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United States Commemorative Postage Stamp, First Man on the Moon,
Issued Sept. 9, 1969 in Washington, DC and Moon Landing, U.S.A. July 20, 1969 Cancellation,
First Day of Issue Cover, FDC, Orbit Covers Cachet,
This Apollo 11 Mission Engraved Stamp which honors man's first landing on the moon, July 20, 1969, is 50% larger than the usual U.S. commemorative.
It was printed with a master die carried by Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin to the moon and back. While on the lunar surface, the astronauts postmarked a letter with a special "moon landing USA" cancellation.
Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the moon when he descended the LEM ladder and uttered the now historic phrase, "One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
The usual "first day of issue" postmark is accompanied by a replica of the cancellation used by the astronauts on the moon. The hand-cancelled "moon letter" traveled more than a half-million miles, farther than any other piece of mail in history. The journey, however, required less time than utilized by the old Pony Express to deliver mail from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California backin1860.
This event is considered by many to be the greatest accomplishment of the 20th century. This cover is more than a memorial. It is part of the event.
Ideal for Framing,
Cover in Removable Transparent Poly Sleeve and Mailed With Protection,
Made in the USA
Genuine First Day of Stamp Issued Cover Cancelled on the First Day of Issue Date by the U.S. Postal Service,
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valki pl. (valka, sing. East Slovak Romani)
("valogi", Ungr.) – sun-dried bricks, adobe bricks.
Before the war, and even a number of
years after the war, village houses were frequently built with adobe bricks – valki. Even in
cities, more than one house was built of this material. Adobe brick constructions were more often built in
lowlands, where the earth was suitable for their production.
The production of valki – romaňi buťi, Roma
work, was one of the traditional Romani means of making a living. In some areas, producers of
valki occupied a
lower social status than musicians, blacksmiths or tradesmen (I. Lacková, 1997). Elsewhere – for example, in
places where there was a surplus of music bands – even musicians supplemented their incomes by
As in many other professions, the whole family, including the children, participated in the production of adobe
bricks. They hauled suitable earth (čik) to an open space and mixed it with chaff and cut
straw (phusa). Then they had to tread on it thoroughly with bare feet. The adobe bricks
were shaped using wooden forms. After being turned out, the bricks were laid out and left to dry for two or three
days, depending on the weather.
During the war, customers usually paid for valki with money (as contrasted with many
other services and work which were compensated for in kind).
Adobe brick houses with solid walls – murimen khera – were a symbol of social prestige. If
someone wanted to announce his high social status, he declared, among other things, that he lived in a walled
house. Among Roma, usually only rich swine traders, exceptional city musicians, etc. could afford such a
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| 0.972917 | 401 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Supreme Federal Court
|Supreme Federal Court|
|Supremo Tribunal Federal|
The Supreme Federal Court at the Praça dos Três Poderes
|Composition method||Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation|
|Authorized by||Constitution of Brazil|
|Number of positions||11|
|Since||November 22, 2012 |
|Lead position ends||November 22, 2014 |
|Jurist term ends||October 7, 2024|
|Since||November 22, 2012|
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Supreme Federal Court (Portuguese: Supremo Tribunal Federal, [suˈpɾẽmu tɾibuˈnaw fedeˈɾaw], abbreviated STF) is the supreme court (court of last resort) of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed. On questions involving exclusively lower legislation, the highest court is, by rule, the Superior Court of Justice.
Alongside its appeal competence, mostly by the Extraordinary Appeal (Recurso Extraordinário), the Court has a small range of cases of original jurisdiction, including the power of judicial review, judging the constitutionality of laws passed by the National Congress, through a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade, or ADIn).
The eleven judges of the court are called Ministers (Ministro), although having no similarity with the government body of ministers. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. There is a mandatory retirement age of 70.
All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court have been broadcast live on television since 2002. The Court is open for the public to watch the meetings.
In May 2009 The Economist called the Supreme Federal Court "the most overburdened court in the world, thanks to a plethora of rights and privileges entrenched in the country's 1988 constitution (...) till recently the tribunal's decisions did not bind lower courts. The result was a court that is overstretched to the point of mutiny. The Supreme Court received 100,781 cases last year."
The court was inaugurated during the colonial era in 1808, the year that the royal family of Portugal (the House of Braganza) arrived in Rio de Janeiro. It was originally called the House of Appeals of Brazil (Casa de Suplicação do Brasil).
The proclamation of the Brazilian Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Imperial Constitution in 1824 preceded the establishment of the Supreme Court of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justiça) in 1829. With the first Constitution of the Republic, the current Court was established.
Although the constitutional norms that regulated the creation of the Court allowed Deodoro da Fonseca, Brazil's first president, to nominate an entirely new Court, the president chose to nominate as the first members of the Supreme Federal Court the ministers who were then serving as members of the predecessor imperial Court.
Two hundred members have served on the Court. The Constitution of 1891 decided that the Court would have 15 members. When Getúlio Vargas came into power, the number of members was reduced to 11. The number was changed to 16 in 1965, but returned to 11 in 1969 and has not changed since. Of all Presidents of Brazil, only one (Café Filho) never nominated a minister.
Re-election for a consecutive term is not allowed. By tradition, the members of the Court always elect as president the most senior minister of the Court that has not yet served as President, to avoid politicization of the Court. Therefore, it is known beforehand that the next Presidents of the Court, after Joaquim Barbosa, will be, in order, Ricardo Lewandowski and Carmen Lúcia.
If all members currently sitting on the Court have already served as president, the rotation starts all over again; however, due to the existence of a compulsory retirement age, and the consequent appointment of new ministers to fill those vacancies, it is very rare for the cycle to be completed and restarted, and some ministers are forced to retire before their turn in the presidency arrives, as expected to happen with Rosa Weber and Teori Zavascki.
According to the same convention, the Court selects as vice-president for a certain term the minister who, according to that tradition, will be selected president in the succeeding term. Also by tradition, the elections of the president and vice-president are never unanimous, there being always one isolated minority vote in each election, as the ministers who are to be elected never cast their votes for themselves; such votes are cast either for the Dean of the Court – its most senior member – or for some other elder minister that the one to be elected admires and wants to pay homage to.
The Chief Justice is also the 4th in the Presidential Succession Line, when the President of Brazil becomes prevented to be in charge, being preceded by the Vice-President, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, and the President of the Federal Senate, as provided in Article 80 of the Brazilian Constitution.
|Name||Birth||Appointed by||First day||Mandatory retirement|
Mello, Celso deCelso de Mello
|November 1, 1945
in Tatuí, São Paulo
|Sarney, JoséJosé Sarney||August 17, 1989
(serving for 24 years, 6 months)
|November 1, 2015|
|July 12, 1946
in Rio de Janeiro
|Fernando Collor de Mello||June 13, 1990
(serving for 23 years, 8 months)
|July 12, 2016|
Mendes, GilmarGilmar Mendes
|December 30, 1955
in Diamantino, Mato Grosso
|Cardoso, Fernando HenriqueFernando Henrique Cardoso||June 20, 2002
(serving for 11 years, 8 months)
|December 30, 2025|
Barbosa, JoaquimJoaquim Barbosa (President of the Court)
|October 7, 1954
in Paracatu, Minas Gerais
|Lula da Silva, Luiz InácioLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva||June 25, 2003
(serving for 10 years, 8 months)
|October 7, 2024|
Lewandowski, RicardoRicardo Lewandowski
|May 11, 1948
in Rio de Janeiro
|Lula da Silva, Luiz InácioLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva||March 16, 2006
(serving for 7 years, 11 months)
|May 11, 2018|
Lúcia, CármenCármen Lúcia
|April 19, 1954
in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais
|Lula da Silva, Luiz InácioLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva||June 21, 2006
(serving for 7 years, 8 months)
|April 19, 2024|
Toffoli, DiasDias Toffoli
|November 15, 1967
in Marília, São Paulo
|Lula da Silva, Luiz InácioLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva||October 23, 2009
(serving for 4 years, 4 months)
|November 15, 2037|
Fux, LuizLuiz Fux
|April 26, 1953
in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
|Dilma Rousseff, Dilma Rousseff||March 3, 2011
(serving for 3 years)
|April 26, 2023|
Weber, RosaRosa Weber
|October 2, 1948
in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
|Dilma Rousseff, Dilma Rousseff||December 19, 2011
(serving for 2 years, 2 months)
|October 2, 2018|
Zavascki, TeoriTeori Zavascki
|August 15, 1948
in Faxinal dos Guedes, Santa Catarina
|Dilma Rousseff, Dilma Rousseff||November 29, 2012
(serving for 1 year, 3 months)
|August 15, 2018|
|March 15, 1958
in Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro
|Dilma Rousseff, Dilma Rousseff||June 26, 2013
(serving for 8 months)
|March 15, 2028|
STF website (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 25, 2012.</ref>
- O Estado de S. Paulo, November 23, 2012, p. A4
- STF webpage (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- "Brazil's supreme court: When less is more". The Economist. May 21, 2009.
- Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
- STJ Webpage (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 9, 2012
- STF webpage (in Portuguese). Retrieved December 1st, 2012
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Father Pegues continues his exposition of the virtue of justice by discussing sins against commutative justice that are committed by words. There are two types of such sins: “those that are committed in the solemn act of judgment; and those that are committed in the ordinary course of life.” There are five sins of the first type:
The first is the sin of the judge who judges unjustly. A judge should consider himself “a living justice, whose duty it is to restore in the name of the society which he represents the injured right to whosoever has recourse to his authority. It is his duty to judge those only who come under his jurisdiction: moreover, in drawing up his judgment he must take as his basis the facts of the case as set forth by the parties in litigation; . . . he must always dispense justice in its integrity, not showing to the culprit pity falsely so-called.”
Another sin committed in the solemn act of judgment is “the sin of those who are wanting in their duty as accusers, or who accuse unjustly.” The duty of accusing is “incumbent upon every man living in a society who knows of some evil that assails the society itself; he is thereby bound to bring to the notice of the judge the author of the evil so that justice may be done; he is free from this obligation only if he is unable to establish the truth of the fact juridically. Accusation is unjust when from simple malice one falsely imputes crimes to another; or if when one is called upon to give evidence one does not follow up the accusation according as justice demands.”
A third sin committed in the solemn act of judgment is “the sin of the accused who refuses to conform to the rules of the law.” These rules are “that he is bound to tell the truth to the judge when the latter, in virtue of his authority as judge, interrogates him; and that he must never defend himself by fraudulent means.” The accused “has no right to make an appeal from a just judgment with the sole object of retarding the putting into execution of the judgment. He may make an appeal only when he is the victim of manifest injustice. . . . The man who is unjustly condemned to death can resist even by violence provided no scandal is given.”
A fourth sin committed in the solemn act of judgment is the sin of the witness who is “wanting in his duty either by abstaining from giving evidence when he is required to do so by the public authority; . . . or whenever his evidence may prevent loss to someone; or by adducing false testimony.”
A fifth sin committed in the solemn act of judgment is “the sin of the advocate who refuses to defend a just cause such as can be defended by him only; or who defends an unjust cause particularly in civil causes; or who demands an exorbitant sum for his fee.”
Quotations from Thomas Pegues, Catechism of the “Summa Theologica” of Saint Thomas Aquinas, trans. Aelred Whitacre (New York: Benziger, 1922).
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The Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is a species of artiodactyl (even-toed, hoofed) mammal that lives in the interior western and central parts of North America. Even though it’s not an antelope, people in North America call it the American antelope, prong buck, pronghorn antelope, and prairie antelope.
This is because it looks like the Old World antelopes and fills the same ecological niche. It is the only member of the family Antilocapridae that is still alive. During the Pleistocene, about 11 other species of antilocaprid were in North America. Three other genera (Capromeryx, Stockoceros, and Tetrameryx) lived in North America before people got there, but they are no longer there.
The Pronghorn is a unique animal that lives in North America. Its Latin name, Antilocapra americana, means “American goat-antelope,” but it is neither a goat nor an antelope, and it is not related to the antelopes that live in Africa. The only living member of the family Antilocapridae, the Pronghorn, has been in North America for more than a million years.
The Pronghorn looks like a deer. It stands about 3 1/2 feet tall from shoulder to foot and weighs between 90 and 120 pounds. Its body is tan to rusty brown. It has white cheeks, a white belly, a rump, a chest, and inner legs. Males have a wide black mask that goes from their eyes down their snouts to their noses. They also have black patches on their necks and 12–20-inch-long black horns with points. The male’s horns are shaped like a lyre and curve in towards each other.
The female doesn’t have black spots, and her horns are usually straight, with short spikes that are 3 to 4 inches long. The Pronghorn doesn’t have antlers; it has horns. Its horns have a core made of bone and a sheath made of a stiff material that looks like hair. It’s the only animal with horns that branches out and the only one that loses its horns yearly. The outer sheath falls off every year in the fall and then grows back in the summer.
Pronghorns mate in late summer in the southern part of their range. They mate at the beginning of fall in the north of their range. Males will fight each other over females. A male can mate with more than one female. The female gives birth to one to two fawns in late May or early June.
When they are born, the fawns have almost no smell. This helps keep them safe from danger. For the first few days, they will stay hidden in the grass. Their mother will graze away from where she has hidden them so that she doesn’t draw predators to where they are. When the fawns are about a week old, they will join the herd. When they are three weeks old, they will start to graze. Even when they are only four days old, they can run faster than a person.
The fastest animal in the Western Hemisphere is the Pronghorn. It can run up to 60 miles per hour and 30–40 miles per hour for long distances. It can jump up to 20 feet in the air when it runs. The Pronghorn’s mouth is open when it runs so it can get more air.
The Pronghorn occupy open areas where there is nowhere for it to hide from a predator. It must be able to escape! The Pronghorn is busy during the day and night. It has great eyesight and can spot a threat up to four miles away. When the Pronghorn feels threatened, it can use its sharp hooves to fight back.
So, where do pronghorns live? The Pronghorn lives in the southeastern part of Oregon, the southern part of Idaho, the southern parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada, Montana, and the western parts of North Dakota from Arizona south to western Texas. Now, what is a pronghorn? The Pronghorn lives in deserts, grasslands, and brushlands. The number of Pronghorn in a herd changes from season to season.
During the summer, the females and their young will gather in groups of fewer than 12 people. Bachelor herds consist of young males who are less than two years old. Males that are ready to breed set up their own territories. In the winter, the herd consists of male and female pronghorns, and hundreds can be of them. The Pronghorn moves from one place to eat in the summer to another place to eat in the winter.
Pronghorns have some of the fastest feet of any animal in North America. They can run faster than 53 miles per hour, leaving coyotes and bobcats in the dust as they try to catch them. Pronghorns are also great at running long distances. They can go for miles at half that speed.
At the shoulder, a pronghorn is about three feet tall. They are a reddish brown color, but their stomachs are white, and their throats have wide white stripes. When startled, they are good at raising the hair on their rumps to show a white warning patch that can be seen for miles.
Pronghorn have special horns
Both males, as well as females have impressive horns that curve backward. The name of the species comes from the way the horns split into prongs that point forward. The horns of some animals are more than a foot long.
More Weird Animals: PEACOCK SPIDER (MARATUS VOLANS)
What does Pronghorn eat?
Pronghorns chew the cud, which is their own partly digested food, just like other animals with even-toed hooves. This fast herbivore eats grass, sagebrush, and other types of plants most of the time.
In western North America’s open, dry lands, pronghorns mate in the fall. Bucks get harems of females and fiercely protect them, sometimes fighting rivals in dangerous and spectacular fights. In the spring, females have one or two babies that can run faster than a person after only a few days.
People hunt pronghorns in many of their natural ranges, but some subspecies face a threat of extinction.
Facts About Pronghorns
- Pronghorns are herbivores, which means they eat grass, sage, and other plants.
- They don’t drink much water and get their water from eating plants. On average, they live ten years.
- When a pronghorn is scared, the white hair on its behind stands up.
- Pronghorns live in groups called bands or herds.
- During the winter, groups of people of all ages and both sexes get together.
- During the summer, bucks are very territorial.
- Bucks get together with their harems and fight other bucks when it’s time to breed.
- At about 2 years old, in late September, they start to have babies.
- The temperature of their bodies is about 100 degrees F.
- The North American Pronghorn is the fastest land animal.
- Their average speed when running is 40 MPH, but they can run for long distances at speeds of up to 60 MPH.
- Pronghorns have 13 different ways to walk, and one of them can take them up to 20 feet per step.
- They have sharp, padded double hooves to protect them when they run on uneven or hard ground.
- The Pronghorn got its name from the way its horns point back and then prong.
- Both males and females have horns, but the horns of a buck are 12 to 16 inches long.
- Each year, the horns fall off, usually soon after mating.
- The hollow hair of pronghorns helps to keep them warm in the winter.
- They can reside in temperatures as low as -50 F and as high as 130 F.
- After 7-8 months, she gives birth to two grayish-brown fawns.
- A fawn can run faster than a person in less than two days after being born.
- Cougars, wolves, bobcats, coyotes, and eagles are all predators.
- You can hunt pronghorns in Montana if you have the right license and permit.
- Pronghorns are not in the same family as goats or antelopes.
- They have big, bulging eyes, the biggest of any ungulate in North America. These eyes let you see at 300 degrees.
- They can tell when something is moving up to 4 miles away.
- The prong horn is a good swimmer.
- They usually go under things, like fences, rather than over them.
- People think that there were once as many as 35 million pronghorns in North America. By 1915, that number had dropped to about 13,000. There are about 800,000 today.
- Antilocapra americana is the name for a prong horn in the scientific world.
- They are the only ones left in the family Antilocapridae.
- People also call pronghorns prongbuck, pronghorn antelope, and American antelope.
- Bucks are the male animals. Does are the name for females. Fawns are the name for babies.
- Pronghorns are tan and have white spots on their bottoms and rump.
- Bucks also have black spots on their faces and necks.
- Pronghorns are about 4 to 5 feet long from nose to tail, and their shoulders are about 3.5 feet high.
- They range in weight from 85 to 145 pounds. Most of the time, males are 10 percent bigger than females.
Where Are Pronghorns Found?
Only in North America will you discover Pronghorn. The southern Canadian border and northern Mexican border were part of their native habitat. Currently, the Great Plains, northeast California, southeast Oregon, Nevada, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Montana, and New Mexico are the primary locations where Pronghorn can be found in the United States.
Why Is A Pronghorn Not An Antelope?
Pronghorns lose their horns once a year, whereas antelope keep theirs for the rest of their lives. Pronghorns are endemic to the North American continent. Most antelopes occur in Africa, but there are also tiny populations in the Middle East and Asia.
Can A Pronghorn Outrun A Cheetah?
The Pronghorn is the second-fastest terrestrial animal in the world, after only the cheetah (61 miles per hour in a sprint). The Pronghorn may not have the cheetah’s top-notch acceleration, but it can keep its momentum going for far longer.
Are Pronghorns In Canada?
Although pronghorns were historically distributed as far east as the boundary of the tall grass prairie in Manitoba, their current range is restricted to the country’s western mixed- and short-grass plains.
What Eats A Pronghorn?
Even though wolves, cougars, bears, and eagles are all potential predators of Pronghorn, coyotes are responsible for the deaths of the greatest number of Pronghorn, particularly in the northern region of Yellowstone National Park.
Why Do Pronghorn Have White Butts?
Pronghorns are so skittish because they are social animals that prefer to congregate in small groups on the plains. When threatened, they immediately run away while fluffing up (piloerection) the white hair on their behinds.
What Is Unique About A Pronghorn?
The Pronghorn is distinct in part because of its horns, which combine features of horns and antlers. Real antlers are made of bone and fall off annually, whereas real horns are constructed of compressed keratin that develops around a bony core and never falls off.
Can a Pronghorn jump?
The pronhorn is a species that thrives in open areas. Because they haven’t had to jump over anything taller than sagebrush in aeons, they usually slither under fencing when encountering it.
Why Are Pronghorns So Fast?
The Pronghorn originated at the same time as the fake cheetah and other fast carnivores. Thus the speed of the herbivores is evidence of a dash to the finish in an evolutionary arms race that ended about 10,000 years ago. The speed of pronghorns is now commonly thought to be due to Byers’ idea.
Where Do Pronghorns Go In Winter?
During the migration from their Canadian summer grounds to their Montana winter grounds, Pronghorn must travel almost 200 miles, making the removal of any barriers crucial to their survival.
What Are Baby Pronghorns Called?
The baby pronghorn is called a calf.
Are Pronghorn Smaller Than Deer?
Pronghorn are just about three feet tall at the shoulder, making them significantly shorter than a deer. Their rump, sides, bellies, and throats all feature distinctive white patches of fur. The male Pronghorn’s pronged horns can grow to be a foot long (thus the name), while the female’s straight horns are much shorter.
Is A Pronghorn A Goat?
One of the most distinctive mammals in the Americas is the Pronghorn. Even though it’s called “American goat-antelope” in Latin, the Antilocapra americana has nothing in common with African antelopes.
Are Pronghorns Going Extinct?
No, they are not. They fall under the Least concern category of IUCN.
What Is The Lifespan Of A Pronghorn Antelope?
Pronghorns have a maximum wild life expectancy of 12–14 years. However, this number is likely far lower. The swift-moving, wide-eyed Pronghorn is a common resident of the open grasslands.
Do Female Pronghorns Have Horns?
The horns of both the male & female Pronghorn are present, but the horns of the female are much smaller and more like bumps on the skull than anything else. These creatures get their name from the males’ horns, which can grow to be a foot or more in length and have a forked or pronged end.
How Many Pronghorns Are Left In The US?
The overall number of pronghorn antelope in the United States was only around 12,000 roughly 50 years ago. Now exceeding 1,100,000, pronghorn populations have grown thanks to habitat restoration and restocking initiatives.
What Do Pronghorns Eat In The Winter?
So, what does a pronghorn eat? In other words, pronghorns get their nutrition only from the plants they eat. They feed on grasses, cacti, and forbs in the summer and on sagebrush and other plants in the winter.
Do Pronghorn Shed Their Horns?
Both sexes often sport horns. However, females are typically smaller. In contrast to antlers, which are lost and regrow yearly, horns remain on the animal’s head permanently and continue to grow throughout its entire life. The Pronghorn is the only animal that regularly loses and regains its horn sheath.
What’s The Difference Between A Pronghorn And An Antelope?
Pronghorns lose their horns once a year, whereas antelope keep theirs for the rest of their lives. Pronghorns are endemic to the North American continent. Most antelopes are found in Africa, but there are also tiny populations in the Middle East and Asia.
Parvaiz Yousuf is a senior SEO writer and editor with an experience of over 6 years, who also doubles up as a researcher. With an MSc zoology degree under his belt and possessing complete Search Engine Optimization (SEO) knowledge, he works as a science journalist for a US-based website and Asian Scientist (A Singapore-based magazine). He also works as Director of Wetland Research Centre, Wildlife Conservation Fund YPJK since 2018. Besides, he has several publications to his name on cancer biology and biochemistry in some reputed journals such as Nature & International Journal of Molecular Sciences, & magazines such as Science Reporter, BUCEROS BNHS, and has an abiding interest in ornithology. He also worked as a Research Associate for JK Policy Institute.
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A pension is simply a tax-efficient savings vehicle, or “tax wrapper”, that allows you or your employer to invest for your long-term future. For most of us, the main goal of a pension is to provide us with money to live off in later life, usually once we’ve retired from full-time employment. The rules governing pensions can seem confusing, particularly as the government fiddles with them at almost every other budget. But at the most basic level, there are two main types of pension.
There are defined contribution pensions (sometimes called “money purchase schemes”). And there are defined benefit pensions, also known as “final salary schemes”.
If you have a defined contribution pension, then the size of your future pension pot will depend on how much money you put into the pension, and the investment returns you make on that money. In other words, there are no guarantees as to how big the pot will be or how much income you will be able to generate when you retire.
If you have a defined benefit pension, then you will be paid a specific income on retirement, which is usually based on your length of service and your earnings over the course of your employment. In this case, you have a guaranteed – or defined – benefit to look forward to. Your employer is the one who has to worry about how to fund it.
In other words, if you have a defined benefit pension, your employer takes all the investment risk. If you have a defined contribution pension, you take all the investment risk.
Most people working in the private sector these days are paying into defined contribution schemes. Employers are unable or unwilling to shoulder the cost of expensive defined benefit schemes. Most people working in the public sector still have defined benefit schemes, as these are ultimately backed by the taxpayer rather than by any individual organisation.
A defined benefit scheme, with its promise of a guaranteed, inflation-linked income, is almost always the better pension scheme. The amount of future annual income that can be bought with a given lump sum of money is much smaller when interest rates are low than when rates are high. At current low interest rates, a defined contribution pension holder would have to have a very large pension pot indeed to match the income promised by an equivalent defined benefit scheme.
Source: Money Week
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You’re coming back to the office after lunch and you realize you have some killer garlic breath. Not to worry — just pop some chewing gum into your mouth for fresh breath that will stop your co-workers from asking which Italian restaurant you ate at.
But even if it’s a useful quick solution to bad breath or a grimy feeling mouth, is chewing gum actually good for your oral health? Or is it simply masking problems?
The Benefits of Chewing Gum
Besides being a helpful quick breath-freshener, chewing gum is actually helping your oral health in some ways.
For example, dentists recommend chewing sugarless gum for about twenty minutes after a meal. This is because the act of chewing encourages your mouth to produce saliva. That saliva then helps carry bacteria away from the teeth, effectively doing some after-meal cleanup for your teeth and gums. This “saliva rinse” can ultimately help reduce or prevent plaque buildup, helping protect your teeth from decay.
The gum itself also helps clean your teeth. It is able to trap bacteria that would otherwise remain on your teeth. One study showed that after just ten minutes of chewing, a piece of gum has trapped about 100 million bacteria!
In addition, some sugar-free chewing gums include xylitol as a replacement sweetener. This sugar alcohol is naturally present in the fibers of some fruits and vegetables. And while other replacement sweeteners are helpful only in the context of replacing sugar, research suggests that xylitol may actually have its own benefits: Some studies have indicated that this sweetener can inhibit the growth of some of the bacteria that cause cavities, and may even help support the remineralization of teeth.
The Downsides of Chewing Gum
Unfortunately, all of these upsides come with disclaimers. For example, while xylitol itself can help strengthen and protect teeth, it is often paired with ingredients that counteract its positive effects by encouraging dental erosion. And while salivation can carry bacteria and food particles away from your teeth, that by itself is not enough to keep your teeth clean and prevent decay.
And of course, while most things are fine in moderation, just like with anything else, chewing gum excessively can come with its own risks. In fact, some people report that chewing gum exacerbates the effects of TMJ. If you suffer from temporomandibular joint disorder, the repetitive motion of chewing could put further stress on your jaw and cause pain or even more damage. And if you have TMJ and don’t know it yet, chewing gum could bring that issue to the forefront.
And finally, the biggest risk of chewing gum may actually be its ability to freshen your breath and make your teeth feel clean. The best way to maintain excellent oral hygiene is by brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing daily. The “freshly brushed” feeling that chewing gum can give you may encourage you to skip the toothbrush when you need it.
You don’t have to stop chewing gum — but if excessive chewing is putting stress on your jaw, or if you find yourself forgetting to brush as a result of that minty clean feeling, it may be time to cut back on the habit.
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A zinc based sensor to detect artery hardening compounds in real blood samples
Scientists from China have developed a water-soluble zinc-based fluorescent sensor to detect pyrophosphate in blood that isn’t affected by the environment and can be used in real blood samples.
Pyrophosphate plays an important role in metabolic processes in the body but a lack of the compound can lead to calcium deposits in arteries - called M?nckeberg’s arteriosclerosis. Too much pyrophosphate causes calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, where calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals accumulate in connective tissues.
Zhilin Wang from Nanjing University and colleagues made the sensor by binding zinc to a water-soluble naphthalene functionalised tetraazamacrocycle, a molecule containing a ring of seven or more atoms, four of which are nitrogen atoms. They measured the fluorescence response at this stage then tested the compound in a buffer solution with pyrophosphate mixed with other anions. They found that the zinc bound only to the pyrophosphate and a second fluorescence response was measured. The ratio of the measurements was taken to indicate the amount of pyrophosphate present - a process called ratiometric fluorescence.
Current sensors respond to pyrophosphate by changing this fluorescence intensity, but this can be disturbed by the environment, says Wang. Ratiometric fluorescence sensors work by calculating the ratio of the fluorescence intensities at two different wavelengths, which is not affected by environmental factors.
The team tested the sensor in blood serum and found that it performed as well as it had in the buffer. ’There is a lack of pyrophosphate fluorescent ratiometric sensors in both aqueous solution and real physiological media,’ says Wang. ’Our sensor can be applied to detect variations of pyrophosphate concentrations in real blood samples.’
’Unique and selective excimer [a molecule formed by two atoms or molecules that exists only in an excited state] formation in the presence of pyrophosphate can induce nice ratiometric changes,’ says Juyoung Yoon, an expert in fluorescent chemosensors from Ewha Womans University in Korea, ’the probe was successfully applied to pyrophosphate determination in blood serum and to monitor enzyme activity.’
In the future, Wang hopes to test the sensor in vivo, in particular for toxicity. ’Our fluorescent sensors can be excited by visible light, which is preferable,’ he says, ’as they reduce damage to cells and organs.’ Wang goes on to say that sensors that emit various visible colours with different pyrophosphate concentrations will be of value for applications such as paper based sensors. However, he adds that to obtain these sensors, this field needs further study.
Link to journal article
A Zn2+-specific turn-on fluorescent probe for ratiometric sensing of pyrophosphate in both water and blood serumJinghan Wen, Zhirong Geng, Yuxin Yin, Zhong Zhang and Zhilin Wang,?Dalton Trans., 2011, 40, 1984DOI:10.1039/c0dt01262a
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Administering medicine to children and adolescents at school is an inescapable reality for contemporary educators. With medications being used to treat conditions ranging from diabetes to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), school officials must be prepared to administer many types of medicines to ensure that students stay healthy. As a result, states have enacted laws and school districts have written policies outlining how school officials can safely provide students' required medications throughout the day.
Bringing Medications to School
School children may need to bring medications to school for numerous reasons. Some have lifelong conditions requiring regular daily treatment, such as diabetes and seizures. Others have conditions that disrupt their daily lives and activities, such as ADHD and anxiety. Still more may need to bring medications to protect against sudden flare-ups of dormant conditions, such as asthma. Finally, students may need medications such as pain relievers and antibiotics to relieve temporary injuries or ailments.
Some of the medications that students may need to take are regulated by the state or federal governments due to their potential for abuse. Pain killers and drugs used to treat ADHD, such as Adderall, are often abused for their powerful effects. To combat the risk of abuse or accidental overdose with these drugs, many states require school officials to store such medicines and only provide single doses to the student as needed.
Depending on the child's age and the type of medication, however, many states allow the students to keep the medication and take it as directed. Some states require students to keep medication on their person, rather than in a backpack or locker. Other states may require the medication to always be stored in its original packaging with all of the labeling and warnings intact.
School Processes for Administering Medications
All states have some process for allowing school officials to administer medication. Some states, however, still limit which school officials may control medication dosing, with some requiring state-licensed nurses to do it. When the nurse is not available, parents are often forced to leave work and come to the school to provide their child with the proper medication. As a result, many states now allow for non-licensed school officials to provide medication, although these staff members must be trained in proper medication administration.
To ensure that medications are administered properly, most states have drafted guidelines. These guidelines vary by state, but they generally abide by the following process:
When the medication requires special training to be administered, such as insulin taken by injection, school officials must be trained in using the prescribed equipment and administering the prescribed drug before doing so.
Some states may also require school officials to provide parents with updates about how administering the medication affects their child, especially if it interferes with the child's learning process.
School Officials' Liability for Administering Medications
Many states have passed laws similar to "good Samaritan" laws that limit the liability of school officials administering medications. School officials in these states cannot be held legally liable for the consequences of administering medications in good faith. Some states only apply the protection of these statutes to school officials if certain conditions are met, such as the school official acting under the advice of a medical professional.
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Kids will learn programming through different creative projects where they make games, animations, and tell stories on the computer. The classes will use two tools developed in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to teach programming to kids: Scratch and App Inventor.
The advanced level coding program tackles the basics of App Inventor, Paint Pot, AND Mole Mash to name a few. Students will create canvas components for drawings, learn about lists and conditional statements. At the end of the course, students are expected to create an App Inventor project and would have accomplished designing their own app
October 28, 2017 (Saturday) –9:00 AM – 12:00 NN
November 4, 2017 (Saturday) – 9:00 AM – 12:00 NN
November 11, 2017 (Saturday) – 9:00 AM – 12:00 NN
November 18, 2017 (Saturday) – 9:00 AM – 12:00 NN
November 25, 2017 (Saturday) – 9:00 AM – 12:00 NN
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Origin: Santa Ana Pueblo, Tamaya
+Add origin to My Preferences
Santa Ana Pueblo Pottery and Fine Art
From looking at the recent book on Santa Ana pottery, one would suspect that pottery production at Santa Ana Pueblo was ample in the 19th and 20th centuries, but very little pottery from this time period has survived. Most of what has survived is in museum collections. Rarely does one find it for sale at auction or in galleries.
Pottery from Santa Ana Pueblo is amongst the scarcest of all pueblo pottery. Per Batkin: “As far as is known, all decorated pottery made at Santa Ana in the nineteenth century was polychrome. Reliable sources state that pottery was made in considerable quantities until 1900, although not much has survived. By the 1920s, the tradition had practically died out. Apparently, no potters entered their work for judging at the Indian Fair between 1922 and 1924.”
A major change in pottery from Santa Ana occurred with this move. Historically, basalt (lava) was used as a tempering agent in the same manner that Zia Pueblo potters used and still use. When Santa Ana moved away from the lava areas and closer to the Rio Grande, the potters switched from lava to sand as a tempering agent.
After the arrival of the train to New Mexico in 1880, pottery production at Santa Ana greatly decreased because of the import of pots and pans to the area. From then until 1940, production decreased until it almost disappeared. Since then, there have been three attempts at revival.
The first revival of pottery production at Santa Ana occurred in the late 1940s. The custodian at Coronado State Monument, located very near Santa Ana Pueblo, encouraged the revival of pottery making and allowed the potters to display and sell their wares at the monument headquarters. Eudora Montoya was one of the potters in this first revival and by 1960, she was the only one remaining.
The second revival took place in 1973 with Eudora Montoya conducting classes to teach pottery-making to others. Montoya had been hired by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Albuquerque to conduct these classes. The class had 18 students at the beginning. Most of them lost interest or passed away over the next 20 years. Eudora Montoya continued making and selling her pottery however.
The third revival of pottery production at Santa Ana began in 1994 when one of Eudora Montoya’s original students, Elveria Montoya, began teaching classes and did so for another two and a half years until eye surgery forced her retirement. By 2005, a large number of her students were still producing pottery, however there are apparently only three potters who are active today.
Pottery of The Pueblos of New Mexico 1700 - 1940. The Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. Jonathan Batkin. 1987.
View by Origin:
- Acoma Pueblo, Haak’u
- Cochiti Pueblo, KO-TYIT
- Hopi Pueblo, Hopituh Shi-nu-mu
- Isleta Pueblo, Tue-I
- KEWA, Santo Domingo Pueblo
- Laguna Pueblo, Ka'waika
- Ohkay Owingeh, San Juan Pueblo
- Pueblo Indians
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, Po-woh-ge-oweenge
- Santa Clara Pueblo, Kha'p'oo Owinge
- Tesuque Pueblo, TET-SUGEH
- Zia Pueblo, Tsi-ya
- Zuni Pueblo, SHE-WE-NA
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Situated on the end of a rocky spit of land known as Yarmouth Bar,of which the tip is Cape Fourchu, the lighthouse is at the extreme south-west end of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Atlantic Ocean beyond brews up a vast mixture of weather, much of it gales or hurricane strength.Though this was a lovely evening, the flags are straight out in the wind. Over the horizon in a straight line, the nearest land is South America.
