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Figures of phylogenetic trees are widely used to illustrate the result of evolutionary analyses. However, one cannot easily extract a machine-readable representation from such images. Therefore, new software emerges that helps to preserve phylogenies digitally for future research.
TreeSnatcher Plus is a GUI-driven JAVA application that semi-automatically generates a Newick format for multifurcating, arbitrarily shaped, phylogenetic trees contained in pixel images. It offers a range of image pre-processing methods and detects the topology of a depicted tree with adequate user assistance. The user supervises the recognition process, makes corrections to the image and to the topology and repeats steps if necessary. At the end TreeSnatcher Plus produces a Newick tree code optionally including branch lengths for rectangular and freeform trees.
Although illustrations of phylogenies exist in a vast number of styles, TreeSnatcher Plus imposes no limitations on the images it can process with adequate user assistance. Given that a fully automated digitization of all figures of phylogenetic trees is desirable but currently unrealistic, TreeSnatcher Plus is the only program that reliably facilitates at least a semi-automatic conversion from such figures into a machine-readable format.
Keywords:Newick format; Phylogenetic tree recognition; Image digitization; Phylogeny preservation
Every scientific field that processes information with the aid of computers needs to maintain and preserve its technical illustrations in a machine-readable fashion for later reuse. For this, the structure of an illustration has to be decomposed into its geometric primitives. The more previous knowledge of the image content is available to the computer, the less errors will occur during the decomposition process. Computer programs today digitally capture and archive decades-old architectural drawings, for which the usage of symbols, icons and font types is standardized. Conversely, no computer program can automatically convert arbitrarily shaped phylogenetic trees from an illustration into a machine-readable expression, e.g., the Newick format . The styles in which phylogenetic trees have been published are as manifold as are the software packages used for the creation of the trees and the pictures. A comprehensive list of such programs is published in . Because there are no strict design rules, a program intended for the recognition of arbitrary trees must not assume any previous knowledge beyond the existence of a depicted phylogeny.
TreeSnatcher Plus (Figure 1) is not the first program aimed at the digitization of phylogenies. Indeed, TreeThief was the first application that converts a tree image into a computer-readable representation of the tree. It allowed the user to digitize a tree by clicking on each of its nodes in turn. It is restricted to Apple Macintosh computers running Mac OS 9. In 2007, we presented TreeSnatcher , an application that identified the topology of an arbitrarily shaped tree (e.g., a figure from a publication) semi-automatically with user interaction. However, it required the user to pre-process an image using an external drawing package, to follow a strict succession of program stages and lacked any Undo functionality. Finally, the program TreeRipper by Joseph Hughes automatically converts images of rectangular trees that fulfil a strict set of criteria into the Newick format. However, TreeRipper’s success rate is relatively low, with only about one third of sample images converted correctly .
Figure 1. TreeSnatcher Plus main screen. The default view is a blend between the current processing state and the original image. Here, after gray-scale conversion, binarization and skeletonization, the thinned branches were manually complemented where text overlaps the tree. The program then recognized all tree node locations and measured the branch lengths. At this moment, the Newick expression can be calculated.
Using already published trees in research projects would be trivial if all phylogeny related data were also published in open-access online repositories, e.g., TreeBASE , MorphoBank , or Dryad . Leebens-Mack et al. propose a roadmap for the development of minimal reporting standards for phylogenetic analyses, MIAPA (Minimal Information about a Phylogenetic Analysis). They maintain a website on which they discuss potential barriers to re-use data from scientific analyses . In principle, electronic data could also be obtained from the authors. This obvious approach appears not to be practical. In an example from another field of study, 73% of the authors refused to share their data when approached .
Thus, to reuse most published phylogenetic results, it appears that reliable digitization of tree images is currently the only realistic option.
TreeSnatcher Plus is an extended and fully re-conceptualized version of TreeSnatcher; it is both easier to use and more accurate than its predecessor. The new program features a graphical user interface that is based on the JAVA Swing API. A more flexible workflow is complemented with multiple Undo functionality and the possibility to restore the program state ('snapshot'). The user can now pre-process any image within TreeSnatcher Plus, selecting from a full range of pre-processing tools. The current state of processing can be saved as an image that may contain different layers of visual information. The program calculates the branch lengths in freeform and skewed rectangular trees and can mix calculated and user defined branch lengths. Additionally, the user can modify an existing tree or to construct a new tree.
The application opens image files in the formats PNG, JPG/JPEG or GIF. The PDF format is currently not supported, but tools for the extraction of images from PDF documents are readily available (e.g., the Xpdf suite for Linux operating systems ). The program offers the following pre-processing tools, most of which were modified from standard algorithms : pencil, rubber, line, fill, stencil, histogram stretch, colour reduction, gray-scale conversion, local and global thresholding, colour manipulation, inversion, median and minimum filter, blurring and sharpening, lightening and darkening, and thinning .
Prior to automated node placement, the user has to prepare the image within TreeSnatcher Plus, analogous to the requirements of its predecessor . In particular, the tree has to be converted into a line drawing without intersections with text or graphics unrelated to the tree topology. If the image does not meet those requirements when the automatic node placement is issued, the tree topology is unlikely to be identified correctly.
Working with TreeSnatcher Plus takes place along a general succession of global tasks, which are executed at least once, either on the whole image or on parts. The user supervises all image manipulations and recognition tasks performed by the program, makes corrections and repeats steps if necessary. This process is explained in detail in the tutorials accompanying the program.
The workflow is thus as follows:
1. The program reads the specified image file. The user trims and cuts the image at will. In this way, one can select sub-trees or a subset of taxa from the image.
2. Image pre-processing: The user prepares the image with the pre-processing tools.
3. Binarization: The user thresholds the image to ensure that the foreground is black and the background is white and both are clearly separated.
4. Skeletonization: The user semi-automatically thins the foreground of the image portion that contains the tree. This is necessary to enable the program to find the paths between the line intersections (step 8).
5. Foreground flooding: The user marks a position in the tree. The program colours ('floods') the foreground reachable from there. In subsequent steps, the flooded area will be treated as the tree. Everything else is ignored.
6. Inner nodes and outer nodes placement: The program suggests locations for line intersections and end of lines. These represent branching locations and tips. A logical node is assigned to each location. The user can move, remove and add nodes. In the thinned image, black pixels adjacent to exactly one other black pixel become a tip location. Black pixels adjacent to at least three black pixels are candidates for a branching location. If several candidate pixels are adjacent to each other, the branching location is averaged from their positions.
7. Choice of tree type: The program can distinguish and calibrate freeform and rectangular trees. The choice of the tree type influences how the program treats branch lengths. The tree type must be chosen prior to step 8.
8. Recognition of branches: The program traces gapless foreground paths between each pair of nodes in order to find the branches of the tree. If there are several candidate paths, the shortest is selected. If a branch is missing or wrong, the user either modifies the image with the drawing tools and repeats step 8, or he/she drags a new branch and manually specifies its length.
9. Determination of branch lengths: The accuracy depends on the congruence of thinned tree structure, node placement, and original tree. For freeform trees, the branch length in pixels is based on the entire foreground path between the two defining nodes. For rectangular trees, the branch length is the sum of the lengths of the horizontal path segments. The user may type in self-defined branch lengths and mix them with the calculated lengths. The tree can be scaled using a line of known length in the image, e.g., a scale bar.
10. Assignment of species names: The user right-clicks on each leaf node in turn in order to type in the corresponding species name.
11. Choice of the tree root: The program, assisted by the user if necessary, chooses the inner node based on which the rooted Newick expression is calculated.
12. Construction of the Newick string: The program calculates and displays the Newick tree code for the tree depicted. The user may save it to the clipboard or export it into a text file.
An image that shows a uniformly dark, rectangular phylogenetic tree on a uniformly light background in sufficient resolution, without foreground elements overlapping with the tree, will need almost no pre-processing. If the user then settles for consecutively numbered tip labels, the whole recognition process can be finished within minutes. However, in general there will be image portions which require manual correction, e.g., a branch of the tree is not clearly separated from other foreground elements such as lettering. TreeSnatcher Plus offers a special tool that surrounds black drawings with a white border.
For the determination of branch lengths, the program needs to assess the path length in pixels between branching positions on the skeletonized foreground. Additionally, it must reliably detect bends in a branch and horizontal branch portions. These tasks work better if the structures come with a sufficiently high number of pixels. The better the branches in the original image and those in the skeletonized image align, the more accurate are the branch lengths.
The time needed for the complete tree digitization depends on several factors, among them image size and quality, tree size and complexity, whether or not branch lengths are desired and species names are typed in, how much pre-processing is necessary, and how experienced the user is in the usage of TreeSnatcher Plus.
We benchmarked TreeSnatcher Plus using the set of 100 rectangular trees published by Hughes , nine additional images with non-standard tree styles, and another image modified from the benchmark set of Hughes. The topologies of all trees and their branch lengths were recognized correctly, with necessary user interaction ranging from minor to extensive (Additional file 1, table 'BenchmarkTreeSet'). All tip labels were typed manually. As TreeSnatcher Plus is not meant to work autonomously, the user is required to initiate all pre-processing and analysis steps. For different users, the time needed for a particular task may vary. For the benchmark set , the time needed for topology reconstruction was on average 165 s, ranging from 30 to 1,800 s on a PC equipped with a Core i7-960 processor. Typing the tip labels required on average 4.4 min, the minimum time was 0 min for an image without labels and the maximum time 35 min. The shortest tree digitisation job finished within one minute, the longest job required 45 min. Recognizing the topology of a tree with 100+ tips (image 1471-2148-6-93 in the tree set by Hughes) and entering the tip labels required 17 min. Using the TreeRipper web frontend , we obtained the topology and the tip labels for the same tree within five minutes, the processing time was 272 s. However, all tip labels needed manual correction.
Additionally, we processed nine images of non-rectangular trees (Additional file 1, table 'InternetTrees'). Again, we obtained the topologies and the branch lengths for all trees. TreeSnatcher Plus can measure the branch lengths in freeform trees but not in circular and polar trees. For three circular trees ('bustard', 'TreeofLife' and 'Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life'), we therefore approximated the lengths of the horizontal branch portions with the 'Line Selection' tool. In one case ('vert_tree'), we needed to retrace the tree manually.
We rotated image 1471-2148-6-99-1 from the benchmark set by 6° in order to test how well the program can recognize the rectangular branch portions in the new image ('RotatedTree'). While the editing steps were similar for the original and the modified image, TreeSnatcher Plus failed to recognize 10 out of a total 81 horizontal branch portions, compared to 3 in the original image.
In general, the correction of overlapping structures in a tree and typing the branch lengths are the most demanding tasks. For some images, we needed several attempts until we found a suitable order of processing steps.
For all jobs, we provide TreeSnatcher Plus snapshot data that can be reloaded into the program in order to reproduce the recognition results (Additional file 2, Additional file 3, Additional file 4, Additional file 5, Additional file 6.
Format: ZIP Size: 9.3MB Download file
Format: ZIP Size: 9.1MB Download file
Format: ZIP Size: 14.6MB Download file
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On the TreeSnatcher Plus project website, we offer tutorials and sample recognition projects for the application. They provide a comprehensive overview about the performance of the program and the expected effort with different illustration styles and topologies.
Given the performance of today's image analysis and OCR methods, two distinct strategies are feasible: either a fully-automated approach requiring one specific tree type and a fixed illustration style, or a semi-automated approach for arbitrary trees.
TreeRipper, which to our knowledge is the only currently available program with comparable functionality, aims at a fully automatic recognition. To achieve this, it restricts itself to rectangular trees fulfilling a set of stringent criteria. For the trees fulfilling these criteria in the same benchmark set analysed here, TreeRipper was able to recognise the topology correctly in 32% of cases without any manual pre-processing.
TreeSnatcher Plus, on the other hand, accepts the necessity for manual image pre-processing and thus achieves a 100% success rate. It allows the user to process virtually any phylogenetic tree, albeit sometimes with extensive user interaction. On average, extraction of one phylogenetic tree topology required less than three minutes. Currently, tip names have to be entered by hand - using OCR here is very difficult to implement, as the tip labels can be anywhere on the image and in any orientation. TreeSnatcher Plus is easy to install, the single prerequisite being a working Java 1.6 Runtime Environment.
Further improvements are planned. The next version of TreeSnatcher Plus will be able to compute branch lengths for circular tree topologies. Moreover, it is planned to include an experimental OCR option for the recognition of tip label names in rectangular trees. The thinning technique could be improved as it is not tailored specifically to TreeSnatcher Plus.
Although TreeSnatcher Plus does not work fully automatically, it can be used to preserve virtually any phylogenetic tree for future research. Today, automatic digitization, let alone batch processing, of even a subclass of phylogenetic tree images including labels seems hardly realizable. We are nevertheless convinced that novel programs will recognize a large number of different tree topologies in diverse styles. They will combine classical methods from the field of pictorial pattern recognition and image segmentation with new approaches. Until then, TreeSnatcher Plus can be used, with an acceptable effort for the user, for the semi-automated recognition of arbitrarily shaped trees in images. If the images to be digitised fulfil its requirements, TreeRipper may instead be used for the automatic recognition of topologies.
A greater acceptance of increased minimum data reporting standards in phylogenetic research would guarantee that phylogenetic data communicated in future research papers is machine-readable and available to other scientists. It has been mandatory for years to publish DNA sequences electronically in one of the universally accepted formats, and one may hope that a similar requirement will be enforced by scientific journals for phylogenies.
Availability and requirements
Project name: TreeSnatcher Plus: capturing phylogenetic trees from images
Project home page: http://www.cs.uni-duesseldorf.de/AG/BI/Software/treesnatcher/ webcite
Operating Systems: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
Programming language: Sun/Oracle Java 1.6
Other requirements: Sun/Oracle Java Runtime Environment Version 1.6 or higher
License: GNU General Public License
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
TL developed the idea, realized the program, tested the software and drafted the manuscript. MJL and AVH helped to shape the features of the application and revised and approved the manuscript.
I am very thankful to Martin J. Lercher for making it possible to develop TreeSnatcher into TreeSnatcher Plus and for supervising the development process. I am also very thankful to Arndt von Haeseler who supervised the design of the first incarnation of the program, TreeSnatcher. I thank Yannick Schrader-Schilkowsky who proofread and followed the tutorials and pointed out discrepancies.
This work was supported by the Wiener Wissenschafts-, Forschungs- und Technologiefonds awarded to Arndt von Haeseler; and the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) through a Collaborative Initiative (SFB 680).
The Newick tree format.
TreeThief: a tool for manual phylogenetic tree entry.
Bioinform (Oxf, Engl) 2007, 23:3384-3385. Publisher Full Text
BMC Bioinforma 2011, 12:178. BioMed Central Full Text
TreeBASE: a database of phylogenetic knowledge.
Leebens-Mack J, Vision T, Brenner E, Bowers JE, Cannon S, Clement MJ, Cunningham CW, dePamphilis C, deSalle R, Doyle JJ, Eisen JA, Gu X, Harshman J, Jansen RK, Kellogg EA, Koonin EV, Mishler BD, Philippe H, Pires JC, Qiu YLL, Rhee SY, Sjölander K, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Stevenson DW, Wall K, Warnow T, Zmasek C: Taking the first steps towards a standard for reporting on phylogenies: Minimum information about a phylogenetic analysis (MIAPA).
Omics: J Integr Biol 2006, 10:231-237. Publisher Full Text
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An Imperfect Lens
In 1883 an epidemic of cholera struck Alexandria, Egypt. Several scientists who work in Louis Pasteur’s laboratory in Paris arrive quickly on the scene, as does Robert Koch of Germany, recent discoverer of the cause of tuberculosis. They set up labs and begin the hunt for the organism that causes so much misery. Roiphe castes her eye on conditions in the streets of Alexandria, and readers are able to envisage the cholera microbe making its way from a dirty hand to a drinking glass, from dirty water to a flavored ice which looks so appealing on a hot day. Even the well-to-do, who know that they should be very vigilant about sanitation, sometimes fail disastrously, often through the smallest slip. The horrors of cholera’s effects on the body are vividly described.
Louis Thuillier, one of the French scientists, soon meets the daughter of a Jewish doctor, and their relationship, along with her growing interest in the experiments in the lab, provide a glimpse into the long-established, but not terribly secure, Jewish community of Alexandria. The British have just taken control from the French, and politics enters the picture, with far-reaching ramifications.
An Imperfect Lens hurls the reader into the midst of the cholera epidemic, deftly providing us with enough of the picture to see the terrible toll taken on inhabitants of the city, while allowing us to meet some engaging characters.
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For the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of the Chassidic movement, Chanukah was his “favorite” holiday — for Chanukah is the holiday of light, a light that fills the soul and warms the heart.
Although outside it is dark and cold, the radiance of the Chanukah candles penetrates into the depth of the winter night, permeating it with warmth and transforming the darkness itself into a light force.
From where do the Chanukah candles derive their power not merely to dispel darkness, but to transmute it into light?
The first two letters of the word Chanukah spell chen, one of the eight synonyms in Hebrew for beauty. Chen, which literally means “grace” or “favor,” represents that aspect of beauty which expresses itself through the aesthetic of graceful symmetry. The word chen first appears in the Torah in the concluding verse of Parashat Bereishit, the first portion of the book of Genesis. The verse there reads: “And Noah found chen (“favor”) in the eyes of God.” The name Noah is actually the same as chen spelled backwards. By virtue of its first appearing in the Torah as juxtaposed with its “opposite,” we are taught in Kabbalah that chen represents balance and symmetry, particularly that which is comprised of two inverse elements reflecting each other. The opposites that form the graceful symmetry of Chanukah are those of darkness and light, or as referred to in the Aramaic idiom of the Zohar — “transforming chashocha (darkness) into nahora (light),” whose initial letters themselves spell chen.
We can now begin to understand how the Chanukah candles succeed in transforming darkness into light. Reflective symmetry is the result of two inverse elements possessing a hidden reference to each other. By defining themselves in perfect contradistinction to one another, such elements enter into a symmetrical bond which attests to an underlying unity forming their common source. So it is with darkness and light. Just as light itself possesses the potential to blind one with its radiance (thus testifying to the source of “darkness” included within light), so too does darkness hold within it the potential for illumination (the power of the color black to “shine”).
In truth, the hidden light inhering within darkness is infinitely more beautiful than the revealed light which we naturally experience. This is apparent as well from the verse in Ecclesiastes (2:13) which reads: “As the advantage of light over darkness, so is the advantage of wisdom over folly.” Although this is the accepted understanding of the verse, a purely literal reading of the words suggests an alternative interpretation: “As the advantage of light from darkness, so is the advantage of wisdom over folly” — the implication being that the light which emerges from within darkness itself is the true source of wisdom’s superiority.
The hidden light which inheres within darkness must be “sparked” into consciousness if it is to transform the opaque realm of Creation into a translucent expanse of Divine light. Herein lies the secret of redemption, expressed in Kabbalah as the process of redeeming those fragments or “sparks” of Divine light which were scattered throughout the universe when the primordial vessels of light fashioned at the dawn of Creation shattered, descending into the lower realms. Parallel to the cosmic restoration of these Divine sparks, there takes place a process here below whereby the lost souls of Israel are aroused to reembrace their people, their land, and their God.
The miracle of Chanukah represents the ability to revive the Divine spark of light which resides hidden within the soul of every Jew, regardless of how oblivious he or others may be to its existence. It is told that in his early years, the Baal Shem Tov walked small Jewish children to and from their local cheder (school). It was his custom to place his holy hand on each child’s heart, and bless him that he grow to be a “warm Jew”(in Yiddish: a varemer yid). Even a heart as cold as stone could not help but absorb the fiery love of God and man, and the burning desire for redemption, which radiated from his touch.
The secret of chen as it relates to Chanukah implies that although Jews may appear to be in total conflict with each other, in truth — in the innermost point of faith, rooted in Jewish being — they are one. In their apparent opposition, they are actually mirroring each other. The opposing natures and positions which emerge from the endless internal dialogue spanning the history of the Jewish people provide the elements out of which the beautiful tapestry of Jewish existence will display itself at the end of days.
The classic example of antagonism suffused with chen is that of the ongoing opposition between the Talmudic schools of Hillel and Shammai. One of their most famous disputes concerns the order by which we light the Chanukah candles. According to the school of Hillel, we begin by lighting one candle on the first night of Chanukah and then continue to add an additional candle on each successive night. The school of Shammai takes the opposite position, stating that one should light all eight candles on the first night and then progressively eliminate one candle each night thereafter, until one is left with one single candle on the eighth and last night.
In this dispute we encounter the ultimate expression of chen symmetry. Although diametrically opposed to each other, both positions have validity. Common practice nowadays dictates that we conduct ourselves in accordance with the opinion of the school of Hillel. However, it is said that in the world to come, the law will be in accord with the school of Shammai. In truth, both positions assert themselves simultaneously, just as the reality of this world and that of the next are not separated in time but rather parallel each other. The difference is one of conscious emphasis. The power of chen inherent in Chanukah enables us to harmonize the radical contradictions which accompany us through time to the threshold of the Messianic era.
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The best known of the French accoucheurs was Francois Mauriceau (1637—1670), whose name is known to modern-day obstetricians by the call. Howard Atwood Kelly was the youngest of the four founders of Johns Hopkins, including William Halstead, William Osler and William Welch. In October 1889, Kelly was appointed the first professor of gynecology and obstetrics, and it is universally considered that he established gynecology as a surgical specialty. He was a pioneer in the creation of many innovative techniques, including the Kelly tweezers and the Kelly stitch.
Kelly's skill as a surgeon, his detailed publications and his originality contributed to his reputation as one of the best gynecologists of his time. The Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics continues to honor Kelly's legacy through its Kelly Alumni Society, the Kelly Gynecological Oncology Service and the annual Kelly conference. Learn more about pages for offline publishers. His medical colleagues have been some of the most prominent advocates for J.
Marion Sims, the controversial “father of gynecology”. The first serious challenge to the demonisation of the Sims appeared in a 1976 book by historian G. J. Barker-Benfield entitled The Horrors of the Half-Known.
Barker-Benfield juxtaposed Sims' “extremely active and adventurous policy” of surgically interfering with women's sexual organs with his considerable ambition and self-interest. The man who once admitted that “if there was one thing he hated it was researching the organs of the female pelvis”, dedicated himself to gynecology with a “monomania” when he realized that it was his ticket to fame and fortune, writes Barker-Benfield. Another doctor, Irwin Kaiser, in a more moderate defense, asked the audience to consider how the Sims ultimately helped the enslaved women he experimented with. The surgery he performed on Lucy, Anarcha, Betsey and the other enslaved women was to repair a vesicovaginal fistula, a devastating complication of prolonged labor.
When a baby's head presses on the birth canal for too long, tissue can die from lack of blood and form a hole between the vagina and the bladder. The condition can be embarrassing, as women who have it can't control their urination. He concluded that Sims was “a product of its time.
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1 What Is Arts Integration?
This program presents three instructional models: independent instruction, team teaching, and collaborations with community resources. You’ll explore informal, complementary, and interdependent curricular connections and see examples of what arts integrated instruction looks like in the classroom.
2 Why Integrate the Arts?
This program looks at how integrating the arts with other subjects increases student engagement, addresses diverse learning styles by exploring content in many ways, establishes the relevance of learning for the student, and provides the student alternative ways to communicate.
3 How Do We Collaborate?
This program illustrates a variety of teaching partnerships. You'll see how teachers integrating the arts can benefit from collaborating with fellow teachers, visiting artists, and community resources.
4 What Roles Do Students Take On?
This program examines the artistic process of creating, performing, and responding. You'll see students assuming various roles as they research, write, plan, design, direct, create, perform, and critique.
5 What Are Connecting Concepts?
This program presents strategies for planning lessons that integrate the arts with other subjects. You'll see how teachers organize instruction around themes and through concepts.
6 What's the Big Idea?
This program is about planning and teaching toward big ideas. You'll see how arts integrated instruction enables students to make deeply personal connections to what they are learning.
7 Identifying What Students are Learning
This program investigates ways to identify what students have learned in and through the arts. You'll see teachers using arts-based performance tasks to assess student understanding.
8 Reflecting on Our Practice
This program examines methods for assessing instructional practice. You'll see teachers reflecting alone and interacting with colleagues to evaluate and refine their planning and teaching.
NEXT: Related Standards
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Although the matter of Noah being called is a simple fact, the crucial points we will talk about, the disposition of God, the will of God, and the substance of God in the record of this passage, are not simple. To know about these aspects of God, we should first know about what kind of man God wanted to call. Through knowing about what kind of man God wanted to call, we can know about God’s disposition, God’s will, and God’s substance. This is most important. Then in God’s eyes what kind of man was the man God wanted to call? This man had to be a man who could listen to his word and could do according to his commandment to him, and this man had also to be a man who had a sense of responsibility and a man who could fulfill God’s word as his bounden responsibility and duty. Then did such a man have to be one who knows God? No. In that time, Noah had not heard so many teachings of God or experienced any of God’s works, so he had very little knowledge of God. Although it is recorded here that Noah walked with God, had he ever seen God’s original person? It can be said with certainty: No! For in that time, only the messengers of God came to man. Although they could speak and do things on God’s behalf, they only conveyed God’s will and God’s intention. God’s original person, however, did not appear to man personally. In this passage, what we mainly see are the things Noah was to do and God’s commandment to him. Then, what is God’s substance expressed here? God does everything according to a careful plan, and when he sees a thing or a phenomenon happening, he has a standard to judge it by. This standard determines whether or not he will begin planning to deal with such a thing or phenomenon or how he will treat it. He is not indifferent to or with no feeling toward anything, but just the contrary. Here there is a word God said to Noah: “The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.” In this word of God, did God say that he would only destroy men? No! God said that he would destroy all living things of all flesh. Why would God destroy them? Here there was again the expression of God’s disposition: In God’s eyes, in his treatment of the corruption of mankind and the filthiness, violence, and disobedience of all fleshly men, there was a limit to his patience. What was the limit? It was what God said: “And God looked on the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way on the earth.” What does the word “all flesh had corrupted his way on the earth” mean? It means that all the living things, including those who followed God, those who called upon the name of God with their mouth, those who had ever offered burnt offerings to God, and those who confessed God and even praised God with their mouth, once they had completely corrupted their ways and that had reached God’s eyes, God would destroy them. This was God’s limit. That is to say, to what extent could God be patient with mankind and with the corruption of all flesh? To the extent that none of the people, whether the followers of God or the unbelievers, went the right way, to the extent that not only was this mankind morally corrupt and full of evil, but there was no one who believed in the existence of God, much less was there anyone who believed that the world is ruled over by God and it is God who can bring the light and the right way to man, and to the extent that mankind hated the existence of God and did not allow God to exist. Once mankind’s corruption reached this degree, God would not be patient with them anymore. What would replace this? God’s wrath and God’s punishment were about to come upon them. Wasn’t this part of the expression of God’s disposition? In the present age, is there any just man in God’s eyes? Is there any perfect man in God’s eyes? Isn’t this age an age in which all flesh has corrupted his way on the earth in God’s eyes? In this age, except for those whom God intends to make complete, the human beings who can follow God and receive God’s salvation, aren’t all fleshly men challenging the limit of God’s patience? In this world, the things that happen around you every day and everything you see with your eyes, hear with your ears, or experience personally, aren’t they all filled with violence? In God’s eyes, shouldn’t such a world and such an age be ended? Although the background of the present age is completely different from that of Noah’s time, God’s feeling and God’s anger toward the corruption of mankind are the same as those of that time. God can be patient because of his work, but as far as all kinds of states and conditions are concerned, this world should have long been destroyed in God’s eyes, for the situation is much worse than that when the world was destroyed by the flood. However, what is the difference? This is also a thing that saddens God’s heart the most. Maybe none of you can realize it.
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16 SLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
The GE 16-slice CT scanner is three to four times faster than conventional machines, allowing patients to get in and out of their appointments more quickly. This technology produces pictures in much greater detail than can be seen in conventional X-Rays. CT imaging is particularly useful because it reveals several types of tissue in lungs, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels — all with great clarity. Using specialized equipment and expertise to create and interpret CT scans, radiologists can more accurately diagnose problems such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, trauma, lung, liver, kidney disease and musculoskeletal disorders. Because CT imaging uses X-Ray radiation, Network Radiology employs dose reduction protocols to ensure the safest scan available.
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Freedom in the World 2004 - New Zealand
|Publication Date||18 December 2003|
|Cite as||Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2004 - New Zealand, 18 December 2003, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/473c54af23.html [accessed 23 June 2017]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
Political Rights: 1
Civil Liberties: 1
Life Expectancy: 78
Religious Groups: Anglican (24 percent), Presbyterian (18 percent, Roman Catholic (15 percent), other or none (43 percent)
Ethnic Groups: New Zealand European (74.5 percent), Maori (10 percent), other European (4.5 percent), Pacific Islander (4 percent), other [including Asian] (7 percent)
Native Maori claims for land and compensation made almost daily headlines throughout 2003. Although public support remains high for an 1840 treaty between the Maoris and the British that leased Maori land in perpetuity to the white "settlers," public opinion has become more divisive toward Maori claims and the government has taken a harder stand against them. On the international scene, New Zealand joined the Australian-led multinational mission to restore peace and order in the Solomon Islands and was part of a UN mission to support the peace process in that country that concluded at the end of June.
New Zealand became self-governing prior to World War II and gained full independence from Britain in 1947, establishing itself as a parliamentary democracy. The Labor Party has been in office since 1999, when it won an election dominated by questions about the mildly conservative National Party's privatization plans and management of state agencies. Like its victory in 1999, Labor's reelection in 2002 left the party with 52 seats in the 120-seat parliament. Following the election, Labor formed a minority government with the populist Progressive Coalition Party, which had won two seats, and received a pledge of support from the centrist United Future Party (UFP), which had won eight. Meanwhile, the National Party was forced to ponder its future strategy after winning only 27 seats, its worst-ever finish.
The Maori population has increased its claims on land, resources, and compensation from the government. The Waitangi Tribunal, which hears Maori claims for land and compensation, supported a multimillion claim in a report it issued in May. The government said the report's findings were "useful information," but not legally binding. Recent claims for rights to gas and oil fields in the Marlborough Sounds on the South Island, in particular, have created ill will with the non-Maori population. In June, the Court of Appeal ruled that Maori tribes could pursue their claim of the Marlborough Sounds, which currently are used for commercial operations, including marine farms and tourism. In response, the government proposed a new law to prevent Maori tribes from claiming exclusive ownership of the nation's coastline and seabed. Under the proposed law, Maori tribes would be able to use the coastline for fishing but would not be able to deny access to anyone.
The opposition National Party called for the abolition of seven Maori seats in parliament, which have been part of the nation's electoral system for 136 years. In the current legislature, 18 members identify themselves as Maori or part-Maori. Maoris comprise 11 percent of the voting population and 15 percent, or 530,000, of the country's four million people.
As one of the most progressive welfare states in the world, parliament legalized prostitution in June. It was, however, a close vote, with 60 voting for and 59 against the proposed measures. A new law will establish a legal framework for the sex industry, including strict health, safety, and employment guidelines for licensed brothels.
On the international front, the country committed itself to joining an Australian-led, multinational, transition-monitoring group to continue to restore peace and order to the Solomon Islands. New Zealand was also a member of a multinational UN Observer Mission to secure the Solomon Islands and to collect weapons surrendered by former combatants as part of the peace process. This UN group completed its mission in 2003 and left the Solomon Islands at the end of June. To help the country's recovery, New Zealand pledged $8 million in assistance, making New Zealand the single largest donor to the Pacific Island state. Apart from this commitment to the Solomon Islands, New Zealand made a significant shift in its overseas development assistance policy, announcing in May plans to increase funds for business training and small business.
In January, New Zealand granted asylum to some 150 Afghan refugees who were held in Australian refugee detention centers in Nauru and on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea. These refugees were part of a 1,500-person group picked up by a Norwegian freighter in August 2001; in 2002, New Zealand accepted 202 people from Nauru and Manus.
Political Rights and Civil Liberties
Citizens of New Zealand can change their government democratically. The government is led by the prime minister and a 20-member cabinet. Queen Elizabeth II is the chief of state and is represented by the governor-general. The country has a mixed-member electoral system that combines voting in geographic districts with proportional representation balloting. The two main political parties are the center-left Labor Party and the mildly conservative National Party. Prime Minister Helen Clark of the Labor Party was elected in 1999. Within the 120-member parliament, seven seats are reserved for the native Maori population.
The media are free and competitive. There is no government control on Internet access, and competitive rates are offered by a number of Internet service providers.
Religious and academic freedom are respected by the government in practice.
The government respects freedom of association. Various nongovernmental and civil society groups are active throughout the country, working to promote community health, minority rights, education, children's welfare, and other issues. Many receive considerable financial support from the government, in addition to private donations.
The New Zealand Council of Trade Unions is the main labor federation. Less than 20 percent of the country's wage earners are members of trade unions. New Zealand is a progressive welfare state, but slow economic growth in the last decade forced the government to end universal free health care. New laws were also introduced to prohibit sympathy strikes, secondary strikes, and walkouts over social or political issues in an environment where unions aggressively advocate workers' rights and collective bargaining is widely practiced. Collective bargaining was further promoted by the passage of the Employment Relations Act in 2000.
The judiciary is independent, and defendants can appeal to the Privy Council in Britain. Police treatment of Maoris, who comprise 15 percent of the general population but more than half of the prison population, had been an issue.
A special tribunal hears Maori tribal claims to land and other resources stemming from the white settlement of New Zealand. The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi between the Maoris and the British leased Maori land in perpetuity to the white "settlers." Maoris now seek higher "rents" for their land and compensation from the government. These claims have become a source of tension with the non-Maori population. Successive governments have introduced programs to boost the social and economic status of Maoris and Pacific Islanders, but most appear to have been only marginally successful.
Violence against women remains a major issue, with reports by the U.S. State Department and civil society groups in New Zealand noting an increase in the number of assaults against women in recent years. The problem had been particularly serious among the Maori population; although Maori women and children make up less than 10 percent of the population, half of them had reported abuse. The number of abuse cases is also disproportionately high among Pacific Islanders, who make up only about 5 percent of the population. There are many governmental and nongovernmental programs to prevent family violence and provide victim support, and special programs also target the Maori community. However, these efforts have not significantly improved the situation. The Domestic Violence Act of 1995 broadened the definition of violence to include psychological abuse, threats, intimidation, harassment, and allowing children to witness psychological abuse. It also expanded police powers to address these cases and provided legal services and aid. In 2001, the government introduced "Te Rito," a national strategy to combat domestic violence.
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Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
*Pompeii. Ancient southern Italian city populated by Greeks and Italians until it was occupied by Rome during the wars that united Italy under Roman rule. In the first century b.c.e., the Roman general Sulla established a colony for his veterans on land near Pompeii that he and his army had taken from his enemies during the last days of the Roman Republic. The long-term effect of the Roman conquest of the Italian peninsula was the progressive decline of local cultures as Roman customs and culture became dominant. Although remnants of Greek and other cultures are seen in the characters of this novel, the romanization of Pompeii and the peninsula was virtually complete by the first century c.e., the period in which the novel is set.
Before Pompeii’s destruction in the volcanic eruption of 79 c.e., the city was a jewel of the Roman world, featuring luxurious houses and seaside villas that were the fashionable dwellings and summer resorts of wealthy Romans. The houses, baths, streets, and temples described by Edward Bulwer-Lytton and peopled by his characters are those that had been excavated and restored when he wrote the book. For example, Glaucus’s house, the House of the Tragic Poet, is a small gem of a house that is built in the typical Roman style but adorned by artworks that reveal his Greek heritage.
The Greek temple pictured with the Triangular Forum may have been the temple in which Glaucus, a wealthy...
(The entire section is 631 words.)
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Bibliography (Cyclopedia of Literary Characters, Revised Third Edition)
Sources for Further Study
Campbell, James L., Sr. Edward Bulwer-Lytton. Boston: Twayne, 1986. Surveys Bulwer-Lytton’s career, the influences on his work, and his fictional output. Analyzes the elements that contributed to the writing of the novel, judging it to be a sensationalistic costume romance rather than a serious exploration of Roman history.
Cooper, Lettice. Introduction to The Last Days of Pompeii. London: Collins, 1953. The most relevant of numerous introductions written for various editions of the novel; others of note include one by Bulwer’s son, the earl of Lytton (preserved into the late twentieth century in the Everyman edition), Curtis Dahl’s introduction to the 1946 Dodd Mead edition, and Edgar Johnson’s introduction to the 1956 Limited Editions Club edition.
Fleishman, Avrom. The English Historical Novel: Walter Scott to Virginia Woolf. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. A study of the English tradition of historical fiction from its beginnings to the start of World War II, when, Fleishman contends, the tradition ended. Praises the novel’s depiction of Roman society and the novel’s use of Roman history in terms of nineteenth century political controversy.
Ford, George H., ed. Victorian Fiction: A Second Guide to Research. New York:...
(The entire section is 412 words.)
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Driving in Winter / Driving on Snow and Ice
Driving in winter may be hazardous for the unprepared and inexperienced driver.
Although South Africa is not as well known for extreme winter conditions, such conditions may be extremely hazardous and many drivers might need to consider measures relating to the condition of their car as well as driving techniques in these conditions.
The following are some of the steps often taken by motorists used to driving in extremely cold conditions:
Make sure your vehicle is ready before driving in winter weather. You should make a regular pre-trip inspection, paying extra attention to the following items:
Coolant Level and Antifreeze Amount. Make sure the cooling system is full and there is enough anti-freeze in the system to protect against freezing. This can be checked with a special coolant tester.
Defrosting and Heating Equipment. Make sure the defrosters work. They are needed for safe driving. Make sure the heater is working, and that you know how to operate it.
Wipers and Washers. Make sure the windshield wiper blades are in good condition. Make sure the wiper blades press against the window hard enough to wipe the windshield clean. Otherwise, they may not sweep off snow properly. Make sure the windshield washer works and there is washing fluid contained in the washer reservoir. Use windshield washer antifreeze to prevent freezing of the washer liquid. If you can't see well enough while driving (for example, if your wipers fail), stop safely and fix the problem.
Tyres. Make sure you have enough tread on your tyres. The drive tyres must provide traction to push the rig over the wet pavement and through the snow. The steering tyres must have traction to steer the vehicle. Enough tread is especially important in winter conditions.
Lights and Reflectors. Make sure the lights and reflectors are clean. Lights and reflectors are especially important during bad weather. Check from time to time during bad weather to make sure they are clean and working right.
Windows and Mirrors. Remove any ice, snow, etc., from the windshield, windows, and mirrors before starting. Use a windshield scraper, and windshield defroster as necessary. Make sure that you can see and communicate with other drivers.
Hand Holds, Steps, and Deck Plates. Remove all ice and snow from handholds, steps, and deck plates which you must use to enter the cab or to move about the vehicle. This will reduce the danger of slipping.
Radiator Shutters and Winterfront. Remove ice from the radiator shutters. Make sure the winterfront is not closed too tightly. If the shutters freeze shut or the winterfront is closed too much, the engine may overheat and stop.
Exhaust System. Exhaust system leaks are especially dangerous when inside ventilation may be poor (windows rolled up, etc.). Loose connections could permit poisonous carbon monoxide to leak into your vehicle. Carbon monoxide gas will cause you to be sleepy. In large enough amounts it can kill you. Check the exhaust system for loose parts and for sounds and signs of leaks.
Slippery Surfaces. Drive slowly and smoothly on slippery roads. If it is very slippery, you shouldn't drive at all. Stop at the first safe place.
Avoid Driving Distracted. Keep Both Eyes on the Road and Hands on the Steering Wheel! Focus on Driving Safely!
The following are some safety guidelines:
Start Gently and Slowly. When first starting, get the feel of the road. Don't hurry.
Adjust Turning and Braking to Conditions. Make turns as gentle as possible. Don't brake any harder than necessary.
Adjust Speed to Conditions. Don't pass slower vehicles unless necessary. Go slow and watch far enough ahead to keep a steady speed. Avoid having to slow down and speed up. Take curves at slower speeds and don't brake while in curves. Be aware that as the temperature rises to the point where ice begins to melt, the road becomes even more slippery. Slow down more.
Adjust Space to Conditions. Don't drive alongside other vehicles. Keep a longer following distance. When you see a traffic jam ahead, slow down or stop to wait for it to clear. Try hard to anticipate stops early and slow down gradually.
Be careful of Wet Brakes. When driving in heavy rain or deep standing water, your brakes will get wet. Water in the brakes can cause the brakes to be weak, to apply unevenly, or to grab. This can cause a lack of braking power, wheel lockups, pulling to one side or the other, and jackknife if you pull a trailer.
Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible.
If not, you should:
Place transmission in a low gear.
Gently put on the brakes. This presses linings against brake drums or discs and keeps mud, silt, sand, and water from getting in.
Increase engine rpm and cross the water while keeping light pressure on the brakes.
When out of the water, maintain light pressure on the brakes for a short distance to heat them up and dry them out. >
Make a test stop when safe to do so. Check behind to make sure no one is following, then apply the brakes to be sure they work right. If not, dry out further as described above. (CAUTION: Do not apply too much brake pressure and accelerator at the same time or you can overheat brake drums and linings.)
Safety Advice from the National Safety Council, New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Washington State Government Information & Services
We need to recognize that there are others who are much more accustomed to driving on snowy and icy roads. We have found information compiled from road safety experts in the US which we would like to share with our readers. This provides important information as to “What if?” and “What to do in specific threatening situations?”
Driving safely on icy roads
Decrease your speed and leave yourself plenty of room to stop. You should allow at least three times more space than usual between you and the car in front of you.
