering and loss of life; their root objection is based on the fact that war is both the outcome and the cause of ambition, pride, greed, hatred and everything that is opposed to the mind of Christ; and that no end to be attained can justify the use of such means. While not unaware that with this, as with all moral questions, there may be a certain borderland of practical difficulty, Friends endeavour to bring all things to the test of the Realities which, though not seen, are eternal, and to hold up the ideal, set forth by George Fox, of living in the virtue of that life and power which takes away the occasion of war.
Friends have always held that the attempt to enforce truth-speaking by means of an oath, in courts of law and elsewhere, Oaths. tends to create a double standard of truth. They find Scripture warrant for this belief in Matt. v. 33-37 and James v. 12. Their testimony in this respect is the better understood when we bear in mind the large amount of perjury in the law courts, and profane swearing in general which prevailed at the time when the Society took its rise. “People swear to the end that they may speak truth; Christ would have men speak truth to the end they might not swear” (W. Penn, A Treatise of Oaths).
With regard to the fundamental doctrines of Christianity, the belief of the Society of Friends does not essentially differ Theology. from that of other Christian bodies. At the same time their avoidance of exact definition embodied in a rigid creed, together with their disuse of the outward ordinances of Baptism and the Supper, has laid them open to considerable misunderstanding. As will have been seen, they hold an exalted view of the divinity and work of Christ as the Word become flesh and the Saviour of the world; but they have always shrunk from rigid Trinitarian definitions. They believe that the same Spirit who gave forth the Scriptures still guides men to a right understanding of them. “You profess the Holy Scriptures: but what do you witness and experience? What interest have you in them? Can you set to your seal that they are true by the work of the same spirit in you that gave them forth in the holy ancients?” (William Penn, A Summons or Call to Christendom). At certain periods this doctrine, pushed to an extreme, has led to a practical undervaluing of the Scriptures, but of late times it has enabled Friends to face fearlessly the conclusions of modern criticism, and has contributed to a largely increased interest in Bible study. During the past few years a new movement has been started in the shape of lecture schools, lasting for longer or shorter periods, for the purpose of studying Biblical, ecclesiastical and social subjects. In 1903 there was established at Woodbrooke, an estate at Selly Oak on the outskirts of Birmingham, a permanent settlement for men and women, for the study of these questions on modern lines. The outward beginning of this movement was the Manchester Conference of 1895, a turning-point in Quaker history. Speaking generally, it may be noted that the Society includes various shades of opinion, from that known as “evangelical,” with a certain hesitation in receiving modern thought, to the more “advanced” position which finds greater freedom to consider and adopt new suggestions of scientific, religious or other thinkers. The differences, however, are seldom pressed, and rarely become acute. Apart from points of doctrine which can be more or less definitely stated (not always with unanimity) Quakerism is an atmosphere, a manner of life, a method of approaching questions, a habit and attitude of mind.
Quakerism in Scotland. — Quakerism was preached in Scotland very soon after its rise in England; but in the north and south of Scotland there existed, independently of and before this preaching, groups of persons who were dissatisfied with the national form of worship and who met together in silence for devotion. They naturally fell into this Society. In Aberdeen the Quakers took considerable hold, and were there joined by some persons of influence and position, especially Alexander Jaffray, sometime provost of Aberdeen, and Colonel David Barclay of Ury and his son Robert, the author of the Apology. Much light has been thrown on the history of the Quakers in Aberdeenshire by the discovery in 1826 at Ury of a MS. Diary of Jaffray, since published with elucidations (2nd ed., London, 1836).
Ireland — The father of Quakerism in Ireland was William Edmondson; his preaching began in 1653-1654. The History of the Quakers in Ireland (from 1653 to 1752), by Wight and Rutty, may be consulted. Dublin Yearly Meeting, constituted in 1670, is independent of London Yearly Meeting (see below).
America. — In July 1656 two women Quakers, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, arrived at Boston. Under the general law against heresy their books were burnt by the hangman, they were searched for signs of witchcraft, they were imprisoned for five weeks and then sent away. During the same year eight others were sent back to England.
In 1656, 1657 and 1658 laws were passed to prevent the introduction of Quakers into Massachusetts, and it was enacted that on the first conviction one ear should be cut off, on the second the remaining ear, and that on the third conviction the tongue should be bored with a hot iron. Fines were laid upon all who entertained these people or were present at their meetings. Thereupon the Quakers, who were perhaps not without the obstinacy of which Marcus Aurelius complained in the early Christians, rushed to Massachusetts as if invited, and the result was that the general court of the colony banished them on pain of death, and four of them, three men and one woman, were hanged for refusing to depart from the jurisdiction or for obstinately returning within it. That the Quakers were, at times, irritating cannot be denied: some of them appear to have publicly mocked the institutions and the rulers of the colony and to have interrupted public worship; and a few of their men and women acted with the fanaticism and disorder which frequently characterized the religious controversies of the time. The particulars of the proceedings of Governor Endecott and the magistrates of New England as given in Besse's Sufferings of the Quakers (see below) are startling to read. On the Restoration of Charles II. a memorial was presented to him by the Quakers in England stating the persecutions which their fellow-members had undergone in New England. Even the careless Charles was moved to issue an order to the colony which effectually stopped the hanging of the Quakers for their religion, though it by no means put an end to the persecution of the body in New England.
It is not wonderful that the Quakers, persecuted and oppressed at home and in New England, should turn their eyes to the unoccupied pans of America, and cherish the hope of founding, amidst their woods, some refuge from oppression, and some likeness of a city of God upon earth. As early as 1660 George Fox was considering the question of buying land from the Indians. In 1671-1673 he had visited the American plantations from Carolina to Rhode Island and had preached alike to Indians and to settlers; in 1674 a portion of New Jersey (q.v.) was sold by Lord Berkeley to John Fenwicke in trust for Edward Byllynge. Both these men were Quakers, and in 1675 Fenwicke with a large company of his co-religionists crossed the Atlantic, sailed up Delaware Bay, and landed at a fertile spot which he called Salem. Byllynge, having become embarrassed in his circumstances, placed his interest in the land in the hands of Penn and others as trustees for his creditors; they invited buyers, and companies of Quakers in Yorkshire and London were amongst the largest purchasers. In 1677-1678 five vessels with eight hundred emigrants, chiefly Quakers, arrived in the colony (then separated from the rest of New Jersey, under the name of West New Jersey), and the town of Burlington was established. In 1677 the fundamental laws of West New Jersey were published, and recognized in a most absolute form the principles of democratic equality and perfect freedom of conscience. Notwithstanding certain troubles from claims of the governor of New York and of the duke of York, the colony prospered, and in 1681 the first legislative assembly of the colony, consisting mainly of Quakers, was held. They agreed to raise an annual sum of £200 for the expenses of their commonwealth; they assigned their governor a salary of £20; they prohibited the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians and imprisonment for debt. (See New Jersey.)
But beyond question the most interesting event in connexion with Quakerism in America is the foundation by William Penn William Penn. (q.v.) of the colony of Pennsylvania, where he hoped to carry into effect the principles of his sect — to found and govern a colony without armies or military power, to reduce the Indians by justice and kindness to civilization and Christianity, to administer justice without oaths, and to extend an equal toleration to all persons who professed a belief in God. The history of this is part of the history of America and of Pennsylvania (q.v.) in particular. The chief point of interest in the history of Friends in America during the 18th century is their effort to clear themselves of complicity in slavery and the slave trade. As early as 1671 George Fox when in Barbados counselled kind treatment of slaves and ultimate liberation of them. William Penn provided for the freedom of slaves after fourteen years' service. In 1688 the German Friends of Germantown, Philadelphia, raised the first official protest uttered by any religious body against slavery. In 1711 a law was passed in Pennsylvania prohibiting the importation of slaves, but it was rejected by the Council in England. The prominent anti-slavery workers were Ralph Sandiford, Benjamin Lay, Anthony Benezet and John Woolman. By the end of the 18th century slavery was practically extinct among Friends, and the Society as a whole laboured for its abolition, which came about in 1865, the poet Whittier being one of the chief writers and workers in the cause. From early times up to the present day Friends have laboured for the welfare of the North American Indians. The history of the 19th century is largely one of division. Elias Hicks (q.v.), of Long Island, N.Y., propounded doctrines inconsistent with the orthodox views concerning Christ and the Scriptures, and a separation resulted in 1827-1828 (see above). His followers are known as “Hicksites,” a name not officially used by themselves, and only assented to for purposes of description under some protest. They have their own organization, being divided into seven yearly meetings numbering about 20,000 members, but these meetings form no part of the official organization which links London Yearly Meeting with other bodies of Friends on the American continent. This separation led to strong insistence on “evangelical” views (in the usual sense of the term) concerning Christ, the Atonement, imputed righteousness, the Scriptures, &c. This showed itself in the Beaconite controversy in England (see above), and in a further division in America. John Wilbur, a minister of New England, headed a party of protest against the new evangelicalism, laying extreme stress on the “Inward Light”; the result was a further separation of “Wilburites” or “the smaller body,” who, like the “Hicksites,” have a separate independent organization of their own. In 1907 they were divided into seven yearly meetings (together with some smaller independent bodies, the result of extreme emphasis laid on individualism), with a membership of about 5000. Broadly speaking, the “smaller body” is characterized by a rigid adherence to old forms of dress and speech, to a disapproval of music and art, and to an insistence on the “Inward Light” which, at times, leaves but little room for the Scriptures or the historic Christ, although with no definite or intended repudiation of them. In 1908 the number of “orthodox” yearly meetings in America, including one in Canada, was fifteen, with a total membership of about 100,000. They have, for the most part, adopted, to a greater or less degree, the “pastoral system,” i.e. the appointment of one man or woman in each congregation to “conduct” the meeting for worship and to carry on pastoral work. In most cases the pastor receives a salary. A few of them demand from their ministers definite subscription to a specific body of doctrine, mostly of the ordinary “evangelical” type. In the matters of organization, disuse of the outward ordinances (this point is subject to some slight exception, principally in Ohio), and women's ministry, they do not differ from English Friends. The yearly meetings of Baltimore and Philadelphia have not adopted the pastoral system; the latter contains a very strong conservative element, and, contrary to the practice of London and the other “orthodox” yearly meetings, it officially regards the meetings of “the smaller body” (see above) as meetings of the Society of Friends. In 1902 the “orthodox” yearly meetings in the United States established a “Five Years' Meeting,” a representative body meeting once every five years to consider matters affecting the welfare of all, and to further such philanthropic and religious work as may be undertaken in common, e.g. matters concerning foreign missions, temperance and peace, and the welfare of negroes and Indians. Two yearly meetings remain outside the organization, that of Ohio on ultra-evangelical grounds, while that of Philadelphia has not taken the matter into consideration. Canada joined at the first, and having withdrawn, again joined in 1907.
See James Bowden, History cf the Society of Friends in America (1850-1854); Allan C. and Richard H. Thomas, The History of Friends in America (4th edition, 1905); Isaac Sharpless, History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania (1898, 1899); R. P. Hallowell, The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (1887), and The Pioneer Quakers (1887).
Organization and Discipline. — The duty of watching over one another for good was insisted on by the early Friends, and has been embodied in a system of discipline. Its objects embrace (a) admonition to those who fail in the payment of their just debts, or otherwise walk contrary to the standard of Quaker ethics, and the exclusion of obstinate or gross offenders from the body, and, as incident to this, the hearing of appeals from individuals or meetings considering themselves aggrieved; (b) the care and maintenance of the poor and provision for the Christian education of their children, for which purpose the Society has established boarding schools in different parts of the country; (c) the amicable settlement of “all differences about outward things,” either by the parties in controversy or by the submission of the dispute to arbitration, and the restraint of all proceedings at law between members except by leave; (d) the “recording” of ministers (see above); (e) the cognizance of all steps preceding marriage according to Quaker forms; (f) the registration of births, deaths and marriages and the admission of members; (g) the issuing of certificates or letters of approval granted to ministers travelling away from their homes, or to members removing from one meeting to another; and (h) the management of the property belonging to the Society. The meetings for business further concern themselves with arrangements for spreading the Quaker doctrine, and for carrying out various religious, philanthropic and social activities not necessarily confined to the Society of Friends.
The present organization of the Quaker church is essentially democratic; every person born of Quaker parents is a member, and, Periodic “meetings.” together with those who have been admitted on their own request, is entitled to take part in the business assemblies of any meeting of which he or she is a member. The Society is organized as a series of subordinated meetings which recall to the mind the Presbyterian model. The “Preparative Meeting” usually consists of a single congregation; next in order comes the “Monthly Meeting,” the executive body, usually embracing several Preparative Meetings called together, as its name indicates, monthly (in some cases less often); then the “Quarterly Meeting,” embracing several Monthly Meetings; and lastly the “Yearly Meeting,” embracing the whole of Great Britain (but not Ireland). After several yearly or “general” meetings had been held in different places at irregular intervals as need arose, the first of an uninterrupted series met in 1668. From that date until 1904 it was held in London. In 1905 it met in Leeds, and in 1908 in Birmingham. Its official title is “London Yearly Meeting.” It is the legislative body of Friends in Great Britain. It considers questions of policy, and some of its sittings are conferences for the consideration of reports on religious, philanthropic, educational and social work which is carried on. Its sessions occupy a week in May of each year. Representatives are sent from each inferior to each superior meeting, but they have no precedence over others, and all Friends may attend any meeting and take part in any of which they are members. Formerly the system was double, the men and women meeting separately for their own appointed business. Of late years the meetings have been, for the most part, held jointly, with equal liberty for all men and women to state their opinions, and to serve on all committees and other appointments. The mode of conducting these meetings is noteworthy. A secretary or “clerk,” as he is called, acts as chairman or president; there are no formal resolutions; and there is no voting or applause. The clerk ascertains what he considers to be the judgment of the assembly, and records it in a minute. The permanent standing committee of the Society is known as the “Meeting for Sufferings” (established in 1675), which took its rise in the days when the persecution of many Friends demanded the Christian care and material help of those who were able to give it. It is composed of representatives (men and women) sent by the quarterly meetings, and of all recorded Ministers and Elders. Its work is not confined to the interests of Friends; it is sensitive to the call of oppression and distress (e.g. a famine) in all parts of the world, it frequently raises large sums of money to alleviate the same, and intervenes, often successfully, and mostly without publicity, with those in authority who have the power to bring about an amelioration.
The offices known to the Quaker body are: (1) that of minister (the term “office” is not strictly applicable, see above as to “recording”); (2) of elder, whose duty it is “to encourage and help young ministers, and advise others as they, in the wisdom of God, see occasion”; (3) of overseer, to whom is especially entrusted that duty of Christian care for and interest in one another which Quakers recognize as obligatory in all the members of a church. In most Monthly Meetings the care of the poor is committed to the overseers. These officers hold, from time to time, meetings separate from the general assemblies of the members, but the special organization for many years known as the Meeting of Ministers and Elders, reconstituted in 1876 as the Meeting on Ministry and Oversight, came to an end in 1906-1907.
This present form both of organization and of discipline has been reached only by a process of development. As early as 1652-1654 there is evidence of some slight organization for dealing with marriages, poor relief, “disorderly walkers,” matters of arbitration, &c. The Quarterly or “General” meetings of the different counties seem to have been the first unions of separate congregations. In 1666 Fox established Monthly Meetings; in 1727 elders were first appointed; in 1752 overseers were added; and in 1737 the right of children of Quakers to be considered as members was fully recognized. Concerning the 18th century in general, see above.
Of late years the stringency of the Quaker discipline has been relaxed: the peculiarities of dress and language have been abandoned; marriage with a non-member or between two non-members is now possible at a Quaker meeting-house; and marriage elsewhere has ceased to involve exclusion from the body. Above all, many of its members have come to “the conviction, which is not new, but old, that the virtues which can be rewarded and the vices which can be punished by external discipline are not as a rule the virtues and the vices that make or mar the soul” (Hatch, Bampton Lectures, 81).
A genuine vein of philanthropy has always existed in the Quaker body. In nothing has this been more conspicuous than in the Philanthropic interests. matter of slavery. George Fox and William Penn laboured to secure the religious teaching of slaves. As early as 1676 the assembly of Barbados passed “An Act to prevent the people called Quakers from bringing negroes to their meetings.” On the attitude of Friends in America to slavery, see the section “Quakerism in America” (above). In 1783 the first petition to the House of Commons for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery went up from the Quakers; and in the long agitation which ensued the Society took a prominent part.
In 1798 Joseph Lancaster, himself a Friend, opened his first school for the education of the poor; and the cause of unsectarian religious education found in the Quakers steady support. They also took an active part in Sir Samuel Romilly's efforts to ameliorate the penal code, in prison reform, with which the name of Elizabeth Fry (a Friend) is especially connected, and in the efforts to ameliorate the condition of lunatics in England (the Friends' Retreat at York, founded in 1792, was the earliest example in England of kindly treatment of the insane). It is noteworthy that Quaker efforts for the education of the poor and philanthropy in general, though they have always been Christian in character, have not been undertaken primarily for the purpose of bringing proselytes within the body, and have not done so to any great extent.
By means of the Adult Schools, Friends have been able to exercise a religious influence beyond the borders of their own Society. The Education. movement began in Birmingham in 1845, in an attempt to help the loungers at street corners; reading and writing were the chief inducements offered. The schools are unsectarian in character and mainly democratic in government: the aim is to draw out what is best in men and to induce them to act for the help of their fellows. Whilst the work is essentially religious in character, a well-equipped school also caters for the social, intellectual and physical parts of a man's nature. Bible teaching is the central part of the school session: the lessons are mainly concerned with life's practical problems. The spirit of brotherliness which prevails is largely the secret of the success of the movement. At the end of 1909 there were in connexion with the “National Council of Adult-School Associations” 1818 “schools” for men with a membership of about 113,789; and 402 for women with a membership of about 27,000. The movement, which is no longer exclusively under the control of Friends, is rapidly becoming one of the chief means of bringing about a religious fellowship among a class which the organized churches have largely failed to reach. The effect of the work upon the Society itself may be summarized thus: some addition to membership; the creation of a sphere of usefulness for the younger and more active members; a general stirring of interest in social questions.
A strong interest in Sunday schools for children preceded the Adult School movement. The earliest schools which are still existing were formed at Bristol, for boys in 1810 and for girls in the following year. Several isolated efforts were made earlier than this; it is evident that there was a school at Lothersdale near Skipton in 1800 “for the preservation of the youth of both sexes, and for their instruction in useful learning”; and another at Nottingham. Even earlier still were the Sunday and day schools in Rossendale, Lancashire, dating from 1793. At the end of 1909 there were in connexion with the Friends' First-Day School Association 240 schools with 2722 teachers and 25,215 scholars, very few of whom were the children of Friends. Not included in these figures are classes for children of members and “attenders,” which are usually held before or during a portion of the time of the morning meeting for worship; in these distinctly denominational teaching is given. Monthly organ, Teachers and Taught.
A “provisional committee” of members of the Society of Friends was formed in 1865 to deal with offers of service in foreign lands. Foreign ministries. In 1868 this developed into the Friends' Foreign Mission Association, which now undertakes Missionary work in India (begun 1866), Madagascar (1867), Syria (1869), China (1886), Ceylon (1896). In 1909 the number of missionaries (including wives) was 113; organized churches, 194; members and adherents, 21,085; schools, 135; pupils, 7042; hospitals and dispensaries, 17; patients treated, 6865; subscriptions raised from Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, £26,689, besides £3245 received in the fields of work. Quarterly organ, Our Missions.
Statistics of Quakerism. — At the close of 1909 there were 18,686 Quakers (the number includes children) in Great Britain; and “associates” and habitual “attenders” not in membership, 8586; number of congregations regularly meeting, 390. Ireland — members. 2528; habitual attenders not in membership, 402.
The central offices and reference library of the Society of Friends are situate at Devonshire House, Bishopsgate Without, London.
Bibliography. — The writings of the early Friends are very numerous: the most noteworthy are the Journals of George Fox and of Thomas Ellwood, both autobiographies, the Apology and other works of Robert Barclay, and the works of Penn and Penington. Early in the 18th century William Sewel, a Dutch Quaker, wrote a history of the Society and published an English translation; modern (small) histories have been written by T. Edmund Harvey (The Rise of the Quakers) and by Mrs Emmott (The Story of Quakerism). The Sufferings of the Quakers by Joseph Besse (1753) gives a detailed account of the persecution of the early Friends in England and America. An excellent portraiture of early Quakerism is given in William Tanner's Lectures on Friends in Bristol and Somersetshire. The Book of Discipline in its successive printed editions from 1783 to 1906 contains the working rules of the organization, and also a compilation of testimonies borne by the Society at different periods, to important points of Christian truth, and often called forth by the special circumstances of the time. The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth (London, 1876) by Robert Barclay, a descendant of the Apologist, contains much curious information about the Quakers. See also “Quaker” in the index to Masson's Life of Milton. Joseph Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books (London, 1867) gives the information which its title promises; the same author has also published a catalogue of works hostile to Quakerism. For an exposition of Quakerism on its spiritual side many of the poems by Whittier may be referred to, also Quaker Strongholds and Light Arising by Caroline E. Stephen; The Society of Friends, its Faith and Practice, and other works by John Stephenson Rowntree, A Dynamic Faith and other works by Rufus M. Jones; Authority and the Light Within and other works by Edw. Grubb, aad the series of “Swarthmore Lectures” as well as the histories above mentioned. Much valuable information will be found in John Stephenson Rowntree: His Life and Work (1908). The history of the modern forward movement may be studied in Essays and Addresses by John Wilhelm Rowntree, and in Present Day Papers edited by him. The social life of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th is portrayed in Records of a Quaker Family, the Richardsons of Cleveland, by Mrs Boyce, and The Diaries of Edward Pease, the Father of English Railways, edited by Sir A. E. Pease. Other works which may usefully be consulted are the Journals of John Woolman, Stephen Grellet and Elizabeth Fry; also The First Publishers of Truth, a reprint of contemporary accounts of the rise of Quakerism in various districts. The periodicals issued (not officially) in connexion with the Quaker body are The Friend (weekly), The British Friend (monthly), The Friends' Witness, The Friendly Messenger, The Friends' Fellowship Papers, The Friends' Quarterly Examiner, Journal of the Friends' Historical Society. Officially issued: The Book of Meetings and The Friends' Year Book. See also works mentioned at the close of sections on Adult Schools and on Quakerism in America, Scotland and Ireland, and elsewhere in this article; also Fox, George.
- (A. N. B.)
- At the time referred to, and during the Commonwealth, the pulpits of the cathedrals and churches were occupied by Episcopalians of the Richard Baxter type, Presbyterians, Independents and a few Baptists. It is these, and not the clergy of the Church of England, who are continually referred to by George Fox as “priests.”
- On the whole subject of preaching “after the priest had done,” see Barclay's Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, ch. xii.
- Woolman's Journal and Works are remarkable. He had a vision of a political economy based not on selfishness but on love, not on desire but on self-denial.
- See A History of the Adult School Movement by J. W. Rowntree and H. B. Binns. The organ of the movement is One and All, published monthly. See also The Adult School Year Book.
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Malt is one of the four main ingredients in beer. Malt is where most of the flavor and sugars will be derived from. The color of malt is described in degrees Lovibond (°L). You can get malt in grain form or get malt extracts in dry or liquid form. The
malting process consists of wetting the grain and allowing it to germinate. During the germination, some of the starches in the grain get converted to sugars while others become simple soluble starches and other enzymes. The grain is then dried and
tumbled to knock the beginnings of roots off. The grain is then kilned to dry it thoroughly and carmelize some of the sugars like in crystal malt or blacken it like a black patent malt. The malt is now ready to be made into sweet wort by the home
brewer. Using all grains instead of extracts gives the brewer greater control over the end result. Breiss Malting Company has some very nice malt data worth looking at.
2 row pale malt - AKA Klages. A grain that has 2 rows along the seed head. 2 row malt has more starch per unit of weight than 6 row. 2L
6 row - A grain that has 6 rows along the seed head. There is more husk weight in 6 row than in 2 row. 2L
Pilsner - A pale malt with a sweeter flavor than 2 row malt. It produces a smoother and less grainy flavored beer. 1L
Wheat - The malt used for many wheat beers. Can be added to non wheat beers in small quantities to add to the head retention properties. 1.8-2.8L
These malts add color, flavor and body to your brew. The benefits of these malts can be seen in extract brewing, but really shine in all grain brewing.
Carapils - Used for head retention and stability. Does not change the color or flavor. 1.5L
Honey malt - Adds a sweet, toasted and nutty flavor. 25L
Munich - Increases body, aroma, and malt sweetness. Will not add sugars unless mashed. 10L
Rauch - Smoked malt used in Rauchbiers. Has a peat flavor. 25L
Rye - Must be mashed. Adds a spicy, fruity flavor. Most often used in Roggen style beers. 3.5L
Special roast - Imparts a toasty or biscuity flavor. 50L
Victory - Adds a warm, toasted, nutty flavor. Excellent in nut brown ales. 25L
Vienna - Similar to Munich, but not as intense. 3.5L
Crystal malts are different from the other types of malts. They undergo a process that changes the starches in the grain to sugars and become caramelized. They can give a sweet somewhat caramel taste to the brew. They add to the body and head
retention of beers. Crystal malts range in color from light tan to almost mahogany. 15L to 120L or so. The darker grains have more caramel/toffee taste than the lighter ones.
Caramunich - A darker and more flavorful version of caravienne. 70L
Carastan - A British malt similar to American or Belgian crystal malts. 30L
Caravienne - A crystal malt from Belgium that has a slightly sweet and toasty flavor. 25L
These are the dark malts usually associated with porters, stouts, and some red beers. They have been kilned at high temperatures to obtain their flavor and color. They are deep brown to black in color and do not contain enzymes.
Chocolate malt - Chocolatey brown and has a somewhat bitter chocolate taste. For use in brown ale, porters and stouts. 350L.
Black patent malt - Almost burnt in flavor. Very dark. For use in porters and stouts. 500+L.
Black roasted barley - This is an unmalted grain. It is very dark. This is the main malt for stouts, but can be used in reds in small quantities. Very strong, bitter, burnt flavor. Contributes to production and stability of head. 500L.
To make brewing easier, quicker, and somewhat less expensive, you can use a malt extract in place of base grains. Malt extracts are the result of the malting process as described above, but with an extra step. To create the extract, the sugars are
removed from the grain by sparging and the resultant mixture is called sweet wort. Using extracts eliminates the need for mashing or mini-mashing and sparging. Malt extracts come in two forms: dry and liquid. Dry malt extract (DME) is a powder form
of what you would get if you did a mash yourself. All the water has been removed in a process called spray drying. Liquid extract has about 80% of the water removed. It is very thick and syrupy or almost gelatinous in texture. In essence, with
extracts, you are just rehydrating the sweet wort to get back to the pre-dried state.
Belgian candi sugar - Doesn't change the beer flavor, but increases the alcohol and adds to the crispness.
Corn - Tends to lighten the body and add a sweet, corn like taste. Adds fermentable sugars.
Flaked Barley - Add to stouts for better head retention and smoothness.
Flaked Maize - Add to lighter American Pilsners for lightening the color and body.
Flaked Wheat - For use in wheat and wit beers. Adds a slight cloudiness. Can be used to replace unmalted wheat. Helps in head retention.
Honey - Adds varying flavors and aromas depending on the type of honey used (orange blossom, clover, etc). Increases the alcohol content by adding fermentable sugars.
Oats - Adds a silky texture. Used in oatmeal stouts. Has a higher fat, oil, and protein content.
Rice - Used in light colored beers, mostly lagers. Very little to no taste contribution. It imparts dry or crisp flavors.
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Originally, ‘klokkestreng’ (= bell pull) refers to a thick, decorative cord attached to a lever and a bell which you could ring by pulling the cord. It was used in manor houses, country houses and bourgeoise homes to call servants in England and in North America. The cord developed into a narrow, delicately decorated, hand made textile. Embroidery, cross-stitch and weaving were the techniques used. Simple bell pull consisted of a cord or a narrow tapestry and a lever and a bell right above. The problem was that in order to hear the bell, the servants had to be nearby. Later on complex mechanical systems were developed and the distance between cords and bells was several rooms and floors.
Later on the ‘bell pull’ lost its original function and became a decorative object. My special interest is how the English manor house bell pull tradition was adopted in Scandinavia as a rural imitation. Instead of expensive upper class materials like thin yarn and brass metalwork, the rural tradition is characterized by thick wool yarn and wrought iron metalwork.
Bell pull, ‘klokkestreng’ in Norwegian and ‘klokkestrenge’ in Danish, literally ‘bell string’, were hugely popular in the 1960’s and 70’s. Thick wool yarn was used and patterns were usually traditional ornaments or floral. Cross-stitching was women’s activity while the wrought iron hardware were either purchased or made by young men of the families as school projects. There were numerous variations of the basic metal work and many of them had a ringlike form to the bottom as a reminder of the original function. Wrought iron was the most common material, but other metals and combinations of wood and metal were also used. Decorations varied. Sometimes there were two identical hardware at both ends, sometimes different ones, sometimes there were wool yarn fringes in the other end.
Bell pull ornament patterns were published in crafting magazines and DIY sets with pattern, instructions and yarn were sold in craft shops. By the 1990’s the bell pull tradition withered and was considered old-fashioned and dull.
I find the bell pull tradition fascinating, but instead of copying the old cross-stitching patterns, my perspective is playful and whimsical. I want to combine new, modern materials and surprising solutions to the tradition of Scandinavian klokkestreng.
You will find this modern klokkestreng wall decoration in my Etsy shop.
There is a doctoral dissertation describing the development of the mechanical servant bell systems. I am still looking for a complete study on the history of the bell pull as handicraft and textile industry product.
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Speak a foreign language: crash course week 2
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Speak a foreign language: vocabulary
Learning vocabulary in a new language is obviously vital. This week, we will focus on learning vocabulary. Please note that you will learn a lot of vocabulary through reading, speaking to people, listening and any activity that immerses you in your target language, which we will explore in the next few weeks. This week, we will talk about deliberate, focused activities to learn vocabulary independently.
Speak a foreign language: chunking
The secret to being able to express yourself in a language is to know enough words and phrases. Once you’ve memorized enough words and phrases, they all start working together, and you can start creating with language. This is a feature of the ACTFL intermediate level, or the CEFR B-level. A great way to do this is from playlists. Think relevant words and phrases that will help you survive in the target language. Think about useful phrases, like “I need”, “I want”, et cetera. This is called chunking.
Every word and phrase that you know in a language will help you express yourself more. With that said, focus on chunks of vocab that will be useful for communication and focus on that. You’ll learn all your grammar and vocab in context.
Create your own playlist, listen over and over. Then, record your own playlist, and you’ll have them right at hand on your phone.
Speak a foreign language: memorization
Acting and learning languages have a great deal in common. When you’re starting out learning something over and over and over again to the point where it gets into your brain so you won’t forget it, this is what actors do with plays, and this is what successful language learners do when they’re starting out in a new language. You have to think like an actor- study your lines over and over until they stick.
Speak a foreign language: phrasebooks
Phrasebooks. Phrase books serve up thousands of useful words and phrases to get you communicating right away. They are the perfect place to start learning any new language.
Check out this video on phrasebooks.
Vocabulary Columns. A useful way to memorize all of that vocab we talked about is with vocabulary columns. Select a set of phrases that you want to learn and write them all down in a column on a piece of paper. You can either start with the target language, which is probably easier, or with English, and then draw a line. In the next column, write your other language equivalent. Again, this is easier if you start with the target language and start with recognizing.
Once you’ve done that successfully, you might have to look up a couple of words, fold the first column over. Now, translate, and again, going back and filling in any gaps that you might have, testing yourself and relearning those words that you missed. Fold the column over again and keep doing this until you can easily go back and forth between both languages, your native language and the target language.
Speak a foreign language: tasks
Task Notebooks. As we’ve said every day throughout this crash course, the more vocabulary you know, the closer you’ll get to being able to express yourself in this new language. Task notebooks are a great way to personalize your learning and accelerate it. Get a notebook and select a task.
When we talk about tasks, we are talking about focusing on things you can do in the target language, for example, ordering in a restaurant, complaining about an erroneous charge on a bill, talking about what you did yesterday. Those are all linguistic tasks. There’s infinite possibility in them, but the beauty of task is that it focuses on specific things to learn how to do in this target language. Get a notebook where you select a task to learn, write down all the words and phrases you could possibly need for that, and then write them all out in the target language. Then, go back and do some of the memorization activities that we discussed in earlier days.
The Goldlist Method. I LOVE this! Polyglot Lydia Machova does an amazing job at explaining this simple and very effective method.
Fluency notebooks are a great way to build your skills. Once you’ve built up some skills, pick a topic, set a timer and write. Think shorter periods of time earlier (no more than a few minutes) and longer as you build. When your time is up, look up the words you didn’t know.
One of the best ways to learn a foreign language doesn’t involve speaking at all. Read, read, read! All of the vocabulary and grammar is served up completely in context. Check out this tool to get started: https://readlang.com/
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Body composition is an important measure of health and fitness for athletes and general people.
Your body is composed of many different substances which are necessary for you to function.
The substances include fat, water, carbohydrate, protein, minerals and vitamins.
Although fat is an essential part of body composition which provides energy for athletics for longer duration, insulation against cold temperatures, and protects important organs, it is considered as undesirable element that must be eliminated at any cost.
Too much fat is linked to heart disease and diabetes. The fatness measurement is performed to determine the risk of heart diseases and obesity related illnesses.
The measurement can be done by body mass index (BMI). The risk of heart disease can be reduced by losing weight successfully.
Methods to find body composition:
Body composition can be changed by following diet and training. But, it requires consistent approach and the change can be easily reversed if old habits are revisited.
There are different ways to find out the body composition, all of which measure your overall body mass. The methods include:
Hydrostatic weighing: It requires tank as it measures under water. The underwater weight and dry weight comparison is made and residual volume of air in the lungs is taken into account, which affects buoyancy.
As fat is less dense than other tissues in the body, it floats more easily. The more the fat, there will be greater difference between dry and wet weights. This is an accurate method but it is time consuming and not readily available.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis: The level of resistance of current through the body is measured with this method. As water conducts electric current, the tissues with high levels of water conduct electricity better than those with lower levels.
By the impedance determination to electric flow, percentage of body fat is estimated. It is accurate, but affected by level of hydration.
Skinfold callipers: The levels of subcutaneous fat at different sites around the body are measured with skinfold callipers. The sites commonly used are biceps, triceps, thigh, subscapular and suprailiac.
The fat is pinched away from the body and the callipers are placed between the base and apex of the fold from the site and the tester measures it. The sum of skinfolds is entered into an equation and body fat percentage is obtained.
Managing your body composition:
There are many behavioral factors and behavioral changes that can control body composition. A change of body composition is not that simple and depends on current level of training.
There is no escaping from diet to shed body fat. Calorie intake should be reduced to reduce body fat.
Body composition is measured by calculating sum of your skinfold measurement from 4 to 5 sites around your body. With consistent approach to body composition monitoring and with appropriate training, fat gain can be prevented.
It helps to maintain a healthy body composition. When you know your body composition, you can plan an exercise program and can set sensible fitness goals.
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Although in our society it has gained cosmetic importance, hair on the head and entire body is one of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals. The main functions of hair are to regulate body temperature by facilitating evaporation of sweat in hot weather, and create additional insulation by closing the skin pores in cold weather.
Despite its important function, the hair shaft itself is not living tissue. Tiny blood vessels at the base of every hair follicle feed the hair root to keep it growing. Yet, the hair we see on the body contains only dead cells. As the new cells grow at the base of the hair follicle, the older cells die and are forced along the follicle towards the scalp. It is normal to shed approximately 100 to 150 hairs a day. Hair is made of a protein called keratin, and hair color is determined by the presence of melanin secreted by pigment cells. As we age, these pigment cells die and the hair turns gray.
Healthy hair is not only important for looks, but the health of our hair may indicate certain underlying physical or psychological health conditions as well. Diseases of the thyroid gland, especially hypothyroidism, can lead to lusterless, limp, fine, and thinning hair. Disorders of the adrenal glands, such as Cushing’s syndrome, can create dry, brittle hair. Psoriasis, an autoimmune disease, can create thick crusty patches on the head which can initially be confused with dandruff. Another autoimmune disease affecting only the hair is alopecia. With alopecia the body’s immune response targets hair follicles, causing round patches of hair to fall out. Sometimes diabetes and atherosclerosis may trigger hair loss due to blockage of the blood supply to hair follicles. Approximately 20,000 people are affected by alopecia every year in the US, and there is no specific treatment for it unless an underlying cause can be identified.
Additionally, many prescription drugs can also cause hair loss. These include chemotherapy drugs, beta blockers such as propranolol and atenolol, anticoagulants like warfarin, and many drugs used to control arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, and other conditions. Hair damage caused by chemicals in hair products is another major contributor to hair loss.
A healthy diet and lifestyle are the easiest ways to maintain beautiful hair. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, almost all of the B vitamins, folic acid, zinc, and vitamins C and E are important for strong, shiny, and healthy hair. Vitamin C in synergy with the amino acids lysine and proline helps build healthy collagen. Collagen is the most abundant protein present in our body and comprises approximately one-third of our body including the skin, hair, and nails. Vitamin C helps protect the hair against damage caused by free radicals, which can make hair brittle and frail.
We conducted a study1 using a synergistic mixture of micronutrients, which included vitamin C, lysine, proline, and others, to assess their effects on hair growth in a group of mice that are prone to hair loss very similar to humans.
The mice were divided into three groups and treated with olive oil, which was applied to the shaved skin of the animals. While groups 1 and 3 received simple olive oil, the oil for the second group was mixed with the above-mentioned micronutrient combination.
The Dr. Rath research team noticed that the hair growth in the group that received the olive oil containing the micronutrients was much stronger compared to the other two experimental groups.
Many commercially available hair growth products are loaded with chemicals that can damage hair and general health. However, the micronutrients are significantly better to obtain and maintain healthy hair. When choosing products for yourself and your family, look for those that are formulated with ingredients that are healthful rather than harmful.
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For something so important and well-planned as politics, there have been some massive blunders through its history. From sheer bad luck to immense errors of judgement, it seems that there is always something lurking around the corner to trip the unsuspecting politician up. It is not a modern-day phenomenon either as this list will show. It seems that as long as people have been in politics there have been major gaffes for us to laugh at.
Here’s the ten biggest political blunders ever:
10 – William Seward Leaves America
Coming into the 1860 election, former New York Governor William Seward was top guy for the Republican Party Presidential nomination. In a big blunder, he decided to take a trip through Europe and Asia prior to the party’s convention when his nomination would be announced. Although he had a great time, it was very costly to his plans to become President.
While he was away, a then unknown called Abraham Lincoln snuck in and stole the nomination from under his nose. As we all know, Lincoln went on to win the election and become President which is the role Seward had seen for himself. In truth, it turned out ok for Seward who became Secretary of State in the Lincoln Government but it could have been so much more for him.