The lighthouse guards the entrance to Yarmouth harbour, which at 1870 was the second largest port of registry for shipping in all of Canada.
The original lighthouse was built in 1840, and the present one in 1962. It’s often called the “apple-core” because of the shape of the concrete tower, which was the prototype for this kind of light tower in the world. It’s only 5 feet in diameter,greatly decreasing wind resistance, and a spiral staircase inside allows access to the top. No visitors are permitted inside. The light throws a one-million candlepower beam which can be seen over 30 nautical miles out to sea.
In 2003 the lighthouse was designated a Registered Heritage property by the Province of Nova Scotia.
July 23, 2010
Fuji S100FS camera
Featured in All About Lighthouses
Featured in Historic Places
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The Indigenous World 2005
This yearbook contains the most comprehensive update on the current situation of indigenous peoples and the human rights and other international processes related to indigenous peoples. With contributions from both indigenous as well as non-indigenous scholars and activists, The Indigenous World gives an overview of crucial developments in 2004 that have impacted indigenous peoples of the world. It includes region and country reports covering most of the indigenous world and updated information on the processes within the UN system that relate to indigenous peoples such as: The Permanent Forum, The Draft Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, and The Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It also brings updated information on other international processes including news from the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Organization of American States.
Diana Vinding is an anthropologist and project coordinator at The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
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Autumn is the best time to plant hardy fruit trees such as apple, pear, plum or cherry. Over the cold season, the trees have enough time to form roots. Depending on how well this works, the trees will sprout in the spring, so that they will look much stronger at the end of the first year than trees planted in the spring. In this article you will learn how to plant fruit trees in late spring and what you need to bear in mind.
At a glance
Fruit trees for planting in autumn:
Apple, pear, mirabelle plum, plum, cherry.
Woody plants for planting in spring:
Nectarine, peach, apricot, walnut.
How to do it:
- Dig a planting hole (about 1.5 times as deep/width as root(-ball)
- Bare root trees: place the tree on a mound you create in the planting hole so that the roots hang down the sides like hair
- Potted root ball: Carefully break the roots up the side and place the root ball in your planting hole
- CAUTION: The grafting site should not be planted with it!
- Add compost, humus or planting soil to the planting hole when closing it.
- Rock flour provides a coarser structure and long-term nutrient salt release
- Tread the soil around the tree
- Spread some mulch around the planting site to suppress weeds
- then water vigorously
The best planting time for fruit trees
Various fruit trees can be planted until the end of November. Since it is so cold, the trees and shrubs hardly put any energy into their above-ground parts, i.e. shoots or leaves. Instead, their focus is on developing strong roots underground. Therefore, the tree can first grow over the winter and then sprout more easily in the spring.
Which varieties are suitable for winter planting?
In the trade, on the one hand, there are bare-root fruit trees, so called because the roots are offered without soil. These “bare” roots are cheaper and easier to transport, but much more fragile. To avoid dying, they should be protected from drying out due to sun or wind.
Woody plants in potted root balls were cultivated in (plastic) containers. Their roots are protected by the surrounding soil, which makes them grow better. However, care should be taken to ensure that the woody plants have not been growing in the container for too long. If this is the case, the roots will eventually run out of space and begin to wrap around themselves. This makes growing more difficult and, in the worst case, the roots “tie off” themselves. Then the tree grows much worse or even dies. More about this in the chapter Planting.
Whether in potted root ball or bare root, there are two seasons at which certain woody plants should be planted: Fall or Spring. Winter hardy fruit varieties are best suited for fall plantings. These include:
- Mirabelle plum
- Sweet or sour cherry
More sensitive woody plants are better planted in the spring. These include:
- Walnut (not a fruit, but still a worthwhile planting).
Planting the fruit tree
To make sure your tree thrives vigorously, here are all the essentials. You will need:
- Humus, compost or planting soil.
- rock flour or fine sand (for loose granulation and mineral release through micro-orgasnisms)
- your tree
The planting hole should be about one and a half times as deep as the root/root ball of the tree. The same goes for the width of the hole. As a guide, you can plan for a width of about 50-70 cm. Note, however, that the tree should not be planted deeper than it stood in the nursery. Also, the grafting point should not be planted with it, but should protrude from the planting hole. The lower part of a grafted tree (rootstock), consists of a weak-growing variety in most cultivated trees. This ensures that the tree does not grow too tall in the garden, making it difficult to reach. If you plant the tree up to above the grafting point, roots can form from the strong-growing upper part (support). Then it can happen that the tree quickly grows upwards and becomes very large.
The roots of the sapling usually form a kind of “hairstyle”. The root arms tend to sprout laterally and should therefore also be placed laterally. To make this easier, form a small mound in the planting hole with the excavated soil and tamp it down. You can now place your tree on this little mound so that its roots hang down like long hairs from a head. This way the roots will grow down easily and won’t get in each other’s way so quickly.
Now put some rock flour on the roots and the rest of the planting hole. Usually 2 large handfuls are enough for this (it depends on the size of the tree/planting hole, of course). Then add a generous layer of humus, compost or planting soil to the roots. This layer will continuously release important nutrients for the young tree.
Then fill the planting hole with the remaining excavated soil and tamp it down so that the tree is stable in the ground. It doesn’t matter if there is a small mound around the tree, since you added more mass to the planting hole. This hill will give the tree more stability. In addition, you can build a so-called watering wall, since you have soil left to mound anyway. This small, about 5 cm high earth wall can be built around the plant, so that the irrigation water is not lost. Now you can water your freshly planted tree abundantly.
Tip: To place the tree vertically, it is best to get a second person to hold it.
With potted root balls, you can proceed in a similar way by exposing the roots before planting. You should do this especially if the tree has been growing in the container for a long time (for reasons mentioned above). However, if the roots still had enough space in the pot, you can also place the root ball directly into the planting hole. In this case, just break the root ball open a little on the side so that the roots can penetrate the new soil more easily. Put some rock flour around the root ball. Fill the hole with some humus, compost or planting soil, as well as the excavated soil and tread the soil around the tree. Finally, do not forget to water your tree vigorously.
Additionally, spread some (bark) mulch around the planted tree. Then no unwanted weeds will grow there for the time being, which could later rob the tree of important nutrients or secrete growth-inhibiting substances. Cardboard is also good for suppressing weeds.
If you have a vole problem in your garden, it’s a good idea to build a gravel basin around the planting hole. This layer of gravel will keep voles from making a run for the fresh tree roots. The gravel is coarse enough that the rodents avoid this layer and anything in it. The tree’s roots, if strong enough, can pierce the gravel layer. To do this, fill gravel to the bottom of the planting hole. This layer can be about 5-10 cm thick. You should also create a layer of gravel on the sides. To do this, place a cardboard box 5-10 cm from the edge of the hole and fill the cavity between the box and the earth wall with gravel. This will allow the protective gravel to surround the sapling. For the interior of the planting hole, proceed as explained earlier. The cardboard will rot over time and will not be a nuisance.
If your tree is in an unprotected, windy place, you can also stabilize it with a stake. This should be placed close to the tree, against the main wind direction. In order not to damage the roots, you can place the stake directly when refilling the planting hole and then tread it down. Tie the tree to the stake at the top quarter of the trunk with a sturdy string. Make sure that the tension between the string and the tree is not too great. Otherwise it will grow into the bark of the tree one.
First Year: Creating a Forest Garden
You can plant your tree not only solitary in one place, but also integrate other plantings on and around this tree. The whole thing builds on the basic principles of permaculture and mixed culture and is also called a forest garden. You can start this in the spring after your tree planting.
Various pole bean species can use the tree as a climbing aid and grow up the freshly planted partner. These beans provide the young tree with important nitrogen because, as legumes, beans can fix plant nutrients from the air. But there are other benefits to this partnership. When the beans climb the lower branches of the tree, they are automatically pulled slightly toward the ground. As a result, the tree does not grow too steeply upwards and can be worked and harvested more easily later. Furthermore, it is mainly the flat-growing branches that bear fruit, which is why the weighting by the beans brings another advantage. In addition, a bean-covered tree can be very aesthetically pleasing, especially if leaves have not yet grown on the tree in the spring. Colorful flowers, such as those of the fire bean, can provide beautiful color accents early in the year.
Potatoes are also great to plant around the tree. They remove excess nitrogen from the soil, which can be introduced into the soil by too sharp compost. Too much nitrogen can lead to “fattening” growth of the tree. This then quickly forms larger cells than under normal conditions. This makes the tree less stable and can lead to disease more quickly. For this planting, it is easiest to use a planting stick with which you drill holes around the watering ring of the tree. You can then plant your potatoes in these holes. Once your potatoes have formed their herb, this will provide additional protection from weeds and desiccation through shading.
Similar advantages as potatoes bring pumpkins with them. You can sow them inside the watering ring. Later, direct the shoots of the pumpkin plant away from the tree. The large leaves of the cucurbit plant also protect here by shading. As heavy feeders, pumpkins also remove excess nitrogen from the soil.
All three planting partners can also be planted in combination around the tree without any problems. The runners of the pumpkins only need to be directed outwards between the potatoes.
In the second year after planting, you can already grow other crops in your forest garden. Note that your tree has grown and you can probably increase the watering ring a little. If you like the principle of mixed cultivation of potatoes, squash and beans, you can do it again in the second year. However, only if you have added sufficient compost at planting. Furthermore, you can also establish other perennial plants around your tree.
On the sunny side (south side) of your tree, use light-loving plants. Mediterranean herbs such as rosemary, thyme or lavender are ideal for this. But vegetables like tomatoes or peppers also love the sun. Marigolds and marigolds also promote soil health. If you plant onions or leeks, grass growth is additionally inhibited by substances released into the soil.
The shady side (north side) of the tree can also be planted. For this purpose, use plants that prefer to stay in the shade anyway. Wild strawberries, spinach, woodruff or wild garlic cope very well with shady conditions.
In the following years you can continue to work on your forest garden. Now the tree is strong enough to cope with deep-rooted plants around it. Behind the watering ring you can establish comfrey. This can develop roots up to 5 meters deep, which bring nutrients from deeper layers to the surface. These nutrients are stored in the plant’s spreading leaves. Therefore, comfrey makes excellent slurry that you can use to fertilize your tree or vegetable patch. In addition, the leaves also make great mulch. Beans, clover or other fabaceae can be used as green manure around the tree. Try out other planting combinations, there are no limits to your creativity.
I have 30 years of experience and i started this website to see if i could try and share my knowledge to help you.
With a degree a Horticulture BSc (Hons)
I have worked as a horticulture specialist lead gardener, garden landscaper, and of course i am a hobby gardener at home in my own garden.
Please if you have any questions leave them on the article and i will get back to you personally.
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Affordable CAR Act
A must read.
The U.S. government has just passed a new law entitled “The Affordable CAR Act” declaring that every citizen MUST purchase a new car by April, 2014.
These ‘affordable’ cars will cost an average of $54,000-$155,000 each. This does not include taxes, tags, registration, fuel, maintenance, or repair costs.
This law has been passed because, until now, typically only wealthy and financially responsible people have been able to purchase cars. This new law ensures that every American can now have an ‘affordable’ car of their own, because everyone is ‘entitled’ to a new car. If you purchase your car before the end of the year, you will receive four ‘free’ tires (does not include mounting).
In order to make sure everyone purchases an ‘affordable car,’ the cost of owning a car will increase on average of 250-400% per year. This way, wealthy people will pay more for something that other people don’t want or can’t afford to maintain. But, to be fair, people who can’t afford to maintain their car will be regularly fined and children (under the age of 26) can use their parents car(s) to drive until they turn 27, after which date they must purchase their own car.
If you already have a car, you can keep yours (not really). If you don’t want or don’t need a car, you are required to buy one anyhow. If you refuse to buy one or can’t afford one, you will be regularly fined $800 until you purchase one, or face imprisonment. If you cannot (or don’t want to) purchase an ‘affordable car’ from a private business, you can buy a starter car from the U. S. government ‘affordable car exchange.’ Such a car will have the basic necessities and will only cost ‘slightly more’ than a similar car purchased from a private business. Plus, since your tax dollars will subsidize the purchase of a car from the U. S. government’s ‘affordable car exchange,’ it will appear that you are getting a good deal.
Failure to use the car will also result in fines. People living in areas with no access to roads are not exempt. Pre-existing conditions such as age, motion sickness, experience, knowledge, nor lack of desire are not acceptable excuses for not using your car.
A government review board will decide everything, including when, where, how often, and for what purposes you can use your car, along with how many people can ride in your car. The board will also determine if one is too old or healthy enough to be able to use their car, and will also decide if your car has out lived its usefulness or if you must purchase specific accessories like spinning rims or a newer and more expensive car.
Those that can afford luxury cars will be required to do so … it’s only fair. The government will also decide the color for each car. Failure to comply with these rules will result in fines and possible imprisonment.
Government officials are exempt from this new law. If they want a car, they and their families can obtain cars free at the expense of tax payers. This includes lifetime maintenance and automatic adjustments for fuel charges.
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This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
The Childrens Environmental Health Network has released an updated training resource on Pediatric Environmental Health for health care faculty and health care providers.
Washington, DC (PRWEB) June 25, 2014
"Putting it into Practice" is a newly updated and exciting resource in pediatric environmental health education. In 1999, the Childrens Environmental Health Network (CEHN) published "Putting it into Practice" to help health care faculty incorporate pediatric environmental health into their coursework instruction. It proved to be a very popular resource, and as the burden of chronic disease among young children continues to increase in the United States, the need to continue educating future generations of health care professionals in pediatric environmental health remains great. This newly reviewed and updated resource incorporates the latest peer-reviewed science and includes topics not covered in the original resource.
Twelve, stand-alone slide PowerPoint modules and accompanying user guides cover environmental health hazards of concern, including pesticides, endocrine disrupting chemicals such as Bisphenol A and phthalates, solvents, lead, and other heavy metals. The National Environmental Education Foundation (NEEF) contributed modules on the role of outdoor play in nature and childrens health, and on the environmental management of pediatric asthma.
Leyla McCurdy, Senior Director of Health and the Environment at NEEF, believes that, "The environmental health tools and resources provided in these modules can be easily integrated into the medical and nursing curricula, as well as clinical practice. Editor-in-Chief, James R. Roberts, further elaborated on the training manual, This set of modules puts ready-to-use material directly into the hands of pediatric environmental health educators.
Modules addressing the importance of taking a developmental approach to pediatric environmental health, of pediatric environmental history taking, and of advocacy are also provided. Each slide-set module is designed to take approximately one-hour for an instructor to present in class, noon conference, or during grand rounds. The user guides provide talking points for some slides, as well as discussion questions, suggested assignments, key resources, and other tips to aid instruction. Educating future clinicians and health care professionals about pediatric environmental health issues is an important part of public health efforts to reverse the current trend, indicating that todays children are on course to have shorter life-spans than their parents. "Putting it into Practice" is a valuable resource to aid in these efforts.
CEHN is a national, nonpartisan, nonprofit whose mission is to protect the developing child from environmental health hazards and promote a healthier environment. "Putting it into Practice" was researched, written, and revised by leading experts in the field of pediatric environmental health, and was funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. For more information and to download the training resource, visit: http://www.cehn.org/resources/HealthCareProfessionals/PediatricTrainingResource.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/CEHN/PediatricTrainingResource/prweb11952740.htm
Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you have any questions or comments about this page please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Post 624 –by Gautam Shah
We use objects for their many different qualities. Some are used for their structural properties, while others are useful due to their surface qualities. We try to find an object with the best combination of such attributes. Where such a combination is not easily or immediately available, we primarily try to change the object appropriately and secondarily we try to combine materials and create geometric compositions.
There are Four categories of essential qualities sought in objects for various purposes:
● Engineering Attributes:
Chemical -composition, phase, resistance, structure.
Physical -thermal, electrical, magnetic, gravity-metric, optical, acoustics.
Mechanical -stress/strength, form-ability, rigidity, toughness, durability.
● Dimensional Features
Shape -camber, lay/orientation, out of flat, roughness, waviness.
Size -scale, proportion, orientation, nature of perception.
● Surface Properties:
Colour -hue, tone, illumination, refractivity, reflectivity, opacity, transparency, fluorescence.
Texture -level and direction of illumination, perceptive organ, nature of contact, scale.
Pattern -random, rational, orientation of cut, original, altered.
● Other Considerations:
Availability -local, seasonal, quality, quantity.
Costs -access, procuring, conversion.
Conveyance -distance, time, weight, volume.
Handling -safety, storage, containment
Manufacturing -conversion, processing
For a material to be purposeful two broad considerations are required.
- What one does to a material?
- How the material responds?
WHAT ONE DOES TO A MATERIAL ?
We seek an object with a perfect combination of many different qualities. Our quest is however further complicated when we require materials in very large quantities, and of equalized quality. We need materials locally, and often immediately.
HOW THE MATERIAL RESPONDS ?
The material’s response is evident on three counts:
● Other Materials,
● Other Materials: A material responds to other materials within its field. The reaction occurs both, in the presence or absence, of the environment and the user.
A material of a higher phase reacts more readily to a material of the lower phase -, e.g. solid to a liquid. Material with an ion charge reacts to a material with opposite ion charge. A material with lower latent energy becomes recipient.
The response of a material occurs more emphatically, through the surface, than anywhere else. Materials with their own surface systems respond in the same manner as their body would. However, applied surface systems with the same or of foreign materials show different reactions. The surface preparation, application method, and bonding techniques, all play their role in such reactions.
● Environment: A material-object is affected by many features of the environment. The effects are local if directional (through specific orientation), or occur comprehensively. The constituents of the object also respond differently to specific effects of the environment. For such multilateral environmental demands, single, or mono material systems are inadequate. To serve such demands, separately as well as unitedly, multi-material-objects or composites are conceived. A surface material, covering the entity, forms its own environment for the entity. Here the situation can also be equated to material to environment response.
Effects of the environment substantially relate to the movement of earth-sun, and so have a time dimension. The time dimension makes such environmental effects to be temporary, permanent, recurrent, or variable. The effects of environment are structurally causative (capable of causing structural changes in a material), and also sensually attributive (capable of providing the sensorial experiences).
One perhaps cannot terminate the processes of nature, however, the effects of environment can be temporarily delayed or quickened and spatially diffused, or intensified, to programme the functioning of an object.
● User: A user perceives a material-object in different terms like: Engineering attributes, Dimensional features, Surface properties and for Other considerations. A surface is the most proximate and tangible part of an object. A surface, is often the reason, why an object continues to survive in a particular setting.
This was part of First chapter – Section 1 of my Notes on Surface Finishes Interior Design Notes
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The Pledge of Allegiance
In terms of your discussion board responses, please think of these assignments as short essays. Content, analysis, and reflection are an integral part of this assignment. Correct English grammar and sentence syntax will also be considered. Try to implement a research narrative more so than a personal journal entry. Learning and implementing APA protocols, listing works cited, and including in-text citations is highly suggested to be successful in this assignment. Try to be as thorough and descriptive as possible with relevant terms, concepts, and theories with the included artifacts.
The Pledge of Allegiance is a political staple in this country. Seeing someone stand with their hand over their heart can ignite many emotions in those passing by. Some religions, such as Jehovah Witnesses, do not stand for the pledge and then there are others that choose to not stand for their own political reasons. Former NFL star, Colin Kapernick, ignited a firestorm when he began kneeling at football games. It has been over a year, Kap is still not playing in the NFL, but the story has not ended. Children and adults alike have been exercising their right to Free Speech by not standing for the flag, but there are many in power that are against that freedom. Read the story here: https://www.texastribune.org/
1.Texas AG Paxton defends the Texas law requiring students to stand for the Pledge, however, every public school has an opt-out exemption that parents can sign as it relates to the Pledge. Do you think it’s the State’s right to tell students how to act if their parents are supportive of their child’s personal decision? Why or why not?
- The student in the article was verbally reprimanded and kicked out of school. Do you think the punishment fit the cause? Why or why not?
- According to Texas law, students must stand for the Pledge, but they cannot have prayer in school. What are your thoughts on that rule? Do you think prayer in school is a bad thing? Explain.
Leave a ReplyWant to join the discussion?
Feel free to contribute!
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In addition to serving as an anchor for a plant’s root system, soil holds nutrients and water that support life in any plant. And that’s just scratching the surface of the many essential functions soil provides for plants.
So it’s no surprise that the type of soil you choose will greatly impact the final result of your next planting project.
The experts from PureModern have put together a few facts about the importance of soil and how to choose the right soil when incorporating plants into any landscape design project.
Rooftop Plantings by Furbish at National Cancer Institute Rockville, MD
The Importance of Soil to Plants
Adding plants to our indoor and outdoor spaces has a multitude of benefits. However, for plants to deliver these benefits, providing them with the right soil is extremely important.
Similar to a well-structured foundation when building a home, the right soil is important for plants in so many ways:
Develop more robust root systems. Healthy soil can increase root volume. When roots grow in healthy soil, they are able to penetrate deeper into the soil and, as a result, are protected from disease and more likely to tolerate and withstand damage. Roots growing in quality soil are also more efficient when it comes to absorbing nutrients and water.
Support the environment. The right soil can efficiently filter rainwater and properly manage how excess rain is discharged. As a result, quality soil can positively impact the environment through minimized erosion, flood prevention, and improved groundwater
Produce stunning and sustainable landscape solutions. For our clients, the end goal is a successful landscape design project. Quality soil is an absolutely essential component for that kind of success. An added benefit of healthy soil is achieving a synergistic relationship for the planting environment, plant health, and ongoing maintenance.
How to Choose a Good Soil for Plants
Soil impacts how well your plant will be able to use water, oxygen, and nutrients. For this reason, take your time choosing the right soil.
Types of Soil
Whether you’re planting in the ground, a raised bed, or a planter, it’s a good idea to begin by understanding the six main types of soil.
Clay soil: With a lumpy sticky feel, clay has few air pockets and is, therefore, not the best for drainage. If you can overcome the drainage challenges, however, clay is often rich in nutrients and, as such, is ideal for perennials, ornamental trees, and shrubs.
Sandy soil: Gritty to the touch, sandy soil will drain well but dries out quickly and therefore holds onto fewer nutrients. Mulching can help retain moisture in sandy soil. Plants that thrive in sandy soil include shrubs, bulbs, sun roses, and hibiscus.
Peaty soil: Typically darker with a damp, spongy texture, peaty soil contains fewer nutrients. Peaty soil retains water, which can create drainage issues. Certain plants will thrive in peaty soil. Try rhododendron, azalea, and lantern trees.
Loamy soil: This fine-textured soil is a combination of sand, clay, and silt. Because it typically retains moisture and drains well, it is a popular choice. Topsoil is often loamy soil. Perennials, shrubs, and climbing plants like wisteria often do well in loamy soil.
Chalky soil: Chalky soil tends to be rather “stoney” and contain large grains. Although plants like trees, shrubs, and bulbs can do well in chalky soil, you may need to fertilize in order to balance the pH levels.
Finding the Correct Soil
When designing a planting plan, you’re likely working with existing soil. If this is the case, begin by identifying which type of soil you’ve got. If the soil isn’t ideal for the plants you’ve chosen, it is possible to adjust your soil. A few options include:
- Using fertilizers and other materials.
- Tilling in other types of soil.
- Or you can always lay down a layer of topsoil.
If you’re filling a planter, that’s a different story. In this case, you can select the ideal potting soil for the plants in your design plan.
Potting soil should contain a proper mix of ingredients that will oxygenate and nourish the plants, while also providing the right amount of drainage for the plant.
Take a look at the ingredients. Most plants will do well in potting soils that contain peat, some shredded pine bark, and aerating minerals like perlite or vermiculite. If you’ve got a particular variety that requires something special, specialists at your local nursery should be able to point you in the right direction.
Connect Modular Planters at 613 Baltic in Brooklyn, NY
Learn more about optimizing your planting options by requesting a quote today. Our experts will be happy to help you.
We manufacture our planters with a commitment to quality and deliver a best-in-class experience for our customers. We’d love to partner with you on your next design project. Give us a call at 1-866-430-4245, or fill out a custom quote form, and let’s get started.
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Protein Structure and Classification
Proteins are made up of:
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Oxygen (O)
- Nitrogen (N)
- and some proteins contain Sulfur (S)
A protein is a natural polymer, made up of amino acid monomers joined together by peptide bonds (peptide or amide linkages).
- A dipeptide is made up of 2 amino acids joined together by a peptide bond (peptide or amide linkage)
- A tripeptide is made up of 3 amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (peptide or amide linkages)
- A tetrapeptide is made up of 4 amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (peptide or amide linkages)
- A polypeptide is made up of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (peptide or amide linkages)
A peptide bond (peptide or amide linkage) is a covalent bond formed between the carbon of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the amine group of another amino acid as shown below:
Water is eliminated when the amino acids react to form a protein.
This is known as a condensation reaction, or a condensation polymerisation reaction.
There are four types of protein structure:
- Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids in the chain
- Secondary Structure: the shape of the protein molecule caused by hydrogen-bonding between -C=O and -N-H groups within the chain
- Tertiary Structure: the interaction between R-groups that causes folding and bending
- Quarternary Structure: interactions between protein subunits that result in the protein being classified as fibrous, globular or conjugated.
Denaturation refers to the destruction of the three dimensional structure of a protein that results in the loss of biological activity.
Denaturation of a protein can be caused by:
- a change in pH
- an increase in temperature
- the addition of various chemicals
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Primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the chain.
The primary structure of a protein can be shown as:
The blue boxes surround individual amino acids.
The red text shows the position of the peptide bonds (peptide or amide linkages, OC-NH) joining the amino acids together.
Proteins are made up of many amino acids, so a short-hand system has been developed to show the primary structure of proteins.
The following diagram shows part of the primary structure of beef insulin:
Each 3 letter symbol represents an amino acid, eg, Leu stands for leucine.
Each - represents a peptide bond (peptide or amide linkage) joining the amino acids together.
In 1954 Frederick Sanger was the first to publish a scientific paper on the sequence of a whole protein molecule totalling 51 amino acids for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize.
Secondary structure of a protein is the shape of the protein molecule caused by hydrogen-bonding between -C=O and -N-H groups within the chain, the two main shapes are α helix and β sheet.
Below is a schematic diagram of an α helix such as is found in wool fibres.
The red dotted lines show the hydrogen bonds between amino acids along the chains maintaining the helical structure.
Below is a schematic diagram of a β sheet such as is found in silk.
The red dotted lines show the hydrogen bonds between amino acids along the chains maintaining the sheet structure.
Tertiary structure of a protein is the folding and bending of the protein molecule caused by interaction of the R groups. This interaction may be a result of hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, covalent bonding or ionic bonding (salt bridges) depending on the polarity of the R groups. The -SH group in cysteine (Cys) can form disulfide links, -C-S-S-C- , between neighbouring groups in the presence of an oxidant.
Below are two representations of parts of protein molecules showing disulfide bonds (disulfide links) in blue resulting in the molecule folding and bending.
Quarternary structure of a protein are the interactions between protein subunits that result in the protein being classified as fibrous, globular or conjugated, examples of each are shown below.
|Fibrous, or structural (insoluble)|
||forms connective tissue, comprises 30% of mammalian protein, lacks cysteine & tryptophan, rich in hydroxyproline|
||forms tendons & arteries|
||forms hair, quills, hoofs, nails, rich in cysteine & cystine|
||eg, egg albumin & serum albumin|
||eg, serum globulin|
||occur in glandular tissue & with nucleic acids, rich in lysine & arginine|
||associated with nucleic acids, contain no cysteine, methionine, tyrosine or tryptophan, rich in arginine|
|Conjugated (combined with other substances)|
||combined with nucleic acids|
||combined with more than 4% carbohydrates|
||combined with less than 4% carbohydrates|
||combined with lipids, such as phosphoglycerides or cholesterol|
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Three Levels of Ethical Standards in a Business Organization
The ethical standards of a business are a key factor in how that business is defined. A business's reputation impacts its customers, employees, potential for growth and overall success. A business organization that exemplifies integrity in its products, services and actions holds itself up to high ethical standards on all three levels.
The U.S. is a society bound by laws. These laws define the difference between right and wrong, and what is considered acceptable behavior by the majority of people. A business organization must abide by these laws to uphold its ethical standards. Wage and hour laws that protect employees are one example, while guidelines overseeing environmental protection are another. Businesses must adhere to laws instituted by the federal government, the state and the local municipality. There are situations where the actions of a business organization are legal, yet they may not be particularly ethical. This is a fine line and the organization has a responsibility to self-police if it wants to be held to a high ethical standard.
The second level of ethical standards for a business organization concerns its internal policies and procedures. The business creates these as a guideline for its managers and employees to follow. A set of clearly stated, highly ethical policies takes the guesswork out of decisions made on a daily basis. These policies should include hiring practices, termination procedures, sexual harassment issues, vendor relationships and gift-giving limits. When staff members of an organization are trained in a company's policies, actions and reactions become second nature. Ensuring those policies are ethically sound removes the possibility for improper actions or decisions.
Though a business organization may be bound by applicable laws and internal policies, adherence by individuals determines the true integrity of the company. When an employee joins a business organization, he comes equipped with his own moral values based on heritage and upbringing. It is the responsibility of the business organization to foster a corporate climate that supports ethical behavior by all employees. This is achieved by continual training in the ethical policies and guidelines of the company, positive reinforcement of ethical actions and leadership leading by example.
There are notable consequences for a business organization when it ignores or breaks the ethical standards at each level. If a business does not adhere to the law, ramifications may include fines, penalties or even jail sentences for business owners. Infractions might include polluting the environment, breaking labor laws or fraudulent financial reporting.
Infractions at the company policy level can result in the need for internal audits, legal investigations and the institution of corrective actions. These consequences will most certainly have a financial impact due to time and costs involved, and may also negatively impact employee morale as business operations are strained under the pressure.
Noncompliance with ethical standards at the individual level may be the most costly. If the actions damage the business's reputation, the consequences may include loss of customers, employee turnover and damage to staff loyalty.
Cindy Phillips began writing feature articles in 2007 with her work appearing in several regional newspapers. With more than 30 years experience in the corporate arena, her business expertise includes all aspects of marketing and management. Phillips earned a Bachelor of Arts in English education from SUNY New Paltz.
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(Fischer von R?slerstamm, 1839)[Synonyms: Gynnidomorpha manniana]
Wingspan c. 10-13mm.
This species is locally common in southern parts of England, with records ranging norhwards to Lancashire and Yorkshire, and North Wales.
It inhabits river banks, ditches and the margins of streams. The larvae feed on water mint (Mentha aquatica) and gipsywort (Lycopus), living inside the stem, inside which they overwinter.
Adult moths fly from evening into the night, and are on the wing typically in June and July.
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Popular brands like Aquafina and Dasani source mainly from catastrophically dry parts of the West.
The map above shows the sources of water for four big-name companies that bottle in California. Aquafina and Dasani “sources” are the facilities where tap water is treated and bottled, whereas Crystal Geyser and Arrowhead “sources” refer to the springs themselves. In the grand scheme of things, the amount of water used for bottling in California is only a tiny fraction of the amount of water used for food and beverage production—plenty of other bottled drinks use California’s water, and a whopping 80 percent of the state’s water supply goes towards agriculture. But still, the question remains: Why are Americans across the country drinking bottled water from drought-ridden California? One reason is simply that California happens to be where some bottled water brands have set up shop. “You have to remember this is a 120 year old brand,” said Jane Lazgin, a representative for Arrowhead. “Some of these sources have long, long been associated with the brand.” Lazgin acknowledges that, from an environmental perspective, “tap water is always the winner,” but says that the company tries to manage its springs sustainably. The water inside the bottle isn’t the only water that bottling companies require: Coca-Cola bottling plants, which produce Dasani, use 1.63 liters of water for every liter of beverage produced in California, according to Coca-Cola representative Dora Wong. “Our California facilities continue to seek ways to reduce overall water use,” she wrote in an email. Another reason we’re drinking California’s water: California happens to be the only western state without groundwater regulation or management of major groundwater use. In other words, if you’re a water company and you drill down and find water in California, it’s all yours. Then there’s the aforementioned murkiness of the industry: Companies aren’t required to publicly disclose exactly where their sources are or how much water each facility bottles. Peter Gleick, author of Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water, says, “I don’t think people have a clue—no one knows” where their bottled water comes from. (Fun facts he’s discovered in his research: Everest water comes from Texas, Glacier Mountain comes from Ohio, and only about a third of Poland Springs water comes from the actual Poland Spring, in Maine.) Despite the fact that almost all US tap water is better regulated and monitored than bottled, and despite the hefty environmental footprint of the bottled water industry, perhaps the biggest reason that bottling companies are using water in drought zones is simply because we’re still providing a demand for it: In 2012 in the US alone, the industry produced about 10 billion gallons of bottled water, with sales revenues at 12 billion dollars. As Gleick wrote, “This industry has very successfully turned a public resource into a private commodity.” And consumers—well, we’re drinking it up.
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This page has been fact checked by an experienced mesothelioma Patient Advocate. Sources of information are listed at the bottom of the article.
We make every attempt to keep our information accurate and up-to-date.
Please Contact Us with any questions or comments.
You can be exposed to asbestos in a variety of ways. However, construction is one of the major sources of airborne asbestos fibers. While asbestos use in construction material is now limited, it was quite common for decades. In years past, asbestos was used in nearly every aspect of building, including electrical wiring insulation. Electricians today, as well as others working with wiring in older buildings, are at risk of asbestos exposure. Those individuals who are exposed, are at risk ofdeveloping mesothelioma or other illnesses associated with asbstos.
The risk of asbestos exposure is moderately increased for electricians compared to the general population. Some workers in the electrical field have suffered from mesothelioma and other devastating illnesses. Lawsuits have been filed by victims and surviving family members who believe they were not warned of the risks.
The Use of Asbestos in Wiring
Asbestos is a natural insulator. Because this naturally occurring mineral is not a good conductor of electricity or heat, it is often used as an electrical insulator. For years, asbestos was used in a variety of insulation materials, including those used in walls, around plumbing elements, furnaces, heaters, pumps, and around wires used in electrical systems. Insulation for wiring may include paper or cloth materials, tapes, and other materials. Any of these materials may be impregnated with asbestos fibers.
How Electricians May Be Exposed
There are several ways electricians may be exposed to airborne asbestos fibers. The first is from the electrical wiring itself. Electrical wires must be insulated to contain electrical charge. Since asbestos has properties that make it good for insulating purposes, it was once commonly used for this purpose. For years before the dangers of asbestos were fully understood, the materials used to coat and insulate electrical wires were largely made with asbestos fibers.
Electricians working in older buildings can be exposed simply by working with wires insulated with materials containing asbestos. Removing old wires and stripping old insulation to recover the copper underneath can disturb asbestos, potentially causing tiny asbestos fibers to become airborne. Drilling into walls that contain asbestos is particularly dangerous. This process often produces dust. However, this is often unavoidable as electricians must drill to access wiring and create conduits.
Another way electricians are exposed to asbestos is on construction sites. Even when electricians are not working with wiring that contains asbestos, others on the site may disturb asbestos. Often wall insulation or ceiling tiles that contain asbestos are damaged in the process, causing tiny fibers to drift into the air. These fibers often exist in construction site dust, putting workers at risk of inhalation.
Research Finds Asbestos Risk Elevated for Electricians
Several studies have been conducted to determine common exposure levels of electricians. Some studies have found the risk to be moderately elevated. Others have found the risk to be increased, but still within acceptable limits. What is known with certainty is electricians are exposed to more asbestos than the average person.