Brake gently to avoid skidding. If your wheels start to lock up, ease off the brake.
Turn on your lights to increase your visibility to other motorists.
Keep your lights and windshield clean.
Use low gears to keep traction, especially on hills.
Don't use cruise control or overdrive on icy roads.
Be especially careful on bridges, overpasses and infrequently travelled roads, which will freeze first. Even at temperatures above freezing, if the conditions are wet, you might encounter ice in shady areas or on exposed roadways like bridges.
Don't pass snow ploughs and sanding trucks. The drivers have limited visibility, and you're likely to find the road in front of them worse than the road behind.
Don't assume your vehicle can handle all conditions. Even four-wheel and front-wheel drive vehicles can encounter trouble on winter roads.
If your rear wheels skid...
Take your foot off the accelerator.
Steer in the direction you want the front wheels to go. If your rear wheels are sliding left, steer left. If they're sliding right, steer right.
If your rear wheels start sliding the other way as you recover, ease the steering wheel toward that side. You might have to steer left and right a few times to get your vehicle completely under control.
If you have standard brakes, pump them gently.
If you have anti-lock brakes (ABS), do not pump the brakes. Apply steady pressure to the brakes. You will feel the brakes pulse - this is normal.
If your front wheels skid...
Take your foot off the gas and shift to neutral, but don't try to steer immediately.
As the wheels skid sideways, they will slow the vehicle and traction will return. As it does, steer in the direction you want to go. Then put the transmission in "drive" or release the clutch, and accelerate gently.
If you get stuck...
Do not spin your wheels. This will only dig you in deeper.
Turn your wheels from side to side a few times to push snow out of the way.
Use a light touch on the gas, to ease your car out.
Use a shovel to clear snow away from the wheels and the underside of the car.
Pour sand, kitty litter, gravel or salt in the path of the wheels, to help get traction.
Try rocking the vehicle. (Check your owner's manual first - it can damage the transmission on some vehicles.) The shift from forward to reverse, and back again. Each time you're in gear, give a light touch on the gas until the vehicle gets going.
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Natural Remedies For Acid Reflux Babies – Acid reflux in babies is a natural occurrence affecting nearly 50% of infants. Their digestive systems are not fully.
Acid reflux happens when the contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach.
Infants can be the most challenging age group to make the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis since babies cannot describe the symptoms they are experiencing.
How To Cure Indigestion And Constipation Naturally Apr 15, 2016. I am a 50 year old female with IBS with constipation most of the time. for ways to relieve my constipation naturally without using laxatives and. I
Explained simply, GERD is a health problem in which acid is forced out of the intestines and back up the esophagus – the ‘pipe’ which food goes down when you swallow it, which leads into your intestines.
Sep 4, 2018. Small amounts of the milk and stomach acid go up and down in the tube. Moderate reflux (when your baby is showing signs of being.
Jun 28, 2016. Sharing our experience with colic and infant acid reflux and 7 tips for. Looking back, Quincy showed some signs of reflux right away, while we.
Allegra and Singulair are medications often prescribed to relieve symptoms associated with allergies. Both medications can be prescribed.
Reflux is a very challenging problem for parents of young babies. throat pain or breathing problems, it's called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. coughing or gagging during feedings; showing signs of abdominal pain; arching.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition in which stomach contents rise up into the esophagus, resulting in either symptoms or complications.
Jun 18, 2018. The American Academy of Pediatrics will release a clinical report titled, “ Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Preterm Infants,” in the. to reduce clinically assessed signs of GER in the preterm infant.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease – AboutKidsHealth – Signs and symptoms of GERD. In a baby, symptoms of GERD may include: effortless spitting up of food or feedings with discomfort; coughing, when regurgitated.
Mar 5, 2018. Some babies have symptoms of reflux due to a cow's milk allergy. that work by reducing the actual amount of acid produced in the stomach.
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the medical term for spitting up. It occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Because the stomach naturally produces acid, reflux is sometimes called acid reflux; other terms include regurgitation and spilling
Babies often bring up milk during or shortly after feeding. This is sometimes called spilling or reflux.
Dec 7, 2017. Visible symptoms like breathing issues, spitting, & vomiting are early indications of acid reflux in babies. Do you think your baby is a victim of.
Reflux usually starts before a baby is 8 weeks old and gets better by the time they’re 1. Sometimes babies may have signs of reflux, but will not bring up milk or be sick. This is known as silent reflux. Things you can try to ease reflux Your baby does not usually need to see a doctor if they have
Sometimes doctors prescribe ranitidine for babies with gastroesophageal reflux ( vomiting). Parents often panic after giving the wrong dose of ranitidine.
Reflux in babies can sometimes be undiagnosed lip and/or tongue ties – many similar symptoms, and because so many providers aren’t well-versed in ties, they get a diagnosis of reflux.
"How I Cured My Baby's Acid Reflux in 7 Days With This Natural Remedy" from. Note: Consult a doctor if your baby is showing signs of poor growth, along.
Jan 3, 2015. In conventional medicine, they start with the symptoms. So for example, if a baby has acid reflux, they prescribe a drug that just suppresses that.
Heartburn. Dealing with a burning sensation in your chest? Frequent heartburn is a symptom of GERD. Learn about symptoms, treatment, lifestyle changes, and more.
Symptoms. Infant reflux generally isn’t a cause for concern. It’s very unusual for the stomach contents to have enough acid to irritate the throat or esophagus and to cause signs and symptoms.
Infant GERD symptoms range from mild to life threatening. Learn what to look for so you can. because of baby reflux? We explain some signs to look for below.
Can Acid Reflux Cause A Yeast Infection Mild. – Can Acid Reflux Cause A Yeast Infection Garlic Yeast Infection Treatment with Yeast Infection On Babys Neck Pictures and Does Diflucan Cure Yeast Infections are fungal infection due to any types of Candida. When it affects the vagina, it is commonly called a yeast infection.
How is acid reflux in infants diagnosed and what are the possible risk factors to be aware of? Can any lifestyle changes help? Do babies outgrow reflux?
If you struggle to have a glass of wine (or three) or chow down at a tailgate without feeling super uncomfortable hours later, you may be suffering from acid reflux and not even know it.
Some adults and most children under age 12 with GERD don’t experience heartburn, the most common symptom of acid reflux. Instead, they experience other reflux symptoms.
Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Reflux is a normal process that occurs in healthy infants, children, and adults. Most episodes are brief and do not cause bothersome symptoms or complications. In
Babies with acid reflux can exhibit a variety of symptoms during and after nursing. Spitting up is common in any infant, but a baby with acid reflux will produce a greater quantity.
Luckily, there are natural, gentler acid reflux remedies that you can use. But first… How do you spot acid reflux in your child? According to WebMD, children with acid reflux often present the following symptoms:
Jun 18, 2018. Discussion ensues as to whether these signs might be attributable to gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The neonatologistsuggests that a trial of a.
Oct 6, 2018. Silent Reflux Symptoms; How to Diagnose Silent Reflux in Infants; What. most of their time lying down, which makes it easier for the stomach acid. How you will be able to establish the physical signs of silent reflux in your.
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How to replace this with REAL keyboard input ..... account1.debit( 25 ); ?
Lets say your present balance is $50.00
account1.debit( 25. );
I hope some of you have a clue of what this code does. If not, account1 calls the debit function of the program and pass this embedded value of 25.00 to be subtracted from the balance and display the results. No need to provide the whole source code, you might get more confuse.
Using enbeded values in the source code ... being taught this way is ass-backward. How about you type in 25 or any other number and HIT-ENTER and the function do the same thing. Is that too hard to understand in words, Well let me show and tell you ...
It must be rocket science for C++ because the subject is way up in chapter-15 of Deitel C++ and we on chapter-13. No wonder I never figure out how to do it and no one here had a clue of what I was talking about... or they pretended very well.
Anyway, Deitel got nineteen examples for stream_manipulator using getline(cin, yourVar) and there is "NOT A SINGLE EXAMPLES" that will do what I just detailed twice here. It would be the first question a 6-grader would ask... That's great but can I type it in????
Now I see whay my questions are too advance, even Deitel never taught no body how-to.
Where do I have to go to obtan this kind of information using real C++ code? I found NOTHING here that can do this SHOULD BE simple thing.
Previous reply on other thread did not work. Maybe the qestion is made more clear for all to understand. I can upload all 19 Deitel examples but it will make you feel so ashame that this simple 3rd grade requiest is not in the package.
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A plethora of hands-on opportunities await your students in Idaho. The most important part of Idaho is its connection to nature and history. This large state is made up of untouched wilderness landscapes. From valleys and mountains to lakes and rivers, nature is everywhere. And with nature comes plenty of outdoor adventures. But the fun doesn’t stop there. Idaho played a large role in America’s history and there are many museums to commemorate these occasions.
Travel Back in Time
Have you ever wondered what life was like along the Oregon Trail? Well one way to gather an understanding of this way of life is through a classic computer game from the 1970s. Another, more immersive, way is to travel to Montpelier to the National Oregon/California Trail Center. Students experience a stimulating, hands-on, 1850s wagon trail experience that includes a trip to the gun shop (to pick up provisions before starting their journey) and a ride in a covered wagon, topped off with a campfire in the evening.
Barker River Trips, located in Lewiston, offers an excursion to help students gain insight into two of the most popular explorers in American history, Lewis and Clark, through The Lewis and Clark Experience. Young explorers spend four days traveling with Lewis and Clark learning about their journey across uncharted territory. Along the way, students will learn how to build a canoe and all about the Nez Peace Tribe, including their thoughts on the exploration.
Idaho is called the Gem State because it contains almost every gemstone discovered to date. Visitors of the Crystal Gold Mine near Kellogg can test their luck mining for gems, specifically gold, after learning about the rich history of mining. Put on a hard hat and go underground for a tour to experience the life of a miner. Students learn about the tools they used, including hand steels, single jacks and double jacks, as well as how miners juggled these tools while illuminating the path in front of them using hand-held candlesticks. After seeing actual gold located in the walls of the mine, students can sift through the sand outside of the facility to find more gold and identify other gems.
Learn from Mother Nature
Hot springs are a major feature in the town Lava Hot Springs. They have numerous year-round, all-natural hot springs packed with minerals that are perfect for relaxing in after a long day filled with adventure. There are multiple sites to go tubing along the Portneuf River as well as a zip line course. Not only is this town a great spot for adventure, it is also a great place for education. South Bannock County Historical Museum teaches students about the history of the area and about the importance the hot springs played in Native American history. The Native American tribes thought that the hot springs were a spiritual place that had healing powers. From adventure to relaxation, this area has plenty to do.
Yellowstone Bear World in Rexburg contains multiple trails, perfect for any sized vehicle, so visitors can see animals interacting in their natural habitats. There are guided tours available that allow visitors to sit on top of the vehicle to gain a better view of the wildlife preserve. This tour also includes the opportunity to feed an adult bear with supervision from the tour guide. Along this trip, students can see various animals including rocky mountain elk, American bison, timber wolves, arctic wolves, black bears and grizzly bears. Before or after the tour, there is another chance to feed the animals, except this time you can bottle-feed a bear cub. Inside the park is a petting zoo that includes barnyard animals and birds, which gives students the opportunity to interact with and learn about numerous types of animals. After a day exploring nature and observing animals, students can have fun at the amusement park, which includes rides such as a train and a small roller coaster.
If you’re in search for a more mellow experience, the Idaho Botanical Garden in Boise displays beautiful trees and plants. This living museum aims to enrich students’ lives by teaching them the importance of plants and the environment. They offer multiple programs and tours to compliment biology lessons taught in school, such as the structure of flowers, how flowers grow and the role of the water cycle.
Only in Idaho
What would a trip to Idaho be without going to the Idaho Potato Museum in Blackfoot? Here students learn about the history of the potato and also learn how to grow and harvest them. It even houses the largest potato chip ever made! Complete with trivia and videos, a tour of this museum gives students a better understanding of this influential vegetable.
The Museum of Idaho, located in Idaho Falls, is a great place to learn about Idaho’s history. They have a wide range of exhibits including Race for Atomic Power, which provides an in-depth description of the discovery of nuclear energy that occurred in Idaho. Another exhibit is the Children’s Discovery Room, where children have an array of hands-on activities to choose from, such as climbing through a bear cave, playing in a pioneer log cabin and exploring an authentic tipi. The museum also offers summer camps (designed for kids and educators) that focus on preserving and understanding nature.
Visit Discovery Center of Idaho in Boise to uncover the mysteries of science through hands-on demonstrations. One exhibition, Fizzyolog, focuses on the science of bubbles and their impact in the world around us. Students even have the chance to see how many people can fit into a giant bubble — before it pops! From frozen bubbles to a bubble geyser, every type of bubble you can think of is available for students to create and play with. Other activities include busting science myths, learning how to code and building robots.
With miles of untouched nature and a history that helped shape America, Idaho has numerous opportunities for almost any interest. If you have visited Idaho, tell us about your favorite student-friendly activities below!
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Income tax on Bitcoin & its legality in India
What is bitcoin?
Bitcoin is one of the oldest forms of encryption, which forms part of the peer-to-peer payment system worldwide. Cryptocurrency is digital money. It is considered to be more secure than real money. Cryptocurrency uses something called encryption to get transactions. Encryption, in simple words, is a way to convert understandable data into complex symbols that are difficult to break. Cryptocurrencies are classified as a subset of digital currencies, currencies, and virtual currencies.
Bitcoin was the first coin quantity created in 2009. Thereafter, there has been a rapid increase in the number of cryptocurrencies cases that have created some of them Litecoin, Ethereum, Zcash, Dash, Ripple etc. Bitcoins, in India, are slowly gaining popularity, in view of the government’s efforts to move towards a non-monetary economy. However, one should know that fortification, as of today, is not centrally managed or regulated by any specific body such as the RBI who manages the physical currency in India.
Related Article: Bitcoin transaction Warnings!
Where does bitcoin come from or how is it generated?
Mining is an activity in which an individual (called a “mining worker”) uses his or her own computer prowess to overcome difficult mathematical puzzles. The cracking process of these puzzles is an integral part of blockchain technology, helping to preserve it. As a reward, the miner gets new bitcoins which are just a bitcoin or mining creation.
Purchase them from the exchange of Betquin against the real currency
Everyone can not be a bitcoin miner. Hence, you can consider buying bitcoins from bitcoin exchanges and store them in your online wallet in digital format. Unicoin, Brit xoxo, Zebpay, Coinbase etc. are some of the bitcoin exchanges currently in India. These bitcoins will be purchased in mind for the real currency. It will be interesting to note that the value of 1 Bitcoin currently stands at about 642,592 Indian Rupees.
Receipt of vouchers against the sale of goods and services
Although this may not be a common phenomenon in India at present, there are few smart businessmen who accept BitCoin (instead of the real currency) to sell goods or services, they deal with them.
3. Is Bitcoin legal in India?
As discussed earlier, the Bitcoin, as a payment intermediary, has not been authorized or regulated by any central authority in India. In addition, no specific rules, regulations or guidelines have been established to resolve disputes that may arise during dealing with the composition. Thus, the Bitcoin transactions come with their own risk set. However, given this background, one can not conclude that the formulations are illegal, so far, there has been no ban on decomposition in India.
4. How is a tax on Bitcoin in India?
The concept of bitcoins is entirely new to the Indian market, apparently, the government has yet to bring taxes from the bitcoins in the platform books. At the same time, a tax on decomposition cannot be ruled out because India’s income tax laws always seek to impose a tax on the income received irrespective of the form in which it is received. Therefore, the possibility of taxing the bitcoins can be considered under the following conditions:
Scenario A: Bitcoin Mining
Bitcoins created by mining are self-capital assets. The subsequent sale of such a house would, in the normal context, lead to capital gains. However, one may notice that the cost of getting a homeowner cannot be determined because it is a subjective asset. Moreover, they do not fall within the provisions of article 55 of the Income Tax Act of 1961, which specifically specifies the cost of acquiring certain self-created assets. Therefore, the mechanism of calculation of capital gains fail in the wake of the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of B.C.Srinivasa Shetty. Consequently, capital gains tax will not arise on Bitcoin Mining.
This position will continue until the Government contemplates an amendment to article 55 of the Act. At this juncture, as India’s tax laws are silent on the full taxability of taxation, we have found it right to comment on a possible reverse view by the IRS. There is a possibility that management may not consider bitcoins as capital assets at all. Thus, the provisions of capital gains will not be applied at all. Accordingly, income tax authorities may choose to tax the value of the formations received from mining under the heading “income from other sources”.
Scenario B: Betcinins held as an investment being converted against a real currency
If capitalization, which is capital assets, is held as an investment and is converted against a real currency, the higher value will result in long-term capital gains or short-term capital gains depending on the period of the CITC contract. Moreover, long-term gains will be taxed at a fixed rate of 20% while short-term gains will be taxed on the individual tile price. The acquisition cost will be determined to reach long-term capital gains after giving the indexing feature. A simple example below is to understand this:
[frontpage_news widget=”879″ name=”Certicom – A Group of Chartered Accountants – Articles”]
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Renaissance Tapestries 101: Religious, Political, and Magical
Renaissance tapestries are the most underestimated subject in art history. As expensive and enormously large works of art, tapestries attributed to...
Anna Ingram 23 January 2023
min Read13 March 2022
“Who is this beauty with an eyepatch?” you may ask. Is she some sort of pirate queen? No, but you are not far from the truth. Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda y de Silva Cifuentes, Princess of Eboli, Duchess of Pastrana (1540-1592) was a Spanish aristocrat. She was strong-willed enough that given the opportunity she would be able to lead a band of pirates without any problem. That however was not her fate, but her life was full of dramatic turns reflecting her independent personality.
Ana de Mendoza, the future Princess of Eboli, was born to one of the most powerful families in Spain, the Mendozas. At the age of 13, she married Rui Gomes da Silva, a councilor and favorite of King Philip II of Spain. Da Silva’s position in court was rising and so was Ana’s. She became a friend of Queen Elisabeth of Valois. At that point, she was already wearing the eyepatch, though to this day the exact reason for it is not known. It is assumed she suffered an injury, possibly fencing, and lost an eye as a result. This did not diminish her beauty, for which she was famous. She had ten children with her husband, but there are also rumors that she had an affair with King Philip II and some of the children were his, though this has never been confirmed.
In 1573 Rui Gomes da Silva died. After becoming a widow Ana entered a convent in Pastrana. Ana called on Teresa of Avila to found the convent in 1569 and the now saint obliged and founded not one but two convents: one for men, San Pedro, and another for women, San José. It is said that even though Ana willingly joined the convent after her husband’s death, she was more reluctant to dispense with her class privileges. This led to conflict with Saint Teresa, who was in the midst of the reformation of the Carmelite order. After three years, Ana left the convent and returned to the court life she knew so well.
At that time she allied – and some say also had an affair – with the King’s undersecretary of state, Antonio Pérez. She continued to correspond with many influential people of that time and expressed her ideas on life, religion, and politics freely, which gained her friends as well as enemies. In 1578 Antonio Pérez instigated the murder of Juan de Escobedo, a servant of the king’s half-brother, Juan de Austria. The crime was authorized by King Philip II, but he was soon overcome with guilt. To clear his conscience he decided to go after the people who he held responsible in his mind: Antonio and Ana.
Antonio managed to flee the King’s vengeance, but Ana was arrested in 1581. She was condemned to strict house arrest and died alone in the Pastrana palace, not allowed to manage her estate or contact her children. Meanwhile, Antonio led quite an adventurous life, seemingly unmoved by the misfortune of his former ally. Ana could probably beg for forgiveness and it would have been granted, for this harsh punishment was not typically applied to aristocrats. She decided to apologize for nothing, bear her punishment, and make her point this way. The whole situation caused a scandal at the court.
Her life proved to be very inspirational to artists. Having had numerous portraits painted, she continued to be a muse even after her death. There is a character called Princess Eboli based on Ana in Schiller’s play Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien, and Verdi’s opera Don Carlos. She is also the subject of Kate O’Brien’s novel That Lady, and the 1955 film adaptation of O’Brien’s novel, That Lady, starring Olivia de Havilland as Ana. Not to mention numerous television series. She herself may have been defeated but her spirit certainly was not.
DailyArt Magazine needs your support. Every contribution, however big or small, is very valuable for our future. Thanks to it, we will be able to sustain and grow the Magazine. Thank you for your help!
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08 January 2016
The Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) on board ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft acquired this image of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 20 December 2015 from a distance of 91.5 kilometres.
ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA .
The last clear sign of life was received from Philae, the Rosetta mission's comet lander, on 9 July 2015; since then, it has remained silent. Now, Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is moving away from the Sun and the temperature on the comet's surface and the amount of sunlight are both decreasing. By the end of January 2016, conditions on the comet will be 'lander-hostile' and Philae's mission is expected to come to a natural end. Engineers and scientists at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) have been listening in vain since last September for a signal from Philae. On 10 January 2016, they will, for the first time, send a command to Philae to spin up its flywheel. "Time is running out, so we want to explore all possibilities," says DLR Project Leader Stephan Ulamec.
Waiting for a signal
During the comet landing on 12 November 2015, the flywheel stabilised Philae during its descent. Now, it might impart some angular momentum to the lander as it sits silently on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. "At best, the spacecraft might shake dust from its solar panels and better align itself with the Sun," explains Technical Project Manager Koen Geurts. In the worst case, the lander will not receive the commands sent by the DLR team.
Following its long silence, the current status of Philae is unclear. The last data about the health of the lander was received in the summer of 2015. The DLR team now believes that one of the lander's two radio transmitters and one of its two receivers have both failed. The second transmitter and receiver are also though to be no longer fully functional. The team continues to hope that Philae has not tilted over or become covered with too much dust. On an active comet, which is ejecting gas and dust into space, the lander is not in a particularly safe location. "Unfortunately, Philae's silence does not bode well," says Ulamec. During the night of 21 December 2015, a weak signal was received by the Rosetta spacecraft and examined by the mission team. Their analysis revealed that this was not a transmission from the lander.
On a journey through space
No later than the end of January, things will become increasingly uncomfortable for Philae. By then, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will be more than 300 million kilometres from the Sun. Once the temperature falls below minus 51 degrees Celsius, the lander will no longer operate. The command to spin up the flywheel and move Philae will be one of the last attempts to obtain a response from the lander. "There is a small chance," says Cinzia Fantinati, an Operations Manager on the DLR control room team. "We want to leave no stone unturned." The communications unit on board Rosetta will remain active and continue to listen for a signal from Philae beyond mid-January. ESA’s Rosetta orbiter will remain active until September 2016.
Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium headed by DLR, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), the French Space Agency (CNES) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
Last modified:11/01/2016 14:05:50
08/01/2016 18:33 -
from Mike Alcock
09/01/2016 22:33 -
from Brandon Doyle
It's too bad we'll be losing the lander shortly, but it has been nonetheless fascinating reading about it in the news. Keep up the good work, guys!
16/01/2016 21:09 -
from Harry Houben
I am scanning the whole internet for any news on Phileas after the fly wheel spin-up command has been given last Sunday.Please inform us about the current status of the Phileas lander.Thanks
18/01/2016 09:15 -
from Fabian Walker
Dear Harry Houben,you can find our latest News for Philae in this #VideoUpdate: https://twitter.com/DLR_en/status/686915239007404032 . Best,Fabian Walker (Corporate Communications)
25/01/2016 09:24 -
Cheers from Seattle! FYI - The status link mentioned above does not work. You might re-check the URL. Hoping you hear something from Philae soon. Keep on Exploring. Sincerely, Scott
29/01/2016 15:23 -
from Fabian Walker
@SushiXTREME: Checked. Thanks!Fabian Walker (Corporate Communications)
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The English Reader: Or, Pieces in Prose and Poetry, from the Best Writers; Designed to Assist Young Persons to Read with Propriety and Effect; Improve Their Language and Sentiments, and to Inculcate the Most Important Principles of Piety and Virtue ; with a Few Preliminary Observations on the Principles of Good Reading
D.D. Smith, 1826 - 204 oldal
Mit mondanak mások - Írjon ismertetőt
Nem találtunk ismertetőket a szokott helyeken.
Más kiadások - Összes megtekintése
able actions affections appear attention beauty bill blessing character comfort common conduct consider continued course danger death desire divine earth enjoy enjoyment equal evil eyes fall father fear feel fortune give greater ground hand happiness heart heaven honour hope hour human kind king labour laws less light live look Lord mankind manner mark means mind nature never night noble objects observe once pain pass passions pause peace perfection person pleasing pleasures possession present proper raise reading reason receive reflection regard religion render respect rest rich rise scene seemed sense shining soul sound spirit stand success temper thee things thou thought true turn virtue voice whole wisdom wise wish young youth
162. oldal - There is no flesh in man's obdurate heart, It does not feel for man ; the natural bond Of brotherhood is sever'd as the flax That falls asunder at the touch of fire.
174. oldal - I am lord of the fowl and the brute. 0 solitude ! where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face ? Better dwell in the midst of alarms, Than reign in this horrible place. 1 am out of humanity's reach, I must finish my journey alone, Never hear the sweet music of speech, — I start at the sound of my own. The beasts that roam over the plain My form with indifference see, They are so unacquainted with man, Their tameness is shocking to me.
152. oldal - Twilight gray had in her sober livery all things clad : Silence accompanied ; for Beast and Bird, they to their grassy couch, these to their nests, were slunk, — all but the wakeful nightingale; she, all night long, her amorous descant sung; Silence was pleased. Now...
182. oldal - Though in the paths of death I tread, With gloomy horrors overspread, My steadfast heart shall fear no ill, For Thou, O Lord, art with me still : Thy friendly crook shall give me aid, And guide me through the dreadful shade.
178. oldal - Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run Perpetual circle, multiform ; and mix And nourish all things ; let your ceaseless change Vary to our Great Maker still new praise. Ye Mists and Exhalations that now rise From hill or steaming lake, dusky or gray, Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold, In honour to the world's Great Author rise...
187. oldal - Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutored mind Sees GOD in clouds, or hears Him in the wind ; His soul proud science never taught to stray Far as the solar walk or Milky Way...
171. oldal - Tis night, and the landscape is lovely no more ; I mourn, but, ye woodlands, I mourn not for you ; For morn is approaching, your charms to restore, Perfumed with fresh fragrance, and glittering with dew: Nor yet for the ravage of winter I mourn ; Kind nature the embryo blossom will save.
71. oldal - The earth was at first without form, and void ; and darkness was on the face of the deep.
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Fast forward two seasons and visualize the produce aisle. Hard pink mealy globes in the tomato bin and peaches about as succulent as a kitchen sponge—this is produce bred to travel across the hemisphere, rather than selected for texture and flavor. With pristine, local summer fruits and vegetables flourishing in the greenmarkets right now, it’s easy to squirrel some away in the freezer for a shot of sun-ripened flavor come January.
If you have a big pantry and a knack for sterilizing jars—praise to you. For the rest of us, freezing is a splendid way to take advantage of the fruit, vegetables and herbs that are abundant now. The freezing process itself does not destroy nutrients, and although the texture might not translate exactly the same after thawing—the flavor of farm stand strawberries in the middle of winter is a thing of beauty. By preserving local products you cut down on imported produce off-season. This means that you are doing more to support your local economy and importantly, cutting down on your food miles—the number of miles that food travels from the farm to consumer.
On the average, produce in the United States travels 1300 to 2000 miles before it reaches your table; the connection between lowering food miles and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is obvious. But taste and nutritional value are at stake as well. Local varieties are rarely grown for their travel durability or shelf life, and since they are allowed to ripen on the vine, they are more nutritious and flavorful.
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The most historicals
The most popular
The most artistics
The most unusuals
Who is Yoshinori Sakai, the last torchbearer of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games flame?
What was new about the Olympic Torch Relay organised for the Innsbruck 1964 Games?
Why do we call the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games Torch Relay the NEW WORLD RELAY?
Who is Alain Calmat, the last torchbearer of the flame that lit the cauldron of the Grenoble 1968 Olympic Games?
Why were there five torchbearers carrying the Olympic flame at the Opening Ceremony of the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich?
Why was it highly symbolic that the Olympic flame went through the island of Okinawa for the relay of the Sapporo 1972 Games?
At which Summer Olympic Games was the cauldron lit for the first time by two people at the same time?
Why were two cauldrons lit at the end of the Relay of the Innsbruck 1976 Olympic Games?
For which edition of the Summer Olympic Games, which was boycotted by 67 countries, was this torch designed?
Why did the Olympic Torch Relay preceding the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid (USA) have only 52 torchbearers for a distance of 1,600 km in the USA?
Which legendary stadium in Los Angeles is represented on the upper part of the torch produced for the 1984 Olympic Games?
For which edition of the Olympic Winter Games was this torch designed?
How old was Sohn Kee-chung when he entered the Seoul Olympic Stadium carrying the Olympic torch at the Opening Ceremony of the 1988 Summer Games?
Which building in Calgary was the inspiration for the design of the torch for the 1988 Olympic Games?
What original method was used to light the cauldron at the Opening Ceremony of the Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games?
Which world-renowned French designer created the torch for the 1992 Olympic Games in Albertville?
What original method was used to bring the torch into the Olympic arena in Lillehammer at the Opening Ceremony of the 1994 Olympic Winter Games?
Which sporting legend was tasked with lighting the cauldron at the end of the Torch Relay of the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games?
What does the hexagonal (six-sided) shape of the torch for the 1998 Olympic Games in Nagano represent?
What do the three parts of the torch, designed for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games represent?
What technical innovation was proposed for the torch of the Salt Lake City 2002 Olympic Games?
For which Summer Olympic Games was this torch, which was designed to resemble an olive leaf, created?
What major invention of Chinese civilisation is recalled in the shape of the torch for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games?
Why was the design of the Vancouver Olympic Games torch based on curves and fluid lines?
Olympic Education - Resources for teachers
The Olympic Studies Centre
The Olympic Museum in total metamorphosis
Interviews about the new Olympic Museum
Barcelona 1992 - Dream Team
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Every month DiScoro writes about (digital) resources that can be used in schools. In addition you will find issues that may inspire you. See Services for workshops, training etc.
Two more concept cartoons that can be used in class. Use pictures of characters with the speech balloons that fit your situation . See also earlier posts Concept Cartoons and Concept Cartoons-2. Many Brainpower problems can also be introduced with the Concept Cartoon format.
I discussed the first problem with grade 5 and grade 6 pupils. The were perfectly able to reason what would happen, even though they we never instructed on Archimedes’ Law. You can also use the concept cartoon in grade 8 or 9 after students have learned about Archimedes’ Law. Do not be disappointed if the students are confused.
Problem: We take a glass basin and place a plastic net with marbles and korks in it. We make sure that the net with the marbles and korks floats in the water. There is nothing that sticks out above the water and the net does not toach the bottom of the basin.
You can also bring the materials in class and let pupils fill the net so that it floats in the water. Discuss and finally cut the net. The answer requires reasoning about why this happens, but there are so many factors that these should come from the students and do not fit into the speech clouds.
What will happen to the water level if we cut the net open?
The second concept cartoon is suitable for a younger age group (grade 2 or 3).
How can you go down faster on your sledge?
During the discussion words and concepts like speed, acceleration, friction (both with the surface as well as air friction), weight, size may be used.
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De Vos: Take a pause on Monday
May 25, 2017
History belongs to those who write it down. Today, Southerners preach that the Civil War was fought over state's rights. Their history books claim the war was fought so states could control their destiny through popular vote. This sounds like a reasonable democratic principal, but it conveniently stops short of mentioning that the destiny they pursued was based upon owning other humans and profiting from their execrable existence.
A couple of weeks ago, the city of New Orleans took down a statue of the Confederate President Jefferson Davis. With his crossed arms and menacing scowl fixed towards the North, the statue neatly divided culture, color and community.
There's also a stark division in accounts of the war's end and the details of Davis' capture.
The North says that, when captured, Jeff Davis was dressed as a woman whose wife almost succeeded in passing him off as her mother. Davis had looted the entire Confederate treasury and was headed for a royal existence in the Philippines. The escape blew up when a Union soldier noticed granny's long dress didn't quite hide her spurs. Southern historians claim that just before the capture, it was a chilly night and Davis ducked into his tent and, in the dark, understandably, but mistakenly, grabbed his wife's housedress. As he left the tent, his wife, lest he catch a chill, tossed her shawl over his head just as the damn Yankees pointed their rifles at them.
So 152 years later his statue is hauled away, destined to adorn some dusty museum niche, a fitting spot for a dark American memory.
But good can be stirred up from the ashes of evil.
Recommended Stories For You
Monday is Memorial Day, with the Civil War being the most historically memorable in the American story. That war ended in the spring of 1865 after claiming more than 20,000 lives, requiring the creation of our national cemeteries.
Memorial Day sprang from grass roots as towns and cities, and eventually states across America began holding springtime remembrances of those missing. By 1868, the 30th of May had been designated as Decoration Day, later to morph into Memorial Day. The first remembrance was dignified at Arlington National Cemetery in a speech by General James A. Garfield who went on to become our 20th president.
Northern states adopted the holiday quickly, Southerners held out for dates commemorating Confederate victories. But in 1968, Congress set Memorial Day as a national holiday that would fall on the last Monday in May, however many Southern states, clinging to long-faded glory, still celebrate a separate Confederate Memorial Day. On Monday, we honor all of the heroes of all of our wars, the men and women who served their nation and placed their country above themselves.
A nation-wide pause for remembrance is scheduled for 3 p.m. on Monday. Give it a thought.
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You may be wondering how certain foods, ingredients and nutrients may impact your risk of cancer. Here is a list of foods, ingredients and nutrients that have been studied to determine if there is a link with cancer risk.
Plant foods and lowering your risk of cancer
Plant foods like vegetables, fruit, whole grains and legumes (beans, peas and lentils) may help lower cancer risk. That’s because plant foods have phytochemicals (plant chemicals), antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and fibre that protect our bodies against cell damage.
Tea and coffee and lowering your risk of cancer
Some research shows that tea (particularly green tea) may help protect against cancer because it contains antioxidants. More research is needed to confirm if tea lowers cancer risk. Some research suggests that coffee may protect against cancer, but more research is needed. There is no current evidence linking coffee to increased cancer risk.
Garlic and other allium vegetables and lowering your risk of cancer
Allium vegetables like onions, chives, leeks and scallions may protect against stomach cancer. These foods help by limiting bacteria that may cause stomach cancer and preventing cancer cells from growing. Some research suggests that garlic (an allium vegetable) may protect against colorectal cancer. Allium vegetables have high amounts of cancer fighting sulfur compounds, which give them their distinctive flavour and aroma.
Red and processed meat and lowering your risk of cancer
A diet high in red meat (beef, pork, lamb and goat) and processed meat (sausages, bacon, hotdogs and deli meat) can increase the risk of colorectal cancer by forming cancer-causing compounds in our bodies. Many processed meats also have food additives like nitrates that may promote cancer growth. Have red meat less often and have smaller portions. Avoid processed meats or save them for special occasions.
Sugar and lowering your risk of cancer
Sugar does not increase cancer risk. However, foods high in sugar may also be low in other nutrients that might help protect against cancer.
Artificial sweeteners and lowering your risk of cancer
Some animal studies have shown a possible link between very high doses of artificial sweeteners and cancer in rats. Studies of people who use artificial sweeteners have not shown an increased risk of cancer. The amount of sweetener that a person may consume in a day is typically well below what is considered safe.
Genetically modified foods and lowering your risk of cancer
There is no known research that looks at Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) and cancer. Health Canada states that GMOs are safe to eat.
Vitamin D and lowering your risk of cancer
Some research shows that vitamin D may help lower overall cancer risk. It is unclear how this vitamin may impact cancer risk. More research is still needed.
Omega-3 fats and lowering your risk of cancer
It is not yet clear if omega-3 fats play a role in cancer risk. More research is needed.
Eating well can help to lower your risk of getting cancer. Enjoy a variety of healthy foods every day.
You may also be interested in
Lowering your risk of cancer
Lowering your risk of cancer: You and your environment
My Cancer IQ, Cancer Care Ontario – Complete a cancer risk assessment and get your personalized action plan to help lower your risk of cancer.
Last Update – February 19, 2021
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
One who is present, bears testimony, furnishes evidence or proof. Witnesses are employed in various ecclesiastical matters, as in civil, in proof of a statement, fact, or contract. According to various circumstances a witness is one who is personally present and sees some act or occurrence and can bear testimony thereto; one who on request or in behalf of a party subscribes his name to an instrument to attest the genuineness of its execution; one who gives testimony on the trial of a cause, appearing before a court, judge, or other official to be examined under oath. The espousals of Catholics ("Ne temere") to be binding must be in writing, signed by the contracting parties and ordinarily by two witnesses, or by a pastor or ordinary, each within his own territory, as sole witnesses. In case either or both parties are unable for any cause to write, an additional witness is necessary. Catholics are incapable of entering into lawful wedlock ("Ne temere") except in the presence of a parish priest, or ordinary, or other priest duly delegated, and two witnesses. Though not necessary for validity of the act, the Church desires in both cases that these witnesses be Catholics (S.O., 19 Aug., 1891). Witnesses of a marriage sign no ecclesiastical document, though they may be called upon by the state to attest by their own hand certain civil records. Sponsors at baptism and confirmation are not properly witnesses; they assist for other purposes (see RELATIONSHIP). A canonical precept, when employed, must be delivered in the presence of the vicar general or two others as witnesses (Cum magnopere, VII). Ecclesiastical documents are attested or witnessed as circumstances require, e.g., by the chancellor, clerk of the court, prothonotary apostolic. Expert witnesses to some extent have a place in canon law. In ecclesiastical trials witnesses are adduced to prove a fact directly, or indirectly, i.e., by establishing the falsity of the contrary.
The essential qualifications of a witness are knowledge of the fact at issue and truthfulness: he must be an eye-witness and trustworthy. Hearsay witnesses, however, are admitted, if necessary, in matters not of a criminal nature, e.g., in proof of consanguinity or other relationship, baptism, etc. Anyone not expressly prohibited may testify. Some, as the insane, infants, the blind or deaf, where sight or hearing is necessary for a knowledge of the facts in question, are excluded by the natural law; others by canon law, as those who are bribed or suborned, those who are infamous in law or in fact, convicted perjurors, excommunicated persons, all in a word whose veracity may be justly suspected. The law likewise rejects those who on account of affection or enmity may be biased, as well as those who may be specially interested in the case. Parents as a rule are not admitted for their children, particularly when the rights of a third party are at stake, or against them and vice-versa; relatives for one another; lawyers for their clients; accomplices or enemies for or against one another; Jews or heretics against Christians; lay persons against clerics, except their own interests are at stake, or there are no clerics to testify; minors or women in criminal cases tried criminally, unless their testimony is necessary, or they testify in favor of the accused. Clerics, unless compelled by civil authorities, are not allowed to testify against the accused when sentence of death is to be imposed (see IRREGULARITY). There are many exceptions to these general statements. A witness is more easily admitted in favour of a person than against him, and in civil than in criminal trials. No one is tolerated as a witness in his own case. Hence, those who are engaged in a similar cause, a judge who has adjudicated a like case, etc. are excluded. False witnesses are those who under oath prevaricate or conceal the truth that they are bound to tell: they are guilty of perjury, and if convicted are infamous in law. Notaries or others by altering or falsifying documents substantially become guilty of forgery. (See ESPOUSALS; PROOF; EXAMINATION.)
Decret. L., II, tit. 20, De testibus et Attestationibus; SANTI, Praelect. Juris Can.; TAUNTON, The Law of the Church, s.v.
APA citation. (1912). Witness. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15677a.htm
MLA citation. "Witness." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15677a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Michael T. Barrett. Dedicated to Jerry F. Kobelin.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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Early childhood educators have always been masters of reusing and repurposing materials – it’s how we make ends meet with tight budgets. Upcycling takes this thrifty and sustainable trend a step further, boosted by the rise of ‘Loose Parts Play’.
The term ‘upcycling’ was first used in 2002 and the most succinct definition is ‘the reuse of objects or materials to create a product of higher value or quality than the original.’ So the idea is that you’re going a step further than re-use and actually re-imagining or transforming the original material into something even better.
Amplify discovers inspiring examples of early childhood services embracing upcycling in creative ways.
How to get started with upcycling
The first thing KU sustainability manager Deb Watson advises is, “Start reducing what you think you need, repurpose (old packaging, jars, containers), multi-use materials. For example, when looking for ‘loose materials’ for play, you can invite parents to bring in materials – tiles leftover from home renovation can be used to decorate into coasters or plaques, or be broken up to make mosaics.
In Deb’s view, the key to success is having a creative mindset.
Ask yourself: What if we used this to make one of these, I wonder what this could be? This type of creativity is the very disposition we want to encourage in our children, it’s about exploring what is possible with what we already have.
Donated milk bottles become hanging gardens
KU Petersham preschool director, Kathy Lawton, says their upcycling journey started by noticing all the plastic packaging children had in their lunch boxes. “We talked about how we could minimise the plastic, we counted items we could reuse and which we would need to discard.
“This coincided with media stories about recycled waste being rejected by China, so we had lots of images of huge pallets of waste hanging in the air with cranes with nobody wanting them. We started making links between what was happening in the world, and what was happening in Petersham. And how important it was for us to minimise our plastic.”
In discussing with staff how they could reduce plastic going to landfill in their centre, one KU staff member said they had seen an idea on Pinterest about upcycling plastic milk bottles, one of the ideas was a hanging garden. Parents responded so enthusiastically to the call out for plastic bottles that they were inundated – and incorporated excursions to the local ‘Return & Earn’ container collection centre.