09 – Napoleon Introducing the Continental System
During the Napoleonic War between France and England, Emperor Napoleon of France used trade sanctions as well as military strength to try to win. One part of this was the Continental Trade Blockade he tried to enforce that stopped all countries under his charge from trading with England. This included most of Europe by then such was France’s power in world politics.
The trouble was that it just didn’t work and also set him on an ill-fated collision course with Russia! England had such Naval superiority that it simply avoided the French blockades and continued to trade wherever it liked. In addition, it could travel to other places such as South America to trade. The biggest loss to Napoleon though was the conflict it created with his own allies and the weakening of France’s overall position at the time.
08 – China Withdraws Into Isolationism
By the time the 15th Century began, China was a major player in the world. The ruling Ming Dynasty had established trade routes all over the globe and embarked on an impressive period of growth. Suddenly however the Chinese Government ordered all ships and merchants back to China immediately. This led to a long period of isolationism until the 1800’s and saw China fall from its powerful position in world affairs.
The reason behind this decision was two-fold. Firstly, the popular Confucian philosophy preached self-reliance which the Ming rulers took as a sign to withdraw into itself. Secondly, the Chinese were having problems with Mongol invasions and pirates on its marine borders and so was drawing its resources back to help stabilise things.
07 – William Henry Harrison Blunders On His Inaugural Speech
Coming to power in 1841, newly elected President William Henry Harrison made an immense cock-up for his inaugural speech at the White House. The day he gave it on was sub-zero and thus freezing for the President and those present. Being a former soldier and farmer, Harrison decided he didn’t need a hat, gloves or coat like everyone else present.
This decision backfired spectacularly though as he caught pneumonia within days. Despite all the latest cures of the day being tried, he couldn’t be cured and eventually died. In all he had been in office just one month! This gives him the dubious record of being the shortest serving US President in the whole history of the country!
06 – Federalists Impose the Alien and Sedition Act
In 1798, President John Adams was a worried man. The recent French Revolution had left him and the Federalist-dominated Congress that the general populace were ready to rise up in America. To avoid this, they passed the hugely controversial Alien and Sedition act.
In the act, the US Government was given the right to depot any ‘alien’ they deemed a threat to the security of the country. It also gave them powers to arrest anyone who was spreading malicious or scandalous gossip about the Government. In effect, it was designed to crush any disquiet and keep a lid on the general public’s potential threat. The problem was that it was in total opposition to the newly minted American Constitution and so a huge own goal for Adams. Before long, Thomas Jefferson would be in power and repeal most of the act.
05 – King Philip II Entrusts The Armada To The Wrong General
Spain was a real player in naval warfare during the 15th and 16th Centuries. This dominance led to an over-confidence that saw King Philip II make a fatal blunder when planning for his assault on England in 1588. The key part of this plan was the massive and invincible Spanish ‘Armada’ which was a fleet of warships destined to cross the English Channel and start the invasion.
In what was an interesting choice, King Philip chose to appoint a land-based Army General in charge of the Naval Armada. What could possibly go wrong?! His total inexperience in sea battles was obvious whenever the ships duelled and his sailing skills were so bad he led the Armada into the roughest parts of the North Sea. By the time the once mighty Armada had reached the English Channel, the English Navy was waiting to make short work of them!
04 – Atahualpa Loses The Incan Empire After Getting Drunk
The Incan Empire was once a mighty and vibrant culture that reigned in the region around modern-day Mexico. It probably would have remained that way if not for this deadly blunder by its ruler Atahualpa! Having only just taken over control of the Empire from his half-brother, Atahualpa was in a mood to celebrate. Nothing wrong with that – it’s just he chose to do that with the head of the Spanish invaders, Francisco Pizzaro, who were trying to take over the Incan Empire.
Pizzaro sent for Atahualpa in what was the most obvious trap in history. Believing Pizzaro to be weak and only have a small number of men with him, Atahualpa agreed to meet him and set off for the appointed meeting place. Once he got there, Pizzaro plied him with booze before making his move. Spanish soldiers killed Atahualpa’s men and took the Incan ruler prisoner. Before long the Incan Empire fell and Atahualpa had been executed.
03 – Jimmy Carter Offends Poland
To be fair to then President of the United States Jimmy Carter, this series of political gaffes were not really his fault. The trouble occurred during his 1977 visit to Poland and was down to the interpreter he used for the first few meetings, Steven Seymour. As Carter did not speak Polish, he needed an interpreter to converse with his Polish counterparts.
Giving a speech to assembled Polish dignitaries, Carter expressed his aim to learn the Poles designs for the future. Unfortunately, his interpreter actually translated that phrase to say Carter desired the Poles carnally which caused much confusion! Following that, Seymour mis-translated Carter’s remarks about leaving the US for the Polish visit into the President fleeing the country for good. Seymour’s final bow was to tell the assembled Poles that he had nothing but contempt for the Polish constitution when he had in fact been praising it. Obviously, a new translator was soon found for the rest of the tour!
02 – Dean Acheson Starts A Whole War
It isn’t that often that what is not stated in a speech can start a war but that is what happened in this case! Dean Acheson, who was US Secretary of State in 1950, gave an infamous talk at the National Press Club in January of that year. In it, he warned all Communists and their allies to stay away from any countries who America was friends with. Not only that but he also claimed America would protect these friendly countries from any interference from Indonesia to Japan.
If that doesn’t sound too bad, you would be right – however, it is just what he didn’t say that caused the Korean war. The countries he mentioned didn’t include Korea so the Communist countries took this as an invitation to invade them as America would not act. When North Korea invaded South Korea a few months later, they obviously did and the Korean war took place.
01 – Gordon Brown Sells Off Britain’s Gold Reserves Cheap
Poor old Gordon Brown – once a highly respected politician and key member of the Tony Blair cabinet, it all fell apart when he finally became Prime Minister in the UK. Unfortunately for Brown, he came into the job as a world recession loomed and also was not great at dealing with people or the press. All this contributed to a disastrous reign with this being one of the worst blunders he made. Interestingly this was made when Chancellor and in charge of Britain’s finances under Blair but had far reaching consequences into his reign as PM.
When New Labour came into power in 1997, Britain had a large gold reserve that were to be kept for emergencies or as a backing currency. Upon coming into Government, Brown decided to diversify Britain’s portfolio and sell off some of this Gold reserve. Although not a bad idea in principle, there were two main flaws to Brown’s stance. Firstly, he sold off far too much Gold (around 60%), leaving Britain dangerously short. Secondly, he sold it at rock bottom prices due to the Gold market been at an all-time low. Within a few months of selling, the Gold price recovered and it turned out Brown had lost the British Government around £4 billion in revenue by selling so low. Whoops is the word!
As you can see, the curse of politics can hit anyone from UK Prime Ministers to US Presidents. I guess whenever there are humans involved then there will be human error to mess everything up. This is unlikely to change in the future so keep an eye on the world political news for more cock-ups and embarrassing mistakes!
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How do MvBii trackers measure activity and balance?
Our trackers use your motion to estimate the level of physical activity you're doing. Virtually all trackers do the same. We use this to produce an average activity level every 15 minutes which is on a scale from 0 (not being worn) to 15 (very active). This scale is similar to a scale used in measuring physical exertion known as METS.
From this data we can then work out what time you have spent at certain activity levels and give you some times per day to track how much of each type of activity you are doing. We use three boundaries: rest, moderate activity (light work or walking), and higher activity (brisk walking, jogging). You can use these times as a target (like the well known 30 mins exercise a day) to be more active.
We provide you with an activity target measure as well. This uses the activity scale and counts the time you spend (in 15 min chunks) above a certain level to fill up the target. In normal mode (set from the app), the lowest level we count as activity is 3 which is broadly equivalent walking. In Sport mode it is 5 which is very vigorous walking or jogging.
Its worth bearing in mind that as the tracker measures motion it can (as with all trackers) be fooled by excessive movements of the wrist, or the other way round - we recommend you wear the tracker on your non-dominant hand (the one you don't write with), or if you do activities which use more lower body movement (walking or cycling) carry it in your pocket or on your belt. The key thing to remember is if you consistently wear it in the same way, the relative comparison day to day will also be consistent.
We estimate calories by using something called your Basal Metabolic Rate (the calorie energy you burn simply being alive) and then using the activity level to work out what extra calories your activity is causing you to burn. Again, as with all trackers it's an estimate because to know for sure you have to measure how much oxygen and CO2 is going in and out of your body! To be as accurate as possible it's important you use the app to set your age, sex and weight.
Balance is not an absolute measure - it's meant as a personal prompt for you. You will need to learn how it adapts to your typical activity pattern and then it will become easy to spot significant changes. The concept is all about the rhythm of activity and uses time of day and the pattern to either push your balance towards a rest or exercise deficit. You can then use this as a prompt to decide if you want to take some action. For example - overnight you will see the balance level usually restores back to being close balance (100%). If you don't wear the tracker to sleep in, we do have to assume you have slept! If you work in an office and in the morning sit at your computer for a long time you will see your balance moves to an exercise deficit. If you take a break and have a walk for 10 mins for example (I know this may depend on how mean your boss is!) you will see the balance swing back. If you're active for longer the rate of recovery will slow a little and if you're on the go for a long time it will move into a rest deficit. Using the diary annotations to make notes is a good way of helping if you want to make a change in how your day to day patterns are and how they make you feel. You can look back at how what you did (alongside things like what and when you eat), made you feel.
One quick way of watching balance is to look at the colour of the balance stone on your tracker - if it's becoming pale it's nudging you to do some activity or take a break - if it's getting darker - think about a rest of doing some relaxation exercises.
The science of balance is only just emerging so expect us to be adding to this area in the future and be sure to keep up-to-date with our app updates.
My z-Track time display isn't on all the time
This is intended - we only display time for a few seconds when you lift the tracker up and hold it flat and steady (like you would when looking at a normal watch) to save battery power. Mostly the display will be off but you should see a 5 second "heartbeat" flash of the 12 O'clock LED to show you the tracker is working. If you leave the unit overnight on a bedside cabinet we will even stop flashing the LED after a while to avoid keeping you awake! - It should start flashing again as soon as you move the tracker.
My z-Track only connects to the phone/pad for a short time period
This is intended - we only connect to the phone long enough to transfer data to the app to save battery life on both devices. If you have selected standard user mode (the unit ships with this selected), once connected it will transfer data and then shut down. In advanced user mode (set using settings screen on the app settings/my tracker), you can set longer times if you want to use the tracker to control your music player (default is 15 mins).
The time on my tracker is wrong and the app doesn't show my activity data
This usually means the BluetoothTM link to the phone or Pad isn't working.
Check the phone or tablet Bluetooth is enabled and the tracker is charged.
The tracker must be on (done using a half roll gesture) to connect.
If you have done all this and are still seeing the issue you may need to repair the pairing on your phone or pad.
Go to the Z-Track section and select downloads to find an instruction note on how to do this.
My tracker won't switch on
Usually this means the unit battery is too low and the tracker is hibernating. Try connecting it to a USB charger for a while (usually 2hours from flat).
My z-Track or z-ZAP won't pair with my app
Make sure Bluetooth is enabled and your phone device supports a specific type of Bluetooth known as Bluetooth SMART. Check with the shop or internet if you are not sure.
The tracker cannot pair to a phone unless the tracker is switched on - see the quick start guide or the pairing video on how to do this.
If the tracker has been already paired with another Bluetooth device it can fail to pair. To solve this you need to repair by resetting the unit using a pin or paper clip.
Go to the Z-Track section and select downloads to find an instruction on how to do this.
How safe is MvBii messaging?
Our messaging is a private messaging system intended for a few close friends. You cannot search and find people to try to connect via the internet like bigger social media platforms. To make a group you need to be told the specific username by the person who knows it and you will only receive messages from users who are in your group. You can also delete group members from your group privately. As with all internet based systems supervsion of younger users is a sensible precaution.
Sometimes my tracker doesn't recognize gestures
Our gestures are definitely a learnt skill so you will need a little patience to get them. The key thing to remember is that the starting point for any gesture is time showing on the unit, which is achieved by holding the tracker horizontal and steady. It can be harder if you're walking and if you're really moving you may need to slow down. The tracker does adjust its thresholds to account for movement - so for example the music shuffle shake requires more force when you're running than if you are sat still, but in this case you do not need to start with time showing. Gestures need steady not violent or rapid movements so patience is the key.
Can I swim or bathe with my tracker?
No, z-Track and z-ZAP units are not waterproof and may be damaged if you do - in normal use when fitted in a holder (like the diamond strap) the unit should withstand splashes and rain.
What does the balance colour mean?
When you set up your tracker you select a favourite colour to set the centre zone of the unit to - we call this the balance stone. During the day a clever algorithm in the unit looks at activity patterns and other things and changes the intensity of the colour - it is vibrant when you have had a reasonable balance of rest and activity, becomes pale if for example you are sitting for a long time, and becomes darker if you are active. We dont propose this is a scientific thing or medical measure- we can't tell if you are feeling ill or well, or even if your cat's just died - but it can act as a means to prompt you to think about what you have been doing in a day and if you should think about taking a break or being more active. The diary function allows you to make notes at specific times for this reason.
Can I be tracked by my z-Track or z-ZAP?
No. One of the key things about our trackers is you decide when to switch it on so it wont be detected when it is off. The range of the tracker is small (a few 10's of meters) so again when it is on, anyone trying to detect it needs to be virtually in eyesight of you. Our units wont pair with any device other than the one you paired it with so no one can read your data.
How do I pair my tracker with a new tablet or phone?
Before you can pair a tracker which has already been paired to another phone or pad you need to reset it. See the how to guide section.
Go to the Z-Track section and select downloads to find an instruction on how to do this.
What is Paced Breathing
Paced breathing is a relaxation exercise. You can use the tracker display or the app to use it.
The idea is to concentrate on the display pattern and your breathing for a short period (say 5 mins) to give your mind and body a fast but effective break from busy lives.
Only do paced breathing where its safe and secure for you to relax. You should be sitting down and not operating any machinery.
If you feel uncomforable at all doing the exercise STOP.
If you have any medical condition which may be affected by breathing exercises (cardio respiratory issues for example) talk to your doctor before doing it.
Can I change straps or accessories after I bought it?
Yes - the main electronics unit is intended to be removed and swapped over by users as they wish. You dont need tools to do this.
How often do I need to connect to the app?
Our tracker stores its data for several days so don't worry that you need to connect it frequently - you will need to charge it more often than this. When it connects to the app (when its switched on and connected), it will transfer data to the app so you should see the app data sync up. We would recommend you connect it at least once a day however - mainly because you will get more out of it then, but also because it sync's its time with the phone or pad and it means the time will be as accurate as possible.
The time on my tracker isnt correct ?
When the battery goes really flat it can loose the time setting. Recharge the tracker and connect to the app - the time should sync to the phone's time.
How do I understand how to use all the features fully?
See the full user guides in the downloads sections of each product type.
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Q: I'm in fifth grade and need help with my math homework, but my parents can't do it either. They get upset, and I feel stupid and like it's all my fault. I want to do well in math. What can I do?
A: It sounds to The Family Project 's panelists as if you've got a real math problem on your hands! But they're pretty sure you and your parents will be able to solve it together. First, they want you to know that you're not stupid, even when you feel that way. And, if your parents get upset when they can't help you with your math homework, it's not your fault.
There are lots of reasons why parents might get upset about math. Most likely, they're angry with themselves for not sticking with math the way they should have when they were your age. In fact, they probably feel really bad that they can't help you and feel as stupid as you say you do. Also, your parents are older. They've had a long time to forget how to do math. And, back when they went to school, math was taught a lot differently.
So it's not unusual for today's parents not to understand their kids' math homework, says Guadalupe Matias, principal at Marvine Elementary School. The Family Project 's panelists asked her for advice on your question. "There's a mismatch between what parents learned and what kids are doing now in math," she says. That might make your parents worried they'll confuse you more if they try to help, she adds. So, don't get too angry at your parents, OK? And if you are feeling upset or think your parents are when you try to work on math, just ask to take a 10-minute break to calm down.
Our panelists also want you to know that math isn't always the easiest subject in the world. Math problems get more complicated -- and interesting! -- about fifth grade. But that doesn't mean you have to give up, fall behind or start hating math. You and your parents just need to figure out how to get you the help you need to do well. How do you do that? Well, the next time you have trouble with your math homework, ask your parents to write a note telling your teacher you tried but you need to do something different to succeed.
Often, when kids have trouble in math, it's because there's a gap between what they know and what they need to know, says guest panelist Rachel Shook. So, maybe your teacher can point out something you haven't learned very well yet -- like how to do multiplication -- that you could practice at home with your parents. Or, maybe your teacher can give you some extra help or find someone in your class who already understands the math homework to help you. Your teacher also might be able to give your parents some tips on how to help -- maybe a specific hint with each of your homework assignments.
There might even be a special program at your school to help them understand the new ways of teaching math. There might be someone else in your family or your neighborhood who can help you understand math. Or, there might be an after-school homework or tutoring program at school or near where you live. Or, if you have a computer, or can use one at the library, we're betting that you can find lots of help with math homework topics on the Internet. There's something else you can do, too. Sometimes it helps with math problems if someone listens to you as you talk them through.
So, ask your parents if you can spend some time with one of them after school just to talk about math. It can be before or while you do your homework. Even if they don't know how to do it, they still can listen to you. You can try explaining to your parents what you did in math class that day, and what's puzzling you about the homework problems you were given. Of course, that means you'll really have to do your part and pay attention in school! Here's something else that often helps with word problems. You can underline the important words or draw a picture or even act out the problem as you talk about it.
The people who discussed your problem really hope you don't want your parents to "do" your homework for you. That wouldn't be right. But one of the suggestions they've come up with might be the one that will help you solve your homework problem. Or maybe reading this article will help you think of a completely different solution. Learning how to think through a problem and find a solution is a big part of getting good at math. So, just by figuring out how to solve your problem without everyone getting upset is really helping you learn how to do math.
Remember -- just because your parents have trouble with math doesn't mean you have to be that way when you grow up. So, show this to them and get to work!
firstname.lastname@example.org 610-820-6562 The Family Project is a collaboration between The Morning Call and parenting professionals brought together by the Valley Youth House program Project Child, the Lehigh Valley's child-abuse prevention coalition.
How to help your child succeed in math
Here are some tips for encouraging your child to succeed in mathematics, adapted from www.math.com:
Get to know your child's teacher and what your child is learning. Don't be afraid to tell the teacher about your own shortcomings in math, seek extra help for your child or ask what you can do to help your child succeed. Help the child keep up. Math is a subject that requires continual building on skills already learned. Help your child by stressing how important regular attendance is. Make sure work missed is made up. Give your child a place and time to do homework and stress its important. Point out that math is everywhere. Involve your child in everyday decisions that require math -- calculating the time needed for a trip at different speeds or the price of a tank of gas, recounting change, adding up the scores in games or figuring out batting averages or the best buy in groceries. Encourage your child's interest in measuring, mapping and computational technology. Rulers, measuring cups, maps and graphs, thermometers, adding machines, cash registers, calculators, computers and GPS devices all can help children develop math skills. Play games that develop decision-making, computational and strategizing skills. There are lots of board games, counting games and card games that can become family traditions and encourage children to use math while having fun. Encourage your child to stick with math. Even if you think you're not good at it, try not to send the negative message that math is "hard." Stress that anyone can learn it, and get extra help to find the ways your child learns it best. Show your child how math is used in your work or the work of others. It's not just scientists and accountants who use math -- so do carpenters, salespeople, computer programmers, waiters and waitresses and even newspaper reporters. Avoid gender stereotypes. Many times girls get the message that girls aren't good at math or don't have to be -- it's for boys. If boys don't do well, they feel inadequate. Stress that math is a skill that improves with practice. Don't be afraid to get expert help. You wouldn't try to teach your child ballet if you never learned it. There's no shame in admitting you don't know how to teach your child math. Convey positive attitudes about math. How you think and feel about math and how you express yourself will have a big effect on your child. Try not to use negative words about your or your child's ability or the subject itself. Help your child believe that he or she is already a mathematician who can only get better.
CONTACT THE FAMILY PROJECT Offer comments, suggest topics or ask questions. E-mail: email@example.com. Mail: "The Family Project ," c/o Morning Call Features Editor Linda O'Connell, P.O. Box 1260, Allentown, PA 18105-1260. Phone: 610-820-6562.
THE TOPIC TEAM Parenting experts who helped with this installment of The Family Project : Mary Ellen Griffin, director of The Caring Place, Allentown. Denise Continenza, family living specialist for Penn State University's Lehigh County Cooperative Extension, South Whitehall Township. Ann Friedenheim, clinical supervisor for Confront, Allentown. Guadalupe Matias, principal, Marvine Elementary School, Bethlehem. Wanda Mercado-Arroyo, parent involvement coordinator for the Allentown School District. Joanne Nigito, registered play therapist and parenting educator, Bethlehem. Jessica Schuler, director, Sylvan Learning Center, Allentown. Rachel Shook, teacher, Marvine Elementary School, Bethlehem.
PARENTING CLASSES Project Child offers ongoing parenting classes Mondays at 7 p.m. at the Project Child office at 2200 W. Broad St., Bethlehem. Fee: $15. To sign up, call 610-419-4500, Ext. 373, or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
RESOURCES Here are some resources for parents whose children need help with math:
Many schools offer homework clubs or tutoring programs. Check out this one sponsored by the Allentown Education Association, the teachers' union. Teachers donate their time from 5-7 p.m. Mondays through March 29 at the Allentown Public Library's main building at S. 12th and Hamilton streets and south side branch at 601 W. Emmaus Ave. If a homework or tutoring program doesn't exist at your school, ask how to get one started.
Community tutoring programs can help kids with math. In Allentown, try Caring Place, 931 Hamilton St., Allentown (610-433-5683) or Casa Guadalupe at 143 Linden St., Allentown (610-435-9902); in Easton, Make Your Mark, a reading and math skills-building program for students in grades 2-8 sponsored by ProJeCt of Easton at St. Anthony's Youth Center, 901 Washington St., and Shiloh Community Center, 548 Canal St. (610-258-4361).
Ask your child's teacher or guidance counselor to help you find a program. "How to Help Your Child with Science and Math," a free workshop presented by Dr. Debra Plehn and Dr. Sharon Lee-Bond, science professors at Northampton Community College, will take place as part of the Parent College initiative of the Allentown School District, 5-8 p.m. Feb. 4, Muhlenberg Elementary School, 740 N. 21st St., Allentown. Info: 484-765-4046. Sylvan Learning Center, 2211 Mack Boulevard, Allentown, offers testing to identify skill gaps and tutoring for a fee. 610-791-5320.
Some online resources include: http://childparenting.about.com/cs/k6education/a/newmath.htm, an overview with links to other helpful sites; http://mathforum.org/dr.math/, which includes an Ask Dr. Math feature; www.math.com/parents.html, a comprehensive site you shouldn't miss; www.coolmath4parents.com, which includes a list of questions to help your child get started on homework in a "How to Help with Homework" page and some activities for grandparents and other babysitters. Don't let this long address deter you: http://clk.about.com/?zi=1/XJ&sdn=childparenting&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.figurethis.org%2Findex40.htm is home to "Figure This," a site full of fun and funny math activities for families.
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Every student can attest to the fact that a research project paper is the most engaging of all academic papers. It is normally done over a period of time but most students still have to do some things in the last minute rush. Also many students need professional. This is because it involves a lot of activity that make time management a very integral part of every student’s life. It is supposed to be done, presented and evaluated during the student’s academic period normally at the end of the final year. This kind of paper is also made up of different sections and each is evaluated individually. Any student who wishes to get a remarkable score must handle each section as though it was the only one in the whole paper. In the cases where students are allowed to work in groups, they should work harmoniously so as to come up with a uniform paper. With all the pressure that comes with thesis writing, it is possible for students to complete and present a quality paper and beat the clock. Below is applicable wisdom on how to prepare and write a standard paper.
Every project must have a plan if things are to go as intended. Planning means laying down strategies on how to accomplish specific tasks. The nature of a research paper does not allow a student to just do things as they come.
This is a subset of planning since it involves allocating time to specific tasks and strictly following the set timelines. It also involves arranging tasks in order of urgency and magnitude. Most students are caught up in the last minute craze because they fail to plan for their time. Procrastination is the greatest hindrance to time management.
Before one decides on their topic of study, they should do a lot of strategic brainstorming. Apart from choosing a topic from their field of study, they should also consider one that covers a reasonable scope.
Even though the final copy of this paper is supposed to be very organized, the process of preparing it can be messy at times. It involves a lot of note taking, and scribbling ideas before linking them up to form proper arguments and conclusions. Taking notes helps one not to forget important things.
Most students think that the more complex and technical their study is, the more impressed the evaluators will be. However, the keys to a successful research are simplicity and relevance. One should focus on filling the gaps in their subject of study and making a contribution to the body of knowledge in their field.
After note taking, it is important to do a draft before the final copy. This is also known as a proposal and it is usually done following the real paper outline.
According to the scope and the targeted data sources, the student should choose a suitable methodology. The methods of data collection and analysis should maintain high levels of accuracy.
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Today we are talking about two topics that seem like they should go together but too often seem to actually contradict each other. For today's post, to begin, please post you reading your reading response to tonights reading.
After you've posted, as per usual, read and comment on your colleague's posts.
As we near the end of our time in class, we are getting further away from the "birth" of the field. As this week's readings show us, Comp & Rhetoric is always evolving to respond to a version of "But what about. . . ". That seems to me to be the best recommendation of the field, that it is never satisfied with where we are at as scholars and teachers.
Please use this space to post this week's reading response. In-class, you will have time to post your reading response and to read and respond to your classmates. We had two rather diverse sets of readings: multilingual writers and how to best support them and writing with technology. Are there connections to be made between these two areas of scholarship in Composition & Rhetoric?
Please post your reading response to this week's writing on genre and the effects of genre on writing.
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Our Care Managers can meet with you to discuss your specific care needs and perform consultations at home or in a hospital or facility setting. We are also able to coordinate that care with the medical professionals overseeing treatment, such as the doctor’s office, home health team, therapists and other medical teams as needed. We strive to coordinate our care with the medical professionals attending to your loved ones medical needs.
Talk with our Care Managers or schedule your free in-home assessment.
One of the most common signs of Alzheimer’s is memory loss, especially forgetting recently learned information. Others include forgetting important dates or events; asking for the same information over and over; increasingly needing to rely on memory aids (e.g., reminder notes or electronic devices) or family members for things they used to handle on their own.
What’s a typical age-related change? Sometimes forgetting names or appointments, but remembering them later.
Some people may experience changes in their ability to develop and follow a plan or work with numbers. They may have trouble following a familiar recipe or keeping track of monthly bills. They may have difficulty concentrating and take much longer to do things than they did before.
What’s a typical age-related change? Making occasional errors when balancing a checkbook.
People with Alzheimer’s often find it hard to complete daily tasks. Sometimes, people may have trouble driving to a familiar location, managing a budget at work or remembering the rules of a favorite game.
What’s a typical age-related change? Occasionally needing help to use the settings on a microwave or to record a television show
People with Alzheimer’s can lose track of dates, seasons and the passage of time. They may have trouble understanding something if it is not happening immediately. Sometimes they may forget where they are or how they got there.
What’s a typical age-related change? Getting confused about the day of the week but figuring it out later.
For some people, having vision problems is a sign of Alzheimer’s. They may have difficulty reading, judging distance and determining color or contrast, which may cause problems with driving.
What’s a typical age-related change? Vision changes related to cataracts.
People with Alzheimer’s may have trouble following or joining a conversation. They may stop in the middle of a conversation and have no idea how to continue or they may repeat themselves. They may struggle with vocabulary, have problems finding the right word or call things by the wrong name (e.g., calling a “watch” a “hand-clock”).
What’s a typical age-related change? Sometimes having trouble finding the right word.
A person with Alzheimer’s disease may put things in unusual places. They may lose things and be unable to go back over their steps to find them again. Sometimes, they may accuse others of stealing. This may occur more frequently over time.
What’s a typical age-related change? Misplacing things from time to time and retracing steps to find them.
People with Alzheimer’s may experience changes in judgment or decision-making. For example, they may use poor judgment when dealing with money, giving large amounts to telemarketers. They may pay less attention to grooming or keeping themselves clean.
What’s a typical age-related change? Making a bad decision once in a while.
A person with Alzheimer’s may start to remove themselves from hobbies, social activities, work projects or sports. They may have trouble keeping up with a favorite sports team or remembering how to complete a favorite hobby. They may also avoid being social because of the changes they have experienced.
What’s a typical age-related change? Sometimes feeling weary of work, family and social obligations.
The mood and personalities of people with Alzheimer’s can change. They can become confused, suspicious, depressed, fearful or anxious. They may be easily upset at home, at work, with friends or in places where they are out of their comfort zone.
What’s a typical age-related change? Developing very specific ways of doing things and becoming irritable when a routine is disrupted.
Spokane Care To Stay Home provides compassionate care for clients with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. We strive to improve the quality of life for our clients while providing vital respite care for family members. With 90% of seniors preferring to be in their own home, Spokane Care To Stay Home aims to provide top quality respite care to those with dementia and peace of mind to their loved ones.
In-home care services are delivered at home rather than in a hospital, nursing home, or other care facility. This allows people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia, to remain in comfortable, familiar surroundings, and it often makes it easier for family caregivers to continue looking after their loved one.
Common types of in-home services include:
Personal care services – Our caregivers can provide help with the activities of daily living, including bathing, medication management, toileting, dressing, eating, and exercising. Some of these ADL’s may require reminders, assistance or total care throughout the stages of dementia.
Light Housekeeping services – We provide light housekeeping to maintain safety, security, hygiene, and sanitation in order to provide the best care for loved ones. Our individualized housekeeping services can include light cleaning, meal preparation, and assistance with shopping and errands.
Companion services – Companionship services can aid an individual to feel independent, help them feel emotions that can bring back precious memories, and help them gain and maintain a higher quality of life. Companionship Services are vital to those living with dementia, including Alzheimer’s.
We start by thoroughly assessing your loved one’s physical, emotional, and cognitive status, working in coordination with their primary healthcare provider. Next, we create a personalized care plan to support your loved one.
People living with dementia typically need a higher level of specialized care. In addition to help with daily activities like bathing, eating, and toileting, our specially trained caregivers provide social and emotional support through:
Contact our compassionate team to learn more about our Spokane elderly care services for people with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia.
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After a year of increasing scientific alarms, public concern about global warming has risen dramatically. The number of Americans identifying it as the world's single biggest environmental problem is double what it was a year ago.
Climate change now places far ahead of any other environmental problem in the public's mind; 33 percent now cite it as the world's top environmental issue, a very high level of agreement on an open-ended question. That's soared from 16 percent a year ago.
The related issue of air pollution ranks a distant second, cited by 13 percent, with all other mentions in the single digits.
This ABC News/Washington Post/Stanford University poll also finds a 10-point increase in the belief that global warming is caused mostly by human activity (to 41 percent, up from 31 percent last year); and a significant decline -- the first in a decade -- in the belief that many scientists disagree on whether global warming is happening.
While 56 percent of Americans still think there's substantial scientific disagreement on global warming, that's down from 64 percent last year (and similar levels in the late 1990s.)
It matters: People who think scientists agree on the issue are much more apt to see it as a very serious problem, to call it important personally, to believe it's mainly caused by human activity, to think it can be addressed and to say the government should do more (indeed, much more) about it.
For the first time, a small majority (52 percent) say global warming is important to them personally. While that's not meaningfully different from last year's 49 percent, it's nearly double the level of concern in 1997 -- just 27 percent. And more than six in 10 Americans (62 percent) now feel they know a good deal about global warming -- again similar to last year, but well up from its level a decade ago.
A variety of other measures of awareness and concern about global warming have held steady from last year, e.g., 84 percent believe it's occurring, 86 percent believe it'll be a serious problem if uncorrected, 63 percent think it indeed can be reduced and 70 percent say the federal government should do more to address it.
This poll supports a series of ABC News reports, "Planet Earth 2007: Seven Ways to Help Save the World," culminating in a "20/20" broadcast hosted by Diane Sawyer that airs Friday, April 20 at 10 p.m. EDT.
The survey finds that nearly all Americans -- 94 percent -- say they're willing to make changes in their lives in order to help the environment generally; 80 percent say so even if it means some personal inconvenience. In one key area, nearly three-quarters (73 percent) say they're already making efforts to reduce energy consumption in their homes.
But the level of commitment is markedly lower. Far fewer, 50 percent, are "very" willing to make changes to benefit the environment; 45 percent are very willing if it means personal inconvenience; and 31 percent are doing "a great deal" to reduce their energy consumption. These are sizable numbers of people, but there's much room for growth.
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Here's the latest article from the Astronomy site at BellaOnline.com.
Phantom Planets and Moons
Moons of Venus and Mercury? An unknown planet nearer the Sun than mercury? Astronomers can misinterpret what they see, too. Happily, other observers, better instruments and new theoretical understandings can put it right. Here are some phantom objects that many astronomers once thought existed.
*#Apollo45 Where were you when Apollo 11 Landed on the Moon?*
July 20 is the 45th anniversary of the first manned Moon landing. Buzz Aldrin wants to know where *you* were when Apollo 11 landed on the Moon. Use #Apollo45 to share your story on the special Youtube page or your social media. Find out more here: https://www.youtube.com/Apollo45
*Telstar 1 – launched 52 years ago*
Younger readers won't believe there was a time before mobile phones, the Internet, and the World Cup live around the world. Older readers may have trouble remembering how we used to communicate. Telstar 1 was launched on July 10, 1952. Read about how it began to change our lives: http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art181153.asp
*Happy Bastille Day to French readers*
Good wishes to everyone celebrating Bastille Day on July 14th. Here's an impressive light show for you: http://www.pinterest.com/pin/250090585532737390/ Messier 106 is over 20 million light years away.
Please visit astronomy.bellaonline.com for even more great content about Astronomy.
I hope to hear from you sometime soon, either in the forum or in response to this email message. I welcome your feedback!
Do pass this message along to family and friends who might also be interested. Remember it's free and without obligation.
I wish you clear skies.
Mona Evans, Astronomy Editor
One of hundreds of sites at BellaOnline.com
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In information science, an upper ontology (top-level ontology, or foundation ontology) is an ontology which describes very general concepts that are the same across all knowledge domains. The most important function of an upper ontology is to support very broad semantic interoperability between a large number of ontologies accessible "under" this upper ontology. As the metaphor suggests, it is usually a hierarchy of entities and associated rules (both theorems and regulations) that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain.
The seemingly conflicting use of metaphors implying a solid rigorous bottom-up "foundation" or a top-down imposition of somewhat arbitrary and possibly political decisions is no accident - the field is characterized by controversy, politics, competing approaches and academic rivalry.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Debates notwithstanding, it can be said that a very important part of each upper ontology can be considered as the computational implementation of natural philosophy, which itself is a more empirical method for investigating the topics within the philosophical discipline of physical ontology.
Library classification systems predate these upper ontology systems. Though library classifications organize and categorize knowledge using general concepts that are the same across all knowledge domains, neither system is a replacement for the other.
Upper ontologies are also commercially valuable, creating competition to define them. Peter Murray-Rust has claimed that this leads to "semantic and ontological warfare due to competing standards" , and accordingly any standard foundation ontology is likely to be contested among commercial or political parties, each with their own idea of 'what exists'.[How to reference and link to summary or text]. An important factor exacerbating the failure to arrive at a common approach is the absence of open-source applications that would permit the testing of different ontologies in the same computational environment. The differences are debated largely on theoretical grounds, or are merely the result of personal preferences, with no method to objectively compare practical performance.
No one upper ontology has yet gained widespread acceptance as a de facto standard. Different organizations are attempting to define standards for specific domains. The 'Process Specification Language' (PSL) created by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) is one example.
An important factor leading to the absence of wide adoption of any existing upper ontology is the complexity. An upper ontology typically has from 2000 to 10,000 elements (classes, relations), with complex interactions among them. The resulting complexity is similar to that of a human language, and the learning process can be even longer than for a human language because of the unfamiliar format and logical rules. The motivation to overcome this learning barrier is largely absent because of the paucity of publicly accessible examples of use. As a result, those building domain ontologies for a local application tend to create the simplest possible domain-specific ontology, not related to any upper ontology. Such domain ontologies may function adequately for the local purpose, but are very time-consuming to relate accurately to other domain ontologies.
There is debate over whether the concept of using a single, shared upper ontology is even feasible or practical at all. There is further debate over whether the debates are valid - often leading to outright censorship and boosterism of particular approaches in supposedly neutral sources including this one. Some of these arguments are outlined below, with no attempt to be comprehensive. Please do not censor them because you promote some ontology.
Why an upper ontology is not feasible
Historically, many attempts in many societies have been made to impose or define a single set of concepts as more primal, basic, foundational, authoritative, true or rational than others.
In the kind of modern societies that have computers at all, the existence of academic and political freedoms imply that many ontologies will simultaneously exist and compete for adherents. While the differences between them may be narrow and appear petty to those not deeply involved in the process, so too did many of the theological debates of medieval Europe, but they still led to schisms or wars, or were used as excuses for same. The tyranny of small differences that standard ontologies seek to end may continue simply because other forms of tyranny are even less desirable. So private efforts to create competitive ontologies that achieve adherents by virtue of better communication may proceed, but tend not to result in long standing monopolies.
A deeper objection derives from ontological constraints that philosophers have found historically inescapable. Some argue that a transcendental perspective or omniscience is implied by even searching for any general purpose ontology - see God's eye view- since it is a social / cultural artifact, there is no purely objective perspective from which to observe the whole terrain of concepts and derive any one standard.
A narrower and much more widely held objection is implicature: the more general the concept and the more useful in semantic interoperability, the less likely it is to be reducible to symbolic concepts or logic and the more likely it is to be simply accepted by the complex beings and cultures relying on it. In the same sense that a fish doesn't perceive water, we don't see how complex and involved is the process of understanding basic concepts.
- There is no self-evident way of dividing the world up into concepts, and certainly no non-controversial one
- There is no neutral ground that can serve as a means of translating between specialized (or "lower" or "application-specific") ontologies
- Human language itself is already an arbitrary approximation of just one among many possible conceptual maps. To draw any necessary correlation between English words and any number of intellectual concepts we might like to represent in our ontologies is just asking for trouble. (WordNet, for instance, is successful and useful precisely because it does not pretend to be a general-purpose upper ontology; rather, it is a tool for semantic / syntactic / linguistic disambiguation, which is richly embedded in the particulars and peculiarities of the English language.)
- Any hierarchical or topological representation of concepts must begin from some ontological, epistemological, linguistic, cultural, and ultimately pragmatic perspective. Such pragmatism does not allow for the exclusion of politics between persons or groups, indeed it requires they be considered as perhaps more basic primitives than any that are represented.
Those who doubt the feasibility of general purpose ontologies are more inclined to ask “what specific purpose do we have in mind for this conceptual map of entities and what practical difference will this ontology make?” This pragmatic philosophical position surrenders all hope of devising the encoded ontology version of “everything that is the case,” (Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus).