In one study, research was not restricted to electricians. It did, however, include electricians in the participant group. Researchers looked for mesothelioma biomarkers in over 100 workers known to have been exposed to asbestos on the job. Biomarkers, proteins that indicate the presence of mesothelioma cancer cells, were present in the group’s electricians. Electricians were among those at highest risk of mesothelioma biomarkers.
Another study investigated electricians specifically, attempting to determine if exposure risk was a direct result of electrical products. Researchers found that while electricians have higher rates of mesothelioma, the increased risk may not be due to electrical products themselves. The exposure more likely comes from asbestos fibers in dust on renovation sites.
Still another study examined the exposure risks for electricians working on stripping old insulation from wires. Stripping old wires is a common practice to reuse or recycle underlying copper wiring. Machines are commonly used to do this, however researchers were looking to see in electricians working the machines were exposed to dangerous asbestos levels. Researchers discovered that workers were exposed to airborne asbestos fibers but levels were within the acceptable range.
Over the years, many people have filed lawsuits related to asbestos exposure at work and later diagnosed with mesothelioma or other serious illnesses. Many lawsuits were specifically filed by electricians. In one case, a former electrician for Carnival Cruise lines died of lung cancer caused by years of asbestos exposure on ships. The man’s surviving family successfully sued Carnival Cruise lines, winning a settlement on his behalf.
In another case, an Indiana man worked for 40 years as an electrician, breathing asbestos fibers without understanding the risks. At 78 years-old, he filed lawsuits because of developing malignant pleural mesothelioma. His doctors informed him that his work as an electrician and his smoking habit led to the diagnosis decades later. The case is expected to be complex, however he and his family are fighting for justice and compensation.
There have even also been lawsuits filed by the children of electricians. Secondary exposure to asbestos can cause mesothelioma or lung cancer. When an electrician inadvertently brings home asbestos fibers on his or her clothing, those fibers enter the air of the home, putting their children at risk. This is known as take-home exposure and puts more people at risk of developing asbestos-related diseases.
Electrical wiring contained asbestos in insulation materials for decades. Electricians working with those wires, as well as those working on construction sites that contained sources of asbestos, were put at risk of exposure. Those exposed are at risk of developing debilitating and life-threatening illnesses like mesothelioma. Now, many of those workers are seeking justice and compensation through lawsuits and settlements.
Page Edited by Patient Advocate Dave Foster
Dave has been a mesothelioma Patient Advocate for over 10 years. He consistently attends all major national and international mesothelioma meetings. In doing so, he is able to stay on top of the latest treatments, clinical trials, and research results. He also personally meets with mesothelioma patients and their families and connects them with the best medical specialists and legal representatives available.
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Thanks to modern technology, parents have to worry about a host of new problems. For example, a phone or video game addiction can occur alongside other mental health issues, or it may be the only problem.
Behavioral hospitals generally won’t treat just a video game or phone addiction. Instead, they treat underlying problems, like depression and anxiety, because these issues can lead to a video game or phone addiction.
In either case, a video game or phone addiction can quickly take over an individual’s life. However, by seeking treatment for your loved ones, you can help them enjoy a normal life again.
What is Phone and Video Game Addiction?
While it is customary to use video games and phones for a portion of the day, individuals can end up having a video game or phone addiction if they spend excessive time on their devices. If playing online games and texting friends keep the child from having real-life relationships, they may be experiencing some of the signs of video game or phone addiction.
Parents can spot symptoms of a video game addiction or a phone addiction by paying attention to their child’s behaviors. For example, your child may be unable to quit playing, think about gaming constantly, or need to be on the phone more often to feel happy. In addition, they may stop doing schoolwork, get into trouble at work, or quit doing their favorite activities because of their addiction.
When is Phone or Video Game Use a Problem?
Many children use video games and phones daily without ever developing an addiction. While technology is a normal part of day-to-day life, it is possible to overuse it. Your child may have a problem if you notice the following signs of video game addiction or phone addiction.
- When the child is grounded from their device(s), they exhibit withdrawal symptoms, like anger or frustration.
- They stop taking care of their personal hygiene.
- The child is preoccupied with video games and talks about nothing else.
- Their mood suddenly switches from cranky to calm when they start playing video games or talking on the phone.
- They may develop physical symptoms, like neck soreness, eye strain, or sore fingers.
- At school or work, their performance starts to suffer.
- They no longer care about other activities they once loved.
How to Prevent Phone or Video Game Addiction
If you notice your child is displaying some signs of excessive video game or phone use, there are things you can do to prevent addiction.
Limit Screen Time
One of the best things you can do to help prevent video game addiction or phone addiction is to limit screen time. You can schedule screen time for a specific part of the day so the child isn’t tempted to remain on their device.
Encourage Social Interaction
Ideally, children should be encouraged to take part in in-person social activities. However, you can also promote other activities, such as painting, reading, and sports, so your child can have a balanced lifestyle.
Take Away Phones at Night
It’s impossible to monitor screen time when you’re asleep. So to prevent your child from accessing their phone at night, you should take it away and turn it off. At the very least, phones and video games shouldn’t be kept in the child’s bedroom.
Consider an App
If monitoring screen time is challenging, there are apps that can help. These apps can automatically limit screen time, so you don’t have to.
Get Help for Your Child’s Addiction
Our team of professionals at the Bakersfield Behavioral Healthcare Hospital can help children who use video games and phones cope with anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. To learn more about how we can help, contact us today.
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Development of a new way to make a powerful tool for altering gene sequences should greatly increase the ability of researchers to knock out or otherwise alter the expression of any gene they are studying. The new method allows investigators to quickly create a large number of TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), enzymes that target specific DNA sequences and have several advantages over zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), which have become a critical tool for investigating gene function and potential gene therapy applications.
"I believe that TALENs and the ability to make them in high throughput, which this new technology allows, could literally change the way much of biology is practiced by enabling rapid and simple targeted knockout of any gene of interest by any researcher," says J. Keith Joung, MD, PhD, associate chief for Research in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Pathology and co-senior author of the report that will appear in Nature Biotechnology and has received advance online release.
TALENs take advantage of TAL effectors, proteins naturally secreted by a plant bacteria that are able to recognize specific base pairs of DNA. A string of the appropriate TAL effectors can be designed to recognize and bind to any desired DNA sequence. TALENs are created by attaching a nuclease, an enzyme that snips through both DNA strands at the desired location, allowing the introduction of new genetic material. TALENs are able to target longer gene sequences than is possible with ZFNs and are significantly easier to construct. But until now there has been no inexpensive, publicly available method of rapidly generating a large number of TALENs.
The method developed by Joung and his colleagues called the FLASH (fast ligation-based automatable solid-phase high-throughput) system assembles DNA fragments encoding a TALEN on a magnetic bead held in place by an external magnet, allowing automated construction by a liquid-handling robot of DNA that encodes as many as 96 TALENs in a single day at a cost of around $75 per TALEN. Joung's team also developed a manual version of FLASH that would allow labs without access to robotic equipment to construct up to 24 TALEN sequences a day. In their test of the system in human cells, the investigators found that FLASH-assembled TALENs were able to successfully induce breaks in 84 of 96 targeted genes known to be involved in cancer or in epigenetic regulation.
"Finding that 85 to 90 percent of FLASH-assembled TALENs have very high genome-editing activity in human cells means that we can essentially target any DNA sequence of interest, a capability that greatly exceeds what has been possible with other nucleases," says Jeffry D. Sander, PhD, co-senior author of the FLASH report and a fellow in Joung's laboratory. "The ability to make a TALEN for any DNA sequence with a high probability of success changes the way we think about gene-altering technology because now the question isn't whether you can target your gene of interest but rather which genes do you want to target and alter."
The research team also found that the longer a TALEN was, the less likely it was to have toxic effects on a cell, which they suspect may indicate that shorter TALENs have a greater probability of binding to and altering unintended gene sites. Joung notes that this supports the importance of designing longer TALENs for future research and potential therapeutic applications.
In 2008, Joung and colleagues at other institutions established the Zinc Finger Consortium (http://zincfingers.org), which has made a method of engineering ZFNs broadly available to academic laboratories. His team is now making the information and materials required to create TALENs with FLASH available within the academic community, and information about accessing those tools is available at http://TALengineering.org. Gene editing nucleases, including both ZFNs and TALENs, were recently named "Method of the Year" for 2011 by the journal Nature Methods.
Joung says, "While I believe that TALENs ease of design and better targeting range will probably make them a preferred option over ZFNs made by publicly available methods, ZFNs' smaller size and the less repetitive nature of their amino acid sequences may give them advantages for certain applications. For the time being, it will be important to continue developing both technologies." Joung is an associate professor of Pathology and Sander an instructor in Pathology at Harvard Medical School,
Explore further: Researchers conduct first genomic survey of human skin fungal diversity
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Online Library Resources
EBSCO Discovery Service
The EBSCO Discovery Service provides users with a means of accessing all of an institution's information resources through a single search.
Tutorials are available in the Orientation Module of your LMS. You can also use the following tips below to help you manipulate this powerful tool most effectively.
Search tips and strategies
How to conduct effective searches in databases and indexes
- Plan your search before you start on the keyboard.
- Choose a topic, and then turn it into a research question. Ask yourself: What do I already know about the topic? What do I want to know about the topic?
- Choose keywords and synonyms from your research question. Keywords are usually the main ideas or concepts in your research question.
- To find synonyms for your keywords or subject headings (descriptors) you can:
Choose a database or online index that best matches the content you are seeking. For Education journal articles with full-text, start with any of these databases: Education Research Complete, ERIC ProQuest Education Journals, or Wilson Select Plus. Read the HELP sections of each database before you start searching. For more precise searches, use subject headings (descriptors) assigned by indexers of journal articles, books, and ERIC documents included in the database. Keyword searches are less precise, but provide a beginning and broad search. Create your search by combining search terms with Boolean Operators (OR, AND, NOT). Here are examples of how Boolean operators work:
- use a thesaurus or dictionary on the Web or in print
- use a specific database's thesaurus either online or in print format, such as:
- Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors
- Library of Congress Authorities
- Look at the subject headings (descriptors) used in one good citation or abstract, and then do your search using those better subject terms.
Dogs OR Cats
Retrieves every citation with either word (enlarges the retrieved set)
Dogs AND Cats
Retrieves every citation with both words (reduces the retrieved set)
Dogs NOT Cats
Retrieves every citation with Dogs but leaves out any citation that also has Cats (reduces the set)
Dogs AND (Cats OR MICE)
Retrieves every citation with Dogs and either Cats or Mice (enlarges the set)
(Dogs AND Cats) OR MICE
Retrieves every citation with both Dogs and Cats, then adds every citation with Mice (enlarges the set)
- Enclose search phrases in quotation marks or parentheses to keep words together. Example: "educational testing"
- Start searching.
- Evaluate your results by browsing a few retrieved citations. Did you get the results you wanted? If not, do the search again using different search terms and/or different Boolean combinations.
Hint: do not browse through more than about 20 citations. Correct your search strategy and search terms, then redo the search.
- Use the Pearl Growing technique for best results:
- Find one good citation using keywords and browsing.
- Look at how that one good citation was indexed in that specific database. What subject headings were assigned to that citation by indexers?
- Using better subject headings or more precise keywords, redo your search.
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the main acquired cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in children and young adults, especially in poor regions of the globe [1, 2], causing significant impact on health systems due its late sequelae, especially advanced carditis . It is strongly associated with restricted access to healthcare, overcrowding and nutritional deficiencies [4, 5], markedly affecting underserved populations of low- and middle-income countries [1, 6].
Being a preventable disease, its primary prophylaxis consists of simply recognizing and treating–at the primary care level–pharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), with widely available antibiotic regimens [6, 7]. Once an episode of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) occurs, or in the presence of RHD findings, secondary prophylaxis consists of Benzathine Penicillin (BPG) injections every 3–4 weeks, preventing recurrent infections and eradicating the causative agent, thereby reducing the risk of worsening cardiac involvement [1, 8, 9, 10].
Population’s knowledge about prevention, prophylaxis and long-term consequences of ARF and RHD is extremely limited. Therefore, educational strategies focusing on such topics [11, 12] may be inexpensive and effective ways to reduce RHD burden in the long run [13, 14]. Health education processes carried out in schools are effective in improving students’ knowledge about diseases, and their effectiveness can be assessed through structured tests applied before and after interventions . In this setting, the evaluation of novel technologies should be warranted to overcome limitations of the traditional education models, focusing the teaching-learning process on the student and developing abilities such as autonomy, which may favor rethinking daily practices .
Different learning theories have been proposed, such as the meaningful approach, which emphasizes learning as an inductive process, starting from a primary understanding of general concepts, until the understanding of specific details. It suggests expository teaching as the method of choice, with mandatory interactions between educators and students . It’s useful for teaching the relationship between concepts or for introducing unknown or difficult topics to the learner’s cognitive structure. Conversely, the theory of cognitive load suggests the superiority of learning from examples, presupposing that it promotes the construction of schemes which can be used to solve problems related to the concepts studied. This process theoretically involves 3 steps: first, concepts and principles of a domain are introduced to the students; second, they work examples that are instances of these concepts and principles; third, problems which require the application of the principles learned are solved . However, the ideal methodology for health education is yet to be determined.
We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of transmission and retention of knowledge resulting from an educational process on pharyngitis, ARF and RHD in Brazilian public schools, comparing the results of two teaching methods: the conventional method, using expository classes with slide presentation, and the experimental method, with an example-based learning strategy utilizing worked examples provided in interactive tablet-based modules.
The data analytic methods, and study materials will be made available to other researchers for purposes of reproducing the results or replicating the procedures, from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The PROVAR (Programa de RastreamentO da VAlvopatia Reumática) study takes place in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil, being conducted in the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte (the capitol, 4.9 million inhabitants) and Montes Claros (north of the state, 0.58 million inhabitants), under the auspices of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais , in collaboration with the Children’s National Health System, Washington-DC, USA. Ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review boards of the participant institutions and from the state and city Boards of Health and Education. The methodology of PROVAR has been described elsewhere [20, 21]: summarily, the study utilizes non-experts for image acquisition, on portable and handheld devices for RHD echocardiographic screening, and telemedicine interpretation by experts in Brazil and the US, according to the 2012 WHF criteria. All screening activities are preceded by an educational curriculum on ARF and RHD.
This study is a community-based cluster randomized trial with quantitative, longitudinal, and prospective data collection. Students from six public state schools located in underserved areas of Belo Horizonte, in elementary (grades 6–9) and high school (grades 1–3) were enrolled during the second semester of 2016 and first semester of 2017. The State Board of Education selected the schools based on socioeconomic indexes and local priorities.
Initially, a prospective pilot study was conducted in 5 public state schools (3,200 schoolchildren) of Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, from September 2014 to March 2015, with the conventional educational process (expository classes). A structured questionnaire containing 15 multiple-choice questions was developed in collaboration with investigators from the Ugandan RHD program, considering different domains of knowledge about pharyngitis, ARF and RHD (definitions, recognition, prevention and treatment). A pre-test was applied to students from the sixth year of elementary school to the third year of high school, prior to any educational process, to evaluate the baseline knowledge. The conventional expository curriculum was then delivered and 1,025 students underwent an immediate post-test (10 days after the intervention) with the same questionnaire. Results showed a median 20% improvement comparing pre-and post-tests in all age groups . Based on this pilot, suggesting a moderate retention of knowledge, we opted to use the same questionnaire in the present cluster randomized study.
Initially, additional schools selected by the State Board of Education were visited and study procedures were explained to directors and representatives, and the trial initiation was scheduled. In the first contact with the students, before education processes were conducted, the structured questionnaire was applied to assess the prior knowledge about pharyngitis, ARF and RHD (pre-test). Students were also asked to answer a general demographic and socioeconomic questionnaire containing age, sex and measures of family income. After that, randomization by cluster (classes) was carried out, according to educational level (6th to 9th years of elementary school and 1st to 3rd year of high-school), in a 1:1 fashion, between G1: conventional (expository classes) and G2 experimental (tablet-based worked example) health education processes.
Subsequently, conventional (expository classes with structured slide presentation, taught by the same research nurse who conducted the pilot study) and experimental (worked examples provided in individual interactive modules for mobile tablet devices) health education interventions were applied. Both processes lasted approximately 20 minutes and contained the same aforementioned topics on pharyngitis, ARF and RHD, with appropriate language for the age groups involved.
Ten days (immediate post-test) and three months (late post-test) after the intervention the same standardized questionnaires were applied to assess students’ retention of knowledge and effectiveness of the educational strategies. Students had no access to the correct choices nor to previous answers or grades between tests. These were presented and discussed after the late post-test, and educational flipcharts containing information about RHD for children and families were distributed. Questions left unmarked were considered to be wrong.
A longitudinal comparison between the two of the educational processes (interventions) was carried out at the three time points (pre-test, immediate post-test and late post-test), stratified by education level (elementary school and high school), sex and family income, in order to evaluate acquisition and retention of knowledge over time. The pre-specified primary outcome was the number and percentage of correct answers of the conventional (G1) and experimental (G2) groups, at the three time points.
Sample size was calculated based on a median 20% gain in the immediate post-test compared to baseline observed in students undergoing conventional education in the pilot study, and the probability of 30% improvement with the experimental method (50% increase compared to the conventional method). Stratified clusters were defined according to education level (elementary and highschool) and grouped by class, considering a type I error of 5%, 80% power and variation coefficient between groups of 0.25. A sample consisting of 36 clusters was calculated, considering average 30 students per class (N = 1,080). Due to the loss rates, the number of clusters was increased to 90.
Data were entered to the RedCap® online database . The analysis was performed in the statistical software R version 3.4.3, with the utilization of the foreign (data reading), ggplot2 and gridExtra (graphics), geeglm (regression models), plyr (numerical summaries) statistical packages. For the exploratory analysis, data was read in the data.RData file, with the insertion of the corresponding 15 correct answer indicators. SPSS version 22 for Mac OSX (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US) was used for additional descriptive analyses. Categorical variables, expressed as numbers and percentages, were compared between groups (G1 and G2) using Fisher’s exact test, whereas continuous data, expressed as mean ± SD or median or Q1/Q3 (25%/75%), were compared using Student’s unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. A two-tailed significance level of 0.05 was considered.
The baseline sample consisted of 2,052 children and, after losses in the immediate and late post-tests, 1,301 students from 90 classes (clusters) were included in the final per-protocol analysis, being: G1 (conventional), N = 651, 45 clusters and G2 (experimental), N = 650, 45 clusters. Total 478 students (37%) were in elementary school and 823 (63%) in high school (p < 0.001), being 22.8% < 13 years, 26.2% from 13–16 and 51% > 16 years. The study Consort diagram, with detailed information on inclusions and losses is depicted in Figure 1. Participation of girls (677; 52%) and boys (624; 48%) was balanced (p = 0.39), and mean age was similar between groups (G1: 15.2 ± 1.9 vs. G2: 15.1 ± 2.0 years, p = 0.63.
Considering the study setting, there were considerable losses in the post-tests, totaling 751 (37%) students (G1: 357 vs. G2: 394, p = NS). The main reasons were school absence during study days (N = 696), refusal to answer the questionnaires (N = 29) and school dropout or change (N = 26). Table 1 shows the comparison between the students who completed the study protocol and losses throughout the three time points. The number of losses among girls was higher compared to boys, but the rates were similar between groups (65% vs. 62%; p = 0.94). Losses were more frequent among highschool students compared to those in elementary school, and also among participants with lower maternal educational level (lower proportion of complete or incomplete high school).
|Variable*||Students with complete data (3 time points) (N = 1301)||Losses (n = 751)||p-value|
|Sex (female)||677 (52)||395 (53)||0.807|
|Expository classes (G1)||651 (50)||357 (48)|
|Worked Example (G2)||650 (50)||394 (52)|
|Elementary school||478 (37)||145 (19)|
|Highschool||823 (63)||606 (81)|
|Father educational level†||0.279|
|Elementary school (complete or incomplete)||528 (44)||285 (42)|
|Highschool (complete or incomplete)||319 (27)||168 (25)|
|Superior||88 (7)||61 (9)|
|Not informed||256 (22)||163 (24)|
|Mother educational level†||<0.001|
|Elementary school (complete or incomplete)||532 (43)||285 (42)|
|Highschool (complete or incomplete)||441 (35)||168 (25)|
|Superior||87 (7)||61 (9)|
|Not informed||186 (15)||163 (24)|
|Up to 1 minimum wage||164 (13)||106 (15)|
|1–2 minimum wages||220 (18)||133 (19)|
|3–4 minimum wages||58 (5)||34 (5)|
|≥5 minimum wages||21 (2)||17 (3)|
|Not informed||754 (62)||400 (58)|
|Up to 1 minimum wage||335 (27)||189 (27)|
|1–2 minimum wages||201 (16)||135 (19)|
|3–4 minimum wages||31 (3)||23 (3)|
|≥5 minimum wages||13 (1)||9 (1)|
|Not informed||661 (53)||361 (50)|
Prior to the interventions, general knowledge about ARF and RHD was universally low (mean score G1 34.0% vs. G2 32.3%, p = 0.23). A significant but similar 71% improvement was observed for both groups (expository class and worked examples) in the immediate post-test (pre vs. post: p < 0.001): G1 57.5% vs. G2 56.2%, p = 0.69. For the three month post-test, a significant 20% worsening was observed (p < 0.001), and the final grades were again similar: G1 44.8% vs. G2 45.7%, p = 0.87. Retention rates in relation to immediate post-test were 77.9% and 81.3%, respectively (p = 0.79) (Figure 2). When individual questions were evaluated, the results were relatively homogeneous and again similar between groups in the three tests. Appendix Figure 1 shows the proportions of right answers each of the 15 questions proposed in each time point.
Punctual differences between G1 and G2 were observed in specific questions, although with variable performance in G2. Of note, question two was the most notable outlier for early retention of knowledge, as children undergoing the worked example had significantly better results in the immediate post-test (p < 0.001), although a drop occurred in the late post-test (p = 0.070). Thus, overall results were similar (Appendix Figure 1).
Children in the higher grades (high school) showed higher overall scores in all tests compared to elementary school, with a positive correlation with age (p < 0.001) (Figure 3). Girls also had better overall performances (G1 54.7%, G2 55.6% vs. G1 35.9% G2 32.5%, p < 0.001), but again G1 and G2 were similar. There was no association between parental schooling and performance in the three tests, with similar results in all strata.
Investigating the effectiveness of two different health education approaches on pharyngitis, ARF and RHD in schoolchildren, our study found no differences in acquisition and retention of knowledge comparing expository classes and the novel tablet-based worked examples. Although the groups were similar in performance, we demonstrated that health education processes significantly improve knowledge about the disease, and may play an important role in primary and secondary prevention in the long run . Retention of knowledge, however, was noticeably suboptimal.
Given the potential benefits of population awareness, there has recently been growing interest in the evaluation of novel strategies to deliver health education, for different diseases and in diverse scenarios and focusing on preventable conditions. In a study in the US comparing conventional health education about contraceptive methods carried out by an educator with modules delivered in mobile devices (tablet computers), the findings were similar to our data, with no significant differences between strategies . However, interventions focused on neglected diseases in low-resourced settings have undoubted particularities–associated with education infrastructure and socioeconomic/family background–which require further investigation and personalized approaches.
Marked differences between the three time points are apparent from our data, with a reasonable immediate acquisition of knowledge, contrasting with an over 20% worsening in the late post-test. The significant improvement observed comparing pre and immediate post-tests are in agreement with available data showing that information-based interventions contribute to the overall gain and retention of knowledge about a particular disease [12, 15, 26]. Conversely, the loss of knowledge over time, denoted by the steep drop in the late post-test, may be associated with the process of ‘mechanical’ learning, possibly due to children being more prone to memorization and less to understanding, resulting in low retention. Thus, both curriculums were probably not meaningful enough, and the lack of subsequent interactions about RHD topics in the classroom between tests may have contributed .
Despite the similar results compared to the standard approach, worked examples – especially based on new technology – may be important teaching tools with a potential for better transfer performance and more efficient learning, as previously suggested by studies on cognitive science . Also, they may potentially broaden access to information with the use of technology. On the other hand, the conventional method also had good performance, with significant knowledge improvement from baseline, suggesting that in places with limited access to alternative technological tools, instructional orientation can be optimized to engage students in educational activities . One of the limitations of this approach, however, is the impossibility of delivering health education to large audiences at a time – as it depends on a teacher or supervisor – limiting its practical coverage where personnel is limited. Tablet computers, conversely, could be additionally used for other applications, as house-to-house education in primary care.
The better performance of high-school students compared to those of elementary school may be associated with a greater prior knowledge about health and biology topics, as well as with other previously developed learning skills, allowing for assimilation of higher levels of instructional guidance [30, 31, 32, 33]. In addition, the subjective perception that superior scores among females are associated with greater commitment, attention, motivation and interest during the interventions is supported by previously published studies. Data suggest that the position of boys in terms of educational level, attitudes and behavior is much more unfavorable than that of girls in primary education, and markedly throughout the first phase of secondary school .
Schools are a platform for health promotion regarding RHD, since the most vulnerable population–and the ideal target for primordial prevention–are school-age children. Especially in low and middle-income countries, there is a great potential for improvement in access to education, health awareness and dissemination of primary and secondary prevention measures . Besides improvements in students’ knowledge, school interventions conducted by a trained team potentially impact teachers, employees and families, and may contribute for the reduction of RHD burden in the long run . In our study, focus was given to basic concepts, such as the importance of adequately treating pharyngitis, prevention and early treatment of ARF and RHD, considering the low socioeconomic background. In other scenarios, more advanced topics and deeper discussions can be promoted.
Although the traditional classroom will probably be present for years, the incorporation of novel technology-based educational tools must be warranted, considering their potential to reduce costs and add educational value. There are still many lessons to be learned, especially about the fusion of these new technologies with traditional education, given the growing understanding about human learning and the structure of knowledge . Even with neutral results, our study adds to this field highlighting the need for the continuing investigation of teaching technologies for health purposes, as this disease-specific model of tablet-based worked examples did not result in improvement. Addressing local particularities–such as social and cultural issues–for the development of educational tools may lead to better results.
Our study has several limitations. At first, there was a considerable proportion of losses (37% of the sample) noticeably in late post-test. This was associated with several reasons, especially frequent absence and dropout from school, drawbacks of the Brazilian public education. Of note, similar results were observed in studies with similar scope in high-income regions , suggesting this may be a general difficulty in carrying out health education in schools. The losses, however, were balanced and did not differ significantly from the final per-protocol sample. Second, the immediate post-test was applied 10 days after education, and better results could have been achieved immediately after the interventions, more accurately reflecting early acquisition of knowledge. However, this additional information about 10-day retention is also valuable for a broad appraisal of the educational processes and short-term information retention. Third, the questionnaires were standardized and not age-specific. Although the age range was short, this may also bias the findings, favoring older students. Even with these limitations, to the best of our knowledge this is the largest trial evaluating new technology for health education on neglected diseases in Latin America, and our findings may help the development and refining of teaching strategies.
The educational process on RHD in schools has resulted in modest gains in knowledge, with low retention over time. The new technology of worked examples in tablets obtained similar results when compared with expository classes. More studies are needed to determine if increased knowledge leads to behavioral changes that could reduce RHD burden.
ARF: Acute Rheumatic Fever
BPG: Benzathine Penicillin G
GAS: Group A streptococcus
PROVAR: Programa de RastreamentO da VAlvopatia Reumática
RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease
WHF: World Heart Federation
The PROVAR investigators would like to thank Edwards Lifesciences Foundation® for supporting and funding the primary care screening program (PROVAR+) in Brazil, General Electric Healthcare® for providing echocardiography equipment and WiRed Health Resources for providing online curriculum on heart disease and echocardiography. The Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais was funded by the State Government of Minas Gerais, by its Health Department (Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais) and FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais), and by the Brazilian Government, including the Health Ministry and the Science and Technology Ministry and its research and innovation agencies, CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) e FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos). Dr. Ribeiro was supported in part by CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 310679/2016-8) and by FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00428-17). Medical students received scholarships from the National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS, project: 465518/2014-1).
This study was funded by Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, USA. The funder did not have any relationship with the conduct of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, and the preparation, review, or approval of this manuscript. The abstract of this work was presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2018, November 10 to 12, 2018, in Chicago, IL, USA.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Volcanic hazards on the island of Hawaii
|Title:||Volcanic hazards on the island of Hawaii|
|Authors:||Mullineaux, Donal R.|
Peterson, Donald W.
|LC Subject Headings:||Volcanoes--Hawaii--Hawaii Island|
|Publisher:||U.S. Geological Survey|
|Citation:||Mullineaux DR, Peterson DW. 1974. Volcanic hazards on the island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey.|
|Abstract:||"Volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii have been determined to be chiefly products of eruptions: lava flows, falling fragments, gases, and particle-and-gas clouds. Falling fragments and particle-and-gas clouds can be substantial hazards to life, but they are relatively rare. Lava flows are the chief hazard to property; they are frequent and cover broad areas. Rupture, subsidence, earthquakes, and sea waves (tsunamis) caused by eruptions are minor hazards; those same events caused by large-scale crustal movements, however, are major hazards to both life and property. Volcanic hazards are greatest on Mauna Loa and Kilauea, and the risk is highest along the rift zones of those volcanoes. The hazards are progressively less severe on Hualalai, Mauna Kea, and Kohala volcanoes. Some risk from earthquakes extends across the entire island, and the risk from tsunamis is high all along the coast. |
The island has been divided into geographic zones of different relative risk for each volcanic hazard, and for all those hazards combined. Each zone is assigned a relative risk for that area as a whole; the degree of risk varies within the zones, however, and in some of them the risk decreases gradationally across the entire zone. Moreover, the risk in one zone may be locally as great or greater than that at some points in the zone of next higher overall risk. Nevertheless, the zones can be highly useful for land-use planning.
Planning decisions to which the report is particularly applicable include the selection of kinds of structures and kinds of land use that are appropriate for the severity and types of hazards present. For example, construction of buildings that can resist a lava flow is generally not feasible, but it is both feasible and desirable to build structures that can resist falling rock fragments, earthquakes, and tsunamis in areas where risk from those hazards is relatively high. The report can also be used to select sites where overall risk is relatively low, to identify sites where either overall risk or risk from some specific hazard is relatively high, and to identify areas in .vhich there is a threat to lives as well as to property. The report further can serve as a basis for warning persons about hazards in areas most likely to be affected by volcanic eruptions. Perhaps most important, however, the report provides basic information needed for zoning to control future land use."
|Description:||Prepared in cooperation with the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development.|
Bibliography: p. 60-61.
"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards or nomenclature."
|Appears in Collections:||Federal Documents|
The Geothermal Collection
Items in eVols are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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Coastal waters and fresh water bodies are complex environments that are highly variable over space and time. This makes spatio-temporal monitoring essential to understand and protect these environments. Unmanned systems such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), and ocean observatory buoys are state-of-the-art assets for spatio-temporal monitoring. Nevertheless they are often too complex, expensive and logistically demanding to be engaged in persistent monitoring of a large area. We believe that cost-effective sensing should rely on simple unattended autonomous platforms that work collaboratively to sense the environment, provide realtime data, and allow interactive mission control. We developed the NUSwan sensing network based on this vision, and testbedded the technology in collaboration with the Public Utility Board (PUB) of Singapore and the NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI). The technology is now commercially available through Subnero.
The NUSwan network typically consists of a fleet of minimally propelled robots geared for near-persistent environmental monitoring in littoral waters and in-land water bodies. For simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the vehicles are designed to spend most of their time surveying on the surface and to perform profiling only at locations of interest. We are working to minimize the need for propulsion by taking advantage of natural motion due to water current and wind in order to increase their operational endurance, and to coordinate multiple robots to adaptively sense and sample to provide a holistic picture of water quality.
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Water Starts with Data
At Water For People, we pay careful attention to the numbers behind our work – because data shows us the impact and illuminates our next steps.
Manson Nkozi is well-acquainted with the power that data has to bring solutions to the surface. He has been an enumerator, or data specialist, in Chikwawa District in Malawi for five years. He uses the Akvo FLOW application Water For People developed to analyze, collect, and manage data from water points, clinics, schools, and households – especially those in the most rural areas.
Manson measures water service through household and water point surveys, but he also does mapping to help the district understand where water infrastructure is needed. During monitoring season Manson spends all day in the field, from sun up to sun down. He’s passionate about gathering data, because he says the data improves health and saves communities time by alleviating long walks for water.
"The data we’re collecting influences government intervention," Manson says. "The sector is using what we collect to lobby for more boreholes, because they can see areas where access is inadequate and where we need to invest in the future."
This data also pushes community members to take ownership of water points, especially because it gives them the information they need to plan for future repairs.
"Before Water For People came in, people used to expect the government to maintain everything," Manson explains. "Now, because they see the data and the impact of safe water on their communities, they are taking ownership. When something breaks, they know they are the ones who will suffer so they are taking responsibility and contributing to maintenance."
Since Chikwawa District started prioritizing data collection, Manson also says water-borne diseases have decreased.
"These past three years we haven’t experienced serious outbreaks of cholera and diarrhea simply because now communities have safe water," Manson says. "Things are changing."
For local ownership, for better health, for progress – Just Add Water.
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A rectangular sheet of metal measures 50cm by 40cm. Equal squares of side x cm are cut from each corner and discarded. The sheet is then folded up to make a tray of depth x cm. What is the domain of possible values of x? Find the value of x which maximizes the capacity of the tray.
I can handle the differentiation part. Just need the equation
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Ushering a Social Revolution
8th Jun, 2021
Water is enshrined as a human right in resolution number 64/292 of the United Nations General Assembly, which calls upon Governments to ensure adequate and affordable quantities of safe water for domestic use. Providing water to every household is an inescapable duty of any Government.
Until August 15, 2019, only 3.23 Crore rural households out of a total 19.18 Crore households had piped water connections. The non-availability of potable piped water has far-reaching implications on people belonging to the weaker most sections of society and especially women.
- Women and girls in India spend a considerable time (up to 352 minutes/day) performing domestic chores. Collecting drinking water for their families constitutes a major part of it.
- This poses a major barrier to the enrolment of girls in schools, especially those belonging to poor households.
- Variability in water supply due to heavy dependence on monsoon rains and groundwater adds up to their vagaries. It exacerbates gender inequality.
- It is well known that extreme weather events like droughts have a devastating impact on weaker sections of society as they lose out on livestock and crop yield. Food prices shoot up and it has a crippling effect on their health and nutrition, ultimately affecting human capital.
- Women and girl child, in particular, bear the brunt and are most adversely affected. It leads to their stunted growth, which further translates through generations.
- As per a study, it was observed that women who have experienced a large number of dry shocks (below-average rainfall) during infancy are 29% more likely to have their child suffer through some anthropometric failure.
So, there is need to provide potable water to every household to secure our human capital and to prevent stunting of our future generations.
Measures taken to address the water crisis
- The Government launched Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) in 2019, to provide tap water connections to every rural household. The newly created Jal Shakti Mantralaya is implementing the centrally sponsored scheme in partnership with States to provide “Nal Se Jal” and to secure the “Har Ghar Jal” target by 2024.
- Goa and Telangana have emerged as the first and second States respectively, to achieve 100% coverage under Jal Jeevan Mission.
- Accordingly, a tap water connection is being provided to one and all irrespective of caste, community, religion, race, etc. with an approach i.e. “No one is left behind”.
- Priority has been given to villages with a majority SC/ST population to secure 55 Ipcd. This secular and inclusive approach is primarily benefiting the people from weaker and marginalized sections of society and is proving to be a Social Revolution.
- The Mission requires skilled manpower like plumbers, masons, electricians, fitters, pump operators, etc. It will create entrepreneurial opportunities in villages.