“We worked out our own design for cutting the milk bottles into a container so that a plant would grow,” says director Kathy Lawton. “It’s actually fairly shallow, so we had to think about what could grow that would survive, and where to hang them so they would get enough sun – we decided succulents were ideal.”
At KU Chester Hill they use 2-litre milk bottles as watering cans – simply perforate the caps to make holes (they’re the perfect size for young children). They turn old jars into vases and Pringles chip containers into paintbrush holders.
“We had an old pallet leftover from something that was delivered,” said centre director Jennifer O’Dowd. “The children used it as a stage, as a seating area for reading, or a puzzle area. This prompted us to explore with the children what else we could do with pallets. We discovered that when you stand a pallet up, it can hold things – so we use one pallet now as a broom holder.”
Unwanted items create endless possibilities
Jennifer enlisted her husband and with their ute, they scoured the local industrial area for more ‘as new’ hardwood pallets (they last longer than the pine ones).
“We also looked up online about how else to use pallets, and we saw them being used as a bookshelf. The children related to that and asked if we could make one. One staff member stayed back after hours and cut a pallet into quarters with a hand saw. They nailed a piece of timber on the bottom to hold the books in place, then drilled it onto a wall outside. It makes a display so you can see the front covers of the books.”
KU Chesterhill staff also asked nearby shops to donate excess milk crates and turned them into seating – by adding padding of leftover astroturf. The children also use them to hold things and to stack on each other.
“When we were out collecting pallets one day I saw a wooden empty cable roll, which looked full of possibilities. I took it back and just put it in the yard to see what the children would make of it,” explains Jennifer.
“They put it on its side and asked for help to roll it along, they tried putting it in the sandpit, they laid it flat and used it as a table – which it’s ideal for.”
In Canberra Forrest Out of School Hours Care (FOOSHC) has taken loose parts to play a notch further and in collaboration with their local resource recovery centre have created an outdoor loose parts play area with a difference. The children are trained by staff to use a range of tools safely and they collaborate in groups to make cubbies, forts and whatever they like.
“Once a fortnight we pick up used materials – ranging from old doors, tyres, ladders, air conditioning tubing, old trampoline mats etc,” says FOOSHC director Ali Sewter. “ Our arrangement is we will return any items when we are finished with them. We also ask families and the school to donate any large recyclable items to contribute.”
More than just a trend
Brendan Hyndman from Charles Sturt University wrote about this trend to use loose, recycled or scrap parts in play in The Conversation, describing it as children using, ‘movable equipment to work cooperatively in different team roles to design, plan, construct, observe, negotiate and learn from each other to discover new ideas to solve problems.’
Hyndman found evidence for the benefits of this kind of play in primary schools:
“Australian research has found the introduction of everyday equipment into outdoor school spaces has resulted in significant increases in primary school students’ physical activity intensity during active play, step counts, types (and complexity) of play, physical quality of life, and enjoyment …”
Upcycling is a new trend very much in keeping with the ethos and principles of best practice early childhood education. It fosters creativity, collaboration and problem-solving while also saving money and reducing waste – be inspired to upcycle.
Resource centres in your state
Reverse Garbage – Marrickville
Loose Parts Play info and workshop
Early Learning groups workshops
Recycling Discovery Hub – Hume
Scroll down for early childhood resources
Urban Upcycle – Grovedale
Both Run Kindergarten incursions – Green Collect includes an ‘upcycling’ challenge for children to creatively explore ways to make new items from old.
Reverse Garbage Queensland – Wooloongabba
Run Loose Parts Playgroup and Workshops for educators
Remida Re-use Centre, Leederville, Perth
STEAM Creative Workshops
It’s Not Garbage – creative play resources Camden Park
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Modify Your Command Prompt
You may find that you want to modify the prompt. This can help you create visibility for special features or just modify it to something more useful. You can view the default settings for the prompt by using this command:
As stated above it will show user, hostname, location and definition whether it is a normal user or root.
Create a single character
The space behind the $ is enforced by placing the quotes so it does not run into your text. The $ is typically used to show that it is a normal user not the root user indicated by the “#”.
Change options for the prompt
\d : the date Weekday Month Date format
\h : the hostname up to the first ‘.’
\A : the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
\u : the username of the current user
\w : the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
\$ : if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
Create a colored prompt
You may want to create a color prompt that you can use for visibility. In this example the hostname has been dropped to make a shorter prompt and the prompt is turned red but the commands that you enter will be black. The export command will change these features.
mike@ub:~$ export PS1=’\e[0;31m[\u:\w]\$ \e[m '
This will color the prompt but not any commands that you enter.
List of Color codes
Replace digit 0 with 1 for a lighter color.
Make Changes permanent
All of the changes you make will be lost when you close the terminal or log out. Here are directions to make them permanent.
# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
The .bashrc file in each user’s home directory allows you to change the default for the prompt to a color prompt by uncommenting the line:
Unfortunately a typo in the line must also be corrected so that it should read:
Ubuntu or CentOS
Place your custom prompt in the user .bashrc file with this command:
export PS1=’\e[0;31m[\u:\w]\$ \e[m ‘
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What would be the consequences of attack on the agricultural sector?
Direct losses due to disease
Direct financial loss due to mortality or morbidity of domestic animals or crop plants can vary from insignificant to catastrophic. In many cases the direct losses would be modest and would fall on a small number of farms. One of the major determinants of the magnitude of the direct losses will be the rapidity with which the disease is noticed and diagnosed. In developed countries most of the foreign diseases of greatest concern would likely be identified fairly early, allowing the direct disease losses to be kept modest.
Losses due to efforts to contain outbreaks
The control of an outbreak of an imported, highly contagious animal or plant disease is routinely controlled by destruction of all potentially exposed healthy host organisms. With animal diseases, this normally means the slaughter of all host animals in the immediate vicinity. With plants, thousands of acres of crop plants may have to be destroyed to contain an outbreak. Thus the losses attendant on outbreak control can exceed, often by several orders of magnitude, the direct losses due to the disease itself.
Destruction of exposed hosts is often the only option when the agent is bacterial or viral. However, for fungal agents destruction of exposed crops may be reduced by the use of fungicides. However, this is an expensive process itself, so it adds significantly to the cost of the outbreak, and it may cause environmental damage.
A number of important threats to crop plants are from insect pests, rather than microbial pathogens. These outbreaks are usually controlled by use of pesticides rather than destruction of exposed plants, which, as with control of fungal disease, can cost large amounts. Widespread broadcast of insecticide may also cause environmental or human health damage as well. The BTWC certainly could cover pests as well as pathogens, as Article I refers to ãmicrobial or other biological agents,ä and the consultative process of the BTWC has been used to address concerns about a pest infestation in Cuba. However, this coverage has never been made explicit, and it would be useful to do so since there are so many insect pests of great potential for agricultural biowarfare or bioterrorism.
Losses due to sanitary or phytosanitary restrictions on international trade
Under the World Trade Organization, member states are allowed to impose import restrictions on agricultural products to prevent the importation of pests or disease agents. Thus importing countries free of a particular disease are usually quick to block imports from countries in which that disease breaks out. This happens frequently, as these diseases periodically resurface in areas that they have been absent from; trade restrictions typically last a month or two when control of the outbreak is rapid, or they may endure much longer if disease control is slow and difficult (eg the EU restriction on the import of UK beef due to the BSE outbreak).
Thus major agricultural exporters are particularly vulnerable. For instance, the Taiwan FMD outbreak in swine in 1997 probably only cost tens of thousands of dollars (US) in direct losses, but it cost 4 billion in eradication and disinfection costs, and a cumulative 15 billion in lost export revenues. An FMD outbreak in Italy in 1993 again had trivial direct costs, but nearly 12 million dollars in eradication and disinfection costs, and 120 million dollars in lost trade revenues. It has been estimated that an outbreak of FMD in California would cost a minimum of $6 billion even if the outbreak were confined to California and were eradicated within a few months. Obviously, an outbreak that spread country-wide would be very much more costly.
Alternatively, the introduction of a disease into a country previously free of it would undermine the legitimacy of that countryâs import restrictions under the WTO, forcing the lifting of the restrictions and opening up the market. This could bring significant additional losses to domestic producers.
Indirect effects (market destabilization, etc)
The substantial market effects of a widespread outbreak, or one that has major impacts on international trade, could have secondary effects, such as share-holder losses, revenue losses to processors and shippers, etc. In the extreme, if losses are very large and if future losses appear likely, significant levels of investor panic could lead to market destabilization.
A wide-spread outbreak of exotic animal disease is likely to be controlled by slaughter of exposed animals. This could lead, as did the 2001 outbreak of FMD in the UK, to the slaughter of millions of large animals. Disposal of this number of carcasses can have significant effects on air quality if the carcasses are burned, or water quality if they are buried and adequate care to protect the water table is not excercised.
If an exotic disease gets established in wild populations, it will be much more difficult to eradicate, and can have negative effects on biodiversity if eradication is attempted. For instance, FMD infects virtually all cloven-hoofed animals (and some others as well), and it could easily spread from domestic animals to wild deer, sheep, elk, or bison populations.
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Great St Mary's, Cambridge
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
Somewhat interchangeably called Great St Mary's or St Mary the Great - to distinguish it from St Mary the Less near Peterhouse - this large and imposing building has stood in the centre of Cambridge for over 800 years. Great St Mary's, or GSM as it is often known, was the first home of Cambridge University. It hosted lectures and held ceremonies for conferring degrees after scholars from Oxford began to congregate here in 1209. The church was barely finished by then; the first record comes from 1205 when King John presented the rector.
The 13th-century church was destroyed by fire in 1290 and had to be completely rebuilt. The church was initially owned by the crown, but in 1342 it was granted to King's Hall, and later to Trinity College, who still own it.
Throughout the medieval period and beyond, Great St Mary's served as an official meeting place for debates and meetings. This role was taken over in 1730 by the new Senate House, built across the street.
The church as we see it today was largely built between 1478-1519 and was financed primarily by Richard III and Henry VII. The tower, which is the church's most impressive feature, was not finished until 1608. Before the tower was built, bells were hung on a wooden contraption in the churchyard.
In 1724 the Society of Cambridge Youths was created to be responsible for organising bell-ringing. Still in operation, the Society is the oldest bell-ringing society in Britain and the second oldest in the world. The earliest known pattern of ringing is the 'Cambridge Quarters', first heard in 1516 and later used as the 'Westminster Chimes' of Big Ben.
What to See:
Above the west door is a gilded clock face with its hands shaped like a sun's rays, called The Cambridge University Clock. On the tower is a disc marking the datum point from which mile distance from Cambridge is measured.
The interior is dominated by large galleries added in 1735 to accommodate large audiences for sermons. The galleries were designed by famed society architect James Gibbs and overlook an unusual moveable pulpit. At the east end of the north aisle is the hearse cloth used at the funeral of Henry VII, and at the west end is a beautifully carved 17th-century font.
There is excellent Tudor stone tracery by John Wastell, who created the superb interiors of King's College Chapel. At the west end is 1698 organ, bought from St James church in Piccadilly, London. If you crane your neck to look up you will see the 1505 oak roof, decorated with carved bosses, donated by Henry VII.
About Great St Mary's, Cambridge
Address: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Attraction Type: Historic Church
Website: Great St Mary's, Cambridge
Phone: 01223 741 716
OS: TL448 584
Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Historic Time Periods:
Find other attractions tagged with:
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NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
King's College Chapel - 0 miles (Historic Church)
King's College - 0 miles (Historic Building)
Cambridge Arts Theatre - 0 miles (Theatre)
Primavera Gallery - 0 miles (Museum)
Byard Art - 0 miles (Art Gallery)
Gonville and Caius College - 0.1 miles (Historic Building)
Clare College - 0.1 miles (Historic Building)
Whipple Museum of the History of Science - 0.1 miles (Museum)
Nearest Accommodation to Great St Mary's, Cambridge:
Nearest Self Catering Cottages
Nearest Bed and Breakfasts
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On Luxor’s west bank, in front of Habu Temple stands the small Ptolemaic chapel temple of Qasr Al Agouz -- now awaiting visitors. After seven years of being off Luxor’s tourist map for restoration, Qasr Al Agouz Temple is to be officially inaugurated next week.
Although it encapsulates a very important period in Egyptian history, the temple is virtually unknown to visitors.
It dates back to the reign of King Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and is composed of three oblong rooms, including an offering room and a sanctuary. The temple is dedicated to the god Ibis-Thoth who is represented with a human body and the head of an ibis. It is sometimes depicted wearing the lunar disc with the two phases of a full moon and crescent, sometimes also with a crown.
Two deified mortals of the Late Period showing Imhotep's role as healer and holy Amenhotep-son-of-Hapu are also represented on the walls. The Ptolemaic dynastic cult is well represented, including the ancestors of Ptolemy (with no mention of the first Ptolemy son of Lagus, who was a commoner) and their queens. Scenes depicting Thoth with other gods and goddesses are also shown.
“Although the temple is architecturally almost intact, its decorations have suffered a high rate of humidity and erosion,” Mohamed Beabesh, inspector chief of antiquities of Luxor’s west bank, told Ahram Online. He explained that scenes of Qasr Al Agouz are painted, not carved, which is very rare in Ptolemaic monuments and reflects the incompleteness of the building, as evidenced by the lack of decoration on the external walls which are not decorated.
The temple was subjected to an epigraphic survey by Dominique Mallet in 1909 from the French archaeological institute (IFAO). The Marc Bloch Institute of Egyptology of the University of Strasburg, solicited by the Supreme Council of the Antiques of Egypt, in collaboration with the IFAO, have carried out comprehensive restoration work since 2002.
The temple and its paintings were subjected to studies and research and in 2005 concrete restoration started.
Beabesh said that cracks spread over the walls have been repaired, the paintings consolidated, the floor covered with bubbles to absorb subterranean water and a new lighting system installed in order to make the temple accessible at night.
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Discrimination against Koreans in Japan
Zainichi Sabetsu: Discrimination against Koreans in Japan
By Ryoji Shimada
There is discrimination in every country. Even in Japan, which is so safe that women can walk alone at night, there is discrimination. Discrimination against women is a major problem in Japan, especially among developed countries. There are many other forms of discrimination, and discrimination against Koreans living in Japan is one of them. In this article, I would like to focus on this issue.
There are about 2.9 million foreigners living in Japan as of 2020, of which about 435,000 are Koreans. Before World War II, the number was over 2 million. This is because many Koreans (Kankoku-jin and Chhosen-jin) were working in Japan during Japan’s annexation of the Korean Peninsula. So practically speaking they moved inside the same country to work in the land of Japan and remained there after the World War ll. However the number of Koreans in Japan has decreased due to their return to their home countries or naturalization, but they still account for one fifth of all foreigners living in Japan.
Changing their name to avoid discrimination
Koreans and Japanese look almost the same. I am often told by Koreans that I look like a Korean, but there are Koreans who look like Japanese, and vice versa. In other words, it is hard to distinguish between them by their appearance. However, if we look at their names, we can tell. "Kim, Park, Han…" These surnames are unique to Korea. But if they become a naturalized citizen, they can change their name. If they do this, their name will become the same as Japanese, and they will be less likely to be discriminated against. However, many Korean residents in Japan choose not to naturalize because they want to preserve their roots and ethnic background. Instead they have obtained permanent residency.
They are called "Zainichi Kankoku-jin" who chose to change their nationality to South Korea after the independence of the country in 1948 or "Zainichi Chosen-jin" who chose to keep the original status. Majority of them are "Zainichi Kankoku-jin," but together they are often called, "Zainichi Korean" or simply "Zainichi."
Types of discrimination
Now, what kind of discrimination is there against Koreans living in Japan? It can take many forms. But it is often referred to as discrimination in "employment" and "marriage." I'm sure many of you have read "Pachinko", a book that became a very popular in the United States. In this book, various kinds of discrimination were mentioned. In reality, there is a huge and leading company in the pachinko industry called Maruhan, which has sales of over one trillion yen or 10 billion US dollars as of 2021. The founder of the company is a Korean living in Japan called "Han," and his motivation for founding the company was that he could not find a job anywhere after the graduation of Hosei University in Tokyo. In other words, he had no choice but to start his own business in order to make a living.
Also, for the marriage discrimination, I have my own personal story. I have a Japanese female friend who got married to a Korean living in Japan. I was invited to her wedding, but most of her relatives didn't come. In fact, before the wedding, she asked me for advice. She told me that her relatives were opposed to her marrying a Korean because it would stigmatize their family lineage. Since I have many Korean friends, I was surprised to hear that. So I advised her not to worry about it. "It was such an outdated thinking," I said. But she was even told by her relatives that they would cut off relationship entirely if she ever got married with the Korean." In the end, she decided to go ahead marrying him. I attended her wedding, but I noticed that there were very few relatives from her family.
Misinformation about the areas of Koreans neighborhood
There are also rumors that the places where they live are dangerous, like a slum in a big city. For example, there are many Koreans living in the south side of Kyoto station and Tsuruhashi district in Osaka. I don't know how it used to be like. However, when I talked to a Japanese coworker who currently lives in the area of Kyoto, he said, "It's not dangerous at all." Also the company I used to work for was located on the south side of Kyoto Station as well, but I never felt unsafe there. Also, Tsuruhashi in Osaka has the largest Korean town in Japan. I like the place a lot. There are many Korean restaurants and shops. It is like a real Korean town. So I have been there many times, but instead of feeling dangerous, there are many warm and friendly people. And the service is good, plus it's cheap! Why are these misconceptions created? People who believe in this kind of misinformation have never actually come into contact with Koreans or visited Korean neighborhoods, and they can't get rid of their bad stereotypical image, I think.
Interacting with one another is a key
I have foreign friends, but probably Koreans are the most. I have been to South Korea more than ten times. Of those I've visited there three times to attend my friend's weddings. Not only are they close to Japanese in their way of thinking, such as Confucianism and the importance of hierarchy, but they are also very humane and personable. If someone did something for them, they always try to return the favor. If you get to know them directly as a human being, you will surely be able to get rid of their stereotypical bad image.
As many psychologists say, "Misunderstandings will be erased when people personally interact with each other." In the movie "Green Book" which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, the white protagonist who hated black people so much changed his mind after he actually interacted with black people and experience their life.
Masayoshi Son, the president of Softbank Group, one of Japan's leading companies, was once a Korean living in Japan. His company is well known in the US for owning WeWork and investing Uber, and Sprint Corporation. Although he is now a naturalized Japanese citizen, he still uses his Korean-derived name, Son. He says it is because he wants to preserve his identity. He is the richest person in Japan now with an asset of more than 44 billion US dollars. It is true that there are some Japanese who do not think well of him because his roots are in Korea even though he is Japanese. It is true that some Japanese people do not think well of naturalized Koreans living in Japan.
I personally hope that now is the time for Japanese and Koreans to open their hearts to each other and try to understand each other. I believe that such in-person exchange like in the movie, "Green Book" will be the first step in eliminating discrimination and misconception. What do you think? Let me hear your opinion.
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Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Lagenorynchus obliquidens)
The Pacific White-sided Dolphin is a very active dolphin found in the cool to temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific White-sided Dolphin was named by Theodore Gill in 1865 who examined three skulls found washed up in California. It is the only species of the genus Lagenorhynchus to be found in the North Pacific. To this end the dolphins are sometimes simply called “lags” by researchers and fisherman working in these seas. (A similar naming convention applies in the north Atlantic with the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin – although in that case there is a slightly greater chance of confusion.)
The Pacific White-sided Dolphin is extremely similar morphologically to the Dusky Dolphin, which is found in the southern part of the Pacific. Some researchers have suggested that they might form a single species. Recent genetic work by Cipriano rejects this hypothesis and suggests the two species diverged about two million years ago.
The Pacific White-sided Dolphin has three tones of colour. The chin, throat and belly are creamy white. The beak, flippers back and dorsal fin are a dark grey. There is light grey patch on the sides and a further light grey stripe running from above the eye to below the dorsal fin where it thickens along the tail stock. A dark grey ring surrounds the eyes.
The species is of average size for a oceanic dolphin – weighing up to 150kg in females and 200kg in males and growing up to 2.5 metres (male) and 2.3 metres (female) in length. Pacific White-sided Dolphins tend to be rather larger than Duskies. Females reach maturity at 7 years. The gestation period is one year. Individuals can live for up to forty years or more.
The Pacific White-sided Dolphin is extremely active and mixes with many of the other cetacean species to be found in the north Pacific. It also readily approaches boats and bow-rides. Large groups are common – on average 90 individuals per group but supergroups of more than 3,000 have been recorded. Prey is mainly lantern fish, hake, anchovies, squid, herring, salmon and cod.
Population and distribution:
The range of the Pacific White-sided Dolphin runs right in a great arc across the cool to temperate waters of the north Pacific. Sightings go no further south than the South China Sea on the western side and Baja California on the eastern. Populations may also be found in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. In the northern part of the range, some individuals may be found in the Bering Sea. The dolphins appear to follow some sort of migratory pattern – on the eastern side they are most abundant off the California shore in winter, but further north (Oregon, Washington) in Summer. Their preference for off-shore deep waters appears to be year-round.
The total population may be as many as 1 million. However such is the tendency of Pacific White-sided Dolphins to approach boats from some distance away, it is harder than usual to obtain precise estimates via sampling.
Until the United Nations imposed a ban on certain nets in 1993, many Pacific White-sided Dolphins were killed in drift nets. One researcher estimated somewhere between 50 and 89 thousand individuals were killed in the twelve years to 1990. Some animals are still killed each year by Japanese hunting drives, though these are not expected not to cause a threat to the species at the present time.
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God's perfect design:
How race (and culture) matters
In order to fully understand how individuals function, it is important to understand identity development as a fluid process of coming to know the self. Identity has been defined as a phenomenological experience of coming to understand oneself; from this perspective, identity is lived discourse. Individuals need to infuse values, beliefs, behaviors, and lifestyle into their identity. Social identity has been defined by Tajfel (1974) as the part of the individual’s self-concept that derives from knowledge of membership in a group along with the emotional significance attached to it. This plenary session will help participants to understand identity development from an intersectionality perspective. Participants will have a better understanding of how individuals grow to develop an awareness of the self and how multiple identity factors intersect.
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Spanish program follows the Florida Next Generation World Language Standards, along with Marion County's Curriculum Maps and Blue Prints. Students are actively engaged in language acquisition through the support of listening, speaking, reading, and writing activities. Along with learning Spanish, students are involved in cultural experiences. They are able to gain an appreciation and understanding of Spanish speaking countries' customs, traditions, foods, animals, locations, etc. through the use of technology and other learning tools.
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About be-bop, producer, Tavernier, had this to say, "Be-bop musicians are the real geniuses of America. They created the only music in America that has never been co-opted or bastardized by the system." And says Dizzy Gillespie, "It is the most serious music ever made in America, and a lot of people have died for it." And from Theolonius Monk we have, "If you really understand the meaning of be-bop, you understand the meaning of freedom." And Dexter Gordon thinks this way, "Be-bop is such a light name for such a demanding music."
Gordon thinks be-bop is a demanding music. Well, not only is it demanding, it abodes with harmonic complexities. Modernism of the 1940's, better know as be-bop, was looked upon by some as, a device to shake off white plagiarists. On the other side of the spectrum, we have the most gifted, and the greatest innovator of melody in the history of jazz, Charlie "BIRD" Parker.
Parker explained this new jazz idiom, be-bop, in technical terms that, in a sense, qualify the term used above-harmonic complexities. It was his philosophy that, by gradually developing a system of substituted chords, then superimpose them on the original chords and play in double the time of the tempo executed by the rhythm section, this alto saxophonist, a gifted executant, and who embraced a harmonic tidal wave with his concept of chord substitution, changed the face of jazz.
If we take a look at Parker's notion of chord substitution, and use the Circle of Fifths, we can show an example or two. With these two as original chords, F7 and Bbmi7, and we superimpose them on substitute chords in the Circle of Fifths we have, B7 and Emi7. What Parker is referring to is to play the notes of the F7 along with the substitute chord, B7; same with the other two chords; this very definitely adds complexity for the neophyte.
When we combine the harmonic complexities above, playing in double the time of the tempo from the rhythm section, we have an executant who will venture into an orbital harmonic escapade...reaching for the outer limits of musical creativity; this ongoing quest in search of new melodic and harmonic lines can, and has, pushed many musicians of this era into the shadows, the womb of drug addition. The tragic death of Parker in 1955, was symbolic of the tragic horror faced by the musicians in this era; Parker died at 35.
From a technical point of view, Parker made jazz more complicated, he purified it emotionally, and his famous blues recordings showed the influence of the genius, Louis Armstrong, with the "Hot Five." Parker could not have realized it, but he was making, on behalf of jazz, the last great exclusive use of musical terrain.
So it is that Parker made be-bop complicated in form, and as such, for some, difficult to handle; many have died for it. This unique and deep-rooted form of jazz will always hold up the very essence of what jazz is all about; it represents the truth! It has been sanctified, and represents the only never changing style of jazz; the only form of jazz that is not in a state of flux; it remains stalwart with the pillars of the cosmos, it can never be replaced with any other form of jazz; be-bop is be-bop, it's that simple! Many modes of music are referred to as jazz; I stand up and shout, "be-bop is jazz-nothing can compare with it!"
Meanwhile, back on stage, with substitute chords and playing in double the time of the tempo being executed by the rhythm section, musicians meet their challenge; playing at tempos that are incredibly fast-the true test, that can set aside those who can't, and allow to the forefront, those who can! We may hear that which is alleged jazz, but don't be fooled, the roots of be-bop are cast in double time figures, ballads, and substitute chords of concrete; not to be altered in anyway!
Another pioneer of this be-bop movement was that of, John Birks (Dizzy) Gillespie. At times, Parker wound refer to Dizzy as, "the other half of my heart beat." From 1942 to 1946, Gillespie and Parker worked in close company; first in the big bands of Earl Hines and Billy Eckstine; later in small bands which they lead as co-leaders. After 1946 Dizzy went on to lead the first big band in modern jazz; the be-bop tradition was carried on with his big band.
In 1946, Dizzy went to Hollywood with a sextet-Parker, Milt Jackson and Al Haig were with him. The reaction from the audience was varied-apathy to hostility. This upset Parker and he became unstable; often, he didn't show up for work so Dizzy hired Lucky Thompson as a standby.
Jazz was to take on a new harmonic flavor when one of Parker's entourage, his disciple, emerged on the scene; trumpeter, Miles Davis. However, it wasn't until 1956, the year after Parker's death, that Davis made a logically connected attempt to break loose from the confines of 'dissension to resolution;' this method being persistently explored, as it were, gave rise to some of the musicians in Davis's generation who felt that the usefulness of be-bop had come to a end.
In his album, "Kind of Blue," Davis stepped out of the be-bop idiom when he substituted modal (scales not based on the major or minor) patterns for the more conventional harmonic ones; first step in a process that was to characterize jazz for years to come!
Lets go back and add something about the incredible speed at which Parker could make his fingers move when blowing an up-tempo tune; no one could have put it better than Leonard Feather with the following quote: "Bird's mind and fingers work with incredible speed. He can imply four chord changes in a melodic pattern, where other musicians would have trouble inserting two."
Now that you have acquired some knowledge of be-bop-harmonic embellishments used, the incredible speed at which Parker played-in ballads he played with double time figures; you have been introduced to a few leaders of the movement. If you have any questions, hold them, there will be a test later...so, pay attention!
Now I would like to share a personal experience with you, where I actually was living testimony to the tempos and harmonic complexities that Parker made available to the world of be-bop. The story goes down something like this:
On a chilly Saturday night in early 1972, we had just wrapped up a big band gig at the Proud Bird Restaurant, next to LA International. The lead tenor, a very creative and articulate artist, Jackie Kelso, and I, decided we still had time to catch the last set at the famed jazz club-The Lighthouse-in Hermosa Beach, Ca.. Jackie and I walked in and there they were, nine-strong on that small stage. We took a seat at the bar right in front of the most unique jazz group of all time...they call themselves..."Super Sax."
The purpose of the group was to play the charts of Charlie Parker, and play them the way Parker suggested...harmonic substitution, allied with playing them in double the time of the tempo emanating from the rhythm section. Before I go on, if my memory holds, here are the nine "heavy weights" up on that stage. We'll begin with the saxophones: Altos, Med Flory (leader) and Bill Perkins...tenors, Jay Migliori and Waren Marsh...baritone, Jack Nimitz. Now the rhythm section: Bass and arranger, Buddy Clark...piano, Ronnel Bright...drums, Jake Hanna...and standing in back is trumpeter, Conte Condoli.
Now that you know their names, if you have ever heard them play their ax, then you've heard the best that the world of jazz has to offer! Now about the charts. The saxes are voiced in close block harmony, with the baritone an octave below the lead alto. The trumpet will have solos as the charts dictate, which is often. The rhythm section is there providing an uncompromising flow of harmonic and rhythmic structure in support of the trumpet and saxophones; with fervor, the be-bop entourage brings Charlie Parker's notion of harmonics and double time phrasing to fruition!
Here's a few notes I think you'll find interesting. On stage, the saxophone players are sitting on bar stools, with the music stands raised accordingly. This gives the saxophones an edge, being close enough to the charts to clearly capture every phrase-to feel it. Before their debut in 1972, the saxophones rehearsed in Bill Perkins's garage for one year; this had nothing to do with their reading ability, remember, these guys are the best; Parker's music is not easy to read...and when you put five saxophones together reading four part block harmony, the situation reaches a new plateau of reading...fast!
The year 1972 was about 25 years ago, and my memory is not that good; so for an example of charts they play, I'll use one that I have; Antonio Carlos Jobin's "Wave." In this chart, the rhythm section lays down a steady tempo of 126 on the metronome. This means the saxophones (reeds), when playing double time phrases will ride the metronome at 252; this means some fancy finger work for the reeds! The chart, being 44-bars, goes down something like this... The reeds take the first 12-bars, trumpet the second 12-bars, reeds sharing the bridge with the trumpet; from there on out, after a piano solo, other than a lot of double time phrases for reeds, excellently executed, it's an exchange between the reeds and trumpet, one providing background for the other; the chart gradually fades out with an extended vamp.
The major point in the above exercise is, the use of double time phrasing by the reeds is in concert with Parker's notion of playing in double the time of the tempo asserted by the rhythm section; the tempo of 126 offered by the rhythm section, and reeds weaving in and out of the chart with double time figures at 252...substantiates Parker's thesis. Now about the harmonic structure of the charts, it is my educated guess that, the arranger who scored the charts for Super Sax, did in fact, use chord substitution and chord embellishments where necessary!
On March 12, 1955, Charles Christopher Parker (BIRD), took his leave from the be-bop scene which he created. However, his ideology, his notions, of which there were many, and his charismatic personality that abodes in his music, have proven the test of time.
Fifteen years after Parker's death, someone had the brilliant idea to bring Parker's music back to life-with a little different format. This took place around 1971. A bunch of charts were scored for five saxophones using four-part block harmony with alto carrying the lead; not only glorifying Parker's compositions, but giving them depth-another dimension. A trumpet was added along with a rhythm section. Subsequently, this musical composite expended one year rehearsing in a garage.
One year later, emerging from that garage, ready to take up were "BIRD" left off, were nine of the most competent and knowledgeable musicians existent...who call themselves....."Super Sax." In 1972, Super Sax made several debuts to premier "BIRD'S" ideology, using five saxophones-not one; I was very fortunate to have been at one of them. It is my professional opinion that, "Super Sax," will be "here" long after we're gone; to preserve the legacy of Charles Christopher Parker...better known as..."BIRD."
Super Sax has two CD's available from "Hindsight."
"SUPER SAX JAPANESE TOUR"
PRODUCED by BOB EDMONDSON
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Below is a very good article from Wikipedia on cholesterol, lipids etc. By now, we all know that too much cholesterol in the blood stream is not good. Nevertheless, how many of us have investigated further what elevated cholesterol and lipids really do in the circulatory system? We at “The Fat Bastard Gazette” think you should know. Obesity and a diet rich in meat and dairy products, rather silent killers, bring about elevated cholesterol and triglycerides for many of us.
The article below has many hyperlinks related to hypercholesterolemia we suggest you read them for an informed nonprofessionals’ understanding of how deleterious this really is for the circulatory system.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hypercholesterolemia (also spelled hypercholesterolaemia also called dyslipidemia) is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of “hyperlipidemia” (elevated levels of lipids in the blood) and “hyperlipoproteinemia” (elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood).
Cholesterol is a sterol. It is one of three major classes of lipids which all animal cells utilize to construct their membranes and is thus manufactured by all animal cells. Plant cells do not manufacture cholesterol. It is also the precursor of the steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D.
Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). Lipoproteins are classified by their density: very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non-HDL cholesterol), particularly LDL-cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In contrast, higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective. Elevated levels of non-HDL cholesterol and LDL in the blood may be a consequence of diet, obesity, inherited (genetic) diseases (such as LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia), or the presence of other diseases such as diabetes and an underactive thyroid.
Reducing saturated dietary fat is recommended to reduce total blood cholesterol and LDL in adults. In people with very high cholesterol (e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia), diet is often insufficient to achieve the desired lowering of LDL and lipid lowering medications which reduce cholesterol production or absorption are usually required. If necessary, other treatments such as LDL apheresis or even surgery (for particularly severe subtypes of familial hypercholesterolemia) are performed.
Signs and symptoms
Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. Over a period of decades, chronically elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive stenosis (narrowing) or even complete occlusion (blockage) of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden occlusion of a coronary artery results in a myocardial infarction or heart attack. An occlusion of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point that tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, aphasia (difficulty speaking), paresis (weakness) and paresthesia (numbness or tingling), usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may manifest as chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present asabdominal pain after eating a meal.
Some types of hypercholesterolemia lead to specific physical findings. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia) may be associated with xanthelasma palpebrarum (yellowish patches underneath the skin around the eyelids), arcus senilis (white or gray discoloration of the peripheral cornea), and xanthomata (deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material) of the tendons, especially of the fingers. Type III hyperlipidemia may be associated with xanthomata of the palms, knees and elbows.
Hypercholesterolemia is typically due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors include obesity and dietary choices. Genetic contributions are usually due to the additive effects of multiple genes, though occasionally may be due to a single gene defect such as in the case
Diet has an important effect on blood cholesterol, but the size of this effect varies substantially between individuals. About 50% of nonesterified cholesterol is absorbed in the intestine, but interindividual variations in the efficiency of uptake, and the effect of other dietary components such as plant sterols and fiber content affect absorption. Moreover, when dietary cholesterol intake goes down, production (principally by the liver) typically increases, though not always with complete compensation, so that reductions in blood cholesterol can be modest. Reductions in fat intake, particularly saturated fats, also reduce blood cholesterol. Dietary sucrose and fructose can raise LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. In the United States, the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia recommends that people with familial hypercholesterolemia restrict intakes of total fat to 25 – 35% of energy intake, saturated fatty acids should make up less than 7% of energy intake, and cholesterol intake should be less than 200 mg per day. The inclusion of 2 g per day of plant stanol or sterol esters and 10 to 20 g per day of soluble fiber decrease dietary cholesterol absorption. Dietary changes can typically achieve reductions of 10 to 15% in blood cholesterol.
Maintaining a healthy body weight through increased physical activity and appropriate caloric intake is also important. Overweight or obese individuals can lower blood cholesterol by losing weight – on average a kilogram of weight loss can reduce LDL cholesterol by 0.8 mg/dl.
Genetic abnormalities are in some cases completely responsible for hypercholesterolemia, such as in familial hypercholesterolemia, where one or more genetic mutations in the autosomal dominant APOB gene exist, the autosomal recessive LDLRAP1 gene, autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (HCHOLA3) variant of the PCSK9 gene, or the LDL receptor gene.
|Interpretation of cholesterol levels|
|LDL cholesterol||<100||<2.6||most desirable|
|160-189||4.1-4.9||high and undesirable|
|HDL cholesterol||<40||<1.0||undesirable; risk increased|
|41-59||1.0-1.5||okay, but not optimal|
|>60||>1.55||good; risk lowered|
|Indications to lower LDL cholesterol|
|Coronary risk||because they have…||should consider||reduction indicated|
|high||>20% risk of MI in 10 years, or risk factor such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, peripheral-artery disease, carotid-artery disease, or aortic aneurysm||>70 mg/dl, 3.88 mmol/l especially if there are risk factors||>100 mg/dl, 5.55 mmol/l|
|moderately high||10-20% risk of MI in 10 years and > 1 risk factors||>100 mg/dl, 5.55 mmol/l||>130 mg/dl, 7.21 mmol/l|
|moderate||<10% risk of MI in 10 years > 1 risk factors||>130 mg/dl, 7.21 mmol/l||>160 mg/dl, 8.88 mmol/l|
|low||No or one risk factor||>160 mg/dl, 8.88 mmol/l||>190 mg/dl, 10.5 mmol/l|
Cholesterol is measured as milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) of blood in the United States and some other countries. In the United Kingdom, most European countries, and Canada, millimoles per liter of blood (mmol/l) is the measure.
For healthy adults, the UK National Health Service recommends upper limits of total cholesterol of 5 mmol/l, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) of 3 mmol/l. For people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the recommended limit for total cholesterol is 4 mmol/l, and 2 mmol/l for LDL.
In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute within the National Institutes of Health classifies total cholesterol of less than 200 mg/dl as “desirable,” 200 to 239 mg/dl as “borderline high,” and 240 mg/dl or more as “high”.
No absolute cutoff between normal and abnormal cholesterol levels exists, and interpretation of values must be made in relation to other health conditions and risk factors.
Higher levels of total cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. Levels of LDL or non-HDL cholesterol both predict future coronary heart disease; which is the better predictor is disputed. High levels of small dense LDL may be particularly adverse, although measurement of small dense LDL is not advocated for risk prediction. In the past, LDL and VLDL levels were rarely measured directly due to cost. Levels of fasting triglycerides were taken as an indicator of VLDL levels (generally about 45% of fasting triglycerides is composed of VLDL), while LDL was usually estimated by the Friedewald formula:
LDL total cholesterol – HDL – (0.2 x fasting triglycerides).
However, this equation is not valid on nonfasting blood samples or if fasting triglycerides are elevated >4.5 mmol/l (> ∼400 mg/dl). Recent guidelines have, therefore, advocated the use of direct methods for measurement of LDL wherever possible. It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions ( VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and measurement of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) can also be of value. Genetic screening is now advised if a form of familial hypercholesterolemia is suspected.
Classically, hypercholesterolemia was categorized by lipoprotein electrophoresis and the Fredrickson classification. Newer methods, such as “lipoprotein subclass analysis”, have offered significant improvements in understanding the connection with atherosclerosis progression and clinical consequences. If the hypercholesterolemia is hereditary (familial hypercholesterolemia), more often a family history of premature, earlier onset atherosclerosis is found.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommends routine screening for men 35 years and older and women 45 years and older for lipid disorders and the treatment of abnormal lipids in people who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. They also recommend routinely screening men aged 20 to 35 years and women aged 20 to 45 years if they have other risk factors for coronary heart disease. In Canada, screening is recommended for men 40 and older and women 50 and older. In those with normal cholesterol levels, screening is recommended once every five years. Once people are on a statin further testing provides little benefit except to possibly determine compliance with treatment.
Recommendations for both primary prevention and secondary prevention have been published. For those at high risk, a combination of lifestyle modification and statins has been shown to decrease mortality.
Lifestyle changes recommended for those with high cholesterol include: smoking cessation, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. A diet that emphasizes low-cholesterol foods, restricts saturated fats, and avoids trans fat is also recommended. In strictly controlled surroundings, dietary changes can reduce cholesterol levels by 15%. In practice, dietary advice can provide a modest decrease in cholesterol levels and may be sufficient in the treatment of mildly elevated cholesterol.
Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are commonly used to treat hypercholesterolemia if diet is ineffective. Other agents that may be used include: fibrates, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine. These, however, are only recommended if statins are not tolerated or in pregnant women. Statins can reduce total cholesterol by about 50% in the majority of people; effects appear similar regardless of the statin used. While statins are effective in decreasing mortality in those who have had previous cardiovascular disease, debate exists over whether or not they are effective in those with high cholesterol but no other health problems. One review did not find a mortality benefit in those at high risk, but without prior cardiovascular disease. Other reviews concluded a mortality benefit does exist, but concerns regarding the quality of the evidence persist. With respect to quality of life evidence of improvement is limited when statins are used in people without existing cardiovascular disease (i.e. for primary prevention).Statins decrease cholesterol in children with hypercholesterolemia, but no studies as of 2010 show improved clinical outcomes and diet is the mainstay of therapy in childhood.
Various clinical practice guidelines have addressed the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The American College of Physicians has addressed hypercholesterolemia in patients with diabetes. Their four recommendations are:
- Lipid-lowering therapy should be used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity for all patients (both men and women) with known coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes.
- Statins should be used for primary prevention against macrovascular complications in patients (both men and women) with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.
- Once lipid-lowering therapy is initiated, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be taking at least moderate doses of a statin (the accompanying evidence report states “simvastatin, 40 mg/d; pravastatin, 40 mg/d; lovastatin, 40 mg/d; atorvastatin, 20 mg/d; or an equivalent dose of another statin”).
- For those patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking statins, routine monitoring of liver function tests or muscle enzymes is not recommended except in specific circumstances.
In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has made recommendations for the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, published in 2008.
The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Atherosclerosis Society published guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in 2011.