According to Barry Smith in The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information (2004), "the initial project of building one single ontology, even one single top-level ontology, which would be at the same time non-trivial and also readily adopted by a broad population of different information systems communities, has largely been abandoned." (p. 159)
Finally there are objections similar to those against artificial intelligence. Technically, the complex concept acquisition and the social / linguistic interactions of human beings suggests any axiomatic foundation of "most basic" concepts must be cognitive, biological or otherwise difficult to characterize since we don't have axioms for such systems. Ethically, any general-purpose ontology could quickly become an actual tyranny by recruiting adherents into a political program designed to propagate it and its funding means, and possibly defend it by violence. Historically, inconsistent and irrational belief systems have proven capable of commanding obedience to the detriment of harm of persons both inside and outside a society that accepts them. How much more harmful would a consistent rational one be, were it to contain even one or two basic assumptions incompatible with human life?
Why an upper ontology is feasible
Many of those who doubt the possibility of developing wide agreement on a common upper ontology fall into one of two traps: (1) they assert that there is no possibility of universal agreement on any conceptual scheme; but they ignore the fact that a practical common ontology does not need to have universal agreement, it only needs a large enough user community to make it profitable for developers to use it as a means to general interoperability, and for third-party developer to develop utilities to make it easier to use; and (2) they point out that developers of data schemes find different representations congenial for their local purposes; but they do not demonstrate that these different representation are in fact logically inconsistent. In fact, different representations of assertions about the real world (though not philosophical models), if they accurately reflect the world, must be logically consistent, even if they focus on different aspects of the same physical object or phenomenon. If any two assertions about the real world are logically inconsistent, one or both must be wrong, and that is a topic for experimental investigation, not for ontological representation. In practice, representations of the real world are created as and known to be approximations to the basic reality, and their use is circumscribed by the limits of error of measurements in any given practical application. Ontologies are entirely capable of representing approximations, and are also capable of representing situations in which different approximations have different utility. Objections based on the different ways people perceive things attack a simplistic, impoverished view of ontology. The objection that there are logically incompatible models of the world are true, but in an upper ontology those different models can be represented as different theories, and the adherents of those theories can use them in preference to other theories, while preserving the logical consistency of the necessary assumptions of the upper ontology. The necessary assumptions provide the logical vocabulary with which to specify the meanings of all of the incompatible models. It has never been demonstrated that incompatible models cannot be properly specified with a common, more basic set of concepts, while there are examples of incompatible theories that can be logically specified with only a few basic concepts.
Many of the objections to upper ontology refer to the problems of life-critical decisions or non-axiomatized problem areas such as law or medicine or politics that are difficult even for humans to understand. Some of these objections do not apply to physical objects or standard abstractions that are defined into existence by human beings and closely controlled by them for mutual good, such as standards for electrical power system connections or the signals used in traffic lights. No single general metaphysics is required to agree that some such standards are desirable. For instance, while time and space can be represented many ways, some of these are already used in interoperable artifacts like maps or schedules.
Objections to the feasibility of a common upper ontology also do not take into account the possibility of forging agreement on an ontology that contains all of the primitive ontology elements that can be combined to create any number of more specialized concept representations. Adopting this tactic permits effort to be focused on agreement only on a limited number of ontology elements (under 10,000). By agreeing on the meanings of that inventory of basic concepts, it becomes possible to create and then accurately and automatically interpret an infinite number of concept representations as combinations of the basic ontology elements. Any domain ontology or database that uses the elements of such an upper ontology to specify the meanings of its terms will be automatically and accurately interoperable with other ontologies that use the upper ontology, even though they may each separately define a large number of domain elements not defined in other ontologies. In such a case, proper interpretation will require that the logical descriptions of domain-specific elements be transmitted along with any data that is communicated; the data will then be automatically interpretable because the domain element descriptions, based on the upper ontology, will be properly interpretable by any system that can properly use the upper ontology. An upper ontology based on such a set of primitive elements can include alternative views, provided that they are logically compatible. Logically incompatible models can be represented as alternative theories, or represented in a specialized extension to the upper ontology. The proper use of alternative theories is a piece of knowledge that can itself be represented in an ontology.
Most proponents of an upper ontology argue that several good ones may be created with perhaps different emphasis. Very few are actually arguing to discover just one within natural language or even an academic field. Most are simply standardizing some existing communication. Another view advanced is that there is almost total overlap of the different ways that upper ontologies have been formalized, in the sense that different ontologies focus on a different aspect of the same entities, but the different views are complementary and not contradictory to each other; as a result, an internally consistent ontology that contains all the views, with means of translating the different views into the other, is feasible. Such an ontology has not thus far been constructed, however, because it would require a large project to develop so as to include all of the alternative views in the separately developed upper ontologies, along with their translations. The main barrier to construction of such an ontology is not the technical issues, but the reluctance of funding agencies to provide the funds for a large enough consortium of developers and users.
Several common arguments against upper ontology can be examined more clearly by separating issues of concept definition (ontology), language (lexicons), and facts (knowledge). For instance, people have different terms and phrases for the same concept. However, that does not necessarily mean that those people are referring to different concepts. They may simply be using different language or idiom. Formal ontologies typically use linguistic labels to refer to concepts, but the terms that label ontology elements mean no more and no less than what their axioms say they mean. Labels are similar to variable names in software, evocative rather than definitive. The proponents of a common upper ontology point out that the meanings of the elements (classes, relations, rules) in an ontology depend only on their logical form, and not on the labels, which are usually chosen merely to make the ontologies more easily usable by their human developers. In fact, the labels for elements in an ontology need not be words - they could be, for example, images of instances of a particular type, or videos of an action that is represented by a particular type. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that words are *not* what are represented in an ontology, but entities in the real world, or abstract entities (concepts) in the minds of people. Words are not equivalent to ontology elements, but words *label* ontology elements. There can be many words that label a single concept, even in a single language (synonymy), and there can be many concepts labeled by a single word (ambiguity). Creating the mappings between human language and the elements of an ontology is the province of Natural Language Understanding. But the ontology itself stands independently as a logical and computational structure. For this reason, finding agreement on the structure of an ontology is actually easier than developing a controlled vocabulary, because all different interpretations of a word can be included, each *mapped* to the same word in the different terminologies.
A second argument is that people believe different things, and therefore can't have the same ontology. However, people can assign different truth values to a particular assertion while accepting the validity of certain underlying claims, facts, or way of expressing an argument with which they disagree. (Using, for instance, the issue/position/argument form.) This objection to upper ontologies ignores the fact that a single ontology can represent different belief systems, representing them as different belief systems, without taking a position on the validity of either.
Even arguments about the existence of a thing require a certain sharing of a concept, even though its existence in the real world may be disputed. Separating belief from naming and definition also helps to clarify this issue, and show how concepts can be held in common, even in the face of differing belief. For instance, wiki as a medium may permit such confusion but disciplined users can apply dispute resolution methods to sort out their conflicts. It is also argued that most people share a common set of "semantic primitives", fundamental concepts, to which they refer when they are trying to explain unfamiliar terms to other people. An ontology that includes representations of those semantic primitives could in such a case be used to create logical descriptions of any term that a person may wish to define logically. That ontology would be one form of upper ontology, serving as a logical "interlingua" that can translate ideas in one terminology to its logical equivalent in another terminology.
Advocates argue that most disagreement about the viability of an upper ontology can be traced to the conflation of ontology, language and knowledge, or too-specialized areas of knowledge: many people, or agents or groups will have areas of their respective internal ontologies that do not overlap. If they can cooperate and share a conceptual map at all, this may be so very useful that it outweighs any disadvantages that accrue from sharing. To the degree it becomes harder to share concepts the deeper one probes, the more valuable such sharing tends to get. If the problem is as basic as opponents of upper ontologies claim, then, it applies also to a group of humans trying to cooperate, who might need machine assistance to communicate easily.
If nothing else, such ontologies are implied by machine translation, used when people cannot practically communicate. Whether "upper" or not, these seem likely to proliferate.
- Main article: Cyc
A well-known and quite comprehensive ontology available today is Cyc, a proprietary system under development since 1986, consisting of a foundation ontology and several domain-specific ontologies (called microtheories). A subset of that ontology has been released for free under the name OpenCyc, and a more or less unabridged version is made available for non-commercial use under the name ResearchCyc.
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
- Main article: Basic Formal Ontology
The BFO or Basic Formal Ontology framework developed by Barry Smith and his associates consists in a series of sub-ontologies at different levels of granularity. The ontologies are divided into two varieties: SNAP (or snapshot) ontologies, comprehending continuant entities such as three-dimensional enduring objects, and SPAN ontologies, comprehending processes conceived as extended through (or as spanning) time. BFO thus incorporates both three-dimensionalist and four-dimensionalist perspectives on reality within a single framework. Interrelations are defined between the two types of ontologies in a way which gives BFO the facility to deal with both static/spatial and dynamic/temporal features of reality. Each SNAP ontology is an inventory of all entities existing at a time. Each SPAN ontology is an inventory (processory) of all the processes unfolding through a given interval of time. Both types of ontology serve as basis for a series of sub-ontologies, each of which can be conceived as a window on a certain portion of reality at a given level of granularity. An example of an application of BFO can be seen in the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). A list of the large number of ontologies based on BFO can be found here.
DOLCE and DnS
Developed by Nicola Guarino and his associates at the Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA), the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) is the first module of the WonderWeb foundational ontologies library. As implied by its acronym, DOLCE has a clear cognitive bias, in that it aims at capturing the ontological categories underlying natural language and human commonsense. DOLCE, however, does not commit to a strictly referentialist metaphysics related to the intrinsic nature of the world. Rather, the categories it introduces are thought of as cognitive artifacts, which are ultimately depending on human perception, cultural imprints and social conventions. In this sense, they intend to be just descriptive (vs prescriptive) notions, that assist in making already formed conceptualizations explicit. DOLCE is an ontology of particulars, in the sense that its domain of discourse is restricted to them. Of course, universals are used to organize and characterize the particulars, but they are not themselves subject to being organized and characterized (e.g., by means of metaproperties).
DnS (Descriptions and Situations), developed by Aldo Gangemi (LOA, Rome), is a constructivist ontology that pushes DOLCE’s descriptive stance even further. DnS does not put restrictions on the type of entities and relations that one may want to postulate, either as a domain specification, or as an upper ontology, and it allows for context-sensitive ‘redescriptions’ of the types and relations postulated by other given ontologies (or ‘ground’ vocabularies). The current OWL encoding of DnS assumes DOLCE as a ground top-level vocabulary. DnS and related modules also exploit ‘CPs’ (Content ontology design Patterns), a newly created tool which provides a framework to annotate ‘focused’ fragments of a reference ontology (i.e., the parts of an ontology containing the types and relations that underlie ‘expert reasoning’ in given fields or communities). The combination of DOLCE and DnS has been used to build a planning ontology known as DDPO (DOLCE+DnS Plan Ontology).
Both DOLCE and DnS are particularly devoted to the treatment of social entities, such as e.g. organizations, collectives, plans, norms, and information objects. The DOLCE-2.1-Lite-Plus OWL version, including a number of DnS-based modules, has been and is being applied to several ontology projects.
A lighter OWL axiomatization of DOLCE and DnS, which also simplifies the names of many classes and properties, adds extensive inline comments, and thoroughly aligns to the repository of Content patterns (available at the ODP wiki) is now available as DOLCE+DnS-Ultralite (abbreviated: DUL). Despite its simplification, which greatly speeds up consistency checking and classification of OWL domain ontologies that are plugged to it, the expressivity of DUL is not significantly different from the previous DOLCE-Lite-Plus. DOLCE OWL versions, DOLCE+DnS-Ultralite and the pattern repository are developed and maintained by Aldo Gangemi and his associates at Rome's Semantic Technology Lab.
General Formal Ontology (GFO)
- Main article: General Formal Ontology
The General Formal Ontology (GFO), developed by Heinrich Herre and his colleagues of the research group Onto-Med in Leipzig, is a realistic ontology integrating processes and objects. It attempts to include many aspects of recent philosophy, which is reflected both in its taxonomic tree and its axiomatizations. GFO allows for different axiomatizations of its categories (such as the existence of atomic time-intervals vs. dense time). The basic principles of GFO are published in the Onto-Med Report Nr. 8 and in General Formal Ontology (GFO): A Foundational Ontology for Conceptual Modelling.
Two GFO specialties, among others, are its account of persistence and its time model. Regarding persistence, the distinction between endurants (objects) and perdurants (processes) is made explicit within GFO by the introduction of a special category, a persistant. A persistant is a special category with the intention that its instances "remain identical" (over time). With respect to time, time intervals are taken as primitive in GFO, and time-points (called "time boundaries") as derived. Moreover, time-points may coincide, which is convenient for modelling instantaneous changes.
The upper ontology developed by the IDEAS Group is higher-order, extensional and 4D. It was developed using the BORO Method. The IDEAS ontology is not intended for reasoning and inference purposes; its purpose is to be a precise model of business.
- Main article: WordNet
WordNet, a freely available database originally designed as a semantic network based on psycholinguistic principles, was expanded by addition of definitions and is now also viewed as a dictionary. It qualifies as an upper ontology by including the most general concepts as well as more specialized concepts, related to each other not only by the subsumption relations, but by other semantic relations as well, such as part-of and cause. However, unlike Cyc, it has not been formally axiomatized so as to make the logical relations between the concepts precise. It has been widely used in Natural language processing research.
Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
- Main article: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is another comprehensive ontology project. It includes an upper ontology, created by the IEEE working group P1600.1 (predominantly by Ian Niles and Adam Pease). It is extended with many domain ontologies and a complete set of links to WordNet. It is freely available.
IDM (Integration, Differentiation, and Meaning)
Through an analysis of the manner in which the brain appears to deriving categories of meaning, an upper ontology is established by creation of an abstract domain model usable to translate meanings across specialist domain models, where such models are derived from recursion, and in so doing highlighting the core methodology used in the brain for meaning derivation, real or imagined. The focus of the work is on (a) identifying the general methodology for meaning processing by humans and (b) introducing a basic ground for meaning derivation/communication by AI systems. In the process of identifying the general methodology in meaning derivation we identify a core property of recursion that allows for the emergence of language and consciousness-as-an-agent-of-mediation. IDM
Examples of domain ontologies can be found at the Open Biomedical Ontology site. They act as an umbrella organisation for many ontologies specific to biological topics (such as cellular organelles).
- Open Biomedical Ontologies
- Search, browse and visualise the OBO ontologies online via the NCBO Bioportal
- Ontology browser for most of the Open Biomedical Ontologies
COSMO (COmmon Semantic MOdel) is an ontology that was initiated as a project of the COSMO working group of the Ontology and taxonomy Coordinating Working Group. The current version is an OWL ontology, but a Common-Logic compliant version is anticipated in the future. The ontology and explanatory files are available at the COSMO site. The goal of the COSMO working group was to develop a foundation ontology by a collaborative process that will allow it to represent all of the basic ontology elements that all members feel are needed for their applications. The development of COSMO is fully open, and any comments or suggestions from any sources are welcome. After some discussion and input from members in 2006, the development of the COSMO has been continued primarily by Patrick Cassidy, the chairman of the COSMO Working Group. Contributions and suggestions from any interested party are still welcome and encouraged. Many of the types (OWL classes) in the current COSMO have been taken from the OpenCyc OWL version 0.78, and from the SUMO. Other elements were taken from other ontologies (such as BFO and DOLCE), or developed specifically for COSMO. Recent development of the COSMO has focused on including representations of all of the words in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) controlled defining vocabulary (2148 words). These words are sufficient to define (linguistically) all of the entries in the LDOCE. It is hypothesized that the ontological representations of the concepts represented by those terms will be sufficient to specify the meanings of any specialized ontology element, thereby serving as a basis for general Semantic Interoperability. The current (May 2009) OWL version of COSMO has over 6400 types (OWL classes), over 700 relations, and over 1400 restrictions.
- Foundations of mathematics
- Physical ontology
- Process ontology
- Formal Ontology
- Semantic interoperability
- Commonsense knowledge
- General Formal Ontology (GFO) homepage
- Laboratory of Applied Ontology (LOA) homepage
- PROTON Ontology
- Upper Ontology Summit (March 2006)
- ↑ Reported by Edd Dumbill in
- ↑ Gangemi, A., Borgo, S., Catenacci, C., and Lehman, J. (2005). Task taxonomies for knowledge content (deliverable D07). Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA).
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The rise in the number of people impacted by Lyme disease requires alternative therapy to improve general health and well-being. The wide range of symptoms can lead to delays in diagnosis and conventional methods that are not tailored to address the dysfunction. Traditional medicinal approaches are recognized as insufficient leaving more patients to rely on natural care for pain relief.
Traditional therapy to manage the ailment includes the use of strong antibiotics and painkillers that cause many adverse effects and often compromise general operation. Harsh medication can limit the ability to recover and causes inflammatory reactions that may agitate degenerative disorders of the joints and tissues. Bee venom has gained increased attention as an effective management option against the symptoms.
Patients that are impacted by painful symptoms will be required to search for an alternative remedy to provide effective and long term relief. The poison obtained from bees assists in managing the protein that is present in the bacteria. The natural antibacterial features will best control the disease and minimize the severe adverse effects that can cause debilitating results.
Alternative therapy incorporates venom, pollen, and wax extracted from the bee colonies. These products have been shown to manage pain, but also assists in improving energy levels and lifts mood associated with the disorder. It has become a long term treatment plan that assists in the management of this condition without causing a multitude of adverse effects on physical operation.
A lack of an allergic reaction allows it to be used on a regular basis by sufferers to better cope with the chronic condition and prevent against the worsening of symptoms. In small doses it can be consumed to ensure that the bacteria that is causing symptoms will be controlled for and inactive. For those affected by Lyme disease, it is important to learn about the advantages that such alternatives can provide over a long term period.
The management of such chronic diseases will require ongoing healthcare strategies with a natural basis to protect against the development of adverse reactions. The application of such strategies proves most effective in tending to individual needs in a healthy manner and will best control the severity of symptoms. In consultation with a practitioner, alternative remedies must be sought to facilitate a state of long term wellness.
Bee venom has been recognized as one of the most common options for individuals affected by Lyme disease. Implementing the appropriate health measures will assist in relieving the discomfort that is experienced on a daily basis without having to use harsh prescription medication with its multitude of adverse effects on the body. The appropriate healthcare methods must be determined and implemented in a non-invasive manner for enhanced operation and quality of life.
Benefits Of Bee Venom Therapy For Lyme Disease
via First For All http://ift.tt/1RtWr1B
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By Peter Goodchild
Humanity has struggled to survive through the millennia in terms of balancing population size with food supply. The same is true now, but population numbers have been soaring for over a century. The limiting factor has been hidden, but this factor – oil and natural gas, or petroleum – is close to or beyond its peak extraction. Without ample, free-flowing petroleum, it will not be possible to support a population of several billion for long.
Famine caused by petroleum supply failure alone will result in about 2.5 billion above-normal deaths before the year 2050; lost and averted births will amount to roughly an equal number.
In terms of its effects on daily human life, the most significant aspect of fossil-fuel depletion will be the lack of food. ‘Peak oil’ is basically ‘peak food’. Modern agriculture is highly dependent on fossil fuels for fertilizers (the Haber Bosch process combines natural gas with atmospheric nitrogen to produce nitrogen fertilizer), pesticides, and the operation of machines for irrigation, harvesting, processing, and transportation.
Without fossil fuels, modern methods of food production will disappear, and crop yields will be far less than at present. Crop yields are far lower in societies that do not have fossil fuels or modern machinery. We should therefore have no illusions that several billion humans can be fed by ‘organic gardening’ or anything else of that nature.
The Green Revolution involved, among other things, the development of higher-yielding crops. These new varieties, however, could be grown only with large inputs of fertilizer and pesticides, all of which required fossil fuels. In essence, the Green Revolution was little more than the invention of a way to turn petroleum into food.
Over the next few decades, therefore, there will be famine on a scale many times larger than ever before in human history. It is possible, of course, that warfare and plague will take their toll to a large extent before famine claims its victims. The distinctions, in any case, can never be absolute: often ‘war + drought = famine’3, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, but there are several other combinations of factors.
Although, when discussing theories of famine, economists generally use the term ‘neo-malthusian’ in a derogatory manner, the coming famine will be very much a case of an imbalance between population and resources. The overwhelming cause of the imbalance and famine will be fossil-fuel depletion, not government policy (as in the days of Stalin or Mao), warfare, ethnic discrimination, bad weather, poor methods of distribution, inadequate transportation, livestock diseases, or any of the other variables that have often turned mere hunger into genuine starvation.
The increase in the world’s population has followed a simple curve: from about 1.7 billion in 1900 to about 6.1 billion in 2000. A quick glance at a chart of world population growth, on a broader time scale, shows a line that runs almost horizontally for thousands of years, and then makes an almost vertical ascent as it approaches the present. That is not just an amusing curiosity. It is a shocking fact that should have awakened humanity to the realization that something is dreadfully wrong.
Mankind is always prey to its own ‘exuberance’, to use Catton’s term2. That has certainly been true of population growth. In many cultures, ‘Do you have any children?’ or, ‘How many children do you have?’ is a form of greeting or civility almost equivalent to ‘How do you do?’ or, ‘Nice to meet you’. World population growth, nevertheless, has always been ecologically hazardous. The destruction of the environment reaches back into the invisible past, and the ruination of land, sea, and sky has been well described if not well heeded. But what is even less frequently noted is that with every increase in human numbers we are only barely able to keep up with the demand: providing all those people with food and water has not been easy. We are always pushing ourselves to the limits of Earth’s ability to hold us.
Even that is an understatement. No matter how much we depleted our resources, there was always the sense that we could somehow ‘get by’. But in the late twentieth century we stopped getting by. It is important to differentiate between production in an ‘absolute’ sense and production ‘per capita’. Although oil production, in ‘absolute’ numbers, kept climbing — only to decline in the early twenty-first century — what was ignored was that although that ‘absolute’ production was climbing, the production ‘per capita’ reached its peak in 19791.
The unequal distribution of resources plays a part, of course. The average inhabitant of the United States consumes far more than the average inhabitant of India or China. Nevertheless, if all the world’s resources were evenly distributed, the result would only be universal poverty. It is the totals and the averages of resources that we must deal with in order to determine the totals and averages of results. For example, if all of the world’s arable land were distributed evenly, in the absence of mechanized agriculture each person on the planet would have an inadequate amount of farmland for survival: distribution would have accomplished very little.
We were always scraping the edges of the earth, but we are now entering a far more dangerous era. The main point to keep in mind, however, is that throughout the twentieth century, oil production and human population were so closely integrated that every barrel of oil had an effect on human numbers. While population has been going up, so has oil production.
Future excess mortality can therefore be determined ― at least in a rough-and-ready manner ― by the fact that in modern industrial society it is oil supply that determines how many people can be fed. An increase in oil production leads to an increase in population, and a decrease in oil production leads to a decrease in population.
In round numbers, global oil production in the year 2008 was 30 billion barrels, and the population was 7 billion. The consensus is that in the year 2050 oil production will be about 2 billion barrels. The same amount of oil production occurred in the year 1930, when the population was 2 billion. The population in 2050 will therefore be about the same as in 1930: 2 billion. The difference between 7 billion people and 2 billion is 5 billion, which will therefore be the total number of famine deaths and lost or averted births for that period.
We can also determine the annual number of famine deaths and lost or averted births. From 2008 to 2050 is 42 years. The average annual difference in population is therefore 5 billion divided by 42, which is about 120 million.
It is quite possible, however, that the decline in population will not exactly parallel the decline in oil. In other words, the peak of the population curve may well be a few years later than the peak of the oil curve. People might simply live with less oil per capita for a few decades, i.e. they will just sink further into poverty, with greater problems of malnutrition. In fact, as long ago as 1972, the first edition of The Limits to Growth in its Figure 35, ‘World Model Standard Run’, showed a 40-year gap between the peak production of food per capita and the peak of population7.
Many of those annual 120 million will not actually be deaths; famine will cause a lowering of the birth rate. This will sometimes happen voluntarily, as people realize they lack the resources to raise children, or it will happen involuntarily when famine and general ill health result in infertility4. In most famines the number of deaths from starvation or from starvation-induced disease is very roughly the same as the number of lost or averted births3,4. In Ireland’s nineteenth-century famine, for example, the number of famine deaths was 1.3 million, whereas the number of lost births was 0.4 million. The number of famine deaths during China’s Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) was perhaps 30 million, and the number of lost births was perhaps 33 million.
The ‘normal’, non-famine-related, birth and death rates are not incorporated into the above future population figures, since for most of pre-industrial human history the sum of the two — i.e. the growth rate — has been nearly zero. If not for the problem of resource-depletion, in other words, the future birth rate and death rate would be nearly identical, as they were in pre-industrial times. And there is no question that the future will mean a return to the ‘pre-industrial’.
Nevertheless, it will often be hard to separate ‘famine deaths’ from a rather broad category of ‘other excess deaths’. War, disease, global warming, topsoil deterioration, and other factors will have unforeseeable effects of their own. Considering the unusual duration of the coming famine, and with Leningrad5 as one of many precursors, cannibalism may be significant; to what extent should this be included in a calculation of ‘famine deaths’? It is probably safe to say, however, that an unusually large decline in the population of a country will be the most significant indicator that this predicted famine has in fact arrived.
These figures obliterate all previous estimates of future population growth. Instead of a steady rise over the course of this century, as generally predicted, there will be a clash of the two giant forces of overpopulation and oil depletion, followed by a precipitous ride into the unknown future.
If the above figures are fairly accurate, we are ill-prepared for the next few years. The problem of oil depletion turns out to be something other than a bit of macabre speculation for people of the distant future to deal with, but rather a sudden catastrophe that will only be studied dispassionately long after the event itself has occurred. Doomsday will be upon us before we have time to look at it carefully.
In modern industrial society it is oil supply that determines how many people can be fed.
The world has certainly known some terrible famines in the past, of course. In recent centuries, one of the worst was that of North China in 1876-79, when between 9 and 13 million died, but India had a famine at the same time, with perhaps 5 million deaths. The Soviet Union had famine deaths of about 5 million in 1932-34, purely because of political policies. The worst famine in history was that of China’s Great Leap Forward, 1958-61, when perhaps 30 million died, as mentioned above.
A close analogy to ‘petroleum famine’ may be Ireland’s potato famine of the 1840s, since — like petroleum — it was a single commodity that caused such devastation6. The response of the British government at the time can be summarized as a jumble of incompetence, frustration, and indecision, if not outright genocide. ‘There is such a tendency to exaggeration and inaccuracy in Irish reports that delay in acting on them is always desirable’, wrote Sir Robert Peel in 1845. By 1847 the description had changed: ‘Bodies half-eaten by rats were an ordinary sight; “two dogs were shot while tearing a body to pieces.” ’
The news of the coming famine might not be announced with sufficient clarity. Famines tend to be back-page news nowadays, perhaps for the very reason that they are too common to be worth mentioning. Although Ó Gráda speaks of ‘making famine history’6, the reality is that between 70 and 80 million people died of famine in the twentieth century, far more than in any previous century4.
The above predictions can be nothing more than approximate, of course, but even the most elaborate mathematics will not entirely help us to deal with the great number of interacting factors. We need to swing toward a more pessimistic figure for humanity’s future if we include the effects of war, disease, and so on. The most serious negative factor will be largely sociological: To what extent can the oil industry maintain the advanced technology required for drilling ever-deeper wells in ever-more-remote places, when that industry will be struggling to survive in a milieu of social chaos? Intricate division of labor, large-scale government, and high-level education will no longer exist.
On the other hand, there are elements of optimism that may need to be plugged in. For one thing, there is what might be called the ‘inertia factor’: the planet Earth is so big that even the most catastrophic events take time for their ripples to finish spreading. An asteroid fragment 10 kilometers wide hit eastern Mexico 65 million years ago, but enough of our distant ancestors survived that we ourselves are alive today to tell the story.
Somewhat related, among optimistic factors, is the sheer tenacity of the human species: we are intelligent social creatures living at the top of the food chain, in the manner of wolves, yet we outnumber wolves worldwide by about a million to one; we are as populous as rats or mice. We can outrace a horse over long distances. Even with Stone-Age technology, we can inhabit almost every environment on Earth, even if most of the required survival skills have been forgotten.
Specifically, we must consider the fact that neither geography nor population is homogeneous. All over the world, there are forgotten pockets of habitable land, much of it abandoned in the modern transition to urbanization, for the ironic reason that city dwellers regarded rural life as too difficult, as they traded their peasant smocks for factory overalls. There are still areas of the planet’s surface that are sparsely occupied although they are habitable or could be made so, to the extent that many rural areas have had a decline in population that is absolute, i.e. not merely relative to another place or time. By careful calculation, therefore, there will be survivors. Over the next few years, human ingenuity must be devoted to an understanding of these geographic and demographic matters, so that at least a few can escape the tribulation. Neither the present nor future generations should have to say, ‘We were never warned’.
Peter Goodchild is the author of ‘Survival Skills of the North American Indians’, published by Chicago Review Press. His email address is: email@example.com
1. BP Global Statistical Review of World Energy. Annual. http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview
2. Catton, William R., Jr. Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
3. Devereux, Stephen. “Famine in the Twentieth Century.” IDS Working Paper 105. www.dse.unifi.it/sviluppo/doc/WP105.pdf
4. Ó Gráda, Cormac. “Making Famine History.” Journal of Economic Literature, March 2007.http://www.ucd.ie/economics/research/papers/2006/WP06.10.pdf
5. Salisbury, Harrison E. The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2003.
6. Woodham-Smith, Cecil. The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row, 1962.
7. Donella Meadows, Jorgen Randers, Dennis L. Meadows and William W. Behrens III. The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books, 1972.
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DC 109 Historical Background
"Construction on the temple began 6 June 1833...The work on the temple was not without difficulty. Mobs threatened to destroy the temple, and those who worked on it by day guarded it at night...The walls were about four feet high in the fall of 1834, but rose quickly during the winter. By November 1835 the exterior plastering commenced; crushed glassware was mixed with the stucco to make the walls glisten. Under Brigham Young's direction, the interior was finished during February of 1836. The sisters made the curtains and carpets." (Church History in the Fulness of Times, 1989 Institute Manual, p. 163-164)
Heber C. Kimball
At this time the brethren were laboring night and day building the house of the Lord. Our women were engaged in spinning and knitting in order to clothe those who were laboring at the building, and the Lord only knows the scenes of poverty, tribulation, and distress which we passed through in order to accomplish this thing. My wife toiled all summer in lending her aid towards this accomplishment. She had a hundred pounds of wool, which, with the assistance of a girl, she spun in order to furnish clothing for those engaged in the building of the Temple, and although she had the privilege of keeping half the quantity of wool for herself, as a recompense for her labor, she did not reserve even so much as would make her a pair of stockings, but gave it for those who were laboring at the house of the Lord. She spun and wove and got the cloth dressed, and cut and made up into garments, and gave them to those men who labored on the Temple; almost all the sisters in Kirtland labored in knitting, sewing, spinning, etc., for the purpose of forwarding the work of the Lord. (N. B. Lundwall, Temples of the Most High [Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1993], 14 - 15.)
The great sacrifice of the saints was rewarded with great spiritual manifestations.
"In addition to their great personal efforts, the Saints spent from forty to sixty thousand dollars on the temple. Because they were so willing to sacrifice in building the temple, the Lord poured out great blessings upon them. From 21 January to 1 May 1836 'probably more Latter-day Saints beheld visions and witnessed other unusual spiritual manifestations than during any other era in the history of the Church.' Members of the Church saw heavenly messengers in at least ten different meetings, and at five of these gatherings different individuals testified that they had beheld the Savior himself. Many experienced visions, some prophesied, and others spoke in tongues." (Church History in the Fulness of Times, 1989 Institute Manual, p. 164)
Sunday, March 27.-The congregation began to assemble at the Temple, at about seven o'clock, an hour earlier than the doors were to be opened. Many brethren had come in from the regions round about, to witness the dedication of the Lord's House and share in His blessings; and such was the anxiety on this occasion that some hundreds (probably five or six) assembled before the doors were opened. The presidents entered with the doorkeepers, and stationed the latter at the inner and outer doors; also placed our stewards to receive donations from those who should feel disposed to contribute something to defray the expense of building the House of the Lord. We also dedicated the pulpits, and consecrated them to the Lord.
The doors were then opened. Presidents Rigdon, Cowdery and myself seated the congregation as they came in, and, according to the best calculation we could make, we received between nine and ten hundred, which were as many as could be comfortably seated. We then informed the doorkeepers that we could receive no more, and a multitude were deprived of the benefits of the meeting on account of the house not being sufficiently capacious to receive them; and I felt to regret that any of my brethren and sisters should be deprived of the meeting, and I recommended them to repair to the schoolhouse and hold a meeting, which they did, and filled that house also, and yet many were left out.
...At nine o'clock a. m. President Sidney Rigdon commenced the services of the day by reading the 96th and 24th Psalms...He spoke two hours and a half in his usual logical manner. His prayer and address were very forcible and sublime, and well adapted to the occasion. At one time, in the course of his remarks, he was rather pathetic, and drew tears from many eyes. He was then taking a retrospective view of the toils, privations, and anxieties of those who had labored upon the walls of the house to erect them; and added, there were those who had wet them with their tears, in the silent shades of night, while they were praying to the God of heaven to protect them, and stay the unhallowed hands of ruthless spoilers, who had uttered a prophecy, when the foundation was laid, that the walls would never be reared.
...He admitted there were many houses, many sufficiently large, built for the worship of God, but not one except this, on the face of the whole earth, that was built by divine revelation; and were it not for this the dear Redeemer might, in this day of science, this day of intelligence, this day of religion, say to those who would follow Him: "The foxes have holes, the birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man hath not where to lay His head."
After closing his discourse he called upon the several quorums, commencing with the Presidency, to manifest, by rising, their willingness to acknowledge me as a Prophet and Seer, and uphold me as such, by their prayers of faith.
I then made a short address, and called upon the several quorums, and all the congregation of Saints, to acknowledge the Presidency as Prophets and Seers, and uphold them by their prayers. They all covenanted to do so, by rising... [Other church officers were then sustained]... The vote was unanimous in every instance, and I prophesied to all, that inasmuch as they would uphold these men in their several stations, (alluding to the different quorums in the Church), the Lord would bless them; yea, in the name of Christ, the blessings of heaven should be theirs...[A] hymn was then sung... The dedicatory prayer was then offered. (History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2: 418 - 419, italics added)
Howard W. Hunter
Consider the majestic teachings in the great dedicatory prayer of the Kirtland Temple, a prayer the Prophet Joseph Smith said was given to him by revelation. It is a prayer that continues to be answered upon us individually, upon us as families, and upon us as a people because of the priesthood power the Lord has given us to use in His holy temples. ("The Great Symbol of Our Membership," Ensign, Oct. 1994, 4)
DC 109:1 O Lord God of Israel, who keepest covenant and showest mercy unto thy servants
If you were asked to dedicate a temple, what would you say? Perhaps you would turn to scripture to know see how it had been done in the past. Such seems to be the case with the Prophet Joseph and Oliver Cowdery who assisted in the preparation of this inspired prayer. They found in Solomon's dedication these same words, "Lord God of Israel...who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart." (1 Kgs. 8:23) We learn from Solomon that temples are about covenants and mercy for those whose hearts are pure before the Lord. That is a pretty good summary of what temples are all about.
DC 109:5 we have done this work through great tribulation; and out of our poverty
"Work had begun on the temple on June 5, 1833. For the next three years the Saints endured many trials and hardships in order to build a house for the Lord.
"Most of the people had few possessions and little money. But every able man worked one day each week on the temple. They worked in the quarry, cutting sandstone to form the walls of the temple. They worked as carpenters, painters, teamsters, and in many other jobs. Sometimes as many as a hundred men worked on the temple at a time. The women spun, knitted, wove, and sewed to make draperies and carpets. They also made clothing and food for the construction workers.
"Everyone was busy, but it was not just the Saints' time and talents that the Lord required. The large three-story building cost between $40,000 and $60,000, an enormous amount of money at a time when the average worker earned only around two or three dollars a day. Many of the Saints gave almost everything they had to build the temple. (Sherrie Johnson, "A House for the Lord," Friend, June 1993, 48)
"When the Saints received the initial instructions to build this temple, the Kirtland branch numbered only about one hundred members. Many converts, including most who joined the Church in Kirtland township, had migrated to western Missouri, the main gathering place for the Saints. Subsequently, in 1833 Latter-day Saints were not only few in number but they also owned fewer than two hundred acres and lacked money for such a project as building a temple. In 1833 only ten members of the Church were assessed a land or personal property tax (the latter tax being an assessment on horses, cattle, or merchandise). Moreover, not one member in that community had practical architectural knowledge of the kind needed for planning a major building. They did not lack faith, however; they believed the revelation that they would receive guidance from the Lord." (Larry C. Porter and Susan Easton Black, eds., The Prophet Joseph: Essays on the Life and Mission of Joseph Smith [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1988], 209.)
DC 109:6-9 Thou hast said in a revelation
In Dec. 1832, D&C 88 gave the saints the charge to build a temple. Here, the Prophet quotes verses 117-120 from that section and then prays for several more verses that those promises might be fulfilled.
DC 109:7 seek learning even by study and also by faith
Dallin H. Oaks
We seek learning by studying the accumulated wisdom of various disciplines and by using the powers of reasoning placed in us by our Creator.
We should also seek learning by faith in God, the giver of revelation. I believe that many of the great discoveries and achievements in science and the arts have resulted from a God-given revelation. Seekers who have paid the price in perspiration have been magnified by inspiration.
The acquisition of knowledge by revelation is an extra bonus to seekers in the sciences and the arts, but it is the fundamental method for those who seek to know God and the doctrines of his gospel. In this area of knowledge, scholarship and reason are insufficient.
A seeker of truth about God must rely on revelation. I believe this is what the Book of Mormon prophet meant when he said, "To be learned is good if they hearken unto the counsels of God." (2 Ne. 9:29.) It is surely what the Savior taught when he said, "Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven." (Matt. 16:17.) ("Alternate Voices," Ensign, May 1989, 29)
B. H. Roberts
I think I may safely challenge any one to point out a broader field of knowledge than is here indicated. It includes all spiritual truth, all scientific truth, all secular knowledge-knowledge of the past, of the present, of the future; of the heavens, and of the earth. A knowledge of all countries, their geography, languages, history, customs, laws and governments-everything in fact that pertains to them. There is nothing in the heights above or the depths below that is not included in this field of knowledge into which the commandment of God directs his servants to enter. I may claim for it that it includes the whole realm of man's intellectual activities. And the doctrine that whatever principles of intelligence man attains unto in this life will rise with him in the morning of the resurrection-this doctrine that nothing acquired in respect of knowledge is ever lost, must forever form the most powerful incentive to intellectual effort that possibly can be conjured up by the wit of man. So that, referring to the acquirement of knowledge, and intellectual development, Mormonism at once both indicates the broadest field and furnishes the grandest incentive to intellectual effort. (Seventy's Course in Theology [Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1907-1912], 1: 20.)