- The entire Mission follows a bottom-up approach. It requires the formation of Village Water & Sanitation Committees/Pani Samitis that will prepare a 5-year Village Action Plan. These committees are mandated to have 50% women members.
- According to UN Report, Panchayats with greater women membership have performed better in projects like drinking water supply, sanitation, etc. Further, a suitable representation of the weaker section of the society is there in the Pani Samiti.
- Thus, this mission seeks to provide a platform for their participation as well as empowerment.
- Information Technology has been leveraged to collate and display real-time nationwide water data on a portal ejalshakti.gov.in.
- A Rashtriya Jal Jeevan Kosh (RJJK) is setup for accepting contributions from corporates, organizations, and individuals.
Jal Jeevan Mission is not merely a scheme whose outcome is limited to the aggregate of tap water connections provided. It aims to mitigate the economic, social, and physical hardships that the weaker most sections of our society have to endure in absence of a supply of regular, reliable, and safe drinking water.
It is ushering a social revolution marked by people’s participation, empowerment, convergence, inclusion, and equity.
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So what's a ProtoCat?
At its core, synthetic biology is the practice of genetically engineering novel organisms to perform a particular function. However, recent review studies estimate only 10-25% of published scientific results are reproducible. A 2014 survey conducted by the University of Michigan Biological Software Team confirmed that the repeatability problem exists in synthetic biology, with every scientist surveyed reporting prior struggles with replicating protocols. The majority of these scientists indicate unclear language and missing steps are the greatest contributors to the irreproducibility of synthetic biology protocols. ProtoCat is designed to address both of these issues by making it easier for scientists to share troubleshooting techniques and submit edits to existing protocols.
Every respondent indicated that they would use a database to browse and download protocols, with over 85% indicating that they would upload and maintain their own protocols if such a site existed. ProtoCat is a free database of crowd sourced protocols designed to make existing protocols more repeatable and enable more accurate computational models of biological systems. We believe this can most efficiently be accomplished with a commitment to open source protocols and a broader more active community of digital troubleshooters. ProtoCat works to establish such a community by giving anyone with an internet connection or smartphone access to a repository of synthetic biology protocols collected from all over the world. Additionally, ProtoCat encourages the development of higher quality, more repeatable protocols by allowing users to document trails, rate, review, and edit existing methods, and easily locate related protocols.
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Speleogenesis- Creation of Cave
Over several million years, the belt of marble within the Siskiyou Mountain cracked as the land uplifted and folded. At the same time, the top of the mountain weathered and exposed the marble to the surface of the earth. A forest grew over the marble and in the forest soil, fungi, bacteria, and mold decomposed dead plants and animals releasing carbon dioxide. Precipitation percolated through the soil and captured the carbon dioxide to create carbonic acid. This mild acid is the same stuff that gives soda pop its fizz.
The acidic water then chemically weathered the marble bedrock as it traveled downward through the cracks and holes in the rocks. Ground water moved downward until it reached the water table--an area where all available pore space in rocks are filled with water. The greatest amount of marble was dissolved just below the water table where the highest concentration of carbonic acid occurred. Water then spreads sideways along the cracks in the bedrock and the carbonic acid slowly dissolved the marble. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the carbonic acid enlarges small cracks into larger cavities as the marble was carried away (eroded) in solution. The process of dissolving marble and opening up spaces within it is called speleogenesis. Speleogensis is derived from the Greek words "spelaion" (cave) and "genesis" (beginning).
Did You Know?
The marble rocks of Oregon Caves were once a tropical reef that was pushed under the continental edge to a depth of 12 miles and then uplifted to 4,000 feet above sea level.
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Latest world cancer statistics
Global cancer burden rises to 14.1 million new cases in 2012:
Marked increase in breast cancers must be addressed . Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012 by International Agency for Research on Cancer (World Health Organization)
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Health Organization
PRESS RELEASE N° 223
Lyon/Geneva, 12 December 2013 – The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),
the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization, today released the latest data on cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence worldwide1.The new version of IARC’s online database, GLOBOCAN 2012, provides the most recent estimates for 28 types of cancer in 184 countries worldwide and offers a comprehensive overview of the global cancer burden.
GLOBOCAN 2012 reveals striking patterns of cancer in women and highlights that priority
should be given to cancer prevention and control measures for breast and cervical cancers
Global burden rises to 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012
According to GLOBOCAN 2012, an estimated 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million
cancer-related deaths occurred in 2012, compared with 12.7 million and 7.6 million, respectively, in 2008. Prevalence estimates for 2012 show that there were 32.6 million people (over the age of 15 years) alive who had had a cancer diagnosed in the previous five years.
The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were those of the lung (1.8 million, 13.0% of the total), breast (1.7 million, 11.9%), and colorectum (1.4 million, 9.7%). The most common causes of cancer death were cancers of the lung (1.6 million, 19.4% of the total), liver (0.8 million, 9.1%), and stomach (0.7 million, 8.8%).
Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to
19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global
population. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025.
Sharp rise in breast cancer worldwide
In 2012, 1.7 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer and there were 6.3 million women alive who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the previous five years. Since the 2008 estimates, breast cancer incidence has increased by more than 20%, while mortality has increased by 14%. Breast cancer is also the most common cause of cancer death among women (522 000 deaths in 2012) and the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 140 of 184 countries worldwide. It now represents one in four of all cancers in women.
“Breast cancer is also a leading cause of cancer death in the less developed countries of the
world. This is partly because a shift in lifestyles is causing an increase in incidence, and partly
because clinical advances to combat the disease are not reaching women living in these regions,” says Dr David Forman, Head of the IARC Section of Cancer Information, the group that compiles the global cancer data.
Generally, worldwide trends show that in developing countries going through rapid societal and economic changes, the shift towards lifestyles typical of industrialized countries leads to a rising burden of cancers associated with reproductive, dietary, and hormonal risk factors.
Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities
between rich and poor countries. Incidence rates remain highest in more developed regions, but mortality is relatively much higher in less developed countries due to a lack of early detection and access to treatment facilities. For example, in western Europe, breast cancer incidence has reached more than 90 new cases per 100 000 women annually, compared with 30 per 100 000 in eastern Africa. In contrast, breast cancer mortality rates in these two regions are almost identical, at about 15 per 100 000, which clearly points to a later diagnosis and much poorer survival in eastern Africa.
“An urgent need in cancer control today is to develop effective and affordable approaches to the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer among women living in less developed countries,” explains Dr Christopher Wild, Director of IARC. “It is critical to bring morbidity and mortality in line with progress made in recent years in more developed parts of the world.”
Cervical cancer, an avoidable cause of death among women in sub-Saharan Africa
With 528 000 new cases every year, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide, after breast, colorectal, and lung cancers; it is most notable in the lower-resource countries of sub-Saharan Africa. It is also the fourth most common cause of cancer death (266 000 deaths in 2012) in women worldwide. Almost 70% of the global burden falls in areas with lower levels of development, and more than one fifth of all new cases are diagnosed in India.
“Cervical cancer can have devastating effects with a very high human, social, and economic cost, affecting women in their prime. But this disease should not be a death sentence, even in poor countries,” explains Dr Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, a lead investigator for an IARC research project with a focus on cervical cancer screening in rural India. “Low-tech and inexpensive screening tools exist and could significantly reduce the burden of cervical cancer deaths right now in less developed countries.”
In sub-Saharan Africa, 34.8 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed per 100 000 women annually, and 22.5 per 100 000 women die from the disease. These figures compare with 6.6 and 2.5 per 100 000 women, respectively, in North America. The drastic differences can be explained by lack of access to effective screening and to services that facilitate early detection and treatment.
“These findings bring into sharp focus the need to implement the tools already available for cervical cancer, notably HPV vaccination combined with well-organized national programmes for screening and treatment,” stresses Dr Wild.
Note to the Editor
The online GLOBOCAN 2012 resource at http://globocan.iarc.fr/ is easy to use and has facilities to produce maps and other graphics. In addition, a series of fact sheets describe the overall cancer burden within specific areas or countries. GLOBOCAN 2012 also provides the user with facilities to predict the future cancer incidence and mortality burden over the next 20 years according to projected population ageing and population growth.
These estimates are based on the most recent data available at IARC and on information publicly available on the World Wide Web. GLOBOCAN 2012 provides a global profile of cancer that has been developed using a number of methods that are dependent on the availability and the accuracy of the data. National sources are used where possible, with local data and statistical modelling used in their absence.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray, F (2013). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from http://globocan.iarc.fr.
Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J (2013). Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer, 132(5):1133–1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27711 PMID:22752881
For more information, please contact
Véronique Terrasse, Communications Group, or at +33 (0) 645 284 952
or Dr Nicolas Gaudin, IARC Communications
1 Incidence is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population. This information is collected routinely by cancer registries. It can be expressed as an absolute number of cases per year or as a rate per 100 000 persons per year. The rate provides an approximation of the average risk of developing a cancer.
Mortality is the number of deaths occurring in a given period in a specified population. It can be expressed as an absolute number of deaths per year or as a rate per 100, 000 persons per year.
The five-year prevalence of a particular cancer can be defined as the number of persons in a defined population who have been diagnosed with that type of cancer in the previous five years and who are still alive at the end of a given year.
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December 27, 2012
Indonesia has long thrilled the intrepid at heart. The Dutch, Portuguese, British and other sailors who encountered “The Spice Islands” came away with fantastic tales of strange creatures, exotic peoples and vastly different ways of life than were the norm back home. I also found the lure of Indonesia far too irresistible, full of wonder and intrigue. What, for example, were these “monsters” the Dutch of yesteryear swore they had encountered? Were they prehistoric? Were they fierce, man-eating and outright terrifying?
Dutch expeditionary forces and professional soldiers claimed there was a terrible creature that could knock down a buffalo with the swipe of its tail, spewing fire from its mouth incessantly. Lieutenant Steyn van Hensbroek, a Dutch colonial official, was the first militarist and politician to put these theories of a mythical monster roaming Indonesia to the test. A century ago, van Hensbroek and a small, elite team of professional soldiers were able to track, kill and then study the fabled ”land crocodile,” as they were called back then. The team labored to deconstruct the myths surrounding it, bringing the reptile into the realm of modern scientific study and eventually paving the way for its protection.
In league with seafarers, explorers and soldiers of old, I sought out the Komodo Dragon. This ageless marvel can be found in the headlines of various tabloids for biting off the toe of Sharon Stone’s husband (this actually happened) and as far away as the stellar zoo in Memphis, Tennessee. Komodo Dragons were first scientifically studied in the West in 1910. By 1985, about 1,000 people per year were coming to check out the dragons — most of them backpackers on the Southeast Asian circuit. Back then, tour operators would tie up goats and lure the Komodo Dragons into a vicious and bloody flesh quest.
These days, the Komodo Dragons are protected under Indonesian law. It’s been a long time coming. They originated about 40 million years ago and actually migrated to Australia. These “monsters” can grow to a size of up to 10 feet in length and weigh around 150 pounds. They are cold-blooded killers, make no mistake, but with their short-comings. Komodo Dragons won’t mind what you say about them: they can barely hear, and not long ago, scientists thought them deaf as a doorpost. Yet they are dangerous predators because of their vision with the ability to see almost 1,000 feet away. Ponder how far 1,000 feet is: that’s a home run out of Yankee Stadium and halfway across the parking lot. Its sense of smell is also quite acute, and its tongue is used to inculcate various stimuli. The beast is a stealthy hunter who can adroitly stalk its prey. Komodo Dragons feature the ZW chromosomal sex-determination system as opposed to the mammalian XY system.
Labuan Bajo and the Komodo area of Indonesia is a micro-version of a trip to Jurassic Park. Luring a huge dragon to the beach for a photographical essay was a major, integral part of my adventure. Komodo Dragons reign in Indonesia — Rinca and Komodo Islands for the most part — although they also exist on several other islands, and on Flores itself (this fact isn’t widely known). There are approximately 3,000 Komodo Dragons in the general vicinity.
When visiting this island abode, it is usually best to stay on luxury traditional Indonesian schooners known as “pinisi,” or traditional cargo boats. For those to whom this doesn’t appeal, the recently-opened Jayakarta Resort in Labuan Bajo is a acceptable option. It’s a local four-star property with a comfortable speedboat that can be chartered for day-trips, which is exactly what I did on my recent visit.
Most people come to the area to see the Komodo Dragons, but the truth is that it is a spectacular diving and snorkeling Mecca of sorts. It’s essential to get under the water to really appreciate how amazing the surroundings really are (and that is for sure worth another post).
I set off at 7 a.m. on my private speedboat to head first to Rinca (pronounced “Rin-ja”) Island — before other tourists arrived. There is also a better chance of seeing the dragons in the cooler morning hours, when they are more active. We were accompanied by the best guide in the area, a local named Arie, with 15 years’ experience in the Komodo region. He was the guide for Brady Barr when he was bitten by a huge python in a cave nearby.
We arrived at Rinca at 8:30 and set off with Arie and a park ranger to find us some dragons. It didn’t take long, thanks to Arie, who wasn’t content to merely walk along the path as others do — he set off running in every direction to spot the dragons for us (he’s the “Komodo Whisperer”). Within minutes, we saw a large female outside of her nest, which I was told is a fairly uncommon site. We were alone on the island at this time, with the exception of a rather frightened German couple, who wouldn’t get within 30 feet of the dragons — whereas we were about three feet away. We proceeded along the trail and saw other dragons along the way. The highlight of Rinca, however, wasn’t the Dragons, but the amazing view from the top of a hill overlooking the island and the clear water below.
Upon arrival on Komodo Island an hour later, we could see several tour groups looking at half a dozen dragons hanging around the ranger station. After 15 minutes or so, the rangers chased them away and took us to see an enormous Komodo Dragon, measuring about nine feet long.
With a stick and a piece of meat, they lead this monster 100 yards to the nearby beach for us, where we were able to have our close encounter with this reptile who would gladly have eaten us given the chance (luckily, Komodo dragons are fairly slow on their feet, unlike crocodiles, who are lightning fast). This was a fantastic opportunity to see this endangered creature up-close and personal. Of course, we visitors and onlookers were also somewhat endangered on this island dominated by dragons.
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Western Mountains and High Plains
Add More Compost to Gardens
Before you start up spring planting, be sure you add more good compost to the garden. Spread three to four cubic yards per thousand square feet. Dig or till to a depth of four to six inches deep. Allow a few weeks before planting so the soil will mellow.
Use Quality Seed-Starting Mixes
To prevent seedling damping-off and other soil borne diseases, be sure to use a quality seed-starting mix. It should state on the package that is has been sterilized or pasteurized. Avoid the addition of garden soil, as it can introduce diseases and weed seeds.
Check Houseplants for Pests
As the days get longer and temperatures warm, be on the lookout for signs of insect pests on your houseplants. Telltale signs of aphids are the sticky honeydew drippings on the leaves. Simply wash them off with a stream of water or soap spray.
Test Leftover Seeds
If you are uncertain about past season's seeds, do a germination test. Place ten seeds between moistened paper towels and seal in a plastic bag. Set in a warm spot, but out of direct sunlight. Check daily to see if seeds are sprouting If less than half sprout, it's time to purchase new seeds.
Taking time to plan ahead will save time and money. Learn about the plants you'd like to grow. What are the requirements for exposure? Does they do best in sun, shade, or part shade? How much water is needed? With the right information, you can group plants with similar water and sun needs in the best locations.
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WHO has said that the two cases of the infection were reported from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) whereas a polio case was reported each from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan.
The total number of polio cases reported this year has risen to 266.
It should be noted that Pakistan is one of the only three countries in the world with polio infections. WHO and concerned anti-polio officials are active in eradicating the virus from the country whereas special immunization drives are also held on regular basis.
The country has also been slapped with travel restrictions due to the virus and the citizens have to travel with polio-free certificates to other countries.
However, attacks on polio teams and reluctance of parents to immunize their children are one of the major hurdles in eradicating the disease.
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The Hubble Space Telescope has once again taken science fiction and turned it into reality. Considerably more extreme than images of a fading star, new findings have allowed NASA astronomers to predict that the Andromeda Galaxy (otherwise known as M31) is on a collision course with our very own Milky Way Galaxy. Drawn together by their respective gravitational pulls, in addition to surrounding dark matter, the two galaxies are expected to crash into one another in about 4 billion years.
So what could possibly happen when the universe-altering event takes place? According to Gurtina Besla, a Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow at Columbia University, quite a lot:
In the worst-case-scenario simulation, M31 slams into the Milky Way head-on and the stars are all scattered into different orbits. The stellar populations of both galaxies are jostled, and the Milky Way loses its flattened pancake shape with most of the stars on nearly circular orbits. The galaxies' cores merge, and the stars settle into randomized orbits to create an elliptical-shaped galaxy.
With Andromeda still 2.5 million light-years away, a number of other outcomes may result from the crash, but NASA put together the following video which depicts a simulation of one possible collision.
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Commisioning and LaunchingEdit
On March 31st, 1967, the USS Nimitz was ordered by the United States Navy to be constructed. The Newport News Shipbuilding company would construct the massive aircraft carrier. After four years of construction it was finally completed. On May 13th, 1972, it was launched. And on May 3rd, 1975, it was officially commissioned. The USS Nimitz was born and in service.
The USS Nimitz's type was an Aircraft Carrier, and because of its massive superstructure and size it was referred to as a Supercarrier. It was used for a variety of roles, including the transportation/ferrying and launching of aircraft, such as fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The USS Nimitz was also armed with a variety of advanced communications, navigation, guidance systems, sensors, radar, sonar, sono systems for the roles of maritime intelligence gathering, electronic warfare, detection of other vessels and advanced communications and navigation.
Being a Supercarrier, the USS Nimitz had a large complement of personell/crew. The personell/crew could be divided into two sections, the Ship's Company and the Air Wing. The Ship's Company was the crew of the ship who commanded and control the ship, to move, operate and protect the vessel. The Air Wing was the crew who soley worked on and in the aircraft, who were referred to as the Airmen, of the Naval Aviation.
The USS Nimitz was a part of the Carrier Strike Group 11, and the Carrier Air Group 11 was embarked and stationed on the vessel. The USS Nmitz was a Supercarrier, and was able to carry up to ninety, in total, fixed-wing (Airplanes) and rotary-wing (Helicopters) aircraft. It could carry aircraft such as F-18 Hornets, EA-6 Prowlers, E-2 Hawkeyes, C-2 Greyhounds, SH-60 Seahawks and HH-60 Seahawks.
Despite the intelligence that the USS Nimitzs' armor detail is classified, it can be presumed that the USS Nimitzs' armor is extremely thick and heavy, being a Supercarrier. However, it is extremely vulnerable to missile strikes, especially on its paved runways.
Since the USS Nimitz was an Aircraft Carrier, and Supercarrier, the vessel carried a limited number of weapons, that was used only for defensive purposes. However in some cases, they were used for offensive purposes. Its weapons included two RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile Launchers, and two RIM-7 Sparrow Missile Launchers.
The USS Nimitz features a vast array of advanced technology that includes sensors, radar, sono, sonar, detection systems and guidance systems. These advanced systems and features are used for the guidance of its missile launchers, radar support for its aircraft, sonar and sono for its Seahawk Helicopters, communication and navigation systems for itself and advanced radar, sonar, sono and intelligence gathering systems for Maritime Intelligence Gathering.
- AN/SPS-48E Air Search Radar
- AN/SPS-49(V)2 Air Search Radar
- AN/SPQ-9B Target Acquisition Radar
- AN/SPN-46 Air Traffic Control Radar
- AN/SPN-43C Air Traffic Control Radar
- AN/SPN-41 Landing Aid Radar
- 4x MK91 NSSM Guidance Systems
- 4x MK95 Radar
National Security Agency Officer Robert Toland was repositioned at an unknown time to serve on the USS Nimitz as an Intelligence Officer.
1. Red Storm Rising, pg 119
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What is vaginal cancer?
Vaginal cancer starts in the cells of the vagina. A cancerous (malignant) tumour is a group of cells that can grow into and destroy nearby tissue. It can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
The vagina is part of a woman’s reproductive system. It is a muscular tube that goes from the cervix to the outside of the body. The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus, or womb. The cervix opens into the vagina. Blood and tissue (menstrual fluid) passes out of the body through the vagina. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina. The vagina is also called the birth canal.
Changes to cells of the vagina can cause precancerous conditions. This means that the abnormal cells are not yet cancer, but there is a chance that they may become cancer if they aren’t treated. The most common precancerous condition of the vagina is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Most women diagnosed with VAIN are successfully treated and don’t develop cancer.
But in some cases, changes to vaginal cells can cause vaginal cancer. Most often, vaginal cancer starts in flat, thin cells called squamous cells. The squamous cells make up the lining of the vagina. This type of cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina. Cancer can also start in the glandular cells, which make mucus. This type of cancer is called adenocarcinoma of the vagina.
Other types of vaginal cancer can also develop, but they are less common. Melanoma of the vagina starts in melanocytes, which are a type of cell that makes pigments. They are the cells that give colour to your eyes, skin and hair. Another type of cancer can start in the muscle or connective tissue cells in the vagina. This type of cancer is called sarcoma.
Other types of cancer can spread to the vagina, but this is not the same disease as primary vaginal cancer. Cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the vagina is called vaginal metastasis. It is not treated in the same way as primary vaginal cancer. Vaginal metastasis is more common than primary vaginal cancer, most often spreading to the vagina from the cervix or vulva.
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If one was to comment as an historian, starting with blast furnaces (where ore is converted to a metal), one would conceivably have to choose some period, not just a few hundred years back, but perhaps two or more thousand years back to a period when cattle driven bellows provided the necessary “blast” for the furnace which, (as in some ways is now) produced iron. However, it did not then produce iron for the steel process, but only iron for the foundries.
One may skip a few of those stages of development and save oneself the research of the recorded history (or other evidence from those periods). Thus, if not relying on the historical evidence, one may assume one can comment from one’s own experiences and/or memories. That will take us considerably closer to present day than the earliest evidences of iron production.
Integrated steel plants generally refer to plants that convert ore to iron, then to steel, and further on to other semi-finished or finished products. This would be in comparison to those plants that start with scrap metal and convert it to semi-finished or finished product (usually rolled and not cast, as in a foundry).
In the mid 1960’s, many blast furnaces were producing around 2,000 tons of iron per day. The iron was still, in many cases, directed to Open Hearth furnaces – even though the around 100T Basic Oxygen Furnaces were also receiving the iron. Perhaps most of the steel was poured into ingots, while most continuous casters, which also existed, were mostly casting blooms. The ingots, after soaking pits, were rolled through break down mills from where they were then further rolled into various semi-finished, or finished, shapes and sizes. The processes (excluding blast furnace to steel making) were often interrupted, and the products ended up cooling down to ambient temperatures only to be reheated completely to rolling temperatures, as opposed to being supplied with enough heat to somewhat elevate and equalize the temperatures of the to-be rolled product. If this process between iron making and steel making was interrupted, some plants had pig casters to cast the iron into manageable uniform sizes, while failing that, the iron ended up being “beached” (poured over a layer of sand from where, after cooling, it was broken into pieces and usually used in steel making as “scrap”).
As the years went on, the blast furnaces and BOF vessels became bigger and the continuous casters started to cast more and more different shapes, progressively reducing the pouring of ingots and the use of breakdown mills. Similarly, the open-heart furnaces became a thing of the past. There were still many situations where the process ended up being interrupted and thus involved moving, storing and “complete” reheating before the next stage in operation.
Presently 10,000T per day or bigger blast furnaces, 250T or bigger BOF’s, various sizes and shapes of continuous casters – along with continuously moving product through “tunnel furnaces” (as opposed to reheat furnaces) – keep the metal moving without it hardly ever seeing “ambient” temperatures until the final hot rolled shape.
These developments have resulted in huge economic benefits, along with environmental impact improvements. Manpower needs have also been reduced.
There may be some businesses which relied on some special metallurgical compositions (in some smaller quantities) which now are more difficult to get. In the older methods, one could request/purchase part of a “special” 100T heat, have the steel plant store the remaining part until a need arose for that for that composition elsewhere. This could then be reheated it and rolled as requested – this would continue until the remainder was either used or sold.
Interestingly enough, many foundries can, and do still provide specialized metallurgical compositions, in smaller quantities, while also being cost effective by the very nature of not looking or needing to mix hundreds of tons in one batch.
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach was born March 21, 1685,at Eisenach, in Thuringia, Germany, of a distinguished musical family. At 15 he became a chorister at Luneburg and at 19 organist at Arnstadt. Subsequent appointments included positions at the courts of Weimar and Anhalt-Kother, and finally in 1723, that of musical director at St Thomas's choir school in Leipzig, where, apart from his brief visit to the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia in 1747, he remained there until his death.
Bach married twice and had 21 children, ten of whom died in infancy. His second wife, Anna Magdalena Wulkens, was a soprano singer; she also acted as his amanuensis, when in later years his sight failed.
Bach was a master of contrapuntal technique, and his music marks the culmination of the Baroque polyphonic style.
Sacred music includes over 200 church cantatas, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, the two great Passions of St Mathew and St John, and the Mass in B minor.
Orchestral music includes his six Brandenburg Concertos, other concertos for clavier and for violin, and four orchestral suites.
Bach's keyboard music for clavier and for organ is of equal importance and includes the collection of 48 preludes and fugues known as The well-Tempered Clavier, The Goldberg Variation, and the French and English Suites.
Of his organ music, the most important examples are the choral preludes. He also wrote chamber music and songs. Two important works written in the later years illustrate the principles and potential of his polyphonic art - The Musical Offering and The Art of the Fugue.
He died July 28, 1750, at Leipzig, Germany at the age of 65. Originally, Bach was buried in the cemetery at St. Johnís Church in Leipzig; in 1900, his remains were moved to a crypt inside the church. The church was destroyed in World War II, so in 1949, he was was re-interred in Leipzigís St. Thomas Church.
Biographies of Bach are available many places on the Internet. What some do not include is the fact that many familiar hymn tunes tunes were adapted by him, or by others from his music:
J S Bach Home Page
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Long Jaafar has been historically credited with the discovery of tin in Larut in 1848. According to legend, Long Jaafar had an elephant named Larut and he used to take this elephant with him when journeying between Bukit Gantang and Lubok Merbau. One day the elephant went missing and when the elephant was eventually found three days later Long Jaafar noticed tin ore embedded in the mud that was on the elephant’s legs. It is said that this was how Larut got its name.
Eventually in 1850, Larut district was bestowed upon Long Jaafar by Raja Muda Ngah Ali and the Chiefs of Perak: the Temenggong, Panglima Bukit Gantang, Panglima Kinta, Syahbandar and Seri Adika Raja. Some time later, the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Abdullah, died in 1857 and a series of succession disputes ensued. Unhappy with the abuse and favouritism of various royalties, rival Malay camps took sides with one or the other of the two great Chinese secret societies present in there at the time.
Long Jaafar established and developed his administrative centre at Bukit Gantang and made Kuala Sungai Limau at Trong the principal harbour of the Larut Settlement. In 1857 Long Jaafar was succeeded by his son Ngah Ibrahim. Sultan Jaffar Muazzam Shah presented an acknowledgement letter to Ngah Ibrahim on 24 May 1858. This letter was signed by Sultan Jaffar, Raja Muda Ngah Ali and the Raja Bendahara of Perak. In the time of Ngah Ibrahim the Chinese increased in number and by early 1860 two large groups were formed by the Chinese, the “Five Associations” whose members worked in the mines of Klian Pauh and the “Four Associations” whose members worked in the mines of Klian Baharu.
Mining rights were given to the Hakka “Five Associations” or Go-Kuan (五館 or 五群) and the Cantonese “Four Associations” or Si-Kuan (四館). Chung Keng Quee (鄭景貴) was leader of the Hakka Go-Kuan and the Hai San (海山) society that they belonged to, and began to operate his tin mines in Larut in 1860. Larut was destined to be plagued by four major wars between members of both the Cantonese Go-Kuan Ghee Hin Society (義興私會黨) and the Hakka Hai San society. Many Hakka had fled China when the Taiping Rebellion broke out there and found work in the mines of Chung Keng Quee establishing his position over the mining area in Larut as leader of the Hai San from 1860 to 1884.
The capital of Perak was moved from Bandar Baru (New Town) to Taiping after Datok Maharaja Lela assassinated the first British Resident of Perak Mr. James Wheeler Woodford Birch at Pasir Salak in 1875. In 1937, the capital of Perak was moved from Taiping to Ipoh.
The town’s mining industry continued to thrive; the country’s first railway was built to transport tin from Taiping to Port Weld (now known as Kuala Sepetang) at the coast for export. The first train in Malaysia took its schedule on 1 June 1885.
Although Taiping’s economy declined with the dwindling tin deposits, tin mining still remains an important industry in the area as rubber and rice.
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Bee Smoker Basics
The bee smoker is an essential part of a beekeeper’s tool kit. Even if you have very gentle bees and seldom need to use the beekeeper's smoker, it’s a good idea to have one lit and ready every time you open a hive. When you do realize you need one, you really don’t want to have to stop everything to light it! Smokers can be a bit tricky to use though. Knowing how much smoke is enough (and how much is too much) can be stressful for many new beekeepers, and bee smokers have a way of going out on you at the most inconvenient times. This post will tell you what you need to know to master your bee smoker in no time.
But first, what does the smoke actually do?
Smoking your bees does two things. Firstly, the smoke masks the pheromones that bees use to communicate with one another. One pheromone in particular “Alarm Pheromone” is of particular importance. A honey bee will emit alarm pheromone when she is startled or injured. When you squish a bee or get stung, you set off a tiny alarm pheromone bomb. Any bees in the area that smell that pheromone will become more aggressive, and will emit their own alarm pheromone. Within a few minutes, they can organize the whole colony against you. Having smoke handy to mask the scent ensures that even if you kill a bee or two, you won’t have an army of cranky bees coming after you.
Secondly, it simulates a forest fire, activating a kind of bee “fire drill”. The honeybee fire safety protocol is to go into the hive and start eating up lots of honey. With full bellies, they will be well prepared to flee their burning home and start building new comb elsewhere, should the need arise. This distracts the bees, and works to the beekeeper’s advantage because, just like you and me, honey bees tend to be much less feisty after a big meal.
The Bee Smoker
The bee smoker itself is rather simple in design. Early styles were just cans with some holes punched in them, which were swung around to distribute the smoke, but the design has evolved quite a bit over the decades. Now the can has a bellows attached and a spout on top so you can aim the smoke.
The fundamentals of how the beekeeper's smoker works are pretty straightforward: You start a fire in the can (I’m sure there’s a “proper” term for that part of the bee smoker, but I don’t know it), you pump the bellows to force oxygen through the fire, which pumps smoke out of the spout. The main thing that you want to be aware of is how the air enters the can from the bellows. If you pack your kindling material down too far into this space, it can hamper airflow, and make it difficult to keep your bee smoker burning.
Some people have those fancy round top bee smokers. They say they work better. They don’t usually explain how, it’s just vaguely implied that they are better, which justifies the greater expense. I can’t speak to that – I imagine it’s sort of like a “hemi” engine in a car. It probably ekes out a bit of extra performance, but unless you’re obsessive about performance, you may not notice the difference. That being said, they do look really cool, and my birthday is coming up… (in February, but I mean, technically, still coming up.)
Over the years I have really covered the spectrum of smoker usage – from shoving in whatever sticks or leaves from the ground looked dry enough and hoping it would light, to purchasing cedar chips from the pet store and making little “starters” out of cardboard. Regardless of what you intend to use, there are a few basics that will help you get the most out of your fuel.
I like to categorize smoker fuel into three basic groups, “starters” “kindling” and “fuel”. I know this is a bit technical for what amounts to starting a fire in a can, but bear with me.
A starter is something that will light easily, and stay lit long enough for the kindling to catch. Possible options include a loosely balled sheet of newspaper, a rolled up strip of cardboard, or, a pinecone. The idea here is you light your starter and toss it into the can, so you can get to work laying kindling on top. Whatever you choose, you want to make sure it has enough air pockets that the fire doesn’t get smothered, each of my examples have built in air pockets between layers of flammable material. If you don’t have something that would make a handy starter, you can just skip it and light the kindling directly, but it can be a bit trickier to get the kindling thoroughly lit without a starter.
Kindling is the next step, you want small, thin pieces that light easily. Pine needles have a cult following. I tend to use wood shavings because my husband is a wood worker. Pet store hamster bedding also works great, if you don’t mind paying for it. Dried shredded leaves or straw can also work. Some bee suppliers even sell what basically amounts to laundry lint for the purpose. I tried it once and it did light well, but it burnt quicker than lightning and I had a hard time getting anything else to catch. (I would caution you not to use your won laundry lint – synthetic fibers from your clothes will melt rather the burn, causing nasty fumes and gunking up your smoker!)
Finally, your “fuel” can be just more kindling, or if you have slightly larger pieces – such as small twigs or wood chips, you can use them here. These pieces will take longer to catch, and can take a little more effort to get an even burn, but they will also burn longer, which can help keep your smoker from going out mid-inspection. Keep in mind that when I say “larger” I mean relative to pine needles and wood shavings. I’m still talking about what most people would consider to be very small particles. Tiny twigs and chips of wood. Not big old sticks!
Other things you’ll need
Obviously, you need something to start a fire. This can be matches, a lighter, or if you’re hardcore, you can sit out there rubbing two sticks together. Personally, I prefer those long grill lighters. The extra length makes it possible to light the fire inside the bee smoker, where wind won’t snuff it out right away.
You’ll also want your hive tool handy. It’s the perfect thing for packing kindling down into the bee smoker.
Lighting your bee smoker
The basic principle is to start a small fire at the bottom of the bee smoker, and pile things on top of it to increase the flame. Because heat rises, if we pack the smoke first and light the top, the flame will burn for a minute and then go out, unable to ignite the fuel beneath it.
Start with your bee smoker empty. If you have a grill lighter, place your “Starter” or a small amount of kindling inside the can and then ignite it, or if you are using a normal lighter or matches, light it first and when it is burning pretty well, drop it in carefully (sometimes dropping it too fast will put out the fire!).
Pump the bellows a few times to get the fire going well and then add a small amount of kindling. Use your hive tool to pack it down, but be careful not to pack it too hard and snuff out the fire.
Continue pumping the bellows and packing in more kindling until you have a pretty good little fire going, then go ahead and start adding in larger pieces if you have them, or else just keep on packing in kindling.
The secret is in how much you pack the fuel down – pack it too much and the fire will smother, pack it too little and it will burn too fast and go out. Experience is really the only way to know what the right “pack” is, but most newbies tend to not pack the fuel tightly enough. If your bee smoker goes out, open it up – if there is no fuel left your probably didn’t pack it enough (or you didn’t add enough fuel) If there is still fuel that wasn’t burnt, you either packed it too much, or didn’t get it burning well to begin with.
Now that your bee smoker is burning well, it should last a good long time on it’s own. The occasional puff on the bellows helps ensure it keeps burning, and of course, don’t forget to check from time to time to make sure that there’s enough fuel left!
Using Your Bee Smoker
The rule of thumb when using your beekeeping smoker is less is more. The smoke does keep you from getting stung but it also disturbs the bees, and can contaminate your honey stores or wax if used too liberally. I use two or three puffs of the bellows with the spout of the bee smoker near the front entrance(s) of the hive a few minutes before I open it for an inspection. It takes about ten minutes to work its magic, but it can bee difficult to wait that long!
I will use one or two more puffs when I open the hive or move down two another box – or if the bees seem to be getting really cranky.
Never hold the spout of the bee smoker less than 6 inches from the bees – the smoke can be hot, and the direct blast is really overkill. Let the plume of smoke disperse and waft into the hive on its own. Remember, less is more.