According to a survey in 2002, alternative medicine was used in an attempt to treat cholesterol by 1.1% of U.S. adults. Consistent with previous surveys, this one found the majority of individuals (55%) used it in conjunction with conventional medicine. A review of trials of phytosterols and/or phytostanols reported an average of 9% lowering of LDL-cholesterol. In 2000, the Food and Drug Administration approved the labeling of foods containing specified amounts of phytosterol esters or phytostanol esters as cholesterol-lowering; in 2003, an FDA Interim Health Claim Rule extended that label claim to foods or dietary supplements delivering more than 0.8 g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Some researchers, however, are concerned about diet supplementation with plant sterol esters and draw attention to lack of long-term safety data.
Rates of high total cholesterol in the United States in 2010 are just over 13%, down from 17% in 2000.
Average total cholesterol in the United Kingdom is 5.9 mmol/l, while in rural China and Japan, average total cholesterol is 4 mmol/l. Rates of coronary artery disease are high in Great Britain, but low in rural China and Japan.
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| 0.786037 | 7,590 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- Adrenal Cancer
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Prevention of Endometrial Cancer
Overview of Prevention
Doctors cannot always explain why one person gets cancer and another does not. However, scientists have studied general patterns of cancer in the population to learn what things around us and what things we do in our lives may increase our chance of developing cancer.
Anything that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease is called a risk factor; anything that decreases a person’s chance of developing a disease is called a protective factor. Some of the risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, although you can choose to quit smoking, you cannot choose which genes you have inherited from your parents. Both smoking and inheriting specific genes could be considered risk factors for certain kinds of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Prevention means avoiding the risk factors and increasing the protective factors that can be controlled so that the chance of developing cancer decreases.
Although many risk factors can be avoided, it is important to keep in mind that avoiding risk factors does not guarantee that you will not get cancer. Also, most people with a particular risk factor for cancer do not actually get the disease. Some people are more sensitive than others are to factors that can cause cancer. Talk to your doctor about methods of preventing cancer that might be effective for you.
Purposes of this summary
The purposes of this summary on endometrial cancer prevention are to:
Give information on endometrial cancer and how often it occurs.
Describe endometrial cancer prevention methods.
Give current facts about which women or groups of women would most likely be helped by following endometrial cancer prevention methods.
You can talk to your doctor or health care professional about cancer prevention methods and whether these methods would be likely to help you.
Endometrial Cancer Prevention
Significance of endometrial cancer
In the United States, endometrialcancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. This disease primarily affects women after menopause. The number of new cases of endometrial cancer has been decreasing, as has the number of deaths from this disease.
Endometrial cancer is found more often in white women than in black women. When found in black women, endometrial cancer is usually more advanced and less likely to be cured.
Endometrial cancer prevention
Endometrial cancer can sometimes be associated with known risk factors for the disease. Many risk factors can be changed though not all can be avoided.
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Women with a uterus who take estrogen replacement therapy alone for 5 years or more to treat symptoms of menopause have a 10 times greater risk of endometrial cancer than those not taking estrogen therapy. Adding progestin therapy to estrogen therapy (combined hormone therapy) decreases the risk of developing endometrial cancer or precancerouslesions, such as atypical hyperplasia.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modifiers:Tamoxifen and raloxifene are selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMs that are being studied to prevent breast cancer. Using tamoxifen increases a woman's risk of developing endometrial cancer. The risk is greater in postmenopausal women. Using raloxifene has not been shown to increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Oral Contraceptive Use: The use of combination oral contraceptives by premenopausal women is associated with a decreased risk of developing endometrial cancer, ranging from a 50% decrease after 4 years of use, to a 72% decrease after 12 or more years of use.
Age at Onset of Menstruation and Menopause: Beginning menstruation at an early age and beginning menopause at a late age increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Diet and Lifestyle: The risk of developing endometrial cancer is increased in women who are obese. Women who eat diets low in saturated fats, high in fruits and vegetables, and rich in soy products may have a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. Women who exercise regularly tend to have a reduced risk of endometrial cancer.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The risk of developing endometrial cancer is higher in women who have polycystic ovarian syndrome (a disorder of the hormones made by the ovaries).
Number of Children and Breastfeeding: Women who have never been pregnant have a greater risk of developing endometrial cancer than women who have had children. Women who breastfeed may have a reduced risk of developing endometrial cancer.
Changes to This Summary (05/23/2005)
Changes were made to this summary to match those made to the health professional version. Links to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms were added.
Questions or Comments About This Summary
If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site’s Contact Form. We can respond only to email messages written in English.
To Learn More
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Deaf and hard-of-hearing callers with TTY equipment may call 1-800-332-8615. The call is free and a trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
Web sites and Organizations
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. There are also many other places where people can get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Local hospitals may have information on local and regional agencies that offer information about finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems associated with cancer treatment.
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237), TTY at 1-800-332-8615.
The NCI's LiveHelp service, a program available on several of the Institute's Web sites, provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
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PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site.
PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research.
PDQ contains cancer information summaries.
The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly.
Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") indicates the time of the most recent change.
PDQ also contains information on clinical trials.
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether a certain drug or nutrient can prevent cancer. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients and those who are at risk for cancer. During prevention clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new prevention method and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new method is better than one currently being used, the new method may become "standard." People who are at high risk for a certain type of cancer may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at NCI's Web site. Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237); TTY at 1-800-332-8615.
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PACARAIMA is a speck of a town in the Brazilian Amazon on the border with Venezuela. Recently, it has been the entry point for tens of thousands of Venezuelans fleeing hunger, violence and hyperinflation at home. Most continue by foot 220km (135 miles) on the motorway to Boa Vista, the capital of the state of Roraima, where they struggle to survive by unloading lorries, hawking crafts and selling sex. About 2,000 of the poorest have stayed in Pacaraima, pitching tents in the streets. That has strained the town’s resources and the tolerance of its 12,000 inhabitants.
On August 17th several men, apparently Venezuelans, robbed and beat a shop-owner. At an anti-immigration march the next day, hundreds of locals threw stones at migrants’ tents and set fire to their belongings. More than a thousand Venezuelans fled into the jungle or back over the border. Their makeshift homes burned to the ground. Brazil’s president, Michel Temer, sent 60 troops to restore order.
Though the Venezuelan exodus sometimes seems as invisible as tiny Pacaraima, it is the biggest movement of people in Latin America’s recent history. Since Venezuela’s economy began to slump in 2014 under Nicolás Maduro, a socialist strongman, perhaps 2.3m Venezuelans have sought refuge in neighbouring countries. The size of the exodus rivals those of war-ravaged Afghanistan and South Sudan.
Unlike many rich countries, which have been closing their doors to migrants from northern Africa and the Middle East, Latin American governments have mostly let people in. Left-wing governments in the early 2000s relaxed immigration laws, says Luisa Feline Freier of the Universidad del Pacífico in Lima, Peru. The right-of-centre governments that succeeded them in several countries maintained these policies as a rebuke to Mr Maduro’s regime.
As Venezuela’s crisis has worsened, the number of people fleeing has surged. Unlike those in earlier waves, the newer migrants tend to be poor rather than middle class. The exodus has prompted some countries to impose restrictions on their borders. Ms Freier fears that Latin American countries will soon become as wary of immigrants as many European ones.
On August 16th the government of Ecuador announced that it would turn away from its border Venezuelans not carrying passports, saying they posed a security risk. Most of these were heading towards Peru, which is receiving a record 5,000 Venezuelans a day. It imposed its own passport requirement with effect from August 25th and said it would not issue work permits to Venezuelans who arrive after October. Many do not carry passports. Because of a paper shortage and software problems, getting one can take two years. A bribe to jump the queue can cost up to $1,000.
Venezuelans are not the only migrants provoking unease. In Costa Rica, the backlash is directed at Nicaraguans, who are escaping the repression by Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua’s president, of opposition protests. From April to July 23,000 migrants sought asylum in Costa Rica, which has a tradition of generosity to refugees. On August 18th hundreds of protesters in San José, the capital, chased Nicaraguans in a park and set fire to their flag. The United Nations reprimanded the instigators.
Chile’s strong economy makes it a magnet for migrants. The number of foreigners registered there has risen almost five-fold in a decade, to 750,000 last year (about 4.5% of the population). Perhaps 300,000 more were living in Chile illegally. Last year the number of Venezuelans in Chile grew by about 100,000. Many had sold all their belongings to pay for the 12-day bus trip. More than 100,000 also came from Haiti, the Americas’ poorest country. A poll last year found that two-thirds of Chileans wanted to restrict immigration.
Sebastián Piñera, who became Chile’s president in March this year, responded by tightening its relaxed immigration policies. He abolished a visa that immigrants could apply for after entering as tourists and placed restrictions on tourist visas for Haitians. Venezuelans are being treated more generously; they can get a “democratic responsibility” visa allowing them to work.
The main holdout against the trend towards harsher treatment of migrants is Colombia, by far the largest destination for Venezuelans. Around 900,000 have moved there, a third of those this year alone. Juan Manuel Santos signed a decree that “regularised” 442,000 undocumented Venezuelans before he left office as president on August 7th. For the next two years they will be able to work, get health insurance and study—benefits that 1.5m other Venezuelans living illegally in Colombia and elsewhere have a hard time claiming. The new conservative president, Iván Duque, has not changed Mr Santos’s policy. Colombia’s “migration director” criticised the restrictions in Peru and Ecuador, and restated Colombia’s commitment to helping Venezuelans.
In part, Colombia’s generosity is a form of gratitude to Venezuela, which took in more than 700,000 Colombians during the country’s half-century war with the FARC guerrilla group. The war ended in 2016. Some 250,000 Colombians have now come back from Venezuela, adding to the strain of coping with migrants.
Activists and some politicians are trying to keep doors ajar. After Ecuador’s ombudswoman called its passport requirement “cruel” and filed a complaint with the supreme court, the government said it would not apply to children accompanied by parents who have passports. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) said in March that many Venezuelans qualify as refugees under international law. It is urging governments to issue humanitarian visas and work permits. Aid from richer countries like the United States “could make the difference between Venezuelans being supported and Venezuelans being blocked at borders”, says Chiara Cardoletti-Carroll of the UNHCR. Ecuador has called a meeting of leaders from the region in September to discuss a co-ordinated response to the crisis.
But diplomacy may not ease tensions in the host countries. In Roraima, the army has taken over responsibility for providing shelter, food and health care to the Venezuelans. So far, though, the government’s policy of “interiorisation”—sending them to richer states with more jobs—has failed. Just 800 migrants have been moved.
One reason is “institutionalised xenophobia”, says a Roraima official. This is sharpened by a general election due to take place on October 7th. On August 19th Roraima’s governor renewed a plea to Brazil’s supreme court to shut the border. That did not stop hundreds of Venezuelans from coming on August 20th. They had little choice, says Jesús López Fernández de Bobadilla, a Spanish priest who serves breakfast to 1,600 migrants. “Over here it’s purgatory, but over there it’s hell.”
This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline "The Bolivarian wave"
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In order to overcome the shortcomings of a single technology detector, usually use two different technical principles of the detector together, only when the two detection technology sensors are detected when the human body movement alarm detector called double detector. Common dual-detector on the market mostly is microwave + passive infrared detector.And there are also infrared and air pressure detectors and audio + air pressure detectors and other products.
In order to further improve the performance of the detector, in the dual-detector on the basis of the detector has increased the microprocessor technology known as the three-detector. In the three-detector and then add another technology detector to become four-detector.
1,Microwave and passive infrared two methods detection , and through fuzzy logic digital analysis, excluding all kinds of ordinary detectors can not overcome the interference, only to move the body to make an alarm, to prevent false negatives, performance far beyond the Infrared detector without microwave function .
2, The use of a full range of patented precision temperature compensation, no matter how the ambient temperature changes, the detection sensitivity is always consistent, there is no temperature dead zone (the general detector at 32 ℃ ~ 40 ℃,the sensitivity decreased significantly, or in other temperature Easy to get false)
3, Microwave detection is stable and reliable, anti-interference ability, the maximum coverage can be more wide, and can be set to view the area.
4, Programmable function, with the greatest application flexibility.
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Etruscan Tombs and Necropolis
Etruscan Tombs and Necropolis
The Etruscan Necropolis are large cemeteries that were considered by them as cities of dead, and as such the layout follows the design of their urban cities. The Etruscans used to choose the location for their Necropolis following the energy fields taking into account the rules of the Kardo (see also Cardo Mundi) and Duodecumanus (see also Decumano). These would be as the limits for the chosen area. The Kardo (Hinge of the World) is an energetic field that goes from North to South, it has an energy peak every twenty-four meters.
Perpendicularly to the Kardo is the other energy field going from the West toward the East, the Duodecumanus (De Cuius Manus = the hand of gods that makes the Earth turn); this has as well an energy peak every thirty meters. The lines form a large grid which covers the entire surface of the Earth; inside this grid there are smaller cells composed of terrestrial magnetic energy long twelve meters. Inside this grid lies another network formed by diagonal lines going from north-west to south-east, and from north-east to south-west with an energy peak every thirty-six meters. The lines going from north-east to south-west create a network of beneficial energy that moves clockwise. Each intersection created by all these lines is a position where temples and sacred places used to rise; below them would flow underground rivers or there would be the presence of metallic minerals. Thus, the Etruscans used to follow the indications of their priests (readers of energy fields) to build their Necropolis. Their Tombs are identical to their houses but buried or dug into the rock, in some cases decorated with vibrant colored paintings. Each one is filled with furnishings the deceased had in life – work tools, weapons, perfumes, jewelry, mirrors, frames and ceramics. Generally, it is believed that the presence of many objects in the tombs represents the need of the deceased to recreate a familiar environment; for others, hiding many treasures inside the tombs used to indicate the faith in a life after death, and the vitality of the frescoes would represent the hope of a happy life after death. Death meant as a step to reach a new existential level.
It is not coincidence that the Necropolis construction was more accurate of the Acropolis. In the frescoes of the Tombs are displayed symbols of cosmic religion; the gods are drawn in multiform aspects recalling the power of Mother Nature. Lions, bulls, birds and plants are the form cosmos assume for the Etruscans and their important link to nature. More emphasized is this cult when looking at the fresco of the diver found in the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, in Tarquinia; a symbol of return to the Mother Goddess Nature that gives birth to all living beings.
It is not very clear what was the Spiritual Vision of the Etruscans; what we only know comes from Roman studies and so it is contaminated by the pragmatism of this people who did not listen to Mother Nature, and even worse downgraded it.
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In a study published in the British Medical Journal, researchers from the University of Southampton brought into question the effectiveness of ibuprofen for cold or sore throat symptoms, a treatment commonly recommended by physicians. In a randomized control trial involving 899 patients who visited their physicians with respiratory tract infections symptoms, the researchers found that ibuprofen provided no benefit to patients.
They also found that 50-70 percent of those taking ibuprofen or ibuprofen with paracetamol were more likely to come back within a month with new or worsening symptoms.
Professor Paul Little, who led the study, suggests that the treatment may contribute to the progression of the illness. “This may have something to do with the fact the ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory. It is possible that the drug is interfering with an important part of the immune response and leads to prolonged symptoms or the progression of symptoms in some individuals. Although we have to be a bit cautious since these were surprise findings, for the moment I would personally not advise most patients to use ibuprofen for symptom control for coughs colds and sore throat.”
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Aug. 26, 2004
An incredibly sensitive Cornell apparatus probes the mystery of a high-temperature superconductor
ITHACA, N.Y. -- With equipment so sensitive that it can locate clusters of electrons, Cornell University and University of Tokyo physicists have -- sort of -- explained puzzling behavior in a much-studied high-temperature superconductor, perhaps leading to a better understanding of how such superconductors work.
It turns out that under certain conditions the electrons in the material pretty much ignore the atoms to which they are supposed to be attached, arranging themselves into a neat pattern that looks like a crystal lattice. The behavior occurs in a phase physicists have called a "pseudogap," but because the newly discovered arrangement looks like a checkerboard in scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images, J.C. Séamus Davis, Cornell professor of physics, calls the phenomenon a "checkerboard phase."
Davis, Hidenori Takagi, professor of physics at the University of Tokyo, and co-workers describe the observations in the Aug. 26, 2004, issue of the journal Nature. An article about the work also is scheduled to appear in the September issue of Physics Today.
"In at least one cuprate high-temperature superconducting material that phase is an electronic crystal," Davis reports. "We don't understand what we've found, but we have moved into unknown territory that everyone has wanted to explore. Many people have believed that to understand high-temperature superconductivity we have to look in this territory."
A superconductor is a material capable of conducting electricity with virtually no resistance. Modified crystals of copper oxide, known as cuprates, can become superconductors at temperatures up to about 150 Kelvin (-123 degrees Celsius or --253 degrees Fahrenheit) when they are doped with other atoms that create "holes" in the crystal structure where electrons would ordinarily be. These superconductors are widely used in industry, although there is still no clear explanation of how they work. Their superconducting behavior begins when about 10 percent of the electrons have been removed, but for over a decade physicists have been puzzled by what happens when somewhat fewer electrons are removed: The material conducts electricity, but just barely. In theory it shouldn't conduct at all.
Davis has now been able to observe this phase with a specially modified STM that measures, in effect, the quantum wave functions of the electrons in a sample.
|Cornell post-docs Yuki Kohsaka and Christian Lupien and Professor J.C. Séamus Davis are flanked in the STM lab by the massive supports of a modified scanning tunnelling microscope, so sensitive that it can resolve details smaller than atoms. Frank DiMeo/Cornell University Photography Copyright © Cornell University Click on the image for a high-resolution version (2400 x 1600 pixels, 2576K)|
|To protect the instrument from outside vibrations, the modified STM at Cornell is enclosed in a sealed, isolated room mounted on massive supports. Copyright © Cornell University Click on the image for a high-resolution version (750 x 550 pixels, 73K)|
What they found was that the electrons in the sample arranged themselves in tiny squares, all in turn arranged in a neat checkerboard pattern. The same pattern was found at the highest level of doping tested, where the material begins to become superconducting. Whether or not it continues at higher levels remains to be seen, Davis says.
The discovery only leads to more questions. Theoretically, Davis says, this arrangement should not conduct electricity at all, because the electrons are locked into their crystal-like pattern. "It's always been a mystery, how do you get from an insulator through a tiny change to a superconductor," he notes. "Having empirical knowledge of what this phase is may help us to get from here to there."
The Nature paper is titled "Discovery of a 'Checkerboard' Electronic Crystal State in Lightly Hole-Doped Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2." Along with Davis and Takagi, co-authors include Cornell post-doctoral researchers Christian Lupien and Yuki Kohsaka; Dung-Hai Lee, University of California-Berkeley professor of physics; and Tetsuo Hanaguri of the RIKEN Institute in Japan. The cuprate material used in the experiments were prepared by Yuki Kohsaka at the University of Tokyo in collaboration with the scientists who developed it in 1995, Masaki Azuma and Mikio Takano of Kyoto University.
Related World Wide Web sites: The following sites provide additional information on this news release. Some might not be part of the Cornell University community, and Cornell has no control over their content or availability.
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Speaking a lot about Design Thinking. A methodology for creative problem solving and design processes. Six steps to create innovative products or to solve critical problems. There are a lot of variations and different approaches. But lets have a quick look back where does it come from. When and what was it developed for and who are the key players.
Going back in the 1960s a very early variation will be created, related to some researches in 1962 there was one of the first conferences to define a standard set of methods and processes for creative and design work. A very first work book was developed.
Further developments were made until another milestone has been reached. In 1986 the Six Sigma concept has been published and took part in the companies business plans. Right after the release a Harvard Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design published his work about Design methods calling it Design Thinking the first time.
The next milestone happened 1991 with the found of IDEO using a further developed version of Design Thinking from the Stanford University. During the next years more and more companies put effort and interest in Design Thinking. This higher level of reputation helped Design Thinking to be a more famous method.
In 2005 the D.School started teaching Design Thinking at school so graduates can learn the method in school to be ready for business.
In the year 2007 the Hasso Plattner Institute fir IT Engineering in Germany has been founded. Teaching Design Thinking as one major topic in the learning plan. In parallel the IIT Institute of Design launches the Design Camp focusing on Design Thinking as well.
How it is
These are sum of the major steps in the success way of Design Thinking. Later on Design Thinking increased the success and entered a lot of different companies. Creating a huge community and fellowship. A lot of books are written and a huge amount article have been published. Also several variations are available like different processes. The classic version consists of 6 steps but there are variations with 7 steps or only 5 or 4 steps. But the main messages are always the same. “User centered design” including a user centered research and testing. Building prototypes and fulfill test cycles.
About Design Thinking
If you are interested in further details on Design Thinking you can check the Design Thinking articles published on Learnsuits.com
Source: Wikipedia, SAP Innovation Blog,
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Uniform grazing distribution difficult with converging soil types
Posted on: Oct 12, 2012
Grazing managers often discuss the importance of uniform grazing distribution, which means having livestock graze plants evenly across the pasture. Lacking good distribution, livestock will often graze some plants heavily, while other plants in the same pasture may be grazed minimally. Poor distribution and the associated uneven utilization rates affects plant recovery times between grazings, nutrient content of the forage, and even wildlife habitat. Achieving more uniform utilization rates with good distribution often times makes grazing management easier (depending on your objectives).
On one Montana ranch, achieving uniform utilization rates proved to be quite difficult due to multiple converging soil types in the same pasture. Different soil types often possess different plant species, and cattle may graze them differently. The photos below show such an example.
Different utilization rates are readily apparent in these photos. Where cattle grazed lightly, abundant standing forage is visible. Conversely, use rates appear higher with little standing forage just feet away. (In the photo to the left, three soil types appear to converge, and cattle grazed all three differently.)
Grazing managers have little means of correcting this situation. In the photos above, this pasture was grazed for only 7 days, and stock densities reached 2 head per acre. Use of more intensive fencing and/or herding are options, but the return per effort invested makes such tools undesirable. Maintaining the health and performance of this pasture thus depends more on ensuring grazing durations are kept short (7 days is as long as cattle should be in this pasture), recovery periods between grazings are lengthy, and timing of grazings should be altered each year so that plants are not grazed at the same time each year. With such tactics, land health and wildlife habitat may both be maintained.
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Differences Between Acute Bronchitis and Pneumonia
Acute bronchitis and
pneumonia share many of the same symptoms, and some
people with acute bronchitis are at risk for getting pneumonia. Although
acute bronchitis usually goes away within a few weeks, pneumonia can be a
serious condition, especially in older adults.
The following table
outlines some differences between acute bronchitis and pneumonia. There are
variations in symptoms of both conditions, so if you think you might have
pneumonia, always check with your doctor.
Symptoms of acute bronchitis and pneumonia
Dry cough at first (does not produce
After a few days, cough may bring up mucus from the lungs.
The mucus may be clear, yellow, or green, and may be tinged with blood.
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| 0.913505 | 177 | 2.96875 | 3 |
World political geography is constantly changing. What are the 7 states that do not exist today but that could be created and independent?
7 NATIONS that do not exist now but could become INDEPENDENT in the future
If physical geography is based on data independent of human decisions, we know well that political geography deals with the outcomes of constantly changing political and power processes. Today there are 208 states in the world. This is the current situation but it could change, even in the near future. Let’s see which are the 7 states that do not yet exist but that for various reasons could become independent nations in the more or less distant future.
Catalonia is currently an autonomous Spanish community that has been fighting for independence for years. The independence claims are due to historical, linguistic and cultural but also economic reasons: in fact the community is convinced that by detaching itself from Spain it would be much richer. They had almost done it: in 2014 there was a referendum, although never recognized at central level, in which 80% of the population spoke out in favor of total independence. This was repeated in 2017 but both consultations were invalidated by the state. This was followed by incidents with independence leaders on the run or imprisoned. Decisive was the lack of support from the European Union, which came together on the side of the Madrid government, disappointing those who invoked its help in the name of the right to self-determination. More European than Spanish, the Catalans called themselves. But Mother Europe has denied them, at least for the moment.
Kurdistan is an autonomous federal entity of Iraq. It is located in one of the most unstable areas of the Middle East and the guerrillas for autonomy have been going on for almost a century. In 2017, the Kurdish population voted to decide on their autonomy and as many as 97% of the votes were in favor of independence. Even in this case, however, the referendum was canceled and invalidated by the Iraqi state. The greatest aspiration of the Kurdish people is the creation of a state that could bring together all the Kurdish majority regions now present within Turkey, Syria and Iran, as well as Iraq.
#3 Western and Eastern Libya
After a war that has devastated the country in recent years, after the fall of Colonel Gaddafi, Libya has become one of the most unstable areas of the globe with continuous struggles for power. To date, the nation is divided into two main areas: Western and Eastern Libya. In the Western part, which includes the capital Tripoli, is the official government power while in the Eastern part is the army of General Haftar. The two powers are still in constant struggle today and for this reason the country could soon be divided into two autonomous states. If not even more.
#4 Republika SRPSKA
The Balkan peninsula is divided into two parts: eastern (occupied by Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey) and western (including Albania and many countries of the former Yugoslavia). After years of disputes for the independence of the countries that are part of it, today there is another independence issue underway in Bosnia and Herzegovina between two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (known as the SRPSKA Republic ). The latter struggle for its independence and, as in previous cases, the referendum that would have sanctioned its autonomy has been invalidated by the state which obviously does not intend to lose a substantial part of its territory. Considering the terrible precedents, it cannot be ruled out that the pro-independence demands could degenerate into an armed conflict, involving other states in this tumultuous area as well.
The Scottish case is different from the previous ones, in fact in the 2014 referendum for independence the majority of the population voted to remain in the United Kingdom. The problems arose with the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union. One of the main reasons why the Scottish people did not want autonomy was to remain in the EU. The consequences of Brexit could therefore lead to the independence of Scotland in the near future, as the Scottish Prime Minister herself recently declared. Among other things, Scotland itself must be careful: the Shetland Islands are in fact claiming independence in their turn.
In the northwestern part of Somalia, in East Africa, there is a state that declared itself independent in 1991 and is called Somaliland (Land of Somalis). Although independence is not currently recognized by the UN, the state is in fact already autonomous and even has its own government, its own currency and even its own army.
#7 United Korea
In this case there would be a reverse path: not a secession but a unification of independent states. For a long period of time Korea was a united nation but following the Second World War and the Cold War it split into two parts that we know today as North and South Korea. More than once attempts have been made to reunify the Korean state, for example in 2000 (North-South Joint Declaration) and 2018 (Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Reunification of the Korean Peninsula) but despite the many attempts and improvements achieved, the Korean reunification project still it has not been achieved and does not appear to be feasible until the end of the totalitarian regime in North Korea.
Different situations, located in different parts of the globe, all united by the same strong desire: independence. If governments truly represented the wishes of citizens, it would not take so many wars and disputes to recognize the will of the people, also because history has often shown that peaceful independence can be an optimal solution for everyone. As in the case of the separation between Slovakia and the Czech Republic, or the independence of the former Soviet republics.
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Every morning and night, you squeeze a small amount of toothpaste onto your toothbrush. But have you ever wondered what is in toothpaste that makes it clean your teeth? Most kinds of toothpaste share common ingredients. Learn about the most common ingredients and what they do for your teeth.
5 Most Common Toothpaste Ingredients
Medically Reviewed By Colgate Global Scientific Communications
What is in Toothpaste?
People have used toothpaste for thousands of years. The more modern formula has been around since the 1940s. While certain brands and products have a unique recipe, there are many common ingredients. As you can see on store shelves, there are even unique formulas depending on the toothpaste type. There are key ingredients for specialty toothpaste, such as whitening, sensitive teeth, etc. But the following elements are found in most cavity-fighting toothpaste:
Learn what each of these ingredients does and how they help your teeth below.
When it comes to fighting cavities, fluoride plays a starring role. The American Dental Association (ADA) reports that fluoride is “nature's cavity fighter“. Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen the enamel on your teeth, making them less susceptible to cavities and less likely to wear down from acidic foods and drinks. Although you can find a toothpaste that doesn't contain fluoride, only products that contain fluoride can qualify for the ADA's Seal of Acceptance.
Although abrasives play an active role in toothpaste, they are considered an inactive ingredient because they don't reduce your risk for cavities or gum disease. However, abrasives are important ingredients because they help remove food debris and surface stains from teeth.
Ancient Egyptians and Romans used abrasives like crushed eggshells or crushed oyster shells in their toothpaste. Today's abrasives are gentler and more hygienic, like calcium carbonate, dehydrated silica gels, and hydrated aluminum oxides. These ingredients scrub and polish the surface of the teeth without damaging your tooth's enamel. Keep these abrasives in mind and ensure you aren't pressing your toothbrush too firmly against your teeth because firm brushing can damage enamel and inflame the gumline.
Fluoride and abrasives help you clean and protect your teeth, but they don't taste pleasant. That's why you'll typically find many flavoring ingredients in toothpaste. Toothpaste flavors typically come from sweetening agents, such as saccharin or sorbitol. Although these ingredients may taste sweet, toothpaste doesn't contain sugar, so it won't cause tooth decay. The ADA may give its Seal of Acceptance to toothpaste with sweeteners, but it will not recommend a toothpaste that contains sugar.
Humectants are the ingredients that keep your toothpaste from drying out and becoming crumbly. Sorbitol is a flavoring agent and a humectant, so you may find it in many toothpaste products. It traps water in the toothpaste to get a nice, smooth paste when you squeeze the tube. Along with sorbitol, other examples of humectants include glycol and glycerol.
Detergents make your toothpaste nice and foamy when you brush. One of the most common detergents in toothpaste is sodium lauryl sulfate. The foam ensures the other active ingredients coat your teeth.
The next time you're in the oral care aisle, pick up the nearest toothpaste and check the ingredients. Hopefully, you'll recognize a lot of the terms you'll find! Pick out the products with the ingredients you need and, don't forget, you can always ask your dental hygienist for recommendations and more information.
This article is intended to promote understanding of and knowledge about general oral health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your dentist or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment.
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Woodland ferns are not only beautiful, but they have a magical, romantic way of reproducing. You can watch the heart shaped male and female spores swim to each other to create a new baby fern!
Woodland ferns are not only beautiful, but they have a magical way of reproducing. The ferns’ tiny spores turn heart shaped, and if the soil is moist enough, these heart shaped male and female spores swim to each other to create a new baby fern! So next time you visit some woodlands in the summer, and come across a patch of ferns, check the backs of them for a series of scabby little bumps. Take one frond of the fern with the largest, ripe-looking bumps, home with you. These bumps are called the sori. Now you are ready to watch the magical way these spores get together to produce a baby fern.
First, get a flower pot and fill it with moist, sterile potting soil. Then put your fern frond on a piece of paper or paper plate. Take it out and place it in the sun, sori side up. You will actually see the sun pop open the little spore bags on your paper. A magnifying glass would be helpful in watching the magical process that will take place.
Now carefully pick up your paper with the fine powdery stuff on it, and shake it over the pot of soil. The tiny spores landing in the damp soil, will begin a new life cycle.
Keep watching closely with your magnifying glass and you will see a series of little green heart shapes appear. These little green heart shapes hold the male and female parts of the fern. Keep the soil moist enough, and you will soon see these two heart shaped parts swim to each other and create a new baby fern plant!
Now place your pot in a shady area of the garden or deck. Keep it moist but not soggy. Soon, you will have a beautiful woodland fern growing in your pot. And you will have witnessed the magical way that woodland ferns reproduce.
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The hospitality industry in India offers a comprehensive approach to those individuals who intend to make a career in this field; an individual is able to acquire knowledge of all the areas and fields that are part of the hospitality industry. There are numerous fields in this industry, such as introduction to the lodging industry, human resources management, organizational behaviour, facilities management, hospitality law, employment law, food sanitation, food services the operation, cost control, career development, organizational administration, financial and managerial accounting, financial management and operations and strategic management is the vital areas that come under the hospitality industry. In India, there has been development in the fields of education, technology and industrialization; with these developments, there has been progressed in the area of hospitality management, the hospitality industry has emerged into a new structure and their main purpose began to acquire transformation from the community to profitable advantages. The main objective of the hospitality industry is to make available all the adequate facilities to pilgrims, scholars, adventurers and merchants. In the present existence, there are 1702 categorized hotels with the facility of 11, 0958 rooms within the country. The hotel’s sector includes different forms of accommodation, like star category hotels, heritage category hotels, timeshare resorts, apartment hotels, guest houses, and bed and breakfast schemes. In India, hotels are categorized into six categories: Five stars deluxe, Five stars, Four-star, Three stars, Two stars, One star. These are mainly located in the business districts of metro cities and provide business travellers and foreign tourists; these hotels make provision of consistent services and are regarded to be costly; these account for about 17.7% of the industry (Introduction to Hospitality Management. The advancements, increase in the sources of income and lifestyles of the individuals have resulted in an increase in their requirements as well; people, then go out on a vacation lookout for luxurious, comfortable and well-appointed services and facilities. The hotel industry is developing with a viewpoint that modernization, novelty and innovation are the main areas leading to its growth. Hospitality is a concept that has been prevailing in not only India but throughout the world since ancient times, it is a concept that is used in day to day lives, for instance, when friends and relatives make a visit, they are welcomed, they are communicated within a friendly manner, they are served food and drinks and they take pleasure in the way they are been treated; later on, one pays his gratitude for the apposite hospitality that he has enjoyed. Over the years, there has been expansion and growth in hospitality management, it is not just limited to effective communication and treatment at the friend’s house but it is a comprehensive term, when people travel to another city, state, area or a country for the purpose of business, holiday, leisure, recreation or visiting religious and holy places then they require accommodation to stay; some people may stay at their friends or relatives house and some may seek hotels, guest houses or resorts to stay.
There have been characteristics of the hospitality industry, these are intangibility, inseparability, variability or heterogeneity, perishability, fixed supply, high operating costs and seasonality. In order to render adequate performance in hospitality management, there are certain skills that human resources should possess; these are computer literacy, reasoning, problem-solving and decision making, strong work ethics, independence and initiative, presentation skills and leadership. These skills not only lead to the adequate performance of the workforce in the hospitality industry but lead to customer satisfaction as well, which is the most essential requirement.
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If you remember my review of Dinosaur Lords, then you might recall the bit on Titans. While the author did not mention the name of the species, they did mention:
“They had no voices: they couldn’t force cries down the tremendous length of their necks.”
As I mentioned in that review:
That got me to start looking up animals without a voice and most links mentioned Giraffes. However, San Diego Zoo says Giraffes do have vocal cords but they make a limited number of sounds with them.
Well, today I came across an article on IFL Science titled, Dinosaurs May Have Been Cooing To Each Other! According to a new study, the “some dinosaurs might have been mumblers, and cooed with their mouth shut rather than bellowed. Think giant dove, only with gnashing teeth.”
What will become of the iconic last roars that signal the end of Jurassic Park movies, I thought! Luckily, I read ahead and found this:
“…the ability to make squeaks and squawks without opening the bill has actually evolved separately more than 16 times in the group that contains… dinosaurs. This means that it is quite likely that at least some of the creatures that are often depicted as roaring and shouting were really making far more understated coos and chirrups.
Some I can live with! Back to the description of Titans and how their neck-size prevents them from making noises, as mentioned in the book. However, according to the article, close-mouth vocalizations are more probable for most large-sized dinosaurs due to the size-dependency and the amount of lung pressure it would take for inflation of an elastic cavity. Spielberg has wrecked us forever. If we ever manage to make one relive, we’d probably end up nitpicking it back to extinction!
In other news, the sequel to Dinosaur Lords, is already out! Here is the cover:
A guest post from the author on Del Rey and Spectra yielded this nugget:
I build my dinosaurs according to the best paleontological information I can find. Theropods –mostly carnivorous bipeds like T. rex and Deinonychus – all have feathers, at some stage of their lives. Big plant eaters like Triceratops, Parasaurolophus, and of course monstrous sauropods like Diplodocus and (yay! she’s back!) Brontosaurus, mostly do not. And Velociraptor is the size of a coyote, not a bald monster as big as a grown man.Go here for your book excerpt. And to get much awaited for answers, visit this blog. The one that I found most useful was this one:
Anything else you would like readers to know about the world of The Dinosaur Lords and the new book, The Dinosaur Knights?
It’s not set on Earth. Not Earth past, not Earth present, not Earth future, not alt.Earth. It’s set on a planet called Paradise.
Paradise is a whole world, with a world’s worth of widely differing environments, ecological and cultural. What you see in this (first, I hope) trilogy is a slice of both. It’s far from the whole thing, although you catch glimpses of other lands and societies.
Dinosaurs (and pterosaurs, and marine reptiles) are animals. Like the animals we know, some are pretty smart and some are pretty dumb. I used to use the high concept, The Renaissance, with dinosaurs, until I realized that suggested raptors with ruffs and rapiers. Nope, nope, nope. (And thanks again to that mysterious GRRM fellow for providing the perfect capsule summary! Yeah, it’s right there on the cover.)
It’s a playground for me to tell the stories I most want to read. If the thought of knights, or samurai, or various indigenous warriors riding dinosaurs to battle appeal to you, you might want to read ’em too. Everyone’s invited!
I have an unhealthy fondness for numbered lists.
I followed the blog tour and found out the author’s favorite dinosaur happens to be the Triceratops, the three books he’d take to a deserted island would be:1) Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny
2) The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein
3) Raft Building and Provisioning for Protracted Ocean Voyagesand he also held an AMA session on Reddit! In the session, he mentions that there will be at least 4 more books in the series. So excited! There was something about a giveaway but sadly, it was not open to readers outside of US/Can and I live right on the other side of the world!
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By Kevin Warwick, Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Coventry University
Science fiction has, for many years, looked to a future in which robots are intelligent and cyborgs are commonplace. The Terminator, The Matrix, Blade Runner and I, Robot are all good examples of this vision.
But until the last decade, consideration of what this might actually mean in the future was unnecessary because it was all science fiction, not scientific reality. Now, however, science has not only done some catching up; it’s also introduced practicalities that the original story lines didn’t appear to include (and, in some cases, still don’t include).
What we consider here are several different experiments linking biology and technology together in a cybernetic way—essentially ultimately combining humans and machines in a relatively permanent merger.
When we typically first think of a robot, we regard it simply as a machine. We tend to think that it might be operated remotely by a human, or that it may be controlled by a simple computer program.
But what if the robot has a biological brain made up of brain cells, possibly even human neurons? Neurons grown under laboratory conditions on an array of non-invasive electrodes provide an attractive alternative with which to realize a new form of robot controller. In the near future, we will see thinking robots with brains not very dissimilar to those of humans.
That development will raise many social and ethical questions. For example, if the robot brain has roughly the same number of human neurons as a typical human brain, then could it, or should it, have rights similar to those of a person? Also, if such robots have far more human neurons than in a typical human brain—for example, a million times more neurons—would they, rather than humans, make all future decisions?
Many human brain–computer interfaces are used for therapeutic purposes to overcome medical or neurological problems, with one example being the deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, even here it’s possible to consider using such technology in ways that would give people abilities that humans don’t normally possess—in other words, human enhancement. In some cases, those who have undergone amputations or suffered spinal injuries due to accidents may be able to regain control of devices via their still-functioning neural signals.
Meanwhile, stroke patients can be given limited control of their surroundings, as indeed can those who have motor neurone disease. With those cases, the situation isn’t straightforward, as patients receive abilities that normal humans don’t have—for example, the ability to move a cursor on a computer screen using nothing but neural signals.
It’s clear that connecting a human brain with a computer network via an implant could, in the long term, open up the distinct advantages of machine intelligence, communication, and sensing abilities to the individual receiving the implant. Currently, obtaining the go-ahead for each implantation requires ethical approval from the local authority governing the hospital where the procedure is performed. But looking ahead, it’s quite possible that commercial influences, coupled with societal wishes to communicate more effectively and perceive the world in a richer form, will drive market desire.
For some, brain–computer interfaces are perhaps a step too far just now—particularly if the approach means tampering directly with the brain. As a result, the most studied brain–computer interface to date is that involving electroencephalography (EEG). While EEG experimentation is relatively cheap, portable, and easy to set up, it’s still difficult to see its widespread future use. It certainly has a role to play in externally assessing some aspects of brain functioning for medical purposes. However, the idea of people driving around while wearing skullcap of electrodes, with no need for a steering wheel, doesn’t seem realistic. Completely autonomous vehicles are much more likely.
Such experimental cases indicate how humans—and animals, for that matter—can merge with technology. That, in turn, generates a plethora of social and ethical considerations as well as technical issues. That’s why it’s vital to include a sense of reflection so that the additional experimentation we’ll now witness will be guided by the informed feedback that results.
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All women are at risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime. There are various risk factors that can increase the likelihood, one of them being genetic susceptibility. Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and DNA makes up chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, receiving half of each pair from the mother and the other half from the father.
DNA acts like a code, with instructions for building proteins that control the structure and function of all cells in the body. An error in the genetic code results in a mutation and all cells will receive the wrong set of instructions. There are two types of alterations in DNA that occur, those that happen over time, be it from exposure to the environment or natural ageing, and those that are inherited. Alterations in DNA can either be harmless or can cause serious health issues.
BRCA Genes and Hereditary Breast Cancer
Genetic mutations that are passed on from generation to generation are called hereditary. Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers, and 10-15% of ovarian cancers are hereditary. Most inherited cases are associated with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer one and two) genes, thus preventing their proper function. In normal cells, these genes help make proteins that repair damaged DNA in cells. They act as tumor suppressor genes, keeping breast, ovarian, and other types of cells from growing uncontrollably. When a mutation occurs, these genes don’t function properly, and damaged DNA is left unrepaired. This can cause abnormal cell growth and increase the risk of genetic breast cancer.
All women have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes but if either parent has the mutation, there is a 50% chance that it will be passed on. Not everyone who has the mutation will be diagnosed with cancer, but it increases the risk significantly: 50% of women will get breast cancer by age 70, rather than 7% in the general US population, and 30% will get ovarian cancer by age 70, rather than the 1% in the general US population.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are points in the genome where the type of nucleotide (A, T, G, or C) differs between individuals. Researchers are learning that these mutations may also be linked to higher risk of breast cancer, both in women with an inherited mutation in a BRCA gene and those without.