Marion G. Romney
This prayer makes it clear that the Lord views one's learning as complete only when one is guided by the Holy Spirit... There has never been a day such as now in all of earthly history when secular learning was so far advanced and widespread as it is today. Yet so many of those around us do not enjoy the truths and the freedom those truths bring of which the Master taught. Rather, to so many people, it seems that truth and true freedom elude their grasp. ("Receiving and Applying Spiritual Truth," Ensign, Feb. 1984, 4)
DC 109:10 assist us, thy people, with thy grace, in calling our solemn assembly
"In our dispensation, a solemn assembly was first mentioned in connection with the commandment to build the Kirtland Temple... solemn assemblies are held to enhance the Saints' spirituality and to give added emphasis to the importance of the assembly's purpose. The Prophet Joseph Smith said, 'We must have all things prepared, and call our solemn assembly as the Lord has commanded us, that we may be able to accomplish His great work, and it must be done in God's own way. The house of the Lord must be prepared, and the solemn assembly called and organized in it, according to the order of the house of God.' (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, sel. Joseph Fielding Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1938, p. 91.)
"Heber C. Kimball recorded the Prophet's instructions to the elders before that solemn assembly: 'We had been commanded to prepare ourselves for a solemn assembly. At length the time arrived for this assembly to meet; previous to which the Prophet Joseph exhorted the elders to solemnize their minds, by casting away every evil from them, in thought, word and deed, and to let their hearts become sanctified, because they need not expect a blessing from God without being duly prepared for it, for the Holy Ghost would not dwell in unholy temples.' (Orson F. Whitney, Life of Heber C. Kimball, 3d ed., Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1967, p. 91.)
"This long-awaited solemn assembly was held in the Kirtland Temple on 30 March 1836, three days after its dedication. In the assembly, three hundred brethren met and received some of the ordinances of the gospel, and the Prophet Joseph Smith set in order the Church's different quorums... The dedication of the Kirtland Temple was [also] a solemn assembly, just as has been each subsequent temple dedication. In that temple's dedicatory prayer, the Prophet spoke of one of the purposes of a temple-'that the Son of Man might have a place to manifest himself to his people.' (D&C 109:5.) On such holy occasions, the sacred Hosanna Shout is given, as it was at the dedication of the Kirtland Temple." (Robert J. Norman, "I Have a Question," Ensign, Dec. 1988, 53)
DC 109:11 that we may be found worthy, in thy sight, to secure...the promises
Howard W. Hunter
What promises to us as a people!... Has there ever been a people with such stirring and wonderful promises! No wonder the Lord desires that His followers point themselves toward His example and toward His temples. No wonder He has said that in His holy house, "I will manifest myself to my people in mercy" (D&C 110:7).
Truly, the Lord desires that His people be a temple-motivated people. It would be the deepest desire of my heart to have every member of the Church be temple worthy. I would hope that every adult member would be worthy of-and carry-a current temple recommend, even if proximity to a temple does not allow immediate or frequent use of it.
Let us be a temple-attending and a temple-loving people. Let us hasten to the temple as frequently as time and means and personal circumstances allow. Let us go not only for our kindred dead, but let us also go for the personal blessing of temple worship, for the sanctity and safety which is provided within those hallowed and consecrated walls. The temple is a place of beauty, it is a place of revelation, it is a place of peace. It is the house of the Lord. It is holy unto the Lord. It should be holy unto us. ("The Great Symbol of Our Membership," Ensign, Oct. 1994, 4-5)
DC 109:13 that all people who shall enter...may feel of thy power
Eliza R. Snow
The ceremonies of that dedication may be rehearsed, but no mortal language can describe the heavenly manifestations of that memorable day. Angels appeared to some, while a sense of divine presence was realized by all present, and each heart was filled with joy inexpressible and full of glory. (LDS Church News, 1994, 05/28/94)
Dean L. Larsen
Not long ago I filled a stake conference assignment in an area outside the United States where one of the temples is located. My travel itinerary allowed me to arrive at the conference location an hour or two before the conference meetings began. I had spent several hours at airports and on airplanes, caught up in the tension and frustrations that so often accompany international travel.
Since there was adequate time following my arrival and before the conference meetings were to begin, I asked the local priesthood leaders if we could make a brief visit to the temple.
The weather was deteriorating, and before we reached the temple, a cold, drizzling rain had begun to fall. The conditions failed to lift from me the mood that had been set in the bustling, worldly atmosphere of the airport and the clearances through customs and immigration.
We hurried from the parking lot at the temple to avoid becoming drenched by the rain. Immediately upon our entering the doors of the temple, the atmosphere changed. I sensed a spirit of warmth and peace. The countenances of the temple patrons were a marked contrast to those of the harried travelers whom I had left a short time before at the airport. In a very real sense, it seemed as though we had walked through the temple doors into a different world. I found myself smiling at the people in the foyer area. My spirits were lifted, and the concerns of the outside world melted away.
I thought on this occasion, as I have often done upon entering the temple, of the words spoken by Joseph Smith in the dedicatory prayer offered at the Kirtland Temple in March 1836, when he asked of the Lord: "...that all people who shall enter upon the threshold of the Lord's house may feel thy power, and feel constrained to acknowledge that thou hast sanctified it, and that it is thy house, a place of thy holiness." (D&C 109:12-13.) ("The Importance of the Temple for Living Members," Ensign, Apr. 1993, 10)
DC 109:14 that all those who shall worship in this house may be taught words of wisdom out of the best books
The Prophet wasn't talking about studying the best books at home. He was talking about learning from these books in the temple. We no longer use temples as study halls, but we should remember how the Kirtland temple was used. The upper stories had rooms for instruction and the saints were serious about their studies. The main floor was a meeting hall used for a variety of purposes.
On January 18, 1836, the School of the Prophets moved into the temple. One of the subjects that year was Hebrew, taught by Joshua Seixas, an instructor at a seminary in Hudson, Ohio. He was hired for seven weeks at a salary of $320.00 and was given an office in the building. Forty-five students initially enrolled for a series of one-hour lectures. By February 4, additional classes were created. Joseph Smith was elated with the course. He wrote in his diary:
Spent the day at school. The Lord blessed us in our studies. This day we commenced reading in our Hebrew Bibles with much success. It seems as if the Lord opens our minds in a marvelous manner, to understand His word in the original language; and my prayer is that God will speedily endow us with a knowledge of all languages and tongues, that His servants may go forth for the last time the better prepared to bind up the law, and seal up the testimony.
As many as 150 attended sessions of the school held in the winter of 1836-37 in the temple. The increase of the Church members' knowledge and understanding did not go unnoticed among nonmember observers. James H. Eells of Elyria, Ohio, made a critical examination of the Saints in Kirtland and wrote the following letter in March 1836:
The Mormons appear to be very eager to acquire education. Men, women and children lately attended school, and they are now employing Mr. Seixas, the Hebrew teacher, to instruct them in Hebrew; and about seventy men in middle life, from twenty to forty years of age, are most eagerly engaged in the study. They pursue their studies alone until twelve o'clock at night, and attend to nothing else. Of course many make rapid progress. I noticed some fine looking and intelligent men among them. Some in dress and deportment have all the appearance of gentlemen. . . . They are by no means, as a class, men of weak minds. . . .
The rise and progress . . . shows religious teachers the importance of having sound instruction imparted along with high excitement, that men may have some other evidence on which their faith rests. (Karl Ricks Anderson, Joseph Smith's Kirtland [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1989], 119.)
At the time, the Saints didn't know what a temple was, or what it was for, or what they would do in it. And when the Kirtland Temple was finished, it was not a place that could be entered only by recommend. It was a public place, a place where the Saints came together with their children, their friends-even their enemies, I imagine-to worship and learn together. In other words, it was something like a meetinghouse when it was built. (Lighten Up! [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1993], 67.)
Boyd K. Packer
The main floor of the Kirtland Temple was basically a house of worship. The Saints met there for Sabbath services, general conferences of the Church, fast meetings (then held on the first Thursday of the month), and so on. (The Holy Temple [Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980], 130.)
DC 109:15 that they may...receive a fulness of the Holy Ghost
"If we go to the temple and use it for the Lord's purposes, he will give us power (see D&C 95:8-9) and knowledge, and the great promise that we may receive 'a fulness of the Holy Ghost' and be prepared 'to obtain every needful thing' (D&C 109:15).
"No greater blessing can come to us than obtaining 'a fulness of the Holy Ghost.' I would like to discuss four ways in which the temple may help us obtain that promise.
"First, the light and knowledge promised by the Father may come to us in the temple through the agency of the Holy Ghost.
"The Lord has said he would reveal to us in his temple 'those ordinances "... which had been hid from before the world was.' (D&C 124:38.) The temple is a place of revelation.
"... A second great blessing the temple offers us is instruction in the requirements of personal righteousness. Regular temple attendance will help us remember our temple covenants. These covenants involve obedience, sacrifice, the submission to gospel law, purity, and the promise to answer the call of our Church leaders with our best energies.
"If we are faithful to these covenants, all of our sealings, covenants, and promises will be sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise.
"... A third blessing of the temple is that it serves as a place where we are taught our responsibility for others. Our first concern is personal righteousness and personal salvation. But exaltation and eternal life can only come by taking the next step-helping others.
"...A fourth blessing of the temple is receiving the knowledge that we are a part of a great cause. This is an uplifting feeling-to know that we are a part of an inspired and very real plan headed by the Lord Jesus Christ himself. We are part of the preparation for his second coming.
"...Let us commit ourselves to regular temple worship. One of the greatest of our duties is temple attendance, and some of the greatest of the promises given to us are found in temple worship. If we come to the Lord's holy temples with our minds focused on the things of the Spirit, we may feel God's presence. In this way, a temple is a place where God manifests himself to man. And what greater blessing than to have this manifestation?" (Harold Glen Clark, "Four Blessings of the Temple," Ensign, Oct. 1983, 69)
DC 109:20 no unclean thing shall be permitted to come into thy house
This and similar verses place a commandment upon those who are administratively responsible to safeguard the temples that no unclean thing should enter. Thus, the temple recommend not only serves as a safeguard for the person seeking admission to the temple but also serves to allow those who have responsibility for guarding the gateway to the temple to discharge their duty and to fulfill their covenants. A stake president or a bishop who knowingly or negligently allows someone who is unclean to enter the house of the Lord is accountable for that disobedience. Similarly, an individual seeking to gain admission to the temple who lies or withholds important information during the interview process likewise is held accountable.
Thus, as this principle applies to you, a temple recommend interview allows you, as an individual son or daughter of God, to determine if, in fact, you are sufficiently worthy to enter the house of the Lord. Thus, once you have given full and honest answers to the interview questions, and have been found by yourself and your priesthood leaders to be worthy to enter the house of the Lord,you may know that you are there in compliance with the admonition that no unclean thing should enter His house. I have always taken great comfort from the fact that even though I am not perfect, and even though I make mistakes, I am living at a level satisfactory to allow me entrance to the Lord's house. That comfort is based upon the availability of the temple recommend interview. ("Marriage in the Lord's Way, Part Two," Ensign, July 1998, 19)
DC 109:21 when thy people transgress, any of them, they may speedily repent and return unto thee, and find favor in thy sight
One of the major themes of Solomon's dedicatory prayer was that the Lord would forgive the children of Israel when they were found in transgression (see 1 Kgs. 8:33-50). The context implies that the temple would help the Israelites both to repent and to receive forgiveness. The temple helps us to stay in God's good grace. Unfortunately, all temple patrons commit sin. The goal is to repent speedily. Some might prefer to repent slowly, methodically, reluctantly, or even repeatedly, but the Lord requests that we repent speedily. The temple, by virtue of the atonement and holy ordinances, can cleanse us from the sins of a wicked world. But we can only retain God's divine favor if subsequent sins are repented of as soon as possible.
DC 109:22 that thy servants may go forth...with thy power
(Wednesday, March 30, 1836, Kirtland Temple priesthood meeting) I made the following remarks: that the time that we were required to tarry in Kirtland to be endowed, would be fulfilled in a few days, and then the Elders would go forth, and each must stand for himself, as it was not necessary for them to be sent out, two by two, as in former times, but to go in all meekness, in sobriety, and preach Jesus Christ and Him crucified; not to contend with others on account of their faith, or systems of religion, but pursue a steady course...
I then observed to the quorums, that I had now completed the organization of the Church, and we had passed through all the necessary ceremonies, that I had given them all the instruction they needed, and that they now were at liberty, after obtaining their licenses, to go forth and build up the Kingdom of God. (History of the Church, 2:431-432)
DC 109:25 That no weapon formed against them shall prosper
Abraham O. Woodruff
No weapon that has ever been formed against Zion has prospered. The efforts of the evil one to destroy the work of the Lord have only tended to spread it abroad. The persecutions which have been heaped upon this people have been the means of cementing us together, drawing us more closely to God, and making us more united and powerful. It is the heritage of the saints of God to be misrepresented and persecuted by the insincere and the wicked; but their efforts have never blocked the progress of the work of our Eternal Father. On the contrary, the labors of our most bitter enemies have been among the main factors in spreading the work abroad. The Lord has turned the wrath of the wicked to his own glory. Had it not been for the persecution of the Latter-day Saints, the mustard seed would not have been cast abroad; but in the attempt to destroy the mustard stalk, to which the Savior compared the Gospel, they have scattered the seed, and it has taken root wherever it has fallen. . . . I thank God that it is not his purposes which have failed, but the purposes of man. This should be an encouragement to every Latter-day Saint and a strong testimony that this is the work of God. It ought to be a testimony also to those who have sought to bring to naught the purposes of God. (Conference Report, October 1901, First Day-Morning Session 11 - 12.)
DC 109:26 people upon whom thy name shall be put in this house
Dallin H. Oaks
In modern revelations the Lord refers to temples as houses built "unto my holy name." (D&C 124:39; D&C 105:33; D&C 109:2-5.) In the inspired dedicatory prayer of the Kirtland Temple, the Prophet Joseph Smith asked the Lord for a blessing upon "thy people upon whom thy name shall be put in this house." (D&C 109:26.)
All of these references to ancient and modern temples as houses for "the name" of the Lord obviously involve something far more significant than a mere inscription of his sacred name on the structure. The scriptures speak of the Lord's putting his name in a temple because he gives authority for his name to be used in the sacred ordinances of that house. That is the meaning of the Prophet's reference to the Lord's putting his name upon his people in that holy house. (See D&C 109:26.) ("Taking upon Us the Name of Jesus Christ," Ensign, May 1985, 81)
DC 109:34, 42 O Jehovah, have mercy upon this people
Does Joseph Smith switch from addressing the Father to addressing the Son? We know Jehovah as the God of the Old Testament, the pre-mortal Spirit of Jesus Christ? Why would the Prophet begin addressing the Son when verse 4 addresses the "Holy Father, in the name of Jesus Christ"?
If we associate the term Jehovah with the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, there is no real conflict. As Elder Talmage noted, "Jehovah is the Anglicized rendering of the Hebrew Yahveh or Jahveh...[and] is generally rendered in our English version of the Old Testament as LORD, printed in capitals...The original of the terms Lord and God as they appear in the Old Testament, was either Yahveh or Adonai; and the divine Being designated by these sacred names was... Jesus the Christ." (Jesus The Christ, 34-35) By divine investiture Jehovah represents the Father. To address Jehovah is the same as to address Elohim, for they are one God. Sometimes our knowledge of the Godhead as three distinct individuals gets in the way of worshipping them as one God. For instance, when Solomon offered his dedicatory prayer, he addressed the "Lord God of Israel" (1 Kgs. 8:23). Who is the Lord God of Israel? Of course, it is Jehovah. Should we fault Solomon for not addressing the Father? Of course not. In the same context, should we fault Joseph Smith for addressing Jehovah? Of course not.
There are times in which it is appropriate to specifically address Jesus in prayer. When the Savior visited them, the Nephites "did pray unto Jesus, calling him their Lord and their God." (3 Ne 19:18) Jesus, as Mediator, then prayed to the Father on their behalf saying, "they pray unto me; and they pray unto me because I am with them. And now Father, I pray unto thee for them" (3 Ne. 19:22) However, when Joseph Smith addresses Jehovah in this dedicatory prayer, he doesn't seem to be addressing Jesus as Mediator, he is addressing the God of ancient Israel, the Holy One of Israel, the God of both heaven and earth.
DC 109:36 Let it be fulfilled upon them, as upon those on the day of Pentecost
The spiritual outpouring of the infamous day of Pentecost (Acts 2) was repeated again in the last dispensation in answer to Joseph Smith's petition. The March 27 dedicatory services which began at 9:00 am were completed by about 4:00 pm. The priesthood brethren were then assembled for an evening meeting on the same day. This was one occasion of the Pentecostal outpouring.
I met the quorums in the evening and instructed them respecting the ordinance of washing of feet, which they were to attend to on Wednesday following; and gave them instructions in relation to the spirit of prophecy, and called upon the congregation to speak, and not to fear to prophesy good concerning the Saints, for if you prophesy the falling of these hills and the rising of the valleys, the downfall of the enemies of Zion and the rising of the kingdom of God, it shall come to pass. Do not quench the Spirit, for the first one that opens his mouth shall receive the Spirit of prophecy.
Brother George A. Smith arose and began to prophesy, when a noise was heard like the sound of a rushing mighty wind, which filled the Temple, and all the congregation simultaneously arose, being moved upon by an invisible power; many began to speak in tongues and prophesy; others saw glorious visions; and I beheld the Temple was filled with angels, which fact I declared to the congregation. The people of the neighborhood came running together (hearing an unusual sound within, and seeing a bright light like a pillar of fire resting upon the Temple), and were astonished at what was taking place. This continued until the meeting closed at eleven p. m.
The number of official members present on this occasion was four hundred and sixteen. (History of the Church, 2:428)
The following Wednesday, March 30, 1836, the priesthood organization was gathered in the temple for more instruction and to receive the ordinance of the washing of feet. The Prophet instructed the brethren that they were to go forth in the power of the Lord to build up the kingdom. The meeting continued late into the evening.
I then observed to the quorums, that I had now completed the organization of the Church... I left the meeting in the charge of the Twelve, and retired about nine o'clock in the evening. The brethren continued exhorting, prophesying, and speaking in tongues until five o'clock in the morning. The Savior made His appearance to some, while angels ministered to others, and it was a Pentecost and an endowment indeed, long to be remembered, for the sound shall go forth from this place into all the world, and the occurrences of this day shall be handed down upon the pages of sacred history, to all generations; as the day of Pentecost, so shall this day be numbered and celebrated as a year of jubilee, and time of rejoicing to the Saints of the Most High God. (History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2: 432 - 433.)
DC 109:37 let thy house be filled, as with a rushing mighty wind, with thy glory
"Lorenzo Snow enumerated blessings received in the temple during this pentecostal period: 'There we had the gift of prophecy-the gift of tongues-the interpretation of tongues-visions and marvelous dreams were related-the singing of heavenly choirs was heard, and wonderful manifestations of the healing power, through the administrations of the Elders, were witnessed. The sick were healed-the deaf made to hear-the blind to see and the lame to walk, in very many instances. It was plainly manifest that a sacred and divine influence-a spiritual atmosphere pervaded that holy edifice.'
"The Savior appeared in five different meetings held in the temple. Visions, including a vision of the Father and Son, were beheld at eight meetings, and the congregation saw heavenly beings or angels in nine meetings. In other sessions many Saints reported that they experienced such manifestations as the gift of tongues, the sounds of a mighty wind, a pillar of fire resting down upon the temple roof, prophesying, and the voices of angels. Over one thousand people attended these meetings, many of whom testified to having had sacred experiences and put their observations and feelings in letters and journals." (Karl Ricks Anderson, Joseph Smith's Kirtland [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1989], 170.)
DC 109:38-46 enable thy servants to seal up the law, and bind up the testimony
"The phrases 'seal up the law, and bind up the testimony' (D&C 109:46) are found in other scriptures. Isaiah used this phrase but in reverse order: 'Bind up the testimony, seal the law' (Isa. 8:16). Two other revelations from the Doctrine and Covenants transpose the verbs seal and bind to read: 'to bind up the law and seal up the testimony' (D&C 88:84; see also 133:72).
"According to this passage of scripture, these actions of binding and sealing the testimony and the law fit into a divine sequence: the Saints must first receive their temple endowments, then they warn the world's inhabitants of God's coming judgments; this is followed by the binding up of the testimony and the sealing of the law; finally the judgments of God will come (D&C 88:84; 109:38, 46; 133:72). After the Lord's servants have testified to and warned the nations, they will figuratively 'bind,' 'tie up,' 'shut up' or close their testimonies and 'affix [a] seal' to the law of God (the prophetic word). Joseph Smith explained these things to the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on 12 November 1835: 'But when you are endowed and prepared to preach the Gospel to all nations, kindreds, and tongues, in their own languages, you must faithfully warn all, and bind up the testimony, and seal up the law, and the destroying angel will follow . . . upon the children of disobedience; and destroy the workers of iniquity, while the Saints will be gathered out from among them, and stand in holy places ready to meet the Bridegroom when he comes.' In sum, then, God's judgments follow the Saints' warning voice to the world." (Donald W. Parry and Jay A. Parry, Understanding the Signs of the Times [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1999], 354 - 355.)
DC 109:43, 52 O Lord, we delight not in the destruction of our fellow men
"When the great judgments begin, there will be those who 'shall lift up their voices and curse God and die.' (D&C 45:32.) But they will not be justified in doing so, for the judgments will be the natural consequences of their own misused agency.
"Man, not God, is ultimately responsible for the judgments of the last days. (See D&C 109:49-53; D&C 84:96-98; D&C 97:22-25.) The Lord's plan is a plan of life. It is not God's will that destruction must precede the fulfillment of that plan. It is an unfortunate necessity imposed upon him by the rebellious conduct of many of his children." (Rodney Turner, "Prophecies and Promises of the Doctrine and Covenants," Ensign, Dec. 1972, 21)
DC 109:47-53 remember those who have been driven by the inhabitants of Jackson county, Missouri
"As part of the dedicatory prayer, the Prophet Joseph Smith pleaded with the Lord to remember the Saints in Missouri in their afflictions. He beseeched the Lord to have mercy on the mobs so that they might repent (see D&C 109:50). But the Prophet asked the Lord to show forth his power on behalf of his people, letting his anger and indignation fall upon those guilty of causing the sufferings, if no repentance was evidenced.
"On at least two other occasions the Prophet predicted that Missouri would suffer great judgments because it tolerated the mob actions against the Saints. In 1843 the Prophet, in Nauvoo, reviewed the guilt of Missouri and said, 'They shall be oppressed as they have oppressed us, not by Mormons, but by others in power. They shall drink a drink offering, the bitterest dregs, not from the Mormons, but from a mightier source than themselves. God shall curse them.' (History of the Church, 6:95)
"And in a conversation with General Alexander Doniphan, one of the few friends of the Saints in Missouri, the Prophet said: 'God's wrath hangs over Jackson county. God's people have been ruthlessly driven from it, and you will live to see the day when it will be visited by fire and sword. The Lord of Hosts will sweep it with the besom of destruction. The fields and farms and houses will be destroyed, and only the chimneys will be left to mark the desolation.' (Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church, 1:538)
"During the Civil War these prophecies were fulfilled in a remarkable manner, and Missouri was a scene of widespread, terrible destruction (see Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church, 1:539-59, for a detailed discussion of Missouri's sufferings)" (Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual, [Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1981], 272)
DC 109:54 may...the Constitution of our land...be established forever
Ezra Taft Benson
President Woodruff declared that "those men who laid the foundation of this American government and signed the Declaration of Independence were the best spirits the God of heaven could find on the face of the earth. They were choice spirits ... [and] were inspired of the Lord." We honor those men today. We are the grateful beneficiaries of their noble work.
But we honor more than those who brought forth the Constitution. We honor the Lord, who revealed it. God himself has borne witness to the fact that He is pleased with the final product of the work of these great patriots.
In a revelation to the Prophet Joseph Smith on 6 August 1833, the Savior admonished: "I, the Lord, justify you, and your brethren of my church, in befriending that law which is the constitutional law of the land." (D&C 98:6.)
In the Kirtland Temple dedicatory prayer given on 27 March 1836, the Lord directed the Prophet Joseph to say: "May those principles, which were so honorably and nobly defended, namely, the Constitution of our land, by our fathers, be established forever." (D&C 109:54.)
A few years later, Joseph Smith, while unjustly incarcerated in a cold and depressing cell of Liberty Jail at Clay County, Missouri, frequently bore his testimony of the document's divinity: "The Constitution of the United States is a glorious standard; it is founded in the wisdom of God. It is a heavenly banner." ("The Constitution-A Glorious Standard," Ensign, Sept. 1987, 9)
Ezra Taft Benson
Unfortunately, we as a nation have apostatized in various degrees from different Constitutional principles as proclaimed by the inspired founders. We are fast approaching that moment prophesied by Joseph Smith when he said: "Even this nation will be on the very verge of crumbling to pieces and tumbling to the ground, and when the Constitution is upon the brink of ruin, this people will be the staff upon which the nation shall lean, and they shall bear the Constitution away from the very verge of destruction" (19 July 1840, as recorded by Martha Jane Knowlton Coray; ms. in Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City). ("Our Divine Constitution," Ensign, Nov. 1987, 6)
DC 109:59 We ask thee to appoint unto Zion other stakes besides this one
"Before the Saints were expelled from Missouri, the Lord provided through the Prophet Joseph Smith an even broader vision of Zion. In 1832 the Prophet was told, 'Zion must increase in beauty, and in holiness; her borders must be enlarged' (D&C 82:14; emphasis added). Then in 1844, while the Saints were living in Illinois, the Prophet Joseph Smith boldly declared: 'You know there has been great discussion in relation to Zion-where it is, and where the gathering of the dispensation is, and which I am now going to tell you. ... The whole of America is Zion itself from north to south.'
"When the Prophet announced this remarkable view, it must have been stirring to the Saints. It foreshadowed the most expansive concept of Zion: many stakes spreading over the earth as multiple gathering places for faithful Church members. In 1833, during the time that the Saints were being expelled from Jackson County, Missouri, the Lord offered a glimpse of this broad vision of Zion. He revealed to the Prophet Joseph that the day would come when there would be 'no more room' for the Saints in Missouri; 'and then I have other places which I will appoint unto them, and they shall be called stakes, for the curtains or the strength of Zion' (D&C 101:21; emphasis added). In the dedicatory prayer on the Kirtland Temple in 1836, there was a plea that new converts to the Church 'may come forth to Zion, or to her stakes' (D&C 109:39; emphasis added). Two years later, another revelation taught that 'the gathering together upon the land of Zion, and upon her stakes, may be for a defense, and for a refuge from the storm, and from wrath when it shall be poured out without mixture upon the whole earth' (D&C 115:6; emphasis added).
"More recently, President Spencer W. Kimball underscored this important doctrine: 'The First Presidency and the Twelve see great wisdom in the multiple Zions, many gathering places where the Saints within their own culture and nation can act as a leaven in the building of the kingdom.'
"...In evaluating these concepts of Zion, we can appreciate the perceptive observation by Elder Erastus Snow of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles that when early members 'first heard the fulness of the Gospel preached by the first Elders, and read the revelations given through the Prophet Joseph Smith, our ideas of Zion were very limited. But as our minds began to grow and expand, why we began to look upon Zion as a great people, and the Stakes of Zion as numerous. ... We ceased to set bounds to Zion and her Stakes.'" (Arnold K. Garr, "Growing with a Living Church," Ensign, Oct. 1996, 29-30)
DC 109:60-61 identified with the Gentiles
The final dispensation coincides with the times of the Gentiles. America is a Gentile nation. Its people, by and large, are of Gentile lineage, but notice that Joseph Smith doesn't refer to the early saints as Gentiles. Rather, he says we "are identified with the Gentiles," meaning by nationality and culture we are Gentiles, but by blood lineage we are of the House of Israel.
"President Joseph Fielding Smith made it clear that a majority of the members of the Church today are descendants of Israel and thus of Abraham: 'The Lord said he would scatter Israel among the Gentile nations, and by doing so he would bless the Gentile nations with the blood of Abraham. Today we are preaching the gospel in the world and we are gathering out, according to the revelations given to Isaiah, Jeremiah, and other prophets, the scattered sheep of the house of Israel. These scattered sheep are coming forth mixed with Gentile blood from their Gentile forefathers. Under all the circumstances it is very possible that the majority, almost without exception, of those who come into the Church in this dispensation have the blood of two or more of the tribes of Israel as well as the blood of the Gentiles.'
"On another occasion President Joseph Fielding Smith emphatically stated: 'The great majority of those who become members of the Church are literal descendants of Abraham through Ephraim, son of Joseph.'
"While identifying the Lamanites as some of the children of Abraham, President Spencer W. Kimball wrote: 'The Lamanite is a chosen child of God, but he is not the only chosen one. There are many other good people including the Anglos, the French, the German, and the English, who are also of Ephraim and Manasseh. They, with the Lamanites, are also chosen people, and they are a remnant of Jacob. The Lamanite is not wholly and exclusively the remnant of the Jacob which the Book of Mormon talks about. We are all of Israel! We are of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and Joseph through Ephraim and Manasseh. We are all of us remnants of Jacob.'
"Concerning the subject of the gathering of Israel, President Brigham Young stated:
The set time is come for God to gather Israel, and for His work to commence upon the face of the whole earth, and the Elders who have arisen in this Church and Kingdom are actually of Israel. Take the Elders who are now in this house, and you can scarcely find one out of a hundred [who is not] of the house of Israel. . . .
Will we go to the Gentile nations to preach the Gospel? Yes, and gather out the Israelites, wherever they are mixed among the nations of the earth. . . . Ephraim has become mixed with all the nations of the earth, and it is Ephraim that is gathering together. . . .
. . . If there are any of the other tribes of Israel mixed with the Gentiles we are also searching for them. . . . We want the blood of Jacob, and that of his father Isaac and Abraham, which runs in the veins of the people. . . .
. . . It is the house of Israel we are after, and we care not whether they come from the east, the west, the north, or the south; from China, Russia, England, California, North or South America, or some other locality. . . . The Book of Mormon came to Ephraim, for Joseph Smith was a pure Ephraimite, and the Book of Mormon was revealed to him." (Daniel H. Ludlow, Selected Writings of Daniel H. Ludlow: Gospel Scholars Series [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 2000], 531.)
DC 109:62 have mercy upon the children of Jacob, that Jerusalem, from this hour, may begin to be redeemed
Ezra Taft Benson
From the very inception of this latter-day work, which claims to be a restoration of the covenants given by God to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, this church has had a deep interest in the remnant of the house of Israel, the descendants of Judah. ...(quotes D&C 109:60-64.)
This was said during the Passover season, March 27, 1836.
Before Joseph Smith was killed, he dispatched a Jewish apostle by the name of Orson Hyde to dedicate the land of Palestine for the return of the Jews. This concern for a homeless people and the sending of this apostle was done at a time when the Mormons themselves were virtually homeless, having been dispossessed of their lands and possessions in Missouri.
Orson Hyde left on his assignment in the fall of 1840. He arrived in Palestine in October 1841. On October 24, 1841, he ascended the Mount of Olives all alone, built an altar to the Lord, and offered a dedicatory prayer.
...This was said at a time when Jewish immigration was but a trickle. Today the gathering has been realized in part with over three million Jews back in the land of their fathers.
On at least two separate occasions, leaders of the nation of Israel have requested that I relate to them the story of Orson Hyde. The first occasion was at the luncheon to which I alluded previously. Mr. Eshkol asked me to tell the luncheon audience about Orson Hyde and his visit to Palestine. I replied, "Do you mean that?" He said that he did. So I related that account to them.
Another occasion was my last visit with David Ben-Gurion. He requested, "I would like you to send me all the information you have about Orson Hyde and his visit to Palestine in 1841. I would like to include it in my history." We subsequently sent that information to him. ("A Message to Judah from Joseph," Ensign, Dec. 1976, 68)
DC 109:71 Remember, O Lord, the presidents, even all the presidents of thy church
"All the presidents of thy church"? That's a strange expression. How many presidents did the church have in 1836?
Joseph Smith is referring to the different priesthood quorums and their presidents. These were all organized and in attendance at the dedication ceremonies as described by the Prophet.
The assembly was then organized in the following manner, viz.: west end of the house, Presidents Frederick G. Williams, Joseph Smith, Sen., and William W. Phelps occupying the first pulpit for the Melchisedek Priesthood; Presidents Joseph Smith, Jun., Hyrum Smith, and Sidney Rigdon, the second pulpit; Presidents David Whitmer, Oliver Cowdery, and John Whitmer, the third pulpit; the fourth was occupied by the President of the High Priests' quorum and his counselors, and two choristers. The Twelve Apostles on the right, in the three highest seats. The President of the Elders, his counselors and clerk, in the seat immediately below the Twelve. The High Council of Kirtland, consisting of twelve, on the left in the three first seats. The fourth seat, and next below the High Council, was occupied by Elders Warren A. Cowdery and Warren Parrish, who served as scribes. The pulpits in the east end of the house, for the Aaronic Priesthood, were occupied as follows: The Bishop of Kirtland and his counselors, in the first pulpit; the Bishop of Zion and his counselors, in the second pulpit; the president of the Priests and his counselors, in the third pulpit: the president of the Teachers and his counselors, and one chorister in the fourth pulpit; the High Council of Zion, consisting of twelve counselors, on the right; the president of the Deacons and his counselors, in the seat below them; the seven presidents of Seventies, on the left. (History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2: 411.)
DC 109:73 That thy church may come forth out of the wilderness of darkness
"At the 1836 dedication of the Kirtland Temple, the Prophet Joseph Smith prayed, 'Remember all thy church, O Lord, ... that thy church may come forth out of the wilderness of darkness, and shine forth fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners' (D&C 109:72-73). Surely we are witnessing part of the answer to that prophetic prayer in our time.
"In our era, President Gordon B. Hinckley is helping to present the Church as fair and beautiful to a world increasingly blighted with spiritual darkness. After 38 years as a General Authority, with 14 of those years as a counselor in the First Presidency, he became the 15th President of the Church in March 1995. Like others before him, President Hinckley expressed overwhelming feelings of inadequacy upon being called to the sacred office and on one occasion said, 'It is hard not to wonder if I'm measuring up to what the Lord expects of me, and if I'm capable of doing what needs to be done.'
"Although he may have questioned his ability to lead a membership in excess of nine million people located in 156 nations, territories, and possessions, his counselors did not. 'He is a man of enormous talent,' remarked President Thomas S. Monson, First Counselor in the First Presidency. 'I believe that we are poised on the edge of a great new movement of spirituality and expansion of the work of the Lord under his leadership.' President James E. Faust, Second Counselor, has said, 'I believe President Hinckley's contribution will be characterized by bringing the Church out of obscurity.'
"After being sustained at the 165th Annual General Conference, President Hinckley said: 'It is a time to move forward without hesitation. ... The little stone which was cut out of the mountain without hands as seen in Daniel's vision is rolling forth to fill the whole earth.'" (Susan Easton Black, " 'Fair as the Moon' in a Darkening World," Ensign, Dec. 1999, 34)
Gordon B. Hinckley
In the prayer of dedication at the Kirtland Temple, which prayer was received by revelation according to the Prophet, he petitioned the Lord in these words:
Remember all thy church, O Lord ... that the kingdom, which thou hast set up without hands, may become a great mountain and fill the whole earth;
That thy church may come forth out of the wilderness of darkness, and shine forth fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners (D&C 109:72-73).
We are witnessing the answer to that remarkable pleading. Increasingly the Church is being recognized at home and abroad for what it truly is. There are still those, not a few, who criticize and rebel, who apostatize and lift their voices against this work. We have always had them. They speak their piece as they walk across the stage of life, and then they are soon forgotten. I suppose we always will have them as long as we are trying to do the work of the Lord. The honest in heart will detect that which is true and that which is false. We go forward, marching as an army with banners emblazoned with the everlasting truth. We are a cause that is militant for truth and goodness. We are a body of Christian soldiers "marching as to war, with the cross of Jesus going on before" ("Onward, Christian Soldiers," Hymns, no. 246).
Everywhere we go we see great vitality in this work. There is enthusiasm wherever it is organized. It is the work of the Redeemer. It is the gospel of good news. It is something to be happy and excited about.
Brothers and sisters, let us now return to our homes with increased resolution in our hearts to live the gospel more fully, to serve with greater diligence, and to stand for truth with enthusiasm and without fear. As a servant of the Lord, I leave my blessing upon you. May you be happy as you walk with faith, I humbly pray, in the name of Him whom we all love and serve, even the Lord Jesus Christ, amen. ("Remember ... Thy Church, O Lord," Ensign, May 1996, 83)
Spencer W. Kimball
The Church is at a point in its growth and maturity when we are at last ready to move forward in a major way. Some decisions have been made, and others pending, which will clear the way, organizationally. But the basic decisions needed for us to move forward, as a people, must be made by the individual members of the Church. ("Report of the 149th Annual Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," Ensign, May 1979, 1)
DC 109:78 O hear, O hear, O hear us, O Lord!
Joseph's inspired prayer ends with one final plea-repeated three times. Should we be surprised that the Prophet's request to be heard would be repeated three times? Didn't Adam do the same thing when he built an altar and offered prayer?
DC 109:78 accept the dedication of this house unto thee
"The rearing of a Temple of God in the world is the construction of a citadel by the followers of Prince Immanuel in the territory claimed by [Satan]. Hence his rage when the people of God build Temples. But the Temple in Kirtland served its divine purpose, as did that in Nauvoo, though both were abandoned. In it the Saints received that power from on high which enabled the Church to withstand, successfully, the attacks of all enemies. Owing to that baptism by the Holy Spirit received in the Temples, the Church, notwithstanding persecution, exile, and apostasy, has grown in spiritual power and become able to make itself felt in the world as a regenerating force. But for the Temples and the communion with God established through the Temple service, the Church might have been overwhelmed in the persecutions of Missouri and Illinois, just as the Primitive Church might have perished in the early persecutions but for the power it received on the day of Pentecost." (Hyrum M. Smith and Janne M. Sjodahl, Doctrine and Covenants Commentary [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1978], 722 - 723.)
Gordon B. Hinckley
Each temple built by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints stands as an expression of the testimony of this people that God our Eternal Father lives, that He has a plan for the blessing of His sons and daughters of all generations, that His Beloved Son, Jesus the Christ, who was born in Bethlehem of Judea and crucified on the cross of Golgotha, is the Savior and Redeemer of the world, whose atoning sacrifice makes possible the fulfillment of that plan in the eternal life of each who accepts and lives the gospel. Every temple, be it large or small, old or new, is an expression of our testimony that life beyond the grave is as real and certain as is mortality. There would be no need for temples if the human spirit and soul were not eternal. Every ordinance performed in these sacred houses is everlasting in its consequences. ("This Peaceful House of God," Ensign, May 1993, 74)
Boyd K. Packer
If you will go to the temple and remember that the teaching is symbolic, you will never go in the proper spirit without coming away with your vision extended, feeling a little more exalted, with your knowledge increased as to things that are spiritual. The teaching plan is superb. It is inspired. The Lord Himself, the Master Teacher ... talked of the common experiences drawn from the lives of His disciples. ... He talked of the mustard seed, of the pearl. He wanted to teach his hearers, so he talked of simple things in a symbolic sense. ...