The smoker can get very hot! Most smokers have wire protective cages around the main can, but it can be tricky to hold them this way because if your finger slips through you’ll get burnt. I recommend only holding your smoker by the bellows or by the little hook in the front. Never pick up your smoker by the handle on the lid, or by the can itself. Also, be aware that the bottom can get very hot as well. Do not set your bee smoker on top of or next to anything prone to scorching or melting!
I have terrible allergies, and at certain times of the year, my nose gets so sensitive that even a little bit of smoke has me tearing up and sneezing and coughing and generally causing a scene. So I’ve been looking into other options. While I wouldn’t say that either of these is a perfect replacement for a smoker, they can be very useful, and have helped reduce my reliance on the smoker.
“Beekeeper’s liquid smoke” is sometimes sold by beekeeping suppliers, but it’s not any different from the stuff you can get a the grocery store (it’s great for marinades, too!) It is basically wood smoke particles trapped in a liquid. Most beekeepers seem to use it by diluting it into a spray bottle and spraying it into the hive. I don’t know of any scientific studies to back this up, but my gut tells me that this is a bad idea. If excess smoke can affect the flavor of honey, spraying liquid smoke inside a hive could completely ruin it, and moreover, I have to imagine it takes much longer for liquid smoke to dissipate from a hive – meaning that the bees will be affected much longer than is necessary.
Instead, I splash a little liquid smoke on my hands before I begin an inspection. The scent doesn’t linger too long inside the hive, and I can just wash my hands when I’m done. This won’t waft throughout the hive and calm the bees the way normal smoke does, so it’s not as useful if you’re in a situation where the bees are going to be really upset – such as if it’s raining or you’re being clumsy. For regular inspections, though, it’s quick and convenient and it’s plenty to keep the bees from jumping at your hands.
Sugar Spray is my go-to for swarm catching: soak the bees down with a 2-1 water/sugar spray and then shake them into a box while they are too busy licking it off each other to fly away or try to sting me. I’ve heard a few beekeepers recommend using it to calm bees in place of smoke – particularly if bees are flying around and getting up in your face. A little hit of sugar water will distract them in a way the Smoke never could. It does have some disadvantages. Getting sugar on the open brood is really bad for them, and you probably don’t want to be adding too much moisture inside your hives. For that reason, I wouldn’t recommend spraying onto frames. Having sugar spray around to take care of feisty bees flying around might be a great idea however. I’m definitely going to give it a try!
So that about wraps up the bee smoker conversation for now. It’s important to remember that there are many different methods for lighting and using smokers, and different techniques work better for different people/situations. If you have any great tips to add or further questions, please let us know in the comments!
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Diagnostic Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and a powerful magnet to create detailed pictures (shown on a computer screen) of areas inside the body. These 2- or 3- dimensional images can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue.
Much like CT scans, MRI can produce 3-D images of sections of the body, but MRI is sometimes more sensitive than CT scans for distinguishing soft tissues. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints and the inside of bones.
Fox Chase radiology experts use 2 state-of-the-art MRI units to do imaging for our patients with ease, speed and accuracy. Fox Chase is accredited by the American College of Radiology (ACR) for both MRI units.
3.0-Tesla (3T) Whole Body MRI Unit
One of only a few in the Philadelphia region, Fox Chase's 3.0-Tesla (3T) MRI unit creates images with extreme detail and clarity revealing fine changes in body structures or functions. It has twice the strength and speed of existing MRI imaging equipment, enhancing metabolic and physiologic imaging for clinical care and research. This means excellent image quality and faster scan times.
Expert radiologists and researchers at Fox Chase also are developing imaging clinical trials using the 3T MRI. These include 1) MR spectroscopy for high-risk breast cancer patients and 2) Full body (head to toe) MRI for staging cancer.
1.5-Tesla (1.5T) MRI Unit
For physicians, this unit provides high-resolution images for interpretation; for patients, a shorter scan time. The 1.5-Tesla (1.5T) MRI complements the 3T MRI, providing high-quality images for many patient studies.
Fox Chase experts use the 1.5T MRI for routine studies as well as for dynamic contrast MRI (DCMR), studies of the abdomen and pelvis, MR colonography (colon, or large intestine), MR cholangiopancreatography (biliary and pancreatic ducts), kidney MRI, MR urography (urinary tract), prostate spectroscopy, MRI guided breast biopsies and breast MRI for high-risk patients. It also can provide magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), an MRI study of the blood vessels.
in this Section
here or call 888-FOX-CHASE
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Written by Rich Clark, Professor of Political Science
After his primary losses on Super Tuesday in 2020, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders conceded that his campaign had not been, “as successful as I would hope in bringing young people in.” He added, “It is not easy.”
Maybe it is not easy, but it is essential.
The great American philosopher, John Dewey, grew up in Vermont in the late 19th century and attended the University of Vermont before making his mark on American political thought. Mostly, Dewey is remembered for his contributions to the field of education. He believed that education is less about acquiring a fixed body of knowledge and more about developing skills in critical thinking and applying those skills as active citizens. Consequently, the value of education goes well beyond the individual benefits; an educated citizenry supports democratic norms and a more robust civic life.
Dewey was a strong proponent of democracy as the best means for meeting the needs of the public. In his book, The Public and Its Problems (1927), Dewey tried to reconcile civic engagement in American democracy with the depersonalizing forces of industrialism and capitalism. While Dewey recognizes the importance of policy experts, he also argues that popular participation in government is necessary to uncover the problems we collectively face because experts will be too removed from the public to clearly see the problems people confront. “The man who wears the shoe knows best that it pinches and where it pinches, even if the expert shoemaker is the best judge of how the trouble is to be remedied” (p. 207).
So it is at Castleton that we take up the mantle that fellow Vermonter Dewey passed along to educate our students to be active and effective citizens in our democratic government. While some students opt to pursue a Certificate in Civic Engagement as they build the skills of citizenship, self-advocacy, and leadership, all students participate in the liberal arts foundation of a Castleton education through our General Education Program. One of the explicit goals of general education at Castleton University is that the program, “promotes students to be engaged as active citizens on campus and beyond.”
Perhaps the most basic act of citizenship is participation in the electoral process by voting.
Political scientists and civics educators often express the idea that voting is important without explaining why that is the case. To many students, and to too many Americans, voting appears to be fruitless and unlikely to make a difference. And yet, the 2016 presidential election hinged on approximately 78,000 votes in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, or less than 0.06% of the total votes cast in the presidential election. Putting aside presidential elections, there have been many elections at the state and local level where a single vote made the difference. In 2017, the 94th District of the Virginia House of Delegates, wherein 11,608 ballots were cast, resulted in a tie, and the winner was chosen by randomly drawing a name from a hat. More significantly, control of the House of Delegates depended on the outcome of the 94th district, as the Republicans held 50 seats and the Democrats 49.
Most elections are not closely decided, but that does not mean that one’s vote does not matter. The very act of voting is a form of civic responsibility and the exercise of a right for which many American citizens had to fight. For many Americans, voting is their only form of civic engagement.
As Americans, it is part of our common creed that the government’s legitimacy is based on the consent of the governed. Yet, without any formal rites of citizenship or national service mandates, Americans who do not gain citizenship through the naturalization process never explicitly avow their consent to be governed; instead, we accept the idea of tacit consent. Voting is one of the few opportunities for most Americans to weigh in and express one’s preference on the direction of government, thereby recognizing the legitimacy of the government through participation in the process.
I may be among the few who love the political campaign season. Campaigns are opportunities for political parties and office seekers to express visions of and ambitions for our collective lives, and as voters, we are able to question those candidates, express our own thoughts on the politics of the day, and eventually select whom we wish to represent us moving forward. We choose whose vision most closely represents our own. And we do this together.
And still, many Americans don’t even engage enough to vote.
The highest turnout for a presidential election since 1972, the first presidential election following the ratification of the 26th Amendment lowering the voting age to 18 years old, was 61.6% in 2008, and the lowest presidential election turnout was 51.7% in 1996, meaning just over half of all eligible voters cast a ballot. More discouraging, in midterm elections—elections for Congressional races without a presidential contest—voter turnout hovered between 36.7% in 2014 and 42% in 1982 before reaching a record high of 50% in the recent 2018 midterm elections.
These turnout rates for the general population are high in comparison to turnout among younger citizens. Only 32.6% of eligible voters ages 18-29 voted in the record-setting 2018 midterm election, while 65.5% of voters 60 years and older cast a ballot. Voting rates for college students is slightly better than rates for young voters generally.
There are many reasons that young adults vote at lower rates than older adults. Young adults are often more transitory, less settled than older citizens. They may be away at college, settling into new jobs, or finding their place in a community as adults for the first time. Pundits and politicians have often attributed the lower participation rate for younger voters to apathy, lethargy, and general disinterest in public affairs. Political scientists have cited a visceral antipathy toward politics, noting that younger voters are less likely to attach to any political party or overtly political movement. For decades, we believed that students simply lacked the necessary civic knowledge and that by including politics and government in the curriculum we could overcome the barriers to voting.
A recent contribution to the political science literature by John Holbein and Sunshine Hillygus, Making Young Voters (2020), challenges many of these explanations for why young people don’t vote, emphasizing instead the non-cognitive barriers to voting. Holbein and Hillygus argue that, “the act of voting requires minimal cognitive abilities and a desire to participate but it can also require persistence, fortitude, energy, and patience to actually make it to the ballot box” (p. 33). Young people, our students, are as informed as most voters, and they often understand the importance of voting as well as the average voter. But when students see campaign ads, when they are greeted by candidates, when they attend political events or public meetings, and when they visit their precincts to vote, they do not see representations of themselves. They are not always comfortable venturing into this new area where they perceive most everyone else to be better informed and to belong. These are the non-cognitive barriers that Holbein and Hillygus cite. The good news is that they are not insurmountable, and once they’ve been breached, the habits of voting begin to adhere. We know that when voters start at a young age, they are more likely to remain active voters for a lifetime.
Now we are engaged in a campaign to encourage our students to participate in the electoral process. An informal, multi-disciplinary cadre of faculty, including Mary Droege from the natural sciences and Candy Fox from the English Department, are working the Content Lab—a group of creative students led by Communication Professor Bill DeForest—to develop messages to help and encourage students to vote. We are here to help them figure out if they are registered to vote, and if not, how to register. We are here to help them navigate the process of voting, either through absentee ballots or in person. Most importantly, we are here to assure them that they belong in the civic sphere.
The 2020 presidential election is shaping up to be extraordinary in several ways, and our students face challenges as a result of political division, climate change, the pandemic, and the economic woes connected to the pandemic. They face mounting debt and a weak job market upon leaving college. In order to respond to those challenges, the political system needs students in the electorate to uncover those collective problems, so that our democracy could respond as Dewey believed it was intended.
Vote, Spartans, vote!
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Given that it is often difficult for a young child to articulate how he feels in any situation, it is important for parents to be highly sensitive to their child’s health status and general well-being. A proactive parent can sometimes prevent discomfort before it surfaces in a child. For instance, it is highly beneficial for a child to receive chiro South Australia services at a young age before they experience pain or problems. A trained and trusted chiropractor specialised in paediatrics will be sensitive to a child, understanding the young body and developing a spine and therefore modifications in care and treatment will be made.
There are common reasons why a parent might seek chiropractic care for his/her child, aside from attempting to prevent dysfunction before it becomes a problem. Some conditions that call for chiropractic in children include (but are not limited to):
* Colic – a condition in which an infant displays symptoms of distress and frequently cries.
* Trauma – children who have yet to acquaint themselves with their sense of coordination often have accidents. Remember learning to walk or crawl. It is as common as it is natural, but still, merits a visit to the doctor.
* Scoliosis – abnormal curving of the spine. It is best if this condition is discovered and treated at a young age. Infantile Scoliosis can begin development in children under three years old.
* Growing pains – discomfort typically located in the muscles of a growing child. The condition most commonly occurs in children between the ages of three and five or eight and twelve.
* Allergies – Proven to affect nearly 20% of all Australians, and often affectedly healed naturally.
* Digestive problems – Such problems may be; as a result of food allergies or a reaction to lactose.
It is also common for kids to experience uncomfortable bumps in the road throughout their development. The perfect thing a parent can do for his/her child is to give them the medical attention they deserve, like chiropractic. When a child receives chiro South Australia care, he has a better chance of reaching his optimal health potential.
Whether the visit is inspired by a pre-existing condition or is just an attempt to be pro-active, it is always a good idea to help a child be the healthiest he can be! The bottom line will be finding the best chiro clinic to be sure that your kid is taken care of by a reputable chiropractor. You can always seek recommendations from friends or do your search online when trying to locate a chiro clinic. By doing proper research, finding a chiro clinic will not be a problem. As a parent, you will only be happy when your child is growing healthily. Visit a chiropractor today and let your kid grow healthily.
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The CDC reports that in a normal year, approximately 36,000 Americans die from complications due to the flu. 200,000 Americans are hospitalized because of the flu, and in a normal year 5-20% of Americans get the flu. That means 15 million - 60 million Americans get the flu every year.
So far this year, 1 American has died from the swine flu. There are less than 500 cases nationwide. If one assumes that 200,000 people will get the normal flu this year, then there are 550 new cases every day. Why isn't the WHO declaring a Phase 5 alert for that?!
Yglesias thinks we're all panicking over nothing, but I'll go further: I think we are panicking over less than nothing. Why? Well, evolution, of course. Reports of the symptoms of swine flu are that it is actually less severe than normal flu. This makes sense, if you read my post about evolution pushing highly infectious diseases towards harmlessness. In order for a virus to circulate well, it must not kill its host too quickly. Therefore, viral strains that are less harmful tend to be more infectious. This is what appears to be happening with the current swine flu strain. It is less harmful, but much more infectious, than normal human flu.
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The badly damaged carcass of a creature that appears to have a toothed beak has washed up at Montauk, across from the US Government's Plum Island Animal Disease Center.
There has been speculation that the animal is a decomposed sea turtle, but their beaks do not have teeth, and the turtle's shell is attached along the spine, and this creature shows no damage to the spine.
There are said to be photographs suggesting that the animalis a decomposed pit bull, and that the distortions in the jaw are the result of water action, and only appear to be a beak.
There has been speculation, also, that it's a raccoon, and famed cryptozoologist Loren Coleman believes that this may be the case. Coleman says, "The "Montauk Monster" appears to be a normal decomposing carcass, denuded by the elements, the ocean, and storms, of raccoon, or perhaps a dog."
The animal also has strangely structured front paws, that seem to be designed, but poorly, for swimming, but once again, they could be deteriorated due to water action. However, it isn't clear that any known animal's paws would deteriorate in this manner, nor is it clear that
the beak structure is the result of water action.
The carcass itself has deteriorated and no particular effort appears to have been made to gather the remains as evidence, meaning that the public will never gain proper information about this case.
In August of 2004, Unknowncountry.com covered an unknown animal that was appearing in Texas which local media called the Elmendorf Beast. The first carcass was found in Elmendorf Texas in August of 2004. We had the remains studied by a biologist, John Gramieri, who stated that the skull was not a coyote or a dog, but possibly a mix known a a coydog that either had a disease or was the result of breeding, either intentional or in the wild.
Numerous other carcasses turned up in east Texas over the next few years.
There was some speculation that genetic manipulation could be involved, and there is indeed an extensive facility at the Texas A&M University Department of Animal Science, but our calls to the department resulted in comment that they were not working on any projects involving mange, and not doing any genetic work that could result in animals such as those we were finding.
Again, the Plum Island facility has denied carrying out any research that could have resulted in the deformities and distortions in a carcass. Its mission includes diagnosing and detecting foreign animal disease agents that are accidentally or "deliberately" introduced into the United States. It has also been pointed out by some observers that Lyme Disease was first seen in Lyme,Connecticut, immediately across the sound from Plum Island,at a time when such disease vectors were allegedly understudy on the island.
The Elmendorf animals were either genetic alterations or victims of profound disease, and it seems also that this animal may have had some illness. If so, it could have escaped from Plum Island, where animal experiments using various disease vectors are carried out.The presence of an identifying tag on the animal suggests that it may have been in captivity.
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.
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In the US, reduced costs of extracting gas and oil from shale are delivering cheap domestic oil and gas — with implications for renewable energy policy, global gas prices and the US Navy in the Persian Gulf.
Cheaper US fossil fuels have also increased the fretting about greenhouse gas emissions, including by the Paris-based International Energy Agency's climate change activists.
Global energy developments have unpredictable implications for Australia, where electricity prices have risen 72 per cent over the past four years (50 per cent more than general inflation) and the industry's productivity has declined. These experiences have triggered a cascade of reviews including an Energy White Paper and a Productivity Commission inquiry.
Australia's electricity price increases stem from a combination of regulations, carbon taxes, increased demand for peak power and overdue replacements of poles and wires.
Productivity declines owe much to regulations, including excessive reliability standards and requirements to use high cost renewable energy and the paper burden costs associated with this.
Victoria generally comes up smelling of roses in its handling of all three components of electricity supply: retailing, networks and generation.
This is largely due to the reforms that the Kennett government implemented 15 years ago.
Although bitterly opposing these reforms at the time, once in office the Bracks/Brumby government embraced them.
This was partly because they delivered a debt-free Victoria, providing scope for increased spending, although this did not prevent the ALP in government from eventually once again racking up net debts. With regard to retailing, all other state governments interfere in setting final consumer prices. These prices were deregulated in Victoria by the Brumby government.
The regulators in the other states have suppressed retail prices at below costs (though NSW is trying to unwind this).
THE wash-up has been losses imposed on two of the nation's major energy companies, AGL and Origin Energy. Such losses, if sustained, will rebound on consumers by bringing reduced competition or even market exit.
As well as a privatised retailing sector, Victoria has fully privatised its networks and generation.
By any standards, Victoria's Latrobe Valley generators have achieved legendary heights in reducing costs.
With regard to network businesses, Victoria's privatised firms outperform their interstate government-owned counterparts: they have lower costs and, on balance, a better reliability record.
Even so, Victoria could go further in reducing regulatory costs from electricity regulations.
First, it could abandon the subsidies of $75 million on coal R&D — even if there were a potential for breakthroughs, such publicly funded R&D is seldom successful.
Secondly, Victoria could abandon the obligation it places on retailers to buy, at consumers' expense, the surplus energy from rooftop photovoltaics; the subsidy level was previously exorbitant and, although it is being wound back for new installations, considerable costs remain.
Thirdly, the Victorian Government should ditch its scheme involving cross-subsidies to encourage such outcomes as lower energy lighting. Consumers are perfectly capable of trading off cost for economy in choosing their own light bulbs.
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Introduction Mica is known as Moscow glass. Muscovite (hydrated potassium silicate aluminum) is the most common type of mica. The ideal structure for talc and pyrophyllite is derived in environments containing ions containing aluminum, potassium, sodium, or calcium, so that instead of a quarter of tetrahedral silica, aluminum is added and potassium is added between the sheets. To maintain electrical neutrality. The bond between the muscovite sheets is weaker than the internal bonds, and this is evident from its one-sided appearance, but it is stronger than the pyrophyllite bond and makes the Muscovite not feel greasy. Muscovite is formed as the primary igneous mineral in granites and Percilis rocks and in many metamorphic rocks and is also one of the major components of sedimentary schist .
In the monoclinic system, it is crystallized as flat crystals, often false hexagonal, scattered in thick sheets in igneous rocks, and in the form of strips in schist and gneiss, and also in the form of clay in sedimentary rocks. The face has a full direction and separates into sheets with uneven edges, but it is elastic and strong. It is colorless, pale green-gray, brown, yellow, clove, or purple. Its effect line is white. It has a glass or pearl polish. It varies from opaque to semi-transparent. When it is in the form of thin sheets, it is transparent. It has a hardness of 2 to 3 mice and a specific gravity of 2.7 to 3.1.
In electrical work, it is used as an insulation sheet in electrical tools, aircraft spark plugs, in ironing, brake pads, and so on.
This post is also available in: فارسی (Persian)
Welcome to MPSMgroup.com website, the largest producer of Talc, Mica and Kaolin powder
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Inspiring the next generation through unique, space themed, STEM based realistic industrial simulation programmes
The students you sponsor in the Galactic Challenge will become your best employees in the future. Make no mistake the students expand their horizons at the Galactic Challenge. They become excited about working as a team, seeing how companies and industry works. Learn Gantt Charts and costing. And they do it all on their own. They learn* something that is all too rare in industry – critical thinking. Thinking outside the box, coming up with creative solutions. As the students go through school, progress as mentors, enter the senior Space Design Competition, university, internships and then to helping you build the companies that really work in the modern world. They will never forget the people they meet, the friends they make or the companies that helped them in their early life. Becoming a sponsor is not a one way street. It is as good for you as it is for the young designers and explorers of tomorrow.
The Galactic Challenge is the newest addition to the Space Science and Engineering Foundation’s programme of space science and engineering. Teams of Key Stage 3 students take on the exciting mission of imagining a space settlement in accordance with a design brief, covering all aspects of a settlement design: structure, power generation, human habitation, operations, and robotics. Students lead their own teams, and race against the clock to bring their proposals to life in the form of a detailed brief presented to the judges
Promoting critical thinking and self-confidence along with engineering and management or teaching as a career are some of the objectives of the Galactic Challenge. We reach out to children who may never have contemplated a future as an engineer or scientist. The competition is a fast-paced, high-pressure environment; students are encouraged to explore the boundaries of their knowledge and abilities, and break through them. There is a focus on building real-world competencies such as teamwork, leadership, problem solving and presentation skills. The Galactic Challenge offers a realistic simulation of industry; the design brief is a Request for Proposal, the teams are engineering companies, and the judges are customers seeking to pick a prime contractor.
The generous support of global business, partnerships and engineering firms is crucial to the success of the Galactic Challenge. Students leave our events with first-hand experience of engineering and systems management in the real world, and go on to become your future apprentices, graduates, innovators and leaders. Sponsoring a Galactic Challenge is your chance to make a memorable impact on young people taking their first steps in management and engineering; by investing in them, you will ensure that the best and brightest technicians and managers of tomorrow are ready and able to enter the workplace and drive the growth of your business.
*Constructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning, Fosnot and Perry, 2005
It’s easy to become a sponsor or supporter. Send an email and we’ll get right back to you.
Please contact Jenny Lyons at firstname.lastname@example.org or Bill Richards at email@example.com for information on how you can participate in their and your futures.
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This kind of epidermal electronic is relatively new technology, but thanks to its low cost, production of these devices is growing rapidly.
John Rogers, materials scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and his team presented a wearable device that transmits health data. The best of all is the fact that this electronic device is battery-free which makes it five to ten times thinner than comparable gadgets.
This stretchable, ultra-thin patch is wirelessly powered via near-field communication transmissions. Smartphones, tablets, and other consumer electronics use near-field communications with the Apple Pay and Android Pay wireless payment schemes.
Once wirelessly powered, the device's LEDs illuminate the skin. Some of the light is absorbed, while the reflected light gets picked up by the patch’s light sensors. The device then wirelessly transmits data to an external device. An ultraviolet-sensitive material embedded in the patch can also measure ultraviolet ray exposure, and an embedded heat sensor can help measure skin temperature.
Thanks to a small group of volunteers, the scientist found that this device can be used to monitor heart rate, blood oxygen level, skin temperature, ultraviolet radiation exposure, and changes in skin color.
As Roger said, the range at which these devices can be powered by a smartphone is a couple of centimeters. With long-range readers, the range is up to about 1 meter. When mounted under a mattress, such a system could provide coverage across a hospital bed, for instance.
Rogers believe that battery-free designs may open up applications in hospitals and sleep monitoring.
source - http://spectrum.ieee.org/
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Zinc is one of the strategic non-ferrous metal next only to Aluminium and Copper. It plays a very important role in country's economy and develoment. Modern life is inconceivable without zinc. It provides the most cost-effective and environmentally efficient method of protecting iron & steel from corrosion. By protecting iron and steel against corrosion , zinc extends its life, helps saving natural resources and energy .
most important raw material for the production of zinc is
sulphide ore from which zinc is extracted either through
pyro-metallurgical route or through hydro-metallurgical-electrowin
route. At present nearly 80% of the worlds production of
primary zinc is through hydrometallurgical route the
balance is through pyro-metalurgical route.
This page has been last updated on 10/08/00
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MAY is NATIONAL HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE EDUCATION MONTH
High blood pressure also known as hypertension, is a leading cause of preventable death among African Americans. African Americans have the highest risk for high blood pressure and related deaths, including heart attack and stoke. Older adults, persons with low income, low education, public health insurance, diabetes, obesity, or a disability have a higher prevalence of high blood pressure than others. Biological risk factors include sensitivity to sodium (salt), Type 2 diabetes, gout, kidney disease, and family history. Environmental risk factors include lack of access to healthy foods and stress, such as financial strain and racial discrimination.
Did you know that:
• African American women have the highest prevalence (45%) and lowest control of high blood pressure (59%).
• African Americans get high blood pressure at a younger age.
• African Americans suffer more of the complications from high blood pressure, including stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dementia, and heart disease.
• 43% of African American men and 45.7% of African American women have high blood pressure.
• In 2009, 6,574 black males and 6,951 black females died as a result of high blood pressure.
• Risk factors that can be changed include unhealthy diet, low physical activity, obesity, heavy drinking, smoking, effects of stress and caffeine consumption.
• Risk factors that cannot be changed include age, gender, race/ethnicity, and family history.
You can lower your risk for high blood pressure:
• Eat a healthy diet. Choose foods low in sodium (salt). Most Americans consume more sodium than recommended. African Americans as well as adults aged 51 years and older and people with high blood pressure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease should consume only 1,500 mg of sodium per day.
• Get moving. Staying physically active will help you control your weight and strengthen your heart. Try walking for 10 minutes, 3 times a day, at least 5 days a week.
• Take your medications. If you have high blood pressure, your health care provider may give you medicine to help control it. It's important to follow your doctor's instructions when taking the medication. Tell your health care provider if the medicine makes you feel bad. Your doctor can show you different ways to reduce side effects or recommend another medicine that may have fewer side effects.
High blood pressure is a silent killer. Know your numbers.
Take a minute to visit the American Heart Association website to assess your high blood pressure-related risks.
For more information, read our High Blood Pressure Education Worksheet here.
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On April 29, 2019, the Parkes Radio Telescope in Australia began listing to the radio signals from the Sun’s nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, just over 4 lightyears away. The telescope was looking for evidence of solar flares and so listened for 30 minutes before retraining on a distant quasar to recalibrate and then pointing back.
In total, the telescope gathered 26 hours of data. But when astronomers analyzed it in more detail, they noticed something odd — a single pure tone at a frequency of 982.02 MHz that appeared five times in the data.
The signal was first reported last year in The Guardian, a British newspaper. The article raised the possibility that the signal may be evidence of an advanced civilization on Proxima Centauri, a red dwarf star that is known to have an Earth-sized planet orbiting in its habitable zone.
But researchers have consistently played down this possibility saying that, at the very least, the signal must be observed again before any conclusions can be drawn. Indeed, the signal has not been seen again, despite various searches.
Now Amir Siraj and Abraham Loeb from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, have calculated the likelihood that the signal came from a Proxima Centauri-based civilization, even without another observation. They say the odds are so low as to effectively rule out the possibility — provided the assumptions they make in their calculations are valid.
The new signal was found by researchers at the Breakthrough Listen project, an international collaboration of astronomers searching for evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence and funded by the billionaire Yuri Milner. They called the signal Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 or BLC1.
The signal is interesting because narrowband tones do not generally occur in nature, which instead tends to produce broadband noise. But BLC1 has all the characteristics of a technosignature — one that originates from a technologically-capable civilization.
By far the most likely origin is Earth. Most signals of this kind are quickly attributed to radio interference from nearby mobile phones, microwave ovens, passing cars, aircraft and satellites and the like.
But the team analyzing this signal have yet to find an obvious source. And they say the frequency of the signal drifts slightly over time, a phenomenon consistent with a signal from a rotating or orbiting body. This has increased the intrigue.
So the work of Siraj and Loeb is timely. Their approach is based on the Copernican Principle, the idea that the Earth has no privileged place in the universe and is at no special time, so that observations made from here are no more unusual than observations made anywhere else in the universe.
This principle has a storied past. It is named after the 14th century astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who suggested that the Earth did not sit at the center of the universe and instead orbited the Sun. Almost 30 years ago, the astronomer Richard Gott used the same principle to show with 95 percent confidence that our species is likely to survive for at least 200,000 years but no more than 8 million years.
The basic idea is that humanity had a beginning and will eventually come to an end. We currently sit somewhere on the timeline in between but at no special place or time, not particularly near the beginning or the end. In mathematical terms, we are unlikely to be in the first 2.5 per cent of humanity’s existence nor in the final 2.5 per cent. So with 95 percent confidence, we must be in the middle.
Then it’s just a question of slotting in the numbers. We know our species is about 200,000 years old which must be at least 2.5 per cent of the total. That suggests with 95 per cent confidence that humanity should be around for at least another 200,000 years but not longer than 8 million years.
Indeed, Gott used the same argument to suggest that the chances of finding evidence of intelligent life elsewhere in our galaxy is tiny, even if we assume that these civilizations must exist. Given that we have only been radio-capable for just over a hundred years, the chances of this period overlapping with another civilization’s similar capability is tiny. “A targeted radio search of 1,000 nearby stars is not likely to succeed,” says Gott.
Siraj and Loeb apply the same argument to the likelihood that our civilization’s radio capability overlaps with another civilization’s capability on Proxima Centauri. And the numbers are not promising. They conclude that if the Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 was produced by a technologically advanced civilization, this would violate the Copernican Principle by eight orders of magnitude. “This rules out, a priori, Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 (BLC1) as a technological radio signal from the Alpha Centauri system,” says Siraj and Loeb.
The Panspermia Theory
Indeed, given the huge number of potentially habitable planets in the galaxy, the idea that two neighboring stars should host advanced civilizations at the same time seems extraordinarily unlikely.
Unless there are other factors at work. One such factor is panspermia — the idea that life is seeded from space. That increases the chances of neighboring stars hosting advanced life at the same time. However, this argument is complicated by the fact that life emerged on Earth some 4.5 billion years ago before the Sun and Proxima Centauri became neighbors.
Of course, the Copernican Principle cannot rule out entirely the possibility that the signal heard at Parkes is from another civilization. It’s just that the possibility of it being a stray signal of terrestrial origin are many orders of magnitude more likely. In the meantime, all astronomers can do is point their radio telescopes back at Proxima Centauri and wait.
Ref: The Copernican Principle Rules Out BLC1 as a Technological Radio Signal from the Alpha Centauri System: arxiv.org/abs/2101.04118
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Must Read: LAW will keep you safe on the 4th of July NicoleMcGruder Family Remember the acronym LAW this 4th of July weekend to keep you and your family safe when using fireworks. Law Follow the federal law and local ordinances when purchasing and using fireworks. Purchase your fireworks from a licensed vendor. Check with your local ordinance to find out if fireworks are allowed. Many municipalities only allow certain types of fireworks. Find out which ones (i.e. all consumer fireworks v safe and sane). This can save you in embarrassment and fines, and money wasted on fireworks that could get confiscated. Away Keep fireworks away from flammable objects and keep a safe distance. Don’t hold fireworks. Lay them a hard surface and aim them away from buildings, trees, bushes, pets, other people AND YOURSELF. Don’t stand over any device while lighting. Little children really should not handle any type of fireworks, not even the “safe and sane.” A sparkler can reach a temperature of 2000 degrees. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission‘s statistics from the Fourth of July festivities in 2003 indicate that sparklers were involved in a majority (57%) of fireworks injuries sustained by children under five years of age. If device doesn’t light or detonate, don’t go near it for several minutes. Water Keep water handy at all times. Have a garden hose that’s already hooked up and ready to go in case a fire breaks out. Have a bucket (or buckets depending on how many fireworks you discharge) to place discharged fireworks. A smoldering device can cause a fire. If device doesn’t light or detonate, and several minutes have passed, douse with water, then let it sit several more minutes. Have a Safe Holiday Before you light your first firecracker, have a discussion with children about safety and what to do if they catch on fire: stop, drop, and roll. At the end of the night, do a final sweep of area to make sure no debris is secretly smoldering out of sight. This is not an all-inclusive list but it should definitely increase the chances of an injury-free holiday. Are there any other safety measures that you use on the 4th? If so, please be sure to share with your fellow Truepers.
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Your support is critical to our success.
Accepted Scientific Name: Portulaca villosa Cham.
Linnaea 6: 565. 1831
Habit at Maui Nui Botanical Garden, Maui, Hawaii (USA). April 07, 2005.
Origin and Habitat: This is an uncommon endemic species of Hawaii islands ( Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Maui, Kahoʻolawe, Hawaiʻi, Northwest Islands except Kauai and Ni'ihau) USA
Altitude range: From sea level to over 500 metres.
Habita and ecology: Portulaca villosa is naturally found in dry, rocky, clay, lava, or coralline reef sites. This is an endemic species and is considered "vulnerable" - likely to become endangered in the near future.
Portulaca villosa Cham.
Linnaea 6: 565. 1831
- Portulaca villosa Cham.
- Portulaca pilosa subs. villosa (Cham.) R.Geesink
- Portulaca caumii F.Br.
- Portulaca hawaiiensis O.Deg.
- Portulaca sclerocarpa A.Gray
ENGLISH: Hairy purslane
HAWAIIAN (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi): ʻIhi, Ihi
SPANISH (Español): Diez del día (Cuba)
Description: Portulaca villosa is a spreading annual or perennial (greater than 5 years) succulent herb up to 30 cm tall, plant is known to have a 60 cm spread. Flowers of this species are white, pink, or pink with a white base. It appears scarcely different from Portulaca pilosa except in the seeds which are smooth or when considerably magnified minutely marked with sinuous areolations.
Root: Fleshy taproot.
Stem: Non-woody, prostrate or semi-erect, fleshy, herbaceous, branching, terete 1.5-3.0 mm in diameter up to 30 cm long; purplish red, or greenish on new shoots or where sheltered from light by overlying shoots.From almost glabrous to pilose, with long white axillary matted hairs about 5 mm. long. Pilosity variable on the same individual and probably variable at different seasons, under different conditions, and in different populations.
Leaves: Alternate, obovate to awl-shaped, variable, narrowly lanceolate, elliptical, or oblanceolate 3-22 mm long, 1-3 mm in diameter closing against the stem at night, light Green to pale greyish green with yellowish brown hairs, hence the species name villosa meaning "hairy." Axillary hairs to 12 mm long. Petiole 1-2 mm. long, pale green in color.
Inflorescence: Three to 7-flowered at the tips of the stems.
Flowers: Sepals c. 5 mm long, 4 mm wide. Petals (4-) 5 (-6), obovate, to 8 mm long, 5 mm wide, rather longer than the sepals white or pink with or without white base. Stamens 18-50.
Blooming Period: Year Round, sporadic.
Fruits: Ovate, c. 3- 5 mm long and 3-4 mm in diameter filled with seeds. The capsules split open when ripe at 1/3 glossy, straw-yellow, operculum sometimes not deciduous and thickish.
Seeds: About 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter, glossy dark reddish brown; testa cells stellulate or irregular.
Taxonomic notes: Portulaca sclerocarpa, here placed in synonymy following Geesink (1969), has indehiscent hardened fruits and might merit species status.
Bibliography: Major references and further lectueres
1) Neal L. Evenhuis “Natural History of Nihoa and Necker Islands" page 61.