Family History can Increase the Risks
Most cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer that have the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, usually have a family history of cancer. But just because one family member has the mutation, it does not mean everyone will have it.
Those who have blood relatives who were diagnosed before 50, or who have breast and ovarian cancer present on the same side of the family, are more likely to have the mutation. Other risks include having a relative with triple-negative breast cancer, female relatives who have cancer in both breasts, a male in the family with breast cancer, being of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage or being black and diagnosed at 35 or younger. Any of these risk factors increase the likelihood of getting genetic breast cancer, but even with multiple risk factors, it does not mean you will get it.
Lowering Risk Factors and Genetic Testing
Some risk factors can’t be helped, such as aging and inheriting genes. There are other less common genetic mutations in addition to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 ones that can also increase the risk of genetic breast cancer. These include ATM, TP53, CHEK2 and PTEN, all of which modulate damaged DNA and regulate cell growth, as well as mutations in the PALB2, CDH1 and STK11 genes.
A genetic counselor can be consulted in order to perform genetic testing. These tests are designed to look for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, as well as any other mutations including those mentioned previously. This might be an option for women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer or for women who might be at higher risk due to other certain factors. Genetic testing can be helpful but it is not necessary for everyone, and the decision will be based on personal or family factors.
If you have the mutation, steps can be taken towards keeping your risk as low as possible. Lifestyle choices include maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, limiting alcohol, no smoking, and eating nutritious foods. There are other risk reduction options such as hormone therapy medicines, more frequent screenings, and preventative surgery by removing healthy breasts and ovaries; the latter may reduce risks as much as 97%.
Understanding the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations can be lifesaving. There is no sure-fire way to prevent it but knowing all the risks and how to get tested, can ensure maximum safety in taking steps in the right direction and reducing the risk of developing genetic breast cancer.
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Positioning equipment chosen for space mission
9 March 2011Tweet
Scientists at the Institute for Gravitational Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow University, have selected PI's M-824 Hexapod, a 6-axis micropositioning system, to construct space flight hardware for the LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) Pathfinder space mission, a major ESA-NASA initiative.
Dr Christian Killow, a Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA) advanced fellow, explained: 'Gravitational waves can pass through matter virtually unaffected, allowing us to see and measure things, for example black holes coalescing, which are hidden to the electromagnetic spectrum. LISA Pathfinder, a precursor to the main LISA mission, is designed to test the technology needed to detect gravitational waves in space for the first time. LISA is a triangular arrangement of three identical space craft, each containing freely floating test masses, with a distance of five million kilometres between them. We have developed small, on-board optical bench interferometers, which use laser beams to measure the position and angle of the test masses, providing an accurate readout of their location at the picometre (10-12m) level. In LISA, measuring the relative positions of the test masses will enable gravitational waves passing through the system to be detected.'
All components of the optical bench must be precision aligned to the sub-micron level, and the system must be sufficiently robust to cope with this testing environment.
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Naturopathy, also called naturopathic medicine, is a system of therapy and treatment which relies exclusively on natural remedies, such as sunlight, air, water, supplemented with diet and therapies such as massage.
Naturopathy believes that the body is self-healing.The body will repair itself and recover from illness spontaneously if it is in a healthy environment. Naturopaths have many remedies and recommendations for creating a healthy environment so the body can spontaneously heal itself. This holistic system of healing, Naturopathy has evolved over time in different cultures and parts of the world. Naturopathy (naturopathic medicine) emphasis on supporting health rather than combating disease.
Naturopathy is rooted in health care approaches that were popular in Europe, especially in Germany, in the 19th century, but it also includes therapies (both ancient and modern) from other traditions.
A Brief History of Naturopathy
Naturopathy has its origins in India along with Ayurveda, but is today practiced in many countries around the world in one form or another, where it is subject to different standards of regulation and levels of acceptance.
Naturopathy was named and popularized in the United States by Benedict Lust, who was born in Germany in the late 1800s. When Lust became seriously ill with what he believed was tuberculosis, he was treated by a priest and healer in Germany named Sebastian Kneipp. Kneipp’s treatment was based on various healing approaches and philosophies that were popular in Europe, including:
- Hydrotherapy (water treatments).
- The “nature cure” movement, which focused on restoring health through a return to nature. This movement advocated therapies such as gentle exercise, herbal medications, wholesome dietary approaches, and exposure to sun and air.
Lust found his health much improved from Kneipp’s treatment, and when he immigrated to the United States at the turn of the 20th century, he was dedicated to popularizing it. He gave it the name naturopathy, led the way in developing it as a medical system in the United States, and founded the first naturopathic college and professional association. In naturopathy’s early years, other therapies were added to its practice-for example, homeopathy and manipulation (a hands-on therapy).
Naturopathy’s popularity reached its peak in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. However, its use began to decline when drugs (such as antibiotics) and other developments in conventional medicine moved to the forefront of health care. Naturopathy began to reemerge in the 1970s, with increased consumer interest in “holistic” health approaches and the founding of new naturopathic medical colleges. Today, naturopathy is practiced in a number of countries, including the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.
Naturopathic practice may include a broad array of different healing modalities, including manual therapy, hydrotherapy, herbalism, acupuncture, counseling, environmental medicine, aromatherapy, nutritional counseling, homeopathy, and so on.
Principles of naturopathy
The practice of naturopathy is based on six key principles:
- Promote the healing power of nature.
- First do no harm. Naturopathic practitioners choose therapies with the intent to keep harmful side effects to a minimum and not suppress symptoms.
- Treat the whole person. Practitioners believe a person’s health is affected by many factors, such as physical, mental, emotional, genetic, environmental, and social ones. Practitioners consider all these factors when choosing therapies and tailor treatment to each patient.
- Treat the cause. Practitioners seek to identify and treat the causes of a disease or condition, rather than its symptoms. They believe that symptoms are signs that the body is trying to fight disease, adapt to it, or recover from it.
- Prevention is the best cure. Practitioners teach ways of living that they consider most healthy and most likely to prevent illness.
- The physician is a teacher. Practitioners consider it important to educate their patients in taking responsibility for their own health.
Naturopathy in India
Naturopathy is very popular in India, and there are numerous naturopathy hospitals in the country. There are also many doctors trained in the Western system of medicine who have acquired naturopathy degrees so as to integrate the insights gained into their system of practice.
The Indian stream of naturopathy differs from the Western stream in many ways, particularly in their emphasis of strict vegetarianism and yoga.
Today, Naturopathy is quickly growing in popularity and accepted use.
Naturopathic Physicians doctors/ naturopathic medicine schools (certification)/ naturopathy course
Naturopathic physicians are educated and trained in a 4-year, graduate-level program at one of the four U.S. naturopathic medical schools accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education. Admission requirements include a bachelor’s degree and standard premedical courses. The study program includes basic sciences, naturopathic therapies and techniques, diagnostic techniques and tests, specialty courses, clinical sciences, and clinical training. Graduates receive the degree of N.D. (Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine). Postdoctoral training is not required, but graduates may pursue it.
Depending on where they wish to practice, naturopathic physicians may also need to be licensed. A number of states, the District of Columbia, and two U.S. territories have such licensing requirements (see the box below), most often consisting of graduation from a 4-year naturopathic medical college and passing the national standardized board examination (known as the NPLEX). The scope of practice varies by state and jurisdiction. For example, some states allow naturopathic physicians with special training to prescribe drugs, perform minor surgery, practice acupuncture, and/or assist in childbirth.
Regulation of Naturopathy
The following U.S. states and jurisdictions have laws regulating the practice of naturopathy:
• New Hampshire
• District of Columbia
• Puerto Rico
• U.S. Virgin Islands
The second major group of practitioners are traditional naturopaths, or simply naturopaths. They emphasize education in naturopathic approaches to a healthy lifestyle, strengthening and cleansing the body, and noninvasive treatments. Prescription drugs, x-rays, and surgery are several of the practices that traditional naturopaths do not use. Education and training for these practitioners typically consists of correspondence courses, an apprenticeship, and/or self-teaching. Admission requirements for schools can range from none, to a high school diploma, to specific degrees and coursework. Programs vary in length and content. They are not accredited by agencies recognized for accreditation purposes by the U.S. Department of Education. Traditional naturopaths are not subject to licensing.
Conventional Providers With Naturopathic Training
This group consists of licensed conventional medical providers (such as doctors of medicine, doctors of osteopathy, dentists, and nurses) who pursue additional training in naturopathic treatments, and possibly other holistic therapies. Education and training programs for this purpose also vary.
Benefits of Naturopathy/ Naturopathic Medicine
Naturopathic medicine is useful for treating chronic as well as acute diseases. It is sometimes used in conjunction with allopathic care to enhance wellness and relieve chronic symptoms, such as fatigue and pain. A naturopath treats a wide range of health problems, ranging from back pain to depression.
Side Effects and Risks in Naturopathy
Naturopathy appears to be a generally safe health care approach, especially if used as complementary (rather than alternative) medicine.
NCCAM-Funded Research in Naturopathy
Some recent NCCAM-supported projects have been studying:
- CAM approaches, including naturopathic treatments, for women with temporomandibular disorder, a condition in which the joints connecting the skull to the lower jaw become inflamed
- A naturopathic dietary approach as a complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes
- The mushroom Trametes versicolor, for its effects as a complementary immune therapy in women with breast cancer
- The costs and effects of naturopathic care, compared with conventional care, for low-back pain
- Herbal and dietary approaches for menopausal symptoms.
D.N.Y.S. Diploma Naturopathy and Yogic Science B.N.Y.S. AYUSH
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Real-Time Analytics: What It Is, Examples and Benefits
Decision-making within a company or an organization strongly relies on business intelligence and data analysis. The sooner the analysis is available, the more swiftly decision-makers can act. Thankfully, the way data is collected has evolved, along with data processing capabilities. In other words, businesses can get customer analytics a lot easier and adapt their model or adjust their strategy accordingly.
Table of Contents
Perhaps the best example of the significant leaps in data analytics technology is so-called real-time analytics. Here we will explain what real-time analytics actually means, its benefits, and where it makes an important impact.
What is Real-Time Analytics?
Real-time analytics is the process of capturing, preparing, and reviewing or measuring data the moment it is transferred to the database. So, it basically allows users to either react or simply draw conclusions instantly. This is an amazing way to address potential big problems or to seize the opportunity before it's too late.
To give a more accurate definition - real-time analytics is the capability to see, analyze and perform information assessment the moment it becomes available within the system. This would imply that what users are seeing is not raw data but rather processed data.
This can be achieved with the use of different algorithms, data pipelines, and automated data cleansing tools. So, when you are pulling information from a data source, it is already filtered and adjusted into more meaningful data points.
How Does Real-Time Analytics Work?
Real-time data analysis requires a lot of computing power or software that can perform series of different actions. These activities can be broken into four major parts:
- Aggregation or data gathering - Pulling data from multiple data sources at the same time and using a data pipeline to transfer the information to data storage.
- Analytics engine - This is by far the most complex action as it includes deduplication and removal of irrelevant data, formating or transforming data, and creating business insights.
- Broker - A part of the program that makes the data available.
- Data processor or stream processor - Preoforms logical actions and analysis in real-time while sending and receiving inputs.
Basically, it is a carefully calibrated tool that captures inputs and then isolates relevant from irrelevant information, applies the analysis and displays the results, or even adjusts its work based on the analysis. Real-time analytics and processing in-memory capabilities allow us to have machine learning and create a more advanced AI.
One of the real-time analytics examples is YouTube. When you start watching specific content and based on that activity, the algorithm recommends new videos on the home page, which are similar to what you just watched. They also tell you why the new content was recommended.
We also see this on e-commerce sites when customer behaviour affects what products are displayed while browsing, and we also receive automated emails based on our purchase history.
Benefits of Real-Time Analytics
There are different businesses or industries that benefit from real-time analytics, as they can make a lot of processes automated. Some use cases include:
- Payment processing and risk scoring - Using software to process a payment and also for fraud detection by monitoring for unusual behaviour or risk score of a particular payment.
- Using customer behaviour in order to improve the user experience or simply to upsell products on an e-commerce website.
- Time efficiency - use it to improve customer support or employee training in the company by identifying struggles and offering solutions from a knowledge base.
- Navigation - Using real-time analytics, we can have better orientation and even receive instruction on how to reach a target location.
- Error detection - This technology also allows users to be immediately notified if something within the system went wrong and work on addressing the issue.
A great example of real-time analytics tools that companies can use to gain relevant data insights is Whatagraph. It boasts multiple integrations for social media platforms and other analytics applications that allow you to create a pipeline for multiple data streams, perform analysis, and it can generate a report.
Real-Time Analytics vs. Near-Real-Time Analytics
Real-time and near-real-time analytics are often used interchangeably, and that's because there are really small differences. Near-real-time data analytics are really fast, but technically they are not instant. In other words, it takes a portion of data within a specific time frame and provides analysis for it.
This means there is a data queue or small batch that is processed before the results are pushed to the users. Real-time analytics is all about detecting the activity instantly and giving you synchronous reporting on the situation.
Problems with Real-Time Analytics
Real-time analytics only have one flaw, and that is a very demanding infrastructure. Depending on your expectations, developing an in-house solution might take years. This is why analytics tools are so popular and usually a type of SaaS (software as a service) that businesses purchase.
In addition to development time, having enough storage for all of the data that you are collecting will also be expensive. That being said, industry giants might have specific demands when it comes to real-time data analytics, so in-house solutions might be the only options.
In this case, however, money is rarely an issue.
What is the meaning of real-time data?
Real-time data (RTD) is information or data that becomes immediately available after the collection, but not in the form of raw data but rather as a meaningful insight. There is nearly no delay when the actionable information is provided, which is why it's called real-time data. Even though it is used in this way, the collected data can still be stored for a more comprehensive analysis.
Why is Real-Time Analytics important?
RTA is extremely useful for creating a better user experience and for strategic decision-making, which is why it is crucial in today's corporate world. A lot of modern tech and quality of life perks we enjoy today are a result of real-time analytics.
Moreover, the sheer amount of data that is available is growing, so filtering and finding a specific piece of information we need saves up a lot of our time.
What can real-time data tell you?
It can capture immediate feedback or response that you are actively tracking. Businesses can use it to see if someone mentioned their brand name on a certain platform. It can also tell us if someone is currently using our website, which allows businesses to improve their responsiveness online.
You can monitor your online ads campaign and make a decision on whether you want to pull the plug prematurely or keep it going for a longer period of time. Basically, it gives you directions if you need to act swiftly.
What does real-time reporting mean?
Real-time reporting is a type of practice that is used to collect up-to-the-minute inputs and relay that data to users in order to aid business intelligence and provide business insights. This way, managers can receive the current or latest information and make informed decisions on how to make the best out of the current situation.
Published on Apr 16 2021
WRITTEN BYIndrė Jankutė-Carmaciu
Indrė is a copywriter at Whatagraph with extensive experience in search engine optimization and public relations. She holds a degree in International Relations, while her professional background includes different marketing and advertising niches. She manages to merge marketing strategy and public speaking while educating readers on how to automate their businesses.
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Some home dangers aren't as obvious as others. Enter into the world of hidden home dangers. Gas mask anyone? First up, asbestos.
In the 1970s, it became clear that exposure to asbestos had the potential to cause cancer and other respiratory problems. If asbestos is such a danger, shouldn't it all be removed by now? Not necessarily. Learn more by checking out Is it safer to remove asbestos from a building or leave it there?. What other building material can make you sick?
Because of unprecedented growth in the real estate market between 2001 and 2005, U.S. builders turned to imported drywall from other countries, notably China, to keep up with demand. Since then, people began noticing some odd things in their new homes -- strange smells, failing appliances and health problems. Coincidence? Check out Is your drywall making you sick? to learn more. See what's often referred to as "man-made asbestos" next.
Even though public health officials grew wise to the toxicity of lead decades ago, lead still lingers in the paint and pipes of older homes and other buildings (built before 1978). Water that travels through and leaches from lead pipes is another source. Some home repairs, such as removing painted drywall, can send lead dust into the air. Find out another issue with paint next.
Spilling the paint should be the least of your worries; many paints release high levels of volatile organic compounds which can contribute to a range of health problems. Typical household paint contains up to 10,000 chemicals, of which 300 are known toxins and 150 have been linked to cancer. There are alternatives, though. Check out How Low-VOC Paint Works to learn more. Find out how to detect the next hidden danger.
Known as "the silent killer," carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that comes from the incomplete burning of fuel. Just about anything you might burn in or around your home -- whether it's gasoline, wood, coal, propane, natural gas or oil -- can produce carbon monoxide in the right conditions. Read up on How Carbon Monoxide Detectors Work to learn more. Find another toxic gas next.
Because of the potential danger associated with natural gas leaks, suppliers add the rotten egg odor to natural gas as an olfactory warning. A leak can increase the risk of fire and explosion and is also dangerous to your health. Learn more by checking out "If I have a gas leak in my home, will I die?". The next danger is commonly used in mattresses, upholstery, televisions and more.
Flame retardants keep your TV from bursting into flame, but have also been linked to learning and memory problems, lowered sperm counts and poor thyroid functioning in rats and mice. Researchers are still trying to determine the implications for humans, though. The next danger may strike around the holidays.
Overloaded outlets cause fires -- an estimated 5,300 annually in American households. Almost 2,000 of those occur during the holidays. Learn more about this by checking out "How many things can you plug into an electrical outlet before it catches fire?". Are you a fan of pressed wood paneling? You might want to reconsider your tastes.
Some wood paneling glue products use urea-formaldehyde as a resin, and the U.S. EPA estimates that this is the largest source of formaldehyde emissions indoors. Formaldehyde exposure can be dangerous, possibly setting off watery eyes, burning eyes and throat, difficulty breathing and asthma attacks. Prefer carpet? Think again.
Not only do the glue and dyes used with carpeting emit VOCs (which can be harmful to one's health in high concentrations), carpets harbor allergens like dust mites, pet dander, mold spores and other potentially aggravating proteins. Perhaps we should spray the house down with pesticides? Can you guess what's next?
According to the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network, 90 percent of households in the United States use some form of pesticides. Coincidentally, in 2006, the American Association of Poison Control Centers received nearly 46,000 calls regarding children under 5 years old who had been exposed to potentially toxic levels of pesticides. Storing your clothes for the summer? Beware the mothball.
Moth balls not only keep moths from chewing your sweaters to bits, they also include a warning on packaging to "avoid breathing in the vapors." Studies have found that one active ingredient is some repellents can cause cancer in animals. Researchers are still hashing out whether it is cancerous to humans as well. If you want to keep moths from eating your clothes, try cedar chips instead. Speaking of pesky insects...
An estimated $2 billion is spent annually in the United States to protect and defend homes from termites' insatiable appetites for your house. Learn more about these wood-eating pests in this article "How do I know if termites are eating my house?". Love that hint of french vanilla? Maybe it's time to reconsider going au naturel instead.
This woman may love her country garden-scented home, but in 2007 14 different air fresheners sold at a Walgreens drug store were tested and found to contain chemicals that could cause developmental and reproductive problems, especially for infants. Learn more about this danger in "Are air fresheners bad for your health?". The next danger also stems from a common household item.
Beware the sinister laser printer lurking in the background. It may release ultra-fine particles that can get into your lungs. The National Institute of Public Health found that laser and ink-jet printers can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone particulates. We've got one more to scare the wits out of you up next.
BPA is the main component of polycarbonate, the hard, clear plastic sometimes used to make water bottles, baby bottles, food storage containers and other items like contact lenses, CDs and electronics devices. It also has been linked to a range of human health problems, including a higher risk of certain cancers, reduced fertility, birth defects and diabetes. Go forth and protect yourself by checking out more information in our Household Safety Tips Channel.
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The stunning beauty of this mountain becomes an incredible proof that visitors from around the world cannot resist not to visit this place before departing from Japan. Its perfectly nature-made cone covered with ice 5 months every year is really an amazement to the eyes especially to the photographers who visit the site.
Mount Fuji is an attractive volcanic cone. A distinctive feature of the geography of Japan which stands 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft) high and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just west of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures.
Today, Fuji is very well known as an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. Few tips in mountain climbing are as follows:
- Wear proper shoes to protect from accidents stepping on rocky, steep terrains.
- Bring flashlight because there are times where in the side you are not illuminated, it is best to be prepared.
- Bring foods, as much as you need protection from accidents, you shouldn’t suffer from hunger while climbing.
- Wear proper clothes for the low temperature and strong winds are encountered during the time of climbing.
- Use hiking stick to be an aid in climbing because you may not suffice the steep terrain.
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Access your Project MUSE content using one of the login options below Close(X)
Browse Results For:
Law, Government, and Religion
With this pioneering book, John T. Shawcross debunks a common assumption about what we see in Milton’s work: that Milton’s views remained unchanged over time. Shawcross systematically analyzes this belief in light of Milton’s vocation, social life, politics, and religion, and presents us with a Milton who, indeed, changes his mind.
The one constant in Milton’s writing and thought is that of faith in God, but the theology that underlies this unchanging faith—such as his views on the Trinity and God’s providence—develops through reflection and adverse experience, often yielding more defined ideas. Shawcross also traces the development of Milton’s concepts about political thought, attitudes toward the church, financial matters, the “people,” and gender, some of which result in complicated (and often unresolved) issues.
Shawcross’s presentation of a Milton whose thought does indeed develop and change—albeit with an unbending belief that faith and God supervene—is an essential contribution to Milton scholarship.
Modernist scholars have written a handful of comparative studies on Pater and Joyce. Frank Moliterno's The Dialectics of Sense and Spirit in Pater and Joyce is the first book-length exploration into the aesthetic development of these writers that underscores the importance of Pater in Joyce's works. Much of Pater's and Joyce's aesthetics evolves from the dialectical tension between the sensual and the spiritual. The Paterian-Joycean syntheses of basic antinomies--religion and sensuality, empiricism and idealism, Aristotelian mimesis and aestheticism--result in kindred theories of art. Moliterno's close analysis of how these syntheses emerge informs our reading of both writers in new ways. His highly readable account of the intellectual affinity between the two authors searches their relationship and Joyce's potential debt to Pater. In four main chapters Moliterno discusses the transition of Pater and Joyce from priests to artists and the parallel ways they portray this process in fiction; traces the Paterian elements of the aesthetics of Stephen Dedalus and of the mature Joyce; compares Pater's epiphanies with Joyce's to reveal how Pater helped shaped the Joycean epiphany; and analyzes the similar epistemologies behind the development of Pater's and Joyce's aesthetics.
In Dickens’s Hyperrealism, John R. Reed examines certain features of Dickens’s style to demonstrate that the Inimitable consciously resisted what came to be known as realism in the genre of the novel. Dickens used some techniques associated with realism, such as description and metonymy, to subvert the purposes usually associated with it. Reed argues that Dickens used such devices as personification and present-tense narration, which are anathema to the realist approach. He asserts that Dickens preferred a heightened reality, not realism. And, unlike the realism which seeks to mask authorial control of how readers read his novels, Dickens wanted to demonstrate, first openly, and later in his career more subtly, his command over his narratives. This book opens a new avenue for investigating Dickens’s mastery of his art and his awareness of its literary context. In addition, it reopens the whole issue of realism as a definition and examines the variety of genres that coexisted in the Victorian period.
Narratives of Ownership in Nineteenth-Century Britain and Ireland
Do indigenous peoples have an unassailable right to the land they have worked and lived on, or are those rights conferred and protected only when a powerful political authority exists? In the tradition of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, who vigorously debated the thorny concept of property rights, Sara L. Maurer here looks at the question as it applied to British ideas about Irish nationalism in the nineteenth century. This book connects the Victorian novel’s preoccupation with the landed estate to nineteenth-century debates about property, specifically as it played out in the English occupation of Ireland. Victorian writers were interested in the question of whether the Irish had rights to their land that could neither be bestowed nor taken away by England. In analyzing how these ideas were represented through a century of British and Irish fiction, journalism, and political theory, Maurer recovers the broad influence of Irish culture on the rest of the British isles. By focusing on the ownership of land, The Dispossessed State challenges current scholarly tendencies to talk about Victorian property solely as a commodity. Maurer brings together canonical British novelists—Maria Edgeworth, Anthony Trollope, George Moore, and George Meredith—with the writings of major British political theorists—John Stuart Mill, Henry Sumner Maine, and William Gladstone—to illustrate Ireland’s central role in the literary imagination of Britain in the nineteenth century. The book addresses three key questions in Victorian studies—property, the state, and national identity—and will interest scholars of the period as well as those in Irish studies, postcolonial theory, and gender studies.
Rereading The Nun's Priest's Tale
Chaucer’s The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is one of the most popular of The Canterbury Tales. It is only 646 lines long, yet it contains elements of a beast fable, an exemplum, a satire, and other genres. There have been countless attempts to articulate the “real” meaning of the tale, but it has confounded the critics. Peter W. Travis contends that part of the fun and part of the frustration of trying to interpret the tale has to do with Chaucer’s use of the tale to demonstrate the resistance of all literature to traditional critical practices. But the world of The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is so creative and so quintessentially Chaucerian that critics persist in writing about it. No one has followed the critical fortunes of Chauntecleer and his companions more closely over time than Peter Travis. One of the most important contributions of this book is his assessment of the tale’s reception. Travis also provides an admirable discussion of genre: his analysis of parody and Menippean satire clarify how to approach works such as this tale that take pleasure in resisting traditional generic classifications. Travis also demonstrates that the tale deliberately invoked its readers’ memories of specific grammar school literary assignments, and the tale thus becomes a miniaturized synopticon of western learning. Building on these analyses and insights, Travis’s final argument is that The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is Chaucer’s premier work of self-parody, an ironic apologia pro sua arte. The most profound matters foregrounded in the tale are not advertisements of the poet’s achievements. Rather, they are poetic problems that Chaucer wrestled with from the beginning of his career and, at the end of that career, wanted to address in a concentrated, experimental, and parapoetic way.
The Rhetoric of sacramental Devotion in Early Modern England
Combining theoretically engaged analyses with historically contextualized close readings, Divine Subjection posits new ways of understanding the relations between devotional literature and early English culture. Shifting the critical discussion from a “poetics” to a “rhetoric” of devotion, Kuchar considers how a broad range of devotional and metadevotional texts in Catholic and mainstream Protestant traditions register and seek to mitigate processes of desacralization—the loss of legible commerce between heavenly and earthly orders. This shift in critical focus makes clear the extent to which early modern devotional writing engages with some of the period’s most decisive theological conflicts and metaphysical crises. Kuchar places devotional writing alongside psychoanalytical and phenomenological theories and analyzes how religious and conceptual conflicts are registered in and accommodated by the predication of sacramental conceptions of the self. Through a devotional rhetoric based on context-specific uses of linguistic excessiveness, early modern devotional writers reimagined a form of sacramental identity that was triggered by, and structured in relation to, a divine Other whose desire preceded and exceeded one’s own. Through readings of works by Robert Southwell, Richard Crashaw, John Donne, Thomas Traherne and other lesser known authors, Divine Subjection explores how writers reimagined the sacramental continuity between divine and human orders amid a range of theological and philosophical conflicts. Kuchar thus examines how rhetoric of sacramental devotion works to construct ideal religious subjects within and against the broader experience of desacralization.
Intimacy, Eroticism, and Violence between Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century Britain
From Daniel Defoe’s Family Instructor to William Godwin’s political novel Caleb Williams, literature written for and about servants tells a hitherto untold story about the development of sexual and gender ideologies in the early modern period. This original study explores the complicated relationships between domestic servants and their masters through close readings of such literary and nonliterary eighteenth-century texts. The early modern family was not biologically defined. It included domestic servants who often had strong emotional and intimate ties to their masters and mistresses. Kristina Straub argues that many modern assumptions about sexuality and gender identity have their roots in these affective relationships of the eighteenth-century family. By analyzing a range of popular and literary works—from plays and novels to newspapers and conduct manuals—Straub uncovers the economic, social, and erotic dynamics that influenced the development of these modern identities and ideologies. Highlighting themes important in eighteenth-century studies—gender and sexuality; class, labor, and markets; family relationships; and violence—Straub explores how the common aspects of human experience often intersected within the domestic sphere of master and servant. In examining the interpersonal relationships between the different classes, she offers new ways in which to understand sexuality and gender in the eighteenth century.
Milton and the Perils of Creation
That the writings of John Milton continue to provoke study and analysis centuries after his lifetime speaks no doubt to his literary greatness but also to the many ways in which his art both engaged and transcended the political and theological tensions of his age. In Dominion Undeserved, Eric B. Song offers a brilliant reading of Milton's major writings, finding in them a fundamental impasse that explains their creative power.
According to Song, a divided view of creation governs Milton's related systems of cosmology, theology, art, and history. For Milton, any coherent entity-a nation, a poem, or even the new world-must be carved out of and guarded against an original unruliness. Despite being sanctioned by God, however, this agonistic mode of creation proves ineffective because it continues to manifest internal rifts that it can never fully overcome. This dilemma is especially pronounced in Milton's later writings, including Paradise Lost, where all forms of creativity must strive against the fact that chaos precedes order and that disruptive forces will continue to reemerge, seemingly without end.
Song explores the many ways in which Milton transforms an intractable problem into the grounds for incisive commentary and politically charged artistry. This argument brings into focus topics ranging from Milton's recurring allusions to the Eastern Tartars, the way Milton engages with country house poetry and colonialist discourses in Paradise Lost, and the lasting relevance of Anglo-Irish affairs for his late writings. Song concludes with a new reading of Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes in which he shows how Milton's integration of conflicting elements forms the heart of his literary archive and confers urgency upon his message even as it reaches its future readers.
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What is the Biuret Test?
The biuret test is a chemical test that can be used to check for the presence of peptide bonds in a given analyte. Therefore, the biuret test can be also be used to gauge the amount of protein present in the analyte. In this test, the presence of peptides results in the formation of pale purple coloured (or mauve coloured) coordination compounds of the copper(II) ion (when the solution is sufficiently alkaline). An image detailing a positive biuret test and the characteristic pale purple colour that denotes it is provided below.
It can be noted that several variants of the biuret test have been developed. Notable examples of such variations include the modified Lowry test and the BCA test. It can also be noted that the intensity of the purple colour and, therefore, the absorption at 540 nanometers is directly proportional to the concentration of proteins in the given analyte (as a consequence of the Beer-Lambert law). A positive reaction for this test is also received when the analyte contains biuret molecules ([H2N-CO]2NH) since the bonds in this molecule are similar to peptide bonds.
The biuret reagent is made up of hydrated copper sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and Rochelle salt (sodium-potassium tartrate). Here, the Rochelle salt acts as a chelating agent and stabilizes the copper(II) ions.
Biuret Test Principle
The copper(II) present in the biuret reagent binds itself to the nitrogen atoms that are present in the protein peptides. Now the copper(II) undergoes reduction and is converted to copper(I). Since this test is not greatly disturbed by the presence of amino acids in the sample, it can be used to gauge the concentration of proteins in whole tissue samples. However, the samples of proteins that are purified via ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) precipitation are not ideal for this test since buffers like ammonia interfere with it.
The reaction between the copper(II) ions and the nitrogens belonging to the peptide bonds results in the displacement of peptide hydrogens (as long as the environment is sufficiently alkaline).
Now, four nitrogen atoms donate lone pairs to form coordinate covalent bonds with the cupric ion (illustrated above), resulting in the formation of a chelate complex. This chelate complex has the ability to absorb light with a wavelength of 540nm, which imparts a purple colour to it. Therefore, the formation of a purple coloured complex indicates the presence of proteins in the analyte. Note that the concentration of peptide bonds in the analyte contribute to the intensity of the purple colour. Short-chain peptides often yield blue or pink colours in the biuret test.
Biuret Test Procedure
The procedure that can be followed to conduct a biuret test is provided below.
- An aqueous solution of the analyte must be prepared by dissolving it in water.
- A small amount of this aqueous solution must be treated with 1% sodium hydroxide or potassion hydroxide. To this mixture, a few drops of CuSO4 (aq) must be added.
- If the solution turns purple upon the addition of copper(II) sulfate, the presence of protein in the analyte is confirmed.
To learn more about the biuret test and other important tests in the field of chemistry (such as the iodoform test), register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone.
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Dossier 17: The Muted Voices of Women Interpreters
Publication Author:Bouthaina Shaaban
|Word Document||129.78 кб|
number of pages:170
The first person to believe the message of the Prophet and to become a Muslim was Muhammad’s wife Khadija Bint Khuwaylid, of whom the Prophet said: ‘She believed when people did not, and believed me when others did not, and consoled me with her money when I was abandoned by others’. The first martyr for the Islamic cause was a woman (Summiyya). Women attended the first and the second Aqaba Conferences (Bay’at al-Aqaba al-Awla wa’l-Thaniyya) believed to have founded the Islamic state in Yathrib.
The first Muslim woman whose views have been important to Muslims throughout Islamic history was Aisha, wife of the Prophet. Muhammad’s contemporaries, among them both the muhajerun (emigrants who followed him from Mecca) and the ansar (those who helped the Prophet in Medina) considered Aisha a source of religious rules and an expert on issues of Islamic legislation. When she was mentioned to Ata Bin Abi Rabah, he said: ‘Aisha was the most knowledgeable Muslim and had the best opinion in public affairs; she related 2210 sayings of the Prophet Muhammad among which are 170 which have been approved and Bukhari took 54 sayings from them.’ In Arab Women in Jahiliya and Islam, Abdol Sir Afifi writes: ‘Muslim women scholars are known for their honesty in relating hadith and for their objectivity, which have rendered them free of intellectual suspicion, the things that most men were not fortunate enough to have.’ In Mizan al-I’tidal (The Scales of Moderation), al-Hafez al-Zahabi (died 748 IE, 1347 CE) a renowned Muslim authority on hadith, points to four thousand suspect Muslim hadith tellers and then adds: ‘I have not known of any woman who was accused of falsifying hadith. To this we add, that from the time of Aisha, the mother of believers, until the time of al-Zahabi the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad were not kept or related by anyone as they were kept in the hearts of women and related by them.’
The wives and women relatives of the Prophet Muhammad were not an exception in their age. Many women were scholars and teachers. Muhammad Bin Sa’id mentions over 700 women who related hadith from the Prophet Muhammad or from the muhajirun and ansar. Men scholars and pillars of Islam quoted these women. Thus Asma Bint Yazid bin al- Sakan al-Ansariyya is known to have related 81 sayings from the Prophet Muhammad and her uncle Mahmud bin Amr al-Ansari and Abu Sufian and others reported and quoted her. She is also known to have been a woman of science and a defender of women’s rights. It is reported that she led a delegation of women to the Prophet Muhammad and said to him, ‘I am the envoy of women to you. God has sent you to both men and women. We believed in you and in your God, but we as women are confined to our homes, satisfying your desires and carrying your children while you men go and fight, and go to haj and lead holy wars for the sake of God. When one of you goes to the battle field we keep your money for you, weave your clothes and bring up your children. Do we deserve to share your wages?’ The Prophet Muhammad acknowledged that she represented women, and he answered her and the women who stood behind her.
Muslim women assumed political power as well as literary authority. They became queens, warriors, doctors, poets, and literary critics. Many won reputations for valor in battle and received praise from the Prophet and his followers. Clearly, the role of women was not confined to encouraging men and treating their wounds; they also played an active part in defending their tribe and their cause. Ismat al-Din, known as Shajarat al-Dur, was the first woman in Islam to assume a throne in her own right. Her husband, king Sala al-Din, died during the crusaders’ invasion of Egypt. She continued to issue military and operational orders, keeping the news of his death secret for over two months to avoid undermining the morale of the troops. She found a man named Swab al-Suhayla who forged her husband’s handwriting so well that no one doubted that the orders were issued by the king himself. She drew up plans, encouraged soldiers and instructed officers to lead the battle against the crusaders during which King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) was captured, making Shajarat al-Dur’s victory final. Once the battle was over and victory secured, Shajarat al-Dur announced her husband’s death, gave him a royal funeral, and openly assumed the throne. Shajarat al-Dur was mentioned in Friday prayers and money was coined in her name. She was known as a ‘knowledgeable queen who is deeply informed of matters, big and small. People felt optimistic during her rule and the poor enjoyed her good deeds. Her government was not authoritarian and she would not make a decision until she convened a council of consultants and listened to the opinions of her ministers and advisers.’Women have also ruled in other Muslim countries. In Yemen there was more than one queen after the fifth/tenth century. The best known among them, Queen Orpha (died 484/1090) assumed total political authority which included planning and executing wars. In the thirteenth century many women were top leaders in Islamic countries, among them Sultana Radia in Delhi and Turkan Khatum, Safwat al-Din Malik Khatun, Sati Bik Khan and Tendo in Central Asia. In the same century, queens ruled Indonesia for 24 years, without interruption and carried names such as ‘Taj al-Alam’ (The Crown of the World), and ‘Nur al-Alam’ (The Light of the World).
Muslim women were poets and literary critics. First among such critics is Sukayna Bint al-Husayn who was the ultimate judge of poetic production in her time. Poets travelled long distances in order to recite their poetry and obtain her judgement, which could affect the future course of a poetic career. Aisha Bint Talha followed in the steps of Sukayna, meeting with poets and story tellers at her home, listened to them, and judged their literary production.Women also played an important role in medicine for which Arabs were renowned. They practiced in Baghdad, Qurtaba, and other cities in Iraq and Andalus. However, their names and their contributions in different fields still await proper recording and authoritative documentation. The information, scattered in books, journals, and newspapers, has not been classified properly in archives and therefore is not yet a part of the mainstream historiography of Islam. Indeed, more often than not, the role of women in Muslim history has been marginalized and obscured, sometimes totally reversed, depending on the whims of men scholars.
Nazira Zin al-Din and Textual Interpreters
‘As women have the right to participate in public governing they also have the explicit right to participate in Qur’anic interpretation and explanation. Women are better qualified than men to interpret the Qur’anic Verses speaking of their rights and duties because everyone is better equipped to understand his or her right and duty,’ writes Nazira Zin al-Din in al-Fatat wa’l-shiukh. Nazira Zin al-Din is the most serious and knowledgeable of the women Muslim scholars and interpreters to date. She is the daughter of Shaykh Sa’id Sin al-Din, a judge and the first president of the court of appeal in Lebanon in the 1920s. She was encouraged by her father to study. She tried to understand why Muslim women at the time were kept at home wrapped in darkness that covered not only their bodies but also their minds. The answer was that Islam was responsible. She studied the Qur’an and hadith and arrived at her own conclusions regarding the position of women in Islam. Although she was only 20 years of age when her books were published, her work is a significant source of reference on the relations between men and women in Islam. Very little is known about her personal life except that she is from a Druzi (Shi’i) sect. Her conclusions showed that Islam is not the reason behind the inferior status of women. The main reason is the gender-biased interpretation of the Qur’anic text by men of religion. When her first book was published, men of religion announced their stand against Zin al-Din and started distributing pamphlets against her; they incited demonstrations against the book and threatened the owners of bookshops who carried it. They accused her of atheism and treason. Her answers were sober, based on logic and clear evidence.
Nazira Zin al-Din made a thorough study of the Qur’anic texts and hadith concerning women, their rights, and their duties. Her two books, al-Sufur wa’l-hijab and al-Fatat wa’l-shiukh, are perhaps the best scholarly studies available of Islamic texts and their interpretations dealing with women. Both are controversial, but the first is more so because it touches on the most sensitive issue in contemporary Islam, namely hijab.
In the introduction to al-Sufur wa’l-hijab, Nazira Zin al-Din writes that although she had always been interested in women’s rights, what prompted her to write this book were the incidents in Damascus in the summer of 1927, in which Muslim women were deprived of their freedom and prevented from going out without hijab. ‘I took my pen trying to give vent to the pain I feel in a brief lecture,’ Zin al-Din says, ‘but could not stop writing and my pen had to follow in the trace of my injured self until the lecture became lectures too long to be delivered or attended.’ In this book, Zin al-Din starts from the premise that she is a Muslim woman who believes in God, in his Prophet Muhammad, and in the holy Qur’an, and that all her arguments are informed by those beliefs.
According to Zin al-Din, the Islamic shari’a is not what this or that Muslim scholar says, but what is in the Qur’an and in the hadith. She argues that men have drawn up laws without the slightest participation by women. Yet even major interpreters of Islam such as Baydawi, al- Nusufi, and Tabari did not agree on the meaning of the Qur’anic text in such matters as geography, history, and astronomy, or, for that matter, on rituals and appropriate behavior, one should, therefore, go back to the Qur’an and the sunna to attain knowledge on all religious matters. She writes:
“When I started preparing my defence of women, I studied the works of interpreters and legislators but found no consensus among them on any subject; rather, every time I came across an opinion, I found other opinions that were different or even contradictory. As for the aya(s) concerning hijab, I found over 10 interpretations, none of them in harmony or even agreement with the others as if each scholar wanted to support what he saw and none of the interpretations was based on clear evidence.”