The temple itself becomes a symbol. If you have seen one of the temples at night, fully lighted, you know what an impressive sight that can be. The house of the Lord, bathed in light, standing out in the darkness, becomes symbolic of the power and the inspiration of the gospel of Jesus Christ standing as a beacon in a world that sinks ever further into spiritual darkness. (Richard M. Romney, "House of Holiness," New Era, Feb. 1987, 23)
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Development VERA and VERA-2
The first VERA assessment guide was designed to be systematic, empirically grounded, developmentally informed, treatment oriented, flexible and practical (Borum et al., 2006), and the structure was modeled after other structured professional judgment (SPJ) tools assessing the risk of general violence in adolescents and adults.
It included 25 indicators with 10 critical indicators related to Attitudes and Motivating Ideologies.
Contextual relationships and situations risk indicators were included such as friendships, associations, family connections and other networks, including internet linkages.
Historical indicators were included related to capacity for violence and prior training and experience. The Protective items were risk mitigating elements that may be present and should be considered in making an overall risk judgment (Pressman, 2009).
The VERA risk assessment tool was identified as relevant for the terrorist population by forensic psychologists and clinical experts in a high-risk correctional terrorism unit in Australia in 2009 (Pressman & Flockton, 2012). The use of the VERA was found to assist professionals in the prison setting to:
- Develop targeted programs for inmates wherever possible;
- Identify appropriate prison placements;
- Monitor radicalization occurring in the prison setting among other inmates;
- Allow for justification and progression of inmates to lower security classifications when assessed as having modified their ideological views, intentions and goals on the VERA.
The VERA-2 tool was developed with several revisions, with 31 indicators, and a motivational 'drivers' section. This was done after the empirical use in the prison setting, feedback from experts in terrorism studies, experts in risk assessment methodology, experts in prison settings and from operational experts and analysts in law enforcement (Pressman & Flockton, 2012; 2014).
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- Time required to prepare the recipe
- Number of calories
If a user is looking for a recipe for a homemade cake, all this information will be beneficial to him. Which recipe a user chooses depends primarily on which site convinces him/her. And this is helped tremendously by displaying information about calories, cooking time, etc.
Structured data is responsible for the visibility of this information. Below you will learn how to add them to a page in BOWWE.
How to add structured data to a page in BOWWE?
BOWWE supports structured data in JSON-LD format, currently the most popular and recommended format by search engines for saving this data.
Below you will find step-by-step instructions:
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https://bowwe.com/tutorial/structured-data
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(Health.com) -- Over the past several years, researchers have noticed an odd pattern in the relationship between body weight and Alzheimer's disease: Middle-aged people have a higher long-term risk of developing the disease if they're overweight or obese, while older people have a lower risk of the disease if they're carrying excess weight.
A new study, published this week in the journal Neurology, may offer a clue to this so-called obesity paradox. Non-overweight individuals in their late 60s, 70s, and early 80s who have no outward symptoms of Alzheimer's are more likely than their heavier peers to have biological markers (or biomarkers) of the disease, the study found. This finding raises the possibility that weight loss or a low body mass index (BMI) later in life may be an early warning sign of mental decline, the researchers say.
"Weight changes or body composition changes may actually be a manifestation of disease, which would explain the obesity being an apparent protective factor," says Jeffrey M. Burns, M.D., the lead author of the study and the associate director of the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, in Kansas City.
Well before memory loss and other symptoms appear, Alzheimer's may trigger metabolism changes that promote weight loss, Burns says. "In general, we think of Alzheimer's as a brain disease, but this is evidence that there are systemic problems throughout the body in the early stages of Alzheimer's."
Burns and his colleagues analyzed data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a huge study spanning 58 hospitals and universities that's funded by the National Institutes of Health and an array of nonprofit organizations and drug companies. The goal of the initiative is to find ways to measure the progression of Alzheimer's and the precursor condition known as mild cognitive impairment.
The researchers looked at 101 people who underwent brain scans designed to identify the plaques and abnormal tangle of proteins that are the hallmark of Alzheimer's, and another 405 people whose cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed for fragments of these proteins (beta-amyloid peptide and tau). Each group included some people with Alzheimer's disease, some with mild cognitive impairment, and some with no signs of mental deterioration.
There was no connection between BMI and Alzheimer's biomarkers in the patients who actually had Alzheimer's. But in the other two groups, lower BMI was associated with higher levels of biomarkers and a higher likelihood of having brain plaques and tangles. Among people with mild cognitive impairment, for instance, 85 percent of non-overweight individuals had signs of these brain abnormalities, compared to just 48 percent of those who were overweight or obese. (A BMI of 25 or above is considered overweight.)
Richard Lipton, M.D., an attending neurologist at Montefiore Medical Center, in New York City, who was not involved in the new research, agrees with the authors that the findings suggest that Alzheimer's can affect the entire body early on.
"The most obvious manifestations of Alzheimer's disease are in the brain, but Alzheimer's disease has a large number of effects on the body as well," says Lipton, the principal investigator of a long-running study on aging and Alzheimer's. "The brain regulates blood pressure and respiratory rate and pulse and hunger and satiety and blood flow to various organs in the body, so it wouldn't be surprising if a widespread disease of the brain had effects on many, many different aspects of bodily function."
The study shows only an association, not cause and effect, so Burns and his colleagues can't be sure that Alzheimer's directly causes weight loss (or prevents weight gain). In fact, the researchers found no association between BMI changes and Alzheimer's biomarkers in a subset of study participants whose weight was tracked for two years.
May Ahmad Baydoun, Ph.D., a staff scientist at the National Institute on Aging who studies risk factors for dementia, described the study as "very strong" overall. But, she says, "the results would have been a lot stronger if they found weight loss over time is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease pathology, also over time."
The relationship between weight loss and the progression of Alzheimer's is likely a two-way street, Lipton says. People who start to experience declines in mental function may shop for groceries less regularly, cook less frequently, and eat less -- and the poor nutrition that results could in turn accelerate the progression of the disease, he says.
"It seems pretty likely to me that both things are true -- that good health practices prevent illness, and health practices may fall apart in the early stages of illness and accelerate cognitive and physical decline," Lipton says.
Copyright Health Magazine 2011
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Maha Swamiji's Independence Day Message
MESSAGE GIVEN BY HIS HOLINESS PUJYASHRI CHANDRASEKHARENDRA SARASWATHI MAHASWAMIJI on 15 AUGUST 1947 - Independence Day
On this happy occasion when our country Bharat has attained Independence, the people of this ancient country must pray whole heartedly and with one mind to Sri Bhagavan. Let us all pray to God to vouch safe to us strength of mind and energy to engage ourselves more and more in attaining spiritual knowledge. It is only by the grace of Almighty that we can safeguard the freedom that we have achieved and also help all the living beings on earth to lead a happy life.
It is worthy to note that luckily the Chakra of Bhagavan, who is the embodiment of Dharma, has its place in the centre of our National Flag. This Chakra reminds us of the moral values enjoined by Emperor Ashoka, who is historically famous as Devanampriyaha. Further, the Chakra makes us contemplate on the spiritual discipline imparted by Bhagavan Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita. That Dharma which shines in the form of a Chakra is clear from Lord Krishna's reference to the Chakra as "Evam pravartitam chakram" in Verse 16 of the III chapter of the Bhagavad Gita. Also in Verses 14 and 15 of the same chapter Bhagavan avers that " The human body originates from food, food grains grow because of rains, rain showers because of performance of Yajnas(Vedic Sacrifices), these Yajnas are prescribed in the Veda and that the Veda has emanated from Brahman who is in the form of Akshara(Sound recorded as letter of the alphabet)". Thus, the Dharma Chakra explains to us that the supreme Brahman is manifest in Vedic sacrifices. May this Independence, dawning with the rightful remembrance of Emperor Ashoka, grant us such fruits as Aram(Dharma or Righteousness) Porul(Wealth), Inbam(Happiness) and Veedu(Moksha - deliverance), by the grace of God.
There are three stripes in our National Flag. They are of dark green, white and orange colours. These colours seem to indicate to us, that military strength for protection from enemies and evil, wealth for welfare and prosperity, and knowledge for the sake of proper administration are essential for the nation. It may be remembered that dark green is the colour of Durga - the Parasakti who is the mother protector, Mahalakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity is of orange colour(golden hue) and Saraswathi the source divine of all knowledge is white in colour. It is a happy coincidence that the colour of the three Shakthis(Goddesses of Power) are seen in the three stripes of the National Flag.
For long, the Indian Nation has strived hard for winning freedom. By the grace of God, by the blessings of great men, and by the unique sacrifice of the people, independence has been won. Let us all pray to the Omnipresent God to shower his grace so that with the hard won freedom, our country becomes prosperous, is rid of famine, and there are no social skirmishes and the entire nation lives in an atmosphere of amity and kindness.
Now that freedom has been attained by the nation, all of us must also try to develop Independence. If we understand ourselves fully we may consider ourselves as independent. We are not capable of controlling the senses. We are unable to suppress desire and control anger, which always troubles us. Whichever thing in whatever measure we obtain does not lead us to contentment. Worldly sufferings cause worry to us. The mind gets confused on noticing these sufferings. What is the way out of all these? we must try to control, albeit gradually the mind which has been functioning vigorously for such a long time. Once the mind is set at rest, we will not be in need of anything. That state of mind which ensures complete freedom is what we must attempt to achieve.
Every day atleast some time should be set apart for practising the control of mind and bereft of other thoughts, we must meditate upon God. Then gradually, the mind will become calm, whereupon we will have the mental power to subjugate desire and anger. Spiritual knowledge will accrue fast for him who practises such meditation. Only these who attain such true spiritual knowledge can truly be independent citizens.
Any woman other than one's wife must be respected as one's own mother. We must regard other living beings as we would regard ourselves. Even at the risk of death, truth alone must be spoken. Petty social feuds must be averted totally, Every one must strive for improving his knowledge and his spiritual attainments and move with others in an atmosphere of kindness. We must sincerely wish that all people should live happily and peacefully.
Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitaha
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What do you really think about your child?
Usually, what we think about our children will be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
A klutz will be a klutz. A troublemaker will make trouble. I remember a woman telling me how she was having difficulties in math when she was in elementary school. Her mother said to her, "No one in our family is good in math. I wasn't good at math, your father wasn't good at math, your sister isn't good in math. No wonder you're having a hard time. I'm sure you'll be good at something else." How much of a chance did she stand to do well in math?
It is important that the parents model responsible behaviors as well.
On the other hand, children who are called responsible when they exhibit responsible behaviors, and whose parents have reasonable expectations in that area, are more likely to end up being truly responsible children. (It is important, of course that the parents model responsible behaviors as well.)
In Judaism, when a parent names a child it is a very significant act of defining the child's essence. Similarly, the other names we call our children (such as "stupid," "idiot," "irresponsible") also have a significant impact on who our children will become.
If we have a positive view of our children they are likely to feel the same about themselves.
Are your children totally delightful? If you believe this, as most parents do, are you communicating this to your children? How are you doing this?
It is crucial to delight in our children. If we delight in our children, they will learn to delight in themselves. We need to do this in every stage.
Self-esteem actually begins to be built in infancy. Infants have a philosophy about life and their place in the scheme of things. If the infant feels well taken care of -- is well fed, changed promptly, soothed when upset, held lovingly, delighted in etc. -- he will feel that the world is a loving place and that he or she is important in it.
The loving care we give our infants tells them that they are important to us.
As the child grows, take pleasure in every new stage. It is easy and natural to delight in our child's learning to crawl, walk, and talk. Every time we express our delight to our child we are saying, "You give me incredible pleasure." This is an essential component of self-esteem. The feeling that "I can give people pleasure" can't help but make a child feel good about himself or herself.
As children grow older it is more challenging to delight in them. Whining, tantrums and other demanding behaviors can be so frequent that we find ourselves not getting the kind of pleasure we used to get. We focus on the problem behaviors and tend to overlook the things we need to be emphasizing in order to continue to build their positive self-esteem.
Let your children know that they are a pleasure to be around. Look for things to take pleasure in every day, such as when children are cooperative or dressed on time, use forks and spoons properly, learn to ride a bike or read, ask a good question, make a good decision, use time well, etc. Even in the most difficult times we can find something to appreciate, whether it be their strong will, curiosity, independence, energy, zest for life or the fact that they DO eventually go to sleep at night!
Every time we delight in our children it is fuel for their self-esteem.
Every time we delight in our children it is fuel for their self-esteem. We see this very clearly when our toddlers repeat behaviors over and over again which give us a positive charge.
Children will have a much easier time valuing themselves if they are valued by their parents. Dorothy Briggs, the author of Your Child's Self Esteem, says that parents are like a mirror, creating the child's self image. We reflect back to them who we think they are and they take it in as the absolute truth. They are not critical of our evaluation of them until they get much older, when the damage is largely done.
If a mother constantly calls her child a troublemaker and goes on about with her friends, in front of the child, about his recent troublesome behaviors, then the child will most likely internalize this image and work very hard to live up to it. Conversely, a child who hears about her capabilities is likely to grow up being capable.
Let your child know how highly you think of him or her. Keep a notebook and write in it one thing you said today to convey this message. If you see that this does not come naturally and that days go by without having anything to write, then you will need to work harder at making positive daily comments. Hugs, facial expressions and certain gestures also convey the message as well.
In future articles we will explore the importance of spending time with your children so they feel valued, how to most effectively praise a child and how too much criticism diminishes a child's self-image as well as other related topics.
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philosophy 8 multiple questions. 1. According to Cudd and Jones, the term ‘sexism’ refers to which of the following?
a. The widely held belief that women are inferior to men and deserve less.
B. Anything that makes women less well-off than men.
c. Anything that involves treating men and women differently.
d. The unjustified systemic disadvantage faced by women.
2. According to Frye, what is a double bind?
a. The double bind is a kind of knot used by sailors.
b. It is situation where one is bound by multiple social forces and has no choice in what to do.
c. It is a situation where choices are reduced to a few, and all of those choices have bad outcomes.
d. It is a situation where the choices of an oppressor bind the oppressed.
3. What is the purpose of Frye’s discussion of the custom of men opening doors for women?
a. To illustrate the difference between macroscopic and microscopic modes of analysis.
b. To show that some customs based on gender are okay when helpful.
c. To illustrate an example of a double bind.
d. To show that if a man ever opens a door for a woman, he is being sexist.
4. Which of the following best characterizes the role of sex in advertising according to Bordo?
a. Sex sells, so putting attractive members of the opposite sex near product will lead to positive attitudes toward the product.
b. Women’s eating serves as a metaphor for sexual experience, while men’s sexual appetite is a metaphor for their hunger.
c. Sex doesn’t really play a noticeable role in advertising, which is about getting information about a product into the world.
d. Sexual desire is natural for men so it is openly depicted, but for women such desire must be hidden through subtle hints.
5. Which of the following possible causes of poverty does “The End of Poverty” emphasize?
a. Greed on the part of owners of major companies
b. Colonialism as it transformed from political to contemporary economic forms
c. Bad education and work habits among citizens of developing nations
d. Political corruption in countries with developing economies
6. “The Debt of Dictators” suggests that the US and other developed nations had which of the following roles in creating the debt of dictators?
a. Developed nations borrowed money from dictators to fund extravagant social welfare programs
b. Developed nations were usually forced to loan money to dictators for humanitarian reasons
c. Developed nations willingly lent money to corrupt dictators because it was profitable to do so
d. Developed nations were largely uninvolved in the debt of dictators
7. Which of the following best characterizes Pogge’s thesis?
a. Most people in the US can help the impoverished around the world at little cost; while they are not obligated to do so, they would be more virtuous if they did so
b. Most people in the US are not actively harming the impoverished, but can still help them at little cost to themselves, therefore have an obligation to help them
c. Most people in the US are uninvolved in global injustice, and are not in a position to do anything about it
d. Most people in the US are actively harming those impoverished around the world, and consequently have an obligation to alleviate poverty
8. What is an intermediate duty according to Pogge?
a. Between perfect and imperfect duties, intermediate duties are always obligatory, but only under certain circumstances
b. An intermediate duty is one that balances the costs against the expected benefits of an action
c. Between positive and negative duties, intermediate duty requires action by agents, but is grounded in their duty not to harm others
d. An Intermediate duty occupies the mean between excess and deficiency in the character of the agent who acts
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The National Weather Service, the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, and the State Emergency Management Agency have joined together to promote Missouri Summer Safety Day on May 24, 2013. This campaign coincides with National Excessive Heat Awareness Day. The following is important safety information that can save peoples lives. Please help spread the word about excessive heat and lightning safety so everyone can have a safe summer.
Please visit the following web sites that contain forecast services and safety information on excessive heat, lightning, and flooding. By sharing this information, we can all reduce the impact of hazardous weather. Please feel free to copy or localize the NWS material:
• The National Weather Service Springfield, Missouri "Playing it Safe in the Ozarks" Summer Hazards page - http://www.crh.noaa.gov/sgf/?n=summer_safety
• The National Weather Service national Lightning Safety page - http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov
• The National Weather Service national Heat Safety page - http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/heat/index.shtml
• Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services offers a statewide cooling center map at http://gis.dhss.mo.gov/Website/coolingCenter/coolingCenter.html and information on hyperthermia here - http://gis.dhss.mo.gov/Website/coolingCenter/coolingCenter.html
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It feels like two or three times a day, there is a report in the media about a company admitting its data was breached and customer information, including passwords, was stolen.
Even large firms or companies such as Facebook, Twitter and Target have admitted to breaches.
The truth is, no organization is immune from these attacks.
What most people need to be told is that you need to protect yourself not only by paying attention, but by carefully managing your various passwords.
When it comes to managing passwords, everyone is different. Some people write them down in a notebook and keep them in their desk. Others like using a spreadsheet. Some folks write them down and hide them under a keyboard.
Businesses have rules on password security, and those rules do not include writing them down, hiding them in a drawer, or even keeping a spreadsheet with a password on it. Today, most businesses require the use of a secure password manager.
What is a password manager?
A password manager is a program used to keep your passwords in one location, usually encrypted, as well as backed up to the cloud.
There are many managers to choose from - some paid, some free.
You can try searching for one, but may be overwhelmed with all the choices.
This blog from PC World helps to narrow down the choices for free password managers.
To protect yourself online, every website, email or personal account needs to have a different password. The reason for this is if a data breach occurs, you have one password to change, not dozens. Having separate passwords for each account will result in many different passwords to keep track of, which is why a password manager can help you maintain your security.
Some of these programs have two-factor authentication to help secure your passwords even more, and some can be run off a thumb drive so you can remove it from your computer and lock it up for even more security.
In the end, the investment you make in a password manager will benefit you and save you time and headaches down the road.
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The Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Waters Including Florida, Bermuda, and the Gulf of Mexico
Class Anthozoa (Corals, Anemones, and Relatives), Order Scleractinia (Stony Corals)
The grooved brain coral is named for its appearance. It looks amazingly like a human brain and has particularly deep grooves that resemble the brain’s folds. In deeper waters, it can even have a grayish appearance. It is a large, reef-building coral that lives throughout the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. The grooves may also resemble a maze or labyrinth, giving rise to the scientific name ‘labryinthiformis.’
This species forms large, circular structures that can reach more than 6 feet (nearly 2 m) in diameter. Though they appear to be very large, only the outer few millimeters represent living tissue, while the rest is a calcium carbonate skeleton. Grooved brain coral structures only grow a few millimeters each year and may be hundreds of years old. Each structure is actually a colony of several genetically identical animals living together. These animals are hermaphroditic – each individual produces both eggs and sperm – and reproduce sexually. Sperm are released into the water column and captured by other individuals, which filter feed. Rather than being ingested, the sperm are used to fertilize eggs within the colony. After the egg hatches, a larva is released into the water column. Within a few days, the larva settles onto the reef surface and begins to form a new colony.
Like most shallow-water corals, grooved brain corals have symbiotic algae living within their cells, providing the corals with excess energy that they make via photosynthesis (the use of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into food/energy). Nearly all species of shallow-water corals and several other groups of reef invertebrates have symbiotic relationships with these algae, so it is important that they live in clear, shallow water. Grooved brain corals also filter feed and eat small zooplankton and other prey from the water column. This food provides them with additional energy and provides their symbiotic algae with the necessary nutrients to continue to generate food.
Though coral bleaching, disease, and pollution all threaten grooved brain coral populations, this species is still relatively common, and scientists believe it to be a species of least concern.
To help support our work protecting sea life from dangerous threats, click here to donate today!
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Teaching Indigenous Australian learners to read and write in familiar language, while learning oral Standard English.
The Honey Ant Readers are a unique and innovative series of learn-to-read books with supplementary resources.
Developed with the support of traditional Elders the Honey Ant Readers make learning for Australian Indigenous learners relevant, meaningful, engaging and fun.
The Honey Ant Readers help teach reading and writing in the context of Indigenous culture, building on familiar language. Print literacy learning theories are integrated with Indigenous culture - the result of a collaboration between Indigenous Elders and non-Indigenous educators.
Donors and Sponsors
Thank you to the many generous donors and sponsors who have supported the Honey Ant Readers.
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Let’s see. What do we have so far?
Great genomic resources? Check.
Great gene vectors? Check.
Great genome modification technologies? Check.
Effective insect genetic technology delivery systems for somatic and germ cells? Not so much, unfortunately.
Gene, transgene and RNA delivery remains a major bottleneck in the development and adoption of insect genetic technologies for many insect species. Currently, micro-injection is just about the only effective means by which one can deliver current genetic technologies to insect cells in vivo.
This can be a serious limitation and creative solutions are needed since it is clear that many important insect species either do not produce eggs, produce them rarely or produce eggs that are inaccessible.
Gene delivery problems are also common in other fields of biology and it is worth watching the various solutions that emerge from seemingly unrelated systems. It is very likely that some of these technologies and approaches will be helpful to insect biologists..
Xiong et al (2014) describe their solution to delivering DNA and RNA to hair cells of the mammalian inner ear using a method they call “Injectoporation”, a combination of micro-injection and electroporation.
Xiong et al (2014) work with explanted inner ear tissue maintained in vitro and are able to inject DNA into the region of the hair cells of interest while simultaneously pulsing the tissue with electricity, 60 volts for 15 milliseconds at 1-second intervals.
How injectoporation will be directly useful to those wishing to deliver genetic technologies to cells of interesting and significant insects is not immediately obvious, but injectoporation is a great example of creative technology development. Significantly, electroporation has been used in insect systems before, most recently by Ando and Fujiwara (2013) and Matsumoto et al. (2013) for introducing DNA into insect cells in vivo,. Both of these reports describe interesting and creative ways to use electroporation technology for gene delivery in vivo. For a brief bibliography of other examples of elecctroporation being applied to insects, see below.
Here is a short bibliography of electroporation-related applications to insects:
Matsumoto CS, Shidara H, Matsuda K, Nakamura T, Mito T, Matsumoto Y, Oka K, Ogawa H (2013) Targeted gene delivery in the cricket brain, using in vivo electroporation. J Insect Physiol 59: 1235-1241 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.10.001
Fujiwara T, Kazawa T, Haupt SS, Fukushima R, Kanzaki R (2008) Ca2+ imaging of single neurons marked by local electroporation in antennal lobes of insects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 151: 447-447 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.09.071
Gonzalez-Estevez C, Momose T, Gehring WJ, Salo E (2003) Transgenic planarian lines obtained by electroporation using transposon-derived vectors and an eye-specific GFP marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 14046-14051 10.1073/pnas.2335980100
Hughes KJ, Narang SK, Leopold RA, Johnson OA, DeVault JD (1997) Electroporation as an alternative to microinjection of plasmid DNA into bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) embryos. Ann Entomol Soc Am 90: 107-113
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Is There Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe?
Modifications to the Drake Equation.
In Drake's Equation:
So given all these things, we can write
N = n × fp × H × fl × fi × ft
You can observe how the value of N is changed based on different assumptions at the highlighted link. But that prompted me to alter the question a bit and ask:
What if N = The number of technological civilizations in the galaxy that may communicate
with us. How would/should each of the terms be
n = The number of stars in the galaxy. Yes, but...
n(e1) = Exclude those stars within the first 10% to 20% of their lifetime. Assume that the planets around these stars have not sufficiently cooled and/or collected the majority of the material tributary to their orbits...much less achieved the conditions where life could flourish. "e1" = 0.85.
n(e2) = Exclude stars older than 10 billion years. Stars like our sun will become red giants and envelope the orbital region where life could exist. Using a lifetime of 15 billion years, "e2" = 0.66.
n(e3) = Exclude those stars in regions of space that have been sanitized by previous supernovas and/or cosmic ray burst from dying stars, pulsars, etc. This really depends on the size of the event and proximity to adjacent star systems. If we are lucky, the axis of rotation of most stars is oriented at a perpendicular to the galactic plane, so the gamma ray bursts are directed away from the plane of the galaxy. Make your own guess for "e3" < 1.0.
fp = The fraction of stars that have planets.
I'm leaving this one alone for now. Until we can accurately detect planets at a distance, it is just a guess.
ne = The fraction of planets that are capable of sustaining life. Yes, and...
ne(e1) = Exclude planets that are either too close or too far away from the sun to support the presence of liquid water. Also see (fl-a).
ne(e2) = Exclude planets without an iron core. In the absence of a rotating iron core, the planet lacks a magnetic field and is thus subject to the ravages of the solar winds. The presence of sufficient iron to form a core depends on the amount of previous star formation in that region of space. Lord, this many conditions should surely whittle down this factor's magnitude.
ne(e3) = Exclude planets with insufficient iron in the core to maintain core rotation based on their distance from their stars. This balance is further affected by the total mass of the planet relative to core size.
ne(e4) = Exclude planets with excessive mass. High gravity forces will affect the development of life as well as the environment.
fl = The fraction of planets that will develop life. But consider...
Term #1 (fl-o) = The fraction of planets that develop life from scratch. It's the old experiment of placing chemicals in a sealed container and subjecting them to electrical discharge and primitive atmosphere...yielding amino acids. Sounds like growth medium to me. Life is a little more complex than that. But for now, an open mind.
Term #2 (fl-a) = The fraction of planets that acquire life (at the very least, the building blocks for life) from the constituents of previous planets that were destroyed in previous supernovas. Also see ne(e2). Is life better explained in terms of propagation from an origin point through the galaxy? Are sharp evolutionary changes the result of the introduction of a superior biotic system? I prefer this second term.
fl(e1) = Exclude planets with insufficient material diversity. The life that is present may exhaust the available materials before it can evolve. What if one essential element is missing?
fl(e2) = Exclude planets with insufficient biological diversity. One type of organism will consume resources until exhaustion. Only diversity promotes selection and therefore evolution (and later, intelligence).
fi = The fraction of the planets with intelligent life.
fi(f1) = The fraction of planets with terrestrial life. And only a small proportion of terrestrial life develops technology.
fi(f2) = The fraction of planets with intelligent life and open social systems. It might be argued that rigid or closed systems restrict the advancement of knowledge and thus technology. Also see "L".
ft = The fraction of planets with intelligent life that develops technology.
ft(e1) = Exclude planets whose communication technology is species-specific, e.g. Chemical communication as from one ant to another.
ft(e2) = Exclude planets whose communication technology is species-limited, e.g. Telepathy as between individuals who have no means of speaking or hearing (or even seeing each other).
L = The fraction of the planet's lifetime during which "fc" life can communicate with us.
L(e1) = Exclude all civilizations that have determined that off-world contact is unwise.
L(e2) = Exclude all civilizations that do not want their presence noticed.
L(e3) = Exclude all civilizations that are sufficiently advanced so that they find us uninteresting / too primitive.
L(e4) = Exclude all civilizations that are insufficiently advanced so that they cannot understand what we are saying.
L(e5) = Exclude all civilizations that purposely mask their transmissions. Also see L(e1) and L(e2).
L' = The fraction of our planet's
lifetime during which we are capable of communicating with "fc" life.
For discussion purposes, assume that L=L' and equally matched civilizations. Use the ratio of 50 years to the age of our planet, then square that figure. Talk about killing the odds.
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How wearables can protect healthcare workers
Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 — the virus that causes COVID-19, has become a global health threat, with more than 23 million cases documented worldwide, and over 821,000 deaths as of August 26, 2020 .
With ongoing community transmission from asymptomatic individuals, the current disease burden is expected to rise, as well as the need for healthcare workers in patient-facing roles .
The many unknowns about the virulence, spread, and nature of the novel coronavirus bring to the forefront the need for protecting the physical and psychological well-being of healthcare personnel.
This is where advanced wearable technology and AI can step in to keep healthcare workers safe, not just from COVID-19, but also from other physical and mental health threats that can surface as a result of the demanding nature of their work.
Preventing COVID-19 transmission
Due to the personal exposure to patients with SARS-CoV-2 and fellow staff, healthcare workers are at high risk of infection. In an analysis of information from the U.K. and U.S., frontline health care workers had a nearly 12-times higher risk of testing positive for COVID-19 compared with individuals in the general community . This can compromise their own health and may also contribute to nosocomial spread within hospitals. Nosocomial infections are infections that develop as a result of a stay in hospital or are produced by microorganisms and viruses acquired during hospitalization.
Measures to prevent transmission of viral respiratory diseases to and among healthcare personnel generally include:
- PPE (personal protective equipment): Guidelines from the UK and the U.S. recommend mask use for healthcare workers caring for people with COVID-19. However, global shortages of masks, respirators, face shields, and gowns, caused by surging demand and supply chain disruptions, have led to efforts to conserve PPE through extended use or reuse, and disinfection protocols have been developed, for which scientific consensus on best practice is scarce [2, 5].
- Vaccination: In the case of COVID-19, there are no vaccines yet proven to protect the body against this disease.
- Antiviral medications: There are no drugs or other therapeutics presently approved by the FDA to prevent COVID-19.
According to a recent study, weekly screening of healthcare workers using PCR or point-of-care tests for infection irrespective of symptoms is estimated to reduce their contribution to transmission by 25-33%, on top of reductions achieved by self-isolation following symptoms .
The recent advancements in wearable technology and AI can also offer valuable support in limiting the transmission of the pathogen. Wearable Health Monitoring systems, like the newly released Empatica Care platform, are able to continuously obtain the physiological data of healthcare workers through sensor technologies. The data most commonly collected are pulse rate and pulse rate variability, respiratory rate, oxygen volume in blood or pulse oximetry, signals from the nervous system, peripheral temperature, levels of activity, and rest. These vital signs are recorded unobtrusively via wearable sensors designed to be worn comfortably 24/7, without interfering with the daily tasks of healthcare workers.
The continuous vital signs monitoring of healthcare personnel can help to remotely identify early warning signs of infection. This can enable them to know when to self-isolate, containing the spread and maintaining a healthier workforce. Moreover, with the help of custom digital biomarkers, an algorithm might even be able to detect if someone has a high likelihood of being infected.
Maintaining mental well-being
The well-being of the healthcare workforce is the cornerstone of every well-functioning healthcare system : their mental health needs must be addressed with the same priority of their physical health.
The major causes of psychological distress among healthcare workers include excessive workloads, long working hours, sleep disturbances, and debilitating fatigue. As a result of the pandemic, medical healthcare workers are under an enormous amount of workload pressure that could lead to exhaustion. Doctors who keep working despite experiencing signs of burnout are at risk of depression, reduced productivity, and reduced quality of care [8-9].
How can health monitoring using wearables protect the well-being of physicians?
- Cognitive overload recognition. The nature of treating multiple patients requires physicians to sustain their focus and mental effort for extended periods: their ability to manage mental resources and mitigate the effects of cognitive overload is critical to patient safety. Prolonged cognitive effort activates a sympathetic nervous system response that helps a person to perform at their optimal level . A new study has shown how changes in physiological state as a result of cognitive load can be detected in clinical settings using unobtrusive wearables without hindering the workflow of the wearer .
- Sleep tracking and depression recognition. Researchers in China conducted a cross-sectional study involving 1257 healthcare workers during the coronavirus pandemic and reported that 50.4% had symptoms of depression, and 34.0% reported insomnia. It has long been known that sleep disturbances are an important characteristic of depression. Assessment of sleep patterns is often limited by subjective self-ratings of sleep quality. Objective measures, such as sleep regularity measured by accelerometer data with wearable sensors, may provide a more accurate understanding of the subject’s sleep and serve as a diagnostic criterion for depressive disorders.
- Stress detection. Several published studies have demonstrated wearable sensors’ potential to provide individualized, objective correlates of stress . Wearable devices like the E4 wristband are able to collect physiological changes indicative of sympathetic nervous system activity (such as pulse rate, electrodermal activity, skin temperature, electromyography, and accelerometry) and correlate them with emotional state. Most recently, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School managed to characterize digital biomarkers of stress as detected by the E4 wristband among Emergency Medicine physicians .
The detection of stress via wearable sensors could be used to facilitate just-in-time interventions, workplace and process improvements, producing meaningful change that directly reduces physician stress, improve job satisfaction, work productivity, career longevity, and patient care.
- Increased efficiency in care delivery and reduced workload. By monitoring patients’ vital signs remotely, healthcare workers can provide precise and timely care, reducing unnecessary patient visits, speeding patient discharge, and reducing avoidable readmissions and emergency department overuse. They can optimize their time attending to patients being in a critically-ill condition. Moreover, those healthcare workers that have been quarantined at home after exposure to COVID-19 can feel empowered by being able to still conduct their duties and monitor their patients’ vitals and assist them remotely.
If you are interested in joining the growing numbers of clinicians and researchers adopting Empatica Care for the remote health monitoring of your patients, workforce, research subjects, or local community, contact our team here or send any questions directly to firstname.lastname@example.org. You can also visit Empatica.com/care to learn more.
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A BRIEF ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
|Author(s)||Emilio Bautista Paz, Marco Ceccarelli|
|D O W N L O A D|
A very popular book written by the professional mechanical engineers trying to provide all interested readers with a nice and comprehensive historical overview of the mechanisms and machines invented by humans. The content of this interesting volume is covering virtually all areas of the mechanical engineering.
In fact, this is a a sort of historic survey with the engineering approach applied by the authors; the main body of the book has been arranged in eight major chapters that are presented in clear chronological order for easier reading and understanding. The publication is very useful and instructive and will provide people with an excellent introduction into the development of the various machines and mechanisms. The authors have illustrated their development mainly from the technical point of view; that is why the readers who spend some time with this book will get proper understanding of the major technological developments in the history.
Mechanical manufacturing processes have been addressed and examined in connection with the machines and mechanisms associated with them. We would say that this book is a real must-have one not only for the mechanical engineers but also for the general readers with the interest in machines, mechanisms and technology.
The "Read Later" function allows you to add material to this block with just one click. Just click on the icon and read the articles that interest you at any convenient time.
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There are fresh calls for New Zealanders to reduce meat our consumption to save water.
A study published in Nature Sustainability shows vegetarian or pescatarian diets could reduce a country's water footprint by up to half.
Researchers say water security is a growing issue and it's time to act now.
Lead author Davy Vanham told Kate Hawkesby there's a lot of competition for different uses of water, not only for agriculture, meat and drinking.
"For energy production and so on and in different regions in the world we have already have high levels of water stress and water scarcity which are very problematic."
He says there are multiple ways you can convince people to have a different diet.
"For example fiscal measures where you tax products or you give subsidies to certain healthy products. You can look at store layouts."
Vanham says marketing, availability and education could also be used.
LISTEN ABOVE AS DAVY VANHAM SPEAKS WITH KATE HAWKESBY
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Researchers at NTNU have managed to show exactly how the tuberculosis bacterium kills its host cell by filming the process in detail for the first time. Every year, 1.5 million people die of TB. Watch the clips below.
The story of the cooking pits of yore has made one archaeologist feel – at least a litte bit – like Indiana Jones.
It’s not easy being a tiny willow on the wind-and snow-blasted islands of the Norwegian territory of Svalbard. It turns out that Salix polaris, the polar willow, handles these tough conditions by growing as best it can in response to July temperatures — a response that researchers recorded all over the archipelago.
The stresses from home schooling, working at home and corona virus concerns are weighing us down on many levels. Here are some tips on ways to exercise at home that can help us maintain our health both physically and mentally.
Road dust can be a big problem in the winter, especially in northern climes where the use of studded tyres is allowed. Researchers are now studying how the type of stone used in asphalt affects the amount and harmfulness of dusty particulate matter that gets kicked up as studded tyres chew into the asphalt.
Newly developed technology has given robots the ability to learn new skills, enabling them to perform complex tasks and work alongside humans. This innovation can benefit many crucial societal functions, such as food production
Robotic turtles used for surveillance could help prevent escapes from salmon farms. The “turtle robots” are paving the way for a technology that improves monitoring inside sea cages.
Chinese authorities are investing heavily in green energy. The country has become a world leader in solar and wind power. This rapid expansion was made possible by the approach taken by authorities.
Sea trout populations have declined sharply. Researchers have studied the life of sea trout by means of acoustic telemetry tags and listening stations. Now they know more about what we need to do to protect the sea trout population.
Hauliers Asko in Norway, are among the first in the world to operate a goods vehicle that runs on hydrogen made from solar power – thanks to a collaborative effort by research scientists and other players.
Can art that literally takes your breath away make you more climate friendly? You can find out yourself if you happen to be in Madrid, at the UN Climate Change Conference, COP 25.
When scientists carry out experiments to investigate safe and efficient CO2 transport on the roof of the thermal power engineering laboratories at Trondheim, Norway, the noise they make will sound like a jet engine.
Two people died roughly 100 years apart. Nevertheless, they were buried together. In boats.
“A very rare and exciting find,” says NTNU University Museum archaeologist Raymond Sauvage.
The boat wings started as an unfinished idea in Eirik Bøckmann’s head. Now they’re being mounted on a ferry in the Faroe Islands.
John Olav Tande at SINTEF is appointed Norway’s Mission Innovation Champion for his innovative research and contribution in dissemination. The award was established by Bill Gates and among others former president Obama during the climate summit meeting in Paris, COP 21.
Blueye is an underwater drone that got its start at NTNU. The drone can be used for serious purposes – such as when it mapped damage to the Norwegian frigate Helge Ingstad – or for entertainment, such as showing cruise passengers the underwater landscape.
Travelling to Mars will require astronauts to grow their own food. NTNU is creating the planters for cultivating veggies in space. Now that researchers have finished lettuce-growing experiments, they’ll be embarking on bean trials.
The oceans are teeming with ever-increasing numbers of jellyfish. These squishy sea creatures can ruin fishing and discourage tourists. But one research group wants to turn this nuisance into pay dirt.
Church art from the Middle Ages reflects the dramatic societal changes that were underway during this period. Artists changed the way they depicted Christ from a regal figure with a crown of gold to a suffering Christ with a crown of thorns.
Soon the prototype for the world’s first driverless electric passenger ferry will be ready to launch in Trondheim.
Norwegian churches in the Middle Ages were decorated with embroidered tapestries that told Bible stories almost like a comic series. The Høylandet tapestry is the only one of its kind that has survived the march of time.