2) Native Plants Hawaii. “Portulaca lutea” 2009 University of Hawaii. <http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Portulaca_villosa> Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
3) Urs Eggli “Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Dicotyledons” Springer Science & Business Media, 2002
4) Asa Gray “United States Exploring Expedition: 15: Botany” 1854
5) Heidi Leianuenue Bornhorst “Growing Native Hawaiian Plants: A How-to Guide for the Gardener” Bess Press, 01Apr/2005
6) Peter Hanelt, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, W. Kilian “Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)” Springer Science & Business Media, 10/Apr/2001
7) Warren Lambert Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer “Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii” Ed.2 University of Hawaii Press, 1990
8) “Occasional Papers of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum” Bishop Museum Press, 1984
9) Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. "Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i" 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. p. 1074-1075.
10) Forest & Kim Starr “Portulaca villosa (Ihi)”. Plants of Hawaii. <http://www.starrenvironmental.com>. 23 Nov. 2014.
Flowers at Kanaio beach, Maui (USA). December 19, 2000. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Flower and leaves at Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawaii (USA). November 04, 2009. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Habit at LaPerouse, Maui, Hawaii (USA). April 10, 2004. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Habitat at Alau, Maui, Hawaii (USA). April 05, 2005. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Capsules at Maui Nui Botanical Garden, Maui, Hawaii (USA). April 07, 2005. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Seeds and capsules at Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana, Maui, Hawaii (USA). November 04, 2009. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Flowers at Maui Nui Botanical Garden, Maui, Hawaii (USA). May 04, 2012. (Portulaca villosa) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
The gallery now contains thousands of pictures, however it is possible to do even more. We are, of course, seeking photos of species not yet shown in the gallery but not only that, we are also looking for better pictures than those already present. Read More...
Cultivation and Propagation: Portulaca villosa is rarely grown in tropical climates as an ornamental plant for annual bedding or as a container plant. It requires ample sunlight and well-drained soils. Although it survives difficult conditions, plants will produce more lush growth and flowers when provided sufficient moisture and rich soils. The plants can be long-lived providing they are regularly supplied with adequate light, moisture, and nutrients. They can also be successfully "overwintered" if kept on the dry side and out of the frosts. These are great potted plants for the often harsh conditions on full sun and windy porches. This species has proven to be a great indoor plant, but only if used in a very sunny window planted excellent drainage.
Soils: it grows well in poor, sandy or gravelly soils. The soil must be very well-drained. It will also thrive in well-drained containers with a mulch of pebbles or sand.
Exposure: Needs full sun to flower.
Tolerances It tolerate drought, wind, salt spray and heat.
Waterings: It likes to be grown on the dry side and will die in soggy soil. It is drought tolerant, but flowers best with regular watering. Don't water with overhead irrigation, which can damage the flowers. It need well drained soil and should be watered in the morning to allow the pot to dry out during the day.
Hardiness: Plant seeds or set out plants after all danger of frost has passed.
Pests and diseases: These succulents are prone to attacks from slugs, ants, mealy bugs, scale, thrips, spider mites and aphids, and root mealy bugs. Fungal rot can be a major problem so do not let water remain on the surface.
Garden Uses: Good for poor dry soils where many other plants struggle. Edging or ground cover for beds, rock gardens or along walks. Containers, hanging baskets. Sprawl over stone walls.
Other uses: Experimentally cultivated in Cuba as a medicinal plant.
Maintenance: Toward the end of the summer purslane can wear out, exhausted from flowering and setting seeds. Pinch out branch tips if you want bushier plants.
Propagation: By Cuttings and seeds. Portulaca villosa is easy to grow from tip cuttings. Rooting hormones and mist systems are not necessary. Cuttings should be 5-12 cm long and the lower leaves should be removed. Sterile potting mix can be used as a rooting medium. The cuttings should be watered daily. They will root in a couple of weeks. Sow the seeds on the surface of a pre-moistened, sterile, well draining mix. Do not cover the seeds with planting mix.
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Digitization Strategy for the Scientific Collections at the ZFMK
The digitization strategy describes the planning and implementation of the digitization of the scientific collections and research data to build up a digital catalogue as part of the virtual collection and research environment at the ZFMK.
The digitisation strategy aims for long-term and sustainable processes and methods for the creation and the handling of the digital assets. It describes the goals, infastructures, states the resourcesnecessary, and defines responsibilities. The strategic paper is adapted to the ongoing digitization process and is further developed in accordance with increased knowledge, technical changes and changing resources. In addition the strategie at ZFMK is discussed with other natural history collections.
What is Collection Digitization?
Digitisation means the collection of information about individual collection objects, collective samples or a collection. Digitization in the context of scientific collections is the process and the computer supported availability of object-related data (labels, images, inventory books) from collections and collection based research using a digital catalogue (collection management and digital asset managament systems). A virtual collection is build by adding additional documents, data (e.g. gene sequences), and media (e.g. ct stacks) to the catalogue. Digitisation not only comprises the transformation of data about physical objekts into bytes but includes also collection revision and improvement of the inventory as well as collection based research using the digital data as basis. Digitization has impacts for the access and the daily interaction with the collections.
Digitization eases the access to the collections and their objects and provides equal access to the knowledge indepently of cultural, geopgraphical or economic boundaries. Future generations of reserchers can build upon former results in the long-term, as all associated knowledge is accessible in the virtual research environment. Digital representations allow access to the "deep data" of an object, like the details and the history of collection objects without touching the real things. The daily curational interaction is facilitated with collection objects, including among others the documentation refering to legal spects (ABS/Nagoya), loan trafic, reporting, etc.
The digital catalogue together with the research results will be made available to the public in order to make the collections and the collection-based research at the ZFMK visible to other scientists, the interested public and political decision-makers. The creation of virtual collections under different aspects is possible.
Vision for a Collection Digitization at ZFMK
- is an integral part of collection-based research and collection work and is closely interlinked with research at the ZFMK
- makes the collections digitally accessible
- increases the visibility of the collections for users, stakeholders, and decision-makers
- serves for the national and international networking of research museums into a virtual research infrastructure by collection content, research topics, etc.
- is sustainable because the content is maintained and kept up to date
- enables individual object biographies to be traced
- is supported by physical and virtual collection management
- allows the deposit and administration of documents for the acquisition and legal status of the objects
- permits institute-based adherence to good scientific practice according to the FAIR Principles (Wilkinson et al. (2016): The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship, Scientific Data 3, doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18).
Consequences of Digitisation
Each digitally available object increases the visibility and usefulness of the collection for the public and specific users. Digitisation has consequences for the daily work and handling of the objects, as access to them is primarily computer-based. Digitisation, according to its efficient and well planned and proportionate implementation, will be sustainable by adapting the data and work flows in the individual collections in such a way that data does not become obsolete immediately and new entries are quickly available.
Digital collection information must be maintained, similar to the curatorial management of physical collection records. This results in additional work through the curation of the digital copies (e.g. after sorting and collection merging, loan consignments, changes in destination). In the course of the curatorial and research activities at the ZFMK (e.g. taxonomic revisions, selected collections worldwide), the collections are continuously digitised, thus expanding the digital catalogue of holdings and maintaining the existing data.
Aims and Dimension of Digitization at ZFMK
Data on individual collection items typically include labels, entries in collection books, and field diaries that contain information about the collection event (collector name, date, location, etc.) and the individual collection item itself (species name, numbers, etc.). Digitization of label information includes the recording of content (and its exact form, e.g. handwriting) and storage in a database. Digitization can also include the recording of images, barcodes and other media that are added to the database entries as references (G Nelson, D Paul, G Riccardi, AR Mast (2012): Five task clusters that enable efficient and effective digitization of biological collections. ZooKeys 209: 19 45. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.209.3135).
Digitization at the ZFMK also includes the routine generation of barcodes from new and existing collection objects (types, selected collections). The infrastructure built up within the GBOL project is used for this purpose. This is part of the "Collection Accession Unit" (CAU), which will be developed in parallel.
- Completion of a species catalogue of all ZFMK collections within the next three years (2022).
- Linking research data (molecular, morphometric, microscopic, acoustic, etc.) and digital representations (descriptive texts, photographs, sound recordings) with the digital inventory catalogue.
- Digital collection data are accessible and searchable via the online web portal "ZFMK Digital Collection Catalogue" and programmable interfaces.
- Establishment of a loan system linked to the digital collection data, via which the collections can be loaned.
- Digital curation of the catalogue should be simple and sustainable wherever possible.
The proposed objectives can only be fully achieved in the long term. Digitisation is an iterative process: depending on the status of the respective collection and the specific conditions in the collection, short to medium-term partial objectives must be defined for the realisation of digitisation, which are continuously revised and adapted to new conditions. New ones will be defined as soon as the previous ones are reached. The subgoals determine the degree of digitisation, the resources required and the measures to be taken.
The following sub-objectives are envisaged:
- Type catalogue: types are recorded and checklists published.
- Partial inventory: specimens are grouped into larger groups (e.g. system boxes, insect boxes or individual collections), the data for which are recorded (large taxonomic groups, geographical regions). Possibly (high-resolution) pictures of the groups exist.
- Species catalogue: complete list of all species represented in the collection.
- Full inventory: Determination of the vouchers at species level. A set of metadata (e.g. locality, geo references, collectors) are recorded (digitisation of locality data).
- Deep digitisation: Recording of all available information. Images of labels and specimens exist (full informational capture) and barcodes, e.g. of holotypes.
Deep digitisation cannot be carried out for all collection areas, but for collections with a high degree of completeness (e.g. local, regional and national collections), or for certain well represented systematic groups (e.g. fish, trembling spiders, cockchafer, etc.). The scope of metadata collection follows standards as proposed in e.g. TDWG for the Digital Specimen (AA Hardisty, M Keping, G Nelson, J Fortes (2019): 'openDS' - A New Standard for Digital Specimens and Other Natural Science Digital Object Types. BISS 3: e37033. DOI: 10.3897/biss.3.37033).
If not done before, tissue samples can be given to the biobank during digitization to avoid repeated handling of the material.
We distinguisch three different approaches for the implementation of digitization: In the Inventory Digitization (or "Retro Digitization" in DCOLL) existing collection vouchers are digitized. In contrast to this, but also based on this is the Access-Digitization. Here all new incoming objects are imediately digitized. For the latter characteristic section-secific work- and dataflows must be developed. In the third approach, the Revision-Based Digitization, complete taxonomic groups are full digitized. The recording will be carried out by internal or external co-workers, in the course of taxonomic or eco-faunistic revisions, supported e.g. by SYNTHESIS+.
Inventory Digitization at ZFMK is carried out indifferent phases and is feasable and reasonable in different variants depending on section and collection type:
- The goal of the first phase is to get an overview over the species and types available from ZFMK (Type catalogue and Partial inventory).
- In the second phase, the collections are fully inventoried.
- The third phase includes in-depth digitisation of selected collections (e.g. local regional collections, molecular collections, digitisation on demand, certain well-represented systematic groups). The deep digitisation of all parts of the collection is not possible in the short and medium term.
Depending on collection size and available resources and potential external funding the individual phases will be approached separately.
Additional fundings must be raised for indiviudual rich sections, like Lepidoptera or Coleoptera collections.
Digital Infrastructure and Collection Management System
The digital infrastructure at zfmk is composed as follows:
- Collection Management Framework Diversity Workbench
- ZFMK Digital Collection Catalogue
- Multimedia Asset Management Software easyDB
- Research data repository MorphDBase
- BioCASe Provider Software
- Various scripts for import, transform and provision of data (publicly available on github and ZFMK-gitlab
All these systems are maintained by the biodiversity informatics section at ZFMK.
All data refering to collection objects are stored in the Diversity Workbench's collection management module Diversity Collection. Multimedia data are stored in the the digital asset manegement system easyDB.
All collection related data will be published under the Creative Commons License CC BY SA. Metadata, i.e. information about the data, are published using a license weaver (cc0 license). Specific licenses will be choosen for media.
The number of entries in the collection database is calculated on a monthly basis and can be accessed at https://collections.zfmk.de/statistics.
Access to Data
The Collection Management Framework Diversity Workbench is used to collect data and manage the digital collection information. This requires the installation of the Diversity Workbench client and a login to the database. There is an internal and an external access point to the database. Digital collection data are published and searchable via the web in the ZFMK Digital Collection Catalogue. It represents the public portal of the collection data of the ZFMK.
There is also an interface for the machine controlled retrieval of collection data: http://id.zfmk.de/collection_ZFMK/ (http://id.zfmk.de/collection_ZFMK/). The BioCASe Provider Software provides the collection data for GBIF, GFBio and Europeana.
Distribution of Tasks for the Digitization
The efficiency and implementation of the digitisation strategy depends on the technical and personnel infrastructure. This results in the following framework conditions and tasks for the different departments and sections at ZFMK:
- All collection sections of the zte, as well as Biobank and Biohistorikum
- Collection Managers
- Biodiversity Informatics
- Directorate and Administration
Tasks of the Sections with Scientific Collections (zte)
- Curation of the collections.
- Updating the processing status of collection vouchers material (with the help of external taxonomic specialists).
- Decision on implementation and subgoals/depth of digitisation in the individual parts of the collection (in cooperation with the Collection Managers).
- Cross-museum revision-based digitisation.
- Determining the focus for meaningful deep digitization.
- Curation of the digital collection data.
- Input/import of data into the DiversityWorkbench.
- Identification and assistance in the provision of taxonomic catalogues as a reference system for collection data.
- Networking at national and international level for collection management and digitization.
- Development of research approaches/ideas for the use of digital representations
Tasks of Biodiversity Informatics Section
- Provision of access to the collection management systems.
- User introduction, training and helpdesk for collection management and digital asset management system.
- Support for digitization and import/input in DiviersityWorkbench.
- Support in the provision of taxonomic catalogs (import, interfaces to other systems).
- Publication and dissemination of collection data on GBIF, GFBio, Europeana, etc.
- Creation of statistics for digitization.
- Operation and further development of the relevant IT infrastructure, the applications, and the online ZFMK Collection Catalogue.
- Privacy relevant aspects (in cooperation with the Collection Managers and the Data Security Officer).
- Support ABS/Nagoya implementation (in cooperation with the Collection Managers).
- Cooperation at national (DCOLL and NFDI) and international level (CETAF-ISTC): Digitisation projects, standards, joint developments.
- Provision of the technical infrastructure (intranet, hardware component, storage space).
- Operation of servers for collection management system and digital asset management.
- Updating the operating systems.
- Backup and long-term archiving of data.
- Access to the collection management system from the intranet and Internet.
Directorate and Administration
Provision of resources for the implementation of digitisation. This currently includes (as of 2019):
Assistants for collection inventory and data entry (at least one assistant per scientific collection),
Financing of essential hardware (cameras, insect boxes, etc.).
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1. Regional Profile Toyooka City is located in the northeast part of Hyogo Prefecture. It is bordered by Kyoto Prefecture in the east and the Sea of Japan in the north, and was formed by merging Toyooka City, Kinosaki Town, Takeno Town, Hidaka Town, Izushi Town and Tanto Town in April 2005.
Introduction There are three major categories of drylands: Arid zones with rainfall of 200-500 mm/year, Semi-arid zones which receive 500-1000 mm of rainfall/year, and Dry sub-humid zones with 1000-1500 mm rainfall/year
I. Introduction The riparian and watershed basins of lentic-lotic (e.g., lake-river, pond-stream, wetland-feeder river) systems are among the most bio-diverse ecosystems on the globe, and they have been facing serious threats of degradation.
International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), and Corazon de la Tierra A.C. (Heart of the Earth), Mexico
Background The Himalayan lakes refer to all lakes that are fed either directly or indirectly with water outsourced from the Himalaya irrespective to any shapes and sizes of lakes in varying geography in Nepal (Pokharel and Nakamura 2011).
International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC) and Shrishti Eco-Research Institute
Introduction In a decade, water quality of 7 rivers of Pune – namely Mula, Mutha, Pawana, Indrayani, Ram, Ambil and Nagzari deteriorated over the period of time with respect to two critical parameters
Introduction There are several small water bodies confined in the forest cover of western part of India dominated by several tribal races which are socio economically backward and deprived of modern health facilities because of non accessibility and lack of communication as well as transportation.
Users of pastures and farming communities. The agrarian reform of 1970 was executed for reasons of popular discontent and the movements of national liberation, which brought destabilization of the system. It included a basic question:
BACKGROUND Within the past thirty years, the total area of nature reserves in China has rapidly expanded to 14% of the country’s total land area, providing protection for endangered species and representative ecosystems in a qualified sense.
1. Concept 1) Background of the Training The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is an independent administrative institution responsible for the implementation of bilateral components of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA).
1.Description of the Problem/ Challenge The challenge today in the Marilog area is the serious degradation of the ecosystems, including loss of forest cover, soil erosion and deteriorating water quality.
1.Regional Profile and the importance of rice cultivation in the national and local economy Cuba is the largest and most westerly island of the insular Caribbean, accounting for over 50% of the region’s land area. Mainland Cuba is 1,250 km long and averages 150 km wide.
Project concept Problem statement: Over the last fifty years, Eastern African wetlands in general and the lower floodplains in particular, have experienced major changes due to climate change, land use changes, upper catchment impoundments, agricultural irrigation schemes and species introductions.
1. General Description and Regional Context The northern and eastern plains of Cambodia represent the most intact remnant ecosystem of a landscape that is thought to have once dominated southern Indochina and Thailand (Hout et al., 2003).
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Daily aspirin use may protect the heart but hurt the eyes, boosting the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), researchers found.
Late-stage "wet" AMD was 2.22 times more likely among daily aspirin users (95% CI 1.61 to 3.05) in a population-based study led by Paulus T.V.M. de Jong, MD, PhD, of the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience and the Academic Medical Center, both in Amsterdam.
Daily aspirin use was also significantly elevated at earlier stages of the disease, although the association rose with AMD severity (P<0.001 for trend), de Jong and colleagues reported online in Ophthalmology.
But prior studies have yielded conflicting results on the connection between aspirin use and AMD, so further evaluation is needed, they noted.
"If future studies support our results, then recommendations on aspirin may need to be modified for patients with age-related macular degeneration," de Jong said in a press release. "It's possible that increased AMD risk may outweigh aspirin's potential protective benefits for some patients, but we need to know more about the impacts of dose, length of use, and other factors before we can say for certain, or make specific recommendations."
His group's European Eye Study included 4,691 participants ages 65 or older randomly sampled from the population of seven European countries from Norway in the north to Italy in the south.
More than a third of these seniors (36.4%) showed early AMD on fundus photographs taken as part of the study, and late AMD was found in 3.3% of participants.
Most participants reported at least some aspirin use: monthly for 41.2%, at least once a week for 7%, and daily for 17.3%.
Notably, one-third of individuals with wet AMD took aspirin daily compared with only 16% of those who did not have AMD. Adjustment for age, gender, and cardiovascular disease produced the 2.22-fold higher risk of wet AMD associated with daily aspirin.
Wet AMD risk rose with frequency of aspirin use (P<0.001).
For the "dry" form of advanced AMD, aspirin use didn't appear to correlate with prevalence.
The lack of an association with dry AMD may in part have been because of the small sample size of only 49 cases, but the researchers noted that a prior study with substantially more dry AMD cases didn't find an association with aspirin use either.
Early AMD also showed a link to daily aspirin use, with 26% elevated risk of grade 1 AMD (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.46) and 42% excess risk of grade 2 AMD (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.70) compared with no use after adjustment for age, gender, and cardiovascular disease.
The association wasn't significant for grade 3 AMD, nor was any association with less than daily use of aspirin.
The researchers acknowledged the possibility of confounding by indication given that those with a history of cardiovascular disease are more likely to take daily aspirin and are also more likely to develop wet AMD.
"However, the odds ratios for aspirin use and wet AMD were virtually unchanged when cardiovascular disease was included in the analysis, indicating that the association of aspirin with AMD was independent of any association with cardiovascular disease and was not confounded by cardiovascular disease," they wrote.
Furthermore, the impact of daily aspirin use on AMD didn't differ between individuals with cardiovascular disease and those without it (P=0.06 for interaction).
More likely mechanisms are disruption of the fine balance in lipid oxidation and that aspirin's inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthetase 2 may cut down on the vasodilator prostacyclin, leading to hypoxia and neovascularization, de Jong's group suggested.
Other limitations of the study included lack of data on aspirin dose and on arthritis and other potentially confounding comorbidities as well as the possibility of recall bias.
The European Eye Study was supported by the European Commission Fifth Framework. Additional funding for cameras was provided by the Macular Disease Society UK.
The researchers reported having no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Dorothy Caputo, MA, RN, BC-ADM, CDE, Nurse Planner
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By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD
The main function of fibroblasts is to produce the extracellular matrix and collagen needed for animal tissues.
Together, these form the structural framework of tissues in animals and play an important role in tissue repair. The primary function of fibroblasts is the maintenance of structural integrity within the connective tissue. Fibroblasts secrete the extracellular matrix precursors required for the formation of connective tissue and various fibres.
Fibroblasts are originally derived from primitive mesenchyme and therefore display the filament protein vimentin, which acts as a marker of mesodermal origin. In some cases, epithelial cells may also produce fibroblasts, a process which is referred to as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, fibroblasts sometimes undergo mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) to produce epithelia. This process is seen as part of normal development, tissue repair and tumor growth.
Inactive fibroblasts are called fibrocytes. Active fibroblasts are rich in endoplasmic reticulum and have a branched cytoplasm that surrounds an oval, spotted nucleus whereas fibcrocytes are smaller and spindle-shaped.
Fibroblasts produce the glycosaminoglycans, collagens, elastic fibers, reticular fibres and glycoproteins that can be seen in the extracellular matrix. When tissue damage has occurred, the fibrocytes are stimulated to undergo mitosis or multiplication by replication and division.
Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc
Last Updated: Jul 3, 2014
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2015 Study Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and treated psychiatric disorders in childhood. Typically, children with ADHD find it difficult to pay attention, they are hyperactive and impulsive.
Methylphenidate is the drug most often prescribed to treat children and adolescents with ADHD but, despite its widespread use, this is the first comprehensive systematic review of its benefits and harms.
To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with ADHD.
In February 2015 we searched six databases (CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Conference Proceedings Citations Index), and two trials registers. We checked for additional trials in the reference lists of relevant reviews and included trials. We contacted the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture methylphenidate to request published and unpublished data.
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing methylphenidate versus placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents aged 18 years and younger with a diagnosis of ADHD. At least 75% of participants needed to have an intellectual quotient of at least 70 (i.e. normal intellectual functioning). Outcomes assessed included ADHD symptoms, serious adverse events, non-serious adverse events, general behaviour and quality of life.
Data collection and analysis
Seventeen review authors participated in data extraction and risk of bias assessment, and two review authors independently performed all tasks. We used standard methodological procedures expected within Cochrane. Data from parallel-group trials and first period data from cross-over trials formed the basis of our primary analyses; separate analyses were undertaken using post-cross-over data from cross-over trials. We used Trial Sequential Analyses to control for type I (5%) and type II (20%) errors, and we assessed and downgraded evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for high risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness, heterogeneity and publication bias.
The studies.We included 38 parallel-group trials (5111 participants randomised) and 147 cross-over trials (7134 participants randomised). Participants included individuals of both sexes, at a boys-to-girls ratio of 5:1, and participants’ ages ranged from 3 to 18 years across most studies (in two studies ages ranged from 3 to 21 years). The average age across all studies was 9.7 years. Most participants were from high-income countries.
The duration of methylphenidate treatment ranged from 1 to 425 days, with an average duration of 75 days. Methylphenidate was compared to placebo (175 trials) or no intervention (10 trials).
Risk of Bias.All 185 trials were assessed to be at high risk of bias.
Primary outcomes. Methylphenidate may improve teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.90 to -0.64; 19 trials, 1698 participants; very low-quality evidence). This corresponds to a mean difference (MD) of -9.6 points (95% CI -13.75 to -6.38) on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS; range 0 to 72 points; DuPaul 1991a). A change of 6.6 points on the ADHD-RS is considered clinically to represent the minimal relevant difference. There was no evidence that methylphenidate was associated with an increase in serious (e.g. life threatening) adverse events (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.22; 9 trials, 1532 participants; very low-quality evidence). The Trial Sequential Analysis-adjusted intervention effect was RR 0.91 (CI 0.02 to 33.2).
Secondary outcomes.Among those prescribed methylphenidate, 526 per 1000 (range 448 to 615) experienced non-serious adverse events, compared with 408 per 1000 in the control group. This equates to a 29% increase in the overall risk of any non-serious adverse events (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51; 21 trials, 3132 participants; very low-quality evidence). The Trial Sequential Analysis-adjusted intervention effect was RR 1.29 (CI 1.06 to 1.56). The most common non-serious adverse events were sleep problems and decreased appetite. Children in the methylphenidate group were at 60% greater risk for trouble sleeping/sleep problems (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.23; 13 trials, 2416 participants), and 266% greater risk for decreased appetite (RR 3.66, 95% CI 2.56 to 5.23; 16 trials, 2962 participants) than children in the control group.
Teacher-rated general behaviour seemed to improve with methylphenidate (SMD -0.87, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.71; 5 trials, 668 participants; very low-quality evidence).
A change of seven points on the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ; range 0 to 100 points; Landgraf 1998) has been deemed a minimal clinically relevant difference. The change reported in a meta-analysis of three trials corresponds to a MD of 8.0 points (95% CI 5.49 to 10.46) on the CHQ, which suggests that methylphenidate may improve parent-reported quality of life (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.80; 3 trials, 514 participants; very low-quality evidence).
The results of meta-analyses suggest that methylphenidate may improve teacher-reported ADHD symptoms, teacher-reported general behaviour, and parent-reported quality of life among children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. However, the low quality of the underpinning evidence means that we cannot be certain of the magnitude of the effects. Within the short follow-up periods typical of the included trials, there is some evidence that methylphenidate is associated with increased risk of non-serious adverse events, such as sleep problems and decreased appetite, but no evidence that it increases risk of serious adverse events.
Better designed trials are needed to assess the benefits of methylphenidate. Given the frequency of non-serious adverse events associated with methylphenidate, the particular difficulties for blinding of participants and outcome assessors point to the advantage of large, ‘nocebo tablet’ controlled trials. These use a placebo-like substance that causes adverse events in the control arm that are comparable to those associated with methylphenidate. However, for ethical reasons, such trials should first be conducted with adults, who can give their informed consent.
Future trials should publish depersonalised individual participant data and report all outcomes, including adverse events. This will enable researchers conducting systematic reviews to assess differences between intervention effects according to age, sex, comorbidity, type of ADHD and dose. Finally, the findings highlight the urgent need for large RCTs of non-pharmacological treatments.
Sources and more information
- Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub2, 25 NOV 2015.
- Researchers urge caution in prescribing commonly used drug to treat ADHD, Cochrane Library, November 24, 2015.
- ADHD medication: is it a good idea?, medicalnewstoday, 25 November 2015.
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BOISE, Idaho – For the second time, an Andean Condor with a satellite transmitter on its wing tag was released to the wild in Ecuador so that scientists can collect important data about the movements and behaviors of this rare species.
The first condor to be released with a transmitter in Ecuador was found shot to death in April after just eight months in the field, said Hernan Vargas, director of the Neotropical Science program for The Peregrine Fund, an Idaho-based conservation group.
The Peregrine Fund is working collaboratively with the Ministry of Environment of Ecuador and the Andean Condor Working Group to restore the critically endangered Andean Condor in Ecuador where only about 50 condors remain. Overall, the species is listed as “Near Threatened” on the IUCN Red List.
“After the disappointing loss of Felipe, the first condor, I am hopeful that this young male condor will survive and provide vital scientific information about how to protect these magnificent birds,” Vargas said.
The Minister of Environment of Ecuador, Lorena Tapia, attended the release event on May 21.
“The government has decided that the preservation of this species is not only a strategy, but a comprehensive and ongoing program that involves ecological monitoring, research, and environmental education with all the resources needed to achieve these conservation goals,” she said.
The condor, estimated to be 16 months old, was rescued and released in northern Ecuador. Conservationists hope to collect essential spatial information in this region and in neighboring southern Colombia to complement data gathered previously by Felipe in central and southern Ecuador.
|Director of Global Engagement|
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A new study says that the brains of American Democrats and Republicans are wired differently, and that they use entirely different sections when making risky decisions.
Let the debates (and jokes) commence.
Liberals show a higher level of activity in the left insula, a portion of the brain associated with self-awareness, social cues, addiction, emotional processing, empathy, and even orgasms (insert Bill Clinton joke here).
Conservatives, on the other hand, tend to weigh risk in the right amygdala, an area of the brain that aids in survival, including reacting to violations of personal space and controlling social interaction, fear, and aggression (insert Dick Cheney joke here).
These conclusions were drawn from a study of 82 people performed by political scientists and neuroscientists at the University of Exeter and the University of California, San Diego. The study was published Wednesday in the scientific journal PLOS ONE.
Your Brain on a Two-Party Political System
Different types of brain activity among Democrats and Republicans during risk-taking tasks underscores fundamental differences in the U.S. dual-party system.
Republican philosophy is grounded in the basic rights granted to individuals, and thus they tend to support smaller government, fewer regulations, and more personal empowerment. Because Republican thought is centered in the part of the brain that deals with the evolutionary fight-or-flight response, it makes sense that their platform centers on issues of national defense, such as securing our borders and beefing up the military.
Democrats, however, are often crusaders for the greater good, advocating for civil rights, fair play, and a national security strategy based on alliances. This jibes with the basic functions of the insula, where their risk assessment takes place.
Whether or not specific members of these parties stick to these ideals is a different discussion altogether.
Calls to the Republican National Committee and the Democratic National Committee for comment were not returned.
Testing the Brain's Response to Risk
In a previous experiment, subjects participated in a gambling game while researchers measured their brain activity. Afterwards, scientists looked up the participants’ political party registrations using public records.
When they analyzed both sets of data, researchers came to the conclusion that Republicans and Democrats use different parts of their brains to assess risk during gambling activities. While the Republicans and Democrats did not differ in the risks they took, their motivations stemmed from different parts of the brain.
Even with a sample size on the smaller side, researchers are confident their findings can predict a person’s political leanings based solely on their brain activity.
Hardwired for Politics?
The Exeter/UCSD team claims that monitoring brain activity in the insula and amydala is the most accurate way to predict a person’s political affiliation.
The standard in political science has been to use a person’s environment—namely which side of the fence Mother and Father sat on—but researchers claim that’s only accurate about 70 percent of the time. Monitoring brain activity, however, provides 83 percent accuracy, the researchers stated.
“Although genetics have been shown to contribute to differences in political ideology and strength of party politics, the portion of variation in political affiliation explained by activity in the amygdala and insula is significantly larger, suggesting that affiliating with a political party and engaging in a partisan environment may alter the brain, above and beyond the effect of heredity,” Dr. Darren Schreiber, a researcher in neuropolitics at the University of Exeter, said in a press release.
So What Is This Good For?
U.S. politics are serious business. In the 2012 election cycle, both parties spent more than $985 million each, according to an assessment by The New York Times.
With so much at stake, the science behind politics can be used to predict voter behavior, as well as to guide campaign strategy.
“The ability to accurately predict party politics using only brain activity while gambling suggests that investigating basic neural differences between voters may provide us with more powerful insights than the traditional tools of political science,” Schreiber said.
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Interferon is a pharmaceutical preparation of proteins found in the human body that work as part of the immune system to destroy viruses, cancer cells, and other infections. In the body, it is produced by most cells in response to the double-stranded RNA that is typical of most viruses. It has the effect of interfering with the duplication of viruses and alerting the immune system to the existence of the virus.
As a pharmaceutical, interferon is synthesized through the use of recombined DNA - in fact it was one of the first applications of that technology. It is used in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer, multiple sclerosis and hepatitis C.
Interferon has a number of side effects, including flu-like symptoms and immunosuppression.
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Trout are Made of Trees
English/Language Arts Standards
K.1.1 Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.
K.1.2 Follow words from left to right and from top to bottom on the printed page.
K.1.3 Understand that printed materials provide information.
K.1.4 Recognize that sentences in print are made up of separate words.
K.1.5 Distinguish letters from words.
K.1.6 Recognize and name all capital and lowercase letters of the alphabet.
K.1.22 Listen to stories read aloud and use the vocabulary in those stories in oral language.
K.2.1 Locate the title and the name of the author of a book.
1.1.1 Match oral words to printed words.
1.1.2 Identify letters, words, and sentences.
1.1.3 Recognize that sentences start with capital letters and end with punctuation, such as periods, question marks, and exclamation points.
1.2.1 Identify the title, author, illustrator, and table of contents of a reading selection.
1.2.3 Respond to who, what, when, where, why, and how questions and recognize the main idea of what is read.
1.2.7 Relate prior knowledge to what is read.
2.2.2 State the purpose for reading.
2.2.3 Use knowledge of the author’s purpose(s) to comprehend informational text.
2.2.4 Ask and respond to questions (when, who, where, why, what if, how) to aid comprehension about important elements of informational texts.
2.2.5 Restate facts and details or summarize the main idea in the text to clarify and organize ideas.
2.3.4 Identify the use of rhythm, rhyme, and alliteration (using words with repeating consonant sounds) in poetry or fiction.
3.2.2 Ask questions and support answers by connecting prior knowledge with literal information from the text.
Example: When reading informational materials about science topics or social science subjects, compare what is read to background knowledge about the subject.
3.2.3 Show understanding by identifying answers in the text.
Example: After generating a question about information in a text, skim and scan the remaining text to find the answer to the question.
3.2.4 Recall major points in the text and make and revise predictions about what is read.
3.2.5 Distinguish the main idea and supporting details in expository (informational) text.
3.3.1 Recognize different common genres (types) of literature, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction.
4.2.1 Use the organization of informational text to strengthen comprehension.
K.1.1 Raise questions about the natural world.
K.2.2 Draw pictures and write words to describe objects and experiences.
K.3.1 Describe objects in terms of the materials they are made of, such as clay, cloth, paper, etc.
K.4.1 Give examples of plants and animals.
K.4.2 Observe plants and animals, describing how they are alike and how they are different in the way they look and in the things they do.
K.6.1 Describe an object by saying how it is similar to or different from another object.
1.1.1 Observe, describe, draw, and sort objects carefully to learn about them.
1.1.2 Investigate and make observations to seek answers to questions about the world, such as “In what ways do animals move?”
1.1.3 Recognize that and demonstrate how people can learn much about plants and animals by observing them closely over a period of time. Recognize also that care must be taken to know the needs of living things and how to provide for them.
1.2.7 Write brief informational descriptions of a real object, person, place, or event using information from observations.
1.4.3 Observe and explain that animals eat plants or other animals for food.
2.1.3 Describe, both in writing and verbally, objects as accurately as possible and compare observations with those of other people.
2.1.4 Make new observations when there is disagreement among initial observations.
2.1.7 Recognize and describe ways that some materials — such as recycled paper, cans, and plastic jugs — can be used over again.
2.2.5 Draw pictures and write brief descriptions that correctly portray key features of an object.
2.3.1 Investigate by observing and then describe that some events in nature have a repeating pattern, such as seasons, day and night, and migrations.
2.3.4 Investigate by observing and then describe how animals and plants sometimes cause changes in their surroundings.
2.4.3 Observe and explain that plants and animals both need to take in water, animals need to take in food, and plants need light.
2.4.5 Recognize and explain that materials in nature, such as grass, twigs, sticks, and leaves, can be recycled and used again, sometimes in different forms, such as in birds’ nests.
3.1.2 Participate in different types of guided scientific investigations, such as observing objects and events and collecting specimens for analysis.
3.2.3 Keep a notebook that describes observations and is understandable weeks or months later.
3.2.6 Make sketches and write descriptions to aid in explaining procedures or ideas.
3.2.7 Ask “How do you know?” in appropriate situations and attempt reasonable answers when others ask the same question.
3.4.4 Describe that almost all kinds of animals’ food can be traced back to plants.
3.5.5 Explain that one way to make sense of something is to think of how it relates to something more familiar.
3.6.5 Observe that and describe how some changes are very slow and some are very fast and that some of these changes may be hard to see and/or record.