Zin al-Din argues that Islam is based on freedom of thought, will, speech, and action, and that no Muslim has authority over another Muslim in matters of religion, mind, and will. She cites many verses from the Qur’an to show that God did not want even his Prophet to watch over the deeds or misdeeds of Muslims: ‘He who obeys the Apostle, obeys God; but if any turn away, We have not sent thee To watch Over their evil deeds’ (Sura al-Nisa’, Aya 80). God also said, addressing his Apostle: ‘If it had been God’s Plan, they would not have taken false gods: but We Made thee not one to watch over their doings, Nor art thou set Over them to dispose of their affairs’ (Sura al-An’am, Aya 107). And then in another sura: ‘Therefore do thou give Admonition, for thou art One to admonish. Thou art not one To manage (men’s) affairs’ (Sura al-Gashiya, Aya 21-22). Zin al-Din then argues that if God did not allow the Prophet Muhammad to watch over people’s deeds, how do other Muslims assume for themselves such a privilege? Through well-chosen and well-placed quotations from the Qur’an and hadith, Zin al-Din establishes that Islam is the religion of freedom and that Muslims are only accountable to their God. The claims of some Islamists to be the custodians of Islamic practices are therefore against the very spirit of Islam. The Prophet was also instructed to ‘Invite all to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom And beautiful preaching; And argue with them In ways that are best And most gracious: For thy Lord knoweth best, Who have strayed from His Path’ (Sura al- Nahl, Aya 125). God also said: ‘And dispute ye not With the People of the Book, Except with means better (Then mere disputation), unless It be with those of them Who inflict wrong (and injury): But say, ‘We believe In the Revelation which has come down to us and in that Which came down to you’ (Sura al-Ankabut, Aya 46).
Through these citations and many similar ones, Zin al-Din argues that the question of belief or non-belief and the question of carrying out the instructions of Islam are matters between God and the individual. Not one on earth, not even God’s apostle, is responsible for those who believe or those who do not, and no measures should be taken against those who refuse to be Muslims. Any logical arguments should be used, and used kindly; true belief should stem from the heart and generate a feeling of satisfaction and inner peace, for ‘If it had been thy Lord’s Will, They would all have believed, All who are on earth. Wilt thou then compel mankind Against their will, to believe!’ (Sura Yunus, Aya 99). In an aya that bears no possible other interpretation, God says ‘Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error’ (Sura al- Baqara, Aya 256). In citing these and many other similar ayas from the Qur’an, Zin al-Din establishes that Muslims are responsible only to their God and that no authority on earth has the right to be God’s representative, especially as God’s Apostle was not allowed to watch over the deeds of Muslims. She convincingly argues that this is a lesson to all Muslims that no one on earth, not even the Prophet Muhammad, is authorized by God to punish people for their lack of faith, as all Muslims are free in will and thought; it follows, then that Muslim women are free in will and thought. The problem lies with the laws legislated in the name of the Islamic shari’a; laws that are in total contradiction to the spirit of Islam. She complains that the practices of some religious authorities violate Islam and God’s shari’a; ‘It is a great shame that some Muslim local authorities dare to disobey the words of God and impose constraints on the freedom of Muslim women in towns, while non- Muslim women in towns and Muslim women in the countryside enjoy their full freedom.’
There is no basis in the Qur’anic text for the idea that men are better than women. God prefers the most pious regardless of gender: ‘O mankind! We created You from a single (pair) Of a male and female, And made you into Nations and tribes that Ye may know each other (Not that ye may despise Each other). Verily The most honored of you In the sight of God Is (he who is) the most Righteous of you, And God has full knowledge And is well acquainted (With all things)’ (Sura al-Hujurat, Aya 13). God also stated in the Qur’an: ‘O mankind! reverence Your Guardian Lord, Who created you From a single Person, Created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain Scattered (like seeds) Countless men and women’ (Sura al-Nisa’, Aya 1). Again it is stated in the Qur’an ‘It is He Who hath Produced you From a single person’ (Sura al-An’am, Aya 98).
Zin al-Din attributes the idea that men are superior to women to the state of servitude to which women have been reduced throughout the ages. She draws a parallel with slavery: ‘That was the case of each nation reduced into slavery and of each people deprived of their freedom. No one slave ever excelled before gaining his freedom because the injustice imposed on him exhausts the powers of his mind and prevents its effects from emerging.’ Women’s inferior social status has nothing to do with their mind or religion. Was the inequality that prevailed between the serf and the master the result of the former’s shortcomings? There is not a single aya that grants men a degree over women in either mind or religion: ‘If any one do deeds Of righteousness, Be the Male for Female And have faith, They will enter Heaven, and not the least injustice Will be done to them’ (Sura al-Nisa’, Aya 124).
Zin al-Din’s advocacy against the veil does not aim at depriving women of their status as mothers, nor does she wish to lower their status to that of mere imitators of men. Her advocacy is prompted by her belief that knowledge rather than ignorance preserves women’s dignity and morality. She cites Muslim scholars, including Shaykh Muhammad Abduh, Shaykh Badr al-Din al-Na’sani, Shaykh Yusuf al-Faqih, Shaykh Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhyi’ Din al-Arabi and Shaykh Mustafa al- Ghalayini, who decried the distortion of the hadith and insisted that Islam does not accept judgement without evidence and clear proof. Those authorities insisted that we only follow what God Himself has stated in the Qur’anic text and what his Apostle has explained.
Zin al-Din divides her evidence against hijab into two parts: intellectual and religious. She first cites intellectual and historical arguments contending that hijab encourages immorality rather than morality and decent behaviour. Masking identity is an obvious incentive for wrongdoing: ‘Can’t men see that thieves and murderers mask their true identities in order to have the nerve to commit crimes?’ She explains that ‘fear of social disgrace is one of the strongest imperatives that restrain people from wrongdoing. Why do men deny women this important imperative?’ She goes on to ask, ‘How could serfdom be an incentive to morality? Only if darkness could be the source of light and death the cause of life and annihilation the reason for existence!’ Zin al- Din stipulates that the morality of the self and the cleanness of the conscience are far better than the morality of the chador. No goodness is to be hoped from pretence; all goodness is in the essence of the self.
Zin al-Din also argues that imposing the veil on women is the ultimate proof that men suspect their mothers, daughters, wives and sisters of being potential traitors to them. This means that men suspect ‘the women closest and dearest to them. What quality of life do they live if they are in a perpetual state of suspicion about their mothers, daughters, sisters and wives, fearing all the time their betrayal?’ How can society trust women with the most consequential job of bringing up children when it does not trust them with their faces and bodies? How can Muslim men meet rural and European women who are not veiled and treat them respectfully but not treat urban Muslim women in the same way? She concludes this part of the book by stating that it is not an Islamic duty on Muslim women to wear hijab. If Muslim legislators have decided that it is, their opinions are wrong. If hijab is based on women’s lack of intellect or piety, can it be said that all men are more perfect in piety and intellect than all women?
Zin al-Din then wonders how some people can consider hijab and the total withdrawal of women from public life a sign of their honor and dignity. An honorable woman is someone who does useful things for both herself and for others. If all women are locked behind walls or behind hijab, how can we distinguish one from the other? The spirit of a nation and its civilization is a reflection of the spirit of the mother. How can any mother bring up distinguished children if she herself is deprived of her personal freedom? She concludes that in enforcing hijab, society becomes a prisoner of its customs and traditions rather than of Islam.
In the second part of the book, Zin al-Din sets out to prove that neither the text of the Qur’an nor the hadith require Muslim women to wear hijab. The ayas in the Qur’an concerning hijab are four, two of them addressed to the wives of the Prophet and two to Muslim women in general. She cites each of the two groups of ayas, discusses all the explanations stated in interpretive texts, cites the ayas against these interpretations, and finally reaches her own conclusions. The first two ayas about the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (32 and 53) of Sura al- Ahzab read as follows:
“O consorts of the Prophet! Ye are not like any Of the (other) women: If ye do fear (God), Be not too complaisant Of speech, lest one In whose heart is A disease should be moved With desire: but speak ye A speech (that is) just. And stay quietly in Your houses, and make not A dazzling display, like That of the former Times Of Ignorance; and establish Regular Prayer, and give Regular Charity; and obey God and His Apostle. And God only wishes To remove all abomination From you, Members Of the Family, and to make You Pure and spotless. And recite what is Rehearsed to you in your Homes, of the Signs of God And His Wisdom; for God understands The finest mysteries and Is well-acquainted (with them).” (Ayas 32-4, of Sura al-Ahzab).
The second aya concerning the wives of the Prophet (53) says:
“Ye who believe! Enter not the Prophet’s houses, Until leave is given you, For a meal, (and then) Not (so early as) to wait For its preparation; but when Ye are invited, enter; And when ye have taken Your meal, disperse, Without seeking familiar talk. Such (behavior) annoys The Prophet; he is ashamed To dismiss you, but God is not ashamed (To tell you) the truth. And when ye Ask (his ladies) For anything ye want, Ask them from before A screen; that makes For greater purity for Your hearts and for theirs. Nor is it right for you That ye should annoy God’s Apostle, or that Ye should marry his widows After him at any time. Truly such a thing is In God’s sight an enormity.”
Zin al-Din reviews the mainstream interpretations of these ayas in the best known books of tafsir (the interpretation of the Qur’an), namely al- Tafsir al-mawsum bi-anwar al-tanzil wa asrar al-ta’wil (The Interpretation Characterized By the Lights of Inspiration and the Secrets of Understanding) by the judge Baydawi, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-jalil (The Interpretation of the Glorious Qur’an) by Imam Ala al-Din al-Sufi known as al-Khazin; Madarik al-tanzil wa haqa’iq alta’wil (Domains of the Text and Truths of Interpretation) by Imam Abdullah al-Nafasi, which is a comment on al-Khazin’s interpretation, and Mujama’al-bayan fi tafsir al- Qur’an (The Cluster of Evidence in Interpreting the Qur’an) by Imam al-Tabari. They all agree that these ayas are addressed to the wives of the Prophet and not to other Muslim women, although they differ on the reasons that caused these ayas to be sent by God to his Prophet. Al-Nasafi adds that when these ayas were addressed to the wives of the Prophet, other Muslim women asked why were they not addressed by God? After that the aya ‘Muslim men and Muslim women, etc.’ was conveyed to the Prophet. Challenging those Muslim interpreters who claim that these ayas call on the wives of the Prophet or all Muslim women to stay at home and inactive, Zin al-Din draws upon many examples of women active in all walks of life during the time of the Prophet and his caliphs. In The Status of Woman in Islam by Prince Ali Khal and in The Rights of Women in Islam by Ahamd Agayeeve, it is stated that Fatima al-Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet, gave lessons and lectures to both men and women and that Shaykha Shanda (5th/11th), known as the Pride of Women, gave lectures and lessons in the schools and mosques of Baghdad in literature, history, fiqh and religion. Imam Shafi’i learned at the hands of Nafisi, who was the grand-daughter of Ali Bin Abi Talib and wife of Ishaq, son of Jafar al-Sadiq. Qatar al-Nada, wife of the caliph al-Mu’tad and mother of al-Muqtadir, met in the presence of ministers the ambassadors of foreign countries and reviewed people’s cases every Friday with judges and advisors in her audience. In brief, Muslim women remained in mixed company with men until the late sixth century IE (eleventh century CE). They received guests, held meetings, and went to wars helping their brothers and husbands defend their castles and bastions.
The other two ayas that are usually taken to justify the imposition of hijab on Muslim women are Aya 30 from Sura al-nur and Aya 59 from Sura al-ahzab. The first aya reads:
“Say to the believing men That they should lower Their gaze and guard Their modesty: that will make For greater purity for them: And God is well acquainted with all that they do. And say to the believing women that they should lower Their gaze and guard Their modesty; that they Should not display their beauty and ornaments except What (must ordinarily) appear Thereof; that they should Draw their veils over Their bosoms and not display Their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, Their Husband’s fathers, their sons, Their husband’s sons, Their brothers or their brothers’ sons, Or their sisters’ sons, or their women, or the slaves Whom their right hands Possess, or male servants Free of physical needs, Or small children who Have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they Should not strike their feet In order to draw attention To their hidden ornaments.”
Aya 59 from Sura al-Ahzab reads: ‘Prophet! Tell Thy wives and daughters, And the believing women, That they should cast Their outer garments over their persons (when outside): That is most convenient, That they should be known (As such) and not molested.’
Zin al-Din reviews the interpretations of these two ayas by al-Khazin, al-Nasafi, Ibn Masud, Ibn Abbas and al-Tabari and find them full of contradictions. Yet, almost all interpreters agreed that women should not veil their faces and their hands and anyone who advocated that women should cover all their bodies including their faces could not base his argument on any religious text. If women were to be totally covered, there would have been no need for the ayas addressed to Muslim men:
‘Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty.’ (Sura al-Nur, Aya 30). She supports her views by referring to the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, always taking into account what the Prophet himself said, namely, that everything has to be referred back to the book of God and anything that is inconsistent with it is an ornament. ‘I did not say a thing that is not in harmony with God’s book.’ When ordering the wives of the Prophet to wear hijab for special reasons relating to the house of the Prophet, God, as if He feared that Muslim women might imitate the wives of the Prophet, stressed: ‘O consorts of the Prophet! Ye are not like any of the (other) women’ (Ahzab, 53). Thus it is very clear that God did not want us to measure ourselves against the wives of the Prophet and wear hijab like them and there is no ambiguity whatsoever regarding this aya. Therefore, those who imitate the wives of the Prophet and wear hijab are disobeying God’s will. In Islam ruh al-madaniyya (Islam: The Spirit of Civilization) Shaykh Mustafa Ghalayini reminds his readers that veiling pre-dated Islam and that Muslims learned from other peoples with whom they mixed. He adds that, ‘hijab as it is known today is prohibited by the Islamic shari’a. Any one who looks at hijab as it is worn by some women would find that it makes them more desirable than if they went out without hijab.’ A similar argument is produced by Zin al-Din based on interviews she conducted with women before and after wearing hijab.
Zin al-Din points out that Islam is not confined to a few urban Muslim women or to some known families in rural societies. Veiling was a custom of rich families as a symbol of status. She quotes Shaykh Abdul Qadir al- Maghribi who also saw in hijab an aristocratic habit to distinguish the women of the rich and prestigious families from other women. She concludes that hijab as it is known today is prohibited by the Islamic shari’a.
In the fourth part of the book Zin al-Din discusses the answers, objections, and reactions that she received from such important Muslim authorities as Shaykh Sa’id al-Baghdadi, Shaykh Muhammad Ibrahim al- Qayati al-Azhari from the school of Azhar University in Cairo, Shaykh Muhammad Rahim al-Tarabulsi and Shaykh Mustafa al-Ghalayini. It appears that the heated arguments that followed the publication of her first book only made her stronger in her defence of women’s rights. She dedicated her first book to her father, her second book to all women: ‘Because you have the spirit of the mother and because I believe that reform in the East is built on the basis of freedom and your struggle for what is right. May you have an overflow of God’s light.’
Nazira Zin al-Din had her supporters. Writer Amin al-Rihani, head of the Syrian government Taj al-Din al-Husni, and Education Minister Muhammad Kurd Ali sent her letters of support. The French Consul in Beirut wrote to her that he ordered parts of her book to be translated so that he could study it. She was the talk of Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, Aleppo, and Baghdad. The Lebanese emigrants in Argentina, the United States, and Brazil sent her letters and wrote in their local newspapers in her support. The book was reviewed in major journals and newspapers in Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, New York, Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Baghdad, Aleppo and she received letters from men of religion, heads of state and governments, and from editors and publishers all over the world.
At least three Muslim scholars agreed with Zin al-Din’s arguments and raised similar concerns about the necessity of sifting Islamic legislation from rumors and falsifications which later became part of Islamic practices. Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazali in his book Sunna Between Fiqh and Hadith argues that women can assume any post they are qualified to assume except that of the caliph and this, he insists, is the rule of true Islam. He declares that those who claim that women’s reform is conditioned by wearing the veil are lying to God and his Prophet. None of the four Imams has said that seeing a woman’s face is an offence. In total harmony with Zin al-Din’s arguments Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazali expresses the opinion that the contemptuous view of women has been passed on from the first jahiliya (the Pre-Islamic period) to the Islamic society. He uses the same argument, citing the same aya as cited by Mustafa Ghalayini in order to prove that Muslim women do not have to cover their faces and hands. Al-Ghazali’s argument is that Islam has made it compulsory on women not to cover their faces during haj and salat (prayer) the two important pillars of Islam. How then could Islam ask women to cover their faces at ordinary times? Through his detailed study of the time of the Prophet Muhammad he reaches the conclusion that it was a time when sufur was prevalent. He stresses that ‘looking down at women is a crime in Islam, and that true Islam rejects the customs of nations which impose constraints on women or belittle their rights and duties.’ Hence, according to al-Ghazali, our customs and habits should be scrutinized in order to leave only what is closely connected with the Islamic shari’a and our adherence to these rules should be in proportion to their harmony with the Qur’anic text.
Like Zin al-Din, al-Ghazali is a believer and is confident that all traditions that function to keep women ignorant and prevent them from functioning in public are the remnants of jahiliya and that following them is contrary to the spirit of Islam. God said in the Glorious Qur’an: ‘The Believers, men and women, are protectors, One of another; they enjoin What is just, and forbid What is evil: they observe Regular prayers, practice Regular charity, and obey God and His Apostle. On them will God pour His mercy: for God is exalted in power, Wise.’ (Sura Tauba, Aya 71) Like Zin al-Din, Shaykh Ghazali insists on a basic Muslim right to compare different interpretations and different versions of Islamic sayings and to choose the more reasonable and the more useful to follow. The easier to adopt for Islam is the religion of yusur (flexibility) and not of usur (intransigence). As a Muslim scholar, he rejected the undermining of women’s will in marriage and was not against her initiating marriage if her situation required it. Efficient and knowledgeable women should be able to assume any post they like except that of the caliph. Women can consult and give their opinion and the weight of their opinion is in proportion to its validity and correctness. He says ‘we don’t yearn to make women heads of state or government, but we yearn for one thing, a head of state or government should be the most efficient person in the nation.’Commenting on all these wrong attitudes to women al-Ghazali says that during the time of the Prophet women were equals at home, in the mosques and on the battlefield. Today true Islam is being destroyed in the name of Islam.
Another Muslim scholar, Abd al-Halim Abu Shiqa, who wrote a scholarly study of women in Islam entitled Tahrir al-mara’a fi’asr al-risalah (The Emancipation of Women during the Time of the Prophet)agrees with Zin al-Din and al-Ghazali about the discrepancy between the status of women during the time of the Prophet Muhammad and the status of women today. He says:
“Through my study of the time of the Prophet I found texts and sayings of the Prophet which show women acting in all kinds of professions in total difference to what we see, understand and interpret today. This great discrepancy explained to me why so many women got away from (Islam) because it simply deprived them of the rights of life; that is why I felt it my duty to offer the women from the habits and rules of jahiliyya which are mistakenly thought to be Islamic.”
He agreed with Zin al-Din and al-Ghazali that Islamists have made up sayings which they attributed to the Prophet such as ‘women are lacking in both intellect and religion’ and in many cases they brought sayings which are not reliable at all and promoted them among Muslims until they became part of the Islamic culture.
Like Zin al-Din and al-Ghazali, Abu Shiqa finds that in many countries very weak and unreliable sayings are invented to support customs and traditions which are then considered to be part of the shari’a. Like Zin al- Din, he argues that the text of the Qur’an proves that both men and women are from the same self and quotes the same aya that Zin al-Din quotes: ‘O mankind! reverence Your Guardian Lord, Who created you From a single Person, Created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain Scattered (like seeds) countless men and women; Reverence God, through Whom Ye demand your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That bore you): for God Ever watches over you.’ (Sura Nisa’, Aya 1) He Argues that it is the Islamic duty of women to participate in public life and in spreading good: ‘The Believers, men and women, are protectors, One of another: they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil.’ (Sura Tauba, Aya 71) It is the same aya quoted by Immam Muhammad al-Ghazali to prove the same point.
As for those who prevent women from going to work, Abu Shiqa answers: ‘if women are prevented from going out to work, what is the meaning of the following aya: ‘Do not desire what God had granted to others; For men a share of what they earn and for women a share of what they earn’ (Sura Nisa’ Aya 32). He also agrees with Zin al-Din and Ghazali that hijab was for the wives of the Prophet and that it was against Islam for women to imitate the wives of the Prophet. If women were to be totally covered, why did God ask both men and women to lower their gaze. (Sura al-Nur, Aya(s); 30-1) In most of his arguments he cites the same verses cited by Zin al-Din and shows a similar understanding of them. There is no difference at all between Zin al-Din, al-Ghazali and Dr Abdol Halim Abu Shiqa.
Shaykh Muhammad Husayn Fadl Allah, in his book Ta’amulat Islamiyya hawl al-mara’ (Islamic Speculations About Women), also agrees with these three Muslim scholars on most issues concerning women’s hijab, freedom, work and political responsibilities. He stresses that Islam sees men and women as one in humanity and responsibility. Islam neither absolves women from their responsibilities nor does it undermine their femininity. Quite the contrary: Islam stresses that women should feel and enjoy their beauty but without any display or attempts to provoke desire. This is precisely the understanding of Zin al-Din an dal-Ghazali of Aya 59 of Sura al-ahzab that is taken by some Muslim scholars to mean the imposition of hijab on all Muslim women. It is almost certain that a comparative study of the works of these four Muslim scholars would yield fruitful results. It was Muhammad al-Ghazali who wrote an introduction to Abu Shiqa’s book, Tahrir al-mara’ fi ‘asr al-risalah. In this introduction, al-Ghazali says: ‘I wish this book had appeared centuries ago and exposed women’s issues in Islamic society in such a mature way. Because Muslims have deviated from the instructions of their religion in dealing with women, dark rumors and fabricated hadith spread among them leaving Muslim women deep in ignorance, quite removed from religion and life ... This book takes Muslims back to the correct sunna of their prophet with no minus or plus.’
While the views of the three Muslim men writing over half a century after Zin al-Din are given some space in Arabic papers and journals, Zin al-Din has not been referred to either by them or even by a woman scholar like Fatima Mernissi who addresses the same subject. One wonders what would have happened to Zin al-Din had she published her books in the 1990s instead of the 1920s? Would she find any shaykh to answer her arguments or would she be silenced in one way or another? One cannot help drawing comparisons with Taslima Nasrin, whose statements on Islam are not yet properly quoted, nor is it precisely known what she actually said. Yet some Islamists have called on Muslims to kill her. There is no aya in the Qur’an that allows any Muslim, not even the Prophet Muhammad himself, to subscribe to killing another person simply because he or she has expressed views that contradict the view of a certain Muslim scholar, school, or group. I can only agree with what Lisa Beyer wrote in her article ‘Life Behind the Veil’: ‘If the wives of Muhammad lived in parts of the contemporary Islamic world, they might be paying a high price for their independence’.
Reprinted with permission from:
Mahnaz Afkhami (Editor). Faith and Freedom: Women’s Human Rights in the Muslim World (London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd) 1995, pp. 61-77.
I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd
45 Bloomsbury Square
London WCIA 2HY, U.K.
Qadariyya Husayn, Shahirat al-nisa’ fi’l-’alam al-Islamiyya (Famous Women in the Muslim World). Translated form Turkish by Abdol Aziz Amin al-Khanji (Cairo: Matba’at al’Sa’adeh, 1924), p.33.
Muhammad Shahrur, al-Kitab wa’l-Qur’an (The Book and the Qur’an) (Damascus: al-Ahali publishers, 1992), p 594.
Husayn, op. cit., p. 74.
Abdol Sir Afifi, al-Mara’a al-arabiyya fi jahiliyatiha wa Islamiha (Arab Woman in her Jahiliya and Islam), (Cairo: Matba’at al-Ma’arif, 1933), p. 138.
Ibid., p. 139.
Ibid., p. 142.
Fatima al-Batoul Mersa, ‘Muslim Women in Arab History,’ al-Ahram, Cairo, 15 April 1989, P 5.
Hussein, op. cit., p. 179.
Ibid., pp. 179-180.
See Afifi, op. cit., part two, p. 147.
Ibid., pp. 147-149.
Ibid., pp. 153-154.
al-Fatat wa’l-shiukh, printed by Nazira Zin al-Din’s father Sa’id Bik Sin al-Din (Beirut 1929), p. 75.
Nazira Zin al-Din, al-Sufur wa’l-hijab (Beirut: Quzma Publications, 1928), p. 37.
Ibid., p. 37.
Ibid., p. 21.
Ibid., p. 69.
Ibid., p. 27.
See ibid., pp. 42-48.
Ibid., p. 125.
Ibid., p. 125.
Ibid., p. 135.
See ibid., pp. 191-192.
Ibid., p. 226.
Shayk Mustafa al-Ghalayini, Islam ruh al-madaniyya (Islam: The Spirit of Civilization) (Beirut: al-Maktabah al-Asriyya, 1960), p. 253.
Ibid., pp. 255-256.
Zin al-Din, al-Fatat wa’l-shiukh, op. cit., part 3, pp. w-6.
Shayk Muhammad al-Ghazali, Sunna Between Fiqh and Hadith (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1989, 7th edition, 1990).
Ghalayini, op. cit., p. 254.
al-Ghazali, op. cit., p. 44.
Ibid., p. 49.
Ibid., p. 52.
Ibid., p. 56.
Abd al-Halim Abu Shiqa, Tahrir al-mar’ fi ‘asr al-risalah (Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1990).
Ibid., p. 5.
Shayk Muhammad Husayn Dadl Allah, Ta’amulat Islamiyya hawl al mara’ (Beirut: Dar al-Milak, 1992).
Ibid., p. 25.
Abu Shiqa, op. cit., p. 5.
al-Harim al-siyassi; al Nabi wa’l-nisa’ (Political Harim; The Prophet and Women) Translated by Abd al-Hadi Abbas (Damascus: Dar al-Hasad, 1990).
Time, Fall 1990, p. 37.
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Astigmatism is a difficult concept to grasp.
Like Myopia (shortsighted) or Hyperopia (long sighted) it results in a blurred image without correction.
Astigmatism is very common and most people, even the ones who don’t wear glasses have some degree of it.
It is commonly found in long and shortsighted people in addition to their long or shortsightedness.
WHAT IS ASTIGMATISM
Normally, the image of whatever we are looking is focused by our eye onto the retina at the back of the eye.
If we are looking at a cross. then both the vertical and horizontal components of the cross will both be on the retina and therefore in focus.
In astigmatism, each stroke of the cross will be focused in a different location. As an example. the vertical stroke may be on the retina but the horizontal might be in front or behind the retina.
Thus a lens is required which focuses only the part that isn’t on the retina but rather in front or behind it. Such a lens is called a toric lens. Other variations include one of the arms of the cross in front of the retina and the other arm even further in front, this is called myopic astigmatism, both arms behind the retina which is hyperopic astigmatism or one in front and the other behind called mixed astigmatism.
A point of light will not appear as a point but rather a blur circle.
WHAT CAUSES ASTIGMATISM
There are two main reasons why astigmatism may occur. The most likely is that the cornea which is the front surface of the eye, may not be spherical in its shape (like a soccer ball) but rather more ovoid. That is to say, shaped more like an egg or an Australian rules football. The other reason is that the lens within the eye may be unusually shaped.
CORRECTION OF ASTIGMATISM
Correction of astigmatism is usually done with glasses or contact lenses, but this can also be done with laser vision correction or by lens implant
Since the laser effectively ‘resurfaces’ the cornea, any deviation from sphericity can be eliminated and thus astigmatism corrected.
In the case of lens implant surgery, wether purely for vision correction or for cataract, a special lens called a toric lens is implanted. A toric lens has essentially two focal points.
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Periodontal diseases are infections of the gums and bone that surround and support the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums can become swollen and red, and they may bleed. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or even fall out. Periodontal disease is mostly seen in adults. Periodontal disease and tooth decay are the two biggest threats to dental health.
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Restricted to subpolar and polar waters above the Arctic Circle
Shallow, coastal waters and near the ice edge; sometimes in rivers
Near Threatened With Extinction
Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales), Family Monodontidae (white whales)
The beluga whale is a relatively small toothed whale that is brown-gray at birth and bright white in adulthood. The beluga is one of just two species in the “white whales” family, the other being the narwhal. As they are closely related and do not have the characteristic tusk of the males, juvenile and female narwhals can be incorrectly identified as belugas.
Belugas, however, are typically more solidly white than their grayish cousins. Adult belugas are also slightly larger than narwhals, reaching lengths of around 18 feet (5.5 m). Interestingly, the beluga whale is the only species of cetacean (whales and dolphins) that has a movable neck. Belugas can move their heads up and down and from side to side.
Beluga whales are restricted to the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They feed in shallow, coastal waters during the summer and near the ice edge [link] in winter. Some populations undergo long, seasonal migrations, while others are more resident in nature. They eat a variety of fish and invertebrate prey. Killer whales and polar bears have been known to attack and eat beluga whales. Scientists believe that belugas may swim far into ice-covered waters to avoid orcas but that this may put them in greater risk of predation by polar bears. When hunting belugas, polar bears use their incredible strength to pull them onto the ice surface whenever they come to a hole to breathe.
Occasionally, belugas can be observed far inland, swimming up coastal rivers as far as hundreds of miles. Scientists do not know if these trips into freshwater are for feeding or for other purposes, but belugas are apparently unafraid of very shallow water. In fact, some individuals have been known to survive being stranded/beached by patiently waiting for the return of the high tide. Belugas are also known for their loud, clear vocalizations. They often “sing,” and can even be heard above the ocean surface by people in boats or onshore.
Conservation scientists consider the beluga to be near threatened with extinction. Climate change is causing rapid changes to the Arctic ecosystem that affect beluga habitat, and chemical pollution in the Arctic is particularly bad, risking the health of large predators like this species. These whales are hunted, legally, by indigenous peoples all around the Arctic, but this ongoing hunt is not generally thought to threaten the species. Climate change and pollution are likely more significant threats to beluga populations, though further research is necessary before accurate predictions can be made.
1. Beluga whales grow up to 16 feet (4.8 m) long and weigh 3,150 pounds (1.4 metric tons) on average.
2. Beluga whales can live up to 50 years.
3. Beluga whales are born dark gray and get lighter as they age, eventually becoming white once they’ve reached sexual maturity.
4. Beluga whales can dive more than 3,280 feet (1,000 m) and stay under for up to 25 minutes at a time.
5. Beluga whales live in Arctic waters and sometimes venture into freshwater rivers.
6. Beluga whales shed their skin each summer by rubbing against coarse gravel.1
7. Beluga whales do not have fused neck vertebrae like other whales, which allows them to move their heads up, down and side to side.
8. Beluga whales have bulbous, flexible foreheads called “melons” that help them produce sound and make facial expressions.
9. Beluga whales are often called the “canaries of the sea” because they vocalize many different sounds, including clicks, whistles, chirps and squeals.2
Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the world’s boating community. Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids.
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I semi understand the concepts of the questions but not how to show the work. Graphs have been attached. PROBLEM 3. a. Determine whether the typical firms depicted below are earning profits or losses then show graphically how economic forces will cause the industry to move to a zero economic profit for the typical firm. B
Consider a tropical island economy with two sectors, souvenir manufacturing and hospitality (hotels). Both sectors are perfectly competitive, and workers are equally able and willing to work in either industry. Only foreign tourists demand souvenirs and hotel stays, so changes in the domestic labor market do not affect the produ
Assume that Smith Inc. and Wang, Inc. compete in an oligopolistic setting. They produce a homogeneous product and face the following industry demand curve: P = 20 - .01Q Where Q = Q1 + Q2 a. Each firm faces a marginal cost of $10. Find the equilibrium quantity produced by each firm in the Cournot equilibrium. What
Please see the attached file for complete Problems. Work done with the help of equation writer may not print here. 1.Less is a computer programmer who earned $35,000 in 1999. But with the new millennium, Lee decided to try a new career. He loves water sports, and in 2000 he opened a body board manufacturing business. At
Finding equalibrium price and quantity - Where Q is millions of bushels and P is price per bushel. ...
Demand and supply of wheat are: Qd=2000-1000p and Qs = -500 + 1000p Where Q is millions of bushels and P is price per bushel. How do you figure out the equilibrium price and demand. I cannot find a good explanation of the formula to use.
1. Mr. Capon is a butcher who recently raised the price of steak at his market from $1:50 a pound to $2:00 a pound. Correspondingly his sales dropped from 200 pounds per day to 100 pounds per day. Is the demand for steak at Capon's market elastic or inelastic? Explain. (show all works please) Given this circumstance, advise Mr.
Assume the commodity market and the money market for an economy are described by the following IS and LM curve. IS: Y = 11,000 - 250r; LM: Y = 8,000 + 250r. a. Compute the equilibrium interest rate (r) and equilibrium real output (Y). b. Suppose that fiscal policymakers raise taxes and cut government spending. As a resu
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Purpose of Assignment - The purpose of this assignment is to analyze how an event will influence the market equilibrium. Background: Suppose the weather in Florida was extremely cold one winter. This event would affect the market for coffee in Florida, causing the demand curve to shift to the right. Remember an event that c
Supply and Demand Analysis. a) Illustrate the market for a good by drawing the industry's demand and supply curves. On the graph, identify the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity. Be sure to label all axes and curves. b). If the market price is less than the equilibrium price, what is the relationship of quant
Q1) Demand for milk is Q=1000-5p long run supply function for milk is Q=4p-80. if government's climate change policy is based on polluters pays tax and it decides to tax milk. a)how will this tax affect equilibrium in the milk market? b)how would the burden be shared between buyers and sellers of milk? c)what is the excess b
Gus the cab driver rents a cab and pays for gas. In each of the following circumstances, describe the (A) short-run effects & (B) long-run effects on the price and quantity of rides Gus offers.
Part I Gus the cab driver rents a cab and pays for gas. In each of the following circumstances, describe the (A) short-run effects & (B) long-run effects on the price and quantity of rides Gus offers. (Use Graphs to aid understanding in A & B) Question 1 : The city imposes a $1 excise tax on cab rides, but exempts Gus fr
Suppose you are an economic consultant for a large company that produces and sells lollipops that are shaped like the faces of Hollywood celebrities.
A. Suppose you are an economic consultant for a large company that produces and sells lollipops that are shaped like the faces of Hollywood celebrities. The company has shops in the major cities around the country and also sells by mail order catalog. As an economic consultant, you have estimated the elasticity of demand for sto
Please see the attached file. -In everyday discussions, people tend to talk about monopoly firms "setting high prices," but in this chapter we have talked about choosing a profit-maximizing level of output. Are these two approaches saying the same thing? What kind of rule would a monopoly follow if it wished to choose a pro
In choosing whether to deliver to six or seven neighborhoods, Pizza Spinners has to take into account not only its own costs, but also the delivery area response of its competitor Harry's Pizzeria.
Hello, Please review attached document. I need help with this questions, I am finding it hard to solve the game theory questions. Thanks in advance Jummy Game Theory 1a. In choosing whether to deliver to six or seven neighborhoods, Pizza Spinners has to take into account not only its own costs, but also the delive
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For the last 70 years the U.S. government has used price supports to provide income assistance to American farmers.
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Auto sales data show that as the price of gasoline increased significantly recently, fewer people bought SUVs.
Please provide explanations and show work. Market Equilibrium Analysis Question 1: Auto sales data show that as the price of gasoline increased significantly recently, fewer people bought SUVs. Based on this economic fact, please address the following questions: a. Determine the market in question (i.e., which ma
If the price of good x falls, explain how the consumers relative consumption of the two goods change.
Suppose that, from an initial consumer equilibrium position, the price of good X falls while the price of good Y remains the same. Using indifference curve analysis, explain how and why the consumer's relative consumption of the two goods will change.
The inverse market demand curve is P=140-Q, and the inverse supply curve is P=20+Q. Now suppose a commodity subsidy of $20 is given for each unit of production. In this new distorted market equilibrium, compute the following: 1. equilibrium demand price 2. equilibrium supply price 3. equilibrium quantity 4. the additional
1) Consider the city of Silver Spring, where zoning laws limit the number of video arcades to one. The city's only video arcade has a price of $0.50 per game with an average cost of $0.34 per game. Suppose that the city eliminates its restrictions on video arcades, allowing additional firms to enter the market, "Each additional
Y = 1550 - 2400i = 600 + 3000i 950 = 5400i i = 0.176 substitute into IS: Y= 1550 - 2400*0.176 = 1127 Then substitute Y and i into C and I: C= 300+.3(Y-T) = 300 + 0.3 * (1127 - 250) = 563.1 I= 250+.2Y-1200i = 250 + 0.2* 1127 - 1200 * 0.176 = 264.2 3. Then assume M/P rises to 1890 and solve for the new Y and i. h
1) a perfectly competitive firm a) sells a product that has perfect substitutes b) has a perfect inelastic demand c) has a perfectly elastic supply d) all of the above 2) In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm____ earn an economic profit and ____ incur an economic loss a) migh
9 The profits of Du Pont de Nemours and Company in 1997 were about $2.4 billion. Does this mean that Du Pont's economic profit equaled $2.4 billion? Why or why not? 18 If the demand curve for wheat in the United States is P = 12.4 - 4QD where P is the farm price of wheat (in dollars per bushel) and QD is the quantity of whe
Please help with this problem. I'm not looking for a final answer, but I am definitely looking for the mathematical approach used. Thank you! MB1=150-Q1 is the marginal willingness to pay, or marginal benefit, function for Consumer 1 who consumes Q1 of the commodity Q per month. For example, when Q1=1, MB=149, meaning that th
Please give your answers in writing and with use of relevant diagrams and indicate what will happen to the price and the quantity of equilibrium sales under each circumstance. Demand for refrigerators is often described as cyclical and very sensitive to refrigerator prices and interest rates. Given these characteristics, des
Suppose that demand for oranges is given by the following equations: Q= -400 P+2,000 With quanity (Q) measured in oranges per day and price (P) measured in dollars per Orange. The supply curve is given by: Q = 1200 P A. Compute and present graphically the equilibrium price and quantity of oranges. B.
Over the last century, the Boeing Co. has grown from building planes in an old, red boathouse to become the largest aerospace company in the world. Boeing's principal global competitors is Airbus, a French company jointly owned by Eads (80 percent) and BAE systems (20percent). Airbus was established in 1970 as a European conso
Assume that initially G is $100 and equilibrium real GDP demanded is $1,000. If the multiplier is 4 and G increases to $200, real GDP demanded will increase a. by $100 b. by $2,000 c. by $1,000 d. to $1,400 e. to $2,000 If autonomous net taxes decline by $40 billion and the MPC = 0.75, then equilibrium real GDP demanded
Bada Bing,Ltd. supplies standard 256 MB RAM chips to the US computer and electronics industry. Like the output of its competitors, Bada Bings Chips must meet strict size,shape,and speed, specifications. As a result the chip supply industry can be regarded as perfectly competitive. The total cost and marginal cost functions fo
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Russian scientists have outlined a project to protect Earth from the asteroid Apophis, which could theoretically strike in 2036. Source: AFP / East News
Russian scientists have developed a new method to protect Earth from asteroid strikes: They propose that celestial bodies on alarming trajectories be knocked off course using other asteroids.
"It's about directing small asteroids into the path of large, dangerous ones," said Natan Eismont, one of the authors of the project and a leading researcher at the Institute of Space Research (ISR) at the Russian Academy of Sciences.
"The trick is to change the trajectory of the ‘projectile’ using a gravity assist from Earth," he added. "This gravity assist, or swing-by maneuver, can increase the velocity of a body to up to 3 kilometers per second [1.9 miles per second]; although, to bend the trajectory sufficiently requires a boost of only 2.5 meters per second,"
The group, which includes Eismont and other scientists from the ISR and the Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (under the Higher School of Economics led by U.S. scientist David Dunham), is creating a Russia-based laboratory to develop mathematical models to detect Earth-bound asteroids and comets.
The project is being financed by a grant worth 150 million rubles ($4.9 million), tendered by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.
Scientists have already outlined a project to protect Earth from the asteroid Apophis, which could theoretically strike in 2036.
Eismont and his colleagues propose using a gravity assist to knock Apophis off its "dangerous path." Gravity assists are commonly used to accelerate spacecraft. The “slingshot effect” helps many interplanetary vehicles reach the outskirts of the solar system with almost no fuel expenditure.
According to Eismont, the calculations show that an Earth-assisted gravity maneuver for an asteroid projectile 15 meters (50 feet) in diameter and weighing 1.4 tons would require just 1.2 tons of fuel (dinitrogen tetroxide and heptyl) and about 30 kilograms (66 pounds) of engine thrust.
Scientists propose using a Soyuz rocket to place a beacon on Apophis; such an instrument is already being developed by the ISR and the Lavochkin Association. A second device — the projectile engine — would be launched on board a Proton rocket.
Scientists have identified asteroid 2011 UK10 as the most suitable candidate for the sortie. To "knock out" Apophis in June 2027, the engine should be launched in December 2021, for touchdown on the asteroid in August 2022. A second mission is also on the drawing board, which envisages setting up a collision with Apophis in 2031.
According to Eismont, the method he and his colleagues propose is one of the most effective.
Other methods, such as using a "gravity tractor" (a heavy satellite whose gravity gradually alters the asteroid's trajectory) or coloring the celestial body with reflective paint to increase the sunlight intensity, would take a very long time and have very little effect.
According to project leader David Dunham, a report will be presented in Arizona in April 2013 at a conference on planetary protection.
First published in Russian in RIA Novosti.
All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
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Table of Contents
Welcome to 961 volts to watts, our post about the 961 volt to watt conversion.
Here we show you how to convert nine hundred and sixty-one volts to watts using the formulas for DC as well as AC circuits.
If you have been wondering how many watts is 961 volts, or if you have been looking for 961v in watts, then you are definitively right here. 🙂
We not only explain you the conversion of 961 volts to watts, but also feature a voltage to watt calculator you will like.
How many Watts is 961 Volts
The answer to the question how many watts is 961 volts depends on the flow of electric charge, either one-directional in direct current (DC), or bidirectional in case of alternating current (AC).