A Madonna figure from Grong municipality is one of the best preserved and special church sculptures in Norway from the Middle Ages. She looks like a sweet, friendly girl who’s been asked to model for the sculpture.
One of Scandinavia’s finest collections of church art from the Middle Ages lay hidden and forgotten in Norwegian churches for centuries. Indeed, this long forgetting is precisely what preserved the unique church art.
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Life as a shorter person can be challenging. It’s no wonder so many are now trying to find out how to get taller. There are numerous obstacles to success that taller people simply don’t have to face. This life of struggle and adversity means that shorter people must constantly try to prove themselves, and within this latest post, we’ll look at three reasons that short people must prove their worth. Many are making a huge difference by using heel lifts to get taller, but here are some reasons they may feel the need to prove themselves.
1 – They Aren’t Often Noticed
Whether it’s at work or in a social situation, shorter people aren’t always noticeable. This means that they must work a little harder to grab the attention. For example, in an office setting, shorter people are unlikely to stand out for their stature. They must prove their abilities through their work. They must show they’re at least as talented as a taller colleague to capture the attention of their managers. Without being noticed, shorter people also struggle to gain recognition for their work. They might work tirelessly only to find that their effort goes unrewarded by their bosses, while taller people get the acclaim.
2 – They’re Not Considered Strong
Society deems shorter people not strong enough to hold their own. This can have a negative impact on the person in numerous scenarios. For example, women might prefer a partner who is a protector – someone they can depend upon to keep them secure. Shorter men might not be considered very strong simply due to their stature. And while this is often untrue, it’s a myth that is highly pervasive and commonly believed.
Shorter people, therefore, have to work harder in social situations to show their strength. They might have to show they can lift heavy objects and protect their friends in dangerous situations. Only by proving themselves over time can shorter people show that they have the same level of strength taller people possess.
3 – They Are Not Thought of as Leaders
The studies show that being tall is associated with having leadership qualities. Taller people tend to dominate the conversation. They tend to be more confident in their abilities and therefore are considered better able to delegate within workplace situations. Shorter people must work much harder to show their leadership qualities. Without being louder and more forthright than their taller counterparts, shorter people can be overlooked for roles as leaders. It’s part of the reason many are now using height insoles to improve their height and assert their dominance.
To help overcome these obstacles, shorter people can use LiftKits Shoe Lifts and give themselves the height they need to make the right impression in all areas of their life. Life’s Short, You Don’t Have to Be!
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Tropical rainforests are an important ecosystem with distinct characteristics and adaptations. Tropical rainforests face threats which need to be managed to ensure their survival.
How much rainfall does the rainforest receive each year?
What is the average daily temperature in a tropical rainforest?
What colour is the soil in the rainforest?
How many layers make up a tropical rainforest?
Where do epiphytes get their nutrients from?
The air and water
Where do the leaves and flowers of the lianas grow?
In the emergent layer
In the canopy
In the shrub layer
Why is deforestation happening?
Farming, logging, mining, road building, HEP and population growth
Global warming, climate change and the greenhouse effect
Poor weather, tropical storms and hurricanes
Which impact of deforestation could be viewed as positive?
None of the impacts are positive
How can tropical rainforests be managed?
Encourage cattle farming and ranching
Logging and replanting schemes, education, ecotourism and international agreements
Mining and cutting down areas to make way for plantations
What is a selective management system?
Selective logging of trees over a short period of time
Selective logging of young trees
Selective logging of mature trees over a 40-year cycle to ensure that the rainforest has time to recover
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The better weather and lighter nights means that more of us decide to take a walk out in the countryside with our dogs.
Whilst this is a great pleasure for ourselves and our four legged friends this environment is one that needs to be respected. Wildlife, livestock, rural traffic, rivers/lochs, boundaries, littering and dog waste issues all need to be considered before heading off.
With regards to the last point there is growing evidence for a link between livestock diseases and infected dog waste that is not picked up on rural land. The two main issues are Neosporosis which causes abortion in cattle and Sarcocystosis which causes neurological disease and death in sheep.
These parasites can be transmitted to livestock from infected dog waste and as such all poo should be bagged in all rural areas where livestock may come into contact with it. So, as well as specific grazing land, this also includes grasslands, bridlepaths and any unfenced roads, tracks and lanes.
It is believed that the parasites may enter the dog via raw meat so even if you occasionally give them a raw bone this could be a source.
Although there is a general principle of a right to roam there are still responsibilities within this that we should all bear in mind. With regards to wildlife please note that March to July inclusive represents the main period for ground nesting birds.
These require their sites to be undisturbed and as such we need to ensure we keep our dogs on a lead when in the area. Please look out for the signs relating to these sites.
During the same period farms are very busy with the lambing season. Again for this reason we need to be extra vigilant and ensure we have full control of our dogs at all times.
The rural environment is highly stimulating to canines, especially if they don’t experience it very often. Anything that moves is an invitation to ‘play’ but also dangers, such as fast flowing or deep water, are alien to many. Again we just need to make sure that we have appropriate control to keep them safe from harm.
A golden rule should be that we leave the countryside in the state that we found it. Close gates behind us, pick up our dog waste, pick up our litter and, above all, adhere to the countryside code.
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This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.
If Google Street View is available, the image is from the best available vantage point looking, if possible, towards the location of the monument. Where it is not available, the satellite view is shown instead.
Latitude: 52.2505 / 52°15'1"N
Longitude: -4.2407 / 4°14'26"W
OS Eastings: 247133
OS Northings: 263730
OS Grid: SN471637
Mapcode National: GBR DK.06RX
Mapcode Global: VH3JL.FPYN
Entry Name: Fish traps on Beach SW of Aberarth
Scheduled Date: 3 March 2011
Source ID: 927
Cadw Legacy ID: CD281
Schedule Class: Agriculture and Subsistence
Category: Fish weir
Period: Post Medieval/Modern
Community: Dyffryn Arth
Traditional County: Cardiganshire
The monument comprises a series of stone-built fishtraps, known locally as goredi, on the beach SW of Aberarth. Their dates are unknown but some of the fishtraps were in use until the early 20th century, and they occupy a site reputed to have been used by the monks of Strata Florida in the 12th century. The fishtraps are of national importance for their potential to enhance our knowledge of an industry which has been integral to Ceredigion for centuries, and whose remains are widespread along the coastline. The documentary association with Strata Florida increases the significance of the goredi at Aberarth, as does the recorded testimony of the last gored-keeper in the early 20th century. The visible remains overlap and abut each other, offering the chance to examine chronology, and the traps have substantial group value with other fishtraps all along the Ceredigion coast.
The fishtraps are all stone-built, occupying the stony foreshore and still holding water at their seaward edges and there are at least three separate traps. The most westerly is a simple arc made of lines of boulders up to 1m thick. The next is an irregular ‘W’ shape, and of different construction. At some points along its course an internal facing of herringbone style stonework can be seen, and at the best preserved, seaward side, the structure is double-skinned, with a rubble infill, and stands up to 3 courses and 0.5m in height, and 3m in width. The most easterly is the best preserved, and of a more massive construction. Walls up to 4m thick and 0.6m high are made of piled stones and rubble, and the ‘arms’ run the width of the beach, from the low-tide to the high-tide mark.
The scheduled area comprises those remains described above and an area surrounding them within which related evidence might be expected to survive. It is polygonal in shape, measuring 650m E-W and 175m N-S, centred on NGR SN4712863711.
Other nearby scheduled monuments
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Blizzard of '77
Twenty-nine people died in the storm from Jan. 28 to Feb. 1, 1977 the first snowstorm to warrant a federal disaster area declaration. Total damage reached $300 million. For 11 days, national news reports showed images of a city blanketed in snow up to the roofs of houses.
When the blizzard began, it seemed like just another Friday morning snow flurry. But by 11:35 a.m., lightning flashed and the sky darkened. The wind shifted and began to howl. Soon, people couldn't see across the street.
"My reaction? Wow!" meteorologist Ed Reich said. "It was the most dramatic storm I ever saw." Surprisingly, the snowfall total for the storm was only 12 inches. What made the blizzard unique were the sustained winds, gusting up to 69 mph, which picked up the drifts piled high on frozen Lake Erie and dumped them in western New York and southern Ontario.
The winds were accompanied by Arctic cold temperatures, making it feel like minus 60 degrees outside. Whiteout conditions quickly trapped thousands of people at work, in cars and in homes. Some had to stay put for a day, others for the storm's duration. At least nine motorists froze to death in their stranded cars.
During this time WKBW Radio was the up-to-the minute source of emergency news for all Western New Yorkers. Not only did WKBW report school, office and factory closings but it was a major contributor of reports that cities, towns and even entire counties were closed and impassable due to blowing and drifting snow! The following audio clips were recorded during this event.
While listening to these recordings of the actual broadcasts, you may detect some anxiety in the announcer's voice!
Report 1 Report 2
Report 3 Report 4
Report 5 Report 6
Report 7 Report 8
Report 9 Report 10
Danny's Saturday Show
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Nelson Mandela passed away yesterday at the age of 95. He was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politican and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation.
After studying law in university he became a lawyer. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Mandela published his biography and opened negotiations with President de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multi-racial elections in 1994. As South Africa's first black president, Mandela formed a government of national unity in an attempt to defuse racial tension. He also promulgated a new constitution and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Mandela subsequently became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. He gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize and the US Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). He is often described as "the father of the nation".
USA Today recently listed a collection of quotes that personify his spirit:
1. "Difficulties break some men but make others. No axe is sharp enough to cut the soul of a sinner who keeps on trying, one armed with the hope that he will rise even in the end."
2. "It always seems impossible until it's done."
3. "If I had my time over I would do the same again. So would any man who dares call himself a man."
4. "I like friends who have independent minds because they tend to make you see problems from all angles."
5. "Real leaders must be ready to sacrifice all for the freedom of their people."
6. "A fundamental concern for others in our individual and community lives would go a long way in making the world the better place we so passionately dreamt of."
7. "Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do."
8. "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."
9. "I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear."
10. "For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others."
11. "Resentment is like drinking poison and then hoping it will kill your enemies."
12. "Lead from the back — and let others believe they are in front."
13. "Do not judge me by my successes, judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again."
14. "I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days."
15. "A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination."
We pray for God's comfort for his family and friends at this time of loss and grief. May his impact live on through his great example of love for all people and forgiveness of those who hurt him so deeply.
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It is inevitable that as technology advances, traditional cultures will be lost. It seems that we cannot have these two things together.
Technology, the buzzword of today, has improved the quality of life world over. It is true that, technology is one of the reasons behind the abrupt destruction of our traditional culture. In my point of view, technology and our tradition go well together.
Firstly, traditional games from the bygone days have been evaded by the juvenile and by the grown-up. They are much attracted towards video games rather than ancient games. According to them, these are old-fashioned games. An axiom for this issue is to include traditional games into the video games so that younger generation will get exposure to it.
In addition, traditional musical instruments such as banjos are being replaced by new innovations such as guitars, pianos and so on. Apart from this, the numbers of traditional performances organized have also been reduced due to the invention of idiot box which always broadcast a variety of TV shows and serials, making less importance to the traditional performance.
In this era of globalization, people prefer to live in modern apartments. So usages of traditional houses have become comparatively less. Unlike traditional houses, flats offering much secure environment. Moreover, apartment helps to reduce vicissitudes of our life. To have an ancient touch, one can include traditional concepts and furniture while building the apartments.
In conclusion, the strong current of technological advancement has indeed eroded some traditions; nevertheless, both of them are not mutually incompatible. We can preserve our traditions which reflect our origins and roots but at the same time manage to develop our country with full utilization of technology as it could be used to reinstate traditions.
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On April 6, 1994, Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundi President Cyprien Ntaryamira were killed when their plane was shot down by a missile believed to have been launched by the Hutu military rulers. The killings of the Tutsi by the Hutu began half an hour later.
Within 24 hours of Habyarimana's jet being shot down, roadblocks began to appear around Kigali, Rwanda's capital. The Tutsis were separated from the Hutus and were beaten to death with machetes, or knives. Thousands were killed on the first day, and more than 800,000 were slaughtered over a period of three months. On…
- Rwandan genocide
- Sam Houston Biography - Outline for Oral Presentation to include intro, body, conclusion, transitions and references
- Was Hitler alone the cause of world war two?- essay title summerised answer: only partly, due to other reasons such as the Treaty of Versailles, The Great Depression and more.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:
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https://www.atlants.lv/eseja/rwandan-genocide/679322/
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on Dec 7, 2016 at 9:42:42 pm Last Edited By David Jouppi on Dec 7, 2016 at 10:21:23 pm
Im running into a problem with an "if else" command. I have around 100 objects in a comp that I'm trying to assign a random rotation speeds to. I want them to either rotate to the left or the right. Additionally, regardless of which direction they're rotating, I want them to stay within a speed range, so that I can avoid having any of them standing totally still, or moving wayyyy to fast. I wrote out the following experession, which I figured should work, however, they always end up rotating in the same direction. Anyone know whats going on? I deduced the problem is happening at the the 3rd line. I cant get variable "drctn," to result in anything besides the value: -1. I assume I'm using the "if else" command incorrectly.
rndmA = Math.round(random(1,2));
if ( rndmA = 1 ) [drctn=-1] else [drctn=1];
animSpd = random(20,60);
time * (animSpd*drctn)
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https://forums.creativecow.net/thread/227/34507
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| 0.94273 | 261 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We color our beer (and even our rivers!) green, wear green so we don't get pinched and wear clothing emblazoned in green shamrocks on St. Patrick's Day.
But why? There's a complex history with Ireland's association with the color green.5 things to know about the history of St. Patrick's Day
Originally, the color commonly associated with St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was blue.
That’s because blue showed up in the colors of the Irish royal court as well as Irish flags.
However, green has popped up at various points in Irish history. Some scholars say rebels carried a green flag during the
Great Irish Rebellion of 1641 as Catholic landowners rebelled against the English, who had established a plantation in Ireland.
During the Irish Rebellion of 1798 when the Irish again rose up against British rule in Ireland, the Irish rebels once again chose to wear green.
The British reportedly wore red, while the green-clad Irish sang the song “The Wearing of the Green” during the rebellion.
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| 0.964271 | 223 | 3.140625 | 3 |
As resistance to the cuts grows, more people are involved in activity and experiences that make them open to the idea that we need a completely different kind of society.
But many can be intimidated by the idea of revolution. After all, aren’t revolutions violent, with a few leaders exploiting the “mob” to seize power?
The ruling class promotes this scary image of revolution. But it is far from the truth.
A socialist revolution is first and foremost a vast expansion of democracy. Socialism is about the transfer of economic power—away from a tiny, greedy elite, and into the democratic control of the majority, the working class.
Revolutions are about the mass entry of ordinary people onto the political stage, as they actively attempt to shape their own futures.
Millions upon millions of people, including many who have never been on a protest before or even voted in an election, take to the streets, take over their workplaces—and start debating how society should be organised.
They go much further than events like Ukraine’s “orange revolution” in 2004 and other “colour revolutions”—movements for democratic reforms that are often hailed as revolutions.
Revolutions that really shift power from one class to another look very different.
New institutions are created to express the new democratic power of the masses: elected councils of workplace delegates, who decide the way forward for the revolution.
Remarkably, similar structures appear again and again, each time under a different name. In the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1971 they were called “soviets”. In Germany in 1918-23 they were called “rate”. And in Chile 1972-73 they were known as “cordones”.
They are much more democratic than capitalist parliaments. Instead of ordinary people only voting every few years and then leaving things to the politicians, the delegates represent the workers and can be instantly recalled.
They are paid no more than other workers, and are easy to replace with a new representative who better expresses the views of a factory or office as the revolution develops.
Ordinary people discover a new sense of confidence and power. Other groups from students to peasants who begin to identify with the revolution elect their own delegates.
And the mood can infect the rank and file of the army—and they can elect delegates too, challenging the authority of the officers.
Revolutions are “festivals of the oppressed”, as the Russian revolutionary Lenin put it.
Oppressions used to divide us under capitalism—from racism to prejudice against disabled people—are challenged and start to fall away.
People’s intellectual horizons are vastly expanded, as life no longer seems cramped into the narrow drudgery of work and poverty.
But surely there would be some “violence”?
The real violence in every revolution comes from the old order, as it desperately uses every weapon it has to try to cling onto power.
That’s why we are not pacifists. It’s necessary to be ready to use violence to defend ourselves and our revolution against counter-revolutionaries.
Revolutions have to go further than setting up new democratic institutions. These new forms of democracy cannot exist side-by-side with the capitalist state. They have to overthrow and dismantle the state—or the old ruling class will eventually use it to destroy the revolution.
It sounds like an impossible task—but it can happen. Ideas that before the revolution were only held by a minority of socialists become accepted by millions of people. But this is a process—it doesn’t happen instantly.
As Karl Marx put it, “Revolution is necessary not only because the ruling class cannot be overthrown in any other way, but because only in a revolution can the class overthrowing it rid itself of all the muck of ages and fit itself to found society anew.”
The capitalist society we are all brought up in makes any argument for revolution difficult to win. The idea that we could overthrow not just one hated boss, but that ordinary people could take over and run society themselves, runs completely counter to the dominant ideology.
That’s why socialists who are clear about the need to push forward the revolution have to be organised—to win the debate and make sure the old order is swept away before it can regroup.
To do this effectively, that minority needs to be organised now, into a revolutionary party.
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Making Water Conservation Part of the Northwest Lifestyle
People in Northwestern Washington are often seen as leaders on conservation issues. We live in a spectacular part of the county and we do what we can to ensure it stays that way. Yet water conservation has not been high on our radar. This is probably not surprising since the Northwest is also known for its abundant rainfall.
Water and abundunt are two words not being used together much this year. The natural beauty of our region has attracted an ever-growing population that has put increased demand on our water resources. At the same time, Mother Nature has thrown us a curve, sending us warmer temperatures and reduced snow pack. This is a trend that seems to be our future.
- When washing dishes by hand, don’t let the water run while rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water.
- Some refrigerators, air conditioners and ice-makers are cooled with wasted flows of water. Consider upgrading with air-cooled appliances for significant water savings.
- Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk or street.
Water Conservation Facts:- By the Numbers
- 2.5 gallons: The amount of water per person much of the world is allocated
- 400 gallons: The amount of water per person used by the average American citizen; 30 percent of this is used for outdoor purposes, such as watering the lawn.
- 70 percent: The amount of worldwide water use that is allocated to farming; most of these farming irrigation systems operate at only 40 percent efficiency. According to a 2002 article by Lester Brown, aquifers are depleting all over the world-in China by 2-3 meters per year. In the US, the Ogallala aquifer is shrinking rapidly. In India, aquifers are going down by 3 meters per year, in Mexico by 3.3 metersper year.
Ways to Save Water and $$
- Outdoor Water Conservation Kits - Available for free at the Shelton Civic Center
Small drips or leaks around your home can be big water wasters. A pinhole sized leak can waste as much as 70 gallons a day. That adds up to more than 25,000 gallons a year. Places to check:
Toilets (request leak detection tabs: 432-5126)
Shower heads and
Need to talk to someone as soon as possible? Question about City utilities or projects? Call our Information Hotline - (360) 432-5103
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Given the current environmental situation on the planet, it is imperative that everybody should take steps to minimise the effects of climate change. Indeed, proper waste disposal is a way in which you can contribute to reducing the effects of this particular problem on the planet. Activities such as reducing, recycling and reusing have become more prominent over the last few years while you should also be aware that all waste should be disposed of in the correct way. If you are looking for more information about how to dispose of your waste in the correct way, then you should think about contacting a firm offering waste disposal in Gosport.
One of the simplest things that you can do if you have waste that needs to be disposed of is to contact a professional waste disposal company which can organise for the correct disposal of a variety of different types of waste material. If you are undertaking a construction or renovation task, then you may have produced a significant amount of building waste while if you are landscaping or redesigning an outside area, then you may need to dispose of a considerable amount of green waste. By disposing of waste in the correct way we can all reduce the level of global pollution and contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change on the planet.
- Make sure you dispose of all waste correctly.
- Reduce, reuse and recycle.
- Contact a waste disposal company if you have large amounts of waste.
- Contribute to the effort to reduce the level of pollution around the world.
Therefore, if you want to help protect the future of the planet, then you should think about doing as much as possible to reduce the effects of climate change and cut the level of pollution in the atmosphere.
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| 0.945723 | 338 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Energy is transferred along food chains from one trophic level to the next. However, the amount of available energy decreases from one trophic level to the next.
In a food chain only around 10 per cent of the energy is passed on to the next trophic level. The rest of the energy passes out of the food chain in a number of ways:
Less energy is transferred at each level of the food chain so the biomass gets smaller. As a result, there are usually fewer than five trophic levels in food chains.
The percentage efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels can be calculated using the equation:
Work out the percentage efficiency of energy transfer between producers and primary consumers in the example.
Calculate the total energy that came into the level of the food chain.
4500 kJ + 500 kJ = 5000 kJ
Identify how much energy is transferred to the next level.
Calculate the efficiency of this transfer using the equation.
energy transferred to next level ÷ total energy in × 100
500 kJ ÷ 5000 kJ × 100 = 10%
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Design Architecture How Do We Future-Proof Our Buildings? By Lloyd Alter Design Editor University of Toronto Lloyd Alter is Design Editor for Treehugger and teaches Sustainable Design at Ryerson University in Toronto. our editorial process Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Lloyd Alter Updated October 11, 2018 ©. Juraj Mikurcik/ a passivhaus in UK Share Twitter Pinterest Email Design Tiny Homes Architecture Interior Design Green Design Urban Design In the face of the recent IPCC report, this is something that we have to do right now. This site has written many posts on how to design a building that is low energy, low carbon, and resilient in the face of a changing climate. It's one of the reasons I am so fond of the Passivhaus standard; it requires so little energy to heat or cool. But energy consumption isn't the only thing we have to worry about in a changing world; writing in Passive House Plus magazine, Kate de Selincourt looks at what we have to do to build truly future-proof buildings. It was obviously written before the recent release of the IPCC report but is now even more relevant. Heat (or Cold?) Kate de Selincourt is writing from the UK, where nobody really knows what is going to happen to the climate. It has been getting hotter, but that could change:One of the wildest of wild cards is the potential of a rapid slow-down in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) leaving the UK and Ireland with a much colder climate... similar to that of other regions at a similar latitude (think Newfoundland or the Baltic).It's tough trying to plan when faced with such scenarios, but she takes a shot at it. The first and most obvious (especially in a magazine called Passive House Plus) is to build everything to the Passivhaus standard, starting right now. de Selincourt reminds us: "...while there is a common misconception that low energy houses will be hotter in summer, in reality insulation and airtightness are also valuable tools for keeping them cool and comfortable during hot weather."She also reiterates a point that took me a long time to come around to -- that air conditioning isn't totally evil. "At which point, given that we accept that it is legitimate to heat a cold space, does it not also become acceptable to cool a hot one?" At least in a Passivhaus building you don't need very much of it. More in TreeHugger on this subject: I give up. Air conditioning is a necessity now.We need better air conditioners, but first we need radical building efficiency No more flat roofs CC BY 2.0. Forgemind ArchiMedia/ Villa Savoye Forgemind ArchiMedia/ Villa Savoye/CC BY 2.0Here it gets very interesting. It might well be a much wetter climate, and buildings should be designed to cope with a lot of rain. According to architect Andrew Yeats:If clients ask for a flat roof I just say no. For an exposed location I insist on a steeply pitched roof, big overhangs and big gutters, and I won’t have anything to do with balconies or parapets.This is a subject we have discussed before, noting that in many very windy climates, buildings do not have big overhangs because of wind uplift. This problem might actually get worse, so Dublin architect Joseph Little warns that wind uplift calculations may need to be rethought, and roofing practices reconsidered. More in TreeHugger: All about eavesWhat Ever Happened To Roof Overhangs?Every house should have roof overhangs, except when they shouldn't or can't Dealing with drywall mush We recently wrote about alternatives to drywall that could cope with flooding, but in the end, nothing can compete in price. However, one design consultancy, URBED, came up with a really simple idea that makes a lot of sense: Some of their recommendations are very simple – such as fitting plasterboard horizontally across a wall so less needs to be removed when only the bottom foot or so of a wall is damaged, or using water-resistant materials such as magnesium oxide boards instead. More in TreeHugger: Four alternatives to drywall that don't turn to mushNorth American houses turn to mush in a flood. What can we do about it? In praise of Dumb Boxes credit: Energiesprong Energiesprong/CC BY 2.0 Kate de Selincourt closes with a subject dear to my heart, quoting our post In praise of the dumb box, where we discussed the benefits of simple building forms. She quotes Mike Eliason, who noted that “‘dumb boxes’ are the least expensive, the least carbon-intensive, the most resilient, and have some of the lowest operational costs compared to a more varied and intensive massing.” And me: "Every time a building has to turn a corner, costs are added. New details are required, more flashing, more materials, more complicated roofing. Each move has a corresponding cost associated with it." There are other issues that de Selincourt doesn't cover, such as choices of site, embodied carbon of materials, transport energy intensity, or whether we should even be building new single-family dwellings at all. While the article talks briefly about retrofits, it is clearly a subject that needs far more attention. But given the urgency of the IPCC report, it is clear that we have to think about all of these issues right now, if we are going to get to zero carbon by 2030. Read the whole wonderful article at Passive House Plus.
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The God of the Bible is a God of protest. He sent protestors into the world known as prophets, who decried the brokenness of the world and the damage wrought by sin. And he calls you and I to be protestors.
The prophets were performance artists. They put on public displays to call attention to their protests, often in ways that made them impossible to ignore. Jeremiah walked around with an ox’s yoke on his shoulders, warning that God’s people would bear the yoke of Babylon because they had not been faithful. Isaiah walked around naked for three years, warning that the people would be stripped of all they had if they did not repent. God told Ezekiel to lay down in the street for a year to show that Israel was weighed down by their sins. (And Ezekiel replied, “A year?! Can’t I just graffiti a building or something?”) John the Baptist was a performance artist, whose symbolic artwork was to tell people to dunk themselves under water as a way of pointing out that they were living unclean lives. And then he said that a performance artist was coming whose sandals he was not worthy to untie.
Jesus was a protestor. And Christmas was the best protest of all. Because in the midst of humanity’s overt rebellion against our maker, God lay down in the intersection of human life to stop traffic when he lay in the manger. In that act, God protested our sinfulness not by condemning us, but by joining us. In so doing, he modeled the kind of protest his followers are called to – one in which we join the most needy, and do so in a way that can’t be ignored.
So in a chaotic world broken by sin, join the God who is the God of protest.
- If we want to protest racism, tutor a child of another ethnicity.
- If we want to protest injustice, pay the court fees of the defenseless.
- If we want young men to take violence seriously, stop teaching boys to celebrate violent sports, media, and entertainment and instead teach them dignity and manners.
- Do for your next door neighbor what you wish you could do for the entire world.
- Have lunch at the house of the guy that everyone resents.
- Pay the hospital bills of the injured person on the side of the road.
- Stand as close as you can to people who are likely to have stones thrown at them.
Taking to social media with inflammatory rhetoric will not create a world of decency and respect. Instead we have to act in such a way that we would be confident that it would be a better world if everyone else did the same thing we’re doing. Or as Jesus put it, we are to do unto others as we would have them do to us. That kind of protest will stop traffic.
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- The World – Stereotypes 2014
- The World – Ice Age
- World Political Map – Tanezrouft
- World Political Map – Livingstone
- World Political Map – Chancellor
- World Political Map – Decorative
- The World – 1875
- The World – 1914
- The World – 1938
- Map of the Internet 2.0.
- The World – Stereotypes
- The World – Climate Change
- The World – Imperial Decorative
- Map of the Internet 1.0.
The World – Ice Age
The World – Ice Age Map depicts our planet as it looked during the late glacial maximum of the last ice age, 14,000 years BCE.
This world map, inspired by a wide variety of historical maps, aims for bringing the best of traditional cartography to a contemporary setting, while providing a comprehensive scientific-based overview on the subject. While making this map, I cooperated with multiple university climatologists and geologists, to achieve the most trustworthy results and depict the late pleistocene world as accurately as possible.
This map is designed in our vintage-style “decorative” theme, and serves as a perfect decoration for any household, office or school.
The poster includes one full large detailed map of the world, 2 major maps showcasing northern and southern polar regions and 2 detailed minimaps comparing present day climate to that during the late glacial maximum. To better show how the earth really looked 16 thousand years ago when compared to present, map also shows present-day shorelines and modern-day nations and cities(exposing their maritime boundaries).
The world 16,000 years ago was in many ways radically different to the present; because large amounts of water were concentrated in the massive ice sheets covering the majority of North America and western Eurasia, sea levels were about 110 meters lower when compared to today. This exposed massive land bridges, most notably Beringia, Sundaland and Sahul.
Northern hemisphere was covered by two main ice sheets; the Wechselian Ice Sheet, covering the much of northern Europe and western Siberia, reaching as far south as Berlin, and the Laurentide&Cordilleran Ice Sheet complex, which covered almost entire Canada and portions of northern USA. Major ice sheets were also present in mountainous areas, most notably in the Himalayas, Rocky Mountains, Alps and Patagonian Andes.
This World – Ice Age is a comprehensive, factual map of the late pleistocene Earth, and combines the latest knowledge on the subject with artistic cartography to provide you the most encompassing, trustworthy and eye-pleasing overview possible.
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The science-policy interface is the complex intersection between science and policy, which has been explained as “a socially constructed and negotiated ‘boundary’ between two social groups; the scientific and policy communities” (Bremer & Glavociv, 2013, p.45), or as “institutional arrangements that reflect cognitive models and provide normative structures, rights, rules and procedures that define and enable the social practice of linking scientific and policy-making processes” (Koetz, Farrell, & Bridgewater, 2012, p. 2), and also as, “social processes which encompass relations between scientists and other actors in the policy process, and which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching decision-making” (Van den Hove, 2007, p. 807).
To understand the science-policy interface, identification of “four broad stakeholders: the state, civil society, private sector, the scientific community” (Bremer, & Glavociv, 2013, p. 40) helps to frame the motivations for different kinds of interfaces that develop. The perfect harmony of science and policy, integrating holistically for decision-making, is very complex and, “in practice, policy is formed through the intermingling of scientific knowledge, political judgement, and practical considerations… [and] the science-policy interface is turbulent, not linear, and scientific input plays only a small role” (Briggs & Knight, 2011, p. 696).
There are three main types of the science-policy interface. The first occurs when scientific evidence informs policy making, the second when policy informs the kind of scientific evidence produced, used, or not used, and the third interface when policy and information are integrated together.
In a 2010 article published in Science, Roland Schenkel outlined several observations that can explain limitations to the effectiveness of the science-policy interface, namely:
- Science should not claim to have “the” answer as multiple factors are often at play in policy decisions.
- Industry and other core interest groups have natural vested interests in policy-making.
- Public opinion is crucial and public debate is instrumental in forming it.
- To be useful, robust scientific advice typically has to be multidimensional and inclusive.
Cases Illustrating Features of the Science-Policy Interface
1) South Shore Integrated Community Sustainability Plan ̶ Example of a Policy Prompting Use of Research
The Nova Scotian South Shore Integrated Community Sustainability Plan (ICSP) is an example of a policy that prompts use of research. Municipalities are given access to funds (from a provincial gas tax agreement) if they develop a plan that implements sustainable initiatives. This arrangement allows municipalities to create an agenda in which they can use science to fit their policy needs. For example, if a municipality already needed a new waste management system, it would state in its application to the ICSP program that this new system is a sustainable initiative it would like to pursue and then receive funds to undertake it. The funding would entail completion of research to identify options for the waste management system. Another example relates to electrical light fixtures. It is widely accepted that Light Emitting Diode (LED) light bulbs are an environmentally friendly lighting option (EarthEasy, 2012). If a municipality needs to upgrade street light infrastructures, it can use this scientific evidence in an application for funding for its sustainable initiative policy. These examples illustrate that municipalities are financially motivated to use scientific research in the application of a policy. If scientific research supports a proposed initiative, funds can be secured from the Gas tax agreement, to accomplish public objectives that would otherwise come out of municipal budgets.
This case raises the question of whether municipal officials might manipulate scientific evidence to support an environmental remediation initiative, particularly if the municipality already intended to undertake the initiative whether external funding was available through the ICSP program or not. Might other environmental initiatives be delayed or avoided because the municipality directed funds obtained from the ICSP program to a project it had planned to pursue anyway?
2) Kyoto Protocol ̶ Example of Science Influencing Policy
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC, which is responsible for the Kyoto Protocol, relies on the scientific information assessed and prioritized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (UNFCCC, 2014). A scientific body operating under the auspices of the UN, with 195 member countries, the IPCC “reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change” (IPCC, 2014). In this example, we clearly see the UNFCCC, a policy-driven organization, relying almost solely on the advice and expertise of the scientific community provided through the IPCC. From the perspective of the science-policy interface, a direct flow of information is seen and the potential for influence of science in the decisions made by policy makers globally.
Even though Canada has pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol, it continues to play a significant role with the UNFCCC and is committed to addressing climate change (Canada’s Action on Climate Change, 2014). While the science behind the policy advice was robust and most likely well delivered, politicians sometimes made policy decisions that include consideration of factors beyond science. In such instances, one could agree with Van den Hove that “[i]f science cannot provide ‘perfect’ predictions on which to make a decision, it can nevertheless contribute to a better understanding of the issues at hand, which will in turn support a richer exploration of future scenarios, narratives and policy options, as well as a more articulated justification of decisions” (Van den Hove, 2007, p.820).
Roland Schenkel’s (2011) article stems from a long career in providing advice to policy makers and serves as instruction for scientists and policy makers alike to engage in more honest dialogue. Once each party (scientists and policy makers) can see the background and multiple considerations needed in a policy decision, one would hope that productive outcomes would be more easily achieved.
3) Sweden’s Nuclear Reactors ̶ Example of Positive Interaction Between Scientists, Policy-Makers, and Citizens
Although scientific evidence can sometimes seem overwhelming to policy makers because scientific advances may entail risks, it is important to understand the various implications involved in the adoption of new technology. The science-policy interface allows for open dialogue between stakeholders, including the public. Nuclear energy is a subject that brings out conflicting ideas; the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents stand out as examples of the danger and consequences of poorly managed nuclear energy. Nevertheless, Sweden has used nuclear power since the 1970s, even while there is still ample debate as to how to best manage the waste generated since safe and secure storage for 100,000 years is needed. SKB, the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management company, works in conjunction with the local authorities to provide the services needed and operates with a strong commitment to transparency, accountability, and listening to the wishes of the citizens (through public opinion and the voices of the elected).
Schenkel states that public engagement with all stakeholders on sensitive scientific issues is the key to success (Schenkel, 2011). SKB demonstrates its commitment to open dialogue and communication through its website. For example, in a recent review, the application process was fully detailed for review and it clearly stated that “SKB’s applications for permission to build the Spent Fuel Repository at Forsmark and an encapsulation plant in Oskarshamn are now with the authorities. The review will take several years. The final decision will be taken by the Government, but not before the municipalities concerned have said yes or no” (SKB, 2011). What stands out in this case is an understanding that the science-policy interface is a social process that encompasses relations between scientists and other actors in the policy process, which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching decision making (Van den Hove, 2007).
Bremer, S., & Glavovic, B. (2013). Mobilizing knowledge for coastal governance: Re- framing the science-policy interface for integrated coastal management. Coastal Management, 41(1), 39-56.
Briggs, S. V., & Knight, A. T. (2011). Science-policy interface: Scientific input limited. Science, 333, 696-697.
Canada’s Action on Climate Change. (2014). Canada’s action on climate change. Retrieved from http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=72F16A84-1
Eartheasy. (2012). Energy efficient lighting. Retrieved from http://eartheasy.com/live_energyeff_lighting.htm
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Organization. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml#.UvF1ZXlL3OZ
Koetz, T., Farrell, K. N., & Bridgewater, P. (2012). Building better science-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: Assessing potential within the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. International Environmental Agreements, 12(1), 1-21.
Nova Scotia Municipal Sustainability Office. (2013). Sustainability and ICSPs. Retrieved from http://www.sustainability-unsm.ca/sustainability-a-icsps.html
Schenkel, R. (2010). The challenge of feeding scientific advice into policy making. Science, 330, 1749-1751.
Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AK, SKB. (2011). How the applications are reviewed. Retrieved from http://www.skb.se/Templates/Standard____33926.aspx
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2014). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/2860.php
Van den Hove, S. (2007). A rationale for science–policy interfaces. Futures, 39(7), 807- 826.
Authors: Lindsay Clowes, Madeline Driscoll, Cristina Fernandez
This blog post is part of a series of posts authored by students in the graduate course “The Role of Information in Public Policy and Decision Making,” offered at Dalhousie University.
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By: Riley Hallinan, Hour 3
Who: North Vietnam (Communists) vs. South Vietnam (non-communists).
What: The North Vietnamese were trying to
Where: The Vietnam war took place in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Why: The Vietnam War started as a result of U.S. strategy containment during the Cold War, which aimed to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world.
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|Through her book, Silent Spring, and subsequent testimony before the U.S. Congress, Rachel Carson (1907-1964) made a monumental contribution to our understanding and prevention of the devastating environmental and health effects of D.D.T. and other widely-used synthetic, persistent pesticides. For her work, Carson was the subject of attack by the chemical industry, the medical community, and some in the government who sought to discredit her and her research. Carson's work and her courage in its defense led to a ban on D.D.T., the passage of laws regulating pesticides, and the formation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The extraordinary contributions of Theodora Emily Colborn, Ph.D., for pioneering and courageous contributions to the field of endocrine disruption continue Rachel Carson's legacy of integrity, courage, dignity, and scientific excellence.
As a scientist formerly with the World Wildlife Fund, Dr. Colborn has, through her and her colleagues' (John Peterson Myers and Dianne Dumanoski) scientific detective story Our Stolen Future, revealed the common link that hormone-disrupting chemicals have on the development of the reproductive, metabolic, and immune systems and the brain of humans and animals, connecting hundreds of seemingly unrelated scientific studies for her work. The chemical industry has mounted continual public relations assaults to discredit Dr. Colborn and her research.
Dr. Colborn's work was instrumental in alerting the public to the potentially detrimental effects that thousands of man-made chemicals pose to pre-and post-natal development and creating the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Program within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as the result of two congressional mandates.
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Tuberculosis (too-ber-ku-LO-sis) is a bacterial infection that spreads through the air and usually affects the lungs. Worldwide, it kills more people than any other infectious disease.
for searching the Internet and other reference sources
TB or Not TB
Hippocrates, a Greek physician who today is called "the father of medicine," accurately described tuberculosis (TB) about 2,400 years ago when he coined the term "phthis," which means to melt and to waste away. In later years, tuberculosis was called consumption, because people with TB tended to waste away as if they were being slowly consumed.
What Is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that are spread mainly through the air from one person to another. TB usually infects the lungs, but can also cause symptoms that affect the whole body.
Not everyone who is infected with tuberculosis bacteria (called primary infection) gets sick or infects other people. About 10 million people in the United States are infected with tuberculosis, but only one out of every 10 of these people will develop active TB (called secondary infection).