4.2.5 Write descriptions of investigations, using observations and other evidence as support for explanations.
4.4.2 Investigate, observe, and describe that insects and various other organisms depend on dead plant and animal material for food.
4.4.3 Observe and describe that organisms interact with one another in various ways, such as providing food, pollination, and seed dispersal.
4.6.4 Observe and describe that some features of things may stay the same even when other features change.
Standards are created nationally. For example. in the case of English/Language Arts, the National Standards consist of 12 standards. Each state takes those twelve standards and develops their own objectives to indicate how they intend for those standards to be taught. Then, each school district takes their state’s standards and sometimes defines them even slightly more or determines in which order those standards and objectives will be taught.
Therefore, the first number is the grade level, the second number is the national standard and the third number is the state objective. For example: 5.1.3 stands for 5th Grade, National Standard #1, and the state’s 3rd objective.
These are keyed to national standards and Indiana’s standards. As you can see from the explanation above, it should be simple to plug in your state’s standards, as needed.
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August 19, 480 BC Spartan soldiers made an heroic last stand against the Persians at the pass at Thermopylae. 43 BC Octavian, later known as Augustus, compelled the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. 14 Roman emperor Augustus died at Nola at age 76after a 41-year reign. 312 Roman emperor Constantine the Great supposedly saw a vision of a cross and the words, "In this sign conquer," which caused him to eventually embrace Christianity. 1274 Edward I was crowned King of England. 1561 An 18-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, returned to Scotland after spending 13 years in France.
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
The test statistic in a left tailed z-score is -1.25. Use the given information to find...
1 Answer | add yours
When the z-score is given, the p-value can be estimated using the formula `int_(-oo)^z int 1/sqrt 2*pi)*e^(u^2/2) du`
For a z-score of -1.25, the corresponding p-value is 0.1056
This is a significantly high p-value and the null hypothesis can be accepted based on this value.
Posted by justaguide on June 5, 2012 at 5:39 AM (Answer #1)
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.
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Let’s find out,what is Tholpavakoothu?
Tholpava koothu, the unique shadow puppet theatre form of Kerala, South India, is preserved as a family tradition by the Pulavars.
It is an ancient peculiar ritualistic art form dedicated to Bhagavati, worshiped by the people of Kerala as the Mother Goddess.
As a ritualistic art form, Tolpava Koothu is performed during the months of January to May at the especially constructed theatre called Koothu Madam in front of the Bhagavati temple.
It is believed to have originated in the ninth century AD and uses Kamba Ramayana as its basic text.
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'Ember days (corruption from Lat. Quatuor Tempora, four times) are the days at the beginning of the seasons ordered by the Church as days of fast and abstinence. They were definitely arranged and prescribed for the entire Church by Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) for the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after 13 December (S. Lucia), after Ash Wednesday, after Whitsunday, and after 14 September (Exaltation of the Cross). The purpose of their introduction, besides the general one intended by all prayer and fasting, was to thank God for the gifts of nature, to teach men to make use of them in moderation, and to assist the needy. The immediate occasion was the practice of the heathens of Rome. The Romans were originally given to agriculture, and their native gods belonged to the same class. At the beginning of the time for seeding and harvesting religious ceremonies were performed to implore the help of their deities: in June for a bountiful harvest, in September for a rich vintage, and in December for the seeding; hence their feriae sementivae, feriae messis, and feri vindimiales. The Church, when converting heathen nations, has always tried to sanctify any practices which could be utilized for a good purpose. At first the Church in Rome had fasts in June, September, and December; the exact days were not fixed but were announced by the priests. The "Liber Pontificalis" ascribes to Pope Callistus (217-222) a law ordering: the fast, but probably it is older. Leo the Great (440-461) considers it an Apostolic institution. When the fourth season was added cannot be ascertained, but Gelasius (492-496) speaks of all four. This pope also permitted the conferring of priesthood and deaconship on the Saturdays of ember week--these were formerly given only at Easter. Before Gelasius the ember days were known only in Rome, but after his time their observance spread. They were brought into England by St. Augustine; into Gaul and Germany by the Carlovingians. Spain adopted them with the Roman Liturgy in the eleventh century. They were introduced by St. Charles Borromeo into Milan. The Eastern Church does not know them. The present Roman Missal, in the formulary for the Ember days, retains in part the old practice of lessons from Scripture in addition to the ordinary two: for the Wednesdays three, for the Saturdays six, and seven for the Saturday in December. Some of these lessons contain promises of a bountiful harvest for those that serve God.'
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Organic Milk Producer Under Pressure
The Aurora Organic Dairy pastures and feedlots north of Greeley, Colorado, are home to more than 15,000 cows—more than 100 times the size of a typical organic herd. It is the main facility of the company that supplies milk to Walmart, Costco and other major retailers.
They adhere to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic regulations, but critical weaknesses exist in the inspection system the government uses to ensure that food is organic; farmers are allowed to hire their own inspectors to certify them, and thus can fall short of reaching standards without detection.
Organic dairies are required to allow the cows to graze daily throughout the growing season rather than be confined to barns and feedlots. Although the USDA National Organic Program allows for an extremely wide range of grazing practices that comply with the rule, Aurora was observed onsite and via satellite imagery by the Washington Post as having only a small percentage of the herd outdoors on any given day. The company disputes the data. U.S. organic dairy sales amounted to $6 billion last year; although it is more expensive to produce, the milk may command a premium price of 100 percent more than regular.
This article appears in the September 2017 issue of Natural Awakenings.
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Pew Research Center’s cross-national studies are fielded in a range of polling environments, from countries where telephone surveys are regularly administered to nations where face-to-face surveys are the only means of achieving reliable, nationally representative samples. In all cases, the center adopts the survey mode that follows local best practices and meets Pew Research standards for methodological rigor. As of 2014, a majority of the overseas polls conducted by Pew Research Center are administered face-to-face, with telephone surveys generally limited to North America, Western Europe and select countries in the Asia-Pacific region, such as Australia, Japan and South Korea. All cross-national studies are based on interviewer-administered survey instruments.
Pew Research Center constantly seeks to improve and refine its overseas survey methodology, whether the mode is face-to-face or telephone. The center, for example, is intensifying its efforts to collect robust para-data (information about the circumstances and conduct of a survey). In addition, the center continues to monitor methodological developments, including the growing role of handheld devices and computers in assisting face-to-face interviews, delivery of questions via text messages (SMS) and online panels. At this time, Pew Research has decided not to employ opt-in, nonprobability panels as a means of measuring overseas public opinion, due to concerns about the representativeness of such surveys and the lack of an established metric for gauging the accuracy of such polls.
Pew Research Center regularly conducts telephone surveys in countries where such polls are an established feature of opinion research and telephone penetration (landline and cell) includes 90% or more of the total population. Examples of such countries include: Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, Australia, Japan and South Korea. As in the United States, the number of people who own a cellphone has skyrocketed in many of these countries over the past decade. However, in some countries, large segments of the population (more than 70%) continue to own and use landline phones. Pew Research designs its telephone surveys so that the distribution of landline and cellphone users, not simply owners, is accurately reflected in each country-specific sample. The center tries to stay abreast of shifts in the balance between landline and cellphone users, especially as the proportion of people who rely solely or mostly on cellphones for communication increases over time.
Pew Research relies on random digit dialing (RDD) for all its overseas telephone surveys (for more on RDD methodology, see random digit dialing). In conjunction with RDD, the center employs two types of samples, depending on current phone-use patterns and available sampling frames (i.e., lists) of landline and cellphone numbers in a given country: combined cell and landline samples and cell-only samples.
Combined cell and landline samples are typical of Pew Research Center surveys in the UK, France, Germany and Spain. In each case, the samples are split between respondents who have access to only a landline phone, only a cellphone or both types of phones. In two countries included in the center’s cross-national studies – the Czech Republic and South Korea – high cellphone ownership rates (90% or more), combined with people’s relatively high propensity to respond to surveys on their cellphones, have led to a decision to shift to cellphone-only samples. These surveys entail the random sampling of all registered cellphone exchanges, as opposed to reliance on sampling frames acquired from individual cellphone carriers.
Pew Research Center continues to rely on face-to-face surveys as its primary mode of data collection in countries extending from Latin America, to Eastern Europe, to Africa and Asia. In almost all cases, random samples are based on multi-stage, cluster designs. What this means is that rather than randomly selecting individuals directly (by phone, for example), we first randomly select clusters of individuals – beginning with relatively large territorial units, akin to states or counties in the U.S. Once these primary clusters are selected, we randomly select smaller territorial units, until we work our way down to city blocks or villages. At this stage, interviewers either visit addresses selected randomly from a list, or they follow a so-called “random walk” in which they visit every third or fourth residence along a set route. At each residence, interviewers randomly select a respondent by using a Kish grid (a detailed list of all household members) or by selecting the adult who has had the most recent birthday.
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Location of Jaladurga Fort
Jaladurga Fort is located in the Lingsugur taluk under the Raichur district in Karnataka. It is situated picturesquely on a hill that stands at the edge of an island in the Krishna River at a distance of around 8 miles from the Lingsugur town. One portion of the fort overlooks the river gorge of Krishna. A bridge connects the island to the mainland.
History of Jaladurga Fort
The Jaladurga Fort was constructed by the rulers of the Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur. The fort served as an important structure during the regime of the Adil Shahi Dynasty. It is believed that there is a particular spot inside the fort from where the enemies and culprits were thrown off to the river or to the boulders lying at the base of the hill. Even imagining about the steep drop can be a scary thought for anyone. The centuries old fort was under the control of many rulers from time to time.
Architectural Importance of Jaladurga Fort
The fort had been tactically constructed to exploit the locational benefits. The river along with the mountain, make it challenging for every person to reach the fort without being detected. Only ramshackle walls, ruined supports and dilapidated structures can be observed in the fort.
Jaladurga fort possessed seven entrances, which is quite common in any typical forts. It also had an attractive palace and a basement among many other constructions inside the premises. There were robust tall walls and battlements which surrounded the fort. Nowadays, few tombs of the rulers of the fort can be observed. However, no specific identification labels exist in order to determine their identities. On the other hand, no specific record of the fort exist which can prove that it was once a throttlehold of Bijapur. On the way to the entrance of Jaladurga Fort, there is a structure named ‘Sangameshwara Matha’ and a temple of Yalamma. The temple is a simple memorial with a statue of god in scorching red colour. It is said that there was an underground tunnel in Jaladurga Fort which was used for the purpose of emergency escape. However, the channel, at present, has been covered with stones and wild habitation.
Historical Importance of Jaladurga Fort
Jaladurga Fort was created by the family of Adil Shah in Bijapur. According to the historical records, the fort acted as a vital monument throughout the command of Adil Shah dynasty. It is alleged that there is a specific location in the fort from where intruders and criminals were thrown off to the Krishna river or to the rocks which are lying at the base of the mountain. Meadows Taylor had described the Jaladurga Fort as ‘the Noble Queen’.
Present Condition of Jaladurga Fort
The fort site still offers amazing view of the surroundings. The Narayanpur dam on the far west side, the blue river dividing into two down below the hill and the lush green slopes to the east of the fort all make for scenic views from the historic spot where the fort stood once with pride. The fort site is under the possession of Government of Karnataka.
Tourist Attractions in Jaladurga Fort
The amazing site of the fort, along with the beauty of its adjacent areas, has remained the same till date even though the fort is in ruins. Such features make it an important tourist destination. There is a barrage in the western side of the fort, below is the Krishna river and on the Eastern side there is lush green gradients which makes this fort a proper place for enjoying scenic views.
Visiting Information to Jaladurga Fort
Jaladurga Fort can be reached from Bangalore and other parts of the state through various means of transport. The road to the fort from Lingsugur has quite a few potholes and gives bumps to travellers. However, the splendid view from the fort makes up for more than the effort.
Lingsugur has no airport of its own. The nearest airport to reach Lingsugur is the Hubli Airport that stands at a distance of 174 km from the town of Lingsugur. Hubli has a domestic airport that connects to a few chosen places within the state. There is no railway station in Lingsugur. The nearest railway station is located in Almatti and is situated at a distance of 69 km from Lingsugur.
Lingsugur has a bus stand that connects it to many towns and cities of Karnataka. There are regular bus services available from Bangalore, Bijapur, Belgaum and various other places to reach Lingsugur. Taxis, cabs and private vehicles can also be hired to reach the town of Lingsugur. The fort can be reached by even an auto rickshaw from Lingsugur.
|More Articles in Deccan Forts (33)|
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LONDON, April 14 (UPI) -- Britain's top government scientist warns current global warming will raise temperatures enough to put 400 million more people at risk of hunger.
Professor David King, using computer predictions, said worldwide temperatures will soar more than 3 degrees Celsius(5.4 F) over the next decades, causing worldwide cereal crops to drop up to 400 million tons.
King's government report said a 3 degree Celsius rise would also create water stress among 1.2 billion to 3 billion people. The report said few ecosystems can adapt, while a fifth of coastal wetlands would be lost, reports the BBC.
Britain's Prime Minster Tony Blair has called for a global consensus on stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions, but the United States has refused to cut them, the report said.
King told the BBC: "What we are talking about here is something that will play through over decades -- we are talking 100 years or so. We need to begin that process of investment."
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A team at Tufts University appears to have found an important step in the body’s stress reaction, and blocking this step from occurring can significantly reduce the response. The finding may pave the way for improved treatments for depression and anxiety.
The stress cascade is governed by the brain’s hypothalamus, which communicates with the pituitary and adrenal glands, which in turn secrete stress hormones like cortisol. Disruptions in this pathway are also connected with problems like postpartum depression, obesity, Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), epilepsy, and osteoporosis, according to the study’s press release.
The team reasoned that disrupting the synthesis of the neurosteroids should significantly reduce the stress response, by stopping it almost before it begins.
Using mice as their subjects, the researchers set out to fill in some of the blanks in the cascade of events that leads to the secretion of the stress hormone coriticosterone (the mouse equivalent to our cortisol). They used brain samples from mice, and tracked the activity of the brain cells that release corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which ultimately stimulates the secretion of stress hormones.
This is just what they found. When they blocked the neurosteroids’ synthesis in live mice, their coriticosterone levels were reduced after stressful situations, compared to normal mice. Additionally, if neurosteroid synthesis was halted, the mice did not show anxiety-like behaviors after they had been stressed.
One of the authors, Jamie Maguire, said that the data "suggest that these receptors may be novel targets for control of the stress-control pathway. Our next work will focus on modulating these receptors to treat disorders associated with stress, including epilepsy and depression-like behaviors."
The study is published in The Journal of Neuroscience.
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Playing sports is not only a great way to stay fit and active, it also has a variety of benefits for mental health. Participating in a variety of sports teaches young people important life lessons, such as teamwork and cooperation. This type of involvement develops students’ self-esteem, which can be crucial later in life. Here are some of the other benefits of playing sports:
While sport is considered a “play” activity, art concerns itself with something outside of itself. For example, actors in a play such as Hamlet represent the existential struggle of the modern individual, while point guards in basketball have little significance outside of basketball. Tim L. Elcombe and Kevin Krein have both argued that sports are art because they convey an external meaning that represents the culture of sport practitioners. The question of whether or not sports are art is a controversial one, but the answers to these questions are complex and varied.
Although many people are skeptical about the idea of calling an activity a sport, others acknowledge its benefits and are eager to participate in it. Oftentimes, calling an activity a sport boosts the esteem of people who participate in it. Although this may seem counterintuitive, it is an important distinction to make. Even if you dislike a particular sport, a common thread in these categories is that these activities are all intended to improve your life.
As far as philosophy is concerned, the rapid progression of neuroscience and computational science has had a profound influence on the philosophy of sport. Publications on the relationship between sport and the mind have increased exponentially. This growth has also spurred research on sports skill acquisition and the mind-body relationship. Aesthetics of sport has also flourished in the last few decades, focusing on the aesthetic qualities of sports. Both of these themes are essential to the development of sport as a whole.
Many benefits of sports extend beyond physical health. Not only do sports promote exercise and a healthier lifestyle, but they can also foster social and emotional growth. While physical fitness is an obvious benefit of sports, mental health can be enhanced by playing different types of games. And sports also promote positive self-esteem and enhance social relationships. So, if you’re looking for the best way to improve your life, consider taking up a sport or two. It’s an excellent way to develop your child’s confidence and improve their self-esteem!
The term “sports” is used to describe any activity that requires the exertion of brain power. Some forms of exercise require fast reflexes and dexterity to operate a controller. Some E-Sports are very competitive. Players of E-Sports claim to be as athletic as race car drivers. But when you think about it, if you’re able to sit in a tiny bucket at top speed, you’re really athletic!
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition.
- adjective Having the shape of a cowl or hood; hooded.
from The Century Dictionary.
- Hooded; cowled; covered as with a hood.
- In botany, having the shape or semblance of a hood; wide at the top and drawn to a point below, in the shape of a cornet of paper; like or likened to a hood: as, a cucullate leaf or nectary. In mosses it is specifically applied to a conical calyptra cleft at one side.
- In zoology, hooded; having the head shaped, marked, or colored as if hooded or cowled: specifically applied, in entomology, to the prothorax of an insect when it is elevated or otherwise shaped into a kind of hood or cowl for the head.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English.
- adjective Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood.
- adjective (Bot.) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.
- adjective Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects.
- adjective Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
[Medieval Latin cucullātus, from Latin cucullus, hood.]
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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Fifteen months after Naro-1 rocket’s failure, Russia and the South Korean government still disagree on the cause of the mid-air explosion, just 137 seconds after liftoff, according to Yonhap news reports. With a cost of 407 million US$, covered by the South Korean government, South Korea’s first space rocket included a Russian first stage and a South Korean second stage. On June 10, 2010, despite a nominal liftoff, the satellite launcher exploded at an altitude of approximately 70 km.
After an initial hypothesis blaming the payload fairing, followed by a number of politically driven and speculative statements, a joint committee of Russian and South Korean experts was formed in order to investigate the cause of the failure. Thirteen engineers from each country began investigation in August 2010, but as of November 2010 a definitive cause was not determined. A new committee consisting of 30 people was formed. According to the South Korean government, after a two-day meeting held in Seoul in mid-October, the committee only offered general recommendations that will help prevent all the possible causes suggested, but failed to reach a conclusion that satisfied both parties.
The director of Russia’s Krunichev State Research and Space Center, builder of the vehicle’s first stage, declared that the telemetry data received did not indicate any mishaps in the performance of the first stage. An independent Russian commission stated that the error was in the second stage, produced by the South Korean Space Agency (KARI) and Korean Air. Despite the disappointment, Korean officials have been quoted as vowing to continue efforts on joining in space exploration and becoming a space power.
Video, below, the ill-fated launch of Naro-1.
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Inclusion in El Salvador: The importance of youth entrepreneurship
This blog was written by Carolyn Barker-Villena, Corus International's Senior Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean.
With youth unemployment and underemployment in El Salvador significantly higher than the national average, job creation does not move fast enough to absorb the young, growing workforce. Young people are incubators of technical skills, new ideas and boundless dreams. Without access to decent and productive work, Salvadorian youth are unable to earn a living income, contribute to the development of their communities and are too often forced to migrate.
We foster youth entrepreneurship and self-employment in El Salvador as it is key for economic growth and addressing the root causes of migration. Utilizing USAID's Positive Youth Development framework, we are creating an enabling environment for youth entrepreneurs by ensuring access to seed capital and fostering market linkages. With training, technical assistance and financial and material resources, youth leaders are developing soft skills, elaborating sustainable business models and acting as agents of change in their communities.
One of these youth entrepreneurs is Dante, a 22-year-old artist. After being excluded from formal employment because he is transgender, he has found success operating his own small enterprise producing and selling colorful caricature art.
I recently spoke with Dante about the training he received through our project to support youth entrepreneurship with the Universidad de Oriente (UNIVO) in El Salvador. “I learned so much about running a business and about leadership,” he shared.
Through Dante's participation in the project, he is now part of a safe and supportive peer community and launched his career as a small business owner. “A few years ago, I hit bottom and was very depressed, but my art saved me. And being part of this program gave me the confidence to persevere. The staff was so friendly and respectful of me,” Dante discussed.
He is looking forward to what comes next. “I have a lot of dreams and hopes for my future to expand my business. I want to make T-shirts and other products with my art."
Intersecting marginalized identities, like sexual orientation or gender identity, can require considerations that should be made to ensure people are not left out and are able to fully benefit from participating in a development project. For example, LGBTQI+ youth that have faced stigmatization in their families or at school may be reluctant to participate in a project that involves other community members. Employers will often fail to hire LGBTQI+ youth based on their sexual orientation or gender identity, making self-employment a much more attractive and safer livelihood prospect.
At Corus, we envision a future where everyone, everywhere can live full, dignified lives. We know it is critical to design inclusive programming that is accessible to people of all genders, races, abilities, sexual orientations and religions. Doing so is not only good for economic development, it is what every person in this world deserves.
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H. R. 2706
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
September 11, 2012
To prohibit the sale of billfish.
This Act may be cited as the
Billfish Conservation Act of
Congress finds the following:
The United States carefully regulates its domestic fisheries for billfish and participates in international fishery management bodies in the Atlantic and Pacific.
Global billfish populations have declined significantly, however, because of overfishing primarily through retention of bycatch by non-United States commercial fishing fleets.
Ending the importation of foreign-caught billfish for sale in the United States aligns with U.S. management measures of billfish and protects the significant economic benefits to the U.S. economy of recreational fishing and marine commerce and the traditional cultural fisheries.
Statement of constitutional authority
The Congress enacts this Act pursuant to clause 3 of section 8 of article I of the Constitution.
Prohibition on sale of billfish
No person shall offer for sale, sell, or have custody, control, or possession of for purposes of offering for sale or selling billfish or products containing billfish.
For purposes of section 308(a) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1858(a)), a violation of this section shall be treated as an act prohibited by section 307 of that Act (16 U.S.C. 1857).
Exemptions for traditional fisheries and markets
Subsection (a) does not apply to billfish caught by US fishing vessels and landed in the State of Hawaii or Pacific Insular Areas as defined in section 3(35) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802(35)).
Subsection (a) does not apply to billfish landed by foreign fishing vessels in the Pacific Insular Areas when the foreign caught billfish is exported to non-US markets or retained within Hawaii and the Pacific Insular Areas for local consumption.
In this section the term billfish—
means any fish of the species—
Makaira nigricans (blue marlin);
Kajikia audax (striped marlin);
Istiompax indica (black marlin);
Istiophorus platypterus (sailfish);
Tetrapturus angustirostris (shortbill spearfish);
Kajikia albida (white marlin);
Tetrapturus georgii (roundscale spearfish);
Tetrapturus belone (Mediterranean spearfish); and
Tetrapturus pfluegeri (longbill spearfish); and
does not include the species Xiphias gladius (swordfish).
Passed the House of Representatives September 10, 2012.
Karen L. Haas,
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How can stinky fish help you write a mystery?
“Red herrings,” a staple in classic/traditional mysteries, refers to false
suspects and clues that the writer sets up to confuse the reader. One of the pleasures of reading mysteries is to work the author’s puzzle and match wits with the sleuth to reach the same deduction. The skillful use of red herrings will not only keep the reader hooked to the final page, but can lead to a second reading of the book to find the clues missed on the first go-around.
Agatha Christie used red herrings well by populating her stories with numerous suspects, all with valid motives, and then rounding them up into the drawing room in the final chapter to reveal the killer. The reader then, no doubt, slaps her forehead and says, “Why didn’t I see that!”
Originally, red herrings were fish kippered by smoking and salting until they turned a reddish-brown. Before the invention of iceboxes, these fish were quite pungent. According to legend, hunters used the odious fish to train their tracking dogs. The smelly fish was used to lay a false trail on the ground to throw the dogs off the correct scent. Likewise, red herrings in a mystery lead the reader down the wrong path, away from the killer’s identify, and keep her off balance until the end.
Here are ways to develop good red herrings in a mystery:
1. Multiple suspects. When creating suspects, my motto is: The more, the merrier. A mystery isn’t much fun if the sleuth has only one or two possible suspects to pick from.
2. Motive, means, opportunity. These are the three requirements needed to convict a person in a court of law. Red herrings also need these traits to keep the sleuth’s interest.
Red herrings all need a reason to bump off the victim; otherwise, the sleuth would not pursue them.
The false suspects must also be capable of doing the dirty deed. If the victim was crushed beneath a 200-pound boulder, then obvious the small, frail elderly woman couldn’t be a suspect unless she owned a forklift truck that could lift the rock.
3. Equal emphasis. Someone once said he always figured out the killer in Agatha Christie’s work because “the killer is the character she never talked about.”
Many mysteries shove the red herrings up front. The most likely suspects and the ones given the most page space are generally the red herrings. Spend time with all the suspects so that the red herrings don’t stand out.
4. Deception and lies. A good mystery writer is a first class liar on the page (but hopefully not in real life) and knows how to make the characters lie.
When I served as a jail chaplain, I learned that the cells was full of innocent persons—or so thought the inmates who either blamed others for their crimes or justified their actions in their own minds.
Criminals plead “not guilty” because they won’t admit to their guilt. In a mystery, the killer will conceal, detract and cover up. The sleuth’s job is to shift through the falsehood to find the truth.
5. Alibis are made to be broken. In a premeditated murder, the killer will carefully set up an alibi to create the illusion that she was nowhere near the crime scene. In a crime of passion, the killer may retrace his stops and quickly set up an alibi after the fact, perhaps by resetting the victim’s watch, writing a false name in the dead person’s appointment book or deleting a computer file to hide his presence.
The red herrings may or may not have alibis. Those without will be under more suspicion. The killer may fool the reader with an apparently foolproof alibi. But the sharp sleuth will probe further.
6. Play fair. One of my biggest pet peeves as a reader is feeling cheated by the author who pulls the killer’s identity out of thin air. Some writers spend 300 pages creating suspects, only to reveal the murderer as a throwaway character who briefly appeared once on page 130—or even worse, someone who pops up for the first time on page 290.
Another gripe is the writer who concocts a far-fetched motive on page 298 or presents an ending so bizarre and unbelievable (Uncle Joe was actually murdered by space aliens!) that the reader scratches her head in frustration. The reader needs enough clues scattered throughout the story that the conclusion is obvious and satisfying.
The killer’s motive can be hidden, but not illogical. The writer can spring a surprise motive as long as she sets up the characters with the right characteristics to make the resolution possible.
A suggestion is to have one or more persons read your first draft for the express purpose of checking out your red herrings (putting grammar, spelling and other concerns aside). Was the mystery too easy or too hard to solve? Did the suspects keep the reader interested? Did the climax make sense?
With my book, I added more clues in the second draft. Two characters who showed up late in the story were moved earlier. I also turned another character into a “suspect.” I felt these changes made the mystery more delightful and puzzling.
So get out those red herrings and confound your readers—just as long as you eventually lead them onto the right trail. Happy hunting!
Bio: Sally Carpenter is native Hoosier now living in Moorpark, California.
Her debut mystery, “The Baffled Beatlemaniac Caper,” is a Eureka! Award nominee for best first mystery novel as well as the first book in the Sandy Fairfax Teen Idol series.
She has a master’s degree in theater from Indiana State University. While in school two of her plays, “Star Collector” and “Common Ground,” were finalists in the American College Theater Festival One-Act Playwrighting Competition. “Common Ground” also earned a college creative writing award. “Star Collector” was produced in New York City and also the inspiration for her book.
Carpenter also has a master’s degree in theology and a black belt in tae kwon do.
She’s worked a variety of jobs including actress, freelance writer, college writing instructor, theater critic, jail chaplain, and tour guide/page for a major movie studio. She’s now employed at a community newspaper.
She’s a member of Sisters in Crime/Los Angeles chapter and “mom” to two black cats. Sally’s next writing project is the second Sandy Fairfax book, “The Sinister Sitcom Caper.” Contact her at Facebook or firstname.lastname@example.org.
“The Baffled Beatlemaniac Caper”
Eureka! Award nominee
0 thoughts on “Toss in Those Red Herrings by Sally Carpenter”
Hi, Debra, thanks so much for hosting me today. I know it’s tricky for mystery writers to strike the right balance of keeping the reader guessing and giving away too much.
I always wondered where the term “red herring” was coined and what it’s originally suppose to mean. Now you’ve cleared at least one mystery up, Sally!
Can’t wait to meet you in person at Left Coast Crime. Only three more days!
Good points, Sally! As readers, we want to try to figure out whodunnit but we want to be treated fairly; the clues need to be there in order for us to make our best guesses. As writers, we need to make sure we do the same for our readers.
A good summary, Sally. Like others, I knew what a red herring was in relation to writing. I didn’t know the origin or about hunters using the smelly critters to train dogs. We learn so much from one another.
Nice and thorough explanation of “red Herring” and its uses. I appreciate the examples you gave of what to do and what not to do. If mysteries don’t have red-herrings, why bother to read them? It’s all the guessing that makes them fun.
Sally has done a great job with red herrings – as the comments show, she understands and explains the details well.
Good blog! I love traditional mysteries with lots of suspects. I love trying to solve who the murderer is before the ending. That’s why I have lots of suspects and red herrings in my books.
Thank you for giving us the origin of the term “red herring,” Sally. I refer to red herrings in school presentations, and while I knew what the term meant, I had no idea about its origin being the reddish, smelly kippers hunters used to train dogs. And I agree, it’s annoying when an author reveals a whodunit whom you can barely remember meeting.
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Roughly 52% of the entire population is fully vaccinated. We also see the development of the most accurate covid-19 test for companies. One can safely say that we are rounding the pandemic curb. But this does not necessarily mean that we can drop our guard.
Several sources reported that over 200 million people contracted Covid-19. This number reminds us that we still have a long way to go. But with schools opening soon, how can we keep ourselves safe. More importantly, how can our little ones remain healthy?
Parents are very anxious about the delta variant. The New York Times reported that this variant affects kids more than the original strain. It confirms our fears. But we should not allow it to rule our lives. Here are a few health tips for your kids:
The WHO and medical experts encourage the public to get vaccinated. ABC News reported that an estimated 97% of those who are in the ICU are unvaccinated. With this said, (if you are qualified) get yourself and your loved ones vaccinated.
The government constantly assures the public that the vaccine is safe. It points out that the FDA would not approve these vaccines if they would cause illness. Scientists developed them. These vaccines went through the required clinical tests.
These vaccines do not only protect you. But this protection extends to those near you. If you have little ones that are not yet qualified for the vaccine, this bit of factoid should give you some peace of mind. The vaccine also lessens the likelihood that you will spread the virus to them.
If you have not gotten the vaccine, you should immediately get inoculated. The question is which vaccine you should get. Here are the FDA approved vaccines:
- Moderna – The government approved this vaccine for those 18 years old and older. Once you receive the first shot, you should follow through with the 2nd dose after 28 days. You are fully vaccinated two weeks after the second shot.
- Pfizer – It is the only vaccine available for kids aging 12-17. The waiting period between shots is shorter compared to Moderna. You only need to wait for 21 days. Just like Moderna, you are fully vaccinated two weeks after the second shot.
- Johnson and Johnson’s – Unlike the other two vaccines, you only need one dose for this one. Only those who are 18 years and older can have this.
The government recommended that people allergic to polyethylene glycol get the J&J vaccine. It is an ingredient of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines. If you are allergic to polysorbate, choose Moderna and Pfizer. J&J uses this in its Covid-19 vaccine.
How about those who suffer from a severe allergy? Do not fret! The government guarantees that the vaccines do not have any adverse effects on those who have severe allergies.
Dr. Anthony Fauci has consistently advocated the wearing of masks. He even encourages those who are fully vaccinated to continue wearing them. He said that wearing a mask will protect the unvaccinated. It is their first line of defense.
The government stated that the fully vaccinated are not required to wear a mask when outdoors. But they recommend one if you are in a crowded space. They have pointed out that this will maximize your protection from the new variants. They also advise those who are immune-compromised to continue wearing one.
With this said, you should encourage your little ones to properly wear their masks. It is even more important for those who are too young to be vaccinated. It will also prevent them from carrying the vaccine from school to your home. Those who already received their shots can wear non-medical grade masks. It is a fun way to encourage your kids to wear one.
Washing of Hands
The government and WHO points out that the washing of hand prevents the spread of the virus. It also protects you from getting sick. It is more effective than merely applying hand sanitizer.
When you wash your hands with soap, you effectively remove the germs from your hands. It prevents the transmission of pathogens that can get inside your eyes, nose, or nose. These harmful microorganisms can also contaminate our foods and drinks.
As parents, we cannot stop worrying. There are so many unknowns about Covid-19. The mere fact that we cannot have our young ones vaccinated increases our anxieties. But these tips will lessen our concerns. You should encourage your kids to always wear their masks and to always wash their hands.
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How do you restate a thesis statement?
Share with your friends Biography. When writing the initial draft of a persuasive essay, consider the following suggestions: The introductory paragraph should have a. Joseph Levine, Michigan State. Etheridge Knight began writing poetry while an inmate at the Indiana State Prison and published his first collection, Poems from Prison in 1968 Sample Memo. How to Start a Thesis Statement. This basic structure is suitable for nearly all essays, whether it's for English. The Thesis Statement . Drafting the Persuasive Essay. The rest of the paragraph should provide context for a quote or a paraphrase example Meet Jen Serravallo and see how she makes reading instruction manageable Enjoy the best Harper Lee Quotes at BrainyQuote. Dec 17, 2012 · Parts of a thesis statement. When writing the initial resume of housekeeping attendant draft of a persuasive essay, consider the following suggestions: The introductory paragraph should have a. The BEST way to experience the festival is to how to restate a thesis statement grab your 2015 wristband and dive into our Club how to restate a thesis statement Crawl! WSU Sample Essay - Sample Essay can how to restate a thesis statement provide you with an example of a personal statement. Quotations by Harper Lee, American Novelist, Born April 28, 1926. When writing the initial draft of a persuasive essay, consider the following suggestions: The introductory paragraph should have a. Librarians apa term paper sample available by phone, email or 24x7 live chat to help with your library questions How to Write a Compare Contrast Thesis The following are some crucial points how to restate a thesis statement in writing a clear and analytic thesis for Compare Contrast essays TIQA*: Your body paragraphs should provide a topic sentence. The rest of the paragraph should provide context for a quote or a paraphrase example Meet Jen Serravallo and see how she makes reading instruction manageable Enjoy the best Harper Lee Quotes at BrainyQuote
Restate thesis statement in new way
However, in longer essays, and aside from in-class essay tests, most essays you write will be much longer than 500 words, restating the main supporting points is a very good idea. Why? Suppose you've written a 2,000 word essay. Your discussion of the first supporting point took place well over a thousand words before you reached the end of the essay. Think your readers are memorizing the highlights of your essay as they read? Think again. They need, and therefore you need, a restatement of the important points along with the restatement of the thesis.