In case of 961 volts in an AC circuit, the power factor PF and number of phases make a difference, in addition to the connection scheme of the wires in case of 3-phase AC.
See the 961 volts to watts formulas in the next section, and make sure to check out our converter which you can find after the voltage to wattage example calculations.
961 Volts to Watts Conversion
To convert 961 volts to watts, determine your electric current in amperes (A), then apply the formula below which corresponds to your circuit:
AC, 1 Phase: W = PF × [A] × [961 V]
AC, 3 Phase, Line to Line (L-L): W = √3 × PF × [A] × [961 V]
AC, 3 Phase, Line to Neutral (L-N): W = 3 × PF × [A] × [961 V]
To learn what the power factor, line to line and line to neutral voltage in the context of changing 961 volts to watts stand for, read our article volts to watts, located in the header menu.
For the example 961 volts to watts conversions below, we assume a power factor of 0.5 and an electric current of 1.5 amperes. Therefore, for 961v to watts we get:
- Direct current (DC): W = [1.5 A] × [961 V] = 1441.5 watts
- Alternating current (AC), 1 Phase: W = 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [961 V] = 720.75 watts
- Alternating current (AC), 3 Phases, L-L: W = √3 × 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [961 V] = 1248.38 W
- Alternating current (AC), 3 Phases, L-N: W = 3 × 0.5 × [1.5 A] × [961 V] = 2162.25 watts
Remember, these values for 961 volts in watts are example calculations under the assumption PF = 0.5 and I = 1.5 A. For your power factor, amperage and circuit, use our calculator.
Enter 961 in the Volts field, then choose your circuit from the drop-down menu. If requested, insert the PF. Next, in the Amps field, enter your electric current, then hit Convert.
If you wish to start 961 volts to watts over, first hit Reset, then proceed as explained above.
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In the next section of our 961 volt to watt post, you can find the FAQs in the context, the instructions for using our custom search form, as well as the summary of 961v to watts.
961v to Watts
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Banned Books Week 2009
Banned Books Week, held the last week of September, highlights books that have been banned or challenged in libraries. Each year during Banned Books Week, the American Library Association and other supporting organizations promote the freedom to read and celebrate the freedoms found in the First Amendment.
The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."
To Kill a Mockingbird - a Depression-era story in which lawyer Atticus Finch plays a pivotal role - was last challenged in 2007.
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Geometry Escape Challenge D Answer Key Introduction:
Are you one of the many students who have attempted to complete Geometry Escape Challenge D? If so, have you been struggling to solve the puzzles and escape the room? Fear no more, as in this blog post, we will guide you through the solution steps of the challenges in Geometry Escape Challenge D. We will also provide you with the answer key for your benefit. So, grab a pen and paper, put on your thinking cap, and let’s get started!
The first task in Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “Angle Zodiac.” To solve this puzzle, you need to determine which of the three angles in a triangle is the zodiac angle. To do this, you need to first find the perimeter of the triangle using the given side lengths. The perimeter is 48 units, and using this, you can identify that angle C is the smallest angle. Therefore, angle C is the zodiac angle.
The second task in the Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “The Ancient Key.” In this puzzle, you have to determine the missing value of x in the trapezium given in the puzzle. This is quite simple, as we know that opposite sides of a trapezium are equal in length. So, adding the lengths of both sides, we find that 6x-10=5x+8, which simplifies to x=18.
The third puzzle in the Geometry Escape Challenge D is named, “Pyramid Scheme.” In this puzzle, you are presented with a tricky problem, which requires an understanding of the Pythagorean theorem. You have to find the height of the pyramid, using its base, diagonal, and slant height. By applying the Pythagorean Theorem using the triangle formed by the slant height, height, and the side of the pyramid, you can find the height as √(76²-45²) = √3721 = 61 units.
The fourth task in Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “The Hidden Polygon.” In this puzzle, you are given a series of shapes, one of which is hidden from your view. The trick to identifying the hidden shape is to superimpose them on top of one another and use a straightedge to find the edges of the polygon. By doing this, you can find that the hidden polygon has six sides and is a hexagon.
The fifth puzzle in Geometry Escape Challenge D is called “Maze Runner.” In this puzzle, you must escape the maze by determining which way to turn in a series of triangular rooms. You can solve this puzzle by looking in each triangular room and determining the angle at the corner opposite to the route which is yet to be taken, with help of which you can find the correct direction to escape.
And with that, you have successfully completed Geometry Escape Challenge D! We hope this guide has helped you in solving the puzzles. Geometry can be tough, but with perseverance and knowledge of the basic principles and formulas, you can conquer it. Once again, we congratulate you on your success and we encourage you to keep challenging yourself and never stop exploring the world of math!
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Amitabh Bachchan is an Indian film actor, producer, television host, and former politician. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for films such as Zanjeer, Deewaar, and Sholay, and was dubbed India's "angry young man" for his on-screen roles in Bollywood. Referred to as the Shahenshah of Bollywood, Star of the Millennium, or Big B, he has since appeared in over 190 Indian films in a career spanning almost five decades. Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema as well as world cinema. So total was his dominance on the Indian movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director François Truffaut called him a "one-man industry."
Carter Godwin Woodson was an American historian, author, journalist and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He was one of the first scholars to study African-American history. A founder of The Journal of Negro History in 1916, Woodson has been cited as the "father of black history". In February 1926 he launched the celebration of "Negro History Week", the precursor of Black History Month.
Walter "Walt" Whitman was an American poet, essayist, and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.
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Myopia is the most common cause of distance refractive errors worldwide. Due to the rise in myopia prevalence over the past few decades and the sight-threatening issues associated with extreme myopia, such as cataracts, and glaucoma myopia has become a significant public health concern. This leaves people looking for ways to reduce symptoms.
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, typically manifests itself between the ages of 6 and 14. Children with nearsighted parents are more likely to develop myopia; however, childhood myopia is becoming more common.
It’s anticipated that the number of people with myopia will keep growing. Because of this constantly growing number, there are more innovative ways of myopia control being developed all the time, an example being corrective lenses.
What Is Myopia?
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive error that happens when your eye fails to properly focus light on the retina.
To see clearly, light rays must pass through and be refracted by your cornea and lens. The retina then transforms light into signals that are sent to your brain where they are then translated into images.
In myopic vision, the eyeball is a little bit longer than usual from front to back. The light rays that create the images we perceive focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it, making distant objects appear hazy and unclear.
Nearsightedness can appear gradually or abruptly, and it frequently worsens during childhood and adolescence since your eyes are growing quickly in these stages.
The most common symptom you may notice is blurry vision when looking at far-away objects. But other symptoms may be present including:
- Blurry or hazy vision when looking at far away objects
- Squinting to try and read
- Frequent headaches
- Poor vision in low light
In children, it’s harder to tell if they are experiencing the symptoms of myopia because you can’t see what they see, and they have no frame of reference as to what the quality of their vision should be.
That’s why it’s important to take your child to a comprehensive exam regularly from a young age. Physically you may notice them:
- Asking if they can sit at the front of the classroom
- Have disinterest in sports that require long-distance vision
- Rubbing their eyes
- Moving closer to the TV
- Holding books closer to their face
Corrective Lenses for Myopia
There is no single best method for correcting myopia. Your eyes and your lifestyle will determine the best myopia management for you. However, some corrective lenses like MyoVision & Myopilux can offer some relief.
Discuss your daily activities with your eye doctor so that you can determine the best treatment options for your specific needs.
In addition to correcting refractive issues, these Zeiss MyoVision lenses cause “myopic defocus,” which causes an image to be projected onto the retina’s surface rather than its back, slowing the unintentional elongation of the eye, which causes nearsightedness.
Before MyoVision lenses, glasses could only help with myopia control if they were multifocal, which means they offered multiple prescriptions in different areas of the lens. MyoVision lenses are the first single-vision lenses designed specifically for myopia control.
MyoVision’s long-term effects include manageable distance vision into adulthood. But it’s important to remember that kids with myopia will continue to have it as they get older. There is currently no cure for myopia, progression can only be slowed down.
Myopilux lenses simultaneously correct and control myopia. It outperforms single vision lenses, which only correct far vision while doing nothing to help reduce the strain of near vision.
- Myopilux Plus. Progressive lenses that are made specifically for children to reduce myopia while considering ergonomics, facial, and eye anatomy. These lenses provide comfortable support and a wide field of vision.
- Myopilux Max. Prismatic bifocal lenses that are designed for exophoric patients. They provide a myopic child with the greatest field of vision. The upper portion of the lens accommodates the prescription, while the lower portion of the lens contains a prismatic reading addition. The upper and lower halves of the lens are separated by a line.
MiSight Contact Lenses
MiSight soft contacts are specifically designed for children aged 8 to 12 experiencing nearsightedness. This daily-disposable soft contact lens’s dual-focus optical design provides your child with clear vision while also signalling the eye to slow down in its growth.
MiSight slowed the progression of myopia by 59% when compared to single vision lenses. You are assisting your child today while also lowering the risk of vision-threatening eye diseases in the future.
Start Corrective Action Today
If you or your child are experiencing the symptoms of myopia, it’s important to get an early diagnosis so that you can start corrective action. Book an appointment with us today to see if corrective lenses will work for you or your child.
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Nobody wants to live inside a house that smells like the sewers. So if your home reeks of sewer gas, you may have a big problem. Sewer gases have hydrogen sulfide, methane and many kinds of bacteria. These are unsafe for you and your family’s health. Exposure to high concentrations of these gases can even cause suffocation and even death.
Common Causes of Sewer Gas Smells
It’s important to know what causes the issues and eliminate it as soon as possible. Here are some of the common causes of sewer gas odor in your home.
- Basement Water traps
Basements have water traps that you must maintain by using them once in a while.
Not using them for a long time can cause the water to evaporate. And if this happens, it can allow the sewer gasses to go up the pipes and into the rooms of your home.
- Shower drains
Like water traps, shower drains that aren’t used for a long time can also cause sewer odors. When the p-trap’s water evaporates, sewer gasses can get into your bathroom.
Another reason is dirty drains. Biofilm that can build up in pipes and drains can also cause sewer-like smells. If this is the case, running water can worsen the smell.
Sewer odor from toilets are among the worst as these are directly connected to your septic tank system. Toilets may produce sewer-like odors because of broken wax ring seals or infrequent use.
Sewer odor from sinks can have similar causes with shower drains and toilets. Infrequent use or build-up of biofilm will give it a nasty smell.
- Sewer line breakage
Sewer lines can eventually break or crack if not properly maintained. Sewer gasses can get into your home from these damages.
A broken sewer line is among the most difficult issues to repair. Damage can sometimes happen to pipes which aren’t easily accessible. These can often be in the under floorings or walls.
Ways to Get Rid of Sewer Smells
Once you find the culprit for the sewer odor in your home, it’s time to fix it. There are many ways to fix the problem.
- You can pour some water down the water trap if the water in it has evaporated. This will restore the levels of the water trap and it will push the gasses down.
- To prevent biofilm buildup in showers, toilets, and sinks, clean your pipes regularly. Use a brush, hot water, and soap to clean the p-trap to the drains. After cleaning, rinse with cold water. You may also use commercial or homemade drain cleaners.
- Call an experienced plumber to fix broken sewer lines. Unless you are a plumber yourself, don’t attempt doing it on your own.
Call a Plumbing Service Company
Calling a reputable plumbing service company would be your best option to clear your home from sewer odor. This is because there might be more serious reasons as to why you’re experiencing this sewer-like smell. To be sure that the real cause of the smell is fixed properly and safely, trust professional plumbers find and fix it.
Don’t just hire any plumber who will promise you with great results. Make sure that they are licensed, bonded, and insured. It’s best to get in touch with trusted plumbing companies like Spartan Plumbing, Heating & Cooling.
They have quite a reputation for providing the best possible services to their clients—you’ll even find plenty of reviews about the work that they have done.
It’s better to prevent any sewer related problems in the future. Call them to inspect and maintain your sewer lines regularly. You’ll also be provided with professional advices on how to prevent sewer problems from occurring.
If you’re in Tucson, call Spartan Plumbing today for immediate assistance.
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Children with craniosynostosis are born with congenital deformities of the face and skull. In severe cases associated problems are common. The child who is not properly cared for can end up blind, deaf and with severe learning difficulties. In addition, they may be left with unacceptable facial deformities. Outside specialized craniofacial units, there is at present nowhere for those involved in primary or secondary care to go for help with the many practical problems that these children present. In this book, a distinguished team of editors have assembled experts in the field to introduce the non-craniofacial specialist to what can be achieved and how they can contribute to the child's welfare. It will be essential reading for paediatricians seeking practical information about the management of these disorders, and for specialists in neurosurgery, ENT, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, maxillo-facial surgery, orthodontics, psychology, genetics, anaesthesia, audiology and speech therapy.
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A team of scientists from WWF and Conservation International (CI) has discovered the world’s largest known population of grey-shanked doucs (Pygathrix cinerea), increasing chances that the Endangered monkey can be saved from extinction.
The grey-shanked douc is one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates and has only been recorded in the five central Vietnamese provinces of Quang Nam, Kon Tum, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, and Gia Lai. Fewer than 1,000 individuals are believed to still exist, and until now, only one other population with more than 100 animals was known.
“This is an exciting and important discovery because of the large size of the population,” said Barney Long, Central Truong Son Conservation Landscape Coordinator for WWF Greater Mekong – Vietnam Program. “It’s very rare to discover a population of this size with such high numbers in a small area, especially for a species on the brink of extinction. This indicates that the population has not been impacted by hunting like all other known populations of the species.”
Recent surveys in Que Phuoc Commune in Quang Nam Province recorded at least 116 animals (the number of individuals observed), with an estimated population of over 180 individuals. To date, only a small part of the area has been surveyed, meaning significantly more doucs may live in the adjacent forest.
“To put it into a human perspective, this discovery is like finding a new country with over 1 billion people in it,” said Ben Rawson, a Regional Wildlife Biologist for CI’s Indo-Burma Program. “We now have a much greater opportunity to overcome the very serious threats faced by this species and prevent its disappearance from our planet.”
Grey-shanked doucs, first described in 1997, are tree-dwelling colobine monkeys with orange faces and tufts of whiskers. Like many primate species in Vietnam, they face an uncertain future due to hunting and habitat loss. A 2006 IUCN assessment determined that 65 percent of Vietnam’s primate taxa are Endangered or Critically Endangered, making the country one of the highest global priorities for primate conservation.
A WWF survey team first discovered the new douc population in August 2005 while studying the region for possible establishment of a new protected area. Two recent joint surveys in adjacent areas involving scientists from WWF’s Greater Mekong Program and Conservation International’s Indo-Burma Office revealed the significance of the find.
Tran Khanh Duong, who led the most recent surveys, was trained through CI’s Primate Conservation Training Course operated in collaboration with Hanoi University of Science, the University of Colorado-Boulder and the Frankfurt Zoological Society. He then received a small grant and mentoring to run the surveys, showing the impact on primate conservation and career development from such training and funding programs.
“When I gave up economics to pursue my passion for wildlife, I never dreamed that I would be able to make such an impact,” Duong said. “I look forward to continuing my work at the site to ensure that this population is protected.”
The doucs are located in the proposed “Central Quang Nam Species and Habitat Conservation Area”, which the Quang Nam Forest Protection Department (FPD) hopes will receive full legal protection by the Provincial People’s Committee. Establishment of this protected area will protect the globally important population of grey-shanked doucs, along with a herd of elephants that live in the lowland forests to the south.
Currently, the area is threatened by illegal logging and hunting, as well as the construction of a new road that would bisect the forest. A new management plan developed by Que Son FPD with WWF support that aims to protect the douc and elephant populations long into the future awaits final approval and financial support form the Provincial People’s Committee.
The surveys were funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, WWF-US and the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation. WWF has been supporting Quang Nam and adjacent provinces through its Central Truong Son Landscape Conservation Program for over six years and rangers from across Quang Nam and Thue Thien Hue provinces have been trained in primate surveying, monitoring, and conservation methods.
Cite This Page:
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Herd mark identification for groups of pigs
This page is part of the Guidance Document Repository (GDR).
Looking for related documents?
Search for related documents in the Guidance Document Repository
A herd mark is an identification number unique to a group of pigs that originate from the same premises. A herd mark is used for approved tattoo applied to pigs and, under certain circumstances, may be printed on ear tags approved for pigs. If you wish to obtain a herd mark for a premises under your management that houses pigs, please contact your provincial pork producer association:
Manitoba Pork Council
Les Éleveurs de porcs du Québec
Porc NB Pork
Pork Nova Scotia
For producers in British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador, contact the Canadian Pork Council at 1-613-236-9239)
- Date modified:
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A new, three-year, $800,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy will be used by research groups in the UNM School of Engineering Civil Engineering Department and Sandia National Laboratories to improve scientific understanding of the behavior of consolidating granular salt.
Principal Investigators John Stormont, chair of the UNM Department of Civil Engineering and SNL researcher Stephen Bauer want to understand how granular salt consolidates or becomes dense in response to stress and temperature. Granular salt is currently under consideration as a sealing material for the shafts and tunnels in salt formations in waste repositories such as the Waste Isolation Pilot Project in southern New Mexico. It’s known that granular salt will slowly consolidate over time to a condition comparable with intact salt, and will eventually erase tunnels and shafts as the salt closes around the radioactive material. The researchers want to know whether it is possible to confidently predict how the salt will behave under various stress, temperature and moisture conditions.
Stormont says an intact salt bed is nearly impermeable to moisture, and he expects they will be able to use their research results to estimate how quickly the salt will consolidate around the waste to bring the repository to the condition of an intact salt bed. The researchers will construct mathematical models that will allow them to make predictions about how the salt will behave under varying conditions.
“Granular salt consolidation is a complex response,” Stormont said. “We will use measurements and observations to develop models to describe granular salt as it consolidates under conditions expected in repository environments, focusing on the time required for complete consolidation. The development of models that explicitly couple the mechanical response with the thermal and hydrologic responses will be a major advance in the fundamental understanding of granular salt consolidation.”
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Washington, Mar 12 (ANI): It may soon be possible to detect Alzheimer's disease with a simple blood test, say researchers.
The team from the University of Georgia, the Charlie Norwood VA Medical Centre in Augusta and the Medical College of Georgia have found a direct relationship between two specific antibodies and the severity of Alzheimer's disease symptoms.
They found that concentration of two specific proteins that are involved in the immune response increases as the severity of dementia increases.
"We found a strong and consistent relationship between two particular antibodies and the level of impairment," said study co-author L. Stephen Miller, professor and director of clinical psychology training in the UGA Franklin College of Arts and Sciences.
"The finding brings us closer to our ultimate goal of developing a blood test that can diagnose Alzheimer's disease or potentially identify if someone is at higher risk for the disease," he added.
During the study, the team focused on antibodies that the body creates in response to two proteins that are associated with Alzheimer's disease.
One protein, known as amyloid-beta, forms the plaques that are evident in the brains of people with Alzheimer's upon autopsy. The other protein, known as RAGE, is involved in the normal aging process but is expressed at higher levels in the brains of people with Alzheimer's.
"Alzheimer's is an inflammatory disease of the brain, and these two antibodies give us a way to measure that inflammation," said Shyamala Mruthinti, research pharmacologist at the VA Medical Centre and adjunct professor at MCG.
"Using them as an early diagnostic marker may allow us to start drug treatment early, when it's most effective, to increase the patient's quality of life," he added.
To further test the strength of the relationship, the researchers are now working with a sample that controls for other factors that have the potential to influence levels of the two antibodies, such as diabetes and heart disease.
The study appears in the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. (ANI)
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DIVERSITY IS KEY
Houghton maintains and sources grapes from vineyards throughout Western Australia, this diversity provides a rich resource to produce an array of fine wines.
SWAN VALLEY – The Swan Valley is the oldest wine region in Western Australia and is rich in history. Just 30 minutes North West of Perth, the Swan Valley has a Mediterranean climate, tempered by Indian Ocean breezes. Rich, alluvial soils are ideal for growing Chardonnay, Chenin, Semillon, Verdelho and Cabernet Sauvignon.
GINGIN – Sitting in the foothills of Western Australia’s Darling Ranges at Gingin, 88km North of Perth, Gingin produces wines with generous flavours, due to a warm climate, rich soils and a cool maritime influence.
MARGARET RIVER – Stretching 100km from Cape Naturaliste in the North to Cape Leeuwin in the south, the long, narrow region of Margaret River boasts a climate and soils with ideal conditions for producing quality wines.
PEMBERTON – Western Australia’s newest wine region, located south east of Margaret River, Pemberton has a warm maritime climate, with vines at 100m and free draining soils that combine to produce wine with elegance and structure.
FRANKLAND RIVER – Located in the Great Southern area of Western Australia, this inland region has unique granite “marri” type that is highly productive. A warm, Mediterranean climate ensures wines with richness and density
MT BARKER – Found west of the Albany Highway, the Mt Barker region is distinguished by its gravelly loams called “marri” with excellent drainage and low fertility. A Mediterranean climate and low levels of humidity with high sunshine ensure wines with richness and intensity.
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Through the study of History, American, European, and of other parts of our world, the student begins to view current events not in a vacuum but as a natural outgrowth of previous circumstances, which gives new meaning and perspective to these events. History opens the student to the complexity of the human experience. It teaches him to critically analyze data and even offer alternative interpretations. The History courses also improve the student’s research abilities as well as writing.
History is a course which engages most high school age students. Together with Global Studies, knowledge of History will help the student be better prepared for the multi-faceted experiences that is part and parcel of life in the global village that is our world.
Everything happened in ‘History’ – scientific innovations, mathematical discoveries, great books and their authors – all of it occurred sometime in history. As such the study of history is a perfect interdisciplinary junction that reconnects the student with all the other the subjects.
Daily homework is posted on the home work page of the Sinai Academy website. This not only allows the parents to quickly and easily find out the assigned work for the day but also serves as a reminder for each student since the assignments appear in their FB feed.
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Frequency of ABO-Rhesus Blood Groups in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia
The western region of Saudi Arabia is known as a multinational region with different ethnic groups of people. This study aims to evaluate the ABO and rhesus blood groups among study subjects in the Western area of Saudi Arabia and their comparison with other regions of the Kingdom. It is a retrospective study. 35,388 participants were included. ABO blood grouping was done using tube method. Agglutination in any tube or hemolysis was considered as positive. Blood grouping was done by a preliminary finger prick, and was repeated again and a serum sample was obtained at the time of donation. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software was used for the data analysis. Results showed that the most common blood group is O, (50.1%) followed by A (29.7%), B (16%) and less frequent is AB (4.1%). Rhesus positive were 91.3%, while rhesus negative were 8.63%. These results demonstrate that the most common blood group in the Western province is O. Blood group A was noticed to be less frequent. Understanding the frequencies of the blood groups and their phenotypes is crucial for blood banking and for setting transfusion service protocols.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of King Abdulaziz University - Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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The Oklahoma State Capitol is the house of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the building that houses the Oklahoma Legislature and executive branch offices. It is located along Lincoln Boulevard in Oklahoma City. The present structure includes a dome completed in 2002. The building is a National Historic Landmark.
Oklahoma's first capital was Guthrie, Oklahoma, but it moved to Oklahoma City in 1910. Construction began on the Oklahoma State Capitol in 1914 and was completed in 1917. Originally, it housed the judicial branch of Oklahoma, but the state's high courts moved most of their operations to the Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011, leaving only the Supreme Court Hearing Chamber in the capitol building.
The state capitol complex is the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs.
Early capital of Guthrie (1889-1910)
Oklahoma's territorial capital and first state capital was located in the city of Guthrie. The settlement of the first state capital began at noon on April 22, 1889, when cannons sounded the start of the Oklahoma land run. The town was designated as the territorial capital in 1890.
Move to Oklahoma City and construction (1910-1917)
State government officials let voters decide on whether or not to move the capital to Oklahoma City. On June 11, 1910, the state seal was taken from Guthrie and moved south to Oklahoma City, where the Oklahoma State Capitol is located today. Lee Cruce, the second Governor of Oklahoma commissioned the architectural construction of the present day structure. Prior to its construction, state government offices were housed in the Huckins Hotel in downtown Oklahoma City.
Construction on the Oklahoma State Capitol began after a groundbreaking ceremony on July 20, 1914. Architects Soloman Andrew Layton and S. Wemyss-Smith were paid $75,000 to develop the architectural plans, while James Stewart & Company received the construction contract.
The building's exterior is constructed mainly of Indiana limestone, with a base of local Oklahoma pink granite, and Oklahoma black granite for the grand staircase. The interior prominently features marble as well as fixtures from a variety of sources. While original plans called for a dome, it was omitted due to cost overruns discovered in 1915 when the original $1.5 million appropriated by the Oklahoma Legislature proved insufficient to fund the additional structure necessary to support and construct the dome.
The building was completed on June 30, 1917.
Expansion and change (1998-present)
In 1998, state legislators and the governor enacted legislation to create the Oklahoma Centennial Act, which formed the Oklahoma Capitol Complex and Centennial Commemoration Commission. The commission worked to fund a dome for the Oklahoma State Capitol and construction of the dome began in 2001 and was completed in 2002. It included a 22 feet (6.7 m) bronze sculpture called The Guardian. During exterior restoration work in 2014, engineers discovered significant cracks in the precast panels that comprise the dome.
In 2006, plans were made to move the judicial branch into the old Oklahoma Historical Society building, as the agency was moving into the Oklahoma History Center. The court offices moved to the new Oklahoma Judicial Center in 2011.
Ten Commandments Monument controversy
In 2009, Oklahoma State Representative Mike Ritze sponsored a bill to have a monument to the Ten Commandments installed at the capitol. His family supplied $10,000 to fund the monument, which was installed in late 2012. The monument since has been labeled "a lightning rod of controversy." It has been destroyed and re-erected once, and been the subject of both state and federal litigation.
In 2013, the American Civil Liberties Union of Oklahoma (ACLU) filed suit in state court over the placement of this religious monument on public property. The case, Prescott v. Capitol Preservation Commission, was ultimately decided by the Oklahoma Supreme Court in June 2015, holding in a 7-2 decision that the monument violates the Oklahoma Constitution's ban on the use of public property to support religion. The decision has proved extremely controversial, with some conservative state lawmakers even calling for impeachment of the Oklahoma Supreme Court or the amending of the Oklahoma Constitution to remove it's ban on state religious support. The monument was removed from the Capital grounds in October 2015. Bruce Prescott, a Baptist minister, said "Frankly, I'm glad we finally got the governor and attorney general to agree to let the monument be moved to private property, which is where I believe it's most appropriate... I'm not opposed to the Ten Commandments. The first sermon I ever preached was on the Ten Commandments. I'm just opposed to it being on public property."
A second lawsuit was filed by American Atheists in 2013, this time in federal court, alleging that the monument also violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The suit was dismissed by the Federal District Court for lack of standing, and Prescott v. Capitol Preservation Commission was decided while an appeal was pending, likely rendering the case moot.
Prior to the Prescott decision, the New York-based Satanic Temple, citing the government's constitutional obligation to not endorse any particular religion, had announced they would apply to have a privately funded statue honoring Baphomet on the capitol grounds. A vandal destroyed the Ten Commandments monument in 2014 and plans for the Baphomet statue were put on hold as the Satanic Temple did not want their statue to stand alone at the capitol. After the Oklahoma Supreme Court ordered the monument removed, the statue was erected elsewhere in Detroit. The statue may be moved to Arkansas if a Ten Commandments monument is erected there.
House Movers Oklahoma Video
Exterior and Capitol complex
The Oklahoma State Capitol, located at 2300 North Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City is composed primarily of white limestone and Oklahoma pink granite. However, the building's dome is made of steel-reinforced concrete and reinforced plaster casts.
The state capitol complex is famous for its oil wells and remains the only state capitol grounds in the United States with active oil rigs. The capitol building is directly atop the Oklahoma City Oil Field.
The state capitol building and the surrounding government buildings, non-government agencies, museums, libraries, and tree lined streets and boulevards form the Oklahoma State Capitol Complex or Capitol Campus. The complex includes the State Capitol Park, the Oklahoma History Center, the Oklahoma Judicial Center, and the Oklahoma Governor's Mansion. The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) mansion has a limestone exterior to complement the Oklahoma State Capitol's exterior. The surrounding neighborhood is home to numerous restaurants and bars.
The Oklahoma History Center opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from prehistoric Native American tribes to the present day.
The west wing of the Capitol houses the Oklahoma House of Representatives chamber and offices. The east wing houses the Oklahoma Senate chamber and offices. The ceremonial office of the governor is located on the second floor. Elected state officials such as the state auditor and inspector, state treasurer, and state attorney general have offices on the first floor. The building also contains a museum, a cafeteria, and a barber shop.
Chickasaw artist Mike Larsen's mural Flight of Spirit, honoring the Five Moons, notable 20th-century Native American ballerinas from Oklahoma is on display in the Capitol rotunda. Several large paintings by Wayne Cooper are on display in the building. Many of them depict the early heritage and oil history of the state. Seminole artist Enoch Kelly Haney's painting "The Earth and I are One" is on display on the first floor of the building.
The Senate lobby includes a 6 by 10 feet (1.8 m × 3.0 m) oil-on-canvas painting of the "Ceremonial Transfer of the Louisiana Purchase in New Orleans - 1803" by Mike Wimmer. The Senate Lounge displays a watercolor painting entitled "Community of Boling Springs" by Sonya Terpening.
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Insulin resistance denotes decreased sensitivity of target cells (muscle, fat cells) to insulin. It is the metabolic cause of the very common "metabolic syndrome", which is the clustering of diabetes mellitus (type 2), hypertension, combined hyperlipidemia and central obesity in patients. It also underlies most processes behind the metabolic complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
In a normal person, a small amount of insulin is produced after eating ("postprandial"), and it signals the body to absorb the sugars from the food at a steady rate. In an "insulin resistant" person the message does not get to the cells so the sugar remains in the blood for long periods of time while ever more insulin is released in an attempt to trigger the sugar-uptake. The sugar circulates in the blood for several hours and then is taken into the cells very rapidly, leading to a steep drop in blood sugar and a hypoglycaemic reaction several hours after the meal.
Various disease states make the body tissues more resistant to the actions of insulin. Example include infection (TNFα) and acidosis. Recent research involves the relative roles of adipokines (the cytokines produced by adipose tissue) in modifying insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis often appear together. Insulin resistance in these patients can be detected not only by sophisticated tests but by some simple observations of hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia involving small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles.
These patients also have slightly decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, impaired fibrinolysis, a hypercoagulable state and increased inflammatory cytokine levels.
Glucose tolerance testing (GTT)Edit
During a glucose tolerance test (GTT), which is generally used to diagnose diabetes mellitus type 2, the patient (who has been fasting) takes a fixed oral dose of glucose, and glucose levels are measured by fingerprick testing every 30 minutes of the following hours.
Interpretation depends on local guidelines, but glycemia exceeding 10 mmol/l is often considered diagnostic for diabetes.
OGTT can be normal or mildly abnormal in simple insulin resistance. Often, there are raised glucose levels in the early measurements, reflecting the loss of a postprandial (after the meal) peak in insulin production. Extension of the testing (for several more hours) will often reveal a hypoglycemic "dip", which is a result of an overshoot in insulin production after the failure of the physiologic postprandial insulin response.
Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clampEdit
The gold standard for investigating and quantifying insulin resistance is the "hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp," so called because it measures the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level without causing hypoglycemia. This was first reported by DeFronzo et al in 1979. The test is rarely performed in clinical care, but is sometimes used in medical research - for example, to assess the effects of different medications.
The procedure takes about 2 hours. Through a peripheral vein, insulin is infused at 0.06 units per kg body weight per minute. In order to compensate for the insulin infusion, glucose 20% is infused to maintain blood sugar levels between 5 and 5.5 mmol/l. The rate of glucose infusion is determined by checking the blood sugar levels every 5 minutes.
The rate of glucose infusion during the last 30 minutes of the test determines insulin sensitivity. If high levels (7.5 mg/min or higher) are required, the patient is insulin-sensitive. Very low levels (4.0 mg/min or lower) suggest that the body is resistant to insulin action. Levels between 4.1 and 7.4 mg/min are indetermined and might point at "impaired glucose tolerance", considered an early form of insulin resistance.
Given the complicated nature of the "clamp" technique (and the potential dangers of hypoglycemia in some patients), alternatives have been sought to simplify the measurement of insulin resistance. The first was the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA), and a more recent method is the QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index). Both employ fasting insulin and glucose levels to calculate insulin resistance, and both correllate reasonably with the results of clamping studies.
Causes of insulin resistanceEdit
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- Hypercortisolism (e.g. steroid use or Cushing's disease)
- Drugs (e.g. rifampicin, isoniazid, olanzapine, risperidone, progestogens, many antiretrovirals, possibly alcohol)
The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes (Knowler et al 2002).
Naturopathic approaches to insulin resistance include: supplementation of chromium and vanadium have been shown to potentiate the effects of insulin at receptor cells, bitter melon (momordica) and gymnema sylvestra are two common herbs used as hypoglycemic agents. Additionally, Essential Fatty Acids, EFA, have been shown to improve insulin receptor sensitivity[How to reference and link to summary or text].
- DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.d Am J Physiol; 1979;237:E214-23. PMID 382871.
- Himsworth HP. Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types. Lancet 1936;i:127-130.
- Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403. PMID 11832527.
- Dr. Andrew P. Selwyn. What data is available that shows insulin resistance as a risk factor of CVD? How compelling is it? CME on Diabetes
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A food kiosk or food booth (also food stand, temporary food service facility) is generally a temporary structure used to prepare and sell food to the general public, usually where large groups of people are situated outdoors in a park, at a parade, near a stadium or otherwise. Sometimes the term also refers to the business operations and vendors that operate from such booths.
There is evidence to suggest that certain foods have either originated from, or gained in popularity through food booths. For example, the popularity of the ice cream cone in North America is attributed to the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. According to legend, an ice cream seller had run out of clean dishes, and could not sell any more ice cream. Next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat. The waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was subsequently copied by other vendors.
A common practice is for modern food booths to operate as concession stands at various kinds of special events. These may be operated by small independent vendors, catering companies, or by established restaurants offering a subset of items featured from a more comprehensive menu. Alternatively, some food booths may be operated by local nonprofit organizations as a means of fundraising. In some situations, nonprofit orgs may face slightly lower processing fees, or less stringent regulations and contractual requirements, making such operations relatively more advantageous.
Depending on the jurisdiction, and local customs, operators of such booths ordinarily require a temporary food sales permit and government-issued licenses. Typically operators also must demonstrate compliance with various regulations for sanitation, public health and food safety. Such regulations include, for example:
To oversee compliance with applicable regulations, many municipalities hire and deploy health inspectors, or provide general guidelines for inspection, in order to ensure food booths do not present an unreasonable risk of harm to customers. Hired inspectors are usually permitted to make unscheduled inspections of facilities with little or no advance notice to the proprietors. The rules regarding the frequency, scope and extent of routine on-site inspections vary depending on the jurisdiction. Also, some jurisdictions may establish priorities based on the type of food served, the type of organization involved, and other ancillary factors, such as any prior history of customer complaints.
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New study provides more evidence of link between schizophrenia and gut
Researchers at SUNY Upstate Medical University, along with colleagues at universities in China, provide further evidence of a strong link between schizophrenia and the organisms that reside in the digestive tract.
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental illness that impacts how a person behaves. It’s estimated that about 1.5 million people are diagnosed with schizophrenia annually.
The findings, researchers say, could transform the way schizophrenia is treated.
The breakthrough research is reported in the journal Science Advances.
Upstate researcher Julio Licinio, MD, PhD, a professor of psychiatry, medicine and pharmacology, who also serves as dean of the College of Medicine at Upstate, co-led the study with a team of international researchers who have been searching for the past five years to show the effect of the microbiome on behavior and the brain.
Listen to researchers Julio Licinio, MD, PhD, and Ma-Li Wong, MD, PhD, discuss their research here.
Gut microbiome refers to the microbes that live in the intestines. While people share some of the same microbiomes, most of the organisms differ from person to person.
As part of the study, Licinio and his team, through genetic sequencing of the gut microbiomes of healthy individuals and people with schizophrenia, found a vast difference in the makeup of the microbiomes found in people with schizophrenia. There were far fewer different gut microbiomes in people with schizophrenia.
The next step of the study was to transplant the microbiomes taken from individuals with schizophrenia into germ-free mice.
“The mice behaved in a way that is reminiscent of the behavior of people with schizophrenia,” Licinio said. “The brains of the animals given microbes from patients with schizophrenia also showed changes in glutamate, a neurotransmitter that is thought to be dysregulated in schizophrenia.”
Mice given microbiomes from healthy individuals showed no unexpected behavior.
Licinio says the way the microbiome from individuals with schizophrenia affected the mice behavior suggests that a promise of a new treatment of the mental disorder could be on the horizon.
“This would give us a completely new pathway toward treating schizophrenia,” Licinio said. “No treatments that we give today are based on a change of the microbes in the gut. So if you could show that would change behavior in a positive way, we would have a whole new way to approach schizophrenia.”
Ma-Li Wong, MD, PhD, Upstate professor of psychiatry and behavioral science and neuroscience and physiology, who also co-led the research, said of the findings: “We understand schizophrenia as a brain disease. But maybe we need to re-examine this line of thinking and consider that maybe the gut has an important role.”
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Caring for the postpartum patient
(Cypress, CA: Medcom, 2014), 17 minutes
During the postpartum period of care, the patient may require a notable amount of physical and psychological care. This course focuses on the physiological, psychological and emotional changes a woman goes through during the postpartum period, and includes information that can assist the nurse in caring for and reassuring her postpartum patients. The course also discusses the importance of emotional support and patient education during the postpartum phase of care. After completing this course, the learner should be able to: list and discuss the physiological changes that occur in the postpartum patient; list and discuss the psychological and emotional changes that can occur in the postpartum patient; describe and perform physical assessment of the postpartum patient; discuss the nurse's primary role during postpartum care; and discuss the importance of emotional support and patient education during the postpartum phase of care.
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In the late 1990s, the Brilliant Technical Committee (BTC) of Mystic Seaport undertook an effort to collect the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic data necessary to improve the accuracy of sailing performance analysis of historical sailing yachts. At the time, the data available for sailing performance was for sloop rigs and modern hull shapes, and did not support accurate performance analysis of schooners with historic hull shapes, such as the schooner Brilliant. To address this shortcoming, the BTC designed a program to collect upright resistance and sail shape data for the Atlantic class through a series of full scale and model scale tests.
The Atlantic Test Program, as it was formally called, was designed and executed between 1998-1999 by a team of respected yacht designers, engineers, and sailors. Walt Stubner and Norm Peck coordinated a group of contributors including Olin Stephens, Dave Luce, Ron Uhlin, Jay Spalding, Chuck Henry, Jim Marshall, and Howard Grant. In line with the program’s objective of contributing to the publicly available data on sailing performance, Norm Peck has shared the program’s documentation and data with SYRF.
The Atlantic Test Program had two primary objectives. First, the program aimed to develop a sailing performance prediction for the Atlantic class sloop using state-of-the-art instrumentation. The instrumentation, designed specifically for the program, would allow for the calculation of sail coefficients to provide a baseline for evaluating computational methods for predicting sail performance. Second, the program sought to develop full scale and model scale data suitable for validation of analytical and numerical methods for sailing performance predictions of classical sailing yachts. The program would compare the hull drag (upright resistance) measurements to those developed through predictive programs developed at MIT and used by the IMS.
Prior to the Atlantic Test Program, Olin Stephens and Ken Davidson conducted a similar series of tests to define the upwind sail forces of a sloop rig as part of their Gimcrack program in the 1930s. The committee consulted Olin Stephens and drew upon the success of the Gimcrack tests to design test procedures for the Atlantic tests.
Detailed test procedures were developed for the three vessels and personnel to be used in on-the-water testing, with the sailboat (Miss April, Atlantic #130), chase boat, and water current team each following a unique list of procedures. The procedures outlined the specific instrumentation and data points to be collected by each party, as well as the necessary duration of each test run. Measurements were to be made during both tow and sail tests across a range of wind speeds and headings. These measurements were to be collected by new instrumentation systems, designed in collaboration with Ockam, to enable observations of the aero and hydrodynamic velocity triangles, sailing parameters, and upright resistance.
On-the-water tests were performed on July 30 and August 2 of 1998. Although the full test matrix was not completed during these two days, the following test runs were completed: Tow Test 1.9-6 knots, inclination tests, upwind sail tests (14 knots of wind), overhead sail photos, weights and balance, laser beam drawing of hull. The results of these tests did not yield new insight into how to best sail the Atlantic, but provided numerical confirmation of known concepts. Indeed, plotting of the average drag against average wind speed yields results which are surprisingly close to the existing predictions. For instance, the full scale tests show that at 5.8 knots upright, an Atlantic has a hull drag of 70 pounds, compared to a hull drag of 95 pounds upwind at 24 degrees of heel, yielding a 25 pound difference of additional induced drag. Translated to sailing performance, adding additional crew weight to the rail, and thereby reducing heel, will simultaneously reduce hull drag and increase boat speed.
Additional tests were planned to be completed, but due to personal reasons, many of the committee members were unable to fulfill their remaining responsibilities. Even so, the Atlantic Test Program made significant progress towards understanding the performance of historical sailing vessels. The procedures and instrumentation it developed provide a solid foundation for similar tests in the future.
The Atlantic Test Program documents are available through the SYRF Technical Resources Library links below.
If you use any of the data provided on this page, please use the following information for your citation.
Author: Gil Alwang, Norm Peck, et al.