People with primary TB infection are protected from developing active TB by their body's immune system * , but they still carry the bacteria in their bodies. As long as the infection is inactive, they cannot spread TB. They can, however, develop active (secondary) TB years later if their immune systems are weakened by other diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, or by alcohol or drug abuse. Most people with active TB who are treated can be cured. If left untreated, however, TB is fatal 40 to 60 percent of the time.
How Does Tuberculosis Spread?
When people with active tuberculosis of the lungs or throat cough or sneeze, they spread bacteria through the air. Other people who breathe the same air may become infected with the bacteria, which can lodge in the lungs and begin to grow. From there, the bacteria can move through the blood and settle in almost any other part of the body, including the urinary tract, brain, lymph nodes * , bones, joints, peritoneum * , and heart.
People with active tuberculosis are most likely to give it to those they spend a lot of time with over a long period, such as family members, close friends, and coworkers. Even with close contact, however, only one third of people who are exposed to TB infection become infected. People who have primary tuberculosis cannot spread it to others. TB in parts of the body other than the lungs and throat usually is not contagious.
Who Gets Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis can strike anyone, but some people are more likely to get it than others:
- Babies and young children who have weak immune systems.
- People with medical problems such as HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) infection, alcohol or drug abuse, poor nutrition, diabetes, certain types of cancer, or severe kidney diseases that weaken their immune systems.
- People who take certain medications, such as corticosteroid drugs that weaken their immune systems.
- People who have had organ transplants and take drugs to suppress their immune systems.
- People who do not get good medical care due to poverty or homelessness.
* immune system is the body's defense system, fighting off attacks by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other foreign substances that can cause illness or hurt the body.
* lymph node a round mass of tissue that contains immune cells that filter out harmful micro-organisms; lymph nodes can become enlarged during infection.
* peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
The U.S. and the World
- In the United States, tuberculosis is a serious disease but is not a leading cause of death or illness. In 1996, for instance, it caused about 21,000 new cases of illness and about 1,200 deaths. It is estimated that 10-15 million people in the U.S. have primary (in other words, nonactive) TB infection. Of these about 1 in 10 will eventually become ill with the disease.
- In the U.S., TB is most common among people with HIV, people in homeless shelters and prisons, other poor people who live in big cities and elderly people. Rates are higher for men than for women and far higher for people of African ancestry than for people of European ancestry. This may be because a higher proportion of African Americans are poor. Another factor may be that, over the centuries, TB was largely a European disease and Europeans who survived it may have evolved resistance to it.
- In the U.S., tuberculosis was on the decline until the mid-1980s, when it began to make a comeback. A main reason was the rise of HIV, the AIDS virus, which weakens the immune system. HIV-infected people are more likely to get new TB infections and to have old, inactive infections become active and cause illness. Health officials responded to the upsurge with better TB control programs, and rates of TB went down again. By the late 1990s, the number of new U.S. illesses was the lowest ever and was dropping each year.
- Worldwide, TB causes more deaths than any other infectious disease. In 1997, it was estimated to cause about 8 million new cases of illness and about 2 million deaths, on top of 16 million existing cases of illness. It is estimated that one-third of the world's people have primary (inactive) TB infection. That means 2 billion infected people.
- Worldwide, most tuberculosis cases occur in Asia. About 4.5 million of the 8 million new cases each year occur in India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. But the rates—the number of cases that occur for each 100,000 people—tend to be highest in some African countries. That's because HIV is particularly common there and HIV-infected people are more like to get sick with TB. Many cases of tuberculosis also occur in the Mideast and South America. In the developing world, TB is most common among young men and women of reproductive age.
- Worldwide as well, the spread of tuberculosis has been fueled by the rise of HIV, but it has not been brought under control. The World Health Organization has been trying to get countries to use the kind of control measures that worked in the U.S. in the 1990s. But the control measures are expensive and difficult to do on the large scale that is needed, and the countries that need them most are not as wealthy as the U.S.
What Are the Symptoms of Tuberculosis?
Primary tuberculosis does not cause any symptoms. The symptoms of secondary (active) tuberculosis depend on where in the body the tuberculosis bacteria are growing. Tuberculosis of the lungs may cause a cough that does not go away, pain in the chest, and coughing up blood or sputum * . Other common symptoms include feeling tired all the time, weight loss, lack of appetite, fever, chills, and sweating at night. However, some people with active TB feel well and only cough occasionally.
Archeologists have found evidence of tuberculosis in skeletons from Peru that are 1,300 years old and in Egyptian skeletons dating back 3,400 years. ButTB apparently did not emerge as a major killer until the 1600s in Europe.
By the 1800s, the Industrial Revolution had created ideal conditions for TB to spread—overworked, underfed people crowded together in tenements and factories with poor ventilation. TB became the leading killer in many European and U.S. cities. It even took on an aura of romance, as it sapped the life from many literary figures, both real (the poet John Keats) and fictional (the heroine of the opera "La Boheme").
It was unclear whether TB was inherited or infectious until the 1880s, when the German physician Robert Koch (1843-1910) identified the TB bacterium. Treatment consisted of rest, rich food, and fresh air, often provided in special TB hospitals called sanitoriums that were built in mountain areas.
Streptomycin, an antibiotic that kills TB bacteria, was introduced in the 1940s. Isoniazid, another effective antibiotic, came into use in the 1950s. Both are still used today, along with other drugs. As drug-resistant strains of TB continue to emerge, research toward better treatment continues as well.
* sputum mucus and other matter coughe d out from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea,
Tuberculosis bacteria typically infect the lungs, but they can settle in almost any part of the human body:
- Urinary tract. Symptoms may include repeated urinary tract infections, repeated fevers, or pus or blood in the urine for which there is no other explanation.
- Brain. Tuberculosis bacteria can infect the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the meninges), especially in babies and young children. Symptoms of tuberculosis meningitis may include headaches, seizures, or abnormal behavior.
- Lymph nodes. Tuberculosis bacteria can infect the small organs commonly known as lymph nodes. Symptoms may include inflammation and swelling of the nodes anywhere in the body, including in the neck.
Bones and joints. Tuberculosis bacteria can infect the skeleton,
especially in the elderly. Symptoms may include fever, pain, and stiff,
swollen joints. The lower spine and weight-bearing joints are most often
- Peritoneum. Tuberculosis bacteria can infect the inner lining of the abdomen. Symptoms may include a fever and buildup of fluid inside the abdomen. This often goes along with a buildup of fluid around the lungs.
- Heart. Tuberculosis bacteria can infect the sac enclosing the heart. Although this is extremely rare, the death rate is high when it does occur. Symptoms may include short-ness of breath, chest pain, and fever.
How Is Tuberculosis Diagnosed?
A skin test is used to diagnose primary of testing fluid is injected with a fine needle just beneath the skin on the lower part of the arm. Two to three days later, a healthcare professional checks the arm. If a bump of a certain size is present, the test is positive, and a diagnosis of primary tuberculosis is made. Doctors may order more tests, such as a chest x-ray and a test of sputum that is coughed up, to see if secondary (active) tuberculosis is present.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that certain people at risk for getting tuberculosis get the skin test. These include:
- People who have spent a lot of time with other people who are infected with TB.
- People who think they may have caught the disease for other reasons.
- People who have HIV infection or other medical problems that put them at high risk for getting tuberculosis.
- People who inject street drugs.
- People who come to the United States from countries where tuberculosis is more common (most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and all of Asia except for Japan).
- People who live in the United States in environments where tuberculosis is common (homeless shelters, migrant farm camps, prisons, and some nursing homes).
■ The measures advocated by the World Health Organization are called DOTS, for "directly obseved treatment—short term." Under this system, health workers watch patients take their medicines each day for six months to a year, either at a clinic or on visits to the patient's home. This ensures that the patients complete their treatment, rather than stopping whenever they feel better. That cuts down on the spread of the illness and on the emergence of drug-resistant strains.
How Is Tuberculosis Treated?
People with primary tuberculosis who are in high-risk groups for developing active TB may be given medication to help ward off the illness. This is called preventive therapy. People under age 35 with primary tuberculosis who are not in high-risk groups also may benefit from preventive therapy. The goal is to kill the bacteria that are not doing any harm now, but that could cause active TB in the future. The medication usually given for this purpose is called isoniazid (INH). To kill these bacteria, however, INH must be taken every day for 6 to 12 months.
Secondary (active) tuberculosis
Secondary (active) tuberculosis can often be cured with medication. People with secondary TB usually take several different drugs, because this does a better job of killing all the bacteria and preventing the formation of resistant bacteria that cannot be killed by drugs.
Although they usually feel better after a few weeks of treatment, people with active TB must continue to take their medication correctly for the full length of the treatment or they can become sick again. Since people with tuberculosis of the lungs or throat can spread the infection to others, they need to stay home from school or work until they are no longer infectious to others; this usually takes a couple of weeks.
People with tuberculosis who are sick enough to go to the hospital may be put in a special room with an air vent system that keeps the bacteria from spreading. Doctors, nurses, and others who work in such rooms must wear special facemasks to protect themselves from breathing the bacteria.
How Can the Spread of Infection Be Stopped?
People who have tuberculosis can keep from spreading the infection by taking all their medication exactly as prescribed, visiting their doctors regularly, staying away from people until they are no longer infectious to others, covering their mouths with a tissue when they cough, sneeze, or laugh, and airing out the room often.
Tuberculosis bacteria can only be spread through the air. Other people cannot be infected by shaking hands, sitting on toilet seats, or sharing dishes or personal items with people who have tuberculosis.
Is There a Vaccine for Tuberculosis?
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a vaccine that can help protect people against tuberculosis infection. It does not always work and may cause a positive reaction to the tuberculosis skin test, making it harder to tell if people become infected despite the vaccine. BCG is not widely used in the United States, but it often is given to babies and young children in countries where tuberculosis is common.
Germs That Resist Arrest
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, caused by bacteria that cannot be killed by regulartuberculosis drugs, is very dangerous. Even with treatment, 40 to 60 percent of people with MDR tuberculosis die. People with MDR tuberculosis must take special medications that do not work aswell as the usual tuberculosis drugs and that have more side effects.
People with tuberculosis who do not take their medication correctly, or who do not finish it all, can get MDR tuberculosis, and they can spread the infection to others. MDR tuberculosis is common in some parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Latin America, Haiti, and the Philippines.
U.S. National Center for HIV, STD andTB Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road
N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333. This government agency, part of the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is a good source of
U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID),
Office of Communications and Public Liaison, Building 31, Room 7A-50, 31
Center Drive, MSC 2520, Bethesda, MD
20892-2520. NIAID also posts information about tuberculosis at its
American Lung Association. 1740 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. This group
has information about tuberculosis on its website.
Telephone 800 LUNG-USA
World Health Organization (WHO), Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. WHO posts information about tuberculosis and other vaccine preventable diseases at its website.
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Extreme weather events of such extent can significantly harm food production and thus make prices soar. In recent years, major food price spikes were associated with social unrest.
In a new study published in Nature Climate Change, Earth Institute and Lamont scientist Kai Kornhuber, Lamont’s Radley Horton, and colleagues show how specific wave patterns in the Jetstream strongly increase the chance of co-occurring heatwaves in major food producing regions of Northern America, Western Europe and Asia. Their research finds that these simultaneous heatwaves can significantly reduce crop production across those regions, creating the risk of multiple harvest failures and other far-reaching societal consequences.
"A twenty-fold increase"
“We found an underexplored vulnerability in the food system: when these global scale wind patterns are in place, we see a twenty-fold increase in the risk of simultaneous heatwaves in major crop producing regions,” said Kornhuber, who is also a guest scientist at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). “During these events there actually is a global structure in the otherwise quite chaotic circulation.”
Western North America, Western Europe and the Caspian Sea region are particularly susceptible to these atmospheric patterns that get heat and drought locked into one place simultaneously where they then affect crops production yields. “What makes this particularly relevant: the bell can ring in multiple regions at once and the impacts of those specific interconnections were not quantified previously,” Kornhuber adds.
“Normally low harvests in one region are expected to be balanced out by good harvests elsewhere. But these waves can cause reduced harvests in several important breadbaskets simultaneously, creating risks for global food production,” said co-author Dim Coumou from the Institute for Environmental Studies at VU Amsterdam and PIK.
Even regions that are not directly affected "may see price spikes"
“We will see more and more heatwaves striking different areas at the same time, and they will become even more severe,” adds Jonathan Donges, co-author from PIK. “This can impact food availability not only in the regions directly affected. Even remoter regions may see scarcities and price spikes as a result.”
“During years in which two or more summer weeks featured the amplified wave pattern, cereal crop production was reduced by more than 10% in individual regions, and by 4% when averaged across all crop regions affected by the pattern,” says Elisabeth Vogel, co-author from Melbourne University.
Horton notes that “if climate models are unable to reproduce these wave patterns, risk managers such as re-insurers and food security experts may face a blind spot when assessing how simultaneous heat waves, and their impacts could change in a warming climate.” More research is also needed on the vulnerability of global crop production and international agricultural trade to simultaneous extreme events in major production regions.
Kornhuber summarizes that a thorough understanding of what drives this jet stream behavior could ultimately improve seasonal predictions of agricultural production at the global scale and inform risk assessments of harvest failures across multiple breadbasket regions.
The article can be found here
The study can be found here
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John Eneas McCALLISTER was born in Henderson County 14 Oct 1805. His ancestors were of Scottish origin, and remarkable for their personal courage. John's father Eneas McCALLISTER [Sr.], was a native of Pennsylvania; his mother, whose maiden name was KINKEAD, was also from the same state.
John's great-grandfather, Samuel KINKEAD, prior to BRADDOCK'S defeat, was tomahawked by the Indians on the Potomac River, in Virginia, and his wife, two sons and a daughter, were captured and carried away to the territory of Ohio. Samuel KINKEAD [Jr.], the oldest son, then about fourteen years of age, effected his escape and afterwards joined WASHINGTON'S army. Mrs. KINKEAD was separated from her children, some time after their capture, and taken by the Indians to the territory of Illinois, near the Mississippi River. During this time a treaty had been effected between the government and the Indians, and a large number of them came into Pittsburgh. With the Indians were the two KINKEAD boys and their sister, who had, during her captivity, become the wife of one of the chiefs. A short time after their arrival, the three were discovered by their older brother Sam, who was then a Captain in the American army. He persuaded the two boys to desert the Indians, but failed in all his efforts to reclaim his sister, she refusing to give up her wild Indian life and return among the whites.
The mother [Mrs. KINKEAD] who was a captive, as before stated, in the Illinois territory, had often been importuned to marry one of the chiefs, and had as often positively declined. She offended one of the chiefs in some way not known and for this reason was ordered to be burned at the stake. The French, who then occupied the Missouri Territory, had built the town of Kaskaskia on the opposite side of the Mississippi, were on friendly terms and carried on a large trade with the Indians. A French Merchant of Kaskaskia, named LARSH, was over among the Indians and discovering a white woman packing fagots and sticks, involuntarily made inquiries concerning her. He soon learned her history, and also that she was packing wood, whose leaping flames were that very night to burn her mortal frame and waft her spirit into eternity. Horrified beyond measure, LARSH determined to thwart the decree of the heartless monster and at the risk of his own life effect her escape.
LARSH met Mrs. KINKEAD and by signs and secret whispers, warned her of her approaching fate, and begged that she fly with him. This she consented readily to do, and as good fortune would have it, the two succeeded in reaching Kaskaskia. LARSH was a man of considerable means and unmarried. Owing, perhaps to the exciting and dangerous incidents through which the two had passed, a mutual attachment sprung up between them which ultimately resulted in their marriage according to the rites and forms of the Catholic Church.
Mrs. KINKEAD had been raised a Protestant, and even after her marriage to LARSH, held to that faith. By some means, she managed throughout her entire captivity to save to herself a Protestant Bible, which she read day by day. Kaskaskia was a Catholic settlement, and LARSH, her husband was a devoted member of the church; yet she held firm to her Bible and would read it whenever an opportunity offered. One day, while she was thus engaged, a priest happened in, and discovering her with the book, seized hold of it, and wrenching it from her hands, turned and threw it in the fire. Her husband was absent at the time, but upon his return, she told him what had happened. The story so enraged him that upon the return of the priest, he rushed upon him and denouncing him, said: "I do you as you do my wife's book"; with this he seized the priest and threw him in the fire. LARSH, knowing the penalty that would be visited upon him and his wife when this fact became known, seized a mattress from off of one of the beds and with her retreated hurriedly to the river, where he improvised a raft, upon which he placed the mattress, and the two made the perilous journey across the Mississippi River, where they claimed the protection of General CLARKE'S army of Kentuckians, which had arrived in pursuit of the Indians. LARSH, was a man of considerable means, but after his flight, and the discovery of what he had done, became known, every vestige of property to which he set claim was confiscated by the French.
Captain Samuel KINKEAD, of the American army, then stationed at Pittsburgh, hearing of his sister's escape from the Indians and subsequent escape from Kaskaskia to General CLARKE'S army, obtained a leave of absence and in a canoe, paddled down the Ohio to Cairo and thence up the Mississippi to CLARKE'S army, where he found his sister. After relieving his fatigued limbs, he with his sister and her husband, took passage in the canoe and paddled down the Mississippi and up the Ohio to Pittsburgh, and although both banks of the Ohio at frequent places were occupied by Indians, they made the journey successfully without encountering a single Indian or meeting with any serious obstacle. Larsh and his wife afterwards removed to Ohio, where they raised a family of children who proved worthy of their brave and noble parentage. The LARSH boys became, in after years, immensely wealthy, and one grandson died a leading man of Cincinnati commercial and local circles.
Captain Samuel KINKEAD, who had braved all dangers for the relief of his sister, whom he loved better than he did his own life, remained in the American army until its disbandment, when he returned to Virginia and married. In the year 1794 or '95, he immigrated with his family to Lexington, Kentucky, where he remained about five years, then removing to Livingston County, settling in that part of it which fell to Caldwell in the formation of that county.
In the year 1804, Miss Jane KINKEAD, daughter of Captain Samuel KINKEAD, and Eneas McCALLISTER, Jr., the father of John Eneas McCALLISTER the subject of this sketch, met at one of those great religious camp meetings, so frequently held in early times, and at first sight, became victims to that incomprehensible of all incomprehensibilities, "love". Shortly thereafter they were married and settled for life in Henderson County.
As to John Eneas McCALLISTER'S paternal ancestors, his grandfather, Eneas McCALLISTER, who was a wealthy man in the city of Pittsburgh, and not only wealthy himself, but of close affinity with others of great wealth, hearing glowing stories of the riches of the Cumberland River country, determined to go hence and establish a mechanical village, he himself being an expert blacksmith. With that end in view, he loaded a keel-boat and with his family, embarked on the placid Ohio for the mouth of the Cumberland River. Reaching the mouth, he poled up to the point where Clarksville in now situated, and there disembarked.
In 1809, Eneas McCALLISTER [Sr.] served as Treasurer of the County of Montgomery, Tenn. The Indian wars coming on, and other reverses pressing hard upon him, he was forced to surrender to the inevitable, after losing all that he had in the world. Friends and relations whom he left behind at Pittsburgh, urged him to return, and after having lived ten years in that wild country, he concluded to do so. He therefore procured him a large sized boat called a Perote, a boat made of the largest sized tree, by digging out the center and rounding off its ends. In this he embarked with his wife and sons, John, Eneas [Jr.], Jesse, Archibald, Clark and Joseph, and daughters, Catharine, Polly, Betsy and Sally. His boat he propelled with oars and poles. The trip was not only a dangerous one, but from the nature of circumstances, an exceedingly fatiguing and worrisome one. After weeks of hard work from the mouth of the Cumberland, in stemming the current of the Ohio, the party succeeded in reaching the "Red Banks," now Henderson, where they were met by heavy floating ice and compelled to take the bank. Here he secured a vacant log house on the river front and set to work to make himself and family comfortable for the winter. At the time of Mr. McCALLISTER'S arrival at the Red Banks, there were but few settlers, among the number being John HUSBANDS, John KUYKENDALL, John HAUSSMAN and Jake SPRINKLE. Mr. McCALLISTER was a man of great piety and very strict in his family concerning the proper observance of the Sabbath. He would not associate himself nor permit his family to associate with any of the settlers on this day.
As a consequence, KUYKENDALL and some of his friends, who had no faith except that in accord with the devil and his works, determined to run the old man off, and on a certain night secretly approached his cabin and fired a volley into it. They had mistaken their game, for their fire was returned and they were forced to retreat. During the winter, Eneas, Jr., the father of John E. McCALLISTER, Esq., and his brother Jesse, kept the family well supplied with wild meat, frequently, when in search for buffalo and bear, extending their hunt twenty miles out. It was on one of these excursions that they discovered a lick upon the bank of Highland Creek, and this being reported to the father, determined him to give up his return to Pittsburgh, and to remove in the spring with his family to that spot for the purpose of opening a well for the manufacture of salt. Mr. McCALLISTER did settle there, and for years manufactured salt at a great profit. During the time he located, entered and had patented large tracts of land for himself and sons.
Eneas McCALLISTER, Sr. was a devoted churchman and for years was an Elder in the Rev. James McGREADY'S church. In 1810 he was appointed one of the Territorial Judges for the Indiana Territory, and removing there, held the first court for the counties of Vanderburg and Warrick, in the town of Booneville.
Eneas McCALLISTER, Jr. upon his marriage, settled the William C. GREEN farm, one mile this side of Rock Spring, and two and a half miles from Cairo, where John E. McCALLISTER was born 14 Oct 1805. Mr. McCALLISTER raised seven children: John E., Samuel, Eliza (who married Furna Cannon), Lorraine (who married Evans Barnett), Orinda (who married Benjamin Talbott), Wiliam M. and Joseph.
John Eneas McCALLISTER was ambitious during his youth to obtain a thorough education, but met with many obstacles in endeavoring to gratify his early aspirations for knowledge. He attended the common schools of his home until he had mastered all of the branches taught in the country schools of those early days. His father could not furnish him the means to enjoy the advantages of a course in the more advanced colleges of the country, but contrived to raise funds sufficient to enable him to obtain tuition in the High School at Bowling Green, Kentucky. Here John made rapid progress in his learning, giving particular attention to the study of Latin. Having for a long time entertained a desire to become a lawyer, he was at last enabled to begin the study of his chosen profession, in 1826, in the office of George MORRIS, at Henderson. After passing two years in the preliminary study, he was duly admitted to the bar, and in 1828, went South to establish himself in his profession, but after a short absence, he was reluctantly compelled to abandon his profession of the law, and thereafter engaged in occupations more conducive to the enjoyment of physical vigor. About this time his father died, and a large family was left in destitute circumstances. He at once went to the assistance of his widowed mother, who was left struggling with adversity; and by his indefatigable efforts, and the help of his brothers, the family soon rapidly advanced in prosperity.
John Eneas McCALLISTER embarked in the business of a flatboat trader in produce, along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and remained in the business for about seven years with great success. Upon giving up flatboating on the rivers, he purchased a large tract of land, and entered upon its cultivation, and numerous excellent qualities gained for him the highest respect of all his neighbors; and such was the confidence reposed in his judgment and sagacity, he was constantly called upon to discharge the duties of some responsible trust, in which his management always met with the unqualified approval of all parties concerned. He possessed considerable knowledge of medicine, having devoted considerable time to the study of this science, and thus was enabled to act as the physician for his locality. He was the largest landholder of his region of the county, and all of his farms were models of excellence, and conducted upon the most approved methods of agriculture. He was freely consulted by the neighboring farmers in regard to the planting and then the disposal of their crops in the best markets, and his counsel was invariably followed. With his acquaintance of the law, many accomplishments, unquestioned integrity and rare judgment, he became the confidential advisor of the citizens for a large area of country surrounding his home, and the utmost reliance was place in his decisions. His high standing in the community and his eminent ability well fitted him for a seat in the councils of the State, and he therefore, was accordingly selected by his fellow citizens to represent them in the State Legislature, being chosen to that body in 1846. He was for a number of years a Director in the Farmers' Bank and upon the resignation of Joseph ADAMS, was elected President, serving with great credit to himself and benefit to the bank up to the fall of 1882. He served as Magistrate under the old Constitution from 1835 to 1851 inclusive.
John Eneas McCALLISTER was married in 1832 to Miss Elizabeth SCOTT, a native of Wilmington, Delaware, but suffered the misfortune of losing his wife, by death, after having been married but ten months. He married a second time in 1838 to Miss Elizabeth TALBOTT, daughter of Benjamin TALBOTT, a worthy farmer of Henderson County, and had three children by this marriage, none of whom survive. He married a third time in December 1867 to Mrs. Fanny STANLEY, a highly accomplished lady, daughter of Josiah JENKINS, of Buffalo, New York.
Mr. McCALLISTER at this day is known and recognized as one of Henderson County's wealthiest citizens. In addition to a handsome residence, and four large storehouses in the city, he is the owner of thirty-two hundred acres of most valuable farming lands in the county, four hundred acres on the south side and twenty-seven hundred and fifty acres on the north side of Green River.
Mr. McCALLISTER died 7 Aug 1886 at 2 o'clock p.m. and was buried in Fernwood Cemetery from St. Paul's Episcopal Church.
Starling's History of Henderson County, Kentucky, 1887.
JOHN ENEAS McCALLISTER REFERENCES
MARRIAGES IN HENDERSON COUNTY, 1806 - 1858 -- 1900
Children of Eneas McCallister, Sr.:
Children of Eneas McCallister, Jr.:
Contributed by Netta Mullin, HCH&GS
Copyright 2002 HCH&GS
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6a) I've heard that after the land question is settled, native people will sell off the resources like any other developer.
Native nations are not against development, they just want it on their own terms.
Many native groups like the Nisga¹a, the Gitksan-Wet¹suwet¹en, the Nuu-chah-nulth, and the Kluskus have put forth well researched and documented plans for long-term resource development. They seek to pursue that development in partnership with the non-native community.
Every approach to development arises from attitudes and feelings for the land. For traditional native people land is not seen primarily as an economic commodity - either to reap its resources or as a medium of exchange - as in "market economies." Rather, land is a "sacred trust."
As the Cherokee anthropologist R.K. Thomas explains,
That fundamental attitude lies at the heart of many native groups' "environmental concern" for the land and has spawned specific claims, such as the Haida's sea claim and the concern of the Kluskus about resource extraction from the Chilcotin.
However, to assume that native concern for the environment identically mirrors that of some environmental organizations would be a mistake. Most native nations are not strictly preservationists. Development is allowed and even fostered, providing such development involves working with the land in respect, ensuring that it will continue to sustain and nourish generation after generation.
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Within a few decades of introduction of the first antibiotics, the number of antibiotics used in medicine had expanded rapidly, and medicine has become highly dependent on antibiotics to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics was first observed shortly after the introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s (1,2). Over the years, the frequency and types of clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance has increased dramatically, so that the problem of antibiotic resistant infections is currently recognized as a serious and growing threat to human health and modern medical treatments (3,4,5,6,7,8). In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control [CDC] released a report identifying antibiotic resistance as a major threat to public health in the United States (3). The report estimated that over 200,000 people in the U.S. suffer from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections each year, and that approximately 30,000 of those people die as a result of their infection (3). In 2014, both the World Health Organization and the Council of Scientific Advisors to the President of the United States produced reports that emphasized the seriousness of the problem of antibiotic resistance and urged that effective measures be developed and implemented as soon as possible to reduce the rate of increase of antibiotic resistant infections (4,5,6). As result of these reports, the United States government has announced a National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (7) and a National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (8).
The lesson described here evolved through collaboration between a four-year university (Hamline University) and a community college (Century College). It allows students to investigate the distribution and frequency of specific antibiotic-resistance genes in the environment. This lesson was specifically designed to be completed and produce results that could be utilized independently at an institution or as part of a larger collaborative. It was also designed to allow introductory level college students (first and second year) to participate in an authentic research experience that was embedded as a laboratory lesson in one of their introductory science courses. This laboratory lesson uses antibiotic resistance as the focus to teach transferable and universal science skills, including experimental design, pipetting, sample plating, growing bacterial cultures, PCR, and gel electrophoresis. Students use these techniques to screen environmental soil samples for the presence of ampicillin-resistant bacteria that carry one or more β-lactamase genes.
Course-based inquiry and research experiences are becoming a popular tool in the undergraduate classrooms in response to national calls for improving science education (9,10). A growing body of evidence demonstrates that undergraduates benefit from early and consistent engagement in research (reviewed in 11, 12, 13). Students engaged in course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs), which involve students in addressing research problems or questions in the context of a class, report cognitive gains such as the development of knowledge and skills, affective gains, such as satisfaction with their research experience, and psychosocial gains, such as feeling like a scientist (reviewed in 13). These research experiences are available to students early in their undergraduate careers when the experiences have greater potential to influence a student's academic trajectory (14,15,16). In addition, CUREs aimed at non-science majors and freshmen have the potential to involve students who might not otherwise have access to science research opportunities (16,17). Authentic undergraduate research experiences have been repeatedly shown to benefit students in a variety of ways, leading them to learn to think like a scientist, find research exciting, and pursue graduate education or careers in science (15,18,19). Several national projects working to advance course-based research experiences have been successful in providing students with high-impact learning experiences in biology research (11,20,21,22,23,24). The Course-based Undergraduate Research Network (CUREnet) provides support to and helps foster collaboration among faculty interested in incorporating research experiences into their classrooms (25). In addition, tools have been developed that allow assessment of student learning as a result of research experiences in individual courses and comparison of individual courses with other courses with embedded research experiences (15,18).
CUREs vary in the degree of autonomy and independence experienced by the students in the classroom. While some CURE projects allow students to ask their own independent questions, many projects rely on the same set of questions and a specific lab protocol to investigate various genes or samples that are picked by students based on their hypotheses (27,36,37,38,39,40). In this laboratory lesson, students ask independent questions and test independent hypotheses using the soil samples of their choice, while implementing a standard research protocol. Such an approach is typical for many research labs, as well as other CUREs, including the SEA-phages project (26), UC-Riverdale Transposon project (27), Ciliate Genome Consortium (28), and many others, and does not contradict the research nature of the project.
By adjusting its focus, this laboratory lesson can be directed to different populations. We have incorporated it into non-majors courses as well as courses intended for Biology majors. For first-year students and students not majoring in biology, the focus of the laboratory lesson is on basic biological principles, such as the scientific method, antibiotic resistance, DNA replication, and evolution by natural selection. In the courses intended for Biology majors, the focus is on molecular biology techniques while reinforcing the basic biology principles. For microbiology students, who are mainly allied health majors, the focus is on antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Required Learning Time
This laboratory lesson is divided over five lab periods, individually requiring 30 to 150 minutes of time. This lesson has been incorporated into courses that have a required lecture component. The lecture portion has been delivered in both hybrid and face-to-face formats and discusses relevant biological concepts. The lecture portion includes between 100 and 150 minutes per week of instructional time. In a typical semester, six to ten lab sections of 24 students incorporated this laboratory lesson during their 170 minute, weekly lab period. The Teaching Timeline (Table 1) includes the time required for both presentation and discussion of background material, as well as completion of the lab protocol. With the exception of Lab 4, the lab lessons also allow ample time to complete other laboratory exercises during a standard 170 minute lab session. If lab time is limited, the activities in Labs 1 and 5 can be moved to the lecture component of the course.
Pre-requisite Student Knowledge
The pre-requisite knowledge depends on the course level and focus. For courses directed at first-year, non-biology majors, completion of a high school biology course is recommended, although no prerequisite knowledge is required. In courses for biology majors, students are assumed to have basic knowledge of the scientific method and basic biological concepts, including the process of DNA replication as well as the structure and function of enzymes. In the microbiology courses, students should have an understanding of bacterial cell structure, antibiotic mechanisms of action, the scientific method, and basic biological concepts.
This laboratory lesson uses multiple approaches to engage students in active learning. After brainstorming ideas in groups of four to six, students work together as a lab section to develop a unified hypothesis regarding the relative frequency of antibiotic-resistance genes in local soils. The students are first asked to examine the hypothesis based on feasibility and then vote on one hypothesis for that lab section. This approach engages students in a discussion of experimental design and hypothesis development. During the laboratory periods, students complete worksheets with questions that highlight concepts and techniques used in that laboratory. Students start analyzing the data on their own and then discuss their ideas and interpretations in lab, with peers and an instructor. We also discuss, as a lab section, what the absence of a band or an unexplained band means and how primer specificity allows us to detect specific genes.
During lab periods, students completed worksheets and lab quizzes that focus on data analysis and critical thinking (Supporting File S1). To assess overall knowledge gain and measure the degree of change, a pre-test, given at least one week prior to beginning the project, and a post-test, given one week after the last laboratory period, were used to assess student learning of the relevant biological concepts (see Supporting File S2 for sample pre- and post-test). We used the CURE Survey (29) to evaluate students' perception of the lab experience in relation to developing critical thinking, data analysis, and communication. Students' ability to design experiments and interpret data was evaluated using the EDAT survey (30). The alignment of the lesson's learning objectives with lesson activities and assessment instruments is described in Supporting File S3.
The CURE developed through this laboratory lesson is inherently inclusive because of how well it serves the community college population. Courses implementing this laboratory lesson are designed for first- and second-year undergraduate students majoring in biology and/or allied health, as well as students majoring in non-science fields. Implementation of this laboratory lesson was primarily at Century College, a community college. Importantly, this laboratory lesson provides a research experience for community college and introductory level students, who ordinarily do not have the chance to participate in primary research. When designing the project, we were mindful of the inherent cultural and socioeconomic diversity, particularly of our community college student population.
Engaging community college students in research has been shown to benefit students in a variety of ways, including their transfer to four-year STEM programs, and several research programs targeting community college students are successfully implemented (31,32). Despite the focus on competency-based and experiential learning in higher education, it is still relatively uncommon for community college students to conduct primary, original research on the large scale that this lesson provides. According to data from the American Association of Community Colleges in 2012, an estimated 12.8 million students enrolled at a community college, accounting for 45% of all undergraduates in the United States. 56% of STEM undergraduate students attended a community college at some point of their studies (31). These large enrollment numbers underscore the increasing impact that community colleges are having on the undergraduate education of in the United States. Community college students vary greatly in age and other demographic variables such as income and ethnicity. According to the American Association of Community Colleges, the average age of the community college student population is 28 with approximately 36% enrolled as first-generation college students (33). Moreover, 36% of community college students receive Pell grants. In 2015, at Century College, approximately 55% of the students at the community college were first generation college students with little or no previous exposure to science courses (34).
While the lesson is inherently inclusive, there are also varieties of specific activities that will accommodate the needs of students with diverse learning styles. From development of the group hypotheses to analysis of results, the laboratory lesson is collaborative, "easing the way" to scientific experimentation for students. Students learn how to balance an 'ideal' experimental design with feasibility, specifically of obtaining soil samples from locations to which students have access. Discussion throughout the laboratory lesson emphasizes the prevalence and timely importance of spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment as it relates to the greater community. In addition, pedagogical approaches implemented in this laboratory lesson accommodate a variety of learning styles through the use of demonstrations, videos, hands on lab activities, mini-lectures, worksheets, and case studies.
BACKGROUND: HOW BETA-LACTAMASES WORK
Antibiotics have been vital to the treatment of bacterial diseases since the late 1940s (1,2). Specific classes of antibiotics include tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and beta-lactams (β-lactams). β-lactam antibiotics, commonly used to treat bacterial infections, are characterized by the presence of a nitrogen-containing ??lactam ring. β-lactams bind to the active site of penicillin-binding proteins, which are bacterial enzymes needed to synthesize a properly cross-linked cell wall. This inhibition results in a weakened cell wall that cannot resist the high internal osmotic pressure of the bacterial cell, leading to cell wall rupture and lysis of the bacterial cell (35).
Bacteria are continuously developing new mechanisms of resistance. Identification and mapping of these resistance mechanisms may provide insight into the sources of resistance and help in the design of new antimicrobial agents (36). One large group of enzymes responsible for resistance are the β-lactamases. β-lactamases can break the β-lactam ring, thus destroying the ability of β-lactam antibiotics to act as a competitive inhibitor and thereby destroying the antibacterial function of the antibiotic. β-lactamase-producing bacteria are important contributors to resistant infections that have been of increasing concern in the battle against infectious diseases.
β-lactamases may be classified in different ways based on sequence homology or on the enzymes' functional properties (37,38). This lesson focuses on TEM- and SHV-type β-lactamases: enabling us to examine different two families of β-lactamases. Although the SHV family thought to be originally derived from Klebsiella spp. and TEM was initially found in E. coli isolates, these gene families can now be found in multiple enterobacteria species creating a significant threat to treatment (36). The SHV and TEM families have substrate and inhibition profiles normally inhibited by active site-directed β-lactamase inhibitors (38). This profile confers resistance to broad-spectrum penicillins such as ampicillin and first generation cephalosporins (36,38). Derivatives of these genes continue to form and evolve to confer an even broader resistance profiles.
All laboratories working with microorganism should follow the American Society for Microbiology Laboratory Safety Guidelines (39). The foremost concerns in this laboratory lesson are the bacterial growth plates (Lab 2) and the use of ethidium bromide in the gels (S1 and S4: Lab 3 and 4). Special concern and safety precautions are provided for students with immunosuppressive conditions.
Laboratory Lesson Overview
In this laboratory lesson, we focus on detecting the presence of ampicillin-resistance genes in soil samples using two sets of primers for the TEM-type gene (Bla-1 and Bla-TEM) one set for the SHV-type gene (Bla-SHV). The activities of the lab and lecture are intentionally coordinated so that the laboratory reinforces material that students are learning in the lecture portion of the course. Students begin each lab period after they have received instruction during lecture about relevant content, e.g., scientific method, DNA replication, PCR, gel electrophoresis, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The laboratory lesson is divided into five lab periods: hypothesis generation, culturing soil microbes, DNA isolation and PCR, gel electrophoresis, and data analysis (Table 1). Step-by-step student instructions for each lab can be found in the Supporting File 1. See Supporting File 4 for a list of required materials for each lab and instructor preparation guidelines.
LAB 1: Introduction to Antibiotic Resistance and Hypothesis Formation (45 MINUTES)
During lecture, we introduce hypothesis-based science, if necessary, as well as the function of antibiotics, the mechanism(s) of antibiotic resistance, and the increasing public health concerns related to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A description including the importance and global relevance of β-lactamases is provided in the student instructions (Supporting File S1). We then emphasize that, during lab, students will be able to contribute new data to the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Network database (see Supporting File S1, Lab #1), while at the same time testing a hypothesis about expected occurrence of genes providing resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin in the environment (10 minutes).
During lab, students work in groups of four that are consistently maintained during the series. The group beings by identifying places they think ampicillin-resistance genes may be more prevalent (5-10 minutes). For example, students may hypothesize that ampicillin-resistance genes will be more commonly found in soils from urban areas or near hospitals, vet clinics, livestock farms, playgrounds, water sources, etc. Students then write their ideas on the board and share them with the entire lab section during the laboratory period. We then discuss which factors we could most feasibly test, with accessibility to particular areas often dictating our final hypothesis. Once a location has been chosen (e.g., urban areas), we discuss the need for a control group appropriate for the hypothesis being tested. The control group will depend on the hypothesis of that lab section during that semester. For example, if the group proposes that there will a greater prevalence of ampicillin resistance genes in urban areas, samples from rural areas will be needed as a control. After discussion of variables that need to be considered for soil collection, students are randomly assigned to collect either the control or experimental samples. The group then finalizes their hypothesis and records all of this information on their Lab #1 handout (Supporting File S1).