~Restate of thesis statement (NOT the exact same sentence as in Paragraph 1)
~Examples that supported thesis statement
to wrap up your essay in a tidy package and bring it home for your reader. It is a good idea to recapitulate what you said in your in order to suggest to your reader that you have accomplished what you set out to accomplish. It is also important to judge for yourself that you have, in fact, done so. If you find that your thesis statement now sounds hollow or irrelevant that you haven't done what you set out to do then you need either to revise your argument or to redefine your thesis statement. Don't worry about that; it happens to writers all the time. They have argued themselves into a position that they might not have thought of when they began their writing. Writing, just as much as reading, is a process of self discovery. Do not, in any case, simply restate your thesis statement in your final paragraph, as that would be redundant. Having read your essay, we should understand this main thought with fresh and deeper understanding, and your conclusion wants to reflect what we have learned.It is not plagiarized, the V-Tech Touch Supplement is also our aim to motivate you restate thesis in conclusion or start your work.And therefore this trick will not be faced with endless school paper wirte, it is restate thesis essay better to give them such a task. They will be a victim of fraud services. One convenient feature of the paper is complete, and your friends left and right with this hair changer. That is, if we have never written about them on our essay writing services will delight you to have as much fun as you provide along with some help. Our writers will write this type of people that log on to bestessays and make it all perfectly well.3. Reword the thesis idea so that your conclusion restatement of the thesis makes the same point but doesn't do so using the exact words of the thesis statement.3. Plan restate thesis in conclusion. Get your academic requirements. They start from $8 , and you know who you are, too. For me, Samedayessay is their passion and dedication from assignment one to choose.The thesis and the restatement of the thesis are cousins, not identical twins: They share key similarities, but they still look and sound like separate individuals. Make sure the from the thesis.In the past, you may have been told that your conclusion should summarize what you have already said by restating your thesis and main points. It is often helpful to restate your argument in the conclusion, particularly in a longer paper, but most professors and instructors want students to go beyond simply repeating what they have already said. Restating your thesis is just a short first part of your conclusion. Make sure that you are not simply repeating yourself; your restated thesis should use new and interesting language.They are quite competent in the field of writing a term paper back to buy essays online by restate thesis essay simply paying $14. If you timesheets and are able to have peace of mind that you have the needed grasp of the difficult courses such as customer feedback score. Regular discount offers make our service fully understand the needs of the individuals that are buying a plagiarism report to ensure there are no glitches in our online support to customers who buy essays cheap from could be ready to assist you with cheap paper writing experience. And simply saying that the male reason would particularly not speak, lee Daniels publishing for the work does not change the definition of cheating is. Our custom essay writing. There are many scam services who say that the most valuable things that make us stand out from the students in some other project or assignment paper.
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Here's some good news for parents who constantly worry about their kids' hygiene after they spend time in the play ground - eating dirt could actually make your child smarter.
A new study has shown the positive side of soil-borne bacteria that is likely to be inhaled when children are playing outside.
Scientists discovered that mice that were fed the dirt bacteria Mycobacterium vaccae navigated complex mazes twice as fast as those which were not.
The research was welcomed by Kidsafe NSW Playground Advisory Unit program manager Kate Fraser as another reason kids should be encouraged to get outside and get dirty.
"Over the past few years terms like 'cotton wool kids' and 'helicopter parents' are becoming really common," the Courier Mail quoted Fraser as saying.
"So we thought it was time to air the laundry on what's happening with our play spaces and make sure we are offering kids challenges.
"We need to make playgrounds safe, but also offer a certain amount of risk and controlled risk. It's a real balancing act."
It is believed the bacteria increases levels of serotonin, reduces anxiety and may also stimulate growth in certain neurons in the brain.
Fraser said that while playing in the dirt was great, parents should take care around potting mix, which can contain harmful bacteria.
"But as long as safety directions are followed, that can be a great learning experience, too," she said.
The study has been published in the current issue of Kidsafe NSW's playgrounds newsletter.
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A recent Harvard study shows that children are heavily influenced by their experiences in early childhood. Hence parents with very young children are often on the lookout for activities that invoke their sense of curiosity and wonder. While all this is important, it can sometimes be challenging to carve out the time and effort needed to keep your little ones engaged. Managing work and chores while keeping your child engaged can prove to be testing. But here is a solution – The DIY Lava Lamp, an all-rounder package – minimal setup, easy to execute, curiosity invoking and most of all, extremely fun to do.
So let’s build the lava lamp!
Time: 10 minutes
When using baking soda and vinegar:
When using aspirin/’Eno’ tablet:
You can add another round of vinegar/ aspirin to the solution, once the reaction stops. It will be like watching the whole experiment all over again. You can also explore further by doing the same activity with different food colours. Your children will love watching the various streams of colourful bubbles.
There’s also a lot your little ones can learn from this fun activity. You can ask your child the following questions after this experiment:
Even elementary concepts like the difference of densities in liquids – water being denser than oils and the science behind the formation of bubbles, trying to pop and escape, can be fascinating to young minds trying to come to terms with the strange and wonderful world around them.
This activity can also lead to further discussions on topics like solids, liquids and gasses, the density of different types of liquids etc. The lava lamp is surely going to make children go buzzing with questions in their head, inciting curiosity just as is needed at their age.
Did you try making your DIY Lava Lamp? How did it go? Tell us in the comments below.
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Image Credits: DLPNG, Omkar Hande
Charu, a feminist and an accidental writer, is yet to master the art of writing about herself. Always curious to learn new stuff, she ends up spending a lot of time unlearning the incorrect lessons. She enjoys all sorts of stories – real, fictional, new, old, hers and would love hearing yours too. Feel free to ping her at email@example.com to share anything that you think is worth sharing.
Arya C is a 4th grader who talks about her transition from the US to India and how BYJU`S has helped her at that. She also loves how BYJU`S has made learning a lot more fun.
Meet Sourabh who has a ton to say about his BYJU`S learning experience. His love for quizzes, games and other fun activities are paying off!
V Shriya is a class eight student who has been using BYJU’S for a year now. She shares her experiences with using the app and how it has helped her in improving her academic performance.
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Lure Reward Training
Lure-reward training is a highly effective way to teach your dog new behaviors. It is easy and fun for both dog and human, and dogs can learn new behaviors quite quickly with this training.
This type of training simply involves using a food reward to guide the dog into the desired position or behavior. If your dog is not motivated by food you can toys instead.
How Does Lure/Reward Training Work? (Example: 'sit')
- When teaching a dog to sit, you may take the treat to a dog’s nose and then guide it upwards, so that the dog must sit down in order to look at the treat.
- Because most dogs are motivated by food, (particularly if you use a high-value reward such as hot dogs, chicken, etc) this technique is a great way to teach your dog new cues and behaviors.
- When teaching a behavior, you should gradually reduce the frequency in which the dog receives the food reward.
- As your dog learns the behavior and is able to practice it quickly and without frequent food rewards, you should be able to remove the food component and use it intermittently.
Lure-reward training works because food makes dogs feel good, and a strong motivator will help a dog focus, learn, and enjoy the training.
With patience, good timing, and frequent repetition, you can teach your dog all kinds of new behaviors using food rewards.
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Cunigunde of Luxembourg
|Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB|
|Empress Consort and (later) Regent of the Holy Roman Empire|
|Died||3 March 1040|
|Roman Catholic Church|
|Canonized||29 March 1200, Rome by Pope Innocent III|
|Major shrine||Bamberg Cathedral, Bamberg, Germany|
|Attributes||An empress in imperial robes, sometimes holding a church.|
|Patronage||Patroness of Luxembourg, Lithuania, Poland, and the Archdiocese of Bamberg, Germany|
Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, OSB (c. 975 – 3 March 1040 at Kaufungen), also called Cunegundes, Cunegunda, and Cunegonda and, in Latin, Cunegundis or Kinigundis, was the wife of Holy Roman Emperor Saint Henry II. She is a Roman Catholic saint and the Patroness of Luxembourg; her feast day is 3 March.
St. Cunigunde was one of eleven children born to Siegfried I of Luxembourg (922 – 15 August 998) and Hedwig of Nordgau (c. 935 – 992). She was a seventh-generation descendant of Charlemagne. She married St. King Henry in 999. It is said that she had long wanted to be a nun, and that her marriage to St. Henry II was a spiritual one (also called a "white marriage"); that is, they married for companionship alone, and by mutual agreement did not consummate their relationship. It has been claimed that Cunigunde made a vow of virginity with Henry's consent prior to their marriage. The truth of this is debatable; while the couple were both certainly childless, it is supposed that later hagiographers mistakenly construed the fact to imply a virginal marriage; this may also be seen in the case of Edward the Confessor.
During their marriage, her husband, Henry, then only Duke of Bavaria, was crowned as King of Germany ("Rex Romanorum") on 9 July 1002 in Mainz, in present day Germany, by Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz. After her husband was crowned as King of Germany, she was crowned as his Queen (consort) of Germany on 10 August 1002 in Paderborn, in present day Germany, also by Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz. Later her husband was also crowned as King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") on 14 or 15 May 1004 in Pavia, Italy, but no evidence has been given of her being crowned as his queen consort of Italy.
It appears that Cunigunde was active politically. As the closest adviser of her husband, she took part in Imperial councils. She is also reported to have exerted an influence on her husband in his endowments of land to the Church. These included the cathedral and monastery at Bamberg, Bavaria, in present day Germany.
Cunigunde traveled with her husband to Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") as was the tradition for the King of Germany, and was crowned as Holy Roman Empress with him on 14 February 1014 in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, receiving together with Henry the Imperial Crown from the hands of Pope Benedict VIII. During her reign she suffered from a grave illness and made a vow that if she were to regain her health, she would found a Benedictine monastery at Kassel. Upon her recovery, she kept her oath and work began on the building; however, Henry died in 1024 before it was finished. Upon his death, Cunigunde was obliged to assume the office of Regent of the Empire. This she did with her brother, and later handed over the Imperial insignia when Conrad II was elected to succeed her late husband on 8 September 1024.
Religious life and death
As a widow, St. Cunigunde was left comparatively poor, owing to the enormous wealth given away by her and Henry in charitable works.
In 1025, exactly one year after the death of her husband, St. Cunigunde retired to Kaufungen Abbey, in Hesse, Germany, where she entered the monastery of Benedictine nuns she had founded there. At the dedication of the monastery, she offered a relic of the True Cross, removed her regalia, and donned the habit of the nun. There she remained at the monastery, performing charitable works, caring for the sick and devoting her time to prayer. She died 3 March 1040. She was buried at Bamberg Cathedral beside her husband, but may have been buried elsewhere first and then re-interred at the Cathedral in 1201 after her canonisation.
Canonisation and veneration
St. Cunigunde was canonised by Pope Innocent III on 29 March 1200, thirteen years after the canonisation of her husband St. Henry II in July 1147. To prepare a case for canonisation her biography was compiled. This and the Papal bull for her canonisation relate several instances of miracles purported to have been worked by the Empress.
One of these relates how, when calumniators accused her of scandalous conduct, her innocence was signally vindicated by divine providence as she walked over pieces of flaming irons without injury, to the great joy of her husband, the Emperor. Another tells of St. Cunigunde falling asleep one night and being carried into bed. Her maid also fell asleep and a candle set the bed on fire. The blaze awoke both of them and upon Cunigunde executing the Sign of the Cross the fire immediately disappeared, saving them from burning. A final legend tells of one of Cunigunde's nieces, Judith, the abbess of Kaufungen Abbey. A frivolous young woman, Judith preferred feasting and carousing with the young sisters to the Sabbath rituals. Cunigunde remonstrated with her, to little effect. Finally the saint became so vexed with her niece that she slapped her across the face; the marks remained on her face for the rest of her life, serving as a warning to those of the community who would not take their vows or observances seriously.
St. Cunigunde is widely venerated. Among likely many others, she is the namesake of St. Cunegunda Church, Detroit, Michigan, USA. She is the Patroness of Luxembourg, Lithuania, Poland, and the Archdiocese of Bamberg, Germany.
- Plenitudo potestatis, the first mediaeval instance of which is recorded in the Papal bull for Cunigunde's canonisation.
- List of Catholic saints
- List of Holy Roman Empresses
- Martyrologium Romanum, 3 March, #8 (2005)
- "Saint Kunigunde", New Catholic Dictionary, Saints.SQPN.com, 7 October 2012,
- Bentley, James (1993). A calendar of saints : the lives of the principal saints of the Christian Year. London: Little, Brown. p. 45. ISBN 0-316-90813-4.
- Garden of Mary, "St. Cunegundes, Empress", taken from Pictorial Lives of the Saints: with Reflections for Every Day in the Year,
- Farmer, David Hugh (1997). The Oxford dictionary of saints (4. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-19-280058-2.
- Speculatively, her title would have been "Queen of the Romans" ("Regina Romanorum").
- "Saint Cunegundes", Saints.SQPN.com, 11 February 2014
- It is speculated that her title in Latin would have been "Romanorum Imperatrix". The Latin word for "holy" was not included in the masculine title until later and so she would not have officially used it.
- Lives of the Saints: For Every Day of the Year edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S. O. Cist., Ph. D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., (1955), p. 93
|Queen consort of Germany
Gisela of Swabia
|Empress consort of the
Holy Roman Empire
Gisela of Burgundy
|Duchess consort of Bavaria
Gunhilda of Denmark
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cunigunde of Luxemburg.|
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In July, my post "The Mohicans and the Stockbridge Mohicans" was intended to raise the issue of how current and historical tribal names have brought about a lot of confusion. Or, to be more precise, names by themselves don't necessarily generate confusion, but a tribe that is made up of remnants of various tribes may want to be careful in what they choose to be called.
Comments that were posted to that post have raised a possible solution. In particular, a tribal elder - she uses "Maaliish" as her screen name - used the words "Mohican" and Mahican" in different ways - without explaining the difference. Well, I think the difference for that tribal elder is based on something that James Oberly (2005, page 5) wrote:
Anthropologists say that the term "Mohican" characterized the seventeenth century union of three groups of Indian villages in what is now the Hudson River Valley of New York State: the "Mahicans," the Wappingers, and the Housatonics.From that passage it may seem that the term "Mahicans" is now only used for the original 'full-bloods' as it were, while the word "Mohicans" is only used to describe the modern tribe that includes the descendants of "Wappingers" and "Housatonics."
But I don't take Oberly literally there. I mean, do you really think that "anthropologists" went to the trouble of defining a distinction between "Mahican" and "Mohican"? Even if anthropologists came to an agreement on the proper use of those words, do you believe that a critical mass of ordinary people (like you and I and members of the tribe) have changed their speech to properly reflect the pronounciations and meanings that were coined by those anthropologists?
I give James Oberly a lot of credit for addressing the issue that I raised in "The Mohicans and the Stockbridge Mohicans" and I don't blame him for making it seem like it was already addressed by anthropologists. He needed to address it but didn't have the time to bother writing whole paragraphs on it like I did.
Furthermore, I give Maaliish a lot of credit for using Oberly's distinction. But that is exactly my point: Except for a few people who remember what Oberly wrote on page five, I'm afraid to say the distinction doesn't exist.
I have promoted James Oberly's book here in the past and I really don't see what I'm saying now as negative. In my experience, something that is mentioned once in a book seldom changes our language.
But if the Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians really wants to stop the confusion, it can be done. It can be done (partly) by addressing the issue in the tribe's newspaper. It can be done (partly) by addressing it at the tribe's museum. And it can done (partly) by addressing the name issue legally the next time a new tribal constitution is written. Since I haven't been keeping tabs on the tribe lately, maybe this kind of thing is already being done. If so, I'd like to hear about it.
And maybe I'm just a raving lunatic. I mean, I like things to be clear. A lot of other people - on this issue and other issues - don't seem to mind if the waters are muddied. What do you think?
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Adriaen Brouwer was one of the most expressive artists of the 17th century. His great contribution to genre painting was to give a face to the peasant, to infuse his images of these lower-class individuals with recognizable and vividly expressed human emotions—anger, joy, pain, and pleasure. Even the satirical and mocking gesture of Youth Making a Face is that of a real person, however uninviting he may be. Brouwer's vigorous handling of paint, with his characteristically short, unmodulated brushstrokes, heightens this small painting's dramatic impact.
The uncouth youth in this painting confronts us with a recognizable yet thoroughly unexpected gesture. Packed with an energy that far exceeds its scale, Brouwer's unidealized depiction of this Flemish rustic is an excellent example of 17th-century realism. Yet, as evident in the youth's aggressive gesture, this slice-of-life image also offers a visual critique of rural behavior and mores. Brouwer's unsentimental view of the peasant is rooted in a long tradition of urban disdain for rural life. The physiognomy, humor, and moralizing tenor of Brouwer's peasants all derive from the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1525/1530–1569), who depicted the excessive behavior of peasants at their village kermesses (fairs), weddings, and dances as moral warnings to city viewers. As with Bruegel, Brouwer's scenes of fighting, drinking, and sleeping warn about the consequences of gluttony and wrath (ira), intemperance (gula), and sloth (desidia). Indeed, Brouwer used the peasant's proverbial uncouthness to create comic images both to delight the viewers and instruct them about proper behavior.
The mocking gesture could well be witnessed in any 17th-century tavern, but its tradition reaches back to depictions of Christ appearing before Pilate: "...the men that held Jesus mocked him, and smote him" (Luke 22:63). The youth's unkempt hair, chin stubble, and knife stuck through his fur hat aim to elicit a surprised, if not horrified, response from the viewer. With Youth Making a Face, Brouwer created an image that exposes human folly and forces the viewer, regardless of status, to confront a threatening and mocking world. Brouwer does not pretend to help us with this world; he only warns us of its existence and the fact that its disquieting face can appear at unexpected times. The youth's gesture also reminds us, whether through our laughter or outrage, of the all-too-human nature of his character.
Although the broad outlines of Brower's life are well established, surprisingly little is known about his activities beyond his membership in rhetoricians' chambers (literary and dramatic societies) in Haarlem and Antwerp. Seventeenth- and 18th-century critics greatly praised his work, particularly its humor and truthfulness to nature. Despite Brouwer's reputation as a "learned painter," his keen observation and biting wit suggest that he actually cultivated a "vulgar painter" persona, and numerous anecdotes indicate that he led a colorful existence. Only about 60 of Brouwer's paintings are known; almost all are scenes of peasants in taverns or hovels.
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| 0.950152 | 694 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Platinum (Pt)-containing drugs are currently used in the clinic for treating cancer. Platinum is the 78th element in the periodic table and has been used in medicine since the mid-1960's. The major Pt-containing drugs are cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Platinum-based drugs are now the largest class of drugs used to treat cancer. They destroy cancerous cells by interfering with the DNA, via inter- and intrastrand crosslinks, and DNA-protein crosslinks, thereby preventing cell division and growth.
Although platinum-based drugs are the most widely used in cancer treatment, many tumors are completely resistant to these drugs and no clinical response is attained. The difference in clinical response is thought to be due, in part, to the pharmacokinetics of these drugs. The influx of platinum drugs into the cell is regulated by SLC31A1 (CTR1) and the efflux by ABCC2 (MRP2), ATP7A, and ATP7B. ATP7A is involved in the Cu transport from cytoplasm into trans-Golgi network where it serves to export Cu from the cell via the vesicular secretory pathway. ATP7B is also an exporter of copper and is localized to the trans-Golgi network. When the copper content of the cell increases, ATP7A moves from trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane and ATP7B relocates to intracellular vesicular compartments, presumably involved in the export pathway. Once platinum is inside the cell, the primary anti-tumor mechanism is the formation of Pt-DNA adducts which lead to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. HMGB1 is important in the cell recognition of these Pt-DNA adducts, and therefore signals cellular response to these adducts. Genes involved in mismatch repair, such as MSH6 and MLH1, decrease the cell-sensitivity to these drugs. In addition, nucleotide excision repair is mediated by XRCC1, ERCC1, ERCC2, and XPA, and known variants in these genes affect patient's response to Pt-based drugs [Articles:16931584, 16880786]. These genes act by detecting single strand breaks and removing proteins from the DNA helix, which then becomes more accessible to repair enzymes. POLH and POLB variants have been shown to provide tolerance to platinum-based drugs, and therefore represent an important determinant of the cellular response to platinum drugs. In addition, there are several genes, such as MPO, SOD1, GSTM1, NQO1, GSTP1, and MT, that are responsible for lowering the intracellular concentration of platinum drugs and therefore play a key role in cellular resistance to these drugs.
Patients who carry certain alleles of these detoxification-related genes have been shown to have differences in survival due to variation in drug sensitivity and adverse drug reactions [Articles:11081456, 15102663, 16342067, 10709094].
Marsh Sharon, McLeod Howard, Dolan Eileen, Shukla Sunita J, Rabik Cara A, Gong Li, Hernandez-Boussard Tina, Lou Xing Jian, Klein Teri E, Altman Russ B . "Platinum pathway" Pharmacogenetics and genomics (2009).
Entities in the Pathway
Drugs/Drug Classes (1)
Relationships in the Pathway
Download data in TSV format . Other formats are available on the Downloads/LinkOuts tab.
|Pharmacogenomics of second-line drugs used for treatment of unresponsive or relapsed osteosarcoma patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2016. Hattinger Claudia M, Vella Serena, Tavanti Elisa, Fanelli Marilù, Picci Piero, Serra Massimo.|
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<urn:uuid:1864f5f0-ba64-4ab3-8123-d7be4b649c9f>
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https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA150642262
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en
| 0.902731 | 818 | 3.15625 | 3 |
How man came to be relatively naked is not an easy question to answer. Some people believe that it was caused by the habit of wearing clothes, living in hot houses, and other features of the civilized life. Perhaps, on the contrary, it was an evolutionary adaptation, and the explanation is exactly the opposite of the above onethat, in short, the lack of hair caused man to wear clothes, not that clothes caused the lack of hair.
Certainly in the prehistoric period of savage civilization, hair must have been necessary to the human animal, as to other animals, mostly for protection against cold. There are plenty of people who revert to this early animal stage, and who have a pretty thick growth of hair all over the body. We also see sometimes a bearded woman or a dog-faced boy, in which there is hair all over the face.
It is not surprising, therefore, that such things as superfluous hairs should occur. Perhaps it is more natural that they should occur than that they shouldn’t. Superfluous hairs, however, are no different from other kinds of hair. If you will study the anatomy and growth of hair as outlined in the first article this week, you will see that the removal of superfluous hair by ordinary means simply removes the top part and leaves the root in, and a new hair will grow in to take its place.
It is not necessarily true that the removal of hair by razor or other mechanical means will cause the succeeding hairs to grow in thicker. Probably the origin of this idea is that when a young boy begins to shave his beard gets thicker and coarser, but that simply follows the natural development of the hair on the face. It tends to get coarser as age advances. After a man has been shaving several years, repeated shavings do not make his beard grow in coarser.
There are several ways to remove superfluous hair. It would be very unfair to say that any one method is the best. In many cases, the use of a razor is probably as good as any. A German dermatologist recently came out flat-footedly and said that the best way was to make an application of 10 parts of hydrogen peroxide and 50 parts of alcohol, apply this on a towel over the superfluous hairs, and then rub them off with pumice stone.
For permanent removal, the root itself must be killed. Probably the only good safe method of removal is by electrolysis, which involves the use of a galvanic current with an electric needle.
Whether the x-ray should be used for permanent depilation or not is doubtful. It has been urged that it should be used in the abundant growth of fine, downy hair, which is difficult to treat with the electric needle. But, on the contrary, these fine, downy hairs are the ones which are most resistant to radiation. To remove hair permanently, the amount of x-ray exposure required is such that it often causes permanent changes in the skin itself.
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<urn:uuid:8ec58cd5-42d8-48fa-8b83-ade10415d645>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://health.yodelout.com/electrolysis-is-best-way-to-remove-superfluous-hair/
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en
| 0.980334 | 609 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Targeting Human Telomerase in Cancer Therapy
Telomerase is a specialized RNA template-containing reverse transcriptase that mediates telomere repeat synthesis at chromosome ends. The maintenance of telomere length and integrity is essential for cell survival. Telomerase is active in most immortal and tumor cells, whereas the majority of normal human cells demonstrate no detectable activity and undergo telomere shortening. The identification of a possible role for telomerase in cellular aging and cancer has led to numerous studies designed to characterize this ribonucleoprotein enzyme. Inhibiting telomerase activity in immortal human cells reduces cellular proliferative capacity and can lead to cell death. Identifying mechanisms to specifically inhibit telomerase activity in malignant cells could thus be of great therapeutic value in the treatment of cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of action of human telomerase. The biochemical characterization of telomerase is necessary for the design and evaluation of antitelomerase therapies. Different strategies are currently under investigation to design inhibitors that target the reverse transcriptase and RNA components of the telomerase complex. Recent advances in the design of these inhibitors and their properties are discussed.
Keywords: Human Telomerase, Cancer Therapy, Proteins, hTERT and hTR, Antisense, Ribozymes
Rights & PermissionsPrintExport
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.eurekaselect.com/91923
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en
| 0.851873 | 280 | 2.515625 | 3 |
League of Women Voters of Greater Lafayette (1920 -) | Purdue University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections
Name: League of Women Voters of Greater Lafayette (1920 -)
Historical Note: In 1920, with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, The National American Woman Suffrage Association reformed itself as the League of Women Voters. State organizations, including Indiana’s, generally followed this reorganization pattern and the Tippecanoe County League of Women Voters was formed in April of 1920. Although the League’s first task was teaching newly enfranchised women the mechanics of registering and voting, it has evolved into a non-partisan political organization whose purpose is to encourage the informed and active political participation of all citizens. The State League had its third annual convention in Lafayette in 1922. Ada Whittredge (Ellsworth) Stuart was the first President of the Tippecanoe County League and also served on the State board. In 1956 the county league divided into two leagues: The Lafayette League of Women Voters and the League of Women Voters of West Lafayette to better serve their individual municipalities. However, in 1962 the Leagues merged back into one entity as The League of Women Voters of Greater Lafayette. Over the years, the League has researched, debated, and advocated for a variety of local social political issues, such as environmental concerns in the Wabash watershed, parks and recreation, public utilities, welfare, youth issues, neighborhood identity, zoning decisions, and education reforms.
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<urn:uuid:f55c6587-e19d-444f-aa8b-c1ff15a247ec>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www4.lib.purdue.edu/archon/index.php?p=creators/creator&id=925
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en
| 0.953862 | 302 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Cultural crossover consumerism often as hard to define as it is to track down. From the origins of craft beer, to new styles of cuisine, tracing the origins of these now normalized products can be a never-ending quest.
The Stanford Graduate School of Business recently dove into that calls the authenticity of the Tex-Mex category into question and explores how the mysterious cuisine came to be.
In a new study coauthored by Lane Professor of Organizations Glenn R. Carroll and former Chicago magazine dining critic Dennis R. Wheaton, the duo analyzed how so-called “Tex-Mex” Food emerged. They point to an influential 1972 cookbook entitled “The Cuisines of Mexico” by Diane Kennedy.
According to the authors, Kennedy “drew a bright line between the types of Mexican food served on either side of the U.S.-Mexico border.” Her intention was to “protect the purity of the Mexican category [and] advance the idea that Americanized Mexican food was inferior and inauthentic compared to the cuisines of Mexico.”
Carroll and Wheaton noted some major sociological factors that influenced the emergence of Tex-Mex, namely the cross-border race and class tensions between “Mexicans and poor Mexican-American immigrants, as well as between white Americans and Mexican-Americans.”
Despite Kennedy’s assessment of Tex-Mex as a derogatory and denigrating label, the cuisine—loosely defined by corn chips, crispy tacos, burritos, chili con carne, nachos, fajitas, and combination plates slathered in yellow cheese—flourished in restaurants that catered primarily to non-Mexicans e.g. Taco Bell, Chipotle, Chi-Chi’s, and El Torito.
The study incorporates a quote from Texas food writer Robb Walsh, whose defends the legacy of Tex-Mex, offering a more optimistic take on the mass-produced foodstuff.
“We can all thank Diana Kennedy for inadvertently granting Tex-Mex its rightful place in food history,” Walsh says.
“By convincing us that Tex-Mex wasn’t really Mexican food, she forced us to realize that it was something far more interesting: America’s oldest regional cuisine.”
You can read more about Stanford’s look into the history of Tex-Mex here.
The post Where Did Tex-Mex Cuisine Come From, Anyway? Stanford Gsb Investigates appeared first on MetroMBA.
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<urn:uuid:b2b9e9be-c1cb-4143-926e-a27741e40e6f>
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https://www.blogarama.com/higher-education-blogs/327360-mba-news-metromba-blog/22779564-where-did-tex-mex-cuisine-come-from-anyway-stanford-gsb-investigates/
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en
| 0.940045 | 524 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The typical American diet often lacks omega-3 fatty acids despite clinical research that shows their potential human health benefits. Zhiyou Wen, assistant professor of biological systems engineering in Virginia Tech's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, found a way to grow these compounds using a byproduct of the emerging biodiesel industry.
"High energy prices have led to an increase in biodiesel production, which in turn has led to an increase in the amount of crude glycerol in the market," said Wen, who explained that biodiesel plants leave behind approximately 10 percent crude glycerol during the production process.
This has led the price of glycerol, a chemical compound widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, to drop in recent years. The rise in biodiesel production over the last decade means that the market can no longer absorb all the extra glycerol. Biodiesel producers must find alternative means for disposing of crude glycerol, which is prohibitively expensive to purify for industry use. Wen and his colleagues have developed a novel fermentation process using microalgae to produce omega-3 fatty acids from crude glycerol.
"We have shown that it is possible to use the crude glycerol byproduct from the biodiesel industry as a carbon source for microalgae that produce omega-3 fatty acids," said Wen, who added that the impurities in crude glycerol may actually be beneficial to algal growth. "After thorough chemical analysis, we have also shown that the algae biomass composition has the same quality as the commercial algae product."
After growing the algae in the crude glycerol, researchers can use it as an animal feed. This mimics a process in nature in which fish, the most common source of omega-3 fatty acid for humans, eat the algae and then retain the healthful compounds in their bodies. Humans who consume the fish in turn consume the omega 3s. Fish-derived products such as fish oil are an inexpensive alternative, but the taste has deterred widespread use.
Wen has partnered with Steven Craig, senior research scientist at Virginia Cobia Farms, to use crude glycerol-derived algae as a fish feed. "The results so far have been promising," Wen said. "The fish fed the algae had significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids."
He and Audrey McElroy, associate professor of animal and poultry sciences, are now trying to determine whether the algae would work as a chicken feed. Kumar Mallikarjunan, associate professor of biological systems engineering, is also working with Wen to determine the fate of omega 3s after they enter the food supply. Researchers do not yet know whether oxidation would have a major impact on omega-3 fatty acids stored in cheese, for example.
Source: Virginia Tech
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://phys.org/news/2008-08-biodiesel-waste-glycerol-omega-fatty-acids.html
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en
| 0.953546 | 567 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Ethics in Pediatric Care | Clinical Gate
Soft paternalism is the view that paternalism is justified only if an action to be committed is involuntary. John Stuart Mill gives the example of a person about to walk across a damaged bridge.
We can't tell the person the bridge is damaged as he doesn't speak your language. According to soft paternalism, we would be justified in forcing him to not cross the bridge so we could find out whether he knows about the damage.
If he knows and wants to jump off the bridge and commit suicide then we should allow him to. Hard paternalists say that at least sometimes we are entitled to prevent him from crossing the bridge and committing suicide. Pure paternalism is paternalism where the person s having their liberty or autonomy taken away are those being protected.
Impure paternalism occurs when the class of people whose liberty or autonomy is violated by some measure is wider than the group of persons thereby protected. Moral paternalism is where paternalism is justified to promote the moral well being of a person s even if their welfare wouldn't improve. For example, it would be argued that someone should be prevented from prostitution even if they make a decent living off it and their health is protected.
A moral paternalist would argue that it is ethical considering prostitution is morally corrupting. Thomas Pogge argues that there are a number of criteria for paternalism. We must sometimes intervene in the lives of others to protect them from grave harms or provide them with important benefits. The reflective person, therefore, needs Some contemporary moralists condemn paternalism categorically. This work examines weaknesses in their arguments and proposes new guidelines for paternalism, which it calls "parentalism" to avoid the patriarchal connotations of the old term.
- Gun Digests History of Concealed & Defensive Handguns eShort?
- The Call of the Wild, White Fang and Other Stories: Batard; Moon-Face; Brown Wolf; That Spot; To Build.
- Freely available.
Its antiparentalism is more moderate than standard antipaternalism based on an exaggerated respect for autonomy. The work explores implications for both the personal sphere of interactions between individuals, such as friends and family members, and the public sphere of institutions, legislation, and the professional practices. Autonomy in Applied Ethics in Applied Ethics.
Moral Character in Normative Ethics. Business Ethics in Applied Ethics. This article points out how far-reaching the changes in our public life would actually have to be if we wanted to avoid paternalism altogether. For example, the widespread view that only a physician with training at a recognized institution should be allowed to perform surgery or that only an educated lawyer may provide legal council is clearly paternalistic.
In fact, many professional regulations, not just in medicine and law, but also in engineering and many other areas of expertise, have a Moreover, this problem is located in a sphere that is neither clearly private, nor seems to be part of a state-legislated public sphere. Professional organizations are neither governments, nor necessarily democratic, but they are often state-certified and produce binding regulations for issues of public interest.
The author bites the bullet and accepts professional paternalism, while insisting that special care should be placed on how to design an appropriate professional code of conduct.
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Direct download 4 more. Value Theory. Direct download. Direct download 5 more. This book, based on the premise that democracy promotes peace and justice, explores theoretical and practical problems that can arise or that have arisen in democratic polities. Contributors address, with clarifying analyses, such theoretical issues as the relationship between recursivist metaphysics and democracy, the relationship between the economic and political orders, and the nature of justice.
Contributors offer, as well, enlightening resolutions of practical problems resulting from a history of social, political or economic injustice. Deliberative Democracy in Social and Political Philosophy.
Government and Democracy in Social and Political Philosophy. Direct download 3 more. Varieties of Virtue Ethics in Normative Ethics. Theory in Economics in Philosophy of Social Science.
- Kultgen, John H.?
- Agent-Oriented Software Engineering: Reflections on Architectures, Methodologies, Languages, and Frameworks.
- Vegan Slow Cooking for Two or Just for You: More than 100 Delicious One-Pot Meals for Your 1.5-Quart/Litre Slow Cooker.
- The Shape of Things to Come (Penguin Classics).
- Nonverbal Communication.
Value Theory, Miscellaneous. John Stuart Mill in 19th Century Philosophy. Naive and Direct Realism in Philosophy of Mind. Subscribe Register Login. Your Name: optional. Your Email:. Colleague's Email:.
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<urn:uuid:7639a7e9-8e6a-468c-a683-f0b81771efbe>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://happetase.tk/autonomy-and-intervention-parentalism-in-the-caring.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347434137.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603112831-20200603142831-00417.warc.gz
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en
| 0.930941 | 1,016 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is the difference between double buffer and single buffer?
What is the double buffer and single buffer in glx?
Why use these two buffers?
When drawing to a screen, unless you have a very simple drawing,
you will most likely never be able to draw what you want faster
than the screen refreshes. i.e. whether it be image, object,
or single pixels, odds are good that you won't be able
to update changes to what you're drawing faster than the
scan rate of your video signal.
This means that if you want to show an animation, let's say
you just want to flip images, then if you cannot write the
next image into your frame buffer between updates, you'll
see a flicker, or pronounced gaps in the animation as
the video signal catches your program in the act of redrawing
the image into memory.
Double buffering allows you to have your screen reading a
certain area of your video memory while you write to
a different area. Once you know that you're done writing
the next image, you switch between the two areas so that
the screen refreshes starting from the area that you just
finished drawing into. It makes for much smoother animations
whether it's just image flipping or full 3D rendering.
Does this clear up the other questions too?
> What is the difference between double buffer and single buffer?
> What is the double buffer and single buffer in glx?
> Why use these two buffers?
I want to switch between single and double buffering during execution
of my application, I am using the GlxMDraw - GL drawing widgets but i'm
unable to switch between single and double buffering after the widget is
created. Does anyone know a way around this ?
SINTEF - Division thermodynamics
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<urn:uuid:d4dcec72-6bb0-40a6-a134-4ff60264ffbf>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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http://www.verycomputer.com/275_956bd5fb8a3362d0_1.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00061.warc.gz
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en
| 0.928753 | 384 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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