Title: Atlantic Test Program
Publisher: Sailing Yacht Research Foundation [distributor]
Electronic Retrieval Location: http://sailyachtresearch.org/resources/atlantic-test-program
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
verb[with object]often as noun crossmatching
Test the compatibility of (a donor's and a recipient's blood or tissue).
- ‘The transfusion facility chose to crossmatch and transfuse type O red cells.’
- ‘Our transfusion medicine service performed all recipient blood typing and screening for irregular antibodies using the saline and tube technique for ABO typing and immediate spin crossmatching.’
- ‘This is relevant for junior medical staff taking samples for blood grouping and crossmatching.’
- ‘The patient's blood is grouped and crossmatched.’
- ‘The physician orders a unit of red blood cells to be crossmatched for a transfusion later that day.’
An instance of crossmatching.
- ‘This crossmatch was compatible and the unit was allocated for possible exchange transfusion for the twins.’
- ‘Blood type and screen or crossmatch may be ordered by the surgeon.’
- ‘Since the crossmatch uses the patient's serum, which may lack potency, donors who are weakly positive for the antigen may be mistakenly called compatible.’
- ‘Repeated pretransfusion and posttransfusion crossmatches were also performed.’
- ‘The patient was transfused following a biologic crossmatch in an attempt to maintain hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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| 0.90992 | 335 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Battlefield for Addiction: Heroin Addiction & The Northeast
Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in the use and abuse of heroin in the United States. Nationwide, this increase has been attributed to both the decrease in price of the drug as well as stricter regulations and increased law enforcement crackdowns on synthetic opioids such as Oxycontin. With Phillip Seymour Hoffman’s tragic death, much attention has been brought to the Northeast, US. In the northeastern United States, there has been a surge in heroin use and overdoses which is some parts of the region have reached epidemic proportions. The following statistics are examples of the growing heroin epidemic in this part of the country:
- According to a report released by the Massachusetts State Police, there have been 190 reported cases of heroin overdoses in the state in a period between November 2013 and February 2014.
- In New Jersey,the Task Force on Heroin and Other Opiate Use by New Jersey’s Youth and Young Adults identifies heroin and opiate abuse as “the number one health care crisis” confronting the state. There has been a five-year increase of more than 200 percent in the number of admissions to licensed or certified treatment programs for prescription drug abuse, and a 700-percent increase over the last decade.
- The state of New York regularly accounts for about 20 percent of the heroin the federal Drug Enforcement Administration seizes every year. Those seizures have grown by 67 percent in the state over the last five years. In some locations in the state, a bag of heroin can sell for as little as $5.
- It is estimated that in the state of Pennsylvania there are 40,000 known heroin addicts, which ranks the state third behind California and Illinois.
Additionally, heroin users are starting younger and younger. According to a study conducted by SAMHSA, heroin use has increased eighty percent among teenagers and deaths due to overdose in young people in the 15-24 age bracket have increased by 38 percent nationwide. With heroin use and overdoses reaching epidemic proportions in parts of the northeastern U.S., both law enforcement and legislators are looking for ways to combat this epidemic.
What is Being Done?
In order to combat the dramatic surge in heroin usage and overdose deaths, law enforcement and legislators have come up with some preventative measures. In some states in the Northeast such as Massachusetts and New Jersey, law enforcement and medical personnel have been carrying Narcan to administer on scene to those who have overdosed. Narcan, also known as naloxone, is an opioid antagonist which can help stabilize those experiencing an overdose and has no adverse side effects.
In Massachusetts, a new law was passed in 2012 regarding the administration of Narcan in these types of situations. This law includes the following:
- A person acting in good faith may receive a naloxone prescription, possess naloxone and administer naloxone to an individual appearing to experience an opiate-related overdose.
- Naloxone may lawfully be prescribed and dispensed to a person at risk of experiencing an opiate-related overdose or a family member, friend or other person in a position to assist a person at risk of experiencing an opiate-related overdose.
Another avenue that is being pursued to stem the tide of heroin addiction is through the passing of state legislation. In the state of Connecticut, where heroin deaths have doubled in the past year, U.S. Senators Chris Murphy and Richard Blumenthal—both from Connecticut—have been vocal in supporting legislation that looks to increase treatment funding, increased prevention on heroin and prescription drug abuse, as well as an increase in availability of Narcan.
The specter of heroin addiction is very real and recent surge in heroin use and overdose deaths confirms concerns. If you or a loved one is struggling with heroin addiction call Your First Step now. We work with the best rehabilitation centers in the United States with the singular goal of helping you get the information and resources that you need. For further questions or information, contact us at 1-855-211-STEP (7837).
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Our founding fathers faced men like Edward Snowden. They sentenced them to death.
After we won the Revolutionary War, many people continued to break the law, claiming they were merely perpetuating American ideals. Our first president and commander-in-chief, George Washington, condemned them.
In exposing the FSA’s surveillance program, Snowden claims to be a good American doing his part to expose government intrusion.
Our Founders likely would have prosecuted Edward Snowden to the fullest extent of the law.
The fact is that he intentionally broke U.S. law by leaking classified information and knowingly harmed our national security.
For doing so, our Founders likely would have prosecuted him to the fullest extent of the law.
While they had encouraged defiance against the British government during the war, after they won, they had little tolerance for disobedience against the new republic. This was because it was just to rebel against laws imposed without adequate representation, but once the American people gained representation, they were required to follow their own laws.
For example, when Daniel Shays and other farmers rose up against their unjust treatment at the hands of the Massachusetts legislature, they were crushed.
Despite Shays’ men’s honorable intentions and revolutionary rallying cry, “True Liberty and Justice may require resistance to law,” Washington had little sympathy.
“What gracious God, is man! that there should be such inconsistency and perfidiousness in his conduct?” he lamented, “It is but the other day, that we were shedding our blood to obtain the Constitutions under which we now live; Constitutions of our own choice and making; and now we are unsheathing the sword to overturn them.”
Following this rationale, Washington would vigorously pursue Snowden for breaking his nation’s laws and jeopardizing its national security.
Snowden had the option to contact his elected representatives in Congress, reach out to the courts, or pursue a variety of lawful channels.
He had the ability to protest what may very well be a deeply troubling program, without breaking the law and revealing sensitive information to our enemies. Instead of acting as a true patriot, Snowden leaked intelligence to a British newspaper and fled to China.
This is not to say the Founders would necessarily approve of the NSA programs, however. They would likely applaud efforts to keep a close watch on foreign nationals using all tools at our disposal; at the same time, they would take issue with the fact that untold thousands – or even millions -- of innocent American citizens are swept into the dragnet as well.
We fought a revolution to escape government intrusion. While we will surely learn more details about the NSA methods over the coming weeks, initial evidence of the programs’ indiscriminate techniques coupled with inadequate oversight, paints a picture analogous to the hated “writs of assistance” that led to the Revolutionary War.
America’s fierce aversion to these general warrants was a galvanizing force behind the creation of our constitutional republic.
The king had authorized agents to conduct wide ranging searches of anyone, anywhere, anytime.
If the agent was looking for weapons, for example, he could scour a town, searching every innocent man, woman, and child and their homes without any need to identify particular people for which he had legitimate reason to suspect.
Without court oversight or probable cause, these writs left it to the officials’ discretion, thereby placing “the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer.”
As Revolutionary commander-in-chief, George Washington was not shy about collecting intelligence, explaining that “It is by comparing a variety of information, we are frequently enabled to investigate facts, which were so intricate or hidden, that no single clue could have led to the knowledge of them.”
He ferociously hunted America’s enemies, using varied and ingenious methods to do so.
Analogously to the NSA programs, the Founders even intercepted the mail of Americans loyal to the crown. However, they were wary of abuses and sought to ensure transparent democratic oversight over the process rather than secretive national government agencies.
We should likewise be wary of creeping government intrusion and strive to ensure proper oversight.
While we may decide as a nation that the current NSA activities are far less intrusive than the general searches of yesteryear, these programs are worth our scrutiny due to the new precedents they set.
Times and technology will continue to change, but our values should not. We might look to Washington and our founding fathers for guidance on how to respond to security challenges while remaining faithful to our nation’s core constitutional principles.
Logan Beirne is an Olin Scholar at Yale Law School and author of "Blood of Tyrants: George Washington & the Forging of the Presidency" (Encounter Books 2013) This op-ed is based on his work with Julie Silverbrook and the Constitutional Sources Project.
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Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of paediatric major incident triage scores. The Paediatric Triage Tape (PTT), Careflight, Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START), and JumpSTART systems were tested.
Methods: In total, 3461 children presenting to a South African emergency department with trauma were scored using the four different methods. The sensitivity and specificity of the four scores was calculated against the Injury Severity Score (ISS), New ISS (NISS), and a modification of the Garner criteria (a measure of need for urgent clinical intervention). We also performed a Bayesian analysis of the scores against three different types of major incident.
Results: None of the tools showed high sensitivity and specificity. Overall, the Careflight score had the best performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The performance of the PTT was very similar. In contrast, the JumpSTART and START scores had very low sensitivities, which meant that they failed to identify patients with serious injury, and would have missed the majority of seriously injured casualties in the models of major incidents.
Conclusion: The Careflight or PTT methods of triage should be used in paediatric major incidents in preference to the jumpSTART or START methods.
- ISS, Injury Severity Score
- NISS, New Injury Severity Score
- PTT, Paediatric Triage Tape
- START, Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Competing interests: there are no competing interests.
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
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Dirty, Dangerous and Demeaning
||This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (January 2010)|
Dirty, Dangerous and Demeaning (often Dirty, Dangerous and Demanding or Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult), also known as the 3Ds, is an American neologism derived from an Asian concept, and refers to certain kinds of labor often performed by unionized blue-collar workers.
The term originated from the Japanese expression 3K: kitanai, kiken, kitsui (respectively 汚い, 危険, きつい), and has subsequently gained widespread use, particularly regarding labor done by migrant workers.
Typically, any task, regardless of industry, can qualify as a 3D job. These jobs can bring higher wages due to a shortage of willing qualified individuals and in many world regions are filled by migrant workers looking for higher wages. For many migrant workers, engaging in high risk, low status work can be a way to escape poverty - captured by a line in the Irish folk song Finnegan's Wake, "to rise in the world he carried a hod".
Economic status
Traditionally, workers in 3D professions are well paid, due to the undesirability of the work, and the resulting need to pay higher wages to attract workers. This has allowed the uneducated and unskilled to earn a living wage by foregoing comfort, personal safety and social status. This concept proves itself in the economic theory of quantity supplied and quantity demanded (see Quantity adjustment), the wages paid to these workers is higher due to the undesirable nature of their professions.
However, in regions where certain classes of workers are restricted to this type of work or there are contributing regional conditions - for example, high unemployment, adjacent to regions with high poverty, or the recipient of driven labor migration - there will be workers willing to accept lower than equilibrium wages and then these jobs are not well paid. Large scale international labor migration, from developing to developed countries since the late 19th century and early 20th century has provided a pool of migrants willing to undertake employment for lower wages than native residents. Higher wages in developed countries are a strong 'pull' factor in international migration, and thus while a migrant worker is willing to accept a comparatively low-wage for a 3D job in a developed country it may mean a significant increase in wages compared to her originating country.
Prominent current examples of such migration include Filipino entertainment workers who migrate to Japan, and of Indians and Pakistanis going to the Middle East to work in the construction industry. In the United States, 3D occupations once filled by Irish and German immigrants, are today held by many Latin Americans. The highest paying work available to these often unskilled and uneducated (or their foreign certificates of skills and education are not recognized) immigrants is work that is of lower social status, and has a higher risk of injury.
These workers are susceptible to exploitation, and without representation can have a difficult time maintaining fair living wages. Since the beginning of the labor movement, immigrant workers in 3D jobs have formed the backbone of many labor unions.
As the name indicates, dirty, dangerous and demanding work can impose severe physical and mental costs on workers. There is often a risk of early retirement due to injury, general joint depletion or mental fatigue. After witnessing the constant physical and mental injury to coworkers or even death, the stress can cause mental fatigue and post-traumatic stress disorder.
- J Connell, 1993, Kitanai, Kitsui and Kiken: The Rise of Labour Migration to Japan, Economic & Regional Restructuring Research Unit, University of Sydney
- Phillip Martin, 1996 Migrants on the move in Asia, Asia-Pacific Issues, East West Centre, Washington
- M. M. Haque and Ahmad F. Ismail, "Automation in Foundry Kasting Industry", IEEE ICIT’02, Bangkok, THAILAND, 2002 pp 815 -820
- Roberts K. D., "The determinants of job choice by rural labor migrants in Shanghai" China Economic Review, Volume 12, Issue 1, Spring 2001, Pages 15-39
- United States National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
- PIELAMI Project Report 2006
- Joohee Lee "Income Assistance and Employment Creation through Public Works in Korea: Labor Market Reforms in Korea: Policy Options for the Future" Korea Labor Institute 2001.
- Daniel Attas, The Case of Guest Workers: Exploitation, Citizenship and Economic Rights, v6 n1, January 2000, Springer
- Christian Karl "Migrant Worker Union and Immigration Officers Face Off" International Sec. ETU-MB, 08/01/04
|Look up 3D job in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Come back alive dangerous jobs
- National Geographic Dangerous Jobs Photo Gallery
- U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)
- The Economist Pocket Asia, 1998. Andrews, John. The Economist, 1998. Copyright The Economist, 199
- The Worst Jobs in History
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"It is a delight to see a new edition of this long out-of-print book, the best on the subject of stpry-telling." — The Junior Bookshelf
. Everything you need to know to tell stories successfully to children: choosing material, using gestures, capturing straying attentions, more. 18 ready-for-telling stories written especially for youngsters. Annotated bibliography of 135 stories.
Reprint of the third revised edition.
|Author/Editor||Marie L. Shedlock|
|Dimensions||5 3/8 x 8|
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Spotted Towhees are likely to visit – or perhaps live in – your yard if you’ve got brushy, shrubby, or overgrown borders. If your feeders are near a vegetated edge, towhees may venture out to eat fallen seed. If you want to attract towhees to your feeders, consider sprinkling some seed on the ground, as this is where towhees prefer to feed.
Find This Bird
You can find Spotted Towhee by walking slowly along the edges of forests, thickets, and overgrown fields. Listen for the Spotted Towhee’s whiny, cat-like mew call, its rapid song, or simply any rustling the bird makes in dry leaves. Look low in shrubs or along the ground in places with rich leaf litter and dense stems.
Keep track of the Spotted Towhees at your feeder with Project FeederWatch
Explore sounds and video of Spotted Towhees from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library archive
Enhance your yard for towhees and other birds. Visit our web pages on attracting birds.
Learn more about bird photography in our Building Skills section. Then contribute your images to the Birdshare flickr site, which helps supply All About Birds and our other websites with photos.
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Olivamaebae, also known as Olive’s Mirth, is a fascinating plant that has captured the hearts of both botanists and gardening enthusiasts alike. With its unique characteristics and a long history of cultural significance, Olivamaebae has earned a special place in the world of plants. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the wonders of Olivamaebae, exploring its origins, growth habits, medicinal uses, and its potential impact on the environment.
The Origins of Olivamaebae:
To truly understand Olivamaebae, we must first explore its origins. This extraordinary plant is native to the Mediterranean region, where it has thrived for centuries. Its rich history is intertwined with various civilizations, making it a symbol of peace, wisdom, and prosperity.
A Botanical Marvel:
Olivamaebae is botanically known as Olea europaea, and it belongs to the Oleaceae family. The plant exhibits evergreen characteristics with small, silver-green leaves that showcase a distinctive aroma. Its unique appearance adds an ornamental touch to landscapes, making it a sought-after choice for gardens and parks.
If you’re considering adding Olivamaebae to your garden, understanding its growth habits is crucial. This section will cover the best practices for cultivating and caring for these plants, including suitable soil conditions, watering requirements, and pruning techniques.
The Extraordinary Olive Fruit:
One of the most fascinating aspects of Olivamaebae is its fruit – the olive. Olives have been a staple food in Mediterranean diets for centuries, renowned for their health benefits and distinctive flavor profiles. We will explore the various types of olives, their culinary uses, and the process of olive oil extraction.
Medicinal Properties and Benefits:
Beyond its culinary significance, Olivamaebae has also been valued for its medicinal properties. Ancient cultures used olive leaves and oil for their healing properties. Modern research has validated many of these traditional beliefs, revealing the potential health benefits of consuming olive products.
Olivamaebae and Sustainability:
In an era of increasing environmental concerns, Olivamaebae offers promising sustainability advantages. Its ability to thrive in arid conditions and its resistance to pests and diseases make it an eco-friendly choice for landscaping and agriculture. Additionally, the production of olive oil can contribute to the promotion of sustainable farming practices.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism:
Olivamaebae holds profound cultural significance in various civilizations. From ancient Greek mythology to religious texts, the olive tree has been a symbol of peace, hope, and prosperity. We will explore the symbolism associated with Olivamaebae in different cultures and traditions.
Fascinating Facts and Trivia:
Let’s take a lighthearted turn and discover some intriguing and lesser-known facts about Olivamaebae. From its role in Olympic Games to its presence in historical paintings, there’s more to this plant than meets the eye.
Preserving Biodiversity with Olivamaebae:
As biodiversity faces significant threats, promoting the growth of native and beneficial plants like Olivamaebae becomes crucial. We will explore how the cultivation and preservation of this remarkable plant can positively impact local ecosystems and foster biodiversity.
Future Prospects and Research:
The world of botany is continuously evolving, and ongoing research into Olivamaebae continues to reveal new insights. This section will shed light on the latest studies, potential applications, and future prospects of this incredible plant.
Olivamaebae, with its rich history, exceptional features, and numerous benefits, remains an enduring symbol of nature’s beauty and resilience. From its origins in the Mediterranean to its widespread presence in gardens and landscapes worldwide, Olivamaebae has left an indelible mark on humanity. By understanding its cultural significance, environmental impact, and medicinal potential, we can embrace and appreciate the marvels of this remarkable plant and contribute to its preservation for generations to come.
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Why grow from seed?
Written by John Mauger Date Posted: 28 April 2016
This article details 2 of the biggest advantages of growing your own food from seed; freshness and value! Did you know you could potentially grow 196kg of fresh food for under $7.00! Wow!
Freshness is probably the greatest advantage of growing your own – especially when it comes to vegetables and herbs. Nothing tastes as good as a tomato straight off the vine in your own backyard.
When you grow your own veggies from seed you also know exactly what has gone into them. As the old saying goes – you are what you eat – so it is important to know if chemicals have been used to grow the plant. By growing from seed you can make your vegetables as organic as you like.
Value - you can cut your food bill by growing from seed!
With the cost of fresh food rising, growing your own vegetables from seed can save your family hundreds, or even thousands of dollars.
An example for a family of four (2 adults and 2 children aged between 12-18 years old):
- Should eat at least 492kg of vegetables per year (According to Australian Guide to Healthy Living)
- Let’s assume an average vegetable retail price of $2.50 per kg
- Total vegetable bill would be $1230.00
You could feed your family with just 20 packets of seeds!
It has been demonstrated that with a 5m x 5m vegetable garden, over 500kg of vegetables can be produced, using just 20 packets of seeds. But you don’t even need a large garden, as you can grow vegetables and herbs in the smallest of spaces, containers or balconies.
Look at these examples using our seeds:
- 1 pkt of beetroot seed contains 50 seeds and could yield 15kg = 7c per kg
- 1 pkt carrot seed contains 200 seeds and could yield 15kg = 7c per kg
- 1 pkt cucumber seed contains 30 seeds and could yield 30kg = 3.5c per kg
- 1 pkt radish seed contains 100 seeds and could yield 3kg = 34c per kg
- 1 pkt tomato seed contains 60 seeds and could yield 48kg = 3c per kg
- 1 pkt pumpkin seeds contains 5 seeds and could yield 85kg = 2c per kg
That’s potentially 196 kg of food for under $7.00!
(Yields could be higher or lower depending on soil quality and what size the crop is harvested. Prices, quantities and other specifics used in this article were accurate at the time of publishing but may change in the future)
Written by John Mauger
Recent blog posts:
Author: The Seed Collection Pty Ltd Date Posted: 15 January 2020
Effective use of fertiliser is an essential technique for getting the most out of your garden and its plants. However, there's much more to it than opening a bottle of plant feed and spreading the contents liberally over the soil.
Author: The Seed Collection Pty Ltd Date Posted: 22 December 2019
Scale are common garden pests which can badly stunt a plant's growth, ruin its appearance, or even kill it off altogether. This article explains how to recognise scale, what kinds of damage they do, and how to keep their numbers under control.
Author: The Seed Collection Pty Ltd Date Posted: 17 December 2019
Not every gardener is blessed with a large plot of land to work their creative magic upon. However, a small garden needn’t limit your ambitions – you just need to put a little more thought and planning into your horticultural efforts.
Author: The Seed Collection Pty Ltd Date Posted: 16 December 2019
There's an almost infinite variety of flower shapes, sizes, & colours out there to grow, & distinguishing between them can be confusing. This article outlines terms used to describe flower types, helping you to know what to expect from every seed you sow.
Author: The Seed Collection Pty Ltd Date Posted: 11 December 2019
While flowers may be highly prized for their beauty & scent, their appeal to humans is only a sideshow that gardeners down the ages have taken advantage of. Flowers have a vital biological function and are more complicated than many people think.
View all blog posts
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IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL SITES FOR HARVESTING TIDAL CURRENT POWER IN KELIAN CAPE, KELABAT BAY, AND LARANTUKA STRAIT
Keywords:Tidal current power harvesting, Numerical modeling, Indonesia
Harvesting of power from tidal currents is part of an emerging effort to capture energy from
renewable sources, as non-renewable energy resources are depleted. The Indonesian government plans to
develop tidal energy power generators in several areas and is conducting assessments in Bangka Belitung
province at two locations in Kelian Cape and Kelabat Bay and in the province of East Nusa Tenggara at
Larantuka Strait. Three potential locations namely Kelian Cape, Kelabat Bay, and Larantuka Strait, is assessed.
Field measurements, numerical modeling, and potential site analysis are carried out. Both tidal elevation and
tidal current validation between field measurement data and numerical modeling results are carried out and
show good agreement. MIKE 3 (licensed) is used for the modeling process The Kelian Cape model presents
three potential sites at Kelian Cape, with a peak velocity of 1.4 m/s. The Kelabat Bay model gives five potential
sites, located at the bay’s narrowest point, with a peak velocity of 1.15 m/s. The Larantuka Strait model gives
four potential sites in the narrowest area, with a peak velocity of 2.5 m/s. Larantuka Strait is found to have the
most potential for the harvesting of tidal current power, as the current velocity at Larantuka Strait is higher,
meaning that turbine devices with higher cut-in speeds are suitable. In Kelian Cape and Kelabat Bay, devices
with low cut-in speed such as the Gorlov Helical Turbine or Sabella Turbine are required.
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In polycythemia vera, the blood becomes thickened with too many red blood cells. The number of white blood cells and platelets may also increase. These extra blood cells may collect in the spleen and cause it to swell. The increased number of red blood cells or platelets in the blood can cause bleeding problems and make clots form in blood vessels. This can increase the risk of stroke or heart attack. In patients who are older than 65 years or who have a history of blood clots, the risk of stroke or heart attack is higher. Patients also have an increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia or primary myelofibrosis.
Polycythemia vera often does not cause early symptoms. It is sometimes found during a routine blood test. Symptoms may occur as the number of blood cells increases. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
In addition to a complete blood count, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, and cytogenetic analysis, a serum erythropoietin test is used to diagnose polycythemia vera. In this test, a sample of blood is checked for the level of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates new red blood cells to be made).
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Greenland is famously misnamed. Not only do its few native trees rarely form forests, but most of the island is covered by the only modern ice sheet outside Antarctica. According to Viking legend, Erik the Red dubbed it "Greenland" more than 1,000 years ago, hoping the pleasant name would lure settlers to join him there after he was exiled from Iceland.
But now, thanks to high-speed climate change, Erik's ruse is finally poised to come true. Scientists have long expected rising temperatures to make Greenland greener, but a new study
examines how that will likely happen — and how such a transformation could affect the 535 million-acre island, its inhabitants and even climate change itself.
Only four species of trees or large bushes are native to Greenland, forming scattered pockets of greenery along its southern, ice-free edges. And while these won't explode into far-ranging forests overnight, their stock is soaring as the Arctic warms. On top of that, exotic trees from historically warmer climates are expected to move in, especially if humans capitalize on the new climate by importing foreign plants.
"In other words, Greenland has the potential to become a lot greener," says Danish biologist and study co-author Jens-Christian Svenning in a press release
. While that may disrupt established ecosystems and even wipe out some Arctic wildlife, it could also bring significant opportunities for Greenlanders, at least in the short term.
"Forests like the coastal coniferous forests in today's Alaska and western Canada will be able to thrive in fairly large parts of Greenland, with trees such as Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine," Svenning says. "This will provide new opportunities for the population of Greenland. For example, we see that people use wood wherever there is forest. This could also create new opportunities for activities such as hunting and commercial exploitation of berries. Forest and scrub will also reduce erosion and affect water runoff."
The Arctic is warming more quickly than the Earth overall, a trend that's expected to continue as greenhouse gas emissions rise
and sea ice dwindles
. Using U.N. climate forecasts, Svenning and his colleagues found that species like the Arctic dwarf birch will be able to colonize most of Greenland's 96 million ice-free acres by 2100, a big step up from its relatively meager distribution today. On top of that, most of the 44 relevant tree species from North America and Europe could occupy large swaths of Greenland within 90 years, and many of those could already handle its current climate.
Greenland's auroras may soon be matched by more greenery on the ground. (Photo: Nick Russill/Flickr)
Most tree species spread slowly on their own, the researchers note, and even Greenland's native trees would need an extra 2,000 years to fully colonize their new habitats without help. But climate change isn't happening in a vacuum, and given humans' tendency to meddle with nature, we'll likely play a key role in the greening of Greenland.
"People often plant utility and ornamental plants where they can grow," Svenning says. "I believe it lies in our human nature. Such plantings could have a huge impact on the Greenlandic countryside of the future as a source of dissemination." That could be a boon for the economy of Greenland — whose 56,840 residents currently inhabit the least densely populated country on Earth
— but also a burden for its ecology.
"[I]t would also be wise to be cautious, and thereby avoid some of the problems we've seen at our latitudes with invasive species such as giant hogweed and rugosa rose," Svenning adds. "The Greenlandic countryside will be far more susceptible to introduced species in the future than it is today. So if importing and planting species takes place without any control, this could lead to nature developing in a very chaotic way."
Various effects of climate change already threaten polar bears
and other Arctic wildlife, and more disruptions to a vast refuge like Greenland — whether it's forest growth or oil exploration
— could add to their woes. And while central Greenland won't be forested anytime soon, the same conditions behind its coastal greening are also melting its ice sheet
, part of a global problem that's helping raise sea levels
around the world.
Global warming does offer some short-term benefits, though, such as more high-latitude plant growth to serve as a "carbon sink," absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the air. But as Svenning points out to NBC News
, there's a trade-off in any large-scale shift from white to green. Snow and ice have a higher albedo
than darker ground cover, keeping down surface temperatures by reflecting more sunlight back to space.
"They will sequester carbon," Svenning says of Greenland's future forests. "But I suspect the effect will be limited. And at the same time, the lower albedo of such forests will actually promote local or regional warming."
Related climate change stories on MNN:
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/climate-weather/blogs/greenland-may-soon-live-up-to-its-name
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DR EMILY BALDWIN
Posted: 13 January 2010
Two giant bright spots have been revealed on the surface of nearby red giant star Betelgeuse by a team of astronomers using interferometry.
Betelgeuse is one of the 'shoulder' stars in the constellation Orion, the hunter; it is 600 times larger than our own Sun and radiates an impressive 100,000 times more energy. Just as our Sun has sunspots, new research shows that so too does Betelgeuse, although on a much larger scale – these two giant spots have diameters on the order of the size equivalent of the Earth-to-Sun distance, some 150,000,000 kilometres.The surface of Betelgeuse in near infrared at 1.64 micron in wavelength, obtained with the IOTA interferometer (Arizona). The image has been re-constructed with two different algorithms, which yield the same details. Image: Copyright 2010 Haubois / Perrin (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris).
The observation marks the first direct indication of the process of convection – transport of heat by moving matter – occurring on another star.
Led by astronomers from Paris Observatory, the international team simultaneously used the three telescopes of the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) interferometer on Mount Hopkins in Arizona to make high-precision measurements of the star's surface. Applying computer models to convert the observations into images revealed the two bright spots near the centre of the star.
Analysis of the two spots reveal that the largest spot has a dimension equivalent to the quarter of the star's diameter (one-and-a-half the Earth-Sun distance) and that the spots show a variation of 500 degrees compared to the star's average temperature of 3,600 degrees kelvin. This is in stark difference to the Sun where the convection cells rarely exceed 1/20th of the solar radius (or a few Earth radii).
The convection cells may play an important role in the explanation of the mass-loss phenomenon that has seen the star steadily shrink by about 15 percent over the last 15 years, and in the gigantic plume of gas that is being expelled from Betelgeuse out to a distance comparable to the separation gap of the Sun and Neptune.
Further study will allow the astronomers to determine the spots' physical attributes, as well as the lifetime of these dynamic features, in order to better understand the structure and the evolution of supergiants.
HOME | NEWS ARCHIVE | MAGAZINE | SOLAR SYSTEM | SKY CHART | RESOURCES | STORE | SPACEFLIGHT NOW
© 2014 Pole Star Publications Ltd.
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The days of the iconic car assembly line seems to be numbered. 3D printing technology will one day scale up for mass production of full-size automotive components and body panels using molten polymers, allowing manufacturers to build cars to microscopic exacting standards without the space currently required for assembly line manufacturing. The transition should result in lighter, better built, easier to construct, and more affordable vehicles. Cars will also probably look nothing like the vehicles on the road today once 3D printing becomes the standard.
EDAG, an automotive industry engineering and production consultant, revealed the biomorphic Genesis concept vehicle in March at the Geneva Motor Show. The Genesis represents a design and engineering exploration, an example of the possibilities opened up by 3D printers. The extremely intricate form inspired by the sea turtle is currently out of the reach of traditional manufacturing.
Additive 3D printing works in sharp contrast to the automotive industry’s current process of cutting, punching, molding, and tooling raw materials for automotive panels and parts. Instead, 3D printers deposit ABS plastic one particle at a time at the microscopic level to build shapes in three dimensions, a process so precise, moving parts can be assembled together at once without separate tooling or molds. 3D printers for car manufacturing thus offers the additional benefit of decreased production waste, and in time should lower costs for both manufacturers and customers.
EDAG turned to Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) as a solution for the Genesis concept, a space efficient manufacturing process using thermoplastic carbon fiber material application applied by computer controlled robots, resulting in complex structures built layer by layer that exhibit high strength and flexibility, with reduced overall weight, and a shape very different from what we normally equate with an automobile.
At last week’s New York International Auto Show, Toyota showcased their FT-1 concept super car replicated in detailed miniature scale using the MakerBot Replicator 2 Desktop 3D Printer. Imagine the same manufacturing process scaled up to full sized vehicle size and the concept of an auto assembly lines changes from a linear conveyer to a static self-contained manufacturing area. It’s a safe bet efficiency-obsessed Toyota is investing heavily in 3D printing R&D for a future fleet of next generation fuel efficient vehicles.
But to get a better idea of what the cars of tomorrow will look like today, one should consider Jim Kor’s vision of the compact urban vehicle, the Urbee 2, a lightweight 3-wheeler designed to shuttle two passengers around cities. Using the same ABS plastic printing process as proposed by EDAG’s Genesis concept, the Urbee 2’s 3D printed Fused Deposition Modeling constructed chassis is so aerodynamic, the company is nearing 290 miles per U.S. gallon fuel efficiency (highway) during real world testing.
Even today, the 3D printing process is so precise and automated, the Urbee 2 is manufactured overnight during unattended “lights out” production (each part can take anywhere from several hours to several days to “print out”).
Other automotive start-ups like Local Motors are turning to crowdsourced design to bring 3D printed vehicles to market with faster turn around and more innovative solutions, liberating automotive design from many of its current physical and conceptual boundaries.
In time, printing out a car – or nearly any other object of any size, even houses – may be as simple as pressing the “print” button from a computer.
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Smokers leave a history of their addiction in DNA
Smokers are leaving a history of addiction in their DNA that may help to measure their risk of cancer, according to research presented at the NCRI Cancer Conference today.
Researchers at Imperial College London and the Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF) in Italy have identified a number of sites in the DNA of blood that have been chemically tagged as a result of smoking. These tags are also detectable in lung tissue and could be used to measure the increased risk of certain cancers such as breast and bowel, as well as lung.
Smoking leaves a footprint on the surface of the DNA but the sequence of genetic code remains the same. This is known as an “epigenetic” modification. Once you give up smoking, these tags start to disappear although they never quite match the unmarked DNA of a non-smoker.
In this initial study, measuring DNA tagging in blood samples from smokers and non-smokers allowed the researchers to investigate the link between smoking and these tags. The study also looked at the risk of developing breast and bowel cancer in relation to these DNA tags, with plans to expand the work into other areas such as lung cancer*.
While smoking is associated with bowel cancer risk, a link between smoking and breast cancer has not been proven but the researchers believe that previous studies haven’t had the same genetic or epigenetic measures of smoke exposure available. This research will make that information available to scientists so they can spot any DNA tags that might be attributable to any risk that might exist.
Dr James Flanagan, Breast Cancer Campaign scientific fellow at Imperial College London and co-author of the research, said: “This research may help to build a test that will be able to look at a person’s epigenetic information at the molecular level and measure in great detail the added risk of cancer from exposures such as smoking.
“Previous research into smoking has often asked people to fill out questionnaires, which have their obvious drawbacks and inaccuracies. Using this approach, we will be able to read the fingerprint on a person’s DNA to tell us a story of how their habit may have changed over the course of their life.”
Professor Paolo Vineis, chair in environmental epidemiology at Imperial College London’s School of Public Health and head of the HuGeF laboratory in Italy, said: “This research will help us to build a molecular profile of cancer risk, where we can screen people and quantify the exposure they’ve had to a number of risk factors over their lifetime, just by examining a blood sample.
“We hope that smoking is just the start – further work will look into other factors like alcohol and start to measure the risk an individual has built up over a lifetime of exposure to these contributors to cancer.”
Dr Jane Cope, director of the NCRI, said: “This is a very interesting piece of research that applies basic biology to everyday life to reveal just how much damage smoking can do to the fundamental biology of a person. If these early results hold true in more detailed studies, this finding could play an important role in understanding smokers’ cancer risk in the future.”
For media enquiries please contact the NCRI press office on 0151 239 6043 / 6044 / 6045 or, out-of-hours, the duty press officer on 07050 264 059.
View the conference abstract here:
Notes to Editor
*In this study, the researchers focused on the colon, which makes up the majority of the bowel. For more information visit http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/bowel/incidence/#distribution
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Deisseroth to receive Harvey Prize in Human Health
Karl Deisseroth is one of two recipients of the 2016 Harvey Prize in Human Health, which is being awarded for the development of optogenetics.
JAN 25, 2017
Deisseroth and Peter Hegemann, PhD, professor and chief of biophysics at the Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, will share the $75,000 prize for their contributions to optogenetics.
“It is a great honor to receive the Harvey Prize in Human Health, which has a long and distinguished history in recognizing basic science discoveries, and I’m delighted to share the prize with my co-laureate and collaborator Peter Hegemann,” Deisseroth said.
Optogenetics entails the installation of light-sensitive proteins, called opsins and derived from microbial organisms, into specific cells in a living, freely moving mammal. These cells can be either excited or inhibited by laser light, which is delivered via an implanted optical fiber.
The ability to turn on or turn off electrical activity in a set of cells in the brain allows researchers to gain insights into the causal mechanisms behind the organ’s normal workings, as well as defects in function that accompany brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, depression and schizophrenia. Optogenetics has also been used to turn on and off electrical activity in heart and kidney cells and in other tissues.
The Harvey prize, established with money from the estate of industrialist and inventor Leo Harvey, recognizes researchers who have made breakthroughs in science and technology of benefit to humanity. Optogenetics has “revolutionized neurobiology,” the prize administrators wrote.
Deisseroth will accept the prize in June at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. In addition to the prize in human health, a Harvey Prize in Science and Technology will be awarded to three researchers for contributions to the understanding and observation of gravitational waves.
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| 0.948723 | 403 | 2.609375 | 3 |
History of 10 September
1913 – The Lincoln Highway opened. It was the first paved coast-to-coast highway in the U.S.
1919 – New York City welcomed home 25,000 soldiers and General John J. Pershing who had served in the First Division during World War I.
1919 – Austria and the Allies signed the Treaty of St.-Germain-en-Laye. Austria recognized the independence of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
1921 – The Ayus Autobahn in Germany opened near Berlin. The road is known for its nonexistent speed limit.
1923 – The Irish Free state joined the League of Nations.
1926 – Germany joined the League of Nations.
1935 – “Popeye” was heard on NBC radio for the first time.
1939 – Canada declared war on Germany.
1940 – In Britain, Buckingham Palace was hit by a German bomb.
1942 – U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt mandated gasoline rationing as part of the U.S. wartime effort.
1943 – German forces began their occupation of Rome during World War II.
1948 – Mildred “Axis Sally” Gillars was indicted for treason in Washington, DC. Gillars was a Nazi radio propagandist during World War II. She was convicted and spent 12 years in prison.
1950 – Eddie Cantor began working on TV on the “Colgate Comedy Hour” on NBC.
1951 – Britain began an economic boycott of Iran.
1953 – Swanson began selling its first “TV dinner.”
1955 – “Gunsmoke” premiered on CBS.
1955 – Bert Parks began a 25-year career as the host of the “Miss America Pageant” on NBC.
1956 – Great Britain performed a nuclear test at Maralinga, Australia.
1961 – Mickey Mantle tied a major league baseball record for home runs when he hit the 400th of his career.
1963 – Twenty black students entered public schools in Alabama at the end of a standoff between federal authorities and Alabama governor George C. Wallace.
1972 – Gayle Sayers (Chicago Bears) retired from the National Football League (NFL).
1974 – Lou Brock (St. Louis Cardinals) set a new major league baseball record when he stole his 105th base of the season.
1977 – “Mickey Finn” appeared in the comic pages for the last time.
1979 – U.S. President Carter granted clemency to four Puerto Rican nationalists who had been imprisoned for an attack on the U.S. House of Representatives in 1954 and an attempted assassination of U.S. President Truman in 1950.
1981 – Pablo Picasso’s mural Guernica was received in the town of Guernica.
1984 – The Federal Communications Commission changed a rule to allow broadcasters to own 12 AM and 12 FM radio stations. The previous limit was 7 of each.
1989 – Hungary gave permission to thousands of East German refugees and visitors to immigrate to West Germany.
1990 – Iran agreed to resume full diplomatic ties with past enemy Iraq.
1990 – Iraq’s Saddam Hussein offered free oil to developing nations in an attempt to win their support during the Gulf War Crisis.
1992 – In Minneapolis, MN, a federal jury struck down professional football’s limited free agency system.
1998 – Mac Davis received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1998 – U.S. President Clinton met with members of his Cabinet to apologize, ask forgiveness and promise to improve as a person in the wake of the scandal involving Monica Lewinsky.
1998 – Northwest Airlines announced an agreement with pilots, ending a nearly two-week walkout.
1999 – A bronze sculpture of a warhorse just over 24 feet high was dedicated in Milan, Italy.
2002 – Florida tested its new elections system. The test resulted in polling stations opening late and problems occurred with the touch screen voting machines.
2002 – The “September 11: Bearing Witness to History” exhibit opened at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.
2002 – Switzerland became the 190th member of the United Nations.
2007 – Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif returns to Pakistan after seven years in exile, following a military coup in October 1999.
2008 – The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in history, is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.
2017 – Hurricane Irma makes landfall on Cudjoe Key, Florida as a Category 4, after causing catastrophic damage throughout the Caribbean. Irma resulted in 134 deaths and $64.76 billion (2017 USD) in damage.
Celebrating Birthday Today
- 1981 – Germán Denis, the Argentinian footballer
- 1981 – Bonnie Maxon, American wrestler
- 1982 – Misty Copeland, American ballerina, and author
- 1982 – Javi Varas, Spanish footballer
- 1983 – Fernando Belluschi, the Argentinian footballer
- 1983 – Jérémy Toulalan, French footballer
- 1983 – Joey Votto, Canadian baseball player
- 1984 – Sander Post, Estonian footballer
- 1984 – Harry Treadaway, English actor
- 1984 – Luke Treadaway, English actor
- 1984 – Drake Younger, American wrestler
- 1985 – Aleksandrs Cekulajevs, Latvian footballer
- 1985 – James Graham, English rugby league player
- 1985 – Neil Walker, American baseball player
- 1986 – Ashley Monroe, American singer-songwriter
- 1986 – Eoin Morgan, English cricketer
- 1987 – Paul Goldschmidt, American baseball player
- 1987 – Nana Tanimura, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress
- 1987 – Alex Saxon, American actor
- 1988 – Bobby Sharp, Canadian wrestler
- 1988 – Jordan Staal, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1989 – Manish Pandey, Indian cricketer
- 1989 – Matt Ritchie, English footballer
- 1989 – Lee Sawyer, English footballer
- 1991 – Boadu Maxwell Acosty, Ghanaian footballer
- 1992 – Ricky Ledo, American basketball player
- 1992 – Ayub Masika, Kenyan footballer
- 1994 – Mohamed Sylla, French rapper
- 1997 – Brooke Henderson, Canadian golfer
- 1998 – Anna Blinkova, a Russian tennis player
|
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