Students then receive sterile sample containers provided by the instructor (a sterile 50 ml plastic test tube or a sterile urine specimen cup) and instructions about aseptic collection of the soil samples (See Supporting File 4). Students record their name, date, and the latitude and longitude in decimal form of the sample collection site. We encourage them to also take a photo of the site. They store the containers in a cool area before bringing the soil sample to the next lab period. All of these activities (group discussion, final hypothesis selection, random assignment to control/experimental sample collection, and sample container distribution) requires approximately 25-30 minutes. Pre-assessment of students' baseline content knowledge may also be conducted at this point (10-15 minutes).
In the microbiology courses, students work in groups and complete a case study on antibiotic mechanisms as a preparatory worksheet. The case study focuses on mechanisms of penicillin and vancomycin (β-lactam antibiotics) (40). All students watch a documentary by Frontline entitled 'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria' (41). This activity requires that students complete an instructor-created worksheet and can be assigned to be completed as an out-of-class activity. This activity humanizes the growing concern of antibiotic resistance in allied health professions.
LAB 2: Plate and Incubate Environmental Soil Samples (60 minutes)
Students receive Lab #2 Handout a week in advance (Supporting File 1). Lab #2 begins with a five-minute mini-lecture describing the overall goal of this lab, which is to extract bacteria from their soil samples and culture them in nutrient media containing a bactericidal concentration (100-200 ug/mL) of β-lactam antibiotic, ampicillin (100ug/mL). The inclusion of low-dose bactericidal ampicillin restricts growth of ampicillin-sensitive bacteria, selecting for ampicillin-resistant bacteria. This enrichment makes it more likely that we detect the ampicillin-resistance genes of interest. It may be important to note that, although the growth of bacterial colonies indicates resistance to ampicillin, it does not determine the specific mechanism of that resistance. Students are assigned a sample number, and then record information about their sample in the Excel spreadsheet shared by all of the lab members. (Information includes sample number, the latitude/longitude, and a description of the location from which they collected their sample.)
After brief instruction, students suspend their soils in an approximately equal volume of sterile water and shake (10 minutes). While the soil is settling, students watch a short video on basic pipetting techniques (42), with the instructor stopping to emphasize important aspects of proper technique including the difference between the first and second stops and when they should be used. Students are then given time to practice pipetting with a container of water.
Each student labels an LB-AMP plate with their name and sample number. Students then watch a short video on aseptic spread plating methods (43), with the instructor stopping to emphasize important aspects of aseptic technique. Students are asked to sample from 10 different colonies and then aseptically spread 100?l of their soil "supernatant" on the LB-AMP plate. After plating their soil samples, students complete the remaining handout questions, which requires them to reflect on what they accomplished during the lab period and relate that work to what was learned in the previous lab session. Incubate the plates in an incubator with the appropriate biohazard label. Plates are incubated for 24 hours at 37?C and then refrigerated until the following week's lab. The samples are grown at 37?C to enrich for bacteria that would be more relevant to human health and disease.
LAB 3: Bacterial DNA Isolation and Amplification of Antibiotic Resistance Genes by PCR (75 minutes)
Students receive Lab #3 Handout (Supporting File 1), and the instructor provides ~10 minute mini-lecture on the overall goal of this lab, which is to extract DNA by heating a bacterial cell suspension to 95? C, which causes the bacterial cell to rupture. A brief explanation of PCR is included. Students then use the bacterial genomic DNA as the template in a PCR reaction to amplify the antibiotic-resistance genes of interest.
Students should don appropriate personal protective equipment, remove the plates to a biohazard safety cabinet, and collect the bacterial colonies for DNA isolation. Once the DNA is isolated, the rest of the laboratory work can be performed on the benchtop. To isolate the bacterial DNA, students collect a small amount of bacterial cells by gently touching a sterile pipette tip to ten different bacterial colonies and shaking the tip in 100?l of sterile distilled water in a PCR tube that has been labeled with their sample number. The tubes are placed in the thermocycler to heat for five minutes. During the boiling cycle, students watch a short video on PCR (44) and receive further instruction on the principles of PCR, including the roles of temperature cycles, Taq polymerase, and primers. Two different colored PCR tubes containing mastermixes for amplification of Bla-1 or Bla-TEM/Bla-SHV are distributed to each student (see instructor guide, Supporting File S4 for relevant details). Students must label each tube with their sample number and keep these tubes on ice. Students then retrieve their bacterial samples from the thermocycler and transfer 3 ul of the lysed bacterial solution into each PCR tube. The instructor can make positive and negative controls for both PCR reactions during this time using an E. coli cloning vector containing Bla-1 ampicillin resistance gene for the positive and sterile nuclease free water for the negative. Emphasize sterile technique (wear gloves, dispose of pipette tips after each use to avoid contamination). Instruct students to flick PCR tube to mix contents and settle all liquid at bottom of tube.
In order of their sample numbers, students then load their Bla-1 samples into one thermocycler and Bla-SHV/Bla-TEM samples into another thermocycler, and the PCR protocols are run. While PCR is running, students must complete summary questions from the handout, requiring them to reflect on the day's procedure and to explain that principles of PCR and positive and negative controls. Students may also have time to complete another lab exercise, such as a DNA replication simulation.
LAB 4: Gel Electrophoresis (at least 90 minutes for introduction and gel loading, another 60 minutes to run and view gels)
Students receive Lab #4 Handout (Supporting File S1) and use gel electrophoresis to analyze the PCR products obtained from their samples in Lab 3. The instructor uses 15 minutes to provide a brief explanation of the principles of gel electrophoresis and shows a related video (45). Another 10 minutes is spent demonstrating proper loading of gel wells and giving students a chance to practice loading (i.e. pipetting methylene blue in 1X loading buffer into gels without ethidium bromide). Students must use gloves when handling the gels containing ethidium bromide. After practicing, students take turns loading their PCR samples, with the instructor closely supervising and directing where students should load each sample (45 minutes). Students complete Lab #4 summary questions on the handout while waiting for the rest of the students to load their samples. The instructor or a volunteer student loads the positive and negative control samples during this time. The gels are then run for 45 minutes. The time required for the samples to run can be used to further discuss the principles of gel electrophoresis and show a video that provides context about why antibiotic resistance should be of concern to students. Students will typically have just enough time to get a look at the finished gels under UV light, but not complete their analysis. The instructor photographs the finished gels and the saves the images for evaluation in the next lab or class period. Properly dispose to gels and used running buffer in appropriately labeled disposal containers.
LAB 5: Data analysis (30 minutes)
Students view the photographs of their gels, looking for DNA bands that match the sizes of the expected PCR amplicons. Interpretation goes more smoothly if instructor creates an organized PowerPoint file of the gel images. As a group, students examine the data for every sample. In a single lab section of 24 students, typically this includes two to three gels with 20 samples per gel. Students are asked to interpret the results in the positive and negative control lanes and determine if the bands in their experimental lanes are true positives. Students examine the samples and record the number and size of the bands in their lanes. The number of positive results for each ampicillin resistance gene (Bla-1, Bla-TEM, Bla-SHV) is tallied for both the control and experimental groups. Based on the 2015-2016 data collected with 268 students, approximately 32% of the samples are positive for Bla-1, 3% for Bla-SHV and 5% for Bla-TEM. The data lead to a discussion of whether the data support the group hypothesis, how confident we are in our conclusions given our sample size, and other factors that could have affected our results. Students use a Google Form to submit their results to the online database (Supporting File 5). Students are then given a week to study their Lab #1-5 handouts (Supporting File 1) to prepare for the post-assessment questions, which can be administered during a subsequent laboratory, lecture, or exam.
This lesson provides a platform for students to explore the scientific method in practice and increases student understanding of molecular biology and microbiology concepts. Students design their own experiments, collect data from soil samples of their choice, conduct analyze their results in light of their original hypotheses. Students contribute their original data to the student-driven research program at Hamline University. This research project investigates the spread of β-lactamase genes in the environment and is driven by Hamline undergraduate researchers in and outside of the classroom. Faculty who use this lesson and would like to participate in this project are welcome to contact Jessica Bell or Irina Makarevitch so that the resulting data can be added to the database.
Role of Hypothesis Development
The process of hypothesis development as a group is critical for contextualizing the complex nature of antibiotic resistance. During the first semester that this research was implemented, some instructors had students collect soil samples from places that were convenient to students without first developing a hypothesis. One course, however, created a hypothesis as a group, which then guided the sample collection process. After soliciting feedback from students during this semester, students expressed a substantially higher level of interest in and overall satisfaction with the project when unified by a group hypothesis. Not only did hypothesis development guide students where to collect samples, but it provided a natural opportunity to discuss experimental design along with all the potential difficulties that exist in 'real life' experiments compared to those conducted from a lab manual.
Diverse Teaching Pedagogies
A number of instructors have implemented this laboratory lesson in classes with a variety of teaching formats. Some use 'traditional' lecture with hands-on laboratories whereas others are implementing elements of a flipped classroom and whole-class discussion approaches. The basics of the lesson successfully translate across a variety of biological disciplines and teaching styles. The topic as well as the format allows the lesson to be modified and adapted to whatever style an instructor may use. To provide context and help prepare students for the lesson, instructors used supplemental assignments such as worksheets to complete while viewing the Frontline episode 'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria' (41), videos (46) and the accompanying Science article (47). The supplemental assignments provided current and real cases of antibiotic resistance in action, bridging the gap between antibiotic resistant microbes and the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes.
In addition to our own CURE, other projects have examined the worldwide health threat of antibiotic resistance by incorporating laboratory exercises into the undergraduate science courses. The Small World Initiative is an international collaboration funded by crowd-sourcing (48). This initiative uses introductory biology students to perform hands-on field and laboratory research on soil samples in the hunt for new antibiotics. Another national program is the Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant microbes in the Environment (PARE) program (49). The PARE program is designed to be implemented in two traditional undergraduate laboratory class periods where students evaluate soil samples for antibiotic resistant bacteria. This program extends to high school classrooms through partnerships with undergraduate institutions. While our project and similar projects are designed to be incorporated into an existing scientific curriculum, others have designed entire courses or programs around antibiotic resistance and drug discovery (50,51). These course based experiences teach biological concepts in the context of an ongoing antibiotic discovery project carried out by the students. While these programs are well designed and effective, some of the CURE programs may be cost prohibitive to community colleges and primarily undergraduate teaching institutions. We have consciously developed an economical alternative (less than $8.00/student) to be utilized in a wide variety of courses.
This laboratory lesson could be easily adapted to teaching upper level courses in biology. Advanced students could start this project by investigating primary literature to propose possible antibiotic-resistance genes they could screen for and designing the PCR primers for the screening. Students could be asked to present their ideas and data in a variety of formats, from short chalk talks to their peers and lab notebooks to posters and presentations. Students could also independently design follow up experiments, for example, identifying antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance alleles using microbiology staining and culturing techniques, DNA sequence analysis and antibiotic sensitivity profiles.
Assessment of Student Learning
We used a combination of subjective and objective assessment approaches to assess student learning as the result of this lab series. First, students were asked to complete a multiple choice test containing seventeen questions assigned to four categories: DNA, molecular biology techniques, microbiology, and data interpretation and analysis. Learning gains were estimated by comparing student answers prior to the lab lesson and after the lab lesson. On average, the proportion of correct answers increased from 37% to ~72% (normalized learning gain of 0.56). Although there are no established criteria for what constitutes acceptable learning gains on these tests, a normalized gain of >=0.50 probably represents a substantial achievement. Students in the microbiology course demonstrated significantly stronger learning gains (0.68 on average) compared to students in genetics and general biology courses on questions targeting microbiology concepts. We were specifically interested in assessing students' skills in the experimental design. The experimental design assessment test (EDAT) survey (30) implemented to assess learning gains in students' ability to list the elements of experimental design also showed strong learning gains as the result of the lab lesson (an increase from 4.3 out of 10 to 8.2 out of 10, on average). To assess students' success in formulating and testing hypotheses and analyzing data, group lab reports were scored using a detailed rubric (see Supporting File S3). Student's perception of the lab lesson and the learning gains was assessed using a CURE survey (29). 384 of our students participated in the CURE survey before and after the course integrated research experience. Students reported perceived learning gains higher or comparable with learning gains reported by all CURE participants in 16 of 21 categories, with the largest gains in learning to work independently and understanding science as part of the larger grouping of understanding scientific process. On 10 of those criteria, students scored higher than the 4800 CURE participants in the database. In general, our assessment data strongly support the effectiveness of the curricular research experience on antibiotic resistance in teaching and learning the elements of experimental design and understanding concepts in molecular biology and microbiology. In addition, students perceived the lab lesson as highly effective in developing data analysis and communication skills as well as increasing their understanding of the scientific process.
Challenges in Implementing Primary Research
Students at Century College, a community college, were unfamiliar with equipment and molecular biological techniques that may seem routine to students at other colleges and universities. To address this challenge, students viewed a series of videos from a variety of sources including JoVE, BioRad, and YouTube (Table 1). Reviewing the basics of proper micropipette use as well as DNA replication and PCR were invaluable and helped students feel more confident when they began to use these tools in their research project.
Another challenge can be collecting enough samples for students to conduct meaningful data interpretation. Because most of our courses have about 24 - 48 students, sample sizes are relatively small. Although it is possible for completion of some statistical analysis, it can be difficult for students to formulate a cohesive story at the end of the four-week project. Coordination between multiple sections of the same course and access to the online database, however, increases sample size and provides a larger set of data for analysis at the end of the project. To achieve this goal, students from each school have been contributing their data to a large collection to produce an Antibiotic Resistance Genes Network maintained at Hamline University and used by collaborators at Hamline University, Century College, and North Hennepin Community College.
Determining which antibiotic-resistance genes to study was a crucial and important first step in designing the lesson. The genes utilized for the project described were part of a screen that was the focus of summer research by four students at Hamline University. The genes of interest were chosen based on: 1) the high use of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and related antibiotics; 2) the PCR products produced clearly distinguishable bands when using a quick, simple DNA isolation technique [boiling colonies]; and 3) the frequency of occurrence of these particular genes (it was important that the specific genes not be found in every sample, but also not detected too infrequently so as to yield only negative results). The last of these criteria may be the most important when considering other antibiotic-resistance genes to augment this lesson plan. Given the surfeit of published primers and PCR protocols for thousands of antibiotic-resistance genes, instructors could easily change the focus to other mechanisms of resistance or classes of antibiotics, such as tetracyclines or aminoglycosides among others. However, this adaptation would require preliminary testing prior to implementation in lab.
Benefits of the Lesson
The learning outcomes illustrate the effectiveness of this lesson. First, students gain an understanding of the ubiquity of antibiotic resistant microbes in the soils of their communities. The sheer number of microbes able to grow on the plates containing ampicillin amazes many students and students are unaware of the role that soil microbes have on human health (52). Moreover, students recognize the disparity between drug resistant microbes (e.g. number of colonies growing) and those samples positive for the β-lactamase genes we investigated (e.g. samples with PCR amplicons). After first being puzzled by the fact that not all samples were positive for the β-lactamase genes tested, students discover the vast number of β-lactamase genes (36), as well as other antibiotic-resistance genes currently identified (53).
This lesson also served as a platform to discuss the variety of ways that bacteria can acquire drug resistance genes. Without lengthy literature reviews on the topic, we were able to discuss ideas related to metagenomics and bacterial genetics, both of which would normally be beyond the scope of our community college courses for students seeking degrees in allied health. Students gained a better understanding of the potential risks of the mere presence of antibiotic-resistance genes and the importance of horizontal gene transfer, relating our project to the rise of antibiotic resistance throughout the world.
Implementing this lesson produces multiple benefits. Literature in this area is rich with possible resistance genes to investigate outside of a large classroom project as the topic of an independent project. In addition, the topic unifies some themes that cross disciplines: Instructors from immunology, ecology and evolution, geology, chemistry, and even geography could collaborate at one institution to develop capstone or common core projects all related to testing soil characteristics in addition to antibiotic-resistance genes. With respect to biology classes for non-science majors, antibiotic resistance provides one of the best examples of natural selection in action in the real world. A notable and unanticipated result was the high level of intellectual investment and engagement students demonstrated participating in this primary research project. Their enthusiasm was due in part to participating in a lab where results were unknown as well as the idea that students were contributing actual data to a research study. When students are able to participate in hypothesis formation and testing, they are better equipped to put materials and methods used into context. Procedures become more meaningful to students when they use them to answer a specific question of their own design.
Providing them with hands-on experience with molecular biological techniques is essential to keep pace with their peers at other colleges and universities. For many of our allied health students, this laboratory could be their only exposure to research. Based on our initial observations, this lesson seems to foster our allied health students' interest in other areas of science beyond nursing or dental hygiene. For students who transfer to four year colleges, this project may aid in decreasing the opportunity and experience gap with exposure to methods and equipment not available at our community college prior to implementation of this lesson. Through this collaboration and exposing students to scientific research, several of the community college students have fostered a new interest in research and continued their research experiences by conducting summer research projects at Hamline University.
- Supporting File S1. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental Samples-Student lesson and handout
- Supporting File S2. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental Samples-Pre- and Post-assessment multiple choice questions
- Supporting File S3. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental Samples-Alignment of learning objectives with lesson activities and assessment instruments.
- Supporting File S4. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental Samples-Lab Protocol and Instructor Preparation.
- Supporting File S5. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Detection in Environmental Samples-Data Submission Form.
We thank Kathryn J. Malody, John P. DeMay, and Dustin Mielke for providing laboratory support; Ann Kessen for implementing this work in her classroom; Yazmin Cejudo, Michael Cullen, James DeMars, Lara Thao and Pieta Thao for their involvement in obtaining the primary image for this paper; research students in Presley Martin's laboratory for their help in developing the antibiotic resistance project and network. Support was provided by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant 52007543 to Hamline University.
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“Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.” This statement highlights the importance of opposition and diversity in thought processes to stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving. Just like in a game, where players strategize, analyze, and make decisions based on the moves of their opponents, thinking also involves a constant interplay of ideas, perspectives, and arguments. The presence of an opposing team or viewpoint challenges our preconceived notions and pushes us to think more critically, question our assumptions, and explore alternative solutions.
In this essay, we will delve deeper into the dynamics of thinking as a game, the benefits of engaging with opposing views, and the importance of fostering diverse perspectives in various contexts, such as group decision-making, problem-solving, and personal growth.
The Dynamics of Thinking as a Game
Thinking as a game involves the interplay of ideas, perspectives, and arguments, much like players in a game strategize and make decisions based on their opponents’ moves. This dynamic process can be better understood by examining the concept of opposition in logic. The traditional square of opposition, originating from Aristotle’s work, represents the logical relationships between categorical propositions. These relationships include contradictories, contraries, subcontraries, and subalternations, which illustrate how opposing ideas can interact and challenge each other. copyright©iasexpress.net
In the context of thinking, the presence of opposing viewpoints can stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving. For example, engaging in debates or discussions with others who hold different perspectives can help us question our assumptions, identify potential flaws in our reasoning, and explore alternative solutions. This process is similar to how players in a game adapt their strategies based on their opponents’ moves, constantly evaluating and reevaluating their decisions to achieve the desired outcome.
Moreover, research has shown that engaging in game-based learning can improve cognitive skills, such as memory, problem-solving, and critical thinking. Playing games often requires players to think critically, creatively, and strategically, leading to a better understanding of complex concepts and the development of higher-level thinking skills. This further supports the idea that thinking as a game can enhance our thought processes and decision-making abilities.
The Benefits of Engaging with Opposing Views
Engaging with opposing views can have several benefits for our thought processes and decision-making abilities. Some of these benefits include:
- Challenging our assumptions: When we encounter opposing views, we are forced to question our beliefs and assumptions. This can lead to a deeper understanding of the subject matter and help us identify any potential biases or blind spots in our thinking. copyright©iasexpress.net
- Enhancing critical thinking skills: Engaging with opposing views can help us develop our critical thinking skills by encouraging us to analyze and evaluate different perspectives, identify logical fallacies, and recognize the strengths and weaknesses of various arguments.
- Promoting creativity and innovation: Encountering diverse perspectives can stimulate our creativity and encourage us to think outside the box. By considering alternative viewpoints, we may be inspired to develop new ideas or solutions that we might not have considered otherwise.
- Improving decision-making: Engaging with opposing views can lead to more informed and well-rounded decisions. By considering different perspectives, we can weigh the pros and cons of various options and make better choices based on a comprehensive understanding of the situation.
- Fostering empathy and understanding: Engaging with opposing views can help us develop empathy and understanding for others, as we learn to appreciate their perspectives and experiences. This can lead to more effective communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.
The Importance of Diverse Perspectives in Various Contexts
The value of diverse perspectives and opposition in thinking extends beyond individual growth and can have significant implications in various contexts, such as group decision-making, problem-solving, and societal progress. Here, we will explore the importance of fostering diverse perspectives in these areas. copyright©iasexpress.net
- Group decision-making: In group settings, diverse perspectives can lead to more effective decision-making by ensuring that a wide range of ideas and opinions are considered. Research has shown that diverse teams are more likely to make better decisions, as they can draw upon a broader range of experiences, knowledge, and expertise. Encouraging open dialogue and debate among team members can help identify potential pitfalls, generate innovative solutions, and ultimately lead to more successful outcomes.
- Problem-solving: Diverse perspectives can also play a crucial role in problem-solving, as they can help identify novel approaches and solutions that may not have been considered otherwise. By bringing together individuals with different backgrounds, experiences, and viewpoints, we can foster a collaborative environment that promotes creative problem-solving and innovation.
- Societal progress: Embracing diverse perspectives is essential for societal progress, as it can help drive innovation, promote inclusivity, and foster a more equitable society. By engaging with and valuing diverse viewpoints, we can work together to address complex social issues, create more inclusive policies, and build a more just and equitable world.
India, with its rich cultural heritage and diverse population, offers a unique perspective on the importance of opposition and diverse perspectives in thinking. The country is home to numerous ethnic, linguistic, religious, and regional groups, each with its own distinct beliefs, values, and traditions. This diversity is often referred to as “unity in diversity,” emphasizing the harmonious coexistence of various cultures and perspectives within the Indian society. copyright©iasexpress.net
In the Indian context, the presence of opposition and diverse perspectives can be observed in various aspects of society, such as politics, religion, and social interactions. For instance, the Indian political landscape is characterized by multiple political parties, each representing different ideologies and regional interests. The existence of an official opposition in the Indian Parliament highlights the importance of having a counterbalance to the ruling party, ensuring that diverse viewpoints are considered and debated in the decision-making process.
Religious diversity is another significant aspect of Indian society, with the majority of the population following Hinduism, and substantial minorities practicing Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. This religious diversity contributes to the richness of Indian culture and fosters an environment where different beliefs and practices can coexist and learn from one another.
In the social sphere, the Indian society is characterized by a complex system of caste, class, and gender distinctions, which often leads to the formation of diverse perspectives and opinions. Engaging with these diverse perspectives can help individuals challenge their assumptions, develop empathy and understanding for others, and promote social harmony and inclusivity.
Throughout this essay, we have explored the concept of thinking as a game, emphasizing the importance of opposition and diverse perspectives in enhancing our thought processes, decision-making abilities, and problem-solving skills. We have discussed the benefits of engaging with opposing views, the significance of diverse perspectives in various contexts, and the unique example of the Indian context. copyright©iasexpress.net
In conclusion, embracing the idea of thinking as a game and actively engaging with opposing views can lead to personal growth, more effective group decision-making, innovative problem-solving, and a more inclusive and equitable society. By recognizing the value of opposition and diversity in our thought processes, we can foster an environment where diverse perspectives are valued, respected, and encouraged, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of complex issues and the development of well-rounded solutions.
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Extreme cold weather conditions can significantly affect the quality of concrete, as well as its mechanical properties. In cold weather concreting, one should make sure that all the negative impacts of low ambient temperature are appropriately alleviated by taking the necessary precautions. In this article, we will review important steps that can ensure you will get the quality you are looking for. But first, let’s see what cold temperature is for concrete, and why it is critical.
- Cold Weather Concreting
Exposure to cold weather can have serious consequences on the Strength Gain, as well as the shot and long-term durability performance of concrete materials. In order to meet and exceed the minimum design requirements (sufficient strength and durability), it is important to protect concrete during the mix process, transportation, placement, and curing to avoid low strength and sub-standard durability properties. Codes and guidelines provide general recommendations for concreting in the cold weather. In this article, we will review the guidelines in Canada and the United States.
1- CSA A 23-1
In Canada, where temperatures tend to be quite low during the cold season. the following criteria is set by the CSA A23.1:
1- When the air temperature is ≤ 5 °C, and
2- When there is a probability that the temperature may fall below 5°C within 24 hours of placing the concrete.
2- ACI 306
American Concrete Institute definition of cold weather concreting, ACI 306, is:
1- A period when for more than three successive days the average daily air temperature drops below 40 ˚F (~ 4.5 °C) , and
2- Temperature stays below 50 ˚F (10 °C) for more than one-half of any 24 hour period.
Why Cold Weather Concreting is Challenging?
The hydration of cement is a chemical reaction. Extremely low temperatures as well as freezing can significantly slow down the reactions, thus, affecting the strength growth. In fact, freezing temperatures within the first 24 hours (or when concrete is still in plastic state), can reduce the strength by more than 50%. The minimum strength before exposing concrete to extreme cold is 500 psi (3.5 MPa). CSA A 23.1 specified a compressive strength of 7.0 MPa to be considered safe for exposure to freezing.
How to Protect Concrete In Cold Weather?
When concrete is properly produced, placed, and protected during cold weather, it will develop sufficient strength and durability to satisfy the intended service requirements (ACI Website). The following steps will help concrete suppliers and contactors in meeting project specifications:
1- Removing Ice and Snow
It is important to remove any ice or snow from the surface of formworks and rebar. This is specially important in the construction of slabs (with large exposed area).
2- Heating Water and/or Aggregates
It is important to order concrete with temperature between 10 °C – 25 °C. Concrete suppliers can achieve this either by heating water or aggregate; however, heating cement is not considered as effective.
3- Slab formwork temperature
Placing warm concrete over cold surface of formwork can result in integrity problems in concrete and low strength. It is recommended to warm up formworks prior to placing concrete.
Slab thickness < 1.0 m : 10 °C
Slab thickness > 1.0 m : 5 °C
4- Protect Concrete
CSA A23.1 specified that protection shall be provided by means of:
- Heated enclosures
Note: The heat generated from hydration process should suffice in most cases, if appropriate insulating blankets of polyethylene sheets are used. Additional source of heat might be required based on area and temperature. Read More
5- Avoid Wet Curing
When temperature is expected to fall to freezing point, it is important to avoid wet curing.
6 – Control Temperature Gradient
The temperature gradient of concrete surface and ambient environment should not exceed those specified in standards, such as CSA A23.1
Common Problems during Cold Weather Concreting
Cold temperature (less than 5 C) can significantly affect the strength gain of concrete. It can also affect certain aspects of durability performance of concrete. The following section provides a brief review of some of these challenges and how engineers can verify concrete strength and quality:
1- Low Concrete Strength – Low Break
Strength is by far the most important parameter for concrete materials and structures. Structural engineers, and contractors want to make sure concrete has reached the minimum specified strength before moving with the construction process.
Temperature Monitoring and using Maturity method is a convenient solution to track concrete strength development. While maturity method has certain benefits, it often fails to precisely show strength in real construction sites. Certain challenges are:
- Where you locate the temperature gauges is critical in evaluating temperature and strength. When sensors are places too shallow or too deep, the test results might not be representative of concrete strength gain.
- You need to have certain benchmark curves for each and every mix that is used in the projects. Concrete that is used for footings, is different from the one that is used for columns and slabs. Therefore, you need different benchmarking that is project specific.
- Strength measurements using maturity concept are good for determining the time to open the formwork, but you can not use the value for structural purpose.
- Maturity is only effective for early age strength prediction. As strength gain curve flattens, the precision of the method will be limited, making it less practical for on-site evaluation of strength.
Combined NDT methods such as Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity can be used to precisely evaluate the in-place concrete strength. The method can be used as a quality assurance process when all concrete samples are already used, and the strength value remains questionable.
2- Poor Quality – High Permeability
When development of concrete microstructure is halted as a result of cold weather, the durability properties might be affected. For example, concrete permeability might negatively get impacted by cold temperatures.
Engineers can use non-destructive testing methods such as Surface Electrical Resistivity to evaluate permeability of concrete.
3- Cold Joints
Managing Cold Joints are more critical during the cold weather conditions. Certain delays in construction process, or use of accelerators can impact the setting time of concrete and result in major integrity issues on or around the cold joints.
Different Nondestructive Testing methods can be used to assess concrete quality, and structural integrity around the cold joint area. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity can be used to assess quality. Impact-Echo and a customized setup for Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity can be used to estimate crack depth.
This’s the good and useful informations for concrete casting in law temperature countries . thanks.
In addition the surfaces upon which concrete makes contact must be above freezing. If this is not done a layer of soft paste can result. This paste layer of damaged cement cannot ever set.
Totally agree with this point. This is specially true in Canada, where we have at least two-three months of freezing temperatures.
Thank,s for all participants, but one thing which is click in my mind is spatial conditions.for example humidity,wind velocity, vegetation, plants. These all participate in build up a suitable atmosphere.
Pingback: Protecting Concrete in Cold Weather | FPrimeC Solutions
Monitoring of concrete is important to confirm that winter protection measures are sufficient. I supply concrete monitoring system that will cost you around $35 per pour. Please contact if interested. My cell is 6479840247.
I worked on a small (Squash courtyard) project back in 1965 in Riyadh, at winter time, after B.Sc. Graduation.
The contractor poured concrete slab at 6 p.m., concrete mix had too much water. The ambient temprature was around 10 C, and we left the site.
Next morning I returned to the site and found the concrete cracked beyond repair.
The reason was that the temperature fell down to 4 degrees at 7 p.m. and the water within the concrete mix froze and caused the degradation of the slab.
Hence, protection against cold weather should be taken in what is considered as hot climate regions at certain time
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This workshop aims to demonstrate the use of Maths in an engineering problem. After an initial discussion about the various types of bridges and the people involved in designing bridges, pupils are set the task of testing the material to be used for making their bridge; in this case straws. The test is carried out by measuring and recording the weight that a given number of straws can support over a span of 10 cm. These results are plotted on a graph. The graph is then used to plan how many straws will be needed to build a bridge with a greater span which can support a given weight. Their design is then built and tested.
Upper Key Stage 2
Maximum group size per session 32
2 - 2.5 hours
£110 plus materials at £15 per maximum of 32 pupils
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Pancreatic cancer is a single of the most hard cancers to treat employing standard Western Medicine. That is exactly where an option therapy for pancreatic cancer comes in. Pancreatic cancer is difficult to treat since it has really handful of symptoms prior to it spreads to other components of the physique. This is since pancreatic cancer is normally a really aggressive. By the time it is detected, it is typically also late for standard Western medicine to do something other than to prolong life a handful of months.
To realize pancreatic cancer, very first we have to realize what the pancreas does (most people today do not have a clue). The pancreas tends to make enzymes that finish up assisting us digest our cooked meals. We want this support since cooked meals has no much more reside enzymes present. A single of the enzymes the pancreas produces is referred to as trypsin. This enzyme eats holes in the walls of cancer tumors so that white blood cells can enter the cancer tumor and destroy it, (by the way, we all have cancer cells if our immune program is in very good shape and we have trypsin obtainable, our body's destroy the cancer) so if we're consuming a lot of cooked foods, we have tiny or no enzyme protection against cancer tumors since we're employing all of our trypsin to digest our meals. If our immune program is also in poor shape, then we have no much more defenses left!
Of course, the pancreas also produces the insulin which breaks down the glucose our bodies produce from our meals. In diabetes, the pancreas either produces an insufficient quantity of insulin or none at all, so diabetics have to take in a supplemental provide of insulin.
So what is an option therapy for pancreatic cancer? Think it or not, it all began back in the time of Hippocrates, the father of modern day medicine. Hippocrates stated that his remedy for cancer was garlic and onions. At very first appear, this could possibly appear ridiculous, but we have to dig deeper into why this would be accurate.
An crucial insight came in 1924 when Nobel Prize winner Dr. Otto Warburg wrote in a paper than cancer can not survive in the presence of oxygen. It just so takes place that garlic and onions each belong to a tiny group of foods that are naturally alkaline (have oxygen present), so Hippocrates may perhaps not have recognized why it worked, but he was correct about his process functioning.
A single of the traits that all cancer sufferers have in prevalent is that their bodily fluids have an acidic ph. This is crucial since an acidic liquid tends to expel oxygen. An alkaline fluid tends to hold on to oxygen. An option therapy for pancreatic cancer and any other type of cancer is to alkalize the physique. This can be carried out by consuming foods that are either outright alkaline or foods that turn into alkaline immediately after becoming processed by the physique. Given that most foods are acidic, it may perhaps be vital to also ingest an alkaline supplement like calcium.
Calcium is surely alkaline and has several other added benefits to the physique. All calcium is very good, but coral calcium is the ideal. Its calcium is ionized so its absorption price by the physique is 100%. If marine grade coral calcium is utilized it really is even much better since it also has up to 80 kinds of microbes that will support with digestion in the tiny intestine. It also has half as a great deal magnesium as calcium. This ratio of calcium to magnesium is vital to avert the calcium from causing constipation.
To facilitate the absorption of calcium it really is vital to also take Vitamin D. In their book, “The Calcium Element” Dr. Carl Reich and Robert Barefoot advise at least five,000 I.U.s per day of Vitamin D along with six capsules of coral calcium to treat pancreatic or any other type of cancer.
Yet another way to raise alkaline levels in the physique is by employing cesium chloride. It has a really higher ph (14) and its molecules are really significant, thus its molecules get trapped inside the cells creating them alkaline. This creates an atmosphere exactly where the cancer can not survive. Cesium is really caustic so it ought to only be utilized beneath a doctor's supervision.
Western medicine tends to ignore the acidity issue since Western medicine is focused much more on quick remedies for a illness rather than the trigger of the illness. A lot of people today have no sign of cancer immediately after becoming treated with chemo and radiation therapy. What physicians do not speak about is that most of these people today have cancer once more inside 5 years since the trigger of the cancer hasn't been addressed.
If you do have pancreatic cancer, don't forget that chemo and radiation therapy are only remedies, not preventions of a trigger. If you ask people today that have survived much more than 5 years immediately after obtaining pancreatic cancer, you may perhaps obtain that they have “cleaned up” their life and they've changed their diet plan so that ends up becoming much more alkaline. They have alkalized their bodies and utilized an option therapy for pancreatic cancer and did not even know it.
I reside in a suburb of Portland, OR. I very first got interested in option medicine in 1994 immediately after I suffered a significant stroke. My physicians told me that I would increase a tiny on my personal throughout the very first six months, but immediately after that there would be really tiny improvement. They also stated that there was practically nothing they could do. At this point I became really disillusioned with Western medicine and began studying the options.
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Table of Contents
fls - List file and directory names in a disk image.
[-m mnt ] [-z zone ] [-f fstype ] [-s seconds ] [-i imgtype ] [-o imgoffset
] [-b dev_sector_size] image [images] [ inode ]
the files and directory names in the image and can display file names of
recently deleted files for the directory using the given inode. If the inode
argument is not given, the inode value for the root directory is used. For
example, on an NTFS file system it would be 5 and on a Ext3 file system
it would be 2.
The arguments are as follows:
- Display the "." and ".." directory
entries (by default it does not)
- Display deleted entries only
directory entries only
- -f fstype
- The type of file system. Use ’-f list’ to
list the supported file system types. If not given, autodetection methods
- Display file (all non-directory) entries only.
- Display file
details in long format. The following contents are displayed:
inode file_name mod_time acc_time chg_time cre_time size uid gid
- -m mnt
files in time machine format so that a timeline can be gid created
The string given as mnt will be prepended to the file names as the mounting
point (for example /usr).
- Display the full path for each entry. By default
it denotes the directory depth on recursive runs with a ’+’ sign.
display directories. This will not follow deleted directories, because
- -s seconds
- The time skew of the original system in seconds. For
example, if the original system was 100 seconds slow, this value would
be -100. This is only used if -l or -m are given.
- -i imgtype
- Identify the type
of image file, such as raw. Use ’-i list’ to list the supported types. If not
given, autodetection methods are used.
- -o imgoffset
- The sector offset where
the file system starts in the image.
- -b dev_sector_size
- The size, in bytes,
of the underlying device sectors. If not given, the value in the image
format is used (if it exists) or 512-bytes is assumed.
- Display undeleted
- Verbose output to stderr.
- Display version.
- -z zone
- The ASCII
string of the time zone of the original system. For example, EST or GMT.
These strings must be defined by your operating system and may vary.
- The disk or partition image to read, whose format is given with
’-i’. Multiple image file names can be given if the image is split into multiple
segments. If only one image file is given, and its name is the first in
a sequence (e.g., as indicated by ending in ’.001’), subsequent image segments
will be included automatically.
Once the inode has been determined, the
file can be recovered using icat(1)
from The Coroners Toolkit. The amount
of information recovered from deleted file entries varies depending on
the system. For example, on Linux, a recently deleted file can be easily
recovered, while in Solaris not even the inode can be determined. If you
just want to find what file name belongs to an inode, it is easier to use
To get a list of all files and directories in an image
# fls -r image 2
or just (if no inode is specified, the root directory inode is used):
# fls -r image
To get the full path of deleted files in a given directory:
# fls -d
-p image 29
To get the mactime output do:
# fls -m /usr/local image 2
If you have a disk image and the file system starts in sector 63, use:
# fls -o 63 disk-img.dd
If you have a disk image that is split use:
# fls -i "split" -o 63 disk-1.dd
Brian Carrier <carrier at sleuthkit
Send documentation updates to <doc-updates at sleuthkit dot org>
Table of Contents
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(1893 - 1983)
Joan Miro was active/lived in Spain, France. Joan Miro is known for abstract curvilinear design painting, collage, mural.
© Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
Biography Joan Miro
/ mee-ROE /
click to hear
Joan Miro was born in Barcelona, Spain on April 20, 1893, the son of a watchmaker. From 1912 he studied at the Barcelona Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Academie Gali. In the first quarter of the 20th century, Barcelona was a cosmopolitan, intellectual city with a craving for the new in art, music and literature. But it was not the place where great art was being made. That place was Paris and Miro established himself there at the age of twenty-six. He made friends with Pablo Picasso, Alexander Calder, Ernest Hemingway, Max Ernst and Paul Klee and was accepted as a Surrealist, looking stronger as the years went by. He lived alone in Paris in total poverty, but everytime he went out he wore a monocle and white spats. He kept his brushes clean,